# document

id: ee150c6f5d27cb092f9ab1894a742ad3
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 34935
content:
"Scenarios that include time series of emissions and concentrations of \r\nthe full suite of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and aerosols and chemically \r\nactive gases, as well as land use/land cover (Moss et al., 2008; van \r\nVuuren et al., 2011). The word 'representative' signifies that each \r\nRCP provides only one of many possible scenarios that would lead \r\nto the specific radiative forcing characteristics. The term pathway"


id: c6bc498c9171d7147322f5618069a1fa
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
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vector_id: 28834
content:
"The generic situation where decisions, events or outcomes at one point \r\nin time constrain adaptation, mitigation or other actions or options at \r\na later point in time. See also Lock-in."


id: 8bda8dffddba9cda29b8b764ce1deb8a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
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vector_id: 19523
content:
"denote trajectories that address social, environmental and eco\u0002nomic dimensions of sustainable development, adaptation and \r\nmitigation, and transformation, in a generic sense or from a par\u0002ticular methodological perspective such as integrated assessment \r\nmodels and scenario simulations."


id: 97951fa4e11208bf555b8dce57df97e6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
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"emphasises the fact that not only the long-term concentration levels, \r\nbut also the trajectory taken over time to reach that outcome are of \r\ninterest (Moss et al., 2010; van Vuuren et al., 2011).\r\nRCPs usually refer to the portion of the concentration pathway\r\nextending up to 2100, for which integrated assessment models\r\nproduced corresponding emission scenarios. Extended concentration \r\npathways describe extensions of the RCPs from 2100 to 2300 \r\nthat were calculated using simple rules generated by stakeholder \r\nconsultations, and do not represent fully consistent scenarios. \r\nFour RCPs produced from integrated assessment models were \r\nselected from the published literature and are used in the Fifth IPCC \r\nAssessment and are also used in this Assessment for comparison, \r\nspanning the range from approximately below 2degC warming to \r\nhigh (>4degC) warming best-estimates by the end of the 21st century: \r\nRCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP6.0, and RCP8.5."


id: d778c462e9b8221094b93816f8d69383
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
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vector_id: 31422
content:
"Soft, porous or compressed, sedentary deposit of which a substantial \r\nportion is partly decomposed plant material with high water content in \r\nthe natural state (up to about 90%) (IPCC, 2013)."


id: c87586c43e3a4317465202aa1c978250
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
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vector_id: 29103
content:
"Peatlands are wetland ecosystems where soils are dominated by \r\npeat. In peatlands, net primary production exceeds organic matter \r\ndecomposition as a result of waterlogged conditions, which leads to \r\nthe accumulation of peat."


id: 47dde416a3243e7f4a8d59f948494322
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
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vector_id: 8676
content:
"The pelagic zone consists of the entire water column of the open ocean. \r\nIt is subdivided into the epipelagic zone (<200 m, the uppermost part \r\nof the ocean that receives enough sunlight to allow photosynthesis), \r\nthe mesopelagic zone (200-1000 m depth) and the bathypelagic zone \r\n(>1000 m depth). The term pelagic can also refer to organisms that live \r\nin the pelagic zone."


id: 22935ec69468634594f355db27fce54e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
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vector_id: 2893
content:
"Organisms large and small living in the pelagic zones. Includes plankton\r\n(small) and nekton (free swimming, large). See Benthos."


id: f6454f10b6a528098380af405f6539ff
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
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vector_id: 36255
content:
"Shared socio-economic pathways (SSPs) have been developed \r\nto complement the Representative Concentration Pathways \r\n(RCPs). By design, the RCP emission and concentration pathways\r\nwere stripped of their association with a certain socio-economic \r\ndevelopment. Different levels of emissions and climate change \r\nalong the dimension of the RCPs can hence be explored against \r\nthe backdrop of different socio-economic development pathways\r\n(SSPs) on the other dimension in a matrix. This integrative SSP-RCP \r\nframework is now widely used in the climate impact and policy\r\nanalysis literature (see, e.g., http://iconics-ssp.org), where climate \r\nprojections obtained under the RCP scenarios are analysed against \r\nthe backdrop of various SSPs."


id: ca43fe6cbc8911197931ece2b593c77f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
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vector_id: 29385
content:
"A partition value in a population distribution that a given percentage of \r\nthe data values are below or equal to. The 50th percentile corresponds \r\nto the median of the population. Percentiles are often used to estimate \r\nthe extremes of a distribution. For example, the 90th (10th) percentile \r\nmay be used to refer to the threshold for the upper (lower) extremes."


id: f1f92643d01361ebd449770e01880e13
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
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vector_id: 35597
content:
"Dynamic transition zones that have intense interaction between rural \r\nand urban economies, activities, households and lifestyles. Neither fully \r\nrural or urban (following Seto et al., 2010)."


id: 3368461241c82c87c535128adfc277db
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
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"As several emission updates were due, a new set of emission \r\nscenarios was developed in conjunction with the SSPs. Hence, the \r\nabbreviation SSP is now used for two things: On the one hand \r\nSSP1, SSP2, ..., SSP5 is used to denote the five socio-economic \r\nscenario families. On the other hand, the abbreviations SSP1-1.9, \r\nSSP1-2.6, ..., SSP5-8.5 are used to denote the newly developed \r\nemission scenarios that are the result of an SSP implementation \r\nwithin an integrated assessment model. Those SSP scenarios \r\nare bare of climate policy assumption, but in combination with \r\nso-called shared policy assumptions (SPAs), various approximate \r\nradiative forcing levels of 1.9, 2.6, ..., or 8.5 W m-2 are reached by \r\nthe end of the century, respectively."


