# document

id: 5006f410ca780b53d7ee7ae6d13b93ac
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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"The important role of the AMV in observed low-frequency climate \r\nsignals at a regional scale has been recognized for decades. The AMV \r\nis a key driver of temperature and precipitation anomalies along the \r\ncontinents surrounding the North Atlantic but also remotely through \r\nglobal atmospheric teleconnections (e.g.,  monsoons). Considering \r\nAMV-induced regional influence is crucial because the AMV acts \r\nas a  pronounced modulator of the impacts driven by external \r\nnatural and anthropogenic forcings. For instance, the AMV can have \r\na pronounced fingerprint in time-integrating processes, such as river \r\nflows, and could explain the largest fraction of observed variance \r\nin some specific local areas since the 1900s (e.g.,  Bonnet et  al., \r\n2020). It is thus a  key phenomenon for regional-scale or process\u0002based attribution of past observed climate variations as introduced in \r\nCross-Chapter Box 1.4 and extensively developed in Section 10.4.1."


id: d80d90b1a11ccc2c1b3636f2169dd0c4
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"the raw North Atlantic SST variability rather than to the residual \r\nof the Atlantic signal obtained after removal of the estimation \r\nof  the external forcing influence. A  multi-perspective assessment \r\nof the North Atlantic variability is thus necessary for understanding \r\nthe origin of the AMV, its physics and its climatic implications over \r\nthe paleoclimatic period."


id: 4480b4a902263f63f2d772098f83957d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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"with a reinforced occurrence of blocking (Rimbu et al., 2014; Davini \r\net al., 2015) and a southward shift of the jet (Simpson et al., 2018). \r\nAnomalies are positive all year round over a broad Mediterranean \r\nregion, including North Africa and the Middle East. Reduction of \r\nArctic sea ice is also found during positive AMV with local warming \r\nextension over the adjacent polar land (Day et al., 2012; Yu et al., \r\n2017; Castruccio et al., 2018)."


id: 9e728c2f6377e59c47d407ed8b625f78
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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"The weight of the AMV in observed low-frequency variations is \r\nassessed in detail in Section 10.4.2 for specific regional case studies, \r\nincluding the sectors listed above. Because of its long time scale due \r\nto persistent heat content anomalies, the AMV can be considered \r\nas a potential source of near-term climate predictability. The skill of \r\nthe current decadal forecast systems in predicting the AMV temporal \r\nevolution and associated teleconnection at various lead times is \r\nassessed in Section 4.4.3.6, while long-term changes are assessed \r\nin Section 4.5.3.6."


id: 556e51efb2fc7b94557ea693eb2631da
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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"Each phase has a nominal persistence of about seven to eight days \r\nand the anti-clockwise rotation in this two-dimensional diagram \r\nmaterializes the propagation of the MJO packets from west to east. \r\nFigure AIV.10b provides an example of that RMM index computed for \r\nthe year 1997, with months highlighted in colours. When the value of \r\nthe index lies in the centre of the diagram, the MJO is considered to \r\nbe inactive; outside the circle, its distance from the centre quantifies \r\nthe amplitude and spatial coherence of the MJO episode."


id: b40196b2ece0dc0cbcb6428f4e6cdf76
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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"(Vitart  and  Robertson, 2018) and for the development of new \r\nobservational networks needed to initialize the forecast systems \r\n(Subramanian et al., 2019). The MJO can also impact the atmospheric \r\ncomposition, such as ozone, CO, CO2 and aerosols (Tian et al., 2007, \r\n2011; K.-F. Li et al., 2010; Lau et al., 2012)."


id: a15550b7a26d630d1a55326f72087b45
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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"The assessment of changes in the MJO and related processes, mostly \r\nin terms of its implication for water cycle changes in the recent past \r\nand in future projections is provided in Sections 8.3.2.9 and 8.4.2.9, \r\nrespectively. The MJO influence over South East Asia and Central \r\nand South America is further assessed in Atlas.4, Atlas.5 and Atlas.7, \r\nand Cross-Chapter Box Atlas.2."


id: 67db2c7bd6038bebb0856f9b0c6846c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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"In AR5, the MJO has been described as a tropical phenomenon, yet \r\nwith prominent impacts across the globe through teleconnections. \r\nThe MJO exerts a  strong influence on occurrences of extreme \r\nweather events in the tropics, including tropical cyclones, droughts, \r\nflooding, heatwaves and fires, among others (Zhang, 2013), as well \r\nas those in the extratropics via teleconnections (Stan et al., 2017). \r\nThis has opened new opportunities and scientific endeavours in the \r\nemerging field of sub-seasonal to seasonal forecasts of extremes "


id: 886387763823b22ed33a582006623bbb
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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"Lincoln M. Alves (Brazil), Paola A. Arias (Colombia), Mathew Barlow (United States of \r\nAmerica), Ruth Cerezo-Mota (Mexico), Aida Diongue-Niang (Senegal), Joelle Gergis (Australia), \r\nSergey  K.  Gulev (Russian Federation), Dabang Jiang (China), Richard G. Jones (United \r\nKingdom), Won-Tae Kwon (Republic of Korea), June-Yi Lee (Republic of Korea), Jian Li (China), \r\nLinda  O.  Mearns (United States of America), Wilfried Pokam Mba (Cameroon), Sabin Thazhe \r\nPurayil (India), Krishnan Raghavan (India), Juan A. Rivera (Argentina), Jessica Tierney (United \r\nStates of America), Tianjun Zhou (China)"


id: a8971f24fef0f41280fb5028d955916
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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"IPCC, 2021: Annex V: Monsoons [Cherchi, A., A. Turner (eds.)]. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. \r\nContribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\r\n[Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Pean, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, \r\nK. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekci, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University \r\nPress, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2193-2204, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.019."


id: 34ea9684c81662fd7677e6a2cfdd0835
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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"2.5 mm day-1 (Kitoh et al., 2013), and the domain is represented by the \r\nblack contour lines in Figure AV.1. Simulation of the global monsoon \r\nand its variability is the subject of coordinated modelling experiments \r\nin the Global Monsoon Model Intercomparison Project (GMMIP; Zhou \r\net al., 2016). Past changes, simulation and attribution, and projections \r\nof the GM are assessed in Sections 2.3.1.4.2, 3.3.3.2 and 4.4.1.4, \r\nrespectively."


id: 9dca23fe72469bdfaf7d43d178e0fc92
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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"A monsoon refers to a seasonal transition of regimes in atmospheric \r\ncirculation and precipitation in response to the annual cycle of solar \r\ninsolation and the distribution of moist static energy (Wang and Ding, \r\n2008; Wang et al., 2014; Biasutti et al., 2018). A global monsoon can \r\nbe objectively identified based on precipitation contrasts in the solstice \r\nseasons to encompass all monsoon regions (Wang and Ding, 2008). \r\nIn AR5, regional monsoon domains were identified starting from the \r\ndefinition of the global monsoon tailored over the continents and \r\nadjacent oceans, as in Kitoh et  al. (2013). This annex contains the \r\ndefinition of the global monsoon as used in the Sixth Assessment \r\nReport (AR6; see Section AV.2); it explains the rationale for the different \r\ndefinition of AR6 regional monsoons compared to Fifth Assessment \r\nReport (AR5; see Section AV.3), and provides the definition and basic \r\ncharacteristics of each regional monsoon assessed (Section AV.4)."


id: 530f5784591fbdb803e3452bdbba13fa
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"The concept of the global monsoon (GM) emerged during the second \r\nhalf of the 20th  century. The GM represents the leading empirical \r\northogonal function (EOF) mode of the annual variations of precipitation \r\nand circulation in the global tropics and subtropics as a forced response \r\nof the coupled climate system to the annual cycle of solar insolation \r\n(Wang and Ding, 2008; An et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2017). GM variability \r\nrepresents, to a large extent, changes in the Inter-tropical Convergence \r\nZone (ITCZ) and associated Hadley circulation (Wang et  al., 2014). \r\nChanges in the GM have been attributed to both internal variability and \r\nexternal forcings, ranging from interannual to millennial and orbital \r\ntime scales (Wang et al., 2014, 2017; An et al., 2015; Geen et al., 2020). \r\nIn AR6, the global monsoon is defined as the area in which the annual \r\nrange (local summer minus local winter) of precipitation is greater than "


id: e4cba8905793850d44d65f0738b14a19
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"Figure AV.1 | Global and regional monsoon domains. The AR6 global monsoon area is represented by the black contour lines. The AR6 regional monsoons are: North \r\nAmerican monsoon (NAmerM, shaded magenta), South American monsoon (SAmerM, shaded dark orange), West African monsoon (WAfriM, shaded grey), South and South \r\nEast Asian monsoon (SAsiaM, shaded pink), East Asian monsoon (EAsiaM, shaded purple) and Australian-Maritime Continent monsoon (AusMCM, shaded yellow). Areas \r\nover Central America and equatorial South America and southern Africa (dotted red and dotted magenta, respectively) are highlighted but not identified as specific regional \r\nmonsoons (see explanation in the main text). For each regional monsoon, the seasonal characteristics associated with each domain are specified in the main text."


id: 276799a2cb654ae9c7569dc67d047921
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"biases in coupled GCMs were shown to worsen the monsoon dry \r\nbias by limiting the available moisture (Levine et al., 2013; Sandeep \r\nand Ajayamohan, 2015). Some improvements to the spatial pattern \r\nhave been noted in CMIP6, particularly near orography (Gusain \r\net al., 2020). The teleconnection to the El Nino-Southern Oscillation \r\n(ENSO) provides the main prospect for seasonal prediction \r\nand was too weak in CMIP5 (Sperber et  al., 2013). The boreal \r\nsummer intra-seasonal oscillation (BSISO) controls the majority of \r\nsub-seasonal variations in SAsiaM rainfall, as well as affecting the \r\nEast Asian monsoon region. While CMIP5 models represented the \r\nBSISO better than CMIP3 (especially its characteristic northward \r\npropagation), the spatial pattern is still poorly simulated in most \r\nmodels (Sabeerali et al., 2013). "


id: 685712acc1683dab86594e8ed7fa03bf
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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"The South and South East Asian monsoon (SAsiaM) is characterized \r\nby pronounced seasonal reversal of wind and precipitation. It covers \r\nvast geographical areas and several countries including India, \r\nBangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Thailand, Laos, \r\nCambodia, Vietnam and the Philippines (Pant and Rupa Kumar, \r\n1997; Goswami, 2006; Gadgil et al., 2010; Shige et al., 2017), with \r\na  domain roughly extending across 60degE-110degE and 10degS-25degN \r\nas shown in Figure AV.1 (shaded pink). The SAsiaM is unique in \r\nits geographical features because of the orography surrounding \r\nthe area (i.e., the Himalayas, Western Ghats and Arakan Yoma \r\nmountains, and the Tibetan Plateau to the north) and the adjacent \r\nIndian Ocean."


id: 1bcfd9798f61b6c4dc4a5bb642435b26
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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"The SAsiaM is assessed in Sections 8.3.2.4.1, 8.4.2.4.1, Atlas.5.3.2 \r\nand Atlas.5.3.4. One of its main components, the Indian summer \r\nmonsoon, is assessed in Section  10.6.3 as a  case study on the \r\nconstruction of regional climate information from the distillation \r\nof multiple lines of evidence. Climate change over the Hindu Kush \r\nHimalaya is assessed in Cross-Chapter Box 10.4."


id: 15cf8c9fc21da8c93a9dea05d184efea
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"The East Asian monsoon (EAsiaM) is the seasonal reversal in wind \r\nand precipitation occurring over East Asia, including eastern China, \r\nJapan and the Korean Peninsula. The continental area influenced by \r\nthis monsoon is roughly bounded by 102.5degE-140degE and 20degN-40degN \r\n(e.g., Wen et al., 2000; Wang and LinHo, 2002; Wang et al., 2010), and \r\nis shaded purple in Figure AV.1. Unlike other monsoons, it extends \r\nquite far north, out of the tropical belt, and it is largely influenced \r\nby subtropical systems, such as the western North Pacific subtropical \r\nhigh, East Asian subtropical westerly jet, and by disturbances from \r\nthe mid-latitudes (Chang et  al., 2000; Lee et  al., 2006; Yim et  al., \r\n2008; Zhou et al., 2009; S.-S. Lee et al., 2013)."


id: bf0f6f48cb25f09bd1148933b56c5eff
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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"The climatological onset of the SAsiaM occurs around 20 May over \r\nthe Andaman and Nicobar Islands and covers the central Bay  of \r\nBengal around 25 May, while it simultaneously advances into \r\nmainland India from the south through Kerala (Pai et  al., 2020). \r\nThe normal date of monsoon onset over Kerala is 1 June and the \r\nmonsoon rains progress into India both from south to north and \r\neast to west, so as to cover the entire country by 15 July (Pai et al., \r\n2020), although with large interannual and inter-decadal variations \r\n(Ghanekar et al., 2019). Retreat of the SAsiaM typically begins from \r\nfar north-west India around 1 September and withdraws completely \r\nfrom the country by 15 October; this is followed by the establishment \r\nof the north-east monsoon rainy season over south peninsular India \r\nfrom October through December (Pai et al., 2020)."


id: 78b41139c42429765868d7d0f9547c69
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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"The EAsiaM manifests during boreal summer with warm and wet \r\nsoutherly winds, but also during boreal winter with cold and dry \r\nnortherly winds (Ha et al., 2012). The winter component has been \r\nlinked to the subsequent summer (e.g., Wen et  al., 2000, 2016; \r\nGe et al., 2017; Yan et al., 2020). "


id: 6f75cb5d434b156d430fc4f28bf1c103
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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"The East Asian summer monsoon is a subtropical monsoon system \r\n(e.g., Wang and LinHo, 2002; Ding et al., 2007). It is characterized \r\nby low-level southerly winds prevailing over eastern China, Korea \r\nand Japan in boreal summer. The monsoon flow brings abundant \r\nwater vapour into East Asia that converges and forms the Meiyu/\r\nBaiu/Changma rain belt over the region (Zhou et al., 2009; Jin et al., \r\n2013; Lee et al., 2017). Rainfall onset occurs in late April/early May \r\nin the central Indochina Peninsula, and in mid-June the rainy season \r\narrives over East Asia with the formation of the Meiyu front along \r\nthe Yangtze River valley, Changma in Korea, and Baiu in Japan. \r\nLater in July, the monsoon advances up to north China, the Korean \r\nPeninsula and central Japan (Zhang et  al., 2004; Yihui and Chan, \r\n2005; Zhou et al., 2009)."


id: 3071610f056c6a133a988c089940b05c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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"The SAsiaM exhibits prominent rainfall variability on sub-seasonal, \r\ninterannual and inter-decadal time scales with teleconnections \r\nto modes of climate variability (see Webster et  al., 1998; Turner \r\nand Annamalai, 2012). While the gross features of the SAsiaM \r\nare simulated in GCMs, there are several large biases that have \r\npersisted over generations of climate models, in CMIP3 and CMIP5, \r\nincluding a large dry bias over India coupled to a lower-tropospheric \r\ncirculation that is too weak (Sperber et al., 2013) and a related wet \r\nbias over the western Equatorial Indian Ocean (Bollasina and Ming, \r\n2013). In CMIP5, cold Arabian Sea SST (sea surface temperature) "


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"changing the EAWM intensity. At the inter-decadal time scale, the \r\nEAWM weakened significantly in the mid-1980s, which resulted from \r\natmospheric intrinsic quasi-stationary planetary waves (Wang et al., \r\n2009) and external forcings (Miao et  al., 2018). In the mid-2000s, \r\nthe EAWM was observed to recover from its weak epoch (Wang and \r\nChen, 2014)."


id: 16b19607f4c0d2312cc1719f9cd71a16
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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"The large-scale features of the EAWM are well reproduced by \r\nclimate models, although the strength of monsoon circulation is \r\nunderestimated. The ability of coupled models to simulate the EAWM \r\nshows little difference through the TAR to AR5, but has improved from \r\nAR5 to AR6 (Jiang et al., 2016, 2020). In CMIP5 models, reasonable \r\nsimulations of the Siberian High and Aleutian Low intensities and the \r\nrelationship with ENSO help improve the climatology and interannual \r\nvariability of the EAWM (Gong et al., 2014). "


id: 9a64e07674f2d1548a7fb787912873dc
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"The summer (June-July-August) component of the EAsiaM is assessed \r\nin Sections 8.3.2.4.2, 8.4.2.4.2, Atlas.5.1.2 and Atlas.5.1.4."


id: 71c8da3018165e8798e13da0fd0757d8
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"The East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) is characterized by strong \r\nnorth-westerlies over north-east China, Korea and Japan, and by \r\nstrong north-easterlies along the coast of East Asia (Huang et  al., \r\n2003). The northerly winds extend from mid-latitude East Asia \r\nto the equatorial South China Sea (Wen et  al., 2000; Wang et  al., \r\n2010). The EAWM has one component mostly linked to mid-to-high \r\nlatitude circulation systems and another mostly linked to the tropical \r\ncirculation and largely controlled by ENSO (Ge et al., 2012; Chen et al., \r\n2014a). The mid-latitude component has a  close relationship with \r\nautumn Arctic sea ice concentration changes (Chen et al., 2014b)."


id: 70014955730524b4b6be9ed6c40380a5
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"The EAWM exhibits significant variability ranging from intra-seasonal \r\nto inter-decadal time scales. Its intra-seasonal variability is suggested \r\nto be influenced by both high-latitude and subtropical Eurasian wave \r\ntrains (Jiao et al., 2019). At the interannual time scale, ENSO is an \r\nimportant factor modulating the EAWM (Wang et al., 2000), while \r\nthe relationship between them is not stable (Wang and He, 2012; Fan \r\net al., 2020). In addition, Arctic Oscillation (Gong et al., 2001), Arctic \r\nsea ice (Ge et al., 2012), Eurasian snow (Luo and Wang, 2019), and \r\nstrong volcanic eruptions (Miao et al., 2016) also play vital roles in "


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"The WAfriM features variability at different time scales. Unprecedented \r\ndroughts occurred in West Africa and particularly over the Sahel from \r\nthe late 1960s to the mid-1990s, and a specific assessment of the \r\nunderstanding of mechanisms related to these changes is provided \r\nin Sections 8.3.2.4.3 and 10.4.2.1."


id: 92564c7ec03dc1cbee6adb969bca2b52
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"The identification of a regional monsoon regime in North America \r\ndates back to the 1990s (Douglas et al., 1993; Adams and Comrie, \r\n1997; Higgins et al., 1997; Barlow et al., 1998), although consideration \r\nof the monsoonal character of the south-western USA precipitation \r\ngoes back considerably further (e.g., Bryson and Lowry, 1955). The \r\nmonsoonal characteristics of the region include a pronounced annual \r\nmaximum of precipitation in boreal summer (June-July-August) \r\naccompanied by a surface low-pressure system and an upper-level \r\nanticyclone, although the seasonal reversal of the surface winds \r\nis primarily limited to the northern Gulf of California. In particular, \r\nthe summer precipitation in the NAmerM region is dictated by the \r\nlocation of the upper-level anticyclone (Reed, 1933; Castro et  al., \r\n2001). The decay phase of the NAmerM is typically observed during \r\nlate September to October, when convection migrates from Central \r\nto South America (Vera et al., 2006)."


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"Mesoscale variability of the NAmerM comes from the pulsing of \r\nthe  Gulf of California low-level jet, the intensification/reduction \r\nof the land-sea contrast (Torres-Alavez et al., 2014) and moisture \r\nsurges over the Gulf of California (Vera et  al., 2006). Synoptic \r\nvariability of the NAmerM is mainly associated with the activity \r\nof tropical cyclones and of easterly waves (Stensrud et al., 1997; \r\nFuller and Stensrud, 2000). In addition, the NAmerM is strongly \r\ninfluenced by ENSO variability at both interannual (Higgins et al., \r\n1999; Higgins and Shi, 2001) and decadal (e.g., Castro et al., 2001) \r\ntime scales."


id: c3efca10bb5ce24f24d15958597e8d0a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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content:
"The WAfriM is assessed in Sections 8.3.2.4.3 and 8.4.2.4.3. The \r\nobserved Sahel and West African monsoon drought and recovery \r\nis assessed as a  regional climate change attribution example in \r\nSection 10.4.2.1."


id: 60b019b05f39c2ba05d1ef0fb0379a9a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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content:
"The North American monsoon (NAmerM) is a  regional-scale \r\natmospheric circulation system dominated by boreal summer \r\nprecipitation over north-western Mexico and south-west USA, \r\nwhere it contributes to almost 70% and 40% of the total annual \r\nprecipitation, respectively (Douglas et al., 1993; Higgins et al., 1997). \r\nThe NAmerM domain is shaded magenta in Figure AV.1, is roughly \r\nbounded by 15degN-35degN, 100degW-115degW and is defined where the \r\nJuly-August-September minus June mean precipitation exceeds \r\n25  mm month-1 (Douglas et  al., 1993; Adams and Comrie, 1997; \r\nBarlow et al., 1998; Cook and Seager, 2013)."


id: a7e0ec8f1f15e17428b62b266d09c0c8
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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content:
"The South American monsoon (SAmerM) is a  regional circulation \r\nsystem characterized by inflow of low-level winds from the \r\nAtlantic Ocean toward South America, involving Brazil, Peru, \r\nBolivia and northern Argentina, associated with the development \r\nof surface pressure gradients (and intense precipitation) during \r\naustral summer (December-January-February; DJF). Based on \r\nclimatological precipitation intensity, the SAmerM region is roughly "


id: edff7e5a5cf0ba537943fedba9ef1e27
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 34922
content:
"bounded by 5degS-25degS and 70degW-50degW (Zhou and Lau, 1998; Vera \r\net al., 2006; Raia and Cavalcanti, 2008) and is shaded dark orange \r\nin Figure AV.1."


id: fc94e328d6960d9229d66be20819cfb9
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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content:
"to the yellow shaded region in Figure AV.1. The identification of \r\nthe Australian monsoon by meteorologists dates back to the early \r\n20th century (see review of Suppiah, 1992), with later studies providing \r\nclassifications of monsoon circulation regimes (e.g.,  McBride, 1987) \r\nand definitions of monsoon onset (Troup, 1961; Holland, 1986; Hendon \r\nand Liebmann, 1990; Drosdowsky, 1996)."


id: ec225c2ba9eb593b0d9c56f60d231088
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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vector_id: 34649
content:
"During austral spring (September-October-November; SON), areas \r\nof intense convection migrate from north-western South America to \r\nthe south (Raia and Cavalcanti, 2008), forming the South Atlantic \r\nConvergence Zone (SACZ) during austral summer (Kodama, 1992; \r\nJones and Carvalho, 2002; Vera et  al., 2006). Associated with this \r\nregime, an upper-tropospheric anticyclone (the Bolivian High) forms \r\nover the Altiplano region during the monsoon onset (Lenters and \r\nCook, 1997). The establishment of this upper-level anticyclone has \r\nbeen related to the transition from southerly to northerly winds and \r\nthe occurrence of strong convective heating over the Amazon (Lenters \r\nand Cook, 1997; Wang and Fu, 2002). The SAmerM then retreats \r\nduring austral autumn (March-April-May) with a  north-eastward \r\nmigration of the convection (e.g., Vera et al., 2006)."


id: bd936274d3a77649e5f39bb136dcf7e5
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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vector_id: 27394
content:
"The AusMCM is characterized by the seasonal reversal of prevailing \r\neasterly winds to westerly winds and the onset of periods of active \r\nconvection and heavy rainfall (Zhang and Moise, 2016). Over northern \r\nAustralia, the monsoon season generally lasts from December to \r\nMarch and is associated with the west to north-westerly inflow of \r\nmoist winds, producing convection and heavy precipitation. Over the \r\nMaritime Continent, the main rainy season south of the equator is \r\ncentred on December to February with north-westerly monsoon flow \r\nat low levels."


id: d177405ea39ce4567a07ea2f6b9b97d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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vector_id: 30494
content:
"Over Australia, the monsoon is strongly influenced by ENSO on \r\ninterannual time scales: during El Nino years the monsoon onset \r\ntends to be delayed (Nicholls et  al., 1982; McBride and Nicholls, \r\n1983; Drosdowsky, 1996). This relationship breaks down after the \r\nonset of the wet season, leading to little correlation between ENSO \r\nphase and total monsoon rainfall or duration (e.g.,  Hendon et  al., \r\n2012). The Maritime Continent also experiences a delay in monsoon \r\nonset during El Nino years and monsoon rainfall is correlated with \r\nENSO during the dry and transition seasons (Robertson et al., 2011). \r\nThe AusMCM is also influenced by the Indian Ocean Dipole (peaking \r\nin September to November) that tends to weaken the following \r\nmonsoon when in its positive phase (Cai et al., 2005)."


id: 1db534ef55135e57fcabf7482711f7b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 2111
content:
"The ability of climate models to simulate the Australian monsoon \r\nhas improved in successive generations of coupled models (i.e., from \r\nCMIP3 to CMIP6, Moise et al., 2012; Brown et al., 2016; Narsey et al., \r\n2020), with sensitivity of monsoon rainfall to the magnitude of SST \r\nbiases in the Equatorial Pacific (Brown et al., 2016). "


id: cec51cb7e7ad57c9380c072cbf747dcc
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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vector_id: 30066
content:
"The general large-scale features of the SAmerM are reasonably \r\nwell simulated by coupled climate models although they do not \r\nadequately reproduce maximum precipitation over the core of the \r\nmonsoon, even when considering simulations under past natural \r\nforcings, such as those during the last millennium (Rojas et al., 2016; \r\nDiaz and Vera, 2018). However, CMIP5 models featured an improved \r\nrepresentation of the SAmerM with respect to CMIP3 (Joetzjer et al., \r\n2013; Jones and Carvalho, 2013; Gulizia and Camilloni, 2015; Diaz \r\nand Vera, 2017). "


id: 27d95649c0b0d9e28da8cfd6f7f4ffac
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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content:
"The Australian-Maritime Continent monsoon (AusMCM) occurs during \r\naustral summer (December-January-February), with the large-scale \r\nshift of the ITCZ into the Southern Hemisphere. It  covers northern \r\nAustralia and the Maritime Continent up to 10degN (e.g.,  McBride, \r\n1987; Suppiah, 1992; Robertson et  al., 2011), and it corresponds "


id: 808ae2435268479d86f0a0ae9e2570fb
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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vector_id: 17748
content:
"Jose M. Gutierrez (Spain), Roshanka Ranasinghe (The Netherlands/Sri Lanka, Australia), \r\nAlex C. Ruane (United States of America), Robert Vautard (France)"


id: 4bbb635c90eabca1c9fee81d872c4a18
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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vector_id: 9330
content:
"Mathias Hauser (Switzerland), Carley E. Iles (Norway, France/United Kingdom), Maialen Iturbide \r\n(Spain)"


id: 24a908c380e3ac2bc0705ad3de4d032f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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vector_id: 3212
content:
"This annex provides background information on indices used within \r\nChapter 11, Chapter 12 and the Atlas, including technical details of \r\ncalculation and related references."


id: edfc937d091ea449eeb5ddf81d85d45d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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content:
"Indices are used in many chapters of this Report: in Chapter 4 for \r\nassessing changes in the global climate, in Chapter 8 for water cycle \r\nchanges assessment, in Chapter  9 for oceans and the cryosphere, \r\nin Chapter 11 for assessing changes in extreme conditions, and in \r\nChapter 12 for assessing CIDs and their changing characteristics due \r\nto climate change. The Atlas assesses changes in mean variables/\r\nindices (temperature, precipitation and snow). The Interactive Atlas \r\nincludes indices of mean changes (for temperatures, precipitation, \r\nsnowfall and wind) and a  number of extreme indices and CIDs, \r\nallowing for flexible spatial and temporal analysis of the results. "


id: e9a5ffe79972c3c45160910369e294dc
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"Indices can also characterize aspects of climatic impact-drivers \r\n(CIDs; see Chapter 1 for the definition) that are key to impacts and \r\nrisks to society and ecosystems. Chapter 12 proposes a definition of \r\n'climatic impact-driver indices' as 'numerically computable indices \r\nusing one or a combination of climate variables designed to measure \r\nthe intensity of the climatic impact-driver, or the probability of \r\nexceedance of a threshold. For instance, an index of heat inducing \r\nhuman health stress is the Heat Index (HI) that combines temperature \r\nand relative humidity (e.g., Burkart et al., 2011; Lin et al., 2012; Kent \r\net al., 2014) and is used by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric \r\nAdministration (NOAA) for issuing heat warnings'."


id: f61c6ab1ff11e696f4eae51de78c26b1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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content:
"Climatic impact-drivers may not be related only to extremes, and \r\ntherefore require a much broader set of indices. For instance, the rate \r\nof coastline recession, due to sea level rise, assessed in Chapter 12, is \r\ninvolved in the risk of damage and losses in coastal settlements and \r\ninfrastructures. Mean trends and changes themselves are considered \r\nthroughout the report as CIDs. For instance, beyond the warming \r\ntrend that has a  large number of consequences, changes in other \r\nindices such as 'snow season length' are often used to study economic \r\nimpacts on winter tourism (Damm et al., 2017). Furthermore, Mora \r\net al. (2018) used a set of 11 very different key CID indices, among \r\nwhich about half are related to extremes to characterize broader \r\nthreats to society. Section  12.3 in Chapter  12 reviews the CIDs \r\ndescribed in the literature which drive impacts and risks, and reveal \r\nthe wide variety of indices used to characterize them."


id: d316ac59fea8594e819192e54a10fa93
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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content:
"Some of these indices are included in the Interactive Atlas allowing \r\nfurther analysis (seasons, regions, baselines and future periods  - \r\nusing both time slices/scenarios and global warming levels): TXx, \r\nTNn, Rx1day, Rx5day, FD, CDD and SPI."


id: c9a8b6a6ab6986f46b21865f4901b657
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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content:
"Cooling degree days (CD): Energy consumption in hot environments \r\ntypically depends on the excess of temperature above a  given \r\nthreshold, where cooling is required. In Chapter 12 and the Atlas we \r\nused the formulation of Spinoni et al. (2015), which uses the mean \r\n(TM), max (TX) and min daily (TN) temperature with the formula taken \r\nfrom this reference:"


id: c4b62cb253b8e6a3b1863d2a0bd8f52c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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content:
"In Chapter  12, 33 CID categories are identified on the basis of \r\nrelevance for risks and impacts and available literature. They are \r\nclassified into seven types: heat and cold, wet and dry, wind, snow \r\nand ice, coastal, open ocean, and other (see Tables 12.1 and 12.2). It \r\nwould be impossible to cover all indices that have been developed in \r\nthe literature. However, in order to illustrate how indices can provide \r\ninformation about future regional climate, Chapter 12 and the Atlas \r\nuse a limited number of indices to illustrate the main CIDs and their \r\nevolution with climate change."


id: 2514e8890b7e7d3f8b23ef99fb4fa878
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vector_id: 3275
content:
"The selection of indices, as displayed in Chapter 12 and the Atlas, is \r\nbased on expert judgement using the following guiding principles. \r\nThe set of indices should:"


id: 3b93ecdcb37b7f96b24ea5c016e27390
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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content:
"The difference between Chapter  12, the Atlas and the previous \r\nreference is that in this Report the sum is cumulated over the entire \r\nyear instead of six months, so it applies to all hemispheres. This index \r\nis included in the Interactive Atlas."


id: 827fcf06ff25c211558402026df9b917
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content:
"Number of days with maximum daily temperature above \r\nthreshold (TXnn): The number of days with maximum temperature \r\nabove a threshold can be critical for human health, infrastructure, \r\necosystems and agriculture. Different thresholds are used for \r\ndifferent crops, generally varying between 30degC and 40degC (Hatfield \r\nand Prueger, 2015; Grotjahn, 2021). Chapter  12 uses the 35degC \r\nthreshold globally (Figure 12.4), which was identified as a critical \r\ntemperature for maize pollination and production (Wolfe et  al., \r\n2008; Schlenker and Roberts, 2009; Hatfield et  al., 2011, 2014; \r\nLobell and Gourdji, 2012; Gourdji et al., 2013; Lobell et al., 2013; \r\nDeryng et al., 2014; Hatfield and Prueger, 2015; Tripathi et al., 2016; \r\nSchauberger et al., 2017; Tesfaye et al., 2017), as well as a notable \r\nthreshold for human health hazards (Kingsley et al., 2016; Petitti \r\net  al., 2016). The Interactive Atlas includes both TX35 and TX40 \r\n(both raw and bias adjusted; see Atlas 1.4.5). "


id: eeb2ff44c6dd7f917f1bf16f52a1619
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"The selection results in 13 regional indices that are reported in \r\nTable AVI.2. The description of the formulae used for processing is \r\ndescribed below."


id: 106a0b4baed4bd368570b72cb5167993
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content:
"NOAA heat index (HI): HI is used by the US National Oceanic \r\nand Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for issuing heat warnings \r\nand was applied in several studies that investigated adverse health \r\nimpacts due to heat stress (e.g., Burkart et al., 2011; Lin et al., 2012; \r\nKent et al., 2014). HI is calculated as multiple linear regression with "


id: 4f05b152fa6cf18577b5ec81dddd59c
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content:
"each month separately. The application periods are the IPCC periods \r\n1995-2014, 2041-2060 and 2081-2100, and 20-year periods for \r\nspecific warming levels (1.5degC, 2degC, 3degC and 4degC). "


id: a7061a56c2359ac2161f15d63d0e6809
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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content:
"Heating degree days (HDD): symmetrical to the cooling degree \r\ndays index, the HDD index is used for illustrating energy demand for \r\nheating. It has been used in several studies of the impacts of climate \r\nchange on the energy sector. The Atlas follows the formulation \r\nproposed by Spinoni et al. (2015). The calculation follows:"


id: a7e8a694fdf6ff1036894995f2f6f196
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content:
"c0 = -42.379 degF, c1 = 2.04901523, c2 = 10.14333127 degF, \r\nc3 = -0.22475541, c4 = -0.00683783 degF-1, c5 = -0.05481717 degF,\r\nc6 = 0.00122874 degF-1, c7 = 0.00085282, c8 = -0.00000199 degF-1"


id: b9801054fe8148ed72bee0f7e6ad94d7
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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content:
"To account for various geographic zones, however, the HDD index \r\nis cumulated over the entire year, instead of six months, as in the \r\nprevious reference. This index is included in the Interactive Atlas."


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created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 24852
content:
"HI is calculated for CMIP5, CMIP6 and CORDEX using daily mean \r\nnear-surface specific humidity, daily mean surface pressure, and \r\ndaily maximum near-surface air temperature. For CMIP5 and CMIP6, \r\ndaily mean surface pressure is calculated from daily mean sea level \r\npressure by applying a height adjustment (see Schwingshackl et al. \r\n(2021) for details). Additionally, HI is calculated for WFDE5, which is \r\na bias-adjusted version of the ERA5 reanalysis (Cucchi et al., 2020). \r\nDaily maximum temperature is calculated as the maximum of the \r\nhourly WFDE5 near-surface temperature values. Relative humidity \r\nis calculated using daily means of the hourly WFDE5 variables for \r\nnear-surface air temperature, near-surface specific humidity, and \r\nsurface air pressure."


id: d51c1515d3e2ea98a9c04082e66ee00
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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vector_id: 31058
content:
"Number of frost days (FD): Frost affects crops (Barlow et al., 2015; \r\nCrimp et al., 2016; Cradock-Henry, 2017; Makinen et al., 2018), and \r\nthere has been a  number of studies investigating changes in the \r\nnumber of frost days, with various thresholds, mostly between -10degC \r\nand +2degC. In Chapter 12 and the Atlas, we use the simple threshold \r\nof 0degC for the daily minimum temperature to define frost days as in \r\nTable AVI.1. This index is included in the Interactive Atlas."