id: 904611ebf62846bfb553b7a0d1922638
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
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vector_id: 20233
content:
"Ground (soil or rock, and included ice and organic material) that \r\nremains at or below 0degC for at least two consecutive years (Harris \r\net al., 1988). Note that permafrost is defined via temperature rather \r\nthan ice content and, in some instances, may be ice-free."


id: eb4dc69ec7d71b3f3f6b37141ed3f406
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
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vector_id: 34519
content:
"Progressive loss of ground ice in permafrost, usually due to input of \r\nheat. Thaw can occur over decades to centuries over the entire depth \r\nof permafrost ground, with impacts occurring while thaw progresses. \r\nDuring thaw, temperature fluctuations are subdued because energy is \r\ntransferred by phase change between ice and water. After the transition \r\nfrom permafrost to non-permafrost, ground can be described as thawed."


id: 9f7c7b96d9dbc192872b7991987fe523
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
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vector_id: 22634
content:
"Trajectories aimed at attaining the Sustainable Development Goals \r\n(SDGs) in the short term and the goals of sustainable development\r\nin the long term. In the context of climate change, such pathways"


id: ec33e8a518b892ba78fa6458578a3d9c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
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vector_id: 34657
content:
"Potential evapotranspiration\r\nThe potential rate of water loss without any limits imposed by the \r\nwater supply."


id: 148c1d65ad989694b3bb937b1d26fa05
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 741
content:
"A dimensionless measure of the acidity of a solution given by its con\u0002centration of hydrogen ions (H+). pH is measured on a logarithmic scale \r\nwhere pH = -log10(H+). Thus, a pH decrease of 1 unit corresponds to a \r\n10-fold increase in the concentration of H+, or acidity."


id: baa49046f72f260d113952c7350b8367
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 26902
content:
"A complex concept with several definitions stemming from different \r\nschools of thought. It can refer to material circumstances (such as \r\nneed, pattern of deprivation or limited resources), economic conditions \r\n(such as standard of living, inequality or economic position) and/or \r\nsocial relationships (such as social class, dependency, exclusion, lack of \r\nbasic security or lack of entitlement). See also Poverty trap."


id: 6855823a62f0ff96e3979624aeab951e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 13998
content:
"The relationship between biological phenomena that recur periodically \r\n(e.g., development stages, migration) especially related to climate and \r\nseasonal changes."


id: ce5888657be6ac398133b598f5f1fec
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 30000
content:
"The production of carbohydrates in plants, algae and some bacteria \r\nusing the energy of light. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is used as the carbon \r\nsource."


id: 104e0cbe2ffe962e4a22888df66c755e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
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vector_id: 50
content:
"Poverty trap is understood differently across disciplines. In the social \r\nsciences, the concept, primarily employed at the individual, household \r\nor community level, describes a situation in which escaping poverty\r\nbecomes impossible due to unproductive or inflexible resources. A \r\npoverty trap can also be seen as a critical minimum asset threshold, \r\nbelow which families are unable to successfully educate their children, \r\nbuild up their productive assets and get out of poverty. Extreme \r\npoverty is itself a poverty trap since poor persons lack the means to \r\nparticipate meaningfully in society. In economics, the term poverty \r\ntrap is often used at national scales, referring to a self-perpetuating \r\ncondition where an economy, caught in a vicious cycle, suffers from \r\npersistent underdevelopment (Matsuyama, 2008). Many proposed \r\nmodels of poverty traps are found in the literature."


id: 122ab68deda5abf4d3c4b0ff9111fc9
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
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vector_id: 360
content:
"a concept based on the understanding that human health and human \r\ncivilisation depend on ecosystem health and the wise stewardship of \r\necosystems."


id: 9b5cec6faed1c1f00d743c6fbb3f1957
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
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vector_id: 21991
content:
"Free-floating organisms living in the upper layers of aquatic systems. \r\nTheir distribution and migration are primarily determined by water \r\ncurrents. A distinction is made between phytoplankton, which depend \r\non photosynthesis for their energy supply, and zooplankton, which \r\nfeed on phytoplankton, other zooplankton and bacterioplankton."


id: 191cba02526b93987dfff6a1013e5b4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
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vector_id: 1444
content:
"The multi-century period prior to the onset of large-scale industrial \r\nactivity around 1750. The reference period 1850-1900 is used to \r\napproximate pre-industrial global mean surface temperature (GMST)."


id: e4b8d74238ed8411ec5d90f434867409
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
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vector_id: 33462
content:
"A form of human mobility response in the face of sea level rise and \r\nrelated impacts. Planned relocation is typically initiated, supervised \r\nand implemented from national to local level and involves small \r\ncommunities and individual assets but may also involve large \r\npopulations. Also termed resettlement, managed retreat or managed \r\nrealignment."


id: ea73b8cf8e78a51929e1a77814f79f68
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 34394
content:
"Atmospheric compounds that are not greenhouse gases (GHGs) or \r\naerosols, but that have an effect on GHG or aerosol concentrations \r\nby taking part in physical or chemical processes regulating their \r\nproduction or destruction rates."


id: 6e5f503117c18c4f1755ce0882e60353
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 14988
content:
"Change in organismal trait values in response to an environmental cue \r\nand which does not require change in underlying DNA sequence."


id: 30b588a1f788e47218797caed627159e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 5085
content:
"The extent to which future states of a system may be predicted based on \r\nknowledge of current and past states of the system. Because knowledge \r\nof the climate system's past and current states is generally imperfect, \r\nas are the models that utilise this knowledge to produce a climate \r\nprediction, and because the climate system is inherently nonlinear and \r\nchaotic, the predictability of the climate system is inherently limited. \r\nEven with arbitrarily accurate models and observations, there may still \r\nbe limits to the predictability of such a nonlinear system (AMS, 2000)."


id: 4386b50f90152027f68b83f2a21279e9
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 8034
content:
"Strategies that enable actions to be undertaken to accelerate \r\nadaptation and mitigation. Policies include those developed by \r\nnational and subnational public agencies, and with the private \r\nsector. Policies for adaptation and mitigation often take the form of \r\neconomic incentives, regulatory instruments, and decision-making and \r\nengagement processes."


id: 1cf2eb9c81714d8c498c9fa06fbcc806
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 2002
content:
"The synthesis of organic compounds by plants and microbes, on land\r\nor in the ocean, primarily by photosynthesis using light and carbon \r\ndioxide (CO2) as sources of energy and carbon, respectively. It can also \r\noccur through chemosynthesis, using chemical energy, for example, in \r\ndeep sea vents."


id: 358609078b3638487d37dc4317a30ee4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 5830
content:
"The set of interlinked relationships between people, the State, society \r\nand markets as defined by law, politics, economics, customs and \r\npower that determine the outcome of trade and transactions and the \r\ndistribution of wealth in a country or economy."


id: 9e739b2415c33f71a8f72c817fd662b6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
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vector_id: 22462
content:
"[Note: For a discussion of the term forest and related terms such as \r\nafforestation, reforestation and deforestation, see the 2006 IPCC \r\nGuidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and their \r\n2019 Refinement, and information provided by the United Nations \r\nFramework Convention on Climate Change (IPCC 2006, 2019; UNFCCC \r\n2021a, 2021b)]."


id: e65227024e4bf34b96b9e4f54c6a2e1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 33726
content:
"Net primary production (NPP)\r\nThe difference between how much CO2 vegetation takes in during \r\nphotosynthesis (gross primary production) minus how much CO2 the \r\nplants release during respiration (IPBES, 2019, Global Assessment)."


id: 3d12c7bc045cfbe455693e582bd18620
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 6971
content:
"A refugium is a geographic area where a population found safety from \r\nsome threat to its existence, for example, climate refugia or glacial \r\nrefugia (refuge from glaciations). See also Climate refugium."


id: e83cc96e7669555106331589c0e54228
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 34047
content:
"A potential future evolution of a quantity or set of quantities, often \r\ncomputed with the aid of a model. Unlike predictions, projections\r\nare conditional on assumptions concerning, for example, future \r\nsocio-economic and technological developments that may or may not \r\nbe realised. See also Pathways and Scenario."


id: f12ae43eeb8434fdb87a74652c9c163d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 35444
content:
"A land and/or ocean area characterised by specific geographical and/\r\nor climatological features. The climate of a region emerges from a \r\nmulti-scale combination of its own features, remote influences from \r\nother regions and global climate conditions."


id: 3de706fef5f7f379886f435cb1b79edd
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 7098
content:
"A proxy climate indicator is a record that is interpreted, using \r\nphysical and biophysical principles, to represent some combination of \r\nclimate-related variations back in time. Climate-related data derived \r\nin this way are referred to as proxy data. Examples of proxies include \r\npollen analysis, tree ring records, speleothems, characteristics of corals \r\nand various data derived from marine sediments and ice cores. Proxy\r\ndata can be calibrated to provide quantitative climate information."


id: ba30c35ba6d995dd79105ee06dcbf2db
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 26833
content:
"A rule or order issued by governmental executive authorities or \r\nregulatory agencies and having the force of law. Regulations\r\nimplement policies and are mostly specific for particular groups of \r\npeople, legal entities or targeted activities. Regulation is also the act \r\nof designing and imposing rules or orders. Informational, transactional, \r\nadministrative and political constraints in practice limit the regulator's \r\ncapability for implementing preferred policies."


id: 11c57e53c14032a39a10dece4e7772fd
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 291
content:
"The change in the net, downward minus upward, radiative flux\r\n(expressed in W m-2) at the tropopause or top of atmosphere due to \r\na change in an (external) driver of climate change, such as a change \r\nin the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2), the concentration of \r\nvolcanic aerosols or the output of the Sun. The traditional radiative \r\nforcing is computed with all tropospheric properties held fixed \r\nat their unperturbed values, and after allowing for stratospheric \r\ntemperatures, if perturbed, to readjust to radiative-dynamical \r\nequilibrium. Radiative forcing is called instantaneous if no change in \r\nstratospheric temperature is accounted for. The radiative forcing once \r\nrapid adjustments are accounted for is termed the effective radiative \r\nforcing. Radiative forcing is not to be confused with cloud radiative \r\nforcing, which describes an unrelated measure of the impact of clouds \r\non the radiative flux at the top of the atmosphere."