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content:
"River flood index using runoff (FI): As a  flood indicator, the \r\n100-year return value of discharge value (Q100) has been used. \r\nThe computation of the index follows Alfieri et al. (2015):"


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content:
"3. The peak discharge corresponding to the 100-year return period, \r\nQ100=Q(RP=100), is then calculated."


id: fb475d03b0e470e678f00ced20df4f35
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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vector_id: 37041
content:
"For CORDEX regional models the total runoff of each of the models \r\nhas been used as an input of the hydrological model CHyM (Coppola \r\net  al., 2007, 2018) to produce the river discharge. The Q(RP=100) \r\nvalue has been computed for each of the river segments and each \r\nof the 29 CHyM simulations. The results are shown in the regional \r\nfigures in Section 12.4."


id: de24770d150e8a3181678ec2159fdd1e
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"the opposite season (May through September). SWE was assessed in \r\nseveral studies and its simulation depends on the representation of \r\nsurface processes dealing with snow. Despite limitations, SWE was \r\nfound to be useful in giving insight into the sign of changes (McCrary \r\net al., 2017). When interpreting the figures shown in Chapter 12, one \r\nshould also keep in mind that 'altitudes' are model altitudes and may \r\nnot correspond to real ones due to the coarse resolution, and the \r\nchanges can be quite sensitive to such effects."


id: 687135d337a9cf1f5abd4fc4b08bee3f
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updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 14017
content:
"Standardized precipitation index (SPI): The SPI is a  statistical \r\nindex that compares cumulated precipitation for n months (n = 6) \r\nwith the long-term precipitation distribution for the same location \r\nand cumulation period. The SPI months have been selected so that \r\nSPI represents the medium-term cumulated value and can be used to \r\nmeasure the medium-term impact on river flow and reservoir storage \r\n(Mckee et al., 1993)."


id: 75c48ccaa178026da17d3646ee57dfb
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content:
"Extreme Total Water Level (ETWL): Factors contributing \r\nto extreme sea levels (ETWL) are sea level rise, storm surge \r\n(e.g.,  associated with tropical cyclones and extratropical \r\ncyclones), tide, and extreme waves (resulting in high-wave setup \r\nat the shoreline). The ETWL used here is the summation of the \r\naforementioned factors (Vitousek et al., 2017; Vousdoukas et al., \r\n2018) and the commonly used 1-in-100-year ETWL (the  100-\r\nyear ETWL return value) is adopted here as the index relevant to \r\nepisodic coastal flooding. Here, the median ETWL, together with \r\nthe associated 5-95% confidence interval, resulting from a  fully \r\nprobabilistic model that incorporates storm surge and waves \r\nderived from models forced by an ensemble of six GCMs, is used as \r\nthe index relevant for long-term coastal erosion."


id: a7ed58b0091a9aaf46bc943fd8625fb1
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content:
"Coastal erosion (CE): Coastal erosion is generally accompanied by \r\nshoreline retreat, which can occur as a gradual process (e.g., due to sea \r\nlevel rise) or as an episodic event due to storm surge and/or extreme \r\nwaves, especially when combined with high tide (Ranasinghe, 2016). \r\nThe most commonly used shoreline retreat index is the magnitude of \r\nshoreline retreat by a predetermined planning horizon such as 50 or \r\n100 years into the future. Here, the median shoreline retreat, together \r\nwith the associated 5-95% confidence interval, resulting from a fully \r\nprobabilistic model that incorporates storm surge and waves derived \r\nfrom models forced by an ensemble of six GCMs, is used as the index \r\nrelevant for long-term coastal erosion."


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content_type: text
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vector_id: 3648
content:
"Once SPI has been computed, the calculation of the drought frequency \r\n(DF) follows the method in Spinoni et  al. (2014): a  drought event \r\nstarts in the month when SPI falls below -1 and it ends when SPI \r\nreturns to positive values, for at least two consecutive months."


id: d9fcd2a8d800a07c3cd64dabe33f9284
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 31822
content:
"It has to be noted that the SPI index has been recognized to be \r\ndifficult to interpret in high latitudes and arid areas due to statistical \r\nissues linked to inaccuracies in the estimation of the Gamma function \r\n(Spinoni et  al., 2014). The duration of six months is considered in \r\nFigure 12.4. This index is included in the Interactive Atlas."


id: 8b3a12f02d62890c6a9ed3320b0bcc55
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 19431
content:
"Some of these indices are included in the Interactive Atlas allowing \r\nflexible analysis (seasons, regions, baselines and future periods  - \r\nusing both time slices/scenarios and global warming levels): TX35 \r\nand TX40 (both raw and bias adjusted; see Atlas 1.4.5), FD, CDD, \r\nHDD, SPI-6 (CDD and HDD are labelled as CD and HD, respectively, in \r\nthe Interactive Atlas)."


id: e330aa08ce37eeca47bce342c0cd5290
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 33240
content:
"Soil moisture (SM): The soil moisture index is used in Chapter 12 \r\nfigures. It is using the total soil moisture content integrated over the \r\nsoil depth, normalized by the recent past climatological values at \r\neach grid point."


id: c3a242c6a65e91630ab2f27b99a10294
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 28345
content:
"Snow season length (SWE100): Several studies use the snow \r\nwater equivalent (SWE) variable (variable snw in model outputs) in \r\norder to define a 'snow season length' as the number of days with \r\nenough snow on the ground. This index is particularly important for \r\nthe winter tourism sector (Damm et  al., 2017; Jacob et  al., 2018). \r\nSeveral thresholds are used to define a day with 'enough snow on \r\nthe ground', with Wobus et  al. (2017) marking 100  mm as a  key \r\nthreshold for skiing. However, this index is important not only for \r\nwinter tourism but also in other sectors such as water management. \r\nIn several figures of Chapter 12, the snow season length is calculated \r\nthen as the number of days with SWE > 100  mm, following the \r\ndefinition of Damm et al. (2017) and Wobus et al. (2017). Seasonal \r\nlimits are given (November through March) for studies in the Northern \r\nHemisphere, and the index for the Southern Hemisphere is taken over "


id: 48d50a08758dc13425ce6fa482c2e70c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 8839
content:
"J.B. Robin Matthews (France/United Kingdom), Vincent Moller (Germany),  Renee van Diemen \r\n(The  Netherlands/United Kingdom),  Jan S. Fuglestvedt (Norway), Valerie Masson-Delmotte \r\n(France), Carlos Mendez (Venezuela),  Sergey Semenov (Russian Federation), Andy Reisinger \r\n(New Zealand)"


id: 134b521421140b0f6bc8de396a6e3081
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 548
content:
"Rondrotiana Barimalala (South Africa/Madagascar), Roxana Bojariu (Romania), Annalisa Cherchi \r\n(Italy), Peter M. Cox (United Kingdom), Sergio Henrique Faria (Spain/Brazil), Piers Forster \r\n(United  Kingdom), Christopher Jones (United Kingdom), Nana Ama Browne Klutse (Ghana), \r\nCharles Koven (United States of America), Svitlana Krakovska (Ukraine), Sawsan K. Mustafa (Sudan), \r\nFriederike Otto (United Kingdom/Germany), Matthew D. Palmer (United Kingdom), Tamzin Palmer \r\n(United Kingdom), Wilfried Pokam Mba (Cameroon), Roshanka Ranasinghe (The Netherlands/Sri \r\nLanka, Australia), Pedro Scheel Monteiro (South Africa), Joeri Rogelj (United Kingdom/ Belgium), \r\nSharon L. Smith (Canada), Ying Sun (China), Andrew Turner (United Kingdom), Bart van den Hurk \r\n(The Netherlands), Emilie Vanvyve (United Kingdom/Belgium), Martin Wild (Switzerland), \r\nCunde Xiao (China), Prodromos Zanis (Greece)"


id: bada3186d340b45218a30f3643da546b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 26935
content:
"This glossary defines some specific terms as the Lead Authors intend them to be interpreted in \r\nthe context of this report. Italicized words in definitions indicate that the italicized term is defined \r\nin the Glossary. "


id: 7e5a9085745a51170309ac5901aa31e4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 17445
content:
"IPCC, 2021: Annex VII: Glossary [Matthews, J.B.R., V. Moller, R. van Diemen, J.S. Fuglestvedt, V. Masson-Delmotte, \r\nC.  Mendez, S. Semenov, A. Reisinger (eds.)]. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of \r\nWorking Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, \r\nV., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Pean, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. \r\nLonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekci, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, \r\nCambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2215-2256, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.022."


id: 7bf7f15cb54c8ffb3831a89ccbc3c7a3
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 17106
content:
"Ablation (of glaciers, ice sheets, or snow cover) See Mass \r\nbalance/budget (of glaciers or ice sheets)."


id: 92b76e548a59176a69ed401d127bfa76
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 20597
content:
"Abrupt change A change in the system that is substantially \r\nfaster than the typical rate of the changes in its history. See also \r\nAbrupt climate change and Tipping point."


id: 1f89368dee4911a4e2368780ebe2aaa6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 2391
content:
"Abrupt climate change A large-scale abrupt change in the \r\nclimate system that takes place over a few decades or less, persists \r\n(or is anticipated to persist) for at least a few decades and causes \r\nsubstantial impacts in human and/or natural systems. See also Abrupt \r\nchange and Tipping point."


id: 8607e497ca97616579fbdea3de8ae8b8
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 18624
content:
"Accumulation (of glaciers, ice sheets, or snow cover) See \r\nMass balance/budget (of glaciers or ice sheets)."


id: 672489035785bbd8d33beba5cd8f80e6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 13824
content:
"Adaptation In human systems, the process of adjustment to \r\nactual or expected climate and its effects, in order to moderate harm \r\nor exploit beneficial opportunities. In natural systems, the process \r\nof adjustment to actual climate and its effects; human intervention \r\nmay facilitate adjustment to expected climate and its effects. \r\nSee  also Adaptation options, Adaptive capacity and Maladaptive \r\nactions (Maladaptation)."


id: f813749832e99f3f77063a9aa95933fe
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 36545
content:
"Aerosol optical depth (AOD) Wavelength-dependent aerosol \r\noptical depth is a measure of the aerosol contribution to extinction of \r\ntop-of-the-atmosphere solar intensity measured at the ground. AOD \r\nis unitless."


id: 8e78d345cb12827a4c905116d04648f5
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 19937
content:
"Adaptation options The array of strategies and measures \r\nthat are available and appropriate for addressing adaptation. They \r\ninclude a wide range of actions that can be categorized as structural, \r\ninstitutional, ecological or behavioural."


id: 13660f5e11ef1bc151ad681300862618
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 565
content:
"Fine-mode aerosol optical depth\r\nAerosol optical depth due to aerosol particles smaller than 1 mm \r\nin radius."


id: 1ecaa7fc6e5994b861c98839041f013a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 2289
content:
"Adaptive capacity The ability of systems, institutions, humans \r\nand other organisms to adjust to potential damage, to take advantage \r\nof opportunities, or to respond to consequences (MA, 2005)."


id: 97465cb0c3e807104bf8a17d7738f5ce
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 21321
content:
"Aerosol-cloud interaction A process by which a perturbation \r\nto aerosol affects the microphysical properties and evolution of \r\nclouds through the aerosol role as cloud condensation nuclei or ice \r\nnuclei, particularly in ways that affect radiation or precipitation; such \r\nprocesses can also include the effect of clouds and precipitation on \r\naerosol. The aerosol perturbation can be anthropogenic or come from \r\nsome natural source. The radiative forcing from such interactions has \r\ntraditionally been attributed to numerous indirect aerosol effects, \r\nbut in this report, only two levels of radiative forcing (or effect) \r\nare distinguished:"


id: bbae14b04f7813cfa1cf25cfe9e61caa
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 27082
content:
"Added value Improvement of the representation of some climatic \r\naspects by one methodology compared to another methodology. For \r\ninstance, downscaling a coarse resolution global climate model may \r\nimprove the representation of regional climate in complex terrain."


id: 78f2722df154ec2d0b8d506f232f7211
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 16583
content:
"Adjustments (in relation to effective radiative \r\nforcing) The response to an agent perturbing the climate system\r\nthat is driven directly by the agent, independently of any change \r\nin global surface temperature. For example, carbon dioxide and \r\naerosols, by altering internal heating and cooling rates within the \r\natmosphere, can each cause changes to cloud cover and other \r\nvariables thereby producing an effective radiative forcing even in \r\nthe absence of any surface warming or cooling. Adjustments are \r\nusually rapid in the sense that they begin to occur right away, \r\nbefore climate feedbacks which are driven by global surface \r\nwarming (although some adjustments may still take significant time \r\nto proceed to completion, for example those involving vegetation \r\nor ice sheets)."


id: d633ed52510c6fb692b3d310af03e8a6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 31213
content:
"The final radiative forcing (or effect) from the aerosol perturbation, \r\nincluding the adjustments to the initial change in droplet or crystal \r\nformation rate. These adjustments include changes in the strength of \r\nconvection, precipitation efficiency, cloud fraction, lifetime or water \r\ncontent of clouds, and the formation or suppression of clouds in \r\nremote areas due to altered circulations."


id: e44e2a6f35ca226beb212a2e4c4f5aa1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 33395
content:
"Advection Transport of water or air along with its properties \r\n(e.g., temperature, chemical tracers) by winds or currents. Regarding \r\nthe general distinction between advection and convection, the \r\nformer describes transport by large-scale motions of the atmosphere"


id: aa464c3da7e770bf02f46d15bb8820a0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 24328
content:
"aerosol perturbation, with other variables (in particular total cloud \r\nwater content) remaining equal. In liquid clouds, an increase in cloud \r\ndroplet concentration and surface area would increase the cloud \r\nalbedo. This effect is also known as the cloud albedo effect, first \r\nindirect effect, or Twomey effect. It is a largely theoretical concept \r\nthat cannot readily be isolated in observations or comprehensive \r\nprocess models due to the ubiquity of adjustments."


id: 8045a5d47d2fca2226f04d7def6e3c45
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 17708
content:
"Air pollution Degradation of air quality with negative effects \r\non human health or the natural or built environment due to the \r\nintroduction, by natural processes or human activity, into the \r\natmosphere of substances (gases, aerosol) which have a direct \r\n(primary pollutants) or indirect (secondary pollutants) harmful effect. \r\nSee also Short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs)."


id: 713e1d88a719d8aaabe55d26607bfa57
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 15455
content:
"Airborne fraction The fraction of total carbon dioxide (CO2)\r\nemissions (from fossil fuels and land-use change) remaining in \r\nthe atmosphere."


id: 983783465186c0ede385013ec859d82e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 21457
content:
"Aerosol-radiation interaction An interaction of aerosol\r\ndirectly with radiation produces radiative effects. In this report, two \r\nlevels of radiative forcing (or effect) are distinguished:"


id: 8fd17ca0ffdc999a5a52a70b942b912f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 20163
content:
"Albedo The proportion of sunlight (solar radiation) reflected by \r\na surface or object, often expressed as a percentage. Clouds, snow \r\nand ice usually have high albedo; soil surfaces cover the albedo range \r\nfrom high to low; vegetation in the dry season and/or in arid zones\r\ncan have high albedo, whereas photosynthetically active vegetation \r\nand the ocean have low albedo. The Earth's planetary albedo changes \r\nmainly through changes in cloudiness and of snow, ice, leaf area and \r\nland cover."


id: ef96c244fbe1057f98460ee48b2308d9
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 35193
content:
"The total effective radiative forcing due to both aerosol-cloud and \r\naerosol-radiation interactions is denoted aerosol effective radiative \r\nforcing (ERFari+aci)."


id: a8a9f39a05122311578e0506d863503
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 24065
content:
"Effective radiative forcing (or effect) due to aerosol-radiation \r\ninteractions (ERFari)\r\nThe final radiative forcing (or effect) from the aerosol perturbation, \r\nincluding adjustments to the initial change in radiation. These \r\nadjustments include changes in cloud caused by the impact of \r\nthe radiative heating on convective or larger-scale atmospheric \r\ncirculations, traditionally known as semi-direct aerosol forcing \r\n(or effect)."


id: 515fd5bf8419e59f012ba2df9d433253
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 10258
content:
"Altimetry A technique for measuring the height of the Earth's \r\nsurface with respect to the geocentre of the Earth within a defined \r\nterrestrial reference frame (geocentric sea level). See also Geocentric \r\nsea level change."


id: a7e0f2049c37854c700957fbfcc0afa7
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 23925
content:
"Annular modes Hemispheric scale patterns of atmospheric \r\nvariability characterized by opposing and synchronous fluctuations \r\nin sea level pressure between the polar caps and mid-latitudes, \r\nwith  a structure exhibiting a high degree of zonal symmetry, and \r\nwith no real preferred time scales ranging from days to decades. In \r\neach hemisphere, these fluctuations reflect changes in the latitudinal \r\nposition and strength of the mid-latitude jets and associated storm \r\ntracks. Annular modes are defined as the leading mode of variability \r\nof extratropical sea level pressure or geopotential heights and are \r\nknown as the Northern Annular Mode (NAM) and Southern Annular \r\nMode (SAM) in the two hemispheres, respectively."


id: 734b171d14c13b6c40fdd6707a86bc61
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 15756
content:
"The radiative forcing (or radiative effect, if the perturbation is \r\ninternally generated) of an aerosol perturbation due directly to \r\naerosol-radiation interactions, with all environmental variables \r\nremaining unaffected. Traditionally known in the literature as the \r\ndirect aerosol forcing (or effect)."


id: 3021c94e3112de064f565865afd1eb63
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 4998
content:
"Afforestation Conversion to forest of land that historically has \r\nnot contained forests. [Note: For a discussion of the term forest and \r\nrelated terms such as afforestation, reforestation and deforestation, \r\nsee the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories \r\nand their 2019 Refinement, and information provided by the United \r\nNations Framework Convention on Climate Change (IPCC, 2006, \r\n2019; UNFCCC, 2021a, b).] See also Deforestation, Reforestation, \r\nAnthropogenic removals and Carbon dioxide removal (CDR)."


id: b48c7868ddf5aa400ad9c1bcc6b3f7c0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 25938
content:
"Agreement In this Report, the degree of agreement within the \r\nscientific body of knowledge on a particular finding is assessed \r\nbased on multiple lines of evidence (e.g., mechanistic understanding, \r\ntheory, data, models, expert judgement) and expressed qualitatively \r\n(Mastrandrea et al., 2010). See also Confidence, Likelihood, \r\nUncertainty and Evidence."


id: fc508fb4bd43975862f782aa3eaeaf46
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 37199
content:
"Air mass A widespread body of air, the approximately \r\nhomogeneous properties of which (i) have been established while \r\nthat air was situated over a particular region of the Earth's surface, \r\nand (ii) undergo specific modifications while in transit away from the \r\nsource region (AMS, 2021)."


id: 4e537642123bf6ec604588dd1b23cc1f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 9755
content:
"The leading mode of climate variability of Southern Hemisphere sea \r\nlevel pressure and geopotential height, which is associated with the \r\nstrength and latitudinal shifts in the mid- to high-latitudes westerly \r\nwind belt. The SAM is also known as the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO). "


id: c01bd93da1d7fe930f64834e3bb4cf4f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 27776
content:
"in this report. As a consequence, the land-related net GHG emission \r\nestimates from global models included in this report are not necessarily \r\ndirectly comparable with land use, land-use change and forestry \r\n(LULUCF) estimates in national GHG Inventories.] See also Carbon \r\ndioxide removal (CDR), Afforestation, Enhanced weathering, Ocean \r\nalkalinization/Ocean alkalinity enhancement and Reforestation."


id: beb5ae48b9a34d05951c2086212efde4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 27561
content:
"A positive SAM phase is defined as lower-than-normal pressures \r\nover the polar regions and higher-than-normal pressures in the \r\nsouthern mid-latitudes, with a contraction towards Antarctica and \r\nstrengthening of the westerly wind belt. The negative SAM phase \r\nexhibits positive high-latitude pressure anomalies, negative mid\u0002latitude pressure anomalies and a weaker westerly flow expanded \r\ntowards the equator. See Section AIV.2.2 in Annex IV of the AR6 WGI \r\nreport. See also Annular modes."


id: e92f837929d258910f2279a86c9271f0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 34205
content:
"Anthropogenic subsidence Downward motion of the land \r\nsurface induced by anthropogenic drivers (e.g., loading, extraction \r\nof hydrocarbons and/or groundwater, drainage, mining activities) \r\ncausing sediment compaction or subsidence/deformation of the \r\nsedimentary sequence, or oxidation of organic material, thereby \r\nleading to relative sea level rise."


id: 2d1ab9d2377bb5d2c35ef2d8790ff700
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 4537
content:
"Apparent hydrological sensitivity (ea) The change in global \r\nmean precipitation per degree Celsius of global mean surface \r\nair temperature (GSAT) change with units of % per degC, although \r\nit can also be calculated as W m-2 per degC. See also Hydrological \r\nsensitivity (e)."


id: bb79948ff095457e5768ad1a4416469c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 27054
content:
"Arid zone Areas where vegetation growth is severely constrained \r\ndue to limited water availability. For the most part, the native \r\nvegetation of arid zones is sparse. There is high rainfall variability, \r\nwith annual averages below 300 mm. Crop farming in arid zones \r\nrequires irrigation."


id: 8fe2c676f9f9c714779995a2c4fe426a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 20171
content:
"Aridity The state of a long-term climatic feature characterized \r\nby low average precipitation or available water in a region. Aridity \r\ngenerally arises from widespread persistent atmospheric subsidence \r\nor anticyclonic conditions, and from more localized subsidence in the \r\nlee side of mountains (adapted from Gbeckor-Kove, 1989; Turkes, \r\n1999). See also Drought."


id: 2341a3557a188b92136bada591c7e94e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 2996
content:
"Anthropogenic emissions Emissions of greenhouse gases \r\n(GHGs), precursors of GHGs and aerosols caused by human activities. \r\nThese activities include the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, land \r\nuse and land-use changes (LULUC), livestock production, fertilization, \r\nwaste management, and industrial processes. See also Anthropogenic\r\nand Anthropogenic removals."


id: 3904a3666cf3ceb30db63d8f64a717b3
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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vector_id: 6342
content:
"Artificial ocean upwelling (AOUpw) A potential carbon \r\ndioxide removal (CDR) method that aims to artificially pump up \r\ncooler, nutrient-rich waters from deep in the ocean to the surface. \r\nThe aim is to stimulate phytoplankton activity and thereby increase \r\nocean CO2 uptake."


id: c0e377d2c91f2b302cc6e22dab1aed7b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
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vector_id: 27920
content:
"Assets Natural or human-made resources that provide current \r\nor future utility, benefit, economic or intrinsic value to natural or \r\nhuman systems."


id: 7f42904097ece4cd3bd9bf83a9f9a31c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
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vector_id: 17574
content:
"Atlantic Equatorial Mode See Atlantic Zonal Mode (AZM)\r\nunder Tropical Atlantic Variability (TAV)."


id: 55b68b1d80d7d66bd1d4a6a4efec0e4f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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vector_id: 10966
content:
"Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) See \r\nMeridional overturning circulation (MOC)."


id: dca56fdccb04e9c5c371dbf8b20affab
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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vector_id: 32218
content:
"Atlantic Multi-decadal Variability (AMV) Large-scale \r\nfluctuations observed from one decade to the next in a variety of \r\ninstrumental records and proxy reconstructions over the entire \r\nNorth Atlantic ocean and surrounding continents. Fingerprints of "


id: f390e675b6dc7812b32b44a44ab6dcb2
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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vector_id: 35833
content:
"Autotrophic respiration Respiration by photosynthetic (see \r\nphotosynthesis) organisms (e.g., plants and algae)."


id: e147cf96c947b1008f2e3931b666fa91
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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vector_id: 32937
content:
"AMV can be found at the surface ocean, which is characterized by \r\nswings in basin-scale sea surface temperature anomalies reflecting \r\nthe interaction with the atmosphere. The positive phase of the \r\nAMV is characterized by anomalous warming over the entire North \r\nAtlantic, with the strongest amplitude in the subpolar gyre and along \r\nsea ice margin zones in the Labrador Sea and Greenland/Barents \r\nSea  and in the subtropical North Atlantic basin to a lower extent. \r\nIn the AR6 WGI report, the term AMV is preferred to Atlantic Multi\u0002decadal Oscillation (AMO) used in previous IPCC reports because \r\nthere is no preferred time scale of decadal variability as the term \r\noscillation would indirectly imply. See Section AIV.2.7 in Annex IV of \r\nthe AR6 WGI report."


id: 893c4b7f2f1800aeaad96a06dd0347a4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 19131
content:
"Avalanche A mass of snow, ice, earth or rocks, or a mixture of \r\nthese, falling down a mountainside."


id: 3a29c79dd7cf9942ea0e4255a98cc5c5
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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vector_id: 6518
content:
"Basal lubrication Reduction of friction at the base of an ice sheet\r\nor glacier due to lubrication by meltwater. This can allow the glacier \r\nor ice sheet to slide over its base. Meltwater may be produced by \r\npressure-induced melting, friction or geothermal heat, or surface \r\nmelt may drain to the base through holes in the ice."


id: 6a406aa2a93abed7bef4fb1e6fdb1219
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
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vector_id: 14316
content:
"Biodiversity Biodiversity or biological diversity means the \r\nvariability among living organisms from all sources including, among \r\nother things, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems, and the \r\necological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity \r\nwithin species, between species, and of ecosystems (UN, 1992). See \r\nalso Ecosystem."


id: 9d81895d967536475b001652d8ec7fdd
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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vector_id: 22314
content:
"Bioenergy with carbon dioxide capture and storage \r\n(BECCS) Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technology \r\napplied to a bioenergy facility. Note that depending on the total \r\nemissions of the BECCS supply chain, carbon dioxide (CO2) can be \r\nremoved from the atmosphere. See also Carbon dioxide capture \r\nand storage (CCS), Anthropogenic removals and Carbon dioxide \r\nremoval (CDR)."


id: c16e4e85190f15a51269a434242ce02b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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vector_id: 28019
content:
"Biological (carbon) pump A series of ocean processes through \r\nwhich inorganic carbon (as carbon dioxide, CO2) is fixed as organic \r\nmatter by photosynthesis in sunlit surface water and then transported \r\nto the ocean interior, and possibly the sediment, resulting in the \r\nstorage of carbon."


id: 15366a2d3e242f72939b1ec98f9ffb69
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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vector_id: 851
content:
"Atmospheric boundary layer The atmospheric layer adjacent \r\nto the Earth's surface that is affected by friction against that boundary \r\nsurface, and possibly by transport of heat and other variables across \r\nthat surface (AMS, 2021). The lowest 100 m of the boundary layer \r\n(about 10% of the boundary layer thickness), where mechanical \r\ngeneration of turbulence is dominant, is called the surface boundary \r\nlayer or surface layer."


id: ac7dcfae7f661659bed554e611a69029
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
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vector_id: 24679
content:
"Biomass Organic material excluding the material that is fossilized \r\nor embedded in geological formations. Biomass may refer to the \r\nmass of organic matter in a specific area (ISO, 2014). "


id: 6161b2d30450489c7179ebcad20b4aa8
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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vector_id: 12891
content:
"Biosphere (terrestrial and marine) The part of the Earth \r\nsystem comprising all ecosystems and living organisms, in the \r\natmosphere, on land (terrestrial biosphere) or in the oceans (marine \r\nbiosphere), including derived dead organic matter, such as litter, soil \r\norganic matter and oceanic detritus."


id: 461a86606aa232a21223b12d793d8e06
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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vector_id: 8409
content:
"Atmospheric rivers (ARs) Long, narrow (up to a few hundred \r\nkm wide), shallow (up to a few km deep) and transient corridors of \r\nstrong horizontal water vapour transport that are typically associated \r\nwith a low-level jet stream ahead of the cold front of an extratropical \r\ncyclone (ETC) (Ralph et al., 2018)."


id: 3a9e9e6e981773afeaca11f22f73874
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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vector_id: 6589
content:
"Bipolar seesaw (also inter-hemispheric seesaw, inter\u0002hemispheric asymmetry, hemispheric asymmetry) A \r\nphenomenon in which temperature changes in the Northern and \r\nSouthern hemispheres are related but out of phase, generally \r\ninferred to represent a change in the magnitude or sign of net \r\nheat transport across the equator. Originally called hemispheric \r\nasymmetry and linked to changes in thermohaline overturning "


id: 104a9a6b4395c48eefdbce4d25f102bd
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 49
content:
"Attribution Attribution is defined as the process of evaluating \r\nthe relative contributions of multiple causal factors to a change or \r\nevent with an assessment of confidence."


id: 780e1134529f2dcc0bfae9e0bc530b67
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
content_type: text
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vector_id: 16453
content:
"Calcification The process of biologically precipitating calcium \r\ncarbonate minerals to create organism shells, skeletons, otoliths, or \r\nother body structures. The chemical equation describing calcification \r\nis Ca2+ (aq) + 2HCO3\r\n-\r\n (aq) - CaCO3(s) + CO2 + H2O. Aragonite and \r\ncalcite are two common crystalline forms of biologically precipitated \r\ncalcium carbonate minerals that have different solubilities."


id: e774c4886ec92de2ab4f534768c2362c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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vector_id: 33908
content:
"circulation on multi-millennial scales (Mix et al., 1986), later named \r\nbipolar seesaw and applied to millennial scales (Broecker, 1998) with \r\na similar thermohaline mechanism (Stocker and Johnsen, 2003). \r\nSee also Meridional overturning circulation (MOC) and Deglacial or \r\ndeglaciation or glacial termination."


id: 2ee0a8984b354ae8a29de04b679260fd
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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vector_id: 4807
content:
"Black carbon (BC) A relatively pure form of carbon, also known \r\nas soot, arising from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuel, \r\nand biomass. It only stays in the atmosphere for days or weeks. BC \r\nis a climate forcing agent with strong warming effect, both in the \r\natmosphere and when deposited on snow or ice. See also Aerosol\r\nand Atmosphere."


id: 35f3c69402dbf469a0895635a594d90
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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vector_id: 5897
content:
"Calving (of glaciers or ice sheets) The breaking off of \r\ndiscrete pieces of ice from a glacier, ice sheet or an ice shelf into \r\nlake or seawater, producing icebergs. This is a form of mass loss from \r\nan ice body."


id: 7afee2ebff462af422ba0b210cd5f5df
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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vector_id: 16942
content:
"Blocking Associated with persistent, slow-moving high-pressure \r\nsystems that obstruct the prevailing westerly winds in the middle \r\nand high latitudes and the normal eastward progress of extratropical \r\ntransient storm systems. It is an important component of the intra\u0002seasonal climate variability in the extratropics and can cause \r\nlong-lived weather conditions such as cold spells in winter and \r\nsummer heatwaves."


id: d5ddbedff25cb0680283232c48e09e25
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:53
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vector_id: 31164
content:
"Carbon budget Refers to two concepts in the literature: (i) \r\nan assessment of carbon cycle sources and sinks on a global \r\nlevel, through the synthesis of evidence for fossil fuel and cement \r\nemissions, emissions and removals associated with land use and \r\nland-use change, ocean and natural land sources and sinks of \r\ncarbon dioxide (CO2), and the resulting change in atmospheric CO2\r\nconcentration. This is referred to as the global carbon budget; (ii) \r\nthe maximum amount of cumulative net global anthropogenic CO2\r\nemissions that would result in limiting global warming to a given \r\nlevel with a given probability, taking into account the effect of other \r\nanthropogenic climate forcers. This is referred to as the total carbon \r\nbudget when expressed starting from the pre-industrial period, and \r\nas the remaining carbon budget when expressed from a recent \r\nspecified date."


id: 30e20adf7879f9924732abc18d47df8b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 5112
content:
"Blue carbon Biologically driven carbon fluxes and storage in \r\nmarine systems that are amenable to management. Coastal blue \r\ncarbon focuses on rooted vegetation in the coastal zone, such as tidal \r\nmarshes, mangroves and seagrasses. These ecosystems have high \r\ncarbon burial rates on a per unit area basis and accumulate carbon \r\nin their soils and sediments. They provide many non-climatic benefits \r\nand can contribute to ecosystem-based adaptation. If degraded or \r\nlost, coastal blue carbon ecosystems are likely to release most of their \r\ncarbon back to the atmosphere. There is current debate regarding \r\nthe application of the blue carbon concept to other coastal and non\u0002coastal processes and ecosystems, including the open ocean. See \r\nalso Sequestration."


id: 98f595042d7ad634b542fc6511f625ab
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 21580
content:
"Note 1: Net anthropogenic CO2 emissions are anthropogenic CO2\r\nemissions minus anthropogenic CO2 removals. See also Carbon \r\ndioxide removal (CDR)."


id: 55418a294e43f44b82f833e715ef668e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 10878
content:
"Note 2: The maximum amount of cumulative net global anthropogenic \r\nCO2 emissions is reached at the time that annual net anthropogenic \r\nCO2 emissions reach zero."


id: cfd50122bf8bdeac0fb76e538ecfa526
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 30227
content:
"Brewer-Dobson circulation The meridional overturning \r\ncirculation of the stratosphere transporting air upward in the tropics, \r\npoleward to the winter hemisphere, and downward at polar and \r\nsubpolar latitudes. The Brewer-Dobson circulation is driven by the \r\ninteraction between upward propagating planetary waves and the \r\nmean flow."


id: 9977249de902b274088a9e9591eed9b2
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 21667
content:
"Note 3: The degree to which anthropogenic climate forcers other than \r\nCO2 affect the total carbon budget and remaining carbon budget \r\ndepends on human choices about the extent to which these forcers \r\nare mitigated and their resulting climate effects."


id: 13cee398475690281a90c27b97e1fff6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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content:
"Note 4: The notions of a total carbon budget and remaining carbon \r\nbudget are also being applied in parts of the scientific literature and \r\nby some entities at regional, national, or sub-national levels. The \r\ndistribution of global budgets across individual different entities \r\nand emitters depends strongly on considerations of equity and other \r\nvalue judgements."


id: 32c24d289d10a9e1186474d280c0cde4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 5404
content:
"Business as usual (BAU) The term business as usual scenario \r\nhas been used to describe a scenario that assumes no additional \r\npolicies beyond those currently in place and that patterns of socio\u0002economic development are consistent with recent trends. The term \r\nis now used less frequently than in the past. See also Reference \r\nscenario (under Scenario)."


id: 369c1731b36e270b2db4be25f5c3a86
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 5981
content:
"Carbon cycle The flow of carbon (in various forms, e.g., as \r\ncarbon dioxide (CO2), carbon in biomass, and carbon dissolved in \r\nthe ocean as carbonate and bicarbonate) through the atmosphere, \r\nhydrosphere, terrestrial and marine biosphere and lithosphere. In this \r\nreport, the reference unit for the global carbon cycle is GtCO2 or GtC \r\n(one Gigatonne = 1 Gt = 1015 grams; 1 GtC corresponds to 3.664 \r\nGtCO2). See also Ocean carbon cycle."


id: 97a8d7d756f1b328c095a25321414e89
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 21386
content:
"13C Stable isotope of carbon having an atomic weight of \r\napproximately 13. Measurements of the ratio of 13C/12C in carbon \r\ndioxide (CO2) molecules are used to infer the importance of different \r\ncarbon cycle and climate processes and the size of the terrestrial \r\ncarbon reservoir."


id: 3da696b57da3cb65f10fbfa1fda4ffc4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 7050
content:
"14C Unstable isotope of carbon having an atomic weight of \r\napproximately 14 and a half-life of about 5700 years. It is often used \r\nfor dating purposes going back some 40 kyr. Its variation in time is \r\naffected by the magnetic fields of the Sun and Earth, which influence \r\nits production from cosmic rays."