id: 865f315f8851f95439e3047f397a5817
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 18680
content:
"The relative humidity specifies the ratio of actual water vapour pressure \r\nto that at saturation with respect to liquid water or ice at the same \r\ntemperature."


id: 533df2c4357c80761053471d94fc2938
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 10566
content:
"The process of formal reporting of assessment results to the UNFCCC, \r\naccording to predetermined formats and according to established \r\nstandards, especially the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change \r\n(IPCC) Guidelines and Good Practice Guidance (GPG) (UN REDD, 2009)."


id: 2fda662bfc8bf1439acb1acfe9156bb3
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 4953
content:
"Elements of a classification framework, first developed in the IPCC \r\nThird Assessment Report, which aims to facilitate judgements about \r\nwhat level of climate change may be dangerous (in the language of \r\nArticle 2 of the UNFCCC) by aggregating risks from various sectors, \r\nconsidering hazards, exposures, vulnerabilities, capacities to adapt and \r\nthe resulting impacts."


id: 2e00fc557ece045ee5d8bb0d066f4b5c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 4671
content:
"A component or components of the climate system where a greenhouse \r\ngas (GHG) or a precursor of a greenhouse gas is stored (UNFCCC \r\nArticle 1.7)."


id: 2aa351df086ce8ff249ec4935300be48
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 4132
content:
"The risk related to climate change impacts that remains following \r\nadaptation and mitigation efforts. Adaptation actions can redistribute \r\nrisk and impacts, with increased risk and impacts in some areas or \r\npopulations, and decreased risk and impacts in others. See also Loss \r\nand Damage, and losses and damages."


id: d93a4f0235b6eea4edc15e583f55d831
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 31686
content:
"A time period of interest, or a period over which some relevant statistics \r\nare calculated. A reference period can be used as a baseline period or \r\nas a comparison to a baseline period."


id: a8ad271edd43959602ae2cc787e0bd38
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 24068
content:
"Conversion to forest of land that has previously contained forests but \r\nthat has been converted to some other use. See also Afforestation and \r\nForest."


id: f0bb5ccc0debcb1cbf904609854eef05
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
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vector_id: 35370
content:
"and structure. Resilience is a positive attribute when it maintains \r\ncapacity for adaptation, learning and/or transformation (Arctic Council, \r\n2016). See also Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability."


id: b865f245e952f54385e3c94757a61fee
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 26542
content:
"Plans, actions, strategies or policies to reduce the likelihood and/or \r\nmagnitude of adverse potential consequences, based on assessed or \r\nperceived risks."


id: a3c911c190277c28137d456019a3579
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 23331
content:
"In climate models, this term refers to the physical distance (metres \r\nor degrees) between each point on the grid used to compute the \r\nequations. Temporal resolution refers to the time step or time elapsed \r\nbetween each model computation of the equations."


id: 57d51d0effda24de946189ad16ac095c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 11319
content:
"The subjective judgement that people make about the characteristics \r\nand severity of a risk. See also Risk assessment and Risk management."


id: 616903c0b3c9ba63044a9dd5b62059d8
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 12897
content:
"The process of formally or informally shifting the financial consequences \r\nof particular risks from one party to another whereby a household, \r\ncommunity, enterprise or state authority will obtain resources from \r\nthe other party after a disaster occurs, in exchange for ongoing or \r\ncompensatory social or financial benefits provided to that other party."


id: a052eaf576eb18fd8df6b2f4368d7811
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 22759
content:
"The process whereby living organisms convert organic matter to carbon \r\ndioxide (CO2), releasing energy and consuming molecular oxygen."


id: e706aab5632244e4723570496ea30a4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 33839
content:
"In environmental context, restoration involves human interventions to \r\nassist the recovery of an ecosystem that has been previously degraded, \r\ndamaged or destroyed."


id: 96fd801990bf00548aca6cd353b176cd
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 21270
content:
"The flow of water over the surface or through the subsurface, which \r\ntypically originates from the part of liquid precipitation and/or snow/\r\nice melt that does not evaporate, transpire or refreeze, and returns to \r\nwater bodies."


id: 53f62f3728d22a7cdbcd8c1b533ee5b6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 10671
content:
"An estimate of the average time interval between occurrences of an \r\nevent (e.g., flood or extreme rainfall) of (or below/above) a defined \r\nsize or intensity."


id: 3ff5aedd574a17dd0cec21043fbab80f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 7447
content:
"Displacement of fresh surface water or groundwater by the advance \r\nof salt water due to its greater density. This usually occurs in coastal \r\nand estuarine areas due to decreasing land-based influence (e.g., \r\nfrom reduced runoff or groundwater recharge, or from excessive \r\nwater withdrawals from aquifers) or increasing marine influence (e.g., \r\nrelative sea level rise)."


id: a1a9e3b1ac8976018c862e3a252e436d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 22993
content:
"The potential for adverse consequences for human or ecological \r\nsystems, recognising the diversity of values and objectives associated \r\nwith such systems. In the context of climate change, risks can arise \r\nfrom potential impacts of climate change as well as human responses \r\nto climate change. Relevant adverse consequences include those on \r\nlives, livelihoods, health and well-being, economic, social and cultural \r\nassets and investments, infrastructure, services (including ecosystem \r\nservices), ecosystems and species."


id: 3936b4c97efd3c9993b881179b3f96dc
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 6376
content:
"A plausible description of how the future may develop based on a \r\ncoherent and internally consistent set of assumptions about key driving \r\nforces (e.g., rate of technological change (TC), prices) and relationships. \r\nNote that scenarios are neither predictions nor forecasts, but are used \r\nto provide a view of the implications of developments and actions. See \r\nalso Pathways."


id: 36ef10f0c1026a726db1729d7146dcc3
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 6032
content:
"In the context of climate change impacts, risks result from dynamic \r\ninteractions between climate-related hazards with the exposure\r\nand vulnerability of the affected human or ecological system to the \r\nhazards. Hazards, exposure and vulnerability may each be subject to \r\nuncertainty in terms of magnitude and likelihood of occurrence, and \r\neach may change over time and space due to socio-economic changes \r\nand human decision-making."


id: 30ef9d0c43e27c8dfd42756b036d516d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 5124
content:
"In the context of climate change responses, risks result from the \r\npotential for such responses not achieving the intended objective(s), \r\nor from potential trade-offs with, or negative side-effects on, other \r\nsocietal objectives, such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). \r\nRisks can arise for example from uncertainty in the implementation, \r\neffectiveness or outcomes of climate policy, climate-related investments, \r\ntechnology development or adoption, and system transitions. See also \r\nHazard and Impacts."


id: 9f2db3ead89ebafaef1e44089ca48bb6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 22579
content:
"A plausible representation of the future development of atmospheric \r\nconcentrations of substances that are radiatively active (e.g., green\u0002house gases (GHGs), aerosols, tropospheric ozone), plus human\u0002induced land-cover changes that can be radiatively active via albedo\r\nchanges, and often used as input to a climate model to compute \r\nclimate projections."


id: 15f13666eacc5b70313953661c2eb473
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 975
content:
"A plausible representation of the future development of emissions\r\nof substances that are radiatively active (e.g., greenhouse gases \r\n(GHGs) or aerosols) based on a coherent and internally consistent \r\nset of assumptions about driving forces (such as demographic and \r\nsocio-economic development, technological change, energy and \r\nland use) and their key relationships. Concentration scenarios, \r\nderived from emission scenarios, are often used as input to a \r\nclimate model to compute climate projections."


id: d9bc65aada689fe6ec13cc6e898beb1f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 31774
content:
"arise from the interaction of hazards, which may be characterised \r\nby single extreme events or multiple coincident or sequential \r\nevents that interact with exposed systems or sectors."


id: 66f24d4c51552e1d06416c011c03237d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 13786
content:
"The qualitative and/or quantitative scientific estimation of risks. See \r\nalso Risk management and Risk perception."


id: 98635672e1c7da5a429bf4904a009bf8
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 21486
content:
"by temperature changes only are called thermosteric, while density \r\nchanges induced by salinity changes are called halosteric. Barystatic \r\nand steric sea level changes do not include the effect of changes in the \r\nshape of ocean basins induced by the change in the ocean mass and \r\nits distribution. See also Extreme sea level (ESL)."


id: 44e45b16436cfea1f25199391d37d407
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 8266
content:
"The scenario used as starting or reference point for a comparison \r\nbetween two or more scenarios."


id: 88f776babb8b6ef91c397698101e339f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 19089
content:
"[Note 1: In many types of climate change research, reference scenarios\r\nreflect specific assumptions about patterns of socio-economic \r\ndevelopment and may represent futures that assume no climate \r\npolicies or specified climate policies, for example those in place \r\nor planned at the time a study is carried out. Reference scenarios\r\nmay also represent futures with limited or no climate impacts\r\nor adaptation, to serve as a point of comparison for futures with \r\nimpacts and adaptation. These are also referred to as baseline \r\nscenarios in the literature."


id: 298b51a4f75ebbb8269b3ae6c2e14a92
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 3973
content:
"The subsurface bulk temperature in the top few metres of the ocean, \r\nmeasured by ships, buoys and drifters. From ships, measurements of \r\nwater samples in buckets were mostly switched in the 1940s to samples \r\nfrom engine intake water. Satellite measurements of skin temperature \r\n(uppermost layer; a fraction of a millimetre thick) in the infrared or \r\nthe top centimetre or so in the microwave are also used, but must be \r\nadjusted to be compatible with the bulk temperature."


id: 62163023aa1e0a04076b193de7287cd7
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 12987
content:
"Areas where vegetation growth is constrained by limited water \r\navailability, often with short growing seasons and high interannual \r\nvariation in primary production. Annual precipitation ranges from 300 \r\nto 800 mm, depending on the occurrence of summer and winter rains."


id: e244d6f1bad1da517885d23b070b1850
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 33101
content:
"Note 3: The term Business-As-Usual scenario has been used to \r\ndescribe a scenario that assumes no additional policies beyond \r\nthose currently in place and that patterns of socio-economic \r\ndevelopment are consistent with recent trends. The term is now \r\nused less frequently than in the past."