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created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
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vector_id: 16905
content:
"Carbon dioxide (CO2) A naturally occurring gas, CO2 is also \r\na by-product of burning fossil fuels (such as oil, gas and coal), of \r\nburning biomass, of land-use change (LUC) and of industrial \r\nprocesses (e.g., cement production). It is the principal anthropogenic "


id: a050338064494cbdd798d798d0bb44aa
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updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 22757
content:
"greenhouse gas (GHG) that affects the Earth's radiative balance. It \r\nis the reference gas against which other GHGs are measured and \r\ntherefore has a global warming potential (GWP) of 1. "


id: faec7c6ac8b2db9a64da1a9f6cfed040
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 36999
content:
"Carbon dioxide (CO2) fertilization The increase of plant \r\nphotosynthesis and water-use efficiency in response to increased \r\natmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration. Whether this \r\nincreased photosynthesis translates into increased plant growth \r\nand carbon storage on land depends on the interacting effects of \r\ntemperature, moisture and nutrient availability."


id: 1bd509195dddd87a43941f9730c60cb
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 1839
content:
"Carbonate pump Ocean carbon fixation through the biological \r\nformation of carbonates, primarily by plankton that generate \r\nbio-mineral particles that sink to the ocean interior, and possibly \r\nthe sediment. It is also called carbonate counter-pump, since the \r\nformation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is accompanied by the release \r\nof carbon dioxide (CO2) to surrounding water and subsequently to the \r\natmosphere."


id: ab88495d7f3ff0a6ac7fca02c010d2db
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 24504
content:
"Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) A process in \r\nwhich a relatively pure stream of carbon dioxide (CO2) from industrial \r\nand energy-related sources is separated (captured), conditioned, \r\ncompressed and transported to a storage location for long-term \r\nisolation from the atmosphere. Sometimes referred to as carbon \r\ncapture and storage. See also Bioenergy with carbon dioxide capture \r\nand storage (BECCS), Sequestration, Anthropogenic removals and \r\nCarbon dioxide removal (CDR)."


id: 7a43c06d8b0c5ec7136fb29bb3db139d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 16802
content:
"Cenozoic Era The third and current geological Era, which began \r\n66.0 Ma. It comprises the Paleogene, Neogene and Quaternary\r\nPeriods."


id: 15c7a51e0838667225af7d328966f62c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 947
content:
"Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) Anthropogenic activities \r\nremoving carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere and durably \r\nstoring it in geological, terrestrial, or ocean reservoirs, or in products. \r\nIt includes existing and potential anthropogenic enhancement of \r\nbiological or geochemical CO2 sinks and direct air carbon dioxide \r\ncapture and storage (DACCS), but excludes natural CO2 uptake \r\nnot directly caused by human activities. See also Anthropogenic \r\nremovals, Afforestation, Enhanced weathering, Ocean alkalinization/\r\nOcean alkalinity enhancement, Reforestation, Bioenergy with carbon \r\ndioxide capture and storage (BECCS) and Carbon dioxide capture and \r\nstorage (CCS)."


id: c8c274f84b4ac54c92c823b1a2e460b8
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 29148
content:
"Chaotic A dynamical system such as the climate system, governed \r\nby non-linear deterministic equations, may exhibit erratic or chaotic \r\nbehaviour in the sense that very small changes in the initial state of \r\nthe system lead to large and apparently unpredictable changes in its \r\ntemporal evolution. Such chaotic behaviour limits the predictability\r\nof the state of a non-linear dynamical system at specific future times, \r\nalthough changes in its statistics may still be predictable given \r\nchanges in the system parameters or boundary conditions."


id: bcebb7c5f3bae194051c73acfffdd
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 27286
content:
"Charcoal Material resulting from charring of biomass, usually \r\nretaining some of the microscopic texture typical of plant tissues; \r\nchemically it consists mainly of carbon with a disturbed graphitic \r\nstructure, with lesser amounts of oxygen and hydrogen."


id: b4f1b3beb02461891ef86ceada511852
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 26005
content:
"Carbon neutrality Condition in which anthropogenic CO2\r\nemissions associated with a subject are balanced by anthropogenic \r\nCO2 removals. The subject can be an entity such as a country, \r\nan  organization, a district or a commodity, or an activity such as \r\na service and an event. Carbon neutrality is often assessed over the life \r\ncycle including indirect ('scope 3') emissions, but can also be limited \r\nto the emissions and removals, over a specified period, for which the \r\nsubject has direct control, as determined by the relevant scheme."


id: 47f70fb5723869d5b4d20cd9d86280e2
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 8699
content:
"Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) An organic compound that \r\ncontains chlorine, carbon, hydrogen and fluorine and is used for \r\nrefrigeration, air conditioning, packaging, plastic foam, insulation, \r\nsolvents or aerosol propellants. Because they are not destroyed in \r\nthe lower atmosphere, CFCs drift into the upper atmosphere where, \r\ngiven suitable conditions, they lead to ozone (O3 ) depletion. They \r\nare some of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) covered under the 1987 \r\nMontreal Protocol, as a result of which manufacturing of these \r\ngases has been phased out, and they are being replaced by other \r\ncompounds, including hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)."


id: cbef9ed17a19f27fe5431ac91abf29d3
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
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vector_id: 29626
content:
"Note 1: Carbon neutrality and net zero CO2 emissions are overlapping \r\nconcepts. The concepts can be applied at global or sub-global scales \r\n(e.g., regional, national and sub-national). At a global scale, the terms \r\ncarbon neutrality and net zero CO2 emissions are equivalent. At sub\u0002global scales, net zero CO2 emissions is generally applied to emissions \r\nand removals under direct control or territorial responsibility of the \r\nreporting entity, while carbon neutrality generally includes emissions \r\nand removals within and beyond the direct control or territorial \r\nresponsibility of the reporting entity. Accounting rules specified by \r\nGHG programmes or schemes can have a significant influence on the \r\nquantification of relevant CO2 emissions and removals."


id: 27b9e589cbe95b04937c6ecabe4c0f38
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 3659
content:
"Clathrate (methane) A partly frozen slushy mix of methane gas \r\nand ice, usually found in sediments."


id: 963343429b503b3cbd0166c76554f42d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 21137
content:
"Note 2: In some cases, achieving carbon neutrality may rely on the \r\nsupplementary use of offsets to balance emissions that remain after \r\nactions by the reporting entity are taken into account."


id: fb5afb556d151ed5a33b8c9ee081549f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 37053
content:
"Clausius-Clapeyron equation/relationship The thermodynamic \r\nrelationship between temperature and the vapour pressure of \r\na substance in which two phases of the substance are in equilibrium \r\n(e.g., liquid water and water vapour). For gases such as water vapour, "


id: 4414eb609257eb4e26a35b911f4099d4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
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vector_id: 8125
content:
"A  specific subcategory of zero emissions commitment is the Zero \r\nCO2 Emissions Commitment which refers to the climate system \r\nresponse to CO2 emissions after setting these to net zero. The \r\nCO2-only definition is of specific use in estimating remaining \r\ncarbon budgets."


id: fb24bf236db06e5894ffe6d87f33c30f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 37023
content:
"this relation gives the increase in equilibrium (or saturation) vapour \r\npressure per unit change in air temperature."


id: 4c05ce0c3149b63440612b4a148e04df
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 9385
content:
"Climate Climate in a narrow sense is usually defined as the average \r\nweather, or more rigorously as the statistical description in terms of \r\nthe mean and variability of relevant quantities over a period of time \r\nranging from months to thousands or millions of years. The classical \r\nperiod for averaging these variables is 30 years, as defined by the \r\nWorld Meteorological Organization (WMO). The relevant quantities \r\nare most often surface variables such as temperature, precipitation \r\nand wind. Climate in a wider sense is the state, including a statistical \r\ndescription, of the climate system."


id: c8bcc449369a3b1be1368bbb616faf11
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 29142
content:
"Climate extreme (extreme weather or climate event) The \r\noccurrence of a value of a weather or climate variable above (or \r\nbelow) a threshold value near the upper (or lower) ends of the range \r\nof observed values of the variable. By definition, the characteristics \r\nof what is called extreme weather may vary from place to place in an \r\nabsolute sense. When a pattern of extreme weather persists for some \r\ntime, such as a season, it may be classified as an extreme climate \r\nevent, especially if it yields an average or total that is itself extreme \r\n(e.g., high temperature, drought, or heavy rainfall over a season). For \r\nsimplicity, both extreme weather events and extreme climate events \r\nare referred to collectively as 'climate extremes'."


id: 6535a4598d1f9ae1f627b17b0df2cddb
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 13492
content:
"Climate feedback An interaction in which a perturbation in one \r\nclimate quantity causes a change in a second, and the change in \r\nthe second quantity ultimately leads to an additional change in the \r\nfirst. A negative feedback is one in which the initial perturbation is \r\nweakened by the changes it causes; a positive feedback is one in \r\nwhich the initial perturbation is enhanced. The initial perturbation \r\ncan either be externally forced or arise as part of internal variability. \r\nSee also Climate-carbon cycle feedback, Cloud feedback and Ice-\r\nalbedo feedback."


id: fd440d0d097d01e82e0e194423775831
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 37357
content:
"Climate feedback parameter A way to quantify the radiative \r\nresponse of the climate system to a change induced by a radiative \r\nforcing. It is quantified as the change in net energy flux at the top of \r\natmosphere for a given change in annual global surface temperature. \r\nIt has units of W m-2 degC-1."


id: 7e9073f578504bad23c9bb09d767c59f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 17476
content:
"Climate change commitment Climate change commitment \r\nis defined as the unavoidable future climate change resulting from \r\ninertia in the geophysical and socio-economic systems. Different \r\ntypes of climate change commitment are discussed in the literature \r\n(see subterms). Climate change commitment is usually quantified \r\nin terms of the further change in temperature, but it includes other \r\nfuture changes, for example in the hydrological cycle, in extreme \r\nweather events, in extreme climate events, and in sea level."


id: 813f4e8a28a983034b01479c2d3210cc
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 17854
content:
"Climate index A time series constructed from climate variables \r\nthat provides an aggregate summary of the state of the climate \r\nsystem. For example, the difference between sea level pressure in \r\nIceland and the Azores provides a simple yet useful historical North \r\nAtlantic Oscillation (NAO) index. Because of their optimal properties, \r\nclimate indices are often defined using principal components - \r\nlinear combinations of climate variables at different locations that \r\nhave maximum variance subject to certain normalization constraints \r\n(e.g., the Northern Annular Mode (NAM) and Southern Annular \r\nMode (SAM) indices, which are principal components of Northern \r\nHemisphere and Southern Hemisphere gridded pressure anomalies, \r\nrespectively). Definitions of observational indices for Modes of \r\nclimate variability can be found in Annex IV of the AR6 WGI report. "


id: 97ad0bb3a37ba56b22b678a566580aab
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 21388
content:
"The constant composition commitment is the remaining climate \r\nchange that would result if atmospheric composition, and hence \r\nradiative forcing, were held fixed at a given value. It results from the \r\nthermal inertia of the ocean and slow processes in the cryosphere\r\nand land surface."


id: ee8d94c2797d752a011d48ed62bbef2b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 35001
content:
"The constant emissions commitment is the committed climate change\r\nthat would result from keeping anthropogenic emissions constant."


id: ada8caeefe5c7ed57c249a0945468b5a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 24859
content:
"Climate indicator Measures of the climate system, including \r\nlarge-scale variables and climate proxies. See also Climate metrics."


id: 5d825fe580092c99816ef0ff081a3d26
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 12234
content:
"The zero emissions commitment is an estimate of the subsequent \r\nglobal warming that would result after anthropogenic emissions\r\nare set to zero. It is determined by both inertia in physical climate \r\nsystem components (ocean, cryosphere, land surface) and carbon \r\ncycle inertia. In its widest sense it refers to emissions of each \r\nclimate forcer, including greenhouses gases, aerosols and their \r\nprecursors. The climate response to this can be complex due \r\nto the different time scale of response of each climate forcer. "


id: 83b5d580e31dce8c738f4b244770345e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 18256
content:
"Key indicators constitute a finite set of distinct variables that may \r\ncollectively point to important overall changes in the climate \r\nsystem of broad societal relevance across the atmospheric, oceanic, \r\ncryospheric and biospheric domains, with land as an implicit cross\u0002cutting theme. Taken together, these indicators would be expected \r\nto both have changed and continue to change in the future in a "


id: 3233e1185dd7b423957f8d6eccc380e8
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 5310
content:
"Climate sensitivity The change in the surface temperature\r\nin response to a change in the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2)\r\nconcentration or other radiative forcing. See also Climate feedback \r\nparameter."


id: 70693fbfe2ada4880cf57f844dc4b331
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 15306
content:
"Climate information Information about the past, current \r\nstate or future of the climate system that is relevant for mitigation, \r\nadaptation and risk management. It may be tailored or 'co-produced' \r\nfor specific contexts, taking into account users' needs and values."


id: 46a18fbc22e6762648d54eae3741db11
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 8497
content:
"The equilibrium surface temperature response of the coupled \r\natmosphere-ocean-cryosphere-vegetation-carbon cycle system to \r\na doubling of the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration \r\nis referred to as Earth system sensitivity. Because it allows ice sheets \r\nto adjust to the external perturbation, it may differ substantially from \r\nthe equilibrium climate sensitivity derived from coupled atmosphere-\r\nocean models."


id: 14e4a0c67e079cfe860e958bda940ecd
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 795
content:
"Climate metrics Measures of aspects of the overall climate \r\nsystem response to radiative forcing, such as equilibrium climate \r\nsensitivity (ECS), transient climate response (TCR), transient climate \r\nresponse to cumulative CO2 emissions (TCRE) and the airborne \r\nfraction of anthropogenic carbon dioxide. See also Greenhouse gas \r\nemission metric, Climate indicator and Key climate indicators (under \r\nClimate indicator)."


id: d12bafe96d56f0ca7873c2744c711b0c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 30446
content:
"An estimate of the surface temperature response to a doubling of \r\nthe atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration that is evaluated \r\nfrom model output or observations for evolving non-equilibrium \r\nconditions. It is a measure of the strengths of the climate feedbacks at \r\na particular time and may vary with forcing history and climate state, \r\nand therefore may differ from equilibrium climate sensitivity."


id: 4c4b5454c84e088cb120a4b973a03035
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 9429
content:
"The equilibrium (steady state) change in the surface temperature\r\nfollowing a doubling of the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2)\r\nconcentration from pre-industrial conditions."


id: 77b440ab6fd16e15810446e341744323
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 16392
content:
"The surface temperature response for the hypothetical scenario \r\nin which atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) increases at 1% yr-1\r\nfrom pre-industrial to the time of a  doubling of atmospheric CO2\r\nconcentration (year 70)."


id: 42c7dd0af1ea5df3907b998acc61a0ac
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 7900
content:
"Transient climate response to cumulative CO2 emissions (TCRE)\r\nThe transient surface temperature change per unit cumulative carbon \r\ndioxide (CO2) emissions, usually 1000 GtC. TCRE combines both \r\ninformation on the airborne fraction of cumulative CO2 emissions \r\n(the fraction of the total CO2 emitted that remains in the atmosphere, \r\nwhich is determined by carbon cycle processes) and on the transient \r\nclimate response (TCR)."


id: 4ff9ef4eb9b2e8d8b8605d9b1c21fa8b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 10024
content:
"Climate pattern A set of spatially varying coefficients obtained \r\nby 'projection' (regression) of climate variables onto a climate index\r\ntime series. When the climate index is a principal component, the \r\nclimate pattern is an eigenvector of the covariance matrix, referred to \r\nas an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) in climate science."


id: c9c16384b2539491bdb6cf645208562f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 29301
content:
"Climate services Climate services involve the provision of climate \r\ninformation in such a way as to assist decision-making. The service \r\nincludes appropriate engagement from users and providers, is based \r\non scientifically credible information and expertise, has an effective \r\naccess mechanism and responds to user needs (Hewitt et al., 2012)."


id: 9a4c6809c2346e2c4319d255008a7b78
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 21803
content:
"Climate prediction A climate prediction or climate forecast is the \r\nresult of an attempt to produce (starting from a particular state of the \r\nclimate system) an estimate of the actual evolution of the climate in \r\nthe future, for example, at seasonal, interannual or decadal time scales. \r\nBecause the future evolution of the climate system may be highly \r\nsensitive to initial conditions, has chaotic elements and is subject to \r\nnatural variability, such predictions are usually probabilistic in nature."


id: 8ceb3aa13b53615a41bed7d05b5b87e0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 19688
content:
"Climate simulation ensemble A group of parallel model \r\nsimulations characterizing historical climate conditions, climate \r\npredictions, or climate projections. Variation of the results across \r\nthe ensemble members may give an estimate of modelling-based \r\nuncertainty. Ensembles made with the same model but different \r\ninitial conditions characterize the uncertainty associated with \r\ninternal climate variability, whereas multi-model ensembles \r\nincluding simulations by several models also include the effect of \r\nmodel differences. Perturbed parameter ensembles, in which model \r\nparameters are varied in a systematic manner, aim to assess the \r\nuncertainty resulting from internal model specifications within \r\na single model. Remaining sources of uncertainty unaddressed with \r\nmodel ensembles are related to systematic model errors or biases, "


id: 5906facf7ff2e525705fd53cb8e31c45
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 11500
content:
"Climate projection Simulated response of the climate system to \r\na scenario of future emissions or concentrations of greenhouse gases \r\n(GHGs) and aerosols and changes in land use, generally derived using \r\nclimate models. Climate projections are distinguished from climate \r\npredictions by their dependence on the emission/concentration/\r\nradiative forcing scenario used, which is in turn based on assumptions \r\nconcerning, for example, future socio-economic and technological \r\ndevelopments that may or may not be realized."


id: 92b97b8706828165e9dacc78e7b99b19
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 20599
content:
"which may be assessed from systematic comparisons of model \r\nsimulations with observations wherever available."


id: b4b88b65ecb6ed4d79e32c0fab2cf8e3
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 25964
content:
"tolerance, CIDs and their changes can be detrimental, beneficial, \r\nneutral or a mixture of each across interacting system elements and \r\nregions. See also Risk, Hazard and Impacts (consequences, outcomes)."


id: 9898ebe0b22c8d81762ea07cddc9c97
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 21525
content:
"Climate system The global system consisting of five major \r\ncomponents: the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, the \r\nlithosphere and the biosphere and the interactions between them. \r\nThe climate system changes in time under the influence of its own \r\ninternal dynamics and because of external forcings such as volcanic \r\neruptions, solar variations, orbital forcing, and anthropogenic\r\nforcings such as the changing composition of the atmosphere and \r\nland-use change."


id: 493e55997540e53735ae799d2dea52eb
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
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vector_id: 8912
content:
"Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) The subset of aerosol\r\nparticles that serve as an initial site for the condensation of liquid \r\nwater, which can lead to the formation of cloud droplets, under typical \r\ncloud formation conditions. The main factor that determines which \r\naerosol particles are CCN at a given supersaturation is their size."


id: 77873bc1dbc2592006cad39c0d2f79a3
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 16358
content:
"Cloud feedback A climate feedback involving changes in any \r\nof the properties of clouds as a response to a change in the local \r\nor global surface temperature. Understanding cloud feedbacks and \r\ndetermining their magnitude and sign requires an understanding of \r\nhow a change in climate may affect the spectrum of cloud types, \r\nthe cloud fraction and height, the radiative properties of clouds, and \r\nfinally the Earth's radiation budget. "


id: 5fe4d5ddf6b944ba10c894f325c49aeb
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 12668
content:
"Climate threshold A limit within the climate system (or its \r\nforcing) beyond which the behaviour of the system is qualitatively \r\nchanged. See also Abrupt climate change and Tipping point."


id: a2d4d2cbe357bb692782069b572a4030
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 23186
content:
"Climate variability Deviations of climate variables from \r\na given mean state (including the occurrence of extremes, etc.) at \r\nall spatial and temporal scales beyond that of individual weather \r\nevents. Variability may be intrinsic, due to fluctuations of processes \r\ninternal to the climate system (internal variability), or extrinsic, due \r\nto variations in natural or anthropogenic external forcing (forced \r\nvariability). See also Climate change and Modes of climate variability."


id: e070195ce3695f37f66669498a5b43c7
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 32811
content:
"Cloud radiative effect The radiative effect of clouds relative to \r\nthe identical situation without clouds."


id: 2079ce966d147c215c530fa1ba65e778
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 2557
content:
"Cloud-resolving models (CRMs) Numerical models that are \r\nthat are of high enough resolution and have the necessary physics to \r\nrepresent the dynamical and physical processes of cloud formation."


id: ae6d520273647d258d73b5eb74fb1c73
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 24972
content:
"Decadal variability refers to climate variability on decadal time scales. \r\nSee also Pacific Decadal Variability (PDV), Atlantic Multi-decadal \r\nOscillation/Variability (AMO/AMV) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation \r\n(PDO) (under Pacific Decadal Variability (PDV))."


id: 50c0d9cb5a5160732e63c9797afa5abe
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 10148
content:
"Fluctuations of the climate dynamical system when subject to \r\na constant or periodic external forcing (such as the annual cycle). See \r\nalso Climate variability."


id: 60f2c4f8a5c8bd009a6ddac479a08d5
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 12821
content:
"Natural variability refers to climatic fluctuations that occur without \r\nany human influence, that is, internal variability combined with \r\nthe response to external natural factors such as volcanic eruptions, \r\nchanges in solar activity and, on longer time scales, orbital effects \r\nand plate tectonics. See also Orbital forcing."


id: fae3aebc4f0ca11e83a5688b3475f033
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 36993
content:
"Climate velocity The speed at which isolines of a specified \r\nclimate variable travel across landscapes or seascapes due to \r\nchanging climate. For example, climate velocity for temperature is the \r\nspeed at which isotherms move due to changing climate (km yr-1) and \r\nis calculated as the temporal change in temperature (degC yr-1) divided \r\nby the current spatial gradient in temperature (degC km-1). It can be \r\ncalculated using additional climate variables such as precipitation or \r\ncan be based on the climatic niche of organisms."


id: afe89572203787707b413fa375df0fb1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 25202
content:
"Coast The land near to the sea. The term 'coastal' can refer to that \r\nland (e.g., as in 'coastal communities'), or to that part of the marine \r\nenvironment that is strongly influenced by land-based processes. Thus, \r\ncoastal seas are generally shallow and near-shore. The landward and \r\nseaward limits of the coastal zone are not consistently defined, either \r\nscientifically or legally. Thus, coastal waters can either be considered \r\nas equivalent to territorial waters (extending 12 nautical miles/22.2 \r\nkm from mean low water), or to the full Exclusive Economic Zone, or \r\nto shelf seas, with less than 200 m water depth."


id: 24051649fdc28c7e7566f122922e0ccf
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 3110
content:
"Climate-carbon cycle feedback A climate feedback involves \r\nchanges in the properties of the land and ocean carbon cycle in \r\nresponse to climate change. In the ocean, changes in oceanic \r\ntemperature and circulation could affect the atmosphere-ocean \r\ncarbon dioxide (CO2) flux; on the continents, climate change could \r\naffect plant photosynthesis and soil microbial respiration and hence \r\nthe flux of CO2 between the atmosphere and the land biosphere."


id: 1f05085b5e100ae4d91300aa30e12b10
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 2321
content:
"Common era (CE) CE (Common Era) and BCE (Before the \r\nCommon Era) are alternative names for AD (Anno Domini) and BC \r\n(Before Christ) in the Gregorian international standard calendar-year \r\nsystem. CE/BCE are preferred in an international context because \r\nthey are neutral with respect to religion. The numbering of calendar "


id: b21e41a9e14fe7f410e5c7c433abc3d7
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 25528
content:
"Climatic impact-driver (CID) Climatic impact-drivers (CIDs) are \r\nphysical climate system conditions (e.g., means, events, extremes) \r\nthat affect an element of society or ecosystems. Depending on system "


id: 61ed9a51e43526cc726e23aa164bdf92
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 12970
content:
"based on shared model inputs by modelling groups from around \r\nthe world. The CMIP Phase 3 (CMIP3) multi-model dataset includes \r\nprojections using Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) \r\nscenarios. The CMIP Phase 5 (CMIP5) dataset includes projections \r\nusing the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP). The CMIP6 \r\nphase involves a suite of common model experiments as well as an \r\nensemble of CMIP-endorsed Model Intercomparison Projects (MIPs)."


id: 7c27d895e2992672d149c41e6b29875c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 17134
content:
"years is the same under both terminologies. The CE began in year \r\nAD 1 and extends to the present day. "


id: 2abeec12039120acb23cac8eab4cdfa
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 4153
content:
"Compatible emissions Earth system models that simulate \r\nthe land and ocean carbon cycle can calculate carbon dioxide \r\n(CO2) emissions that are compatible with a given atmospheric CO2\r\nconcentration trajectory. The compatible emissions over a given period \r\nof time are equal to the increase of carbon over that same period of \r\ntime in the sum of the three active reservoirs: the atmosphere, the \r\nland and the ocean."


id: d107e2005fdf7b101755f83448e16829
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 30425
content:
"Cryosphere The components of the Earth system at and below \r\nthe land and ocean surface that are frozen, including snow cover, \r\nglaciers, ice sheets, ice shelves, icebergs, sea ice, lake ice, river ice, \r\npermafrost and seasonally frozen ground."


id: 397a7c1f46f58a4f54a9e57a3a3efd9d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 6419
content:
"Compound weather/climate events The terms 'compound \r\nevents', 'compound extremes' and 'compound extreme events' are \r\nused interchangeably in the literature and this report and refer to the \r\ncombination of multiple drivers and/or hazards that contributes to \r\nsocietal and/or environmental risk (Zscheischler et al., 2018)."


id: 7a4e21a81bb7cfacceafa0c8176e8ea5
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 16811
content:
"Cumulative emissions The total amount of emissions released \r\nover a specified period of time. See also Carbon budget and Transient \r\nclimate response to cumulative CO2 emissions (TCRE) (under Climate \r\nsensitivity)."


id: 576986d5f842bad379473aab182b02b1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 11245
content:
"Dansgaard-Oeschger events (D-O events) Millennial-scale \r\nevents first characterized in Greenland ice cores as abrupt warming \r\nfrom a cold stadial state to a warmer interstadial state, followed by \r\na return to a cold stadial state (Dansgaard et al., 1993), and traced in \r\nthe ocean via deposits of ice-rafted sand grains (Bond and Lotti, 1995). \r\nNamed after Willi Dansgaard and Hans Oeschger by Bond and Lotti \r\n(1995). An example of a D-O event during the most recent deglacial\r\ntransition is the Bolling-Allerod interstadial. Warm D-O events in \r\nGreenland are associated with cooling events in Antarctica (Blunier \r\nand Brook, 2001) through ocean thermohaline circulation (Stocker \r\nand Johnsen, 2003). See also Bipolar seesaw (also interhemispheric \r\nseesaw, interhemispheric asymmetry, hemispheric asymmetry)."


id: 90ffaf72fecab0bcffca20a028edf558
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 20354
content:
"Confidence The robustness of a finding based on the type, \r\namount, quality and consistency of evidence (e.g., mechanistic \r\nunderstanding, theory, data, models, expert judgement) and on the \r\ndegree of agreement across multiple lines of evidence. In this report, \r\nconfidence is expressed qualitatively (Mastrandrea et al., 2010)."


id: 84b898732795f1c3d2f48088457dfa14
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 18405
content:
"Data assimilation Mathematical method used to combine \r\ndifferent sources of information in order to produce the best possible \r\nestimate of the state of a system. This information usually consists \r\nof observations of the system and a numerical model of the system \r\nevolution. Data assimilation techniques are used to create initial \r\nconditions for weather forecast models and to construct reanalyses\r\ndescribing the trajectory of the climate system over the time period \r\ncovered by the observations."


id: d86131d0995b5df7a5a5972ff272f4d6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 31568
content:
"Convection Vertical motion driven by buoyancy forces arising \r\nfrom static instability, usually caused by near-surface cooling or \r\nincreases in salinity in the case of the ocean and near-surface \r\nwarming or cloud-top radiative cooling in the case of the atmosphere. \r\nIn the atmosphere, convection gives rise to cumulus clouds and \r\nprecipitation and is effective at both scavenging and vertically \r\ntransporting chemical species. In the ocean, convection can carry \r\nsurface waters to deep within the ocean."


id: 58be01b692ceb56d1b9f57798ab20a48
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 11456
content:
"Dead zones Extremely hypoxic (i.e., low-oxygen) areas in oceans\r\nand lakes, caused by excessive nutrient input from human activities \r\ncoupled with other factors that deplete the oxygen required to \r\nsupport many marine organisms in bottom and near-bottom water."


id: 4cef9edff50838e2a4a98a449ff0f1d0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 9526
content:
"Coral bleaching Loss of coral pigmentation through the loss of \r\nintracellular symbiotic algae (known as zooxanthellae) and/or loss \r\nof their pigments."


id: 5ecff1f890c0cffdc89c836683ea8201
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 12459
content:
"Decadal predictability Refers to the notion of predictability\r\nof the climate system on a decadal time scale. See also Climate \r\nprediction, Predictability and Decadal prediction."


id: 5800bab6244d194c89e4a9f86e9a13a6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 11350
content:
"Coral reef An underwater ecosystem characterised by structure\u0002building stony corals. Warm-water coral reefs occur in shallow seas, \r\nmostly in the tropics, with the corals (animals) containing algae \r\n(plants) that depend on light and relatively stable temperature \r\nconditions. Cold-water coral reefs occur throughout the world, \r\nmostly at water depths of 50-500 m. In both kinds of reef, living \r\ncorals frequently grow on older, dead material, predominantly made \r\nof calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Both warm- and cold-water coral reefs \r\nsupport high biodiversity of fish and other groups and are considered \r\nto be especially vulnerable to climate change."


id: eb47a9371c9bfb8571bccce63ab78d2b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 34513
content:
"Decadal prediction A climate prediction on decadal time scales. \r\nSee also Predictability and Decadal predictability."


id: 1e1aec5e214f757c1b565ef4013f52ce
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 2175
content:
"Deforestation Conversion of forest to non-forest. [Note: For \r\na discussion of the term forest and related terms such as afforestation, \r\nreforestation and deforestation, see the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for \r\nNational Greenhouse Gas Inventories and their 2019 Refinement, and \r\ninformation provided by the United Nations Framework Convention "


id: 5cfe5252433fc8284cef17dab75edeaa
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 12149
content:
"on Climate Change (IPCC, 2006, 2019; UNFCCC, 2021a, b).] See also \r\nAfforestation and Reforestation."


id: 7b83e4cb701c4625373d5e81e1b35af5
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 17026
content:
"Dobson unit (DU) A unit to measure the total amount of ozone\r\nin a vertical column above the Earth's surface (total column ozone). \r\nThe number of Dobson units is the thickness in units of 10-5 m that \r\nthe ozone column would occupy if compressed into a layer of uniform \r\ndensity at a pressure of 1013 hPa and a temperature of 0degC. One DU \r\ncorresponds to a column of ozone containing 2.69 x 1020 molecules \r\nper square metre. A typical value for the amount of ozone in a column \r\nof the Earth's atmosphere, although very variable, is 300 DU."


id: b3b51fdfdc3fd94017f3e9f42315f5d6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 25790
content:
"Deglacial or deglaciation or glacial termination The period \r\nof transition from glacial conditions at the end of a glacial period \r\nto interglacial conditions characterized by a reduction in land ice \r\nvolume. Gradual changes can be punctuated by abrupt changes\r\nlinked to stadial/interstadial events and bipolar seesaw aspect. The \r\nlast deglacial transition occurred between about 18,000 and 11,000 \r\nyears ago. It encompasses rapid events such as Meltwater Pulse 1A \r\n(MWP-1A) and millennial-scale fluctuations such as the Younger \r\nDryas. See also Glacial-interglacial cycles and Ice age."


id: 92a2b97bb3e81821aaa50a22efdce70d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 20587
content:
"Downscaling A method that derives local- to regional-scale \r\ninformation from larger-scale models or data analyses. Two main \r\nmethods exist: dynamical downscaling and empirical/statistical \r\ndownscaling. The dynamical method uses the output of regional \r\nclimate models, global models with variable spatial resolution, or \r\nhigh-resolution global models. The empirical/statistical methods are \r\nbased on observations and develop statistical relationships that link \r\nthe large-scale atmospheric variables with local/regional climate \r\nvariables. In all cases, the quality of the driving model remains an \r\nimportant limitation on quality of the downscaled information. The \r\ntwo methods can be combined, for example, applying empirical/\r\nstatistical downscaling to the output of a regional climate model \r\nconsisting of a dynamical downscaling of a global climate model."


id: 66e7cf1841d4342af3144dbff0d5dfb7
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 13781
content:
"Detection Detection of change is defined as the process of \r\ndemonstrating that climate or a system affected by climate has \r\nchanged in some defined statistical sense, without providing a reason \r\nfor that change. An identified change is detected in observations if its \r\nlikelihood of occurrence by chance due to internal variability alone is \r\ndetermined to be small, for example, <10%."


id: d5d5ed8072bcbd67c6d1b1c6b7972255
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 31157
content:
"Diatoms Microscopic (2-200 um) unicellular photosynthetic \r\nalgae that live in surface waters of lakes, rivers and oceans and form \r\nshells of opal. In the global ocean, marine diatom species distribution \r\nis primarily driven by nutrient availability. On regional scales, their \r\nspecies distribution in ocean sediment cores can be related to past \r\nsea surface temperatures (Abrantes et al., 2013)."


id: a297509a8b19c6e17d3210561b5fbcb9
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 23144
content:
"Drought An exceptional period of water shortage for existing \r\necosystems and the human population (due to low rainfall, high \r\ntemperature, and/or wind). See also Plant evaporative stress."


id: 90a6ca3b8f4203d9514733f91767fa86
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 20292
content:
"Depending on the affected biome: a period with abnormal soil moisture\r\ndeficit, which results from combined shortage of precipitation and \r\nexcess evapotranspiration, and during the growing season impinges \r\non crop production or ecosystem function in general."


id: 4e19d3bb66af8563a1d9850536fbf267
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 9714
content:
"Dimensions of integration In IPCC AR6, concepts used to \r\nsynthesize the knowledge of climate change across not just the \r\nphysical sciences, but also across impacts, adaptation and mitigation\r\nresearch. The concept of 'dimensions of integration' includes \r\n(i)  emission and concentration scenarios underlying the climate \r\nchange projections assessed in this report, (ii) levels of  projected \r\nglobal mean temperature change and (iii) total amounts of cumulative \r\ncarbon emissions for projections."


id: aa8d1cabc74293c423540449b117b8ae
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 24364
content:
"Direct air capture (DAC) Chemical process by which a pure \r\ncarbon dioxide (CO2) stream is produced by capturing CO2 from the \r\nambient air. See also Anthropogenic removals and Carbon dioxide \r\nremoval (CDR)."


id: 8fc0555fe6ea94de037ddbc7c28eca02
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 20156
content:
"Dynamic global vegetation model (DGVM) A model that \r\nsimulates vegetation development and dynamics through space and \r\ntime, as driven by climate and other environmental changes."


id: cf632bc60eca159fc186bbe15fe9a59
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 30162
content:
"Disaster A 'serious disruption of the functioning of a community \r\nor a society at any scale due to hazardous events interacting with \r\nconditions of exposure, vulnerability and capacity, leading to one or \r\nmore of the following: human, material, economic and environmental \r\nlosses and impacts' (UNGA, 2016). See also Exposure, Hazard, Risk\r\nand Vulnerability."


id: 24ef4e15df0cb34ff12edbeb3801ebee
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 3253
content:
"Dynamical system A process or set of processes whose evolution \r\nin time is governed by a set of deterministic physical laws. The climate \r\nsystem is a dynamical system."


id: 71eaa680debc1efbcedda03925a4d52
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 15553
content:
"Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO) The EECO is a period \r\nof geological time that occurred about 53 to 49 million years ago, \r\nduring the Eocene Epoch. Continental positions at this time were \r\nsomewhat different to present due to tectonic plate movements. \r\nGeological data indicate that the EECO was a period of relatively \r\nhigh atmospheric CO2 concentrations (about 1150-2500 ppmv) \r\nand relative warmth (global mean surface temperature was about \r\n10-18degC above the 1850-1900 reference), and polar ice sheets\r\nwere absent."


id: 3abbd6ac343f09a7c558541b5342a3d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 6611
content:
"Dissolved inorganic carbon The combined total of different \r\ntypes of non-organic carbon in (seawater) solution, comprising \r\ncarbonate (CO3\r\n2-), bicarbonate (HCO3-\r\n), carbonic acid (H2CO3) and \r\ncarbon dioxide (CO2)."


id: dec86daf08cd4d106b8b963ff1e12d10
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 32549
content:
"Diurnal temperature range (DTR) The difference between the \r\nmaximum and minimum temperature during a 24-hour period."


id: 51feff60b0a36f03ab167240a789600e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 10355
content:
"the carbon cycle is included, allowing for interactive calculation \r\nof atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) or compatible emissions. \r\nAdditional components (e.g., atmospheric chemistry, ice sheets, \r\ndynamic vegetation, nitrogen cycle, but also urban or crop models) \r\nmay be included. See also Earth system model of intermediate \r\ncomplexity (EMIC)."


id: 6967848afd5ec45a705db4c966109dac
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 14181
content:
"Ecosystem A functional unit consisting of living organisms, their \r\nnon-living environment and the interactions within and between \r\nthem. The components included in a given ecosystem and its spatial \r\nboundaries depend on the purpose for which the ecosystem is \r\ndefined: in some cases, they are relatively sharp, while in others they \r\nare diffuse. Ecosystem boundaries can change over time. Ecosystems \r\nare nested within other ecosystems, and their scale can range from \r\nvery small to the entire biosphere. In the current era, most ecosystems \r\neither contain people as key organisms or are influenced by the \r\neffects of human activities in their environment. "


id: d177098325af53b0b4d0e8c1de2dc6c4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 30493
content:
"Earth system model of intermediate complexity \r\n(EMIC) EMICs represent climate processes at a lower resolution\r\nor in a simpler, more idealized fashion than an Earth system model \r\n(ESM)."


id: c5d426f57af720d14b29a29943e529c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 28699
content:
"Effective radiative forcing (ERF) See Radiative forcing, \r\nAerosol effective radiative forcing (ERFari+aci) (under Aerosol-\r\nradiation interaction), Effective radiative forcing (or effect) due to \r\naerosol-cloud interactions (ERFaci) (under Aerosol-cloud interaction) \r\nand Effective radiative forcing (or effect) due to aerosol-radiation \r\ninteractions (ERFari) (under Aerosol-radiation interaction)."


id: 7af44a20ac7228417338cf4b6f811c5c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 16934
content:
"Earth's energy budget encompasses the major energy flows \r\nof relevance for the climate system: the top-of-atmosphere energy \r\nbudget; the surface energy budget; changes in the global energy \r\ninventory and internal flows of energy within the climate system that \r\ncharacterize the climate state. "


id: c46aeaecea90d27a4c4f280a99733df5
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 28475
content:
"Ekman transport The total transport resulting from a balance \r\nbetween the Coriolis force and the frictional stress due to the action \r\nof the wind on the ocean surface."


id: 24b3bc453706222e5d27e50031736bcc
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 3217
content:
"Comprises the energy fluxes associated with incoming solar radiation, \r\nreflected solar radiation and emitted thermal radiation. Typical units: \r\nW m-2. "


id: fe3e510ce470f0ff11bfbe0ab06813b4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 37531
content:
"Comprises the exchanges of heat at the surface of the Earth associated \r\nwith both radiative and non-radiative processes. Typical units: W m-2. "


id: 72df5593e4f85a5366cc8a1af32c66d3
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 15686
content:
"Quantifies the excess energy absorbed or lost by the Earth system \r\n(ocean, land, atmosphere and cryosphere), mostly in the form of heat, \r\nassociated with radiative forcing of the climate. Typical units: Joules. "


id: 60da3c5d19b34e556be8e29b4c670e4c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 12807
content:
"For a given time period, the global energy budget expresses the \r\nbalance between change in the global energy inventory, the time\u0002integrated effective radiative forcing and time-integrated radiative \r\nresponse of the climate system. Typical units: Joules."


id: 4962a3d2b6da7b142c5c483d9289a933
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 8932
content:
"Earth's energy imbalance The persistent and positive \r\n(downward) net top of atmosphere energy flux associated with \r\ngreenhouse gas forcing of the climate system. See also Earth's energy \r\nbudget and Radiative response (of the climate system)."


id: 79752f0cc958a8c893975e0098403c39
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 16681
content:
"An El Nino event in which sea surface temperature anomalies are \r\nstronger in the central equatorial Pacific than in the east. Also known \r\nas a Modoki El Nino event."


id: adfed777b8506137c79ad88061754337
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 24910
content:
"An El Nino event in which sea surface temperature anomalies are \r\nlargest in the eastern tropical Pacific."


id: 52c78fa8dd33bac00c78c9a655952fc2
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
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vector_id: 10479
content:
"Electromagnetic spectrum Wavelength, frequency or energy \r\nrange of all electromagnetic radiation. In terms of solar radiation, the \r\nspectral irradiance is the power arriving at the Earth per unit area, \r\nper unit wavelength."


id: 2d7aefbffa25efa407a7e3c0141964c4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 4597
content:
"Eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUS) Eastern \r\nboundary upwelling systems (EBUS) are located at the eastern \r\n(landward) edges of major ocean basins in both hemispheres, where \r\nequatorward winds drive upwelling currents that bring cool, nutrient\u0002rich (and often oxygen-poor) waters from the deep ocean to the \r\nsurface near the coast."


id: c15bffd5cde9a9a6d785174c41036b85
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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content:
"Elevation-dependent warming (EDW) Characteristic of many \r\nregions where mountains are located, in which past and/or future \r\nsurface air temperature changes vary neither uniformly nor linearly \r\nwith elevation. In many cases, warming is enhanced within or above \r\na certain elevation range."


id: 5900663c7fc1e7c801f38a5759163c84
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 11493
content:
"Emergence (of the climate signal) Emergence of a climate \r\nchange signal or trend refers to when a change in climate (the 'signal') \r\nbecomes larger than the amplitude of natural or internal variations \r\n(defining the 'noise'), This concept is often expressed as a 'signal\u0002to-noise' ratio and emergence occurs at a defined threshold of this \r\nratio (e.g., S/N > 1 or 2). Emergence can refer to changes relative to \r\na historical or modern baseline (usually at least 20 years long) and \r\ncan also be expressed in terms of time (time of emergence) or in terms \r\nof a global warming level. Emergence is also used to refer to a time \r\nwhen we can expect to see a response to reducing greenhouse gas \r\n(GHG) emissions (emergence with respect to mitigation). Emergence \r\ncan be estimated using observations and/or model simulations. See \r\nalso Time of emergence (ToE)."


id: dd5b13fdb9c70accde3ada11e995afa6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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content:
"Energy balance The difference between the total incoming and \r\ntotal outgoing energy. If this balance is positive, warming occurs; if \r\nit is negative, cooling occurs. Averaged over the globe and over long \r\ntime periods, this balance must be zero. Because the climate system\r\nderives virtually all its energy from the Sun, zero balance implies that, \r\nglobally, the absorbed solar radiation, that is, incoming solar radiation\r\nminus reflected solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere and \r\noutgoing longwave radiation emitted by the climate system are equal."


id: 3451f96ef5ae5c574826da59e76dd47e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 5648
content:
"Emergent constraint An attempt to reduce the uncertainty in \r\nclimate projections, using an ensemble of Earth system models (ESMs)\r\nto relate a specific feedback or future change to an observation of the \r\npast or current climate (typically some trend, variability or change \r\nin variability)."


id: ac9ee662449dbcebf295374808ac1101
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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content:
"Emission factor/Emissions intensity A coefficient that \r\nquantifies the emissions or removals of a gas per unit activity. \r\nEmission factors are often based on a sample of measurement data, \r\naveraged to develop a representative rate of emission for a given \r\nactivity level under a given set of operating conditions."


id: 8624c7b79f0808eec4fe01d0f5bd8ee8
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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content:
"Emissions See Cumulative emissions, Anthropogenic emissions, \r\nFossil fuel emissions, Non-CO2 emissions and radiative forcing and \r\nNegative greenhouse gas emissions. See also Emissions scenario\r\n(under Scenario), and Emission pathways."


id: 49ae97fad9b57b90d211c407898776e5
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 8986
content:
"Enhanced weathering A proposed method to increase the \r\nnatural rate of removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere\r\nusing silicate and carbonate rocks. The active surface area of these \r\nminerals is increased by grinding, before they are actively added to \r\nsoil, beaches or the open ocean. See also Carbon dioxide removal \r\n(CDR) and Anthropogenic removals."


id: a80e82abbf5901fee269370b73e47036
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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content:
"Emulation Reproducing the behaviour of complex, process\u0002based models (namely, Earth system models, ESMs) via simpler \r\napproaches, using either emulators or simple climate models (SCMs). \r\nThe computational efficiency of emulating approaches opens new \r\nanalytical possibilities given that ESMs take a lot of computational \r\nresources for each simulation. See also Emulators and Simple climate \r\nmodel (SCM)."


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created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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content:
"Ensemble A collection of comparable datasets that reflect \r\nvariations within the bounds of one or more sources of uncertainty\r\nand that, when averaged, can provide a more robust estimate \r\nof underlying behaviour. Ensemble techniques are used by the \r\nobservational, reanalysis and modelling communities. See also \r\nClimate simulation ensemble."


id: 3a9f2a935cf2a5ab9a88f4dae7ea9edc
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content:
"Emulators A broad class of heavily parametrized models ('simple \r\nclimate models'), statistical methods like neural networks, genetic \r\nalgorithms or other artificial intelligence approaches designed to \r\nreproduce the responses of more complex, process-based Earth \r\nsystem models (ESMs). The main application of emulators is to \r\nextrapolate insights from ESMs and observational constraints \r\nto a larger set of emission scenarios. See also Emulation and Simple \r\nclimate model (SCM)."


id: 27b6fdb02d5308647ab8c99731fd6c1c
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"Equilibrium and transient climate experiment An \r\nequilibrium climate experiment is a climate model experiment in \r\nwhich the model is allowed to fully adjust to a change in radiative \r\nforcing. Such experiments provide information on the difference \r\nbetween the initial and final states of the model, but not on the time\u0002dependent response. If the forcing is allowed to evolve gradually \r\naccording to a prescribed emissions scenario, the time-dependent \r\nresponse of a climate model may be analysed. Such an experiment is \r\ncalled a transient climate experiment."


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created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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content:
"Energy balance model (EBM) An energy balance model is \r\na  simplified climate model that is typically used as an emulator \r\nof climate to analyse the energy budget of the Earth to compute \r\nchanges in the climate. In its simplest form, there is no explicit spatial \r\ndimension, and the model then provides an estimate of the changes \r\nin globally averaged temperature computed from the changes \r\nin radiation. This zero-dimensional energy balance model can be \r\nextended to a one-dimensional or two-dimensional model if changes \r\nto the energy budget with respect to latitude, or both latitude and \r\nlongitude, are explicitly considered."


id: d9f2d71f70cb42b95443beed3637a1bd
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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content:
"Equilibrium line The spatially averaged boundary at a given \r\nmoment, usually chosen as the seasonal mass budget minimum at \r\nthe end of summer, between the region on a glacier where there \r\nis a net annual loss of ice mass (ablation area) and that where there is \r\na net annual gain (accumulation area). The altitude of this boundary \r\nis referred to as equilibrium line altitude (ELA)."


id: d2b95ec2e4d63654aaec4844c9ef8651
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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content:
"modification of coastlines or dredging. In turn, changes in any or all \r\nof the contributions to extreme sea levels may lead to long-term \r\nrelative sea level changes. Alternate expressions for ESL may be used \r\ndepending on the processes resolved."


id: 1c898c7bd8d467aaf050e65c2d31e0b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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content:
"Eutrophication Over-enrichment of water by nutrients such as \r\nnitrogen and phosphorus. It is one of the leading causes of water \r\nquality impairment. The two most acute symptoms of eutrophication \r\nare hypoxia (or oxygen depletion) and harmful algal blooms."


id: cda8282aaf2ce5b51260a5fbc5e6d73f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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content:
"Extreme still water level (ESWL) refers to the combined contribution \r\nof relative sea level change, tides and storm-surges. Wind-waves \r\nalso contribute to coastal sea level via three processes: infragravity \r\nwaves (lower frequency gravity waves generated by the wind waves), \r\nwave setup (time-mean sea level elevation due to wave energy \r\ndissipation), and swash (vertical displacement up the shore-face \r\ninduced by individual waves). Extreme total water level (ETWL) is the \r\nESWL plus wave setup. When considering coastal impacts, swash is \r\nalso important, and Extreme coastal water level (ECWL) is used. See \r\nalso Storm surge and Sea level change (sea level rise/sea level fall)."


id: f479ccd95f2e821b475a3b54f7e17a11
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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content:
"Evaporation The physical process by which a liquid (e.g., water) \r\nbecomes a gas (e.g., water vapour)."


id: 8a15b0bd663506eb40181c9ca77d5be
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 19254
content:
"Evapotranspiration The combined processes through which \r\nwater is transferred to the atmosphere from open water and ice \r\nsurfaces, bare soil, and vegetation that make up the Earth's surface."


id: bb60668f652ba2eb0487a063db57631e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 27042
content:
"Potential evapotranspiration The potential rate of water loss from \r\nwet soils and from plant surfaces, without any limits imposed by the \r\nwater supply."


id: d7f9125793676f181f06be0c9f8baf8c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 31507
content:
"Extreme still water level (ESWL) See Extreme sea level (ESL).\r\nExtreme total water level (ETWL) See Extreme sea level (ESL)."


id: fbd20a29e18eaedd4fc5b39dd1b759f3
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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content:
"Evidence Data and information used in the scientific process to \r\nestablish findings. In this report, the degree of evidence reflects the \r\namount, quality and consistency of scientific/technical information \r\non which the Lead Authors are basing their findings. See also \r\nAgreement, Confidence, Likelihood and Uncertainty."


id: 72cd9e210117864dcce1449799995c4e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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content:
"Extreme weather event An event that is rare at a particular \r\nplace and time of year. Definitions of 'rare' vary, but an extreme \r\nweather event would normally be as rare as or rarer than the 10th \r\nor 90th percentile of a probability density function estimated from \r\nobservations. By definition, the characteristics of what is called \r\nextreme weather may vary from place to place in an absolute sense. \r\nSee also Climate extreme (extreme weather or climate event)."


id: a5688b4fe7eebb3cb0225acae0f8d1cf
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 23592
content:
"Exposure The presence of people; livelihoods; species or \r\necosystems; environmental functions, services, and resources; \r\ninfrastructure; or economic, social, or cultural assets in places and \r\nsettings that could be adversely affected."


id: ca78a5fa0ce32559d36c3f17a9fb4acb
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 29413
content:
"Extreme/heavy precipitation event An extreme/heavy \r\nprecipitation event is an event that is of very high magnitude with a \r\nvery rare occurrence at a particular place. Types of extreme precipitation \r\nmay vary depending on its duration (hourly, daily or multi-days (e.g., 5 \r\ndays)) though all of them qualitatively represent high magnitude. The \r\nintensity of such events may be defined with a block maxima approach \r\nsuch as annual maxima or with a peaks over threshold approach, such \r\nas rainfall above the 95th or 99th percentile at a particular place."


id: 921282ff2d10b2a3e171ef54a24d0c4b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 20506
content:
"Extended concentration pathways (ECPs) See Representative \r\nconcentration pathways (RCPs) (under Pathways)."


id: cf6098edeb7c1587bcd0bee654844c8b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 30160
content:
"External forcing External forcing refers to a forcing agent \r\noutside the climate system causing a change in the climate system. \r\nVolcanic eruptions, solar variations and changes in Earth's orbit, as \r\nwell as anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere \r\nor in land use are external forcings. See also Orbital forcing."


id: 6707d0abb9f437e62970c35b89432dd7
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 13795
content:
"Faculae Bright patches on the Sun. The area covered by faculae is \r\ngreater during periods of high solar activity."


id: 1b7ff2c6b6e762306dbea0f67503eaed
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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content:
"Extratropical cyclone (ETC) Any cyclonic-scale storm that is not \r\na tropical cyclone. Usually refers to a mid- or high-latitude migratory \r\nstorm system formed in regions of large horizontal temperature \r\nvariations. Sometimes called extratropical storm or extratropical low."


id: e4ef667e446a1e534c3df95039e3ab50
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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content:
"Extratropical jets Extratropical jets are wind maxima in the \r\nupper troposphere marking zones of baroclinic instability. Anomalies \r\nin the position of these jets are often associated with storms, blocking, \r\nand weather extremes."


id: 3030fca8d627e888e66e911fdfac9e52
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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content:
"Fingerprint The climate response pattern in space and/or time to \r\na specific forcing is commonly referred to as a fingerprint. The spatial \r\npatterns of sea level response to melting of glaciers or ice sheets (or \r\nother changes in surface loading) are also referred to as fingerprints. \r\nFingerprints are used to detect the presence of this response in \r\nobservations and are typically estimated using forced climate model\r\nsimulations. See also Detection and attribution."


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content:
"Fire weather Weather conditions conducive to triggering \r\nand sustaining wildfires, usually based on a set of indicators and \r\ncombinations of indicators including temperature, soil moisture, \r\nhumidity, and wind. Fire weather does not include the presence or \r\nabsence of fuel load."


id: c7595087ea97558520b5d4d14c0a4217
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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content:
"Extreme sea level (ESL) The occurrence of an exceptionally \r\nlow or high local sea surface height, arising from (a combination \r\nof) short-term phenomena (e.g., storm surges, tides and waves). \r\nRelative sea level changes affect extreme sea levels directly by \r\nshifting the mean water levels and indirectly by modulating the \r\npropagation of tides, waves and/or surges due to increased water \r\ndepth. In addition, extreme sea levels can be influenced by changes \r\nin the frequency, tracks or strength of weather systems and \r\nstorms, or due to anthropogenically induced changes such as the "


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created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 34860
content:
"Firn Snow that has survived at least one ablation season but has \r\nnot been transformed to glacier ice. Its pore space is at least partially \r\ninterconnected, allowing air and water to circulate. Firn densities \r\ntypically are 400-830 kg m-3."


id: 69564055e6c8d9946145568846f6978e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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content:
"Fitness-for-purpose The suitability of a model (or other resource, \r\nsuch as a dataset or method) for a particular task, such as quantifying \r\nthe contribution of increased greenhouse gas concentrations to \r\nrecent changes in global mean surface temperature or projecting \r\nchanges in drought frequency in a region under a given scenario. \r\nAssessment of a model's fitness-for-purpose can be informed both by \r\nhow the model represents relevant physical processes and by how it \r\nscores on relevant performance metrics."


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created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 27285
content:
"General circulation model (GCM) A numerical representation \r\nof the atmosphere-ocean-sea ice system based on the physical, \r\nchemical and biological properties of its components, their \r\ninteractions and feedback processes. General circulation models \r\nare used for weather forecasts, seasonal to decadal prediction, and \r\nclimate projections. They are the basis of the more complex Earth \r\nsystem models (ESMs). See also Climate model."


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created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 37142
content:
"Flaring Open air burning of waste gases and volatile liquids, \r\nthrough a chimney, at oil wells or rigs, in refineries or chemical plants, \r\nand at landfills."


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created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 17344
content:
"Geoid The equipotential surface having the same geopotential at \r\neach latitude and longitude around the world (geodesists denote this \r\npotential W0) that best approximates the mean sea level. It is the \r\nsurface of reference for measurement of altitude. In practice, several \r\nvariations of definitions of the geoid exist depending on the way the \r\npermanent tide (the zero-frequency gravitational tide due to the Sun \r\nand Moon) is considered in geodetic studies."


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created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 25260
content:
"Flood The overflowing of the normal confines of a stream or other \r\nwater body, or the accumulation of water over areas that are not \r\nnormally submerged. Floods can be caused by unusually heavy rain, \r\nfor example during storms and cyclones. Floods include river (fluvial) \r\nfloods, flash floods, urban floods, rain (pluvial) floods, sewer floods, \r\ncoastal floods and glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs)."


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created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 33219
content:
"Geostrophic winds or currents A wind or current that is in \r\nbalance with the horizontal pressure gradient and the Coriolis force, \r\nand thus is outside of the influence of friction. Thus, the wind or \r\ncurrent is directly parallel to isobars and its speed is proportional to \r\nthe horizontal pressure gradient."


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created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 13787
content:
"Flux A movement (a flow) of matter (e.g., water vapour, particles), \r\nheat or energy from one place to another, or from one medium (e.g., \r\nland surface) to another (e.g., atmosphere)."


id: 882d313bf69f66a3b55e035b9401e0e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 18947
content:
"Foraminifera Single-celled, sand-sized marine organisms \r\n(protists) that possess a hard test mainly composed of agglutinated \r\nwalls (detrital grains glued together with organic cement) or calcium \r\ncarbonate (predominantly calcite). They are used to reconstruct \r\na range of (paleo)environmental variables such as salinity, \r\ntemperature, oxygenation, oxygen isotope composition and organic \r\nand nutrient flux."


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vector_id: 26794
content:
"Glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) The ongoing changes \r\nin gravity, rotation and viscoelastic solid Earth deformation (GRD)\r\nin response to past changes in the distribution of ice and water \r\non Earth's surface. On a time scale of decades to tens of millennia \r\nfollowing mass redistribution, Earth's mantle flows viscously as it \r\nevolves toward isostatic equilibrium, causing solid Earth movement \r\nand geoid changes, which can result in regional-to-local sea level \r\nvariations. See also Sea level change (sea level rise/sea level fall)."


id: 20de39be4ba04e56b721c4aefc96f760
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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content:
"Forest A vegetation type dominated by trees. Many definitions \r\nof the term forest are in use throughout the world, reflecting \r\nwide differences in biogeophysical conditions, social structure \r\nand economics. [Note: For a discussion of the term forest in the \r\ncontext of National GHG inventories, see the 2006 IPCC Guidelines \r\nfor National GHG Inventories and their 2019 Refinement, and \r\ninformation provided by the United Nations Framework Convention \r\non Climate Change (IPCC, 2006, 2019; UNFCCC, 2021a, b).] See also \r\nAfforestation, Deforestation and Reforestation."


id: 4793dd615f091ef484f133e6f64d201c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 8651
content:
"Glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF)/Glacier lake \r\noutburst A sudden release of water from a glacier lake, including \r\nany of the following types - a glacier-dammed lake, a pro-glacial \r\nmoraine-dammed lake or water that was stored within, under or on \r\nthe glacier."


id: 56611fba4d636cea5df802c8a9870837
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
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vector_id: 11068
content:
"Fossil fuel emissions Emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs)\r\n(in particular carbon dioxide (CO2)), other trace gases and aerosols\r\nresulting from the combustion of fuels from fossil carbon deposits \r\nsuch as oil, gas and coal."


id: 6991c1cdfb4d2e3076a694a38e88c8c3
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
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vector_id: 14208
content:
"Fossil fuels Carbon-based fuels from fossil hydrocarbon deposits, \r\nincluding coal, oil and natural gas."


id: b303c320b2026f55dbdfe93361078836
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 25680
content:
"Free atmosphere The atmospheric layer that is negligibly \r\naffected by friction against the Earth's surface, and which is above \r\nthe atmospheric boundary layer."


id: 65905808467b4ac76c67d8bb48b4475b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 13555
content:
"Frozen ground Soil or rock in which part or all of the pore water \r\nconsists of ice. See also Active layer and Permafrost."


id: 36d360307fb40d701387473489dc50a2
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
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vector_id: 6013
content:
"General circulation The large-scale motions of the atmosphere\r\nand the ocean as a consequence of differential heating on a rotating \r\nEarth. General circulation contributes to the energy balance of the \r\nsystem through transport of heat and momentum."


id: 9991e795fd390dbeeaed80f94930f4f4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 21686
content:
"Glacial-interglacial cycles Phase of the Earth's history marked \r\nby large changes in continental ice volume and global sea level. \r\nSee also Glacial or glaciation, Deglacial or deglaciation or glacial \r\ntermination, Interglacial or interglaciation and Ice age."


id: f1e87f01323805eb908684851cb5e546
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 35578
content:
"convection and heavy rainfall. Over northern Australia, the monsoon \r\nseason generally lasts from December to March and is associated \r\nwith west to north-westerly inflow of moist winds, producing \r\nconvection and heavy precipitation. Over the Maritime Continent, \r\nthe main rainy season south of the equator is centred on December \r\nto February with north-westerly monsoon flow at low levels. Further \r\ndetails on how AusMCM is defined and used throughout the Report \r\nare provided in Annex V."


id: e1d39c9c80c953c1024aacb2a4961bf3
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 33027
content:
"Glaciated State of a surface that was covered by glacier ice in the \r\npast, but not at present. See also Glacierized."


id: f0f87e825ff68a096c19f09062443f46
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
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vector_id: 35405
content:
"Glacier A perennial mass of ice, and possibly firn and snow, \r\noriginating on the land surface by accumulation and compaction of \r\nsnow and showing evidence of past or present flow. A glacier typically \r\ngains mass by accumulation of snow and loses mass by ablation. \r\nLand ice masses of continental size (>50,000 km2) are referred to as \r\nice sheets (Cogley et al., 2011)."


id: ea2bf392dd4f4969e92520015c178c7a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 34345
content:
"Outlet glacier A glacier, usually between rock walls, that is part of, \r\nand drains, an ice sheet. See also Ice stream."


id: c64aa0a88029030d4f1125c33db69f1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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content:
"Global dimming Global dimming refers to the observed \r\nwidespread reduction in the amount of solar radiation received at \r\nthe Earth's surface from the 1950s to the 1980s, with an increase in \r\nanthropogenic aerosol emissions appearing to have contributed. This \r\nwas followed by a partial recovery since the 1990s ('brightening'), \r\nparticularly in industrialized areas, coincident with a reduction in \r\nanthropogenic aerosol emissions."


id: 835122f5f30b2b7cdbf96478735c3c85
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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content:
"The North American monsoon (NAmerM) is a regional-scale \r\natmospheric circulation system with increases in summer \r\nprecipitation over northwestern Mexico and southwest United States. \r\nThe monsoonal characteristics of the region include a pronounced \r\nannual maximum of precipitation in boreal summer (June-July-\r\nAugust) accompanied by a surface low pressure system and an \r\nupper-level anticyclone, although seasonal reversal of the surface \r\nwinds is primarily limited to the northern Gulf of California. Further \r\ndetails on how NAmerM is defined and used throughout the Report \r\nare provided in Annex V."


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created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 658
content:
"Global mean surface air temperature (GSAT) Global \r\naverage of near-surface air temperatures over land, oceans and \r\nsea ice. Changes in GSAT are often used as a measure of global \r\ntemperature change in climate models. See also Global mean surface \r\ntemperature (GMST)."


id: 221b972fa83f99f7f56086f4011a35b2
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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content:
"Global mean surface temperature (GMST) Estimated \r\nglobal average of near-surface air temperatures over land and sea \r\nice, and sea surface temperature (SST) over ice-free ocean regions, \r\nwith changes normally expressed as departures from a value over \r\na specified reference period. See also Global mean surface air \r\ntemperature (GSAT)."


id: d5f42d282c9e6cb34cddf7331f1477ca
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content:
"The South American monsoon (SAmerM) is a regional circulation \r\ncharacterized by inflow of low-level winds from the Atlantic to South \r\nAmerica, including Brazil, Peru, Bolivia and northern Argentina, \r\nassociated with the development of surface pressure gradients (and \r\nintense precipitation) during austral summer (December-January-\r\nFebruary). During September-October-November, areas of intense \r\nconvection migrate from northwestern South America to the south. \r\nAssociated with this regime, an upper-tropospheric anticyclone \r\n(a.k.a. the Bolivian High) forms over the Altiplano region during the \r\nmonsoon onset. The SAmerM then retreats during March-April-May \r\nwith a northeastward migration of the convection. Further details \r\non how SAmerM is defined and used throughout the Report are \r\nprovided in Annex V."


id: ee7ed90d465352eaab48701c9b12515c
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content:
"Global monsoon The global monsoon (GM) is a global-scale \r\nsolstitial mode that dominates the annual variation of tropical and \r\nsub-tropical precipitation and circulation. The GM domain is defined \r\nas the area where the annual range of precipitation (local summer \r\nminus winter mean precipitation rate) is greater than 2.5 mm day-1, \r\nfollowing on from the definition as in Kitoh et al. (2013). Further details \r\non how the GM is defined, used and related to regional monsoons \r\nthroughout the Report are provided by Annex V in the AR6 WGI report."


id: 6e2c9ee62484272e48d5aef99416f505
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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content:
"Australian and Maritime Continent monsoon (AusMCM)\r\nThe Australian-Maritime Continent monsoon (AusMCM) occurs \r\nduring December-January-February, with the large-scale shift of the \r\nInter-tropical Convergence Zone into the Southern Hemisphere and \r\ncovering northern Australia and the Maritime Continent up to 10degN. \r\nThe AusMCM is characterized by the seasonal reversal of prevailing \r\neasterly winds to westerly winds and the onset of periods of active "


id: d39579522c42ecfe1f69bef919dbeefc
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content:
"The South and South East Asian monsoon (SAsiaM) is characterized \r\nby pronounced seasonal reversals of wind and precipitation. The \r\nSAsiaM region extends across vast geographical areas and several \r\ncountries, including India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, "


id: 86162c10288ab5b17eb4985aa9b89dd6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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content:
"equal, the net amount emitted to space is normally less than would \r\nhave been emitted in the absence of these absorbers because of \r\nthe decline of temperature with altitude in the troposphere and the \r\nconsequent weakening of emission. An increase in the concentration \r\nof GHGs increases the magnitude of this effect; the difference is \r\nsometimes called the enhanced greenhouse effect. The change in \r\na GHG concentration because of anthropogenic emissions contributes \r\nto an instantaneous radiative forcing. Earth's surface temperature \r\nand troposphere warm in response to this forcing, gradually restoring \r\nthe radiative balance at the top of the atmosphere."


id: e65ba8722e5d15dddf0aec955e9686d0
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content:
"Pakistan, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam and the Philippines. The \r\nSAsiaM starts in late May/early June and progresses towards the \r\nnortheast, ending in late September/early October. During the core \r\nmonsoon season, maxima of SAsiaM precipitation are located over \r\nthe west coast, north-east and central north India, Myanmar and \r\nBangladesh, whereas minima are located over north-west and south\u0002eastern India, western Pakistan, and south-eastern and northern Sri \r\nLanka. Further details on how SAsiaM is defined and used throughout \r\nthe Report are provided in Annex V."


id: d81b9e66f37364c1feb0b24f9f4bebcb
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 31523
content:
"Global surface temperature See Global mean surface \r\ntemperature (GMST) and Global mean surface air temperature \r\n(GSAT). See also Global warming."


id: 2d22d31f5172a954b3739c8682963260
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 4542
content:
"Notes: Most relative GHG emission metrics (such as the global \r\nwarming potential (GWP), global temperature change potential \r\n(GTP), global damage potential, and GWP*) use carbon dioxide (CO2)\r\nas the reference gas. Emissions of non-CO2 gases, when expressed \r\nusing such metrics, are often referred to as 'carbon dioxide equivalent' \r\nemissions. A metric that establishes equivalence regarding one key \r\nmeasure of the climate system response to emissions does not imply \r\nequivalence regarding other key measures. The choice of a metric, \r\nincluding its time horizon, should reflect the policy objectives for \r\nwhich the metric is applied."


id: 28dad86c0fcab77468dab57d07bf5068
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 3861
content:
"Global warming Global warming refers to the increase in global \r\nsurface temperature relative to a baseline reference period, averaging \r\nover a period sufficient to remove interannual variations (e.g., 20 \r\nor 30 years). A common choice for the baseline is 1850-1900 (the \r\nearliest period of reliable observations with sufficient geographic \r\ncoverage), with more modern baselines used depending upon the \r\napplication. See also Climate change and Climate variability."


id: 9ad1d39684b1eab50545891fd93b02a9
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updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 21891
content:
"Greenhouse gas neutrality Condition in which metric\u0002weighted anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated \r\nwith a subject are balanced by metric-weighted anthropogenic \r\nGHG removals. The subject can be an entity such as a country, an \r\norganization, a district or a commodity, or an activity such as a \r\nservice or an event. GHG neutrality is often assessed over the life \r\ncycle, including indirect ('scope 3') emissions, but can also be limited \r\nto the emissions and removals, over a specified period, for which the \r\nsubject has direct control, as determined by the relevant scheme. \r\nThe quantification of GHG emissions and removals depends on the \r\nGHG emission metric chosen to compare emissions and removals of \r\ndifferent gases, as well as the time horizon chosen for that metric."


id: ce63ff328056e3a7f2b2a3aef166a247
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 30005
content:
"Global warming potential (GWP) An index measuring the \r\nradiative forcing following an emission of a unit mass of a given \r\nsubstance, accumulated over a chosen time horizon, relative to that \r\nof the reference substance, carbon dioxide (CO2). The GWP thus \r\nrepresents the combined effect of the differing times these substances \r\nremain in the atmosphere and their effectiveness in causing radiative \r\nforcing. See also Lifetime and Greenhouse gas emission metric."


id: eacaa86c50ed0bba3eb3f7279534431f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 34446
content:
"Gravitational, rotational and deformational (GRD) \r\neffects See Sea level change (sea level rise/sea level fall)."


id: 48ef37bf65c2353ef04d57246bb704b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
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vector_id: 8861
content:
"Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) A pair \r\nof satellites that measured the Earth's gravity field anomalies from \r\n2002 to 2017. These fields have been used, among other things, to \r\nstudy mass changes of the polar ice sheets and glaciers."


id: 933f7bfda5bda7ea7d085959a38a2ab4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 20683
content:
"Note 1: GHG neutrality and net zero GHG emissions are overlapping \r\nconcepts. The concepts can be applied at global or sub-global scales \r\n(e.g., regional, national and sub-national). At a global scale, the terms \r\ngreenhouse gas neutrality and net zero greenhouse gas emissions are \r\nequivalent. At sub-global scales, net zero greenhouse gas emissions \r\nis generally applied to emissions and removals under direct control \r\nor territorial responsibility of the reporting entity, while greenhouse \r\ngas neutrality generally includes emissions and removals within and "


id: 2727af57ea68ab9b4be225b929b96227
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 3554
content:
"Greenhouse effect The infrared radiative effect of all infrared\u0002absorbing constituents in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases (GHGs), \r\nclouds, and some aerosols absorb terrestrial radiation emitted by the \r\nEarth's surface and elsewhere in the atmosphere. These substances \r\nemit infrared radiation in all directions, but, everything else being "


id: f23dd55184c424a565dd56c0ac66f3d1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 35643
content:
"beyond the direct control or territorial responsibility of the reporting \r\nentity. Accounting rules specified by GHG programmes or schemes \r\ncan have a significant influence on the quantification of relevant \r\nemissions and removals."


id: 5ede10500b9b7cd412a6ebe4acfcb1d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 12468
content:
"Halocarbons A collective term for the group of partially \r\nhalogenated organic species, which includes the chlorofluorocarbons \r\n(CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons \r\n(HFCs), halons, methyl chloride and methyl bromide. Many of the \r\nhalocarbons have large global warming potentials. The chlorine and \r\nbromine-containing halocarbons are also involved in the depletion of \r\nthe ozone layer."


id: 74f1080d00a6999d34c04a33b014677f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 15993
content:
"Note 2. Under the Paris Rulebook (Decision 18/CMA.1, annex, \r\nparagraph 37), parties have agreed to use GWP100 values from the \r\nIPCC AR5 or GWP100 values from a subsequent IPCC Assessment \r\nReport to report aggregate emissions and removals of GHGs. In \r\naddition, parties may use other metrics to report supplemental \r\ninformation on aggregate emissions and removals of GHGs."


id: 1323f51d3afb6374d3d3506e13844e5c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 526
content:
"Halocline A layer in the oceanic water column in which salinity \r\nchanges rapidly with depth. Generally, saltier water is denser and \r\nlies below less salty water. In some high-latitude oceans the surface \r\nwaters may be colder than the deep waters, and the halocline is \r\nresponsible for maintaining water column stability and isolating the \r\nsurface waters from the deep waters."


id: f41d26034af663c91c51689fc14543cf
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 35915
content:
"Note 3: In some cases, achieving greenhouse gas neutrality may rely \r\non the supplementary use of offsets to balance emissions that remain \r\nafter actions by the reporting entity are taken into account. "


id: ac8f7f835bc8df26b543bb6f174954ab
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 24692
content:
"See also Carbon neutrality, Greenhouse gas emission metric and Net \r\nzero greenhouse gas emissions."


id: eb65be6cf64c1f183042d89016c860e1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
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vector_id: 34531
content:
"Greenhouse gases (GHGs) Gaseous constituents of the \r\natmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorb and emit \r\nradiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of radiation \r\nemitted by the Earth's surface, by the atmosphere itself, and by \r\nclouds. This property causes the greenhouse effect. Water vapour \r\n(H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4 ) and \r\nozone (O3) are the primary GHGs in the Earth's atmosphere. Human\u0002made GHGs include sulphur hexafluoride (SF6 ), hydrofluorocarbons \r\n(HFCs), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs); \r\nseveral of these are also O3-depleting (and are regulated under the \r\nMontreal Protocol). See also Well-mixed greenhouse gas."


id: 4eb129b5582c9d2f096a35d252862032
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 9809
content:
"Hazard The potential occurrence of a natural or human-induced \r\nphysical event or trend that may cause loss of life, injury, or other \r\nhealth impacts, as well as damage and loss to property, infrastructure, \r\nlivelihoods, service provision, ecosystems and environmental \r\nresources. See also Impacts (consequences, outcomes) and Risk."


id: 3ea1561c1a47b33dd57cf21ffb0e8ce5
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 7234
content:
"Heat index A measure of how hot the air feels to the human body. \r\nThe index is mainly based on surface air temperature and relative \r\nhumidity; thus it reflects the combined effect of high temperature and \r\nhumidity on human physiology and provides a relative indication of \r\npotential health risks."


id: 68d588496fabbed906336b157e94e6ee
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 14082
content:
"Heat stress A range of conditions in, for example, terrestrial \r\nor aquatic organisms when the body absorbs excess heat during \r\noverexposure to high air or water temperatures or thermal radiation. \r\nIn aquatic water-breathing animals, hypoxia and acidification can \r\nexacerbate vulnerability to heat. Heat stress in mammals (including \r\nhumans) and birds, both in air, is exacerbated by a detrimental \r\ncombination of ambient heat, high humidity and low wind speeds, \r\ncausing regulation of body temperature to fail."


id: 80ef31a6d5fbbd1b41055b2b1c334714
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 17805
content:
"Ground-level ozone Atmospheric ozone (O3) is formed naturally \r\nor from human-emitted precursors near Earth's surface, thus affecting \r\nhuman health, agriculture and ecosystems. Ozone is a greenhouse \r\ngas (GHG), but ground-level ozone, unlike stratospheric ozone, \r\nalso directly affects organisms at the surface. Ground-level ozone \r\nis sometimes referred to as tropospheric ozone, although much of \r\nthe troposphere is well above the surface and thus does not directly \r\nexpose organisms at the surface."