id: e482d9a1d2917d291bf343bdbb074f48
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 33430
content:
"The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 outlines \r\nseven clear targets and four priorities for action to prevent new, and to \r\nreduce existing, disaster risks. The voluntary, non-binding agreement \r\nrecognises that the State has the primary role to reduce disaster risk\r\nbut that responsibility should be shared with other stakeholders, \r\nincluding local government and the private sector. Its aim is to achieve \r\n'substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses in lives, livelihoods and \r\nhealth and in the economic, physical, social, cultural and environmental \r\nassets of persons, businesses, communities and countries'."


id: a804d17da38dd65da4c4117b0fbb456
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 23948
content:
"A scenario that describes a possible future in terms of population, \r\ngross domestic product (GDP), and other socio-economic factors \r\nrelevant to understanding the implications of climate change."


id: e94958cb583c83febf768378fe54d3cf
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 34220
content:
"The degree to which a system or species is affected, either adversely or \r\nbeneficially, by climate variability or change. The effect may be direct \r\n(e.g., a change in crop yield in response to a change in the mean, range, \r\nor variability of temperature) or indirect (e.g., damages caused by an \r\nincrease in the frequency of coastal flooding due to sea level rise)."


id: 6ce599d6aadc385e8da1a21d3e8e2dc0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 14753
content:
"Ice found at the sea surface that has originated from the freezing of \r\nseawater. Sea ice may be discontinuous pieces (ice floes) moved on \r\nthe ocean surface by wind and currents (pack ice), or a motionless \r\nsheet attached to the coast (land-fast ice). Sea ice concentration is \r\nthe fraction of the ocean covered by ice. Sea ice less than 1 year old is \r\ncalled first-year ice. Perennial ice is sea ice that survives at least one \r\nsummer. It may be subdivided into second-year ice and multi-year ice, \r\nwhere multi-year ice has survived at least two summers."


id: f7c4e50c13a161008f9b102e2436317d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 36502
content:
"Places of concentrated human habitation. Settlements can range from \r\nisolated rural villages to urban regions with significant global influence. \r\nThey can include formally planned and informal or illegal habitation \r\nand related infrastructure. See also Cities, Urban and Urbanisation."


id: a4c0936923ea8f7e0469df76f6edbf
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 23496
content:
"Change to the height of sea level, both globally and locally (relative\r\nsea level change) (at seasonal, annual or longer time scales) due to (1) \r\na change in ocean volume as a result of a change in the mass of water \r\nin the ocean (e.g., due to melt of glaciers and ice sheets), (2) changes \r\nin ocean volume as a result of changes in ocean water density (e.g., \r\nexpansion under warmer conditions), (3) changes in the shape of the \r\nocean basins and changes in the Earth's gravitational and rotational \r\nfields and (4) local subsidence or uplift of the land. Global mean \r\nsea level change resulting from change in the mass of the ocean is \r\ncalled barystatic. The amount of barystatic sea level change due to the \r\naddition or removal of a mass of water is called its sea level equivalent \r\n(SLE). Sea level changes, both globally and locally, resulting from \r\nchanges in water density are called steric. Density changes induced "


id: 4fb3e95c2857a31d922d3609241e66a6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 9977
content:
"Relatively shallow water covering the shelf of continents or around is\u0002lands. The limit of shelf seas is conventionally considered as 200 m water \r\ndepth at the continental shelf edge, where there is usually a steep slope \r\nto the deep ocean floor. During glacial periods, most shelf seas are lost "


id: 1ba09c0bace843eaa3f37117fbf5a929
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 1805
content:
"An integrated system that includes human societies and ecosystems, in \r\nwhich humans are part of nature. The functions of such a system arise \r\nfrom the interactions and interdependence of the social and ecological \r\nsubsystems. The system's structure is characterised by reciprocal \r\nfeedbacks, emphasising that humans must be seen as a part of, not \r\napart from, nature (Arctic Council, 2016; Berkes and Folke, 1998)."


id: e0ea47e723f5049d559e5e310b8d58f1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 32886
content:
"Any process, activity or mechanism which removes a greenhouse gas, \r\nan aerosol or a precursor of a greenhouse gas from the atmosphere\r\n(UNFCCC Article 1.8 (UNFCCC, 1992)). See also Sequestration."


id: 2f5c97f80a2ee9696cacb027b84fd7e1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 4870
content:
"Small Island Developing States (SIDS), as recognised by the United \r\nNations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed \r\nCountries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island \r\nDeveloping States (OHRLLS), are a distinct group of developing \r\ncountries facing specific social, economic and environmental \r\nvulnerabilities (UN-OHRLLS, 2011). They were recognised as a special \r\ncase for both their environment and their development at the Rio \r\nEarth Summit in Brazil in 1992. Fifty-eight countries and territories \r\nare presently classified as SIDS by the UN OHRLLS, with 38 being UN \r\nmember states and 20 being Non-UN Members or Associate Members \r\nof the Regional Commissions (UN-OHRLLS, 2018)."


id: 6e745c121f75cb2629332025f7696e8d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 15003
content:
"Socio-technical transitions\r\nWhere technological change is associated with social systems and the \r\ntwo are inextricably linked."