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vector_id: 22221
content:
"Heatwave A period of abnormally hot weather, often defined with \r\nreference to a relative temperature threshold, lasting from two days \r\nto months. Heatwaves and warm spells have various and, in some \r\ncases, overlapping definitions. See also Marine heatwave, Blocking, \r\nHeat index and Heat stress."


id: e84ab201f2e0a6912923d8ac241def7f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 34056
content:
"Grounding line The junction between a glacier or ice sheet and \r\nan ice shelf; the place where ice starts to float. This junction normally \r\noccurs over a zone, rather than at a line."


id: a09c56e57d4e30aa7dbdd130064346fe
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 22809
content:
"Gyre Basin-scale ocean horizontal circulation pattern with slow \r\nflow circulating around the ocean basin, closed by a strong and \r\nnarrow (100 to 200 km wide) boundary current on the western side. \r\nThe subtropical gyres in each ocean are associated with high pressure \r\nin the centre of the gyres; the subpolar gyres are associated with low \r\npressure."


id: 44e05446072ddadf0b11bfab359036f9
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 8260
content:
"Heinrich event Distinct layers of coarse-grained sediments \r\ncomprised of ice-rafted debris identified across marine sediment cores \r\nin the North Atlantic. These sedimentary layers are closely associated \r\nwith millennial-scale cooling events in the North Atlantic and a \r\ndistinct pattern of global temperature and hydrological changes that \r\nare largely consistent with evidence for a slowdown, or even near\u0002collapse, of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC)\r\nduring these times."


id: 6ed31902892487b73120c0d5f6df8b48
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 15060
content:
"Hadley circulation A direct, thermally driven overturning cell in \r\nthe atmosphere consisting of poleward flow in the upper troposphere, \r\nsubsiding air into the subtropical anticyclones, return flow as part of \r\nthe trade winds near the surface, and with rising air near the equator \r\nin the so-called Inter-tropical Convergence Zone."


id: 3b311915daa73bcc791c16cb8099debe
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 6667
content:
"Heterotrophic respiration The conversion of organic matter to \r\ncarbon dioxide (CO2) by organisms other than autotrophs."


id: 3bc84e67375abd1184c79b01787c318
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 6763
content:
"recharges groundwater, discharges into streams, and ultimately, flows \r\ninto the oceans as rivers, polar glaciers and ice sheets, from which it \r\nwill eventually evaporate again. The various systems involved in the \r\nhydrological cycle are usually referred to as hydrological systems."


id: 69197158e8f418868ebb63d7a623a880
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 14131
content:
"Hydrological sensitivity (e) The linear change in global \r\nmean precipitation per degree Celsius of global mean surface air \r\ntemperature (GSAT) change once precipitation changes related to \r\nfast atmospheric and land surface adjustments to radiative forcings\r\nhave occurred. Units are % per degC although it can also be calculated \r\nas W m-2 per degC. See also Apparent hydrological sensitivity (ea )."


id: 878a9bc630d8fc455d39a84ea03e4ce2
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 18858
content:
"Hydrosphere The component of the climate system comprising \r\nliquid surface and subterranean water, such as in oceans, seas, rivers, \r\nfreshwater lakes, underground water, wetlands, etc."


id: b9d87731b1a6c190c1557042c390c28b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 26777
content:
"Hypoxic Conditions of low dissolved oxygen in shallow water \r\nocean and freshwater environments. There is no universal threshold \r\nfor hypoxia. A value around 60 mmol kg-1 has commonly been used \r\nfor some estuarine systems, although this does not necessarily \r\ndirectly translate into biological impacts. Anoxic conditions occur \r\nwhere there is no oxygen present at all. See also Eutrophication."


id: c5865a8f3518166c6570cf5ff8382c77
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 28656
content:
"Ice age An informal term for a geological period characterized \r\nby a long-term reduction in the temperature of the Earth's climate, \r\nresulting in the presence or expansion of ice sheets and glaciers. \r\nAmong the Earth's ice ages is the current Quaternary Period, \r\ncharacterized by alternating glacial and interglacial intervals. See \r\nalso Deglacial or deglaciation or glacial termination and Glacial-\r\ninterglacial cycles."


id: 36801a61bd85eb3a5961ff8df21cf757
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 5965
content:
"Human influence on the climate system Human-driven \r\nactivities that lead to changes in the climate system due to \r\nperturbations of the Earth's energy budget (also called anthropogenic \r\nforcing). Human influence results from emissions of greenhouse \r\ngases, aerosols, ozone-depleting substances (ODSs), and land-use \r\nchange. See also Anthropogenic, Anthropogenic emissions and \r\nAnthropogenic removals."


id: 963f9e58147d6cd9008876bb8b4dc741
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 21144
content:
"Ice core A cylinder of ice drilled out of a glacier or ice sheet\r\nto determine the physical properties of the ice body and to gain \r\ninformation on past changes in climate and composition of the \r\natmosphere that are preserved in the ice or in air trapped in the ice."


id: 43aae6d5effd511440a07423bfb0a5a0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 8051
content:
"Human system Any system in which human organizations \r\nand institutions play a major role. Often, but not always, the term \r\nis synonymous with society or social system. Systems such as \r\nagricultural systems, urban systems, political systems, technological \r\nsystems and economic systems are all human systems in the sense \r\napplied in this Report."


id: a5c588840458601c001ab2d85d49a13f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 23646
content:
"Ice sheet An ice body originating on land that covers an area of \r\ncontinental size, generally defined as covering >50,000 km2, and \r\nthat has formed over thousands of years through accumulation and \r\ncompaction of snow. An ice sheet flows outward from a high central \r\nice plateau with a small average surface slope. The margins usually \r\nslope more steeply, and most ice is discharged through fast-flowing \r\nice streams or outlet glaciers, often into the sea or into ice shelves\r\nfloating on the sea. There are only two ice sheets in the modern \r\nworld, one on Greenland and one on Antarctica. The latter is divided \r\ninto the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS), the West Antarctic Ice Sheet \r\n(WAIS) and the Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet. During glacial periods, \r\nthere were other ice sheets."


id: 55e0ea5a15d4b3e75657ca8117a7a60f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 10993
content:
"Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) A type of greenhouse gas (GHG), \r\nHFCs are organic compounds that contain fluorine, carbon and \r\nhydrogen atoms and they are produced commercially as a substitute \r\nfor chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). They are mainly used in refrigeration \r\nand semiconductor manufacturing."


id: 1f04e88afbfb669de5cd824ce3b4ba
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 2319
content:
"Ice shelf A floating slab of ice originating from land of considerable \r\nthickness extending from the coast (usually of great horizontal extent \r\nwith a very gently sloping surface), resulting from the flow of ice \r\nsheets, initially formed by the accumulation of snow, and often filling \r\nembayments in the coastline of an ice sheet. Nearly all ice shelves are \r\nin Antarctica, where most of the ice discharged into the ocean flows \r\nvia ice shelves."


id: 147244205ef18e1fae14eb1610de421a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 724
content:
"Ice stream A stream of ice with strongly enhanced flow that is \r\npart of an ice sheet. It is often separated from surrounding ice by \r\nstrongly sheared, crevassed margins."


id: 3628d11616d66e2ec1f07fe0af055bcb
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
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vector_id: 5923
content:
"during the second half of the 18th century and spreading to Europe \r\nand later to other countries including the United States. The invention \r\nof the steam engine was an important trigger of this development. \r\nThe industrial revolution marks the beginning of a strong increase \r\nin the use of fossil fuels, initially coal, and hence emission of carbon \r\ndioxide (CO2)."


id: be8d2c135e715a3a592f2b9fa42f24c0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 27533
content:
"Ice-albedo feedback A climate feedback involving changes \r\nin the Earth's surface albedo. Snow and ice have an albedo much \r\nhigher (up to ~0.8) than the average planetary albedo (~0.3). With \r\nincreasing temperatures, it is anticipated that snow and ice extent \r\nwill decrease, the Earth's overall albedo will decrease and more solar \r\nradiation will be absorbed, warming the Earth further."


id: 38c1e62eafd10e528496e7fd8b4f154d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 6297
content:
"Iceberg Large piece of freshwater ice broken off from a glacier\r\nor an ice shelf during calving and floating in open water (at least \r\n5 m height above sea level). Smaller pieces of floating ice known as \r\n'bergy bits' (less than 5 m above sea level) or 'growlers' (less than \r\n2 m above sea level) can originate from glaciers or ice shelves, or from \r\nthe breaking up of a large iceberg. Icebergs can also be classified by \r\nshape, most commonly being either tabular (steep sides and a flat \r\ntop) or non-tabular (varying shapes, with domes and spires) (NOAA, \r\n2021). In lakes, icebergs can originate by breaking off shelf ice, which \r\nforms through freezing of a lake surface."


id: aee7405ec42693628ad87b79f9698827
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 25055
content:
"Insolation The amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth by \r\nlatitude and by season measured in W m-2. Usually, insolation refers \r\nto the radiation arriving at the top of the atmosphere. Sometimes it is \r\nspecified as referring to the radiation arriving at the Earth's surface. \r\nSee also Orbital forcing and Total solar irradiance (TSI)."


id: f02eef2e908114751243ee4cac723dd7
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 35293
content:
"Instantaneous radiative forcing (or effect) due to aerosol-\r\ncloud interactions (IRFaci) See Aerosol-cloud interaction."


id: e082c934d69963b592501a3a5e8a86a6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 32823
content:
"Instantaneous radiative forcing (or effect) due to aerosol-\r\nradiation interactions (IRFari) See Aerosol-radiation \r\ninteraction."


id: 896607fb3b25694337cadc1ba4b0c530
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 19157
content:
"Impacts The consequences of realized risks on natural and human \r\nsystems, where risks result from the interactions of climate-related \r\nhazards (including extreme weather/climate events), exposure, and \r\nvulnerability. Impacts generally refer to effects on lives, livelihoods, \r\nhealth and well-being, ecosystems and species, economic, social \r\nand cultural assets, services (including ecosystem services), and \r\ninfrastructure. Impacts may be referred to as consequences or \r\noutcomes and can be adverse or beneficial. See also Adaptation, \r\nExposure, Hazard, Vulnerability and Risk."


id: 586d1e1a37b8fe0e860ff6bb4d1b294e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 11412
content:
"Indian Ocean basin (IOB) mode A mode of interannual \r\nvariability characterized by a temporal alternation of basin-wide \r\nwarming and cooling of the Indian Ocean sea surface. It mostly \r\ndevelops in response to El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), but \r\noften persists after ENSO's equatorial eastern Pacific signal has \r\ndissipated. The IOB affects atmospheric circulation, temperature, and \r\nprecipitation in South, South East, and East Asia as well as Africa, and \r\nmodulates tropical cyclone activity in the north-western Pacific. See \r\nSection AIV.2.4 in Annex IV of the AR6 WGI report. See also Modes of \r\nclimate variability and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)."


id: d286c34a9ac95610c933a6ad2d6a4e8e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 30648
content:
"Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) The Inter-tropical \r\nConvergence Zone is an equatorial zonal belt of low pressure, strong \r\nconvection and heavy precipitation near the equator where the \r\nnorth-east trade winds meet the south-east trade winds. This band \r\nmoves seasonally. See also South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ)."


id: 38d57fe294269109bdb8c6711acfb720
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 6314
content:
"Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) A mode of interannual variability that \r\nfeatures an east-west dipole of sea surface temperature anomalies \r\nin the tropical Indian Ocean. Its positive phase shows concurrent sea \r\nsurface cooling off Sumatra and Java and warming off Somalia in the \r\nwest, combined with anomalous surface easterlies along the equator, \r\nwhile the opposite anomalies are seen in the negative phase. The IOD \r\ntypically develops in boreal summer and matures in boreal autumn \r\nand controls part of the rainfall interannual variability in Australia, \r\nSouth Eastern Asia and Eastern Africa. See Section AIV.2.4 in Annex \r\nIV of the AR6 WGI report. See also Indian Ocean Basin (IOB) mode."


id: 53cfff6e7866d6c435085f51a7a09c7
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 10653
content:
"Interglacial or interglaciation A globally warm period lasting \r\nthousands of years between glacial periods within an ice age. \r\nGenerally coincides with odd-numbered marine isotope stages (MIS)\r\nwhen mean sea level was close to present. The Last Interglacial (LIG) \r\noccurred between about 129 and 116 ka (thousand years) before \r\npresent (defined as 1950) although the warm period started in some \r\nareas a few thousand years earlier. In terms of MIS, interglaciations\r\nare defined as the interval between the midpoint of the preceding \r\ntermination and the onset of the next glaciation. The LIG coincides \r\nwith MIS 5e. The present interglaciation, the Holocene, started at \r\n11,700 years before 2000 CE, although global mean sea level did not \r\napproach its present position until roughly 7000 years ago. See also "


id: 81d34461e1abf5c5fed423aa49cbf167
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 17951
content:
"Deglacial or deglaciation or glacial termination, Glacial-interglacial \r\ncycles, Glacial or glaciation and Ice age."


id: c0050d6ec601d303156412e508ba2566
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 27763
content:
"Land-cover change Change from one land cover class to \r\nanother, due to change in land use or change in natural conditions \r\n(Pongratz et al., 2018). See also Land-use change (LUC)."


id: 4eee2b806a3dcc64f5b065767132d8fb
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 9855
content:
"Land surface air temperature (LSAT) The near-surface air \r\ntemperature over land, typically measured at 1.25-2 m above the \r\nground using standard meteorological equipment."


id: 8ac12445af4809b95ea4c765e2e127b1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 19370
content:
"Interstadial or interstade A brief period of regional climatic \r\nwarming during a glacial or interglacial interval, often characterized \r\nby transient glacial retreats. Interstadials are generally of short \r\nduration (hundreds to a few thousand years) compared to glacial or \r\ninterglacial intervals (lasting many thousands to tens of thousands \r\nof years). One example of a regional interstadial event is based \r\non millennial scale warming recorded by oxygen  isotope  ratios in \r\nGreenland ice cores, the so called \"Greenland Interstadials\" (Johnsen \r\net al., 1992). See also Stadial or stade."


id: 7a1faba938559373d447e04e8c4cdd72
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 16785
content:
"Land use The total of arrangements, activities and inputs applied \r\nto a parcel of land. The term land use is also used in the sense of \r\nthe social and economic purposes for which land is managed (e.g., \r\ngrazing, timber extraction, conservation and city dwelling). In \r\nnational greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories, land use is classified \r\naccording to the IPCC land-use categories of forest land, cropland, \r\ngrassland, wetlands, settlements, other lands (see the 2006 IPCC \r\nGuidelines for National GHG Inventories and their 2019 Refinement \r\nfor details (IPCC, 2006, 2019))."


id: 8926b9dd7c62c64d6c2e3d89ee35bbbe
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 19116
content:
"Irreversibility A perturbed state of a dynamical system is defined \r\nas irreversible on a given time scale if the recovery from this state due \r\nto natural processes takes substantially longer than the time scale of \r\ninterest. See also Tipping point."


id: b77021be0df3064552cc7a11b7d5f037
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 26384
content:
"Land-use change (LUC) The change from one land use category \r\nto another. Note that in some scientific literature, land-use change \r\nencompasses changes in land-use categories as well as changes \r\nin land management. See also Afforestation, Deforestation and \r\nReforestation."


id: fc225959eb9140141d8ac788a868f082
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 37170
content:
"Isostatic or Isostasy Isostasy refers to the response of the \r\nEarth to changes in surface load. It includes the deformational and \r\ngravitational response. This response is elastic on short time scales, \r\nas in the Earth-ocean response to recent changes in mountain \r\nglaciation, or viscoelastic on longer time scales, as in the response to \r\nthe last deglaciation following the Last Glacial Maximum."


id: 702638e5af940131655c2e48d374462b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 15260
content:
"Indirect land-use change (iLUC) Land-use change outside the \r\narea of focus that occurs as a consequence of change in use or \r\nmanagement of land within the area of focus, such as through market \r\nor policy drivers. For example, if agricultural land is diverted to biofuel \r\nproduction, forest clearance may occur elsewhere to replace the \r\nformer agricultural production. See Land-use change (LUC)."


id: 78df67eb5b8eb9e6d58f63725c033aa1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 16572
content:
"Isotopes Atoms of the same chemical element that have the \r\nsame the number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons. \r\nSome proton-neutron configurations are stable (stable isotopes), \r\nothers are unstable undergoing spontaneous radioactive decay \r\n(radioisotopes). Most elements have more than one stable isotope. \r\nIsotopes can be used to trace transport processes or to study \r\nprocesses that change the isotopic ratio. Radioisotopes provide, in \r\naddition, time information that can be used for radiometric dating. \r\nSee also 13C and 14C."


id: 83efb7045de3f8b491684023613f337c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 18290
content:
"Land water storage (LWS) Land water storage (LWS) includes \r\nall surface water, soil moisture, groundwater storage and snow, but \r\nexcludes water stored in glaciers and ice sheets. Changes in LWS can \r\nbe caused either by direct human intervention in the water cycle (e.g., \r\nstorage of water in reservoirs by building dams in rivers, groundwater \r\nextraction from groundwater reservoirs for consumption and \r\nirrigation, or deforestation) or by climate variations (e.g., changes in \r\nthe amount of water in endorheic lakes and wetlands, the canopy, \r\nthe soil, the permafrost and the snowpack). Land water storage \r\nchanges caused by climate variations may also be indirectly affected \r\nby anthropogenic influences. See also Sea level change (sea level rise/\r\nsea level fall)."


id: a1ec8aefb3b149311011900aa020e98
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 23044
content:
"Kriging Kriging is a method of interpolation (normally spatial \r\ninterpolation when used with atmospheric or oceanographic data) \r\nin which the interpolated values are estimated using a Gaussian \r\nprocess governed by prior covariances."


id: e4a97b3d8b8409455df2379ca9189bc5
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 33452
content:
"Lapse rate The rate of change of an atmospheric variable, usually \r\ntemperature, with height. The lapse rate is considered positive when \r\nthe variable decreases with height."


id: 935aefef590bc99f6666bdac46a9cbeb
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 20700
content:
"Land The terrestrial portion of the biosphere that comprises the \r\nnatural resources (soil, near-surface air, vegetation and other biota, \r\nand water), the ecological processes, topography, and human \r\nsettlements and infrastructure that operate within that system \r\n(UNCCD, 1994; FAO, 2007)."


id: 8adb1b4e3bd0ecfe02ea133cd00791b1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 19382
content:
"Large-scale The climate system involves process interactions \r\nfrom the micro- to the global-scale. Any threshold for defining 'large\u0002scale' is arbitrary. Understanding of large-scale climate variability\r\nand change requires knowledge of both the response to external \r\nforcings and the role of internal variability. Many external forcings \r\nhave substantial hemispheric or continental scale variations. Modes \r\nof climate variability are driven by ocean-basin-scale processes. Thus \r\nwe define large-scale to include ocean-basin and continental scales \r\nas well as hemispheric and global scales."


id: ecb4312030c2bf9ffdbd9ab6b095d5b8
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
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vector_id: 34716
content:
"Land cover The biophysical coverage of land (e.g., bare soil, rocks, \r\nforests, buildings and roads or lakes). Land cover is often categorized \r\nin broad land-cover classes (e.g., deciduous forest, coniferous forest, \r\nmixed forest, grassland, bare ground). [Note: In some literature, land \r\ncover and land use are used interchangeably, but the two represent \r\ndistinct classification systems. For example, the land cover class \r\nwoodland can be under various land uses such as livestock grazing, \r\nrecreation, conservation, or wood harvest.]"


id: c0f69679176fedcfa403155955c80d6b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 27934
content:
"Last deglacial transition See Deglacial or deglaciation or \r\nglacial termination and Younger Dryas."


id: 6a71f44e19385578485bc0d800c424d0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
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vector_id: 14354
content:
"Turnover time (T) (also called global atmospheric lifetime) is the \r\nratio of the mass M of a reservoir (e.g., a gaseous compound in \r\nthe atmosphere) and the total rate of removal S from the reservoir: \r\nT  =  M/S. For each removal process, separate turnover times can \r\nbe defined. In soil carbon biology, this is referred to as mean \r\nresidence time."


id: ed81636e011bea35826b51ca910402dd
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 34832
content:
"Last millennium The interval of the Common Era (CE) between \r\n1001 and 2000 CE. Encompasses the Little Ice Age, a roughly defined \r\nperiod characterized by multiple expansions of mountain glaciers\r\nworldwide, the timing of which differs among regions but generally \r\noccurred between 1400 CE and 1900 CE. The last millennium also \r\nmostly encompasses the Medieval Warm Period (also called the \r\nMedieval Climate Anomaly), a roughly defined period of relatively \r\nwarm conditions or other climate excursions such as extensive \r\ndrought, the timing and magnitude of which differ among regions, \r\nbut generally occurred between 900 and 1400 CE. Transient climate \r\nmodel experiments by the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison \r\nProject (PMIP) for the last millennium extend from 850-1849 CE."


id: 40d2ef0e51a84a22d3ad45854e8fe6aa
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
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vector_id: 7582
content:
"Light-absorbing particles Light-absorbing particles (LAP), for \r\nexample, black carbon (BC), brown carbon and dust, are particles \r\nthat absorb solar radiation and convert it into internal energy, thus \r\nraising the particle's temperature and emitting thermal-infrared \r\nradiation that is selectively absorbed by the surrounding medium. \r\nLAP affect the energy balance of the atmosphere and clouds, and \r\nwhen deposited on snow and ice, they reduce snow/ice albedo, \r\nincreasing heating and accelerating melting. These particles have a \r\nwarming effect on climate."


id: 2195cd9a50c9cd863bb19a7ee8db67f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
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vector_id: 2710
content:
"Latent heat flux The turbulent flux of heat from the Earth's \r\nsurface to the atmosphere that is associated with evaporation or \r\ncondensation of water vapour at the surface; a component of the \r\nsurface energy budget. See also Sensible heat flux."


id: 282be7c52c57073e836e3f7079ee828f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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content_type: text
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vector_id: 3728
content:
"Likelihood The chance of a specific outcome occurring, where \r\nthis might be estimated probabilistically. Likelihood is expressed in \r\nthis report using a standard terminology (Mastrandrea et al., 2010).\r\nSee also Agreement, Confidence, Evidence and Uncertainty."


id: 86ba8fbdae99a8373149114a079ff0d7
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 18731
content:
"Lifetime Lifetime is a general term used for various time scales \r\ncharacterizing the rate of processes affecting the concentration of \r\ntrace gases. The following lifetimes may be distinguished:"


id: 80e773d059cb37fa2a07a101bb8d39da
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
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vector_id: 17803
content:
"Lithosphere The upper layer of the solid Earth, both continental \r\nand oceanic, which comprises all crustal rocks and the cold, mainly \r\nelastic part of the uppermost mantle. Volcanic activity, although part \r\nof the lithosphere, is not considered as part of the climate system, but \r\nacts as an external forcing factor."


id: d7cd650e38a6e707cf70e8719fa4deb0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
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vector_id: 31479
content:
"Response time or adjustment time (Ta) is the time scale characterizing \r\nthe decay of an instantaneous pulse input into the reservoir. The term \r\nadjustment time is also used to characterize the adjustment of the \r\nmass of a reservoir following a step change in the source strength. \r\nHalf-life or decay constant is used to quantify a first-order exponential \r\ndecay process. See Response time or adjustment time for a different \r\ndefinition pertinent to climate variations."


id: e21bfcc2d558c06858b48d75a4f0a32b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
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vector_id: 33070
content:
"Livelihood The resources used and the activities undertaken in \r\norder for people to live. Livelihoods are usually determined by the \r\nentitlements and assets to which people have access. Such assets can \r\nbe categorized as human, social, natural, physical or financial."


id: 45c476b71c2bc18fff7ebe5b85b5bcd4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 8371
content:
"Long-lived greenhouse gases (LLGHGs) A set of well-mixed \r\ngreenhouse gases with long atmospheric lifetimes. This set of \r\ncompounds includes carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O), \r\ntogether with some halogenated compounds. They have a warming \r\neffect on climate. These compounds accumulate in the atmosphere at \r\ndecadal to centennial time scales, and their effect on climate hence \r\npersists for decades to centuries after their emission. On time scales \r\nof decades to a century, already emitted emissions of long-lived \r\nclimate forcers can only be abated by greenhouse gas removal."


id: ef994ed13cd8a73820a5c4a9551369da
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 35197
content:
"In simple cases, where the global removal of the compound is directly \r\nproportional to the total mass of the reservoir, the adjustment time \r\nequals the turnover time: T = Ta. An example is CFC-11, which is \r\nremoved from the atmosphere only by photochemical processes in \r\nthe stratosphere. In more complicated cases, where several reservoirs \r\nare involved or where the removal is not proportional to the total \r\nmass, the equality T = Ta no longer holds. "


id: cb291573b9300087e3ab5b4596436387
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
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vector_id: 29519
content:
"Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an extreme example. Its turnover time \r\nis only about 4 years because of the rapid exchange between the \r\natmosphere and the ocean and terrestrial biota. However, a large part \r\nof that CO2 is returned to the atmosphere within a few years. The \r\nadjustment time of CO2 in the atmosphere is determined from the \r\nrates of removal of carbon by a range of processes with time scales \r\nfrom months to hundreds of thousands of years. As a result, 15 to \r\n40% of an emitted CO2 pulse will remain in the atmosphere longer \r\nthan 1,000 years, 10 to 25% will remain about ten thousand years, \r\nand the rest will be removed over several hundred thousand years."


id: 884414e05e090be47e5798deaf5c5063
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 18967
content:
"Low-likelihood, high impact outcomes Outcomes/events \r\nwhose probability of occurrence is low or not well known (as in the \r\ncontext of deep uncertainty) but whose potential impacts on society \r\nand ecosystems could be high. To better inform risk assessment and \r\ndecision-making, such low-likelihood outcomes are considered if \r\nthey are associated with very large consequences and may therefore \r\nconstitute material risks, even though those consequences do not \r\nnecessarily represent the most likely outcome."


id: 969583dd9500f65c8d8989509bee32fc
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 21210
content:
"In the case of methane (CH4 ), the adjustment time is different from \r\nthe turnover time because the removal is mainly through a chemical \r\nreaction with the hydroxyl radical (OH), the concentration of which \r\nitself depends on the CH4 concentration. Therefore, the CH4 removal \r\nrate S is not proportional to its total mass M."


id: 6e717e6f8db19858546ba976cf81a1ed
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
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vector_id: 15000
content:
"Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) The largest mode of \r\ntropical atmospheric intra-seasonal variability with typical periods \r\nranging from 20 to 90 days. The MJO corresponds to planetary\u0002scale disturbances of pressure, wind and deep convection moving \r\npredominantly eastward along the equator. As it progresses, the MJO "


id: cfad56ddd20a351d739367f31e98db0b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 30208
content:
"is associated with the temporal alternation of large-scale enhanced \r\nand suppressed rainfall, with maximum loading over the Indian \r\nand western Pacific oceans, although influences of the MJO can \r\nbe tracked over the Atlantic/Africa in dynamical fields. See Section \r\nAIV.2.8 in Annex IV of the AR6 WGI report."


id: ce4e3b447b2c51b206fbd7973ade6057
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 29987
content:
"Accumulation (of glaciers, ice sheets, or snow cover)\r\nAll processes that add to the mass of a glacier, an ice sheet, or snow \r\ncover. The main process of accumulation is snowfall. Accumulation \r\nalso includes deposition of hoar, freezing rain, other types of solid \r\nprecipitation, gain of wind-blown snow, avalanching, and basal \r\naccumulation (often beneath floating ice)."


id: a77d63bd5f3ee75d3e349285f3296cfa
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 23858
content:
"Maladaptive actions (Maladaptation) Actions that may lead \r\nto increased risk of adverse climate-related outcomes, including via \r\nincreased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, increased vulnerability\r\nto climate change, or diminished welfare, now or in the future. \r\nMaladaptation is usually an unintended consequence."


id: daadbc81ea9b250112dc2ac5b82f149
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 31932
content:
"Rate of the flow of ice through a vertical section of a glacier\r\nperpendicular to the direction of the flow of ice. Often used to refer \r\nto the loss of mass at marine-terminating glacier fronts (mostly \r\ncalving of icebergs and submarine melt), or to mass flowing across \r\nthe grounding line of a floating ice shelf."


id: a165cb3617cc3ba847f627aad2822c97
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
content_type: text
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vector_id: 22954
content:
"Mean sea level The surface level of the ocean at a particular \r\npoint averaged over an extended period of time such as a month \r\nor year. Mean sea level is often used as a national datum to which \r\nheights on land are referred."


id: d4ce68057f82851c850ca1041d63bf70
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:54
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vector_id: 31008
content:
"Marine heatwave A period during which water temperature \r\nis abnormally warm for the time of the year relative to historical \r\ntemperatures, with that extreme warmth persisting for days to \r\nmonths. The phenomenon can manifest in any place in the ocean and \r\nat scales of up to thousands of kilometres. See also Heatwave."


id: 1e0241fdb7dcc8b7f7c9d7c719959177
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
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vector_id: 2155
content:
"Marine ice cliff instability (MICI) A hypothetical mechanism \r\nof an ice cliff failure. In case a marine-terminated ice sheet loses its \r\nbuttressing ice shelf, an ice cliff can be exposed. If the exposed ice \r\ncliff is tall enough (about 800 m of the total height, or about 100 \r\nm of the above-water part), the stresses at the cliff face exceed the \r\nstrength of the ice, and the cliff fails structurally in repeated calving\r\nevents. See also Marine ice sheet instability (MISI)."


id: 8f7dd34574f8eb4096b302126014f478
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 20122
content:
"Meltwater Pulse 1A (MWP-1A) A particular interval of rapid \r\nglobal sea level rise between about 14,700 and 14,300 years \r\nago, associated with the end of the last ice age and attributed to \r\nfreshwater flux to the ocean from accelerated melting of ice sheets\r\nand glaciers. First defined based on oxygen isotope data (Duplessy \r\net al., 1981), and later shown to be reflected by high rates of sea \r\nlevel rise (Fairbanks, 1989). See also Deglacial or deglaciation or \r\nglacial termination."


id: 4d6a3a43ab194c0f91af720a536919a6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
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vector_id: 9615
content:
"Marine ice sheet instability (MISI) A mechanism of \r\nirreversible (on the decadal to centennial time scale) retreat of a \r\ngrounding line for the marine-terminating glaciers, in case the glacier \r\nbed slopes towards the ice sheet interior. See also Marine ice cliff \r\ninstability (MICI)."


id: d688e2f476c5d4a8b1823c87b3ac30db
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
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vector_id: 31264
content:
"Meridional overturning circulation (MOC) Meridional \r\n(north-south) overturning circulation in the ocean quantified by \r\nzonal (east-west) sums of mass transports in depth or density \r\nlayers. In the North Atlantic, away from the subpolar regions, the \r\nMOC (which is in principle an observable quantity) is often identified \r\nwith the thermohaline circulation (THC), which is a conceptual and \r\nincomplete interpretation. The MOC is also driven by wind, and can \r\nalso include shallower overturning cells such as occur in the upper \r\nocean in the tropics and subtropics, in which warm (light) waters \r\nmoving poleward are transformed to slightly denser waters and \r\nsubducted equatorward at deeper levels."


id: 47da48e9a6059df8953b1de098162662
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
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vector_id: 8674
content:
"Marine isotope stage (MIS) Geological periods of alternating \r\nglacial and interglacial conditions, each typically lasting tens of \r\nthousands of years as inferred from the oxygen isotope composition \r\nof microfossils from deep sea sediment cores. MIS numbers \r\nincrease back in time from the present, which is MIS 1. Even\u0002number MISs coincide with glacial periods, and odd-numbered MISs \r\nare interglacials."


id: a5f48366c1e6526aa32b0ec58e717a13
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
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vector_id: 23664
content:
"Marine-based ice sheet An ice sheet containing a substantial \r\nregion that rests on a bed lying below sea level and whose perimeter \r\nis in contact with the ocean. The best known example is the West \r\nAntarctic Ice Sheet."


id: 3218651e0acff5601e5d74c74c6518b0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 5293
content:
"The main current system in the South and North Atlantic Oceans. \r\nAMOC transports warm upper-ocean water northwards and cold, \r\ndeep water southwards, as part of the global ocean circulation system. \r\nChanges in the strength of AMOC can affect other components of the \r\nclimate system."


id: 1b96223dc7443d808a5770efc477364f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 1799
content:
"Mass balance/budget (of glaciers or ice sheets) Difference \r\nbetween the mass input (accumulation) and the mass loss (ablation) \r\nof an ice body (e.g., a glacier or ice sheet) over a stated time period, \r\nwhich is often a year or a season. Surface mass balance refers to the \r\ndifference between surface accumulation and surface ablation."


id: 84eb874bfb5aa9f2d4f652b5888858db
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
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vector_id: 18434
content:
"Methane (CH4) The greenhouse gas methane is the major \r\ncomponent of natural gas and associated with all hydrocarbon fuels. \r\nSignificant anthropogenic emissions also occur as a result of animal \r\nhusbandry and paddy rice production. Methane is also produced \r\nnaturally where organic matter decays under anaerobic conditions, \r\nsuch as in wetlands. Under future global warming, there is potential \r\nfor increased methane emissions from thawing permafrost, wetlands\r\nand sub-sea gas hydrates. See also Short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs)."


id: 9af5121a5215d748ab81b931ef74e3a5
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 21916
content:
"All processes that reduce the mass of a glacier, ice sheet, or snow \r\ncover. The main processes are melting, and for glaciers also calving\r\n(or, when the glacier nourishes an ice shelf, discharge of ice across \r\nthe grounding line), but other processes such as sublimation and loss \r\nof wind-blown snow can also contribute to ablation. Ablation also \r\nrefers to the mass lost by any of these processes."


id: 5d7089d6bad3ead9face39182740ede9
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
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vector_id: 12226
content:
"Microwave sounding unit (MSU) A microwave sounder on \r\nU.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) polar \r\norbiter satellites that estimates the temperature of thick layers of the \r\natmosphere by measuring the thermal emission of oxygen molecules \r\nfrom a complex of emission lines near 60 GHz. A series of nine MSUs \r\nbegan making this kind of measurement in late 1978. Beginning in \r\nmid-1998, a follow-on series of instruments, the Advanced Microwave \r\nSounding Units (AMSUs), began operation."


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created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 6808
content:
"Model spread The range or spread in results from climate models, \r\nsuch as those assembled for Coupled Model Intercomparison Project \r\nPhase 6 (CMIP6). Does not necessarily provide an exhaustive and \r\nformal estimate of the uncertainty in feedbacks, forcing or projections\r\neven when expressed numerically, for example, by computing \r\na standard deviation of the models' responses. In order to quantify \r\nuncertainty, information from observations, physical constraints and \r\nexpert judgement must be combined, using a statistical framework."


id: 303378aad60227838ae199b39accdcfe
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
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vector_id: 5012
content:
"Mineralization/Remineralization The conversion of an \r\nelement from its organic form to an inorganic form as a result \r\nof microbial decomposition. In nitrogen mineralization, organic \r\nnitrogen from decaying plant and animal residues (proteins, nucleic \r\nacids, amino sugars and urea) is converted to ammonia (NH3) and \r\nammonium (NH4\r\n+) by biological activity."


id: 66955c33a30e82190b74f26b64858225
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
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vector_id: 13726
content:
"Mitigation (of climate change) A human intervention to \r\nreduce emissions or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases."


id: cbcc16fc8e9114b55c1bad4fe350eac6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
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vector_id: 29603
content:
"Mitigation potential The quantity of net greenhouse gas\r\nemission reductions that can be achieved by a given mitigation\r\noption relative to specified emission baselines. [Note: Net greenhouse \r\ngas emission reductions is the sum of reduced emissions and/or \r\nenhanced sinks.] See also Sequestration potential."


id: db74697cd2b8d27e4adb29635171a412
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 32043
content:
"The mitigation potential constrained by biological, geophysical and \r\ngeochemical limits and thermodynamics, without taking into account \r\ntechnical, social, economic and/or environmental considerations."


id: e930cc83c83fe49ecdc275471bc48f57
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 34207
content:
"Mole fraction or mixing ratio Mole fraction, or mixing ratio, is \r\nthe ratio of the number of moles of a constituent in a given volume \r\nto the total number of moles of all constituents in that volume. It is \r\nusually reported for dry air. Typical values for well-mixed greenhouse \r\ngases are in the order of mmol mol-1 (parts per million: ppm), nmol \r\nmol-1 (parts per billion: ppb), and fmol mol-1 (parts per trillion: ppt). \r\nMole fraction differs from volume mixing ratio, often expressed in \r\nppmv, etc., by the corrections for non-ideality of gases. This correction \r\nis significant relative to measurement precision for many greenhouse \r\ngases (Schwartz and Warneck, 1995)."


id: 37482c54947f57e5d898ef154d0686ab
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 6084
content:
"The portion of the technical potential for which the social benefits \r\nexceed the social costs, taking into account a social discount rate and \r\nthe value of externalities."


id: cd62bcbe34f7333505bba91580388c0f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
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vector_id: 29859
content:
"The mitigation potential constrained by biogeophysical limits as well as \r\navailability of technologies and practices. Quantification of technical \r\npotentials takes into account primarily technical considerations, \r\nbut social, economic and/or environmental considerations are \r\noccasionally also included, if these represent strong barriers for the \r\ndeployment of an option."


id: fe2d2427906a8ca26b2f524bbd698bf6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 37517
content:
"Montreal Protocol The Montreal Protocol on Substances that \r\nDeplete the Ozone Layer was adopted in Montreal in 1987, and \r\nsubsequently adjusted and amended (including London (1990), \r\nCopenhagen (1992), Vienna (1995), Montreal (1997), Beijing (1999) \r\nand Kigali (2016)). It controls the consumption and production of \r\nchlorine- and bromine-containing chemicals that destroy stratospheric \r\nozone (O3 ), such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), methyl chloroform, \r\ncarbon tetrachloride and many others. Since the Kigali Amendment in \r\n2016, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which were used as alternatives to \r\nozone-depleting substances (ODSs),  have been targeted for a phase\u0002down due to their climate effect as greenhouse gases (GHGs)."


id: d8751ce687edf0dafc7c305b12771828
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 31580
content:
"Model initialization A climate prediction typically proceeds \r\nby integrating a climate model forward in time from an initial state \r\nthat is intended to reflect the actual state of the climate system. \r\nAvailable observations of the climate system are assimilated into the \r\nmodel. Initialization is a complex process that is limited by available \r\nobservations, observational errors and, depending on the procedure \r\nused, may be affected by uncertainty in the history of climate forcing. \r\nThe initial conditions will contain errors that grow as the forecast "


id: ebc91bf971d63ef820b01b1c6594aef9
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 34602
content:
"emissions is generally applied to emissions and removals under \r\ndirect control or territorial responsibility of the reporting entity, \r\nwhile GHG neutrality generally includes anthropogenic emissions \r\nand anthropogenic removals within and beyond the direct control \r\nor territorial responsibility of the reporting entity. Accounting rules \r\nspecified by GHG programmes or schemes can have a significant \r\ninfluence on the quantification of relevant emissions and removals."


id: 689299682d71290cbbf257b9578cc22e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 14042
content:
"Natural systems The dynamic physical, physicochemical  and \r\nbiological components of the Earth system that would operate \r\nindependently of human activities."


id: e52a78845617b64fb29c7410b48ec5dd
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 33549
content:
"Note 2: Under the Paris Rulebook (Decision 18/CMA.1, annex, \r\nparagraph 37), parties have agreed to use GWP100 values from the \r\nIPCC AR5 or GWP100 values from a subsequent IPCC Assessment \r\nReport to report aggregate emissions and removals of GHGs. In \r\naddition, parties may use other metrics to report supplemental \r\ninformation on aggregate emissions and removals of GHGs."


id: 59ebb78c3022281740af6f22886368fd
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 11655
content:
"Negative greenhouse gas emissions Removal of greenhouse \r\ngases (GHGs) from the atmosphere by deliberate human activities, \r\nthat is, in addition to the removal that would occur via natural carbon \r\ncycle or atmospheric chemistry processes. See also Carbon dioxide \r\nremoval (CDR), Net negative greenhouse gas emissions, Net zero CO2\r\nemissions and Net zero greenhouse gas emissions."


id: 7b832baf940a984f17c1c626f08697e1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 17025
content:
"See also Net zero CO2 emissions, Greenhouse gas emission metric\r\nand Greenhouse gas neutrality)."


id: f521a91439f759e61b41d0419b238d0e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 36080
content:
"Net negative greenhouse gas emissions A situation of \r\nnet negative greenhouse gas emissions is achieved when metric\u0002weighted anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) removals exceed \r\nmetric-weighted anthropogenic GHG emissions. Where multiple \r\nGHG are involved, the quantification of net emissions depends on \r\nthe metric chosen to compare emissions of different gases (such as \r\nglobal warming potential, global temperature change potential, and \r\nothers, as well as the chosen time horizon). See also Net zero CO2\r\nemissions, Net zero greenhouse gas emissions, Negative greenhouse \r\ngas emissions, Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and Greenhouse gas \r\nemission metric."


id: c71295eed848c138f79b087c745a930b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 28905
content:
"Nitrogen deposition Nitrogen deposition is defined as the \r\nnitrogen transferred from the atmosphere to the Earth's surface by \r\nthe processes of wet deposition and dry deposition."


id: 1f31f301bdeadb192d93c2847213e2ee
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 2347
content:
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) The main anthropogenic source of N2O, \r\na greenhouse gas (GHG), is agriculture (soil and animal manure \r\nmanagement), but important contributions also come from sewage \r\ntreatment, fossil fuel combustion, and chemical industrial processes. \r\nN2O is also produced naturally from a wide variety of biological \r\nsources in soil and water, particularly microbial action in wet \r\ntropical forests."


id: 17b114c7e62ffde3db0485b66a072465
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 1223
content:
"Non-CO2 emissions and radiative forcing Non-CO2 emissions \r\nincluded in this report are all anthropogenic emissions other than \r\ncarbon dioxide (CO2) that result in radiative forcing. These include \r\nshort-lived climate forcers, such as methane (CH4 ), some fluorinated \r\ngases, ozone (O3 ) precursors, aerosols or aerosol precursors, such as \r\nblack carbon and sulphur dioxide, respectively, as well as long-lived \r\ngreenhouse gases, such as nitrous oxide (N2O) or other fluorinated \r\ngases. The radiative forcing associated with non-CO2 emissions and \r\nchanges in surface albedo (e.g., resulting from land-use change) is \r\nreferred to as non-CO2 radiative forcing."


id: 5ee2ff315b4ad9e31004fbb311e7feb8
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 12474
content:
"Net zero CO2 emissions Condition in which anthropogenic \r\ncarbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are balanced by anthropogenic CO2\r\nremovals over a specified period. "


id: 91347dc355f7a33bfe473a171b1c83ab
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 20384
content:
"Note: Carbon neutrality and net zero CO2 emissions are overlapping \r\nconcepts. The concepts can be applied at global or sub-global scales \r\n(e.g., regional, national and sub-national). At a global scale, the \r\nterms carbon neutrality and net zero CO2 emissions are equivalent. \r\nAt sub-global scales, net zero CO2 emissions is generally applied \r\nto emissions and removals under direct control or territorial \r\nresponsibility of the reporting entity, while carbon neutrality \r\ngenerally includes emissions and removals within and beyond the \r\ndirect control or territorial responsibility of the reporting entity. \r\nAccounting rules specified by GHG programmes or schemes can \r\nhave a significant influence on the quantification of relevant CO2\r\nemissions and removals."


id: 9f52ab91590721bffc1ec0e4c55df780
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 22610
content:
"Non-linearity A process is called non-linear when there is no \r\nsimple proportional relation between cause and effect. The climate \r\nsystem contains many such non-linear processes, resulting in \r\na system with potentially very complex behaviour. Such complexity \r\nmay lead to abrupt climate change and tipping points."


id: 4bcfecdc66644e31e5a6d3ca72003aad
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 9344
content:
"Net zero greenhouse gas emissions Condition in which \r\nmetric-weighted anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions \r\nare balanced by metric-weighted anthropogenic GHG removals over \r\na specified period. The quantification of net zero GHG emissions \r\ndepends on the GHG emission metric chosen to compare emissions \r\nand removals of different gases, as well as the time horizon chosen \r\nfor that metric. "


id: ebc901528da7521ed9c2e09df5c4d122
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 34601
content:
"North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) The leading mode of large\u0002scale atmospheric variability in the North Atlantic basin characterized \r\nby alternating (see-saw) variations in sea level pressure or \r\ngeopotential height between the Azores High in the subtropics and \r\nthe Icelandic Low in the mid- to high latitudes, with some northward \r\nextension deep into the Arctic. It is associated with fluctuations in the \r\nstrength and latitudinal position of the main westerly winds across "


id: ee4be22ef43fa56bbd4d4380124bda15
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 34960
content:
"Note 1: GHG neutrality and net zero GHG emissions are overlapping \r\nconcepts. The concept of net zero GHG emissions can be applied \r\nat global or sub-global scales (e.g., regional, national and sub\u0002national). At a global scale, the terms GHG neutrality and net zero \r\nGHG emissions are equivalent. At sub-global scales, net zero GHG "


id: dd63cf71c4d3ea9952074b057fb8c4c9
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 32329
content:
"from such an experiment as the ratio of the rate of increase of ocean \r\nheat content to the surface temperature change."


id: f4a63789f87459ab50c286df84fd6f1c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 35995
content:
"a vast North Atlantic-Europe domain, and thus with fluctuations in \r\nthe embedded extratropical cyclones and associated frontal systems \r\nleading to strong teleconnection over the entire North Atlantic \r\nadjacent continents. The positive and negative phases of the NAO \r\nshow similar characteristics described for the Northern Annular Mode \r\n(NAM). See Section AIV.2.1 in Annex IV of the AR6 WGI report."


id: bef42696a5f8b09037f52c4b9f1e7af8
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 27599
content:
"Orbital forcing Orbital forcing is the influence of slow, systematic \r\nand predictable changes in orbital parameters (eccentricity, obliquity \r\nand precession of the equinox) on incoming solar radiation\r\n(insolation), especially its latitudinal and seasonal distribution. It is \r\nan external forcing and a key driver of glacial-interglacial cycles."


id: 8fd05a5b216db25ed1c0c79b97d8475f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 20161
content:
"Ocean The interconnected body of saline water that covers 71% of \r\nthe Earth's surface, contains 97% of the Earth's water and provides \r\n99% of the Earth's biologically habitable space. It includes the \r\nArctic, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific and Southern Oceans, as well as their \r\nmarginal seas and coastal waters."


id: f002b176b766f9e82ffe69dd32d34693
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 35268
content:
"Organic aerosol Component of the aerosol that consists of \r\norganic compounds, mainly carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and lesser \r\namounts of other elements."


id: 5af4295bb557aa39b38f80176bc41227
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 11824
content:
"Outgoing longwave radiation Net outgoing radiation in the \r\ninfrared part of the spectrum at the top of the atmosphere."


id: 653719206f4cb07c6db3e863ecfac272
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 13493
content:
"Ocean acidification (OA) A reduction in the pH of the ocean, \r\naccompanied by other chemical changes (primarily in the levels of \r\ncarbonate and bicarbonate ions), over an extended period, typically \r\ndecades or longer, which is caused primarily by uptake of carbon \r\ndioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere, but can also be caused by other \r\nchemical additions or subtractions from the ocean. Anthropogenic\r\nOA refers to the component of pH reduction that is caused by human \r\nactivity (IPCC, 2011, p. 37)."


id: e1f1cbc2f9b5d041b6b82f0971d78d11
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 33043
content:
"Oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) The midwater layer (200-\r\n1000 m) in the open ocean in which oxygen saturation is the lowest \r\nin the ocean. The degree of oxygen depletion depends on the largely \r\nbacterial consumption of organic matter, and the distribution of the \r\nOMZs is influenced by large-scale ocean circulation. In coastal oceans, \r\nOMZs extend to the shelves and may also affect benthic ecosystems."


id: 6697d255d11179fa296959ed7e24c505
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 13730
content:
"Ocean alkalinization/Ocean alkalinity enhancement A \r\nproposed carbon dioxide removal (CDR) method that involves \r\ndeposition of alkaline minerals or their dissociation products at the \r\nocean surface. This increases surface total alkalinity, and may thus \r\nincrease ocean carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake and ameliorate surface \r\nocean acidification. See also Anthropogenic removals."


id: 60ab3fed4e45929b3ecfa27e9eac01
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 12780
content:
"Ozone (O3) The triatomic form of oxygen, and a gaseous \r\natmospheric constituent. In the troposphere, O3 is created both \r\nnaturally and by photochemical reactions involving gases resulting \r\nfrom human activities (e.g., smog). Tropospheric O3 acts as \r\na greenhouse gas (GHG). In the stratosphere, O3 is created by the \r\ninteraction between solar ultraviolet radiation and molecular oxygen \r\n(O2). Stratospheric O3 plays a dominant role in the stratospheric \r\nradiative balance. Its concentration is highest in the ozone layer. See \r\nalso Ground-level ozone, Ozone hole, Ozone-depleting substances \r\n(ODSs), Ozonesonde and Short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs)."


id: fed47862186b0b3063fe16ffd0c5d11c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 37635
content:
"Ocean carbon cycle The ocean carbon cycle is the set of processes \r\nthat exchange carbon between various pools within the ocean, as \r\nwell as between the atmosphere, Earth's interior, cryosphere, and the \r\nsea-floor. See also Carbon cycle."


id: 769e6da5c4b5e73b8b26e0bd8ace12e8
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 16247
content:
"Ocean deoxygenation The loss of oxygen in the ocean. It results \r\nfrom ocean warming, which reduces oxygen solubility and increases \r\noxygen consumption and stratification, thereby reducing the mixing \r\nof oxygen into the ocean interior. Deoxygenation can also be \r\nexacerbated by the addition of excess nutrients in the coastal zone."


id: eefeb2a8c82c117571f821eae1f34436
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 35074
content:
"Ozone layer A layer of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most \r\nof the Sun's ultraviolet radiation. It contains high concentrations of \r\nozone (O3 ) in relation to other parts of the atmosphere, although still \r\nsmall in relation to other gases in the stratosphere. The ozone layer \r\ncontains less than 10 parts per million of ozone, while the average \r\nozone concentration in Earth's atmosphere as a whole is about \r\n0.3 parts per million. The ozone layer is mainly found in the lower \r\nportion of the stratosphere, from approximately 15 to 35 kilometres \r\n(9.3 to 21.7 miles) above Earth, although its thickness varies \r\nseasonally and geographically. See also Ozone hole and Ozone\u0002depleting substances (ODSs)."


id: 2a912acbcfca70733a4f773866e64198
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 4122
content:
"Ocean fertilization A proposed carbon dioxide removal (CDR)\r\nmethod that relies on the deliberate increase of nutrient supply to \r\nthe near-surface ocean with the aim of sequestering additional CO2\r\nfrom the atmosphere through biological production. Methods include \r\ndirect addition of micro-nutrients or macro-nutrients. To be successful, \r\nthe additional carbon needs to reach the deep ocean where it has the \r\npotential to be sequestered on climatically relevant time scales. See \r\nalso Anthropogenic removals and Carbon dioxide removal (CDR)."


id: 6b7e8c65dae828f200baecee66302bce
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 14529
content:
"Ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) Man-made gases that \r\ndestroy ozone (O3 ) once they reach the ozone layer in the stratosphere. \r\nOzone-depleting substances include: chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), \r\nhydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrobromofluorocarbons \r\n(HBFCs), halons, methyl bromide, carbon tetrachloride and methyl \r\nchloroform. They are used as refrigerants in commercial, home and \r\nvehicle air conditioners and refrigerators, foam blowing agents, \r\ncomponents in electrical equipment, industrial solvents, solvents \r\nfor cleaning (including dry cleaning), aerosol spray propellants and \r\nfumigants. See also Ozone layer, Ozone (O3 ) and Stratospheric ozone."


id: b43e5326ba0a0646269c065bbd1e9c3d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 25872
content:
"Ocean heat uptake efficiency This is a measure (W m-2 degC-1) of \r\nthe rate at which heat storage by the global ocean increases as global \r\nsurface temperature rises. It is a useful parameter for climate change \r\nsimulations in which the radiative forcing is changing monotonically, \r\nwhen it can be compared with the climate feedback parameter to \r\ngauge the relative importance of radiative response and ocean heat \r\nuptake in determining the rate of climate change. It can be estimated "


id: 1cf4e3204299ef09f45450545b044dfe
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 2005
content:
"low pressure anomalies stretching from the subtropical west Pacific \r\nto the east coast of North America."


id: 7c56b8f232307e34dacdcb0d2c9dd28
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 17161
content:
"Ozonesonde An ozonesonde is a radiosonde measuring ozone \r\n(O3 ) concentrations. The radiosonde is usually carried on a weather \r\nballoon and transmits measured quantities by radio to a ground\u0002based receiver."


id: b1ce51f85992dce3146dd5aaf837d9e9
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 25479
content:
"Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) The PETM is \r\na transient event that occurred between 55.9 and 55.7 million years \r\nago. Continental positions at this time were somewhat different to \r\npresent due to tectonic plate movements. Geological data indicate \r\nthat the PETM was characterised by a warming (global mean surface \r\ntemperature rose to about 4degC-7degC warmer than the preceding mean \r\nstate), and an increase in atmospheric CO2 (from about 900 to about \r\n2000 ppmv). In addition, ocean pH and oxygen content decreased; \r\nmany deep-sea species went extinct and tropical coral reefs diminished."


id: 29121a2e361aae459b34a4da89983e5c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 3885
content:
"Paleoclimate Climate during periods prior to the development \r\nof measuring instruments, including historic and geologic time, for \r\nwhich only proxy climate records are available."


id: 571bdcbca3650eff9c5846934dcd68b1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 11187
content:
"Parameterization In climate models, this term refers to the \r\ntechnique of representing processes that cannot be explicitly \r\nresolved at the spatial or temporal resolution of the model (sub-grid \r\nscale processes) by relationships between model-resolved larger\u0002scale variables and the area- or time-averaged effect of such sub-grid \r\nscale processes."


id: f012b9a82f884c7dc43cc3403e1bfb15
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 35278
content:
"Pathways The temporal evolution of natural and/or human \r\nsystems towards a future state. Pathway concepts range from sets \r\nof quantitative and qualitative scenarios or narratives of potential \r\nfutures to solution-oriented decision-making processes to achieve \r\ndesirable societal goals. Pathway approaches typically focus on \r\nbiophysical, techno-economic, and/or socio-behavioural trajectories \r\nand involve various dynamics, goals, and actors across different \r\nscales. See also Scenario and Scenario storyline (under Storyline)."


id: 364904c182c9a1d5ce5883591c0ba238
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 5935
content:
"An equatorially symmetric pattern of sea surface temperature\r\nvariability at decadal-to-inter-decadal time scales. While the Pacific \r\nDecadal Oscillation (PDO) and its South Pacific counterpart, the \r\nSouth Pacific Decadal Oscillation (SPDO), are considered as physically \r\ndistinct modes, the tropical Pacific decadal-inter-decadal variability \r\ncan drive both the PDO and SPDO, forming the IPO as a synchronized \r\npan-Pacific variability. Its spatial pattern of sea surface temperature \r\nanomalies is similar to that of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation \r\n(ENSO), but with a broader meridional extent in the tropical signal \r\nand more weights in the extratropics compared to the tropics. In \r\nthe AR6 WGI report, it is encapsulated within the definition and \r\ndescription of Pacific Decadal Variability (PDV). See also Section \r\nAIV.2.6 in Annex IV of the AR6 WGI report."


id: 4d245e479794add05177b85e4a37a5b6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 9566
content:
"A pathway of emissions of greenhouse gases and other climate \r\nforcers that provides an approximately one-in-two to two-in-three \r\nchance, given current knowledge of the climate response, of global \r\nwarming either remaining below 1.5degC or returning to 1.5degC by \r\naround 2100 following an overshoot."


id: ef75d7ee73724ac0065c97b2ded7270
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 35160
content:
"A temporal evolution of a set of  mitigation scenario  features, such \r\nas greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and socio-economic development."


id: 56c0328d0be7239eae65c6291ed051ce
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 11123
content:
"The leading mode of variability obtained from decomposition in \r\nempirical orthogonal function of sea surface temperature over the \r\nNorth Pacific north of 20degN, and characterized by a strong decadal \r\ncomponent. The positive phase of the PDO features a dipole of sea \r\nsurface temperature anomalies in the North Pacific, with a cold lobe \r\nnear the centre of the basin and extending westward along the \r\nKuroshio, encircled by warmer conditions along the coast of North \r\nAmerica and in the subtropics. A positive PDO is accompanied by \r\nan intensified Aleutian Low and an associated cyclonic circulation \r\nenhancement leading to teleconnections over the continents adjacent \r\nto the North Pacific. In the AR6 WGI report, the PDO is encapsulated \r\nwithin the definition and description of Pacific Decadal Variability \r\n(PDV). See also Section AIV.2.6 in Annex IV of the AR6 WGI report."


id: 444b2b787f21f0122bc023c6de77837e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 8169
content:
"Pathways that stay below a specified concentration, forcing, or global \r\nwarming level during a specified period of time (e.g., until 2100)."


id: e4a57951d702a1c34c7458237b2fa71e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 33449
content:
"Pathways that first exceed a specified concentration, forcing, or global \r\nwarming level, and then return to or below that level again before \r\nthe end of a specified period of time (e.g., before 2100). Sometimes \r\nthe magnitude and likelihood of the overshoot is also characterized. \r\nThe overshoot duration can vary from one pathway to the next, \r\nbut in most overshoot pathways in the literature and referred to as \r\novershoot pathways in the AR6, the overshoot occurs over a period \r\nof at least one decade and up to several decades."


id: bf497f43ba7694db36f64eb8a963c33c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 27646
content:
"within an integrated assessment model. Those SSP scenarios are \r\nbare of climate policy assumption, but in combination with so\u0002called shared policy assumptions (SPAs), various approximate \r\nradiative forcing levels of 1.9, 2.6, ..., or 8.5 W m-2 are reached by \r\nthe end of the century, respectively."


id: 89a695a761daf3b2166a6ac69ffc0c47
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
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vector_id: 19191
content:
"Scenarios that include time series of emissions and concentrations \r\nof the full suite of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and aerosols and \r\nchemically active gases, as well as land use/land cover (Moss et \r\nal., 2010). The word representative signifies that each RCP provides \r\nonly one of many possible scenarios that would lead to the specific \r\nradiative forcing characteristics. The term pathway emphasises \r\nthat not only the long-term concentration levels are of interest, but \r\nalso the trajectory taken over time to reach that outcome (Moss et \r\nal., 2010)."


id: 579d83d659e9290db42a4374c4fa204b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 11280
content:
"Pattern scaling Techniques used to represent the spatial \r\nvariations in climate at a given increase in global mean surface air \r\ntemperature (GSAT) are referred to as 'pattern scaling'."


id: e404c5c4c17af87110b890157f5863c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 33353
content:
"Peat Soft, porous or compressed, sedimentary deposit of which \r\na substantial portion is partly decomposed plant material with high \r\nwater content in the natural state (up to about 90%)."


id: db568fbaacbe05ec91692e906a2ece8a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
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vector_id: 32015
content:
"RCPs usually refer to the portion of the concentration pathway \r\nextending up to 2100, for which integrated assessment models\r\nproduced corresponding emission scenarios. Extended concentration \r\npathways describe extensions of the RCPs from 2100 to 2300 \r\nthat were calculated using simple rules generated by stakeholder \r\nconsultations, and do not represent fully consistent scenarios. Four \r\nRCPs produced from integrated assessment models were selected \r\nfrom the published literature and used in the Fifth IPCC Assessment, \r\nand are also used in this Assessment for comparison, spanning \r\nthe range from approximately below 2degC warming to high (>4degC) \r\nwarming best-estimates by the end of the 21st century: RCP2.6, \r\nRCP4.5 and RCP6.0 and RCP8.5."


id: e4712d173f4fdb299d28491c55b93b70
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 33421
content:
"Percentile A partition value in a population distribution that \r\na given percentage of the data values are below or equal to. The 50th \r\npercentile corresponds to the median of the population. Percentiles \r\nare often used to estimate the extremes of a distribution. For example, \r\nthe 90th (10th) percentile may be used to refer to the threshold for \r\nthe upper (lower) extremes."


id: c3d15a0dfeb787eaf999ba31f025a211
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 28375
content:
"Permafrost Ground (soil or rock, and included ice and organic \r\nmaterial) that remains at or below 0degC for at least two consecutive \r\nyears (Harris et al., 1988). Note that permafrost is defined via \r\ntemperature rather than ice content and, in some instances, may \r\nbe ice-free."


id: 783241e2ab04891a08bab97ca6098fac
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 16477
content:
"Permafrost within about 3-4 m of the ground surface. The depth \r\nis not precise, but describes what commonly is highly relevant for \r\npeople and ecosystems. Deeper permafrost is often progressively \r\nless ice-rich and responds more slowly to warming than near-surface \r\npermafrost. The presence or absence of near-surface permafrost is \r\nnot the only significant metric of permafrost change, and deeper \r\npermafrost may persist when near-surface permafrost is absent."


id: 46d8ee662100c5efe88022165336a6c3
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 8530
content:
"See also Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) and Shared \r\nSocio-economic Pathways (SSPs) (under Pathways)."


id: 210cf5ca19f0e7ef1432f6f1bf243f21
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 2636
content:
"Progressive loss of ground ice in permafrost, usually due to input of \r\nheat. Thaw can occur over decades to centuries over the entire depth \r\nof permafrost ground, with impacts occurring while thaw progresses. \r\nDuring thaw, temperature fluctuations are subdued because energy \r\nis transferred by phase change between ice and water. After the \r\ntransition from permafrost to non-permafrost, ground can be \r\ndescribed as thawed."


id: 50f8231cb3eb32d39b3556ec9a26f462
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 10188
content:
"pH A dimensionless measure of the acidity of a dilute solution \r\n(e.g., seawater) based on the activity, or effective concentration, of \r\nhydrogen ions (H+) in the solution. pH is measured on a logarithmic \r\nscale where pH = -log10(H+). Thus, a pH decrease of 1 unit corresponds \r\nto a 10-fold increase in the acidity, or the activity of H+."


id: 66e952d626aff3bb48e4d7745e66a8bd
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 13782
content:
"Phenology The relationship between biological phenomena that \r\nrecur periodically (e.g., development stages, migration) and climate\r\nand seasonal changes."


id: 8b7bbecad8d42556ec7c6e7c049b6e84
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 19463
content:
"expressed in terms of the height of the water if completely condensed \r\nand collected in a vessel of the same unit cross section."


id: 381994b22815c39fb42af62115243157
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 6196
content:
"Photosynthesis The production of carbohydrates in plants, algae \r\nand some bacteria using the energy of light. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is \r\nused as the carbon source."


id: e89dfc38f2eba26e53b2dec2c17389f0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 34110
content:
"Precursors Atmospheric compounds that are not greenhouse \r\ngases (GHGs) or aerosols, but that have an effect on GHG or aerosol \r\nconcentrations by taking part in physical or chemical processes \r\nregulating their production or destruction rates."


id: aee3801455f8fe2ecafa5701ace47715
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 25051
content:
"Plankton Free-floating organisms living in the upper layers \r\nof aquatic systems. Their distribution and migration are primarily \r\ndetermined by water currents. A distinction is made between \r\nphytoplankton, which depend on photosynthesis for their energy \r\nsupply, and zooplankton, which feed on phytoplankton, other \r\nzooplankton, and bacterioplankton."


id: 6ffb842c98c53f2400c43a2801aff7aa
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 15232
content:
"Predictability The extent to which future states of a system \r\nmay be predicted based on knowledge of current and past states \r\nof the system. Because knowledge of the climate system's past and \r\ncurrent states is generally imperfect, as are the models that utilize \r\nthis knowledge to produce a climate prediction, and because the \r\nclimate system is inherently non-linear and chaotic, predictability of \r\nthe climate system is inherently limited. Even with arbitrarily accurate \r\nmodels and observations, there may still be limits to the predictability \r\nof such a non-linear system (AMS, 2021). See also Climate prediction\r\nand Prediction quality/skill."


id: f4533c10fc4e3bc388d7419f554ca6b9
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 35947
content:
"Plant evaporative stress Plant evaporative stress in both \r\ncrops and natural vegetation can result from the combination of \r\na high atmospheric evaporative demand and limited available water \r\nto supply this demand by means of evapotranspiration, further \r\nenhancing agricultural and ecological drought."


id: b19f494506a17110e16557bd1714eed7
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 25445
content:
"Prediction quality/skill Measures of the success of a prediction \r\nagainst observationally based information. No single measure can \r\nsummarize all aspects of forecast quality, and a suite of metrics is \r\nconsidered. Metrics will differ for forecasts given in deterministic and \r\nprobabilistic form. See also Climate prediction and Predictability."


id: 1f117171ee9415765ee573e3d523ff0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 2329
content:
"Pleistocene The Pleistocene Epoch is the earlier of two epochs in \r\nthe Quaternary System, extending from 2.59 Ma to the beginning of \r\nthe Holocene at approximately 11.7 ka."


id: 59178ba05683ed81cdd9b478ceb0e153
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 11512
content:
"Pliocene The Pliocene Epoch is the more recent of two epochs of \r\nthe Neogene Period within the Cenozoic Era. It extends from 5.33 Ma \r\nto the beginning of the Pleistocene Epoch at 2.59 Ma. The Neogene \r\nPeriod precedes the current geological period, the Quaternary Period, \r\nwhich is one of several ice ages that have occurred during Earth's \r\ngeological history. It encompasses the mid-Pliocene warm period \r\n(MPWP), also known as the Piacenzian warm period, which occurred \r\nfrom approximately 3.3 to 3.0 Ma. The MPWP, in turn, encompasses \r\nthe interglacial episode, marine isotope stage (MIS) KM5c, which \r\npeaked at 3.205 Ma, when orbital forcing was similar to modern \r\n(Haywood et al., 2016)."


id: 37dd18966cbd374f5dcfcd5c52025575
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 6164
content:
"Primary production The synthesis of organic compounds \r\nby plants and microbes, on land or in the ocean, primarily by \r\nphotosynthesis using light and carbon dioxide (CO2) as sources \r\nof energy and carbon respectively. It can also occur through \r\nchemosynthesis, using chemical energy, for example, in deep \r\nsea vents."


id: b9ee2e093ef0f1f2ba01c72b3123b857
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 26792
content:
"Gross primary production (GPP)\r\nThe total amount of carbon fixed by photosynthesis over a specified \r\ntime period."


id: c70c44bb03508cc2515eb622cdf29217
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 28898
content:
"Polar amplification Polar amplification describes the \r\nphenomenon where surface temperature change at high latitudes \r\nexceeds the global average surface temperature change. The terms \r\nArctic amplification or Antarctic amplification are used when \r\ndescribing the phenomenon occurring at one of the poles."


id: e12e58497d67c57d0bac3216429806da
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 32926
content:
"The amount of carbon fixed by photosynthesis minus the amount lost \r\nby respiration over a specified time period."


id: e988579a6c14ce51ae8ce0814bb4df6f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 34251
content:
"Probability density function (PDF) A probability density \r\nfunction is a function that indicates the relative chances of occurrence \r\nof different outcomes of a variable. The function integrates to unity \r\nover the domain for which it is defined and has the property that \r\nthe integral over a sub-domain equals the probability that the \r\noutcome of the variable lies within that sub-domain. For example, \r\nthe probability that a temperature anomaly defined in a particular \r\nway is greater than zero is obtained from its PDF by integrating \r\nthe PDF over all possible temperature anomalies greater than zero. \r\nProbability density functions that describe two or more variables \r\nsimultaneously are similarly defined."


id: 63f6ed4cf390b6b4aeeb35cfb4c48668
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 13296
content:
"Pollen analysis A technique of both relative dating and \r\nenvironmental reconstruction, consisting of the identification \r\nand counting of pollen types preserved in peat, lake sediments and \r\nother deposits."


id: af164910c8bbeb3e42baf5d9d4459b79
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 25076
content:
"Pool, carbon and nitrogen A  reservoir  in the Earth system \r\nwhere elements, such as carbon and nitrogen, reside in various \r\nchemical forms for a period of time. See also Reservoir, Sequestration, \r\nSequestration potential, Sink, Source and Uptake."


id: d89f3887cdc426cc0e224164a813b7aa
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 31594
content:
"Process-based model Theoretical concepts and computational \r\nmethods that represent and simulate the behaviour of real-world \r\nsystems derived from a set of functional components and their \r\ninteractions with each other and the system environment, through \r\nphysical and mechanistic processes occurring over time."


id: ae4fbcbebb7a2e2c82ee51eff3ddcac7
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 24953
content:
"Pre-industrial (period) The multi-century period prior to the \r\nonset of large-scale industrial activity around 1750. The reference \r\nperiod 1850-1900 is used to approximate pre-industrial global mean \r\nsurface temperature (GMST). See also Industrial revolution."


id: f0b9d07f11d0b62c2401ec58d9410bd7
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 35369
content:
"Projection A potential future evolution of a quantity or set of \r\nquantities, often computed with the aid of a model. Unlike predictions, \r\nprojections are conditional on assumptions concerning, for example, \r\nfuture socio-economic and technological developments that may "


id: 656082e4bba64a33d20ef891851e11f8
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 13525
content:
"Precipitable water The total amount of atmospheric water \r\nvapour in a vertical column of unit cross-sectional area. It is commonly "


id: 1c5be56da01b869d2906e83b33e22ffc
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 1914
content:
"system that occur in operational analyses. Although continuity is \r\nimproved, global reanalyses still suffer from changing coverage and \r\nbiases in the observing systems."


id: ecd59dd01d726cad836e6cb81e7e497b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 34742
content:
"Proxy A proxy climate indicator is any biophysical property of \r\nmaterials formed during the past that is interpreted to represent \r\nsome combination of climate-related variations back in time. \r\nClimate-related data derived in this way are referred to as proxy data, \r\nand time series of proxy data are proxy records. Examples of proxy \r\ntypes include pollen assemblages, tree ring widths, speleothem and \r\ncoral geochemistry, and various data derived from marine sediments \r\nand glacier ice. Proxy data can be calibrated to provide quantitative \r\nclimate information."


id: 69b28d62cc57a86277ef6fa15e2b83f5
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 14225
content:
"Reasons for concern (RFCs) Elements of a classification \r\nframework, first developed in the IPCC Third Assessment Report, \r\nwhich aims to facilitate judgements about what level of climate \r\nchange may be dangerous (in the language of Article 2 of the \r\nUNFCCC; UNFCCC, 1992) by aggregating risks from various sectors, \r\nconsidering hazards, exposures, vulnerabilities, capacities to adapt, \r\nand the resulting impacts."


id: 4bd53b7f7959ab5f07bb323efae19d4b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 9349
content:
"Reconstruction (of climate variable) Approach to \r\nreconstructing the past temporal and spatial characteristics \r\nof a  climate variable from predictors. The predictors can be \r\ninstrumental data if the reconstruction is used to infill missing data \r\nor proxy data if it is used to develop paleoclimate reconstructions. \r\nVarious techniques have been developed for this purpose: linear \r\nmultivariate regression-based methods and non-linear Bayesian \r\nand analogue methods."


id: 480904fbf83cc9750efa0884417d8ad0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 8710
content:
"Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) A near-periodic oscillation of \r\nthe equatorial zonal wind between easterlies and westerlies in the \r\ntropical stratosphere with a mean period of around 28 months. The \r\nalternating wind maxima descend from the base of the mesosphere \r\ndown to the tropopause and are driven by wave energy that \r\npropagates up from the troposphere."


id: 2df9155785d85fa854a6ed56c8bc6d85
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 4665
content:
"Reference period A time period of interest, or a period over \r\nwhich some relevant statistics are calculated. A reference period can \r\nbe used as a baseline period or as a comparison to a baseline period. "


id: 3014bf221994b2224c15706cf8262c41
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 4992
content:
"Quaternary The Quaternary Period is the last of three periods that \r\nmake up the Cenozoic Era (66 Ma to present), extending from 2.58 Ma \r\nto the present, and includes the Pleistocene and Holocene Epochs."


id: 8666a8afb385d121e8f818f6c4e81d66
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 18689
content:
"Radiative forcing The change in the net, downward minus \r\nupward, radiative flux (expressed in W m-2) due to a change in \r\nan external driver of climate change, such as a change in the \r\nconcentration of carbon dioxide (CO2), the concentration of volcanic \r\naerosols or the output of the Sun. The stratospherically adjusted \r\nradiative forcing is computed with all tropospheric properties held \r\nfixed at their unperturbed values, and after allowing for stratospheric \r\ntemperatures, if perturbed, to readjust to radiative-dynamical \r\nequilibrium. Radiative forcing is called instantaneous if no change in \r\nstratospheric temperature is accounted for. The radiative forcing once \r\nboth stratospheric and tropospheric adjustments are accounted for is \r\ntermed the effective radiative forcing."


id: 7ad04ca733be75d63975b916a279a03c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 16912
content:
"A time period against which differences are calculated (e.g., expressed \r\nas anomalies relative to a baseline). "


id: 9b4ef2b428a28baf1418f4d3c62d90b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 21979
content:
"Reforestation Conversion to forest of land that has previously \r\ncontained forests but that has been converted to some other use. \r\n[Note: For a discussion of the term forest and related terms such \r\nas afforestation, reforestation and deforestation, see the 2006 \r\nIPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and \r\ntheir 2019 Refinement, and information provided by the United \r\nNations Framework Convention on Climate Change (IPCC, 2006, \r\n2019; UNFCCC, 2021a, b).] See also Afforestation, Deforestation, \r\nAnthropogenic removals and Carbon dioxide removal (CDR)."


id: 184a12e67d1ec38f66e1042d17b1fc
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 1312
content:
"Radiative response (of the climate system) The net top-of\u0002atmosphere radiative flux that opposes a change in radiative forcing\r\nas a result of climate feedbacks. Typical units: W m-2. See also Earth's \r\nenergy budget and Climate feedback parameter."


id: c68daf16e33eaca897d02d293779ebe5
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 28804
content:
"Region Land and/or ocean area characterized by specific \r\ngeographical and/or climatological features. The climate of a region \r\nemerges from a multi-scale combination of its own features, remote \r\ninfluences from other regions, and global climate conditions."


id: 471c7f1bc97d3229f95d1e5854b70239
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 8569
content:
"Rapid dynamical change (of glaciers or ice sheets) Changes \r\nin glacier or ice sheet mass controlled by changes in flow speed and \r\ndischarge rather than by accumulation or ablation. This can result in \r\na rate of mass change larger than that due to any imbalance between \r\naccumulation and ablation. Rapid dynamical change may be initiated \r\nby a climatic trigger, such as incursion of warm ocean water beneath \r\nan ice shelf, or thinning of a grounded tide-water terminus, which \r\nmay lead to reactions within the glacier system that may result in \r\nrapid ice loss."


id: 5dd9930ac84f12d411abf72d4c5f3650
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 12300
content:
"Regional climate model (RCM) A climate model at higher \r\nresolution over a limited area. Such models are used in downscaling\r\nglobal climate results over specific regional domains."


id: 697fbca56b30b485a6ddc0b27ff22b61
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 14194
content:
"Relative humidity The ratio of actual water vapour pressure to \r\nthat at saturation with respect to liquid water or ice at the same \r\ntemperature. See also Specific humidity."


id: f1500b5d9b6756a0020fd56e7bf10048
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 35467
content:
"Reanalysis Reanalyses are created by processing past \r\nmeteorological or oceanographic data using fixed state-of-the\u0002art weather forecasting or ocean circulation models with data \r\nassimilation techniques. They are used to provide estimates of \r\nvariables such as historical atmospheric temperature and wind or \r\noceanographic temperature and currents, and other quantities. Using \r\nfixed data assimilation avoids effects from the changing analysis "


id: 9806afe3faa55b1de25b930ffb87066
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 21430
content:
"and vulnerability of the affected human or ecological system to the \r\nhazards. Hazards, exposure and vulnerability may each be subject \r\nto uncertainty in terms of magnitude and likelihood of occurrence, \r\nand each may change over time and space due to socio-economic \r\nchanges and human decision-making (see also risk management, \r\nadaptation and mitigation)."


id: d53656fae8c923b878a53d09b7b3e3f6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 31074
content:
"Reservoir A component or components of the climate system\r\nwhere a greenhouse gas (GHG) or a precursor of a greenhouse gas is \r\nstored (UNFCCC Article 1.7 (UNFCCC, 1992)). See also Pool, carbon \r\nand nitrogen, Sequestration, Sequestration potential, Sink, Source \r\nand Uptake."


id: 3168017f37dbf68645e62c26f29c2134
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 5189
content:
"Resilience The capacity of interconnected social, economic \r\nand ecological systems to cope with a hazardous event, trend or \r\ndisturbance, responding or reorganizing in ways that maintain their \r\nessential function, identity and structure. Resilience is a positive \r\nattribute when it maintains capacity for adaptation, learning and/\r\nor transformation (Arctic Council, 2016). See also Hazard, Risk\r\nand Vulnerability."