id: 72f8410a40f99e4656d869ecbdc480
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 15699
content:
"The displacement of the soil by the action of water or wind. Soil erosion\r\nis a major process of land degradation."


id: a7bf21bdb462bf03c46693f876e0e935
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 23900
content:
"Soil moisture\r\nWater stored in the soil in liquid or frozen form. Root-zone soil moisture\r\nis of most relevance for plant activity."


id: b711f27b3515480da0a7f8d658f33d3d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 26333
content:
"Soil organic matter\r\nThe organic component of soil, comprising plant and animal residue at \r\nvarious stages of decomposition, and soil organisms."


id: ccf0c54286389216086bb2160d5d6aea
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 29787
content:
"A process of improving the terms of participation in society, particularly \r\nfor people who are disadvantaged, through enhancing opportunities, \r\naccess to resources and respect for rights (UN, DESA 2016)."


id: 797dc3fd8f438f04e92516d64895df51
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 16687
content:
"Refers to a range of radiation modification measures not related to \r\ngreenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation that seek to limit global warming. \r\nMost methods involve reducing the amount of incoming solar radiation \r\nreaching the surface, but others also act on the longwave radiation \r\nbudget by reducing optical thickness and cloud lifetime."


id: b900121777edb38c637374b6d0a4ae95
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 26641
content:
"A process of social interaction through which people learn new \r\nbehaviours, capacities, values and attitudes."


id: e15cc74a2e92ee91bc654adde6f35853
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 32948
content:
"The set of biophysical, cultural, socio-economic and political-institutional \r\ndimensions within which opportunities and constraints determine \r\nwhy, how, when and who acts to reduce climate risks. Within \r\nthese dimensions, there are 'hard' (unsurpassable) limits and 'soft' \r\n(surpassable) limits. The boundaries of the solution space are path \r\ndependent, contested and in constant flux (Haasnoot et. al. 2020)."


id: a4abe0c48f23adb880201e1f81875502
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 23475
content:
"In the context of development aid and climate policy, social protection\r\nusually describes public and private initiatives that provide income \r\nor consumption transfers to the poor, protect the vulnerable against \r\nlivelihood risks and enhance the social status and rights of the margin\u0002alised, with the overall objective of reducing the economic and social \r\nvulnerability of poor, vulnerable and marginalised groups (Devereux \r\nand Sabates-Wheeler, 2004). In other contexts, social protection may be \r\nused synonymously with social policy and can be described as all public \r\nand private initiatives that provide access to services, such as health, \r\neducation or housing, or income and consumption transfers to people. \r\nSocial protection policies protect the poor and vulnerable against liveli\u0002hood risks and enhance the social status and rights of the marginalised, \r\nas well as prevent vulnerable people from falling into poverty."


id: a737034555186f2b1ced517c6d2e1d15
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 23820
content:
"Any process or activity which releases a greenhouse gas, an aerosol or \r\na precursor of a greenhouse gas into the atmosphere (UNFCCC Article \r\n1.9). See also Sink and Sequestration."


id: 248c5aabf36471c22edc35ec708d1ae6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 3194
content:
"The ocean region encircling Antarctica that connects the Atlantic, Indian \r\nand Pacific Oceans together, allowing inter-ocean exchange. This region\r\nis the main source of much of the deep water of the world's ocean and "


id: 85a7018f2a188cb5aef0ef0005a631bd
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 18566
content:
"also provides the primary return pathway for this deep water to the \r\nsurface (Marshall and Speer, 2012; Toggweiler and Samuels, 1995). The \r\ndrawing up of deep waters and the subsequent transport into the ocean\r\ninterior has major consequences for the global heat, nutrient and carbon \r\nbalances, as well as the Antarctic cryosphere and marine ecosystems."


id: cc5a1c14742426a34f5724f11094ca7a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 29689
content:
"Events and trends, often not climate-related, that have an important \r\neffect on the system exposed and can increase vulnerability to \r\nclimate-related risk."


id: 729fdf1fb82da779f252d9952e50c858
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 15649
content:
"Involves ensuring the persistence of natural and human systems, \r\nimplying the continuous functioning of ecosystems, the conservation of \r\nhigh biodiversity, the recycling of natural resources and, in the human \r\nsector, successful application of justice and equity."


id: 661c4315ecf457fc9e48f40bd88dd77e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 13661
content:
"Climate may vary on a large range of spatial and temporal scales. \r\nSpatial scales may range from local (less than 100,000 km2\r\n), through \r\nregional (100,000 to 10 million km2\r\n) to continental (10-100 million \r\nkm2\r\n). Temporal scales may range from seasonal to geological (up to \r\nhundreds of millions of years)."


id: d74cccb0e1842ed2ba07d2ee15baa1fb
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 31387
content:
"Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising \r\nthe ability of future generations to meet their own needs (WCED, 1987) \r\nand balances social, economic and environmental concerns. See also \r\nDevelopment pathways and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)."


id: 445cf277d103d84d3d7e0bba0e470b55
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 8177
content:
"Set of rules or codes mandating or defining product performance (e.g., \r\ngrades, dimensions, characteristics, test methods and rules for use). \r\nProduct, technology or performance standards establish minimum \r\nrequirements for affected products or technologies. Standards impose \r\nreductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with \r\nthe manufacture or use of the products and/or application of the \r\ntechnology."