id: e4ae4268b18c7d748459b27d699f7a94
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 33454
content:
"In the context of climate change responses, risks result from the \r\npotential for such responses not achieving the intended objective(s), \r\nor from potential trade-offs with, or negative side-effects on, other \r\nsocietal objectives, such as the Sustainable Development Goals \r\n(SDGs) (see also risk trade-off). Risks can arise, for example, from \r\nuncertainty in implementation, effectiveness or outcomes of climate \r\npolicy, climate-related investments, technology development or \r\nadoption, and system transitions. See also Hazard and Impacts \r\n(consequences, outcomes)."


id: 4c9d212c4ee27cbe5056cc98d38b0aa4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 9482
content:
"Resolution In climate models, this term refers to the physical \r\ndistance (metres or degrees) between each point on the grid used to \r\ncompute the equations. Temporal resolution refers to the time step \r\nor time elapsed between each model computation of the equations."


id: e466b993de6b94aab685ec1f3c7db16d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 33415
content:
"Risk assessment The qualitative and/or quantitative scientific \r\nestimation of risks. See also Risk management and Risk perception."


id: 478fd98b49d4a5d77662dba9523d83bb
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 8647
content:
"Respiration The process whereby living organisms convert \r\norganic matter to carbon dioxide (CO2), releasing energy and \r\nconsuming molecular oxygen."


id: 108347e62a749cde7722d77247cc0e47
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 81
content:
"Risk framework A common framework for describing and \r\nassessing risk across all three Working Groups is adopted to promote \r\nclear and consistent communication of risks and to better inform risk \r\nassessment and decision-making related to climate change."


id: 3e34affcda199c4f002dc7832ab1d151
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 7157
content:
"Response time or adjustment time In the context of climate\r\nvariations, the response time or adjustment time is the time needed \r\nfor the climate system or its components to re-equilibrate to a new \r\nstate, following a forcing resulting from external processes. It is \r\nvery different for various components of the climate system. The \r\nresponse time of the troposphere is relatively short, from days to \r\nweeks, whereas the stratosphere reaches equilibrium on a time \r\nscale of typically a few months. Due to their large heat capacity, \r\nthe oceans have a much longer response time: typically decades, \r\nbut up to centuries or millennia. The response time of the strongly \r\ncoupled surface-troposphere system is, therefore, slow compared \r\nto that of the stratosphere, and mainly determined by the oceans. \r\nThe biosphere may respond quickly (e.g., to droughts), but also very \r\nslowly to imposed changes. "


id: 81f6857376a9ee12a8deac2f77548cc
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 17969
content:
"Risk management Plans, actions, strategies or policies to reduce \r\nthe likelihood and/or magnitude of adverse potential consequences, \r\nbased on assessed or perceived risks. See also Risk assessment\r\nand Risk perception."


id: 560eb0511fc66b040ffdce6fb6eade91
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 11031
content:
"Risk perception The subjective judgement that people make \r\nabout the characteristics and severity of a risk. See also Risk \r\nassessment and Risk management."


id: 591e073be55f3786af068a6146120cd6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 11518
content:
"Risk trade-off The change in the portfolio of risks that occurs when \r\na countervailing risk is generated (knowingly or inadvertently) by an \r\nintervention to reduce the target risk (Wiener and Graham, 2009)."


id: 4ef9116f9ba0f5a7b8f8d3a8ce84e8e2
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 9866
content:
"In the context of lifetimes, response time or adjustment time (Ta) is \r\nthe time scale characterizing the decay of an instantaneous pulse \r\ninput into the reservoir. See Response time or adjustment time (Ta )\r\nunder Lifetime."


id: b624db861eba9a2b8e2479d012239fd6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 26185
content:
"Rock glacier A debris landform (mass of rock fragments and finer \r\nmaterial that contains either an ice core or an ice-cemented matrix) \r\ngenerated by a former or current gravity-driven creep of permafrost\r\nin mountain slopes (Harris et al., 1988; Giardino et al., 2011; IPA-RG, \r\n2020). It is detectable in the landscape due to the occurrence of (i) \r\na steep slope delimiting the terminal part, (ii) generally well-defined \r\nlateral margins in a continuation of the front, and (iii) transversal \r\nor longitudinal ridges and furrows (ridge and furrow topography). \r\nThese are geomorphological indicators of the occurrence of \r\npermafrost conditions. Although it is an ice storage feature, it is not \r\na type of glacier since it does not originate at the surface by the \r\nrecrystallization of snow."


id: ed04396904369a68e2b2add8e6b41f48
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 34767
content:
"Return period An estimate of the average time interval between \r\noccurrences of an event (e.g., flood or extreme rainfall) of (or below/\r\nabove) a defined size or intensity."


id: 876ed3c9196516a866ff67facf1bc09a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 18848
content:
"Return value The highest (or, alternatively, lowest) value of \r\na given variable, on average occurring once in a given period of time \r\n(e.g., in 10 years)."


id: 24e43fba069f75085b746380dbc060ce
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 3249
content:
"Risk The potential for adverse consequences for human or \r\necological systems, recognizing the diversity of values and objectives \r\nassociated with such systems. In the context of climate change, \r\nrisks can arise from potential impacts of climate change as well as \r\nhuman responses to climate change. Relevant adverse consequences \r\ninclude those on lives, livelihoods, health and well-being, economic, \r\nsocial and cultural assets and investments, infrastructure, services \r\n(including ecosystem services), ecosystems and species."


id: 65d3069a0fb63ccfdde5a2f39aed0a53
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 13602
content:
"Runoff The flow of water over the surface or through the \r\nsubsurface, which typically originates from the part of liquid \r\nprecipitation and/or snow/ice melt that does not evaporate, transpire \r\nor refreeze, and returns to water bodies."


id: 66114943a73becfa972b66b415a07850
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 13648
content:
"Scenario A plausible description of how the future may develop \r\nbased on a coherent and internally consistent set of assumptions \r\nabout key driving forces (e.g., rate of technological change (TC), "


id: a67e5de7b96e11af76f7e624a4053c8a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 23723
content:
"assuming no anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (climate \r\nchange attribution) or no climate change (impact attribution).]"


id: d349201342f45e7a168a5decf18a9ed9
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 30770
content:
"prices) and relationships. Note that scenarios are neither predictions \r\nnor forecasts, but are used to provide a view of the implications of \r\ndevelopments and actions. See also Pathways and Scenario storyline\r\n(under Storyline)."


id: 2d12f8006d1ae97323e75fa12c04d1bb
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 4533
content:
"A scenario that describes a plausible future in terms of population, \r\ngross domestic product (GDP), and other socio-economic factors \r\nrelevant to understanding the implications of climate change."


id: f192f136d18c4dfb9e0395325d41125f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 35511
content:
"A plausible representation of the future development of atmospheric \r\nconcentrations of substances that are radiatively active (e.g., \r\ngreenhouse gases (GHGs), aerosols, tropospheric ozone), plus \r\nhuman-induced land-cover changes that can be radiatively active \r\nvia albedo changes, and often used as input to a climate model to \r\ncompute climate projections."


id: 3cdd5710a3b184367c957c02923f1f1b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 6940
content:
"Sea ice Ice found at the sea surface that has originated from \r\nthe freezing of seawater. Sea ice may be discontinuous pieces (ice \r\nfloes) moved on the ocean surface by wind and currents (pack ice), \r\nor a motionless sheet attached to the coast (land-fast ice). Sea ice \r\nconcentration is the fraction of the ocean covered by ice. Sea ice less \r\nthan one year old is called first-year ice. Perennial ice is sea ice that \r\nsurvives at least one summer. It may be subdivided into second-year \r\nice and multi-year ice, where multi-year ice has survived at least \r\ntwo summers."


id: 85e5e35c20b477f27a1e7d8f8f321560
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
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vector_id: 18610
content:
"A plausible representation of the future development of emissions of \r\nsubstances that are radiatively active (e.g., greenhouse gases (GHGs) \r\nor aerosols), plus human-induced land-cover changes that can be \r\nradiatively active via albedo changes, based on a coherent and \r\ninternally consistent set of assumptions about driving forces (such \r\nas demographic and socio-economic development, technological \r\nchange, energy and land use) and their key relationships. \r\nConcentration scenarios, derived from emission scenarios, are often \r\nused as input to a climate model to compute climate projections."


id: 70be7d14a1821c49a7ec23b075f9a068
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 15362
content:
"Sea ice area is the area covered by sea ice. In contrast to sea ice \r\nextent, it is a linear measure of sea ice coverage that does not depend \r\non grid resolution."


id: fb88d1a0393ca3159803808930e78fbb
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 37075
content:
"Sea ice extent (SIE) Sea ice extent is calculated for gridded data \r\nproducts as the total area of all grid cells with sea ice concentration\r\nabove a given threshold, usually 15 %. It hence is a grid-dependent, \r\nnon-linear measure of sea ice coverage."


id: 8efeefae7211357572bca359beeb35ea
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 20036
content:
"A plausible description of the future that describes how the (studied) \r\nsystem responds to the implementation of mitigation policies and \r\nmeasures."


id: 9d5eb79c054ce0c1b0b890ccac3d535
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 22286
content:
"[Note 1: In many types of climate change research, reference \r\nscenarios reflect specific assumptions about patterns of socio\u0002economic development and may represent futures that assume \r\nno climate policies or specified climate policies, for example those \r\nin place or planned at the time a study is carried out. Reference \r\nscenarios may also represent futures with limited or no climate \r\nimpacts or adaptation, to serve as a point of comparison for futures \r\nwith impacts and adaptation. These are also referred to as baseline \r\nscenarios in the literature."


id: b1c31e8f85e13b4705950e57c89f4b0f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 25460
content:
"Note 2: Reference scenarios can also be climate policy or impact \r\nscenarios, which in that case are taken as a point of comparison \r\nto explore the implications of other features, for example, of delay, \r\ntechnological options, policy design and strategy or to explore \r\nthe effects of additional impacts and adaptation beyond those \r\nrepresented in the reference scenario."


id: d361d898a58b46fadbc11b0201b14e7d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
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vector_id: 30780
content:
"Note 3: The term business as usual scenario has been used to describe \r\na scenario that assumes no additional policies beyond those currently \r\nin place and that patterns of socio-economic development are \r\nconsistent with recent trends. The term is now used less frequently \r\nthan in the past. "


id: 6a0a50806e7a7736fe4c112a00968d6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 14289
content:
"The change in local mean sea surface height with respect to the \r\nterrestrial reference frame; it is the sea level change observed with \r\ninstruments from space. See also Altimetry."


id: 99d9630c8e3023096b87045bc0244fff
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 21729
content:
"Thermosteric sea level change (where thermosteric sea level rise may \r\nalso be referred to as thermal expansion) occurs as a result of changes \r\nin ocean temperature: increasing temperature reduces ocean density \r\nand increases the volume per unit of mass."


id: 27d3c83fb937df012914c4685186bf6f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 3677
content:
"The increase or decrease in the volume of the ocean divided by \r\nthe ocean surface area. It is the sum of changes in ocean density \r\nthrough temperature changes (global mean thermosteric sea level \r\nchange) and changes in the ocean mass as a result of changes in the \r\ncryosphere or land water storage (barystatic sea level change)."


id: 90ad1d03ac425a3bf7f5ffd01102fbd9
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 20300
content:
"Sea level equivalent (SLE) The SLE of a mass of water, ice, or \r\nwater vapour is that mass, converted to a volume using a density of \r\n1000 kg m-3, and divided by the present-day ocean surface area of \r\n3.625 x 1000 m2. Thus, 362.5 Gt of water mass added to the ocean \r\ncorrespond to 1 mm of global mean sea level rise. "


id: 46b24a324527c5a4fa7264e1b8424b65
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 8508
content:
"Sea surface temperature (SST) The subsurface bulk \r\ntemperature in the top few metres of the ocean, measured by ships, \r\nbuoys and drifters. From ships, measurements of water samples \r\nin buckets were mostly switched in the 1940s to samples from \r\nengine intake water. Satellite measurements of skin temperature \r\n(uppermost layer; a fraction of a millimetre thick) in the infrared or \r\nthe top centimetre or so in the microwave are also used, but must be \r\nadjusted to be compatible with the bulk temperature."


id: 7608b38836187dc0dacdd6fe0d2a1371
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 16174
content:
"Semi-empirical model Model in which calculations are based \r\non a combination of observed associations between variables and \r\ntheoretical considerations relating variables through fundamental \r\nprinciples (e.g., conservation of energy). For example, in sea level \r\nstudies, semi-empirical models refer specifically to transfer functions \r\nformulated to project future global mean sea level (GMSL) change, \r\nor contributions to it, from future global surface temperature change \r\nor radiative forcing."


id: aeb78882c805eef0ff8344d5cca6c101
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 25016
content:
"Halosteric sea level change occurs as a result of salinity variations: \r\nhigher salinity leads to higher density and decreases the volume per \r\nunit of mass. Although both processes can be relevant on regional to \r\nlocal scales, only thermosteric changes impact the global mean sea \r\nlevel (GMSL) change, whereas the global mean halosteric change is \r\nnegligible (Gregory et al., 2019)."


id: 4b8f855127c9f1e604a18b2e75910655
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 9309
content:
"Change in sea level relative to a datum (such as present-day mean \r\nsea level) at spatial scales smaller than 10 km."


id: ab754497c4342d9da1cce4ebc796eeba
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 24488
content:
"Sensible heat flux The turbulent or conductive flux of heat from \r\nthe Earth's surface to the atmosphere that is not associated with \r\nphase changes of water; a component of the surface energy budget. \r\nSee also Latent heat flux."


id: 4abfe72a0377b730cb7d0b3cff60997a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 9174
content:
"Change in mean sea level relative to the geoid associated with \r\ncirculation and density-driven changes in the ocean. Ocean dynamic \r\nsea level change is regionally varying but by definition has a zero \r\nglobal mean and conventionally is inverse-barometer corrected (i.e., the \r\neffect of the hydrostatic depression of the sea surface by atmospheric \r\npressure changes is removed). Changes in ocean currents occur due to \r\nvariations in heating and cooling, variability in winds and changes in \r\nseasonally to annually averaged air temperature and humidity."


id: 812c140f105375109cd1dcda9b13c2a6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 17845
content:
"Sequestration The process of storing carbon in a carbon pool. \r\nSee also Pool, carbon and nitrogen, Reservoir, Sequestration potential, \r\nSink, Source and Uptake."


id: 3c792e3cec651bdf0dded543f7b3b769
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 6879
content:
"Sequestration potential The quantity of greenhouse gases that \r\ncan be removed from the atmosphere by anthropogenic enhancement \r\nof sinks and stored in a pool. See Mitigation potential for different \r\nsubcategories of sequestration potential. See also Pool, carbon and \r\nnitrogen, Reservoir, Sequestration, Source and Uptake."


id: eac1caa32489b0dbdbc2115cae3073fe
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 34437
content:
"Change in sea level relative to a datum (such as present-day mean \r\nsea level) at spatial scales of about 100 km."


id: d4d7d8b7c47d6013714949a1d0f4f2ff
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 31014
content:
"The change in local mean sea surface height (SSH) relative to the \r\nlocal solid surface, that is, the sea floor, as measured by instruments \r\nthat are fixed to the Earth's surface, such as tide gauges. This \r\nreference frame is used when considering coastal impacts, hazards\r\nand adaptation needs."


id: e64b1aa3fc338b65eaf6c2d1adde8dec
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 33723
content:
"Short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs) A set of chemically \r\nreactive compounds with short (relative to carbon dioxide (CO2)) \r\natmospheric lifetimes (from hours to about two decades) \r\nbut characterized by different physiochemical properties and \r\nenvironmental effects. Their emission or formation has a significant \r\neffect on radiative forcing over a period determined by their \r\nrespective atmospheric lifetimes. Changes in their emissions can also \r\ninduce long-term climate effects via, in particular, their interactions "


id: 1c34870b5f2cbd9b266df7fe42a30796
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 1896
content:
"Steric sea level change is caused by changes in ocean density and \r\nis  composed of thermosteric sea level change and halosteric sea \r\nlevel change."


id: ed97097573a421f1c7d74767ea0c8497
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 34845
content:
"with some biogeochemical cycles. SLCFs are classified as direct or \r\nindirect, with direct SLCFs exerting climate effects through their \r\nradiative forcing and indirect SLCFs being the precursors of other \r\ndirect climate forcers. Direct SLCFs include methane (CH4 ), ozone \r\n(O3 ), primary aerosols and some halogenated species. Indirect \r\nSLCFs are precursors of ozone or secondary aerosols. SLCFs can be \r\ncooling or warming through interactions with radiation and clouds. \r\nThey are also referred to as near-term climate forcers. Many SLCFs \r\nare also air pollutants. A subset of exclusively warming SLCFs is \r\nalso referred to as short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs), including \r\nmethane, ozone, and black carbon (BC)."


id: e3ff08e83c517af6e970455069f333c5
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 33348
content:
"Soil moisture Water stored in the soil in liquid or frozen form. \r\nRoot-zone soil moisture is of most relevance for plant activity."


id: c4555a7e3b6dbfaff457a0ffa81e701
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 28461
content:
"Soil temperature The temperature of the soil. This can be \r\nmeasured or modelled at multiple levels within the depth of the soil."


id: 950011240a888c96ccad942542d8a7ac
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 20949
content:
"Solar activity General term collectively describing a variety of \r\nmagnetic phenomena on the Sun such as sunspots, faculae (bright \r\nareas), and flares (emission of high-energy particles). It varies on \r\ntime scales from minutes to millions of years. The solar cycle, with an \r\naverage duration of 11 years, is an example of a quasi-regular change \r\nin solar activity."


id: e473907136026f1d4b13e56d631f507c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 33424
content:
"Significant wave height The average trough-to-crest height of \r\nthe highest one-third of the wave heights (sea and swell) occurring in \r\na particular time period."


id: 3505df94025f16a9cdae2d2d0e1d050a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 5753
content:
"Simple climate model (SCM) A broad class of lower\u0002dimensional models of the energy balance, radiative transfer, carbon \r\ncycle, or a  combination of such physical components. SCMs are \r\nalso suitable for performing emulations of climate-mean variables \r\nof Earth system models (ESMs), given that their structural flexibility \r\ncan capture both the parametric and structural uncertainties across \r\nprocess-oriented ESM responses. They can also be used to test \r\nconsistency across multiple lines of evidence with regard to climate \r\nsensitivity ranges, transient climate responses (TCRs), transient \r\nclimate response to cumulative CO2 emissions (TCREs) and carbon \r\ncycle feedbacks. See also Emulators and Earth system model of \r\nintermediate complexity (EMIC)."


id: 422db44a7b79369bb9ed1ad222d85eaa
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 7810
content:
"Solar cycle (11-year) A quasi-regular modulation of solar activity\r\nwith varying amplitude and a period of between 8 and 14 years."


id: e866395e1e17b2b48da4bf29868c3332
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 34067
content:
"Solar radiation Electromagnetic radiation emitted by the Sun \r\nwith a spectrum close to that of a black body with a temperature of \r\n5770 K. The radiation peaks in visible wavelengths. When compared \r\nto the terrestrial radiation it is often referred to as shortwave \r\nradiation. See also Insolation and Total solar irradiance (TSI)."


id: 15a882a9d14746c9bfdf4113abfe51df
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 922
content:
"Solar radiation modification (SRM) Refers to a range of \r\nradiation modification measures not related to greenhouse gas \r\n(GHG) mitigation that seek to limit global warming. Most methods \r\ninvolve reducing the amount of incoming solar radiation reaching \r\nthe surface, but others also act on the longwave radiation budget by \r\nreducing optical thickness and cloud lifetime."


id: 6eefb69de6ccd210b20f30dd32f02b67
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 15079
content:
"Sink Any process, activity or mechanism which removes \r\na  greenhouse gas, an aerosol or a precursor of a greenhouse gas \r\nfrom the atmosphere (UNFCCC Article 1.8 (UNFCCC, 1992)). See also \r\nPool, carbon and nitrogen, Reservoir, Sequestration, Sequestration \r\npotential, Source and Uptake."


id: cc9064baf1ed6f8678cb1160915a649e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 29724
content:
"One of several radiation modification approaches to counter the \r\nwarming caused by greenhouse gases (GHGs). In this approach, it \r\nis proposed to reduce the amount of cirrus clouds by injecting ice \r\nnucleating substances in the upper troposphere. The reduction in \r\ncirrus clouds is expected to increase the amount of longwave cooling \r\nto space resulting in a planetary cooling. Although cirrus cloud \r\nthinning primarily affects the longwave radiation budget of our \r\nplanet, it is often identified as one of the solar radiation modification \r\n(SRM) approaches in the literature."


id: cdc8f790cedd709ab62e3c2c7f81ba53
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 29898
content:
"Small Island Developing States (SIDS) Small Island \r\nDeveloping States (SIDS), as recognized by the United Nations \r\nOHRLLS (UN Office of the High Representative for the Least \r\nDeveloped Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small \r\nIsland Developing States), are a distinct group of developing countries \r\nfacing specific social, economic and environmental vulnerabilities \r\n(UN-OHRLLS, 2011). They were recognized as a special case both for \r\ntheir environment and development at the Rio Earth Summit in Brazil \r\nin 1992. Fifty-eight countries and territories are presently classified \r\nas SIDS by the UN OHRLLS, with 38 being UN member states and \r\n20 being Non-UN Members or Associate Members of the Regional \r\nCommissions (UN-OHRLLS, 2018)."


id: 1b8200ce20fa2f702c176ed89d3761a1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 1790
content:
"One of several solar radiation modification (SRM) approaches to \r\nincrease the planetary albedo. In this approach, it is proposed to \r\ninject sea salt aerosols into persistent marine low clouds. This is \r\nexpected to increase the cloud droplet concentration of these clouds \r\nand their reflectivity."


id: 99332d0e2f3fd8b58ceab58734c62508
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 21615
content:
"Snow cover Snow cover refers to all the snow that has \r\naccumulated on the ground at a given time (UNESCO/IASH/\r\nWMO, 1970)."


id: f45b4f233967899f4694c46f6394ae8a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 35950
content:
"One of several solar radiation modification (SRM) approaches to \r\nincrease the planetary albedo. In the approach, it is proposed to \r\ninject highly reflective aerosols such as sulphates into the lower \r\nstratosphere. This is expected to increase the fraction of solar \r\nradiation deflected to space resulting in a planetary cooling."


id: e29158ef53d8f6521bf5f3b260da307
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 33152
content:
"How long snow continuously remains on the land surface, or the \r\nperiod between snow-on and snow-off dates."


id: 27b75df2a63a7c7e66107e8b3c18dc5a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 3656
content:
"Solubility pump A physicochemical process that transports \r\ndissolved inorganic carbon from the ocean's surface to its interior. The \r\nsolubility pump is primarily driven by the solubility of carbon dioxide \r\n(CO2) (with more CO2 dissolving in colder water) and the large-scale, \r\nthermohaline patterns of ocean circulation."


id: e6fd0f1e058046f8486197cd2b11cb85
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 33826
content:
"the term storyline is used both in connection to scenarios as related \r\nto a future trajectory of the climate and human systems or to a \r\nweather or climate event. In this context, storylines can be used \r\nto describe plural, conditional possible futures or explanations \r\nof a current situation, in contrast to single, definitive futures or \r\nexplanations."


id: 3beadbc8279835f271a94cdd8fae47cd
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 6790
content:
"Source Any process or activity which releases a greenhouse gas, \r\nan aerosol or a precursor of a greenhouse gas into the atmosphere\r\n(UNFCCC Article 1.9 (UNFCCC, 1992)). See also Pool, carbon and \r\nnitrogen, Reservoir, Sequestration, Sequestration potential, Sink \r\nand Uptake."


id: 1e61e1a77deaf90b588e8ea0ed1f6ac7
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 2222
content:
"A self-consistent and plausible unfolding of a physical trajectory of \r\nthe climate system, or a weather or climate event, on time scales \r\nfrom hours to multiple decades (Shepherd et al., 2018). Through this, \r\nstorylines explore, illustrate and communicate uncertainties in the \r\nclimate system response to forcing and in internal variability."


id: c3370e4b4cbf205580aef37c39369580
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 28284
content:
"A narrative description of a scenario (or  family of scenarios), \r\nhighlighting the main scenario characteristics, relationships between \r\nkey driving forces and the dynamics of their evolution."


id: 7d71b4a7c40bdb478e6e6da88ea7e78f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 17308
content:
"South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) A band of low\u0002level convergence, cloudiness and precipitation ranging from the \r\nwest Pacific warm pool south-eastwards towards French Polynesia. \r\nIt is one of the most significant features of subtropical Southern \r\nHemisphere climate. It shares some characteristics with the Inter\u0002tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), but is more extratropical in nature, \r\nespecially east of the International Date Line."


id: 1039c540fcaa35bfb6fde55e285ccd34
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 40
content:
"Stratification Process of forming of layers of (ocean) water \r\nwith different properties such as salinity, density and temperature \r\nthat act as barrier for water mixing. The strengthening of near\u0002surface stratification generally results in warmer surface waters, \r\ndecreased oxygen levels in deeper water, and intensification of ocean \r\nacidification (OA) in the upper ocean."


id: 436f00cda7da55f61b3c4b38caab8f07
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 8016
content:
"Stratosphere The highly stratified region of the atmosphere \r\nabove the tropopause, extending to about 50 km altitude. See \r\nalso Troposphere."


id: 7483d0fb3beb26ffb19888940fbfef19
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 15927
content:
"Specific humidity The specific humidity specifies the ratio of \r\nthe mass of water vapour to the total mass of moist air. See also \r\nRelative humidity."


id: 20bd22cfcf10efefa4a99a4bbbd8f4f8
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 2589
content:
"Stadial or stade A brief period of regional climatic cooling during \r\na glacial or interglacial interval, often characterized by transient \r\nglacial advances. Stadials are generally of short duration (hundreds \r\nto a few thousand years) compared to glacial or interglacial \r\nintervals (lasting many thousands to tens of thousands of years). \r\nOne example of a regional stadial event is based on millennial scale \r\ncooling recorded by oxygen isotope ratios in Greenland ice cores, \r\nthe so called \"Greenland Stadials\" (Johnsen et al., 1992). See also \r\nInterstadial or interstade."


id: de452ff367d79e8291bc60cc764942d2
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 32458
content:
"Stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) Stratosphere-\r\ntroposphere exchange (STE) is understood as the flux of air or trace \r\nconstituents across the tropopause, including both directions: the \r\nstratosphere to troposphere transport (STT) and troposphere to \r\nstratosphere transport (TST). STE is one of the key factors controlling \r\nthe budgets of ozone, water vapour and other substances in both the \r\ntroposphere and the lower stratosphere."


id: 67b4ee580c5cf339bfb9e0cd542d1b11
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 13908
content:
"Stratospheric ozone Stratospheric ozone describes the ozone \r\n(O3 ) that resides in the stratosphere, the region of the atmosphere\r\nwhich exists between 10 and 50 kilometres above the surface of the \r\nearth. Ninety percent of total-column ozone resides in the stratosphere. \r\nSee also Ozone layer and Ozone-depleting substances (ODSs)."


id: e804cab89c17cee58ec65424640ef541
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 34001
content:
"Storm surge The temporary increase, at a particular locality, \r\nin the height of the sea due to extreme meteorological conditions \r\n(low atmospheric pressure and/or strong winds). The storm surge is \r\ndefined as being the excess above the level expected from the tidal \r\nvariation alone at that time and place. See also Sea level change (sea \r\nlevel rise/sea level fall) and Extreme sea level (ESL)."


id: c401b65271b9d80e12e1dafdbba2f8f3
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 28408
content:
"Stratospheric polar vortex A large-scale region of cold air \r\npoleward of approximately 60 degrees that is contained by a strong \r\nwesterly jet from the tropopause (8-10 km) to the stratopause \r\n(50-60 km) and that forms in each hemisphere during the winter \r\nhalf-year. Planetary waves can temporarily disrupt the vortex, \r\nproducing easterly winds and rapid warming over polar regions in the \r\nstratosphere, and leading to substantial weakening or breakdown of \r\nthe vortex."


id: 6122ae63a382f1cbbca9cfb21984eb83
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 12857
content:
"Storm tracks Originally, a term referring to the tracks of \r\nindividual cyclonic weather systems, but now often generalized \r\nto refer to the main regions where the tracks of extratropical \r\ndisturbances occur as sequences of low (cyclonic) and high \r\n(anticyclonic) pressure systems."


id: 3445574b9eebe4839eade0eaaec04fd
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 5638
content:
"Stratospheric sounding unit (SSU) A three-channel infrared \r\nsounder on operational U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric \r\nAdministration (NOAA) polar-orbiting satellites. The three channels \r\nare used to determine profiles of temperature in the stratosphere \r\n(AMS, 2021)."


id: d5ebc684612ce52db5be903fe160f1e8
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 31172
content:
"Storyline A way of making sense of a situation or a series of \r\nevents through the construction of a set of explanatory elements. \r\nUsually, it is built on logical or causal reasoning. In climate research, "


id: 101927302cd16ff33b1ba9b941e138b0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 19
content:
"Streamflow Water flow within a river channel, for example, \r\nexpressed in m3 s-1. A synonym for river discharge."


id: 3e2cd0d8ffef065075a2713fbc503ec6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 7151
content:
"those derived from the temporal variation of the main modes of \r\nclimate variability). They can also be obtained from principal \r\ncomponent analysis, singular value decomposition/maximum \r\ncovariance analysis, clustering based on spatial recurrence \r\ncriteria, etc. See also Section Atlas.3.1 of the AR6 WGI report and \r\nTeleconnection."


id: 616b4c7893afd1b3000521c8e0269e31
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 12898
content:
"Subduction Ocean process in which surface waters enter the \r\nocean interior from the surface mixed layer through Ekman pumping \r\nand lateral advection. The latter occurs when surface waters are \r\nadvected to a region where the local surface layer is less dense and \r\ntherefore must slide below the surface layer, usually with no change \r\nin density."


id: 313372620f664aeb678146fc8ebbf329
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 5161
content:
"Temperature overshoot Exceedance of a specified global \r\nwarming level, followed by a decline to or below that level during \r\na specified period of time (e.g., before 2100). Sometimes the \r\nmagnitude and likelihood of the overshoot is also characterized. \r\nThe overshoot duration can vary from one pathway to the next, but \r\nin most overshoot pathways in the literature and as referred to as \r\novershoot pathways in the AR6, the overshoot occurs over a period \r\nof at least one decade and up to several decades. See also Pathways."


id: 5b94a5576601049b2f9f9cf0c2e9dd2d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 11908
content:
"Sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) A phenomena of rapid \r\nwarming in the stratosphere at high latitudes (sometimes more than \r\n50degC in 1-2 days) that can cause breakdown of stratospheric polar \r\nvortices."


id: 6ae7d67c9f7836cd50b0c93c8bf64b15
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 14438
content:
"Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) SF6, a greenhouse gas (GHG), is \r\nmainly used in heavy industry to insulate high-voltage equipment \r\nand to assist in the manufacturing of cable-cooling systems and \r\nsemiconductors."


id: 3464fe80c8a53590fe874f4a7c1a1f98
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 5660
content:
"Terrestrial radiation Radiation emitted by the Earth's surface, \r\nthe atmosphere and clouds. It is also known as thermal infrared or \r\nlongwave radiation and is to be distinguished from the near-infrared \r\nradiation that is part of the solar spectrum. Infrared radiation, in \r\ngeneral, has a distinctive range of wavelengths (spectrum) longer \r\nthan the wavelength of the red light in the visible part of the spectrum. \r\nThe spectrum of terrestrial radiation is almost entirely distinct from \r\nthat of shortwave or solar radiation because of the difference in \r\ntemperature between the Sun and the Earth-atmosphere system."


id: 8d44b98cc7aa47b472841cad9c870069
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 19749
content:
"Sunspots Dark areas on the Sun where strong magnetic fields \r\nreduce the convection, causing a temperature reduction of about \r\n1500 K compared to the surrounding regions. The number of sunspots \r\nis higher during periods of higher solar activity and varies in particular \r\nwith the solar cycle."


id: f7b45e32168efa84092270b11b4611ce
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 36490
content:
"Surface air temperature See Land surface air temperature \r\n(LSAT) and Global mean surface air temperature (GSAT)."


id: acc65f8ce8fa9b7b786ca5d7b2c0e092
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 24730
content:
"Thermal expansion See Steric sea level change (under Sea level \r\nchange (sea level rise/sea level fall))."


id: b5c60dc3288f05ac258c039b02017ded
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 26127
content:
"Thermocline The layer of maximum vertical temperature gradient \r\nin the ocean, lying between the surface ocean and the abyssal ocean. \r\nIn subtropical regions, its source waters are typically surface waters \r\nat higher latitudes that have subducted (see Subduction) and moved \r\nequatorward. At high latitudes, it is sometimes absent, replaced by \r\na halocline, which is a layer of maximum vertical salinity gradient."


id: 7a8435208642ece264c449863a35bb18
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 16846
content:
"Surface temperature See Global mean surface air temperature \r\n(GSAT), Global mean surface temperature (GMST), Land surface air \r\ntemperature (LSAT) and Sea surface temperature (SST)."


id: cbec3138e16b1c22cb685f8a39436a8d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 29623
content:
"Surprises A class of risk that can be defined as low-likelihood but \r\nwell-understood events and events that cannot be predicted with \r\ncurrent understanding (see Section 1.4.4.3 in AR6 WGI Chapter 1)."


id: 539fff0c06d608d0ceeeb13628baf045
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 10622
content:
"Thermokarst Process by which characteristic landforms result \r\nfrom thawing of ice-rich permafrost or melting of massive ice \r\n(IPA, 2005)."


id: d487700c28cd2942b66986284c2dcdbd
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 30962
content:
"Talik A layer or body of unfrozen ground in a permafrost area \r\ndue to a local anomaly in thermal, hydrological, hydrogeological or \r\nhydrochemical conditions (IPA, 2005)."


id: 2061e1d4c209ccbc813c7b9cdff8b7dc
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 2542
content:
"Tide gauge A device at a coastal or deep-sea location that \r\ncontinuously measures the level of the sea with respect to the \r\nadjacent land. Time averaging of the sea level so recorded gives the \r\nobserved secular changes of the relative sea level."


id: 25f99e823d40a3d6aaefd1f0ee412cb2
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 3400
content:
"Teleconnection Association between climate variables at \r\nwidely separated, geographically fixed locations related to each \r\nother through physical processes and oceanic and/or atmospheric \r\ndynamical pathways. Teleconnections can be caused by several \r\nclimate phenomena, such as Rossby wave-trains, mid-latitude jet and \r\nstorm track displacements, fluctuations of the Atlantic Meridional \r\nOverturning Circulation (AMOC), fluctuations of the Walker \r\ncirculation, etc. They can be initiated by modes of climate variability, \r\nthus providing the development of remote climate anomalies at \r\nvarious temporal lags. See also Teleconnection pattern."


id: 6875aa4f1dc78268cd75088c743ba448
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 14025
content:
"Time of emergence (ToE) Time when a specific anthropogenic\r\nsignal related to climate change is statistically detected to emerge \r\nfrom the background noise of natural climate variability in a reference \r\nperiod, for a specific region (Hawkins and Sutton, 2012). See also \r\nEmergence (of the climate signal)."


id: 3dc0211695cfee4c131dcf8b0988e69
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 7068
content:
"Teleconnection pattern Spatial structure of climate anomalies\r\nthat are linked to each other through teleconnection processes or \r\nthat are the large-scale fingerprint of modes of climate variability. \r\nTeleconnection patterns can be visualized using correlation and/or \r\nregression maps of climate variables with some climate indices (i.e., "


id: c1aa71d82123e28917d19f02033fc6f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 28058
content:
"Tipping point A critical threshold beyond which a system \r\nreorganizes, often abruptly and/or irreversibly. See also Tipping \r\nelement, Irreversibility and Abrupt change."


id: 483b67d06120777e820c4e2897d1f86c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 8734
content:
"Total alkalinity Total Alkalinity (AT) is a measurable parameter of \r\nthe seawater acid-base system which, when expressed in micromoles \r\nper kilogram of seawater, is a conservative variable both on mixing \r\nand for changes in temperature and/or pressure. Changes in total \r\nalkalinity in the oceans can result from a variety of biogeochemical \r\nprocesses that affect the acid-base composition of the seawater \r\nitself. However, its value is not affected by the exchange of carbon \r\ndioxide gas between seawater and the atmosphere. Measurements of \r\ntotal alkalinity can thus be used to help study these biogeochemical \r\nprocesses and can also be used to help calculate the state of the \r\nseawater acid-base system. Total alkalinity is most commonly \r\nmeasured using an acidimetric titration technique that determines \r\nhow much acid is required to titrate a seawater sample to a specified \r\nequivalence point."


id: 27e345528bf06feb4e47d598ff5342b9
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 3687
content:
"Atlantic Meridional Mode (AMM) The Atlantic Meridional Mode \r\n(AMM) refers to the interannual to decadal variability of the cross\u0002equatorial sea surface temperature gradients and surface wind \r\nanomalies in the tropical Atlantic. It modulates the strength and \r\nlatitudinal shifts of the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), \r\nwhich impacts regional rainfall over Northeast Brazil and Atlantic \r\nhurricane activity. See Section AIV.2.5 in Annex IV of the AR6 \r\nWGI report."


id: 707b5efa125cfab55d9d415e216e2395
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 15314
content:
"Atlantic Zonal Mode (AZM) An equatorial coupled mode in the \r\nAtlantic similar to El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the Pacific, \r\nand therefore sometimes referred to as the Atlantic Nino. The AZM \r\nis associated with sea surface temperature anomalies near the \r\nequatorial Atlantic and rainfall disturbances over the African monsoon \r\ndomain. Its variations are mostly observed in the interannual scale. It \r\nis called also Atlantic equatorial mode. See Section AIV.2.5 in Annex \r\nIV of the AR6 WGI report."


id: 887f189a4acfa9725414d67c71fdc10f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 19005
content:
"Total solar irradiance (TSI) The total amount of solar radiation\r\nin watts per square metre received outside the Earth's atmosphere\r\non a surface normal to the incident radiation and at the Earth's mean \r\ndistance from the Sun. Reliable measurements of solar radiation can \r\nonly be made from space, and the precise record extends back only \r\nto 1978. Variations of a few tenths of a percent are common, usually \r\nassociated with the passage of sunspots across the solar disk. The \r\nsolar cycle variation of TSI is of the order of 0.1% (AMS, 2021). See \r\nalso Insolation."


id: 5dbfd2d791f4a53f64f965f8b452f932
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 12274
content:
"Tropical cyclone The general term for a strong, cyclonic-scale \r\ndisturbance that originates over tropical oceans. Distinguished from \r\nweaker systems (often named tropical disturbances or depressions) \r\nby exceeding a threshold wind speed. A tropical storm is a tropical \r\ncyclone with one-minute average surface winds between 18 and \r\n32 m s-1. Beyond 32 m s-1, a tropical cyclone is called a hurricane, \r\ntyphoon, or cyclone, depending on geographic location."


id: 6ca587638d67ccda4b7aa962634c4532
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 14712
content:
"Tropopause The boundary between the troposphere and the \r\nstratosphere. It ranges from 8-9 km at high latitudes to 15-16 km \r\nin the tropics."


id: b4c15bce0e8e7ec295eafb2457e2a2d8
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 25972
content:
"Trace gas A minor constituent of the atmosphere, next to \r\nnitrogen and oxygen that together make up 99% of all volume. \r\nThe most important trace gases contributing to the greenhouse \r\neffect are carbon dioxide (CO2), ozone (O3 ), methane (CH4 ), nitrous \r\noxide (N2O), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), \r\nhydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6 ) and water \r\nvapour (H2O)."


id: 75b90414b7df6d7060561dade36fac84
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 16116
content:
"Troposphere The lowest part of the atmosphere, below the \r\ntropopause, where clouds and weather phenomena occur. In the \r\ntroposphere, temperatures generally decrease with height. See \r\nalso Stratosphere."


id: 47269e4b78b171b2bd8c5ba7c9f322a7
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 8574
content:
"Tree rings Concentric rings of secondary wood evident in a cross \r\nsection of the stem of a woody plant. The difference between the \r\ndense, small-celled late wood of one season and the wide-celled \r\nearly wood of the following spring enables the age of a tree to be \r\nestimated, and the ring widths or density can be related to climate\r\nparameters such as temperature and precipitation."


id: 3da9f06b7b989840781115c8569cb735
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 7057
content:
"Typological regions Regions of the Earth that share one or more \r\nspecific features (known as 'typologies'), such as geographic location \r\n(e.g., coastal), physical processes (e.g., monsoons), and biological \r\n(e.g., coral reefs, tropical forests), geological (e.g., mountains) or \r\nanthropogenic (e.g., megacities) formation, and for which it is useful \r\nto consider the common climate features. Typological regions are \r\nsmaller than climatic zones (e.g., a mountain region) and can be \r\ndiscontinuous (e.g., a group of megacities affected by the urban heat \r\nisland effect, or monsoon regions)."


id: 77995620a7263e4bc83bf0181189d5bb
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 16374
content:
"Tropical Atlantic Variability (TAV) A generic term to describe \r\nthe climate variability of the tropical Atlantic which is dominated \r\nat interannual to decadal time scales by two main climate modes: \r\nthe Atlantic Zonal Mode (AZM) and the Atlantic Meridional Mode \r\n(AMM). The Atlantic Zonal Mode, also commonly referred to as the \r\nAtlantic Nino or Atlantic equatorial mode, is associated with sea \r\nsurface temperature anomalies near the equator, peaking in the \r\neastern basin, while the Atlantic meridional mode is characterized \r\nby an inter-hemispheric gradient of sea surface temperature \r\nand wind anomalies. Both modes are associated with significant \r\nteleconnections over Africa and South America."


id: 6cec8c68bf0cebc6e182ed9c8cef61ef
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 14756
content:
"Uncertainty A state of incomplete knowledge that can result \r\nfrom a lack of information or from disagreement about what is \r\nknown or even knowable. It may have many types of sources, \r\nfrom imprecision in the data to ambiguously defined concepts \r\nor  terminology, incomplete understanding of critical processes, or \r\nuncertain projections of human behaviour. Uncertainty can therefore \r\nbe represented by quantitative measures (e.g., a probability density \r\nfunction) or by qualitative statements (e.g., reflecting the judgement "


id: 75ab980c3caf919fa95135770bbe0dc4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 16106
content:
"of a team of experts) (see Moss and Schneider, 2000; IPCC, 2004; \r\nMastrandrea et al., 2010). See also Confidence and Likelihood."


id: bf0c6843e177fb0c1ee6c9df20484b32
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 27611
content:
"Vertical land motion (VLM) The change in height of the land \r\nsurface or the sea floor and can have several causes in addition \r\nto elastic deformation associated with contemporary changes in \r\ngravity, rotation and viscoelastic solid Earth deformation (GRD) and \r\nviscoelastic deformation associated with glacial isostatic adjustment \r\n(GIA). Subsidence (sinking of the land surface or sea floor) can, for \r\ninstance, occur through compaction of alluvial sediments in deltaic \r\nregions, removal of fluids such as gas, oil, and water, or drainage \r\nof peatlands. Tectonic deformation of the Earth's crust can occur as \r\na result of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. See also Sea level \r\nchange (sea level rise/sea level fall)."


id: 26e475eeebd83bf2e67fbb5c361bf1c2
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 3512
content:
"A situation of deep uncertainty exists when experts or stakeholders \r\ndo not know or cannot agree on: (1) appropriate conceptual models \r\nthat describe relationships among key driving forces in a system; \r\n(2) the probability distributions used to represent uncertainty about \r\nkey variables and parameters; and/or (3) how to weigh and value \r\ndesirable alternative outcomes (Lempert et al., 2003)."


id: eeed5841be75de8a59ee8a3dd809725f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 35062
content:
"Uncertainty arising from a statistical or physical model-based \r\ninterpolation of a field between available estimates to create a more \r\nspatio-temporally complete estimate."


id: 861fd915a11754585461a37cdd78b515
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 18642
content:
"Very short-lived halogenated substances (VSLSs) Very \r\nshort-lived halogenated substances (VSLSs) are considered to include \r\nsource gases (very short-lived halogenated substances present in \r\nthe atmosphere in the form they were emitted from natural and \r\nanthropogenic sources), halogenated product gases arising from \r\nsource gas degradation, and other sources of tropospheric inorganic \r\nhalogens. VSLSs have tropospheric lifetimes of around 0.5 years \r\nor less."


id: 33c598cce47063e38700189f1acef15b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 5559
content:
"Uncertainty arising from incomplete or uneven availability of \r\nmeasurements in either space or time or both."


id: 1ff1c05478a7135f8ca2de5a61236bda
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 2466
content:
"Uncertainty arising from data fitting to a time-series with potential \r\nnon-linear and autorogressive character."


id: 9739c2e2618db86d4243abaa42c9367c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 21307
content:
"Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Important class of organic \r\nchemical air pollutants that are volatile at ambient air conditions. \r\nOther terms used to represent VOCs are hydrocarbons (HCs), reactive \r\norganic gases (ROGs) and non-methane volatile organic compounds \r\n(NMVOCs). NMVOCs are major contributors - together with nitrogen \r\noxides (NOx), and carbon monoxide (CO) - to the formation of \r\nphotochemical oxidants such as ozone (O3 )."


id: c6085ae46655d0b1238429b62d1251aa
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 28736
content:
"United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change \r\n(UNFCCC) The UNFCCC was adopted in May 1992 and opened \r\nfor signature at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. It entered \r\ninto force in March 1994 and as of September 2020 had 197 Parties \r\n(196 States and the European Union). The Convention's ultimate \r\nobjective is the 'stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the \r\natmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic \r\ninterference with the climate system' (UNFCCC, 1992). The provisions \r\nof the Convention are pursued and implemented by two further \r\ntreaties: the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement."


id: c37311ccc53a8f567ce4b499729344a8
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 28321
content:
"Organic gas-phase compounds emitted from terrestrial and aquatic \r\necosystems that are critical in ecology and plant physiology, from \r\nabiotic and biotic stress functions to integrated components of \r\nmetabolism. BVOCs are important in atmospheric chemistry as \r\nprecursors for ozone (O3 ) and secondary organic aerosol formation. \r\nOther terms used to represent BVOCs are hydrocarbons (HCs), \r\nreactive organic gases (ROGs) and non-methane volatile organic \r\ncompounds (NMVOCs)."


id: 9efc9cf16f56abde23905457eb41e4d4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 22557
content:
"Uptake The transfer of substances (such as carbon) or energy (e.g., \r\nheat) from one compartment of a system to another; for example, \r\nin the Earth system from the atmosphere to the ocean or to the \r\nland. See also Pool, carbon and nitrogen, Reservoir, Sequestration, \r\nSequestration potential, Sink and Source."


id: 1030bc2f128d2c5657fc48bca920a431
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 36
content:
"Vulnerability The propensity or predisposition to be adversely \r\naffected. Vulnerability encompasses a variety of concepts and \r\nelements including sensitivity or susceptibility to harm and lack of \r\ncapacity to cope and adapt. See also Exposure, Hazard and Risk."


id: d8b6ae1067d56aa7c60696689f7695c4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 31612
content:
"Upwelling region A region of an ocean where cold, typically \r\nnutrient-rich waters well up from the deep ocean."


id: 5bb3e3509dd02b820783007afc6d9154
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 11937
content:
"Urban heat island (UHI) The relative warmth of a city compared \r\nwith surrounding rural areas, associated with heat trapping due to \r\nthe close proximity of tall buildings, the heat-absorbing properties \r\nof urban building materials, reduced ventilation, and heat generated \r\ndirectly from human activities. See also Urbanization."


id: 5fda90777a30482d43677bef79b159f5
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 12662
content:
"Walker circulation Direct thermally driven zonal overturning \r\ncirculation in the atmosphere over the tropical Pacific Ocean, with \r\nrising air in the western and sinking air in the eastern Pacific."


id: 975bbbaae90a21d61af2a9b425c0b165
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 21336
content:
"Urbanization In the WGI report, urbanization is used to mean the \r\nprocess of soil sealing with the change of natural land cover to built \r\nenvironment and urban areas, together with its associated albedo\r\nchanges, and increased surface runoff and elevated warming. See \r\nalso Urban heat island (UHI)."


id: da010e5f14ffa6b454b184c2afb04d8b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 31826
content:
"Water mass A body of ocean water with identifiable properties \r\n(temperature, salinity, density, chemical tracers) resulting from its \r\nunique formation process. Water masses are often identified through \r\na vertical or horizontal extremum of a property such as salinity. North \r\nPacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) and Antarctic Intermediate Water \r\n(AAIW) are examples of water masses."


id: f8fd891705a6174907fffbb953d5a470
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 36682
content:
"Ventilation The exchange of ocean properties with the \r\natmospheric surface layer such that property concentrations are \r\nbrought closer to equilibrium values with the atmosphere (AMS, \r\n2021), and the processes that propagate these properties into the \r\nocean interior."


id: d7ed0d727049cc233397c1475a848025
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 31500
content:
"economic development, for ensuring protection against water-borne \r\npollution and water-related disasters, and for preserving ecosystems \r\nin a climate of peace and political stability' (UN-Water, 2013)."


id: 35ef549262500d6e10fbb3976a1bdd46
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updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
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vector_id: 5895
content:
"Weathering The gradual removal of atmospheric carbon dioxide \r\n(CO2) through dissolution of silicate and carbonate rocks. Weathering \r\nmay involve physical processes (mechanical weathering) or chemical \r\nactivity (chemical weathering)."


id: 962c028f3ef2aa541de4e011a2db436
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
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vector_id: 21135
content:
"Well-mixed greenhouse gas A greenhouse gas (GHG) that has \r\nan atmospheric lifetime long enough (greater than several years) to \r\nbe homogeneously mixed in the troposphere, and as such the global \r\naverage mixing ratio can be determined from a network of surface \r\nobservations. For many well-mixed greenhouse gases, measurements \r\nmade in remote regions differ from the global mean by <15%."


id: 68d5ec7b9796fbdf99328ff4cb75e47c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
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vector_id: 14084
content:
"Wetland Land that is covered or saturated by water for all or part \r\nof the year (e.g., peatland)."


id: 9c0732adbdc814dde79595c947ddce21
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 22104
content:
"Younger Dryas The period from approximately 12.9 to 11.7 ka \r\n(thousand years before 1950), during the last deglacial transition, \r\ncharacterized by a temporary return to colder conditions in many \r\nlocations, especially around the North Atlantic. See also Stadial and \r\nLast deglacial transition."


id: 94349777e5f907a2d38a295a7c7232f3
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 20828
content:
"land-use-land-use-change-and-forestry-lulucf/reporting-and-accounting\u0002of-lulucf-activities-under-the-kyoto-protocol."


id: d33bd5781668ae4d41c7e67744dec158
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 30760
content:
"IPCC, 2021: Annex VIII: Acronyms. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working \r\nGroup I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, \r\nV., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Pean, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M.  Huang, K. \r\nLeitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekci, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge \r\nUniversity Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2257-2266."


id: 250db5d61d44a2d29ae0d43ad79ce72d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 3272
content:
"IPCC, 2021: Annex IX: Contributors to the IPCC Working Group I Sixth Assessment Report. In Climate Change 2021: The \r\nPhysical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel \r\non Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Pean, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, \r\nM.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekci, R. Yu, and B. Zhou \r\n(eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2267-2286."


id: 8fa60c4b30937d087095764812987946
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 20146
content:
"ALEXANDER, Lisa V.\r\nClimate Change Research Centre \r\nand University of New South Wales\r\nAustralia"


id: 2d2bdcf7bcf0160fd62602815b80bb20
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 4550
content:
"ALEXANDROV, Georgii A.\r\nA.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmopsheric \r\nPhysics \r\nRussian Federation "


id: c9937b3571b4bc93359bd9a5187bf3c8
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 29270
content:
"ALLAN, Richard P.\r\nUniversity of Reading \r\nand National Centre for Earth Observation \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain and \r\nNorthern Ireland) "


id: 44361416d19989e8d1e0828957e19499
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 8153
content:
"BAMBER, Jonathan L.\r\nUniversity of Bristol \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: d30aa97524533713c41c66a30d35c975
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 30724
content:
"BURKE, Eleanor J.\r\nMet Office Hadley Centre\r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: c2777b2f8ab4c9177f4ec8a250cc56cd
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 28183
content:
"BYRNE, Michael P.\r\nUniversity of St Andrews\r\nand University of Oxford \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland)"


id: f79ca4206789c2f5365cdef934b61218
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 36467
content:
"BETTS, Richard A.\r\nMet Office Hadley Centre \r\nand University of Exeter \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: 73ecfe733bf7c0e2478e2373454455d1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 15848
content:
"COLLINS, William D.\r\nLawrence Berkeley Laboratory \r\nand University of California, Berkeley \r\nUnited States of America "


id: 3e7243a9c7e523375df776d6aa9a8e2e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 7203
content:
"CHRISTENSEN, Hannah M.\r\nUniversity of Oxford \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland)"


id: ee02ca54b014d640b4afde08f93e3e05
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 34927
content:
"COOPER, Owen R.\r\nUniversity of Colorado, Boulder\r\nNOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory\r\nUnited States of America "


id: 137f915ffe52219fed4e71fde14261a0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 577
content:
"COFINO, Antonio S.\r\nDepartment of Applied Mathematics \r\nand Computer Science \r\nUniversity of Cantabria \r\nSpain "


id: 2b4c2dc37c41d005cc9e2ff020ede1a6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:55
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 4250
content:
"COX, Peter M.\r\nUniversity of Exeter \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: 29137aebbaf60f7b71a5fdb184d933ab
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 3887
content:
"DOMINGUES, Catia M.\r\nUniversity of Tasmania\r\nInstitute for Marine and Antarctic Studies \r\n(IMAS) \r\nAustralia \r\nand Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems \r\nCooperative Research Centre (ACE CRC) \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain and \r\nNorthern Ireland)"


id: 37c45c9e78550bfe7267eaacf24b7629
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 6148
content:
"DARON, Joseph D.\r\nMet Office Hadley Centre \r\nand Faculty of Science, University of Bristol \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain and \r\nNorthern Ireland) "


id: 39f08728b0d87c5f66cde842fcb08a55
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 6488
content:
"DENISOV, Sergey N.\r\nA.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmopsheric \r\nPhysics RAS \r\nRussian Federation "


id: a82d81e5c296eaaba34734ef889e9ebb
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 23977
content:
"DLUGOKENCKY, Ed J.\r\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric \r\nAdministration (NOAA)\r\nUnited States of America "


id: 3c14dc736597c3cb69d06674cf6b1f3c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 6809
content:
"DOBLAS REYES, Francisco J.\r\nCatalan Institution for Research and \r\nAdvanced Studies (ICREA) \r\nand Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC) \r\nSpain "


id: 2038a78173e87af81f5f1987d4878444
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 2513
content:
"DRIJFHOUT, Sybren S.\r\nUniversity of Utrecht \r\nand University of Southampton \r\nThe Netherlands "


id: f857f3bd1431fab3b7ba2d0e8b7c1e9a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 36586
content:
"DUNN, Robert J.H.\r\nMet Office Hadley Centre \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain and \r\nNorthern Ireland) "


id: 3f77164a02d3ce31a1207ca5fc5d4457
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 7373
content:
"FEELY, Richard A.\r\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric \r\nAdministration (NOAA)\r\nUnited States of America "


id: d1f6cdbfb0ca55a1e581de69a3c936e2
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 30561
content:
"EDWARDS, Tamsin L.\r\nKings College London \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: 2273ae637b4f47b1b200d02b0e47583d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 2869
content:
"FOSTER, Gavin L.\r\nUniversity of Southampton\r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland)"


id: 18de8e958131b42792aab05f66800c23
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 1414
content:
"FOWLER, Hayley J.\r\nNewcastle University \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: 9785d670543303d392d2202df884919e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 21364
content:
"GRIFFITHS, Paul T.\r\nCambridge University \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: 489ed1aba5ce78d01b52ccc1220c954a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 8800
content:
"GIDDEN, Matthew J.\r\nInternational Institute for Applied Systems \r\nAnalysis (IIASA) \r\nAustria "


id: f91ed66df6f2d47d747eaac6dec934c0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 36703
content:
"GREGORY, Jonathan M.\r\nUniversity of Reading \r\nand Met Office Hadley Centre \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: ec1253efc095527fe90760784caa945
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 34637
content:
"HAYWOOD, Alan M.\r\nUniversity of Leeds \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: a9ee526187f5808684aca4abc642b705
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 24271
content:
"HEWITT, Helene T.\r\nMet Office Hadley Centre \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain and \r\nNorthern Ireland) "


id: 802b84bedd22c2809a3cebd94e0de40
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 17696
content:
"HILL, Emma M.\r\nEarth Observatory of Singapore \r\nand Asian School of the Environment \r\nSingapore "


id: 43313c22162db444f992b4a7f1e54fb5
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 7970
content:
"HARRIS, Glen R.\r\nMet Office Hadley Centre \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: 6e0c34fe1454c3ccbe10c9a5fc411933
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 14928
content:
"HOLLAND, Marika M.\r\nNational Center for Atmospheric Research \r\n(NCAR)\r\nUnited States of America "


id: 354248524e1cf64435982822504cdb8
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 5790
content:
"HORTON, Benjamin P.\r\nEarth Observatory of Singapore\r\nNanyang Technological University \r\nSingapore "


id: d01c5da1e74ac0c027a5a5197d14f9b4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 30272
content:
"JACKSON, Laura C.\r\nMet Office Hadley Centre \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: 14c7f43f56821e8f43ea7f3b06d6df18
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 778
content:
"HURST, Dale F.\r\nUniversity of Colorado Boulder \r\nand National Oceanic and Atmospheric \r\nAdministration (NOAA)\r\nUnited States of America "


id: a8d0c40fe526d4db80b8f874143b83d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 24090
content:
"ILES, Carley E.\r\nCenter for International Climate Research \r\n(CICERO) \r\nNorway\r\nLaboratoire des sciences du climat \r\net de l'environnement (LSCE) \r\nFrance"


id: 3661e9bbf4ab5c037f4fa73b5160607
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 5948
content:
"JONES, Richard G.\r\nMet Office Hadley Centre \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: 1622087fc90e79e841dd89641227c4c8
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 1006
content:
"ISLAM, A.K.M Saiful \r\nSaiful Bangaldesh University of Engineering \r\nand Technology (BUET) \r\nBangladesh "


id: 3dd487b4bd305a8bd6cf55affa3cd004
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 7084
content:
"LAMBOLL, Robin D.\r\nImperial College London \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: b6a9ba8379cbcb922abe720b1283653c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 26256
content:
"LAMPTEY, Benjamin L.\r\nAfrican Centre of Meteorological \r\nApplications for Development (ACMAD) \r\nNiger "


id: a39ec371289f62519342a9e67681292e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 23303
content:
"MARSHALL, Gareth J.\r\nBritish Antarctic Survey \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: e644e81299475e08e0d111fa0c1e3ea6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 33718
content:
"MCCLYMONT, Erin L.\r\nDurham University \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: 4a665b08e798df41551af4aa6c54500e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 9108
content:
"LUNT, Daniel J.\r\nUniversity of Bristol \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: c863ab7f131045d64f7aa7096d49f7e9
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 29095
content:
"MCINNES, Kathleen L.\r\nComonwealth Scientic and Industrial \r\nOrganization (CSIRO) \r\nAustralia "


id: 5de1af87f38b086e307682666fc5743b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 12304
content:
"MCMANUS, Jerry F.\r\nDoherty Earth Observatory of Columbia \r\nUniversity \r\nUnited States of America "


id: 4ece0ba61b8c073d829fb5fb8caafdc7
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 9833
content:
"MEARNS, Linda O.\r\nNational Center for Atmospheric \r\nResearch (NCAR)\r\nUnited States of America "


id: 40df3d72dc69c139efbb8c4bb570a069
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 7592
content:
"NNAMCHI, Hyacinth C.\r\nUniversity of Nigeria \r\nNigeria \r\nand GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean \r\nResearch Kiel \r\nGermany"


id: a72babfc437fa3125ca1714317a833bc
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 23809
content:
"OSBORN, Timothy J.\r\nUniversity of East Anglia \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: 6a05d948f74fd83f315dde9ed777319d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 14283
content:
"PHILLIPS, Adam S.\r\nNational Center for Atmospheric Research \r\n(NCAR)\r\nUnited States of America "


id: 2eeaba487d60708c5c39501d43979958
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 4813
content:
"OSPREY, Scott M.\r\nUniversity of Oxford \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: eb74f7d02cbaaa8cabace7abe008cbe8
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 34542
content:
"PICKERING, Mark D.\r\nUniversity of Southampton \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: 9b741218105d896cdff12df54f51286e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 22010
content:
"PALMER, Matthew D.\r\nMet Office Hadley Centre \r\nand University of Bristol \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: c365b835800eb5bdacd1ae640af670e8
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 28311
content:
"POLASHENSKI, Chris \r\nU.S. Army Cold Regions Research \r\nand Engineering Laboratory\r\nand Dartmouth College\r\nUnited States of America "


id: 6b878e8e133c47269e776a596f41198e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 14534
content:
"PRIESTLEY, Matthew D.K.\r\nUniversity of Exeter \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: 69790545869b176a10e52e6f6cf27e72
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 14189
content:
"ROBERTS, Malcolm J.\r\nMet Office Hadley Centre\r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: 6b31eb48a9ad8a43821b61ed3c6d4f29
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 14492
content:
"SENEVIRATNE, Sonia I.\r\nInstitute for Atmospheric and Climate \r\nScience\r\nETH Zurich \r\nSwitzerland "


id: 93bb317c715b1cb36ae345a82c23bac6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 20754
content:
"SCHIEMANN, Reinhard K.H.\r\nUniversity of Reading \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: dc84c22911e59144f8e85e7fa7579d93
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 32200
content:
"SHEPHERD, Theodore G.\r\nUniversity of Reading \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: 8e0b9d789b6035f8537cc1f2a55c00d0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 19879
content:
"SCHURER, Andrew P.\r\nUniversity of Edinburgh \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: ce76298d4e080a7592d3831732ef945
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 30018
content:
"SHONK, Jonathan K.P.\r\nUniversity of Reading \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: 157461bf53da8cc49a897d2365a99727
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 890
content:
"SLANGEN, Aimee B.A.\r\nRoyal Netherlands Institute for Sea \r\nResearch (NIOZ)\r\nThe Netherlands "


id: b4485b651d075003fdea596ccb1d4650
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 25877
content:
"SWEET, William V.\r\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric \r\nAdministration (NOAA)\r\nUnited States of America "


id: a9c0814e86e578d9908807457a1b356f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 24241
content:
"TAYLOR, Richard G.\r\nUniversity College London \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: eb7298cb641ad8cfb5aa8b31cffdab49
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 34538
content:
"TOKARSKA, Katarzyna B.\r\nInstitute for Atmospheric and Climate \r\nScience\r\nETH Zurich \r\nSwitzerland "


id: 7c16a00943c4f9df27827006ef5cc6e5
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 17126
content:
"VOSE, Russell S.\r\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric \r\nAdministration (NOAA)\r\nUnited States of America "


id: dba27416c7d707ec37dcf57c0d2fea7b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 32075
content:
"WILCOX, Laura J.\r\nUniversity of Reading \r\nand National Centre for Atmospheric \r\nScience\r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: 81b64959fc17b8a9fac809f5056fa229
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 17940
content:
"ZOLINA, Olga \r\nP.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS \r\nRussian Federation \r\nand Universite Grenoble Alpes \r\nFrance"


id: b285dffe2bd835ac97635c553802b9b0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 25604
content:
"IPCC, 2021: Annex X: Expert Reviewers of the IPCC Working Group I Sixth Assessment Report. In Climate Change 2021: \r\nThe Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental \r\nPanel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Pean, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. \r\nGoldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekci, R. Yu, \r\nand B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2287-2338."


id: 6fc404ac6e92c560caecd4e4892f1cd8
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 15210
content:
"A. JARA, Ignacio \r\nPast Global Changes (PAGES) \r\nEarly Career Network (ECN) \r\nCenter for Advanced Studies \r\nin Arid Zones (CEAZA) \r\nChile"


id: 11462cedf2297c8aba1f0b8f6a32446b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 195
content:
"CABRERIZO, Marco J. \r\nAssociation of Polar Early Career \r\nScientist (APECS)\r\nPermafrost Young Research Network (PYRN)\r\nUniversidade de Vigo \r\nSpain"


id: a9abe27f508039d1b54200b1da0fb469
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 24225
content:
"FUGLESTVEDT, Jan S.\r\nIPCC WGI Vice-Chair\r\nCICERO Center for International Climate \r\nResearch\r\nNorway"


id: 206de1fa5f97f5243b11c16c7a5a0e16
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 2552
content:
"GARCIA-GARCIA, Almudena \r\nPast Global Changes (PAGES) \r\nEarly Career Network (ECN) \r\nSt. Francis Xavier University \r\nCanada"


id: 5d155a3519496b64440fb6c38e80fbd8
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 12160
content:
"GOESSLING, Helge F.\r\nAlfred Wegener Institute for Polar \r\nand Marine Research (AWI) \r\nGermany"


id: cd8926d62745aefefede21602b7bfe6e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 29871
content:
"GOULD, W. John\r\nNational Oceanography Centre \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland)"


id: 4cbbb0726a1572ee15afbea73c1608b2
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 9498
content:
"ISLAM, A.K.M Saiful\r\nBangladesh University of Engineering \r\nand Technology (BUET) \r\nBangladesh"


id: 77ed01ab9dfe1a7c13b7a037207f4532
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 16429
content:
"JONES, Gareth S.\r\nMet Office Hadley Centre \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland)"


id: 4f574c56cc89cd102fd2e9611cce2863
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 9923
content:
"LANGEBROEK, Petra M.\r\nNorwegian Research Centre (NORCE) \r\nand Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research \r\nNorway"


id: f79051181d36bf8873b4b8af8b9fa28a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 36461
content:
"MAEZUMI, S. Yoshi\r\nPast Global Changes (PAGES) \r\nEarly Career Network (ECN) \r\nUniversity of the West Indies\r\nand University of Amsterdam \r\nJamica"


id: ad2c44eff0d3678eb63eeead0b7d4d01
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 24789
content:
"PALMEIRO, Froila M. \r\nYESS (Young Earth System Scientists \r\ncommunity)\r\nBarcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC) \r\nSpain"


id: c7620b7702e508ab84c09ea3e74dc1e6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 28957
content:
"SANCHEZ, Maria E.\r\nAssociation of Polar Early Career Scientist \r\n(APECS)\r\nPermafrost Young Research Network (PYRN)\r\nUniversity of Saskatchewan \r\nCanada"


id: 28c08a2508d77025d2ef61b785854e4e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 3840
content:
"SHORT GIANOTTI, Daniel J.\r\nMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) \r\nUnited States of America"


id: 786a01e69bbb3cb4fb618c00fe33bd7a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 16507
content:
"STEINER, Andrea K.\r\nWegener Center for Climate and Global \r\nChange, University of Graz \r\nAustria"


id: 22e60d406318fb4858d6e00b72a54c61
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 2941
content:
"SU, Danielle I.\r\nAPSO ECS \r\nLaboratoire d'oceanographie et du climat - \r\nexperimentations et approches numeriques \r\n(LOCEAN) \r\nFrance"


id: 4481b2be2a3c0770ab30027fd8cd8d07
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 8206
content:
"IPCC, 2021: Index. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the \r\nSixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, \r\nS.L. Connors, C. Pean, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. \r\nMatthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekci, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, \r\nUnited Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2339 -2391."


id: 2081b7f1aede2dd0cad5e140649b618d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 2565
content:
"Abrupt climate change*. See also Tipping \r\npoints*/elements*\r\nAtlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation \r\ncollapse, 1148, 1214\r\nbiogeochemical cycle, 739\r\ndefinition of, 202, 739\r\nEarth system model projections, 741\r\nforest dieback, 740\r\nfrom solar radiation modification, 1059\r\nfrom water cycle change, 1148\r\ngreening of Sahara and Sahel amplification, 1150\r\nin Earth's history, 202\r\nin water cycle, 1059, 1148, 1148-1151, 1151\r\npotential irreversibility of, 633\r\nsimulation of, 979, 983, 1010\r\ntipping point thresholds, 106, 630\r\nwater cycle changes, 1059\r\nAbltlbl fittil (AGFP)1012"


id: 2001927601eb6944ba9b3a204a2cbfd0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 2476
content:
"regional impact for risk assessment, 1777\r\nregional impacts and risks assessment, 1770\r\nregional indices, 2209, 2212\r\nregional vulnerability and adaptation/mitigation, \r\n1775\r\nregion-by-region changes in, 135-141\r\nregion-specific change relative to recent past, \r\n1770\r\nrelevance for sectoral assets, 1778\r\nselection of indices, 2209\r\nSmall Islands changes, 1836-1841\r\nsolar and volcanic forcing (2.5 kyr), 297\r\nsummary of hazards, 1858\r\nsurface solar and longwave radiation fluxes, \r\n1787\r\ntemperature changes, 1851\r\ntime of emergence for, 1856\r\nwet and dry, 1782\r\nwind change effects, 1784\r\nwith global warming 2degC, 135"


id: 660d6fc73976b55f1671c3406e6c7d82
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 13644
content:
"Decadal Climate Prediction Project (DCPP), \r\ninitialized prediction use in, 569\r\nDecarbonization strategies, 822\r\nDeep uncertainty*, 202\r\nDeforestation*. See also Afforestation*/\r\nreforestation*\r\nbiome shifts and die-back changes, 724\r\ncontribution to hot extremes, 1553\r\ncontribution to warming, 1547\r\neffects in Amazon, 1149\r\neffects in mid-latitudes, 310, 1552"


id: 4e29c3fc17f08afd9035033fc647526c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 9722
content:
"loods*\r\nagricultural and infrastructure effects, 1783\r\nclassification of, 1567-1571\r\ncoastal flooding impact, 1786\r\ncompound surge and river flow, 1848\r\ncontinental and regional scale projections, 1569\r\nextreme precipitation and, 1518\r\nlarge-scale circulation effects on, 1528\r\nlong-term attribution for, 1569\r\nmechanisms and drives, 1567\r\nmodel evaluation, 1568\r\nobserved trends for, 1568\r\nprojections for, 1569\r\nprojections for changes in, 1119\r\nriver floods, 1518\r\nluvial flood, 1851. See also River (fluvial) flood\r\norcing agents"


id: 3f8aad059ad2107c0319d6847d2fec82
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 7383
content:
"Ice. See Snow and ice\r\nIce (cirrus) clouds, 951. See also Cirrus cloud \r\nthinning* (CCT)\r\nIce core* proxies\r\natmospheric concentrations of CO2, CH4 and \r\nN2O, 685\r\ndecadal trends in atmospheric sulphur loading, \r\n846\r\nfor Atlantic Multi-decadal Variability \r\nreconstructions, 2177\r\nmid- and high-latitude aerosol deposition, 308"


id: d370ed05424a816f2796bb85132bb5e1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 30788
content:
"selection of indicators of, 314\r\ntropical modes, 1104\r\nZonal modes, 2156\r\nModoki events, 2162\r\nMoisture transport\r\nflux enhancement with warming, 601\r\ninto weather systems with warmer climate, 1057\r\nsurface air temperature and relative humidity \r\ncoupling, 596\r\nMonoterpenes\r\ndirect CO2 inhibition of, 831\r\ndriver for production of, 831\r\nemissions of, 831\r\nMonsoon*. See Global monsoon* (GM) and\r\nRegional monsoons\r\nMonte Carlo approach/analysis, 747, 867, 954\r\nMontreal Protocol* on Substances that Deplete \r\nthe Ozone Layer, 304, 821\r\nMortality-related heat stress, 1793. See also\r\nHeat stress*"


id: ab415b6aea2a6d231ac7abb17d4b497c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 24457
content:
"in climate-carbon feedbacks, 681, 729\r\nnitrogen-limitation in oxygen-depleted waters, \r\n719\r\norganic carbon fixed by, 729\r\nremoval of dissolved CO2 from ocean surface, \r\n720\r\nPrimary sea spray particles, 832\r\nPrincipal component analysis (PCA), 2155\r\nProbabilistic projections, 169, 576\r\nProxy-based reconstructions. See Paleoclimate \r\n(proxy) reconstructions"


id: 23801af671f74f0c9d1bff4bf8d5c8b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 3035
content:
"methodologies for attribution, 1414\r\nmodel improvement and added value, 1395\r\nmodelling progress since AR5, 1942\r\nmodel projections of warming to 1.5degC, 188\r\nmodel types and chains used in, 1388-1395\r\nmodes of variability and teleconnections, \r\n113-114"


id: bee283ebc453f9f112723bb0068cd9d3
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 27584
content:
"Surface air temperature* (SAT). See also global \r\nmean surface temperature* (GMST) and\r\nglobal surface air temperature* (GSAT)\r\nannual mean near-surface (1995-2014), 434\r\nanomalies in CMIP6 models and observations, \r\n441\r\nCMIP projections by scenarios, 571-572\r\ncoupling of relative humidity over land and \r\ntemperature, 596\r\nland temperature changes, 82\r\nnet negative CO2 emissions effect on, 30\r\nobserved and simulated change in, 17\r\nresponse to aerosol changes, 856\r\nstandard deviation of averaged zonal-mean, 436\r\nSurface albedo\r\nenhancement of, 624\r\nestimates of feedback, 970\r\nfactors determining, 970\r\nSurface-albedo feedback, 970, 971\r\nSurface humidity\r\natmospheric climate indicator, 312\r\nCMIP projections for, 601\r\nmonitoring, 330\r\ntrends in, 331\r\nSurface mass balance* (SMB)\r\nGreenland Ice Sheet loss, 1254"


id: 6a17a3128c95c45a9e667194c6310c92
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:00:56
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 14298
content:
"() pj, \r\nWater (hydrological) cycle*. See also Global \r\nhydrological cycle\r\nabrupt changes with solar radiation \r\nmodification, 1151\r\nabrupt change with rapid implementation or \r\ntermination of solar modification, 1059\r\nannual mean water cycle projections, 1107\r\nanthropogenic aerosols in changes of, \r\n1076-1078\r\nAR6 key findings of special reports, 1063\r\naridity and drought, 1086-1088\r\nassessment of deficits in droughts, 1572\r\nattribution of changes in, 1079-1080"