id: bde840cfb06eb10a26d43b8eb96dda8f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 27437
content:
"The 17 global goals for development for all countries established by \r\nthe United Nations through a participatory process and elaborated \r\nin the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, including ending \r\npoverty and hunger; ensuring health and well-being, education, \r\ngender equality, clean water and energy, and decent work; building \r\nand ensuring resilient and sustainable infrastructure, cities and \r\nconsumption; reducing inequalities; protecting land and water \r\necosystems; promoting peace, justice and partnerships; and taking \r\nurgent action on climate change. See also Development pathways and \r\nSustainable development."


id: e825b96dfed207cc5aa8ff0c878e0af2
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 34029
content:
"The temporary increase, at a particular locality, in the height of the sea \r\ndue to extreme meteorological conditions (low atmospheric pressure \r\nand/or strong winds). The storm surge is defined as being the excess \r\nabove the level expected from the tidal variation alone at that time \r\nand place. See also Extreme sea level and Sea level change (sea level \r\nrise/sea level fall)."


id: c6cfc05ba781abc48fb892fb0efbbab9
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 28853
content:
"A way of making sense of a situation or a series of events through the \r\nconstruction of a set of explanatory elements. Usually, it is built on \r\nlogical or causal reasoning. In climate research, the term storyline is \r\nused both in connection to scenarios as related to a future trajectory \r\nof the climate and human systems and to a weather or climate event. \r\nIn this context, storylines can be used to describe plural, conditional \r\npossible futures or explanations of a current situation, in contrast to \r\nsingle, definitive futures or explanations."


id: 94ba8133699c0ba4f7f8649044397208
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 20910
content:
"The stewardship and use of forests and forest lands in a way, and at \r\na rate, that maintains their biodiversity, productivity, regeneration \r\ncapacity, vitality and potential to fulfil, now and in the future, relevant \r\necological, economic and social functions, at local, national and global \r\nlevels, and that does not cause damage to other ecosystems (Forest \r\nEurope, 1993)."


id: 7ab1726cf50d1a270cc4a51cee6bdd88
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 16882
content:
"The stewardship and use of land resources, including soils, water, animals \r\nand plants, to meet changing human needs, while simultaneously \r\nensuring the long-term productive potential of these resources and the \r\nmaintenance of their environmental functions (adapted from WOCAT, \r\nundated)."


id: d35d93d50561ff88c97ef65ab26906f8
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 30777
content:
"Assets exposed to devaluations or conversion to 'liabilities' because \r\nof unanticipated changes in their initially expected revenues due to \r\ninnovations and/or evolutions of the business context, including \r\nchanges in public regulations at the domestic and international levels."


id: aeb50d7770b123278055e3d3b317e4c9
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 25014
content:
"Process of forming of layers of (ocean) water with different properties \r\nsuch as salinity, density and temperature that act as barriers to water \r\nmixing. The strengthening of near-surface stratification generally \r\nresults in warmer surface waters, decreased oxygen levels in deeper \r\nwater and intensification of ocean acidification (OA) in the upper \r\nocean."


id: 31af03985bfd8d637d52998080d09c0f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 5226
content:
"Organisms and habitats related to the sea ice, analogous to pelagic\r\n(water column) or benthic (sea floor)."


id: fde08182dd2d056ddaaff61e6a5eb629
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 37462
content:
"Association between climate variables at widely separated, \r\ngeographically fixed locations related to each other through physical \r\nprocesses and oceanic and/or atmospheric dynamical pathways. \r\nTeleconnections can be caused by several climate phenomena, such \r\nas Rossby wave-trains, mid-latitude jet and storm track displacements, "


id: c3e4026f01c046075d09875a525b7789
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 28394
content:
"Water flow within a river channel, for example, expressed in m3\r\n s-1. A \r\nsynonym for river discharge."


id: 1225e90816a25d5dac446f653698f7e9
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 357
content:
"fluctuations of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, \r\nfluctuations of the Walker circulation, etc. They can be initiated by \r\nmodes of climate variability, thus providing the development of remote \r\nclimate anomalies at various temporal lags."


id: f92f601bdbe0448cd9fa15ab604f3eb2
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 36717
content:
"A system-wide change that requires more than technological change \r\nthrough consideration of social and economic factors that, with \r\ntechnology, can bring about rapid change at scale."


id: e3b6921bc46f4d00a344fc1c22893131
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 33305
content:
"The process of changing from one state or condition to another in a \r\ngiven period of time. Transition can occur in individuals, firms, cities, \r\nregions and nations, and can be based on incremental or transformative \r\nchange."


id: fbefd8ed1dbeb62db1712bad57a5fea1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 37131
content:
"Exceedance of a specified global warming level, followed by a decline \r\nto or below that level during a specified period of time (e.g., before \r\n2100). Sometimes the magnitude and likelihood of the overshoot is \r\nalso characterized. The overshoot duration can vary from one pathway\r\nto the next but in most overshoot pathways in the literature and \r\nreferred to as overshoot pathways in the AR6, the overshoot occurs \r\nover a period of at least one and up to several decades. See also \r\nPathways"


id: b2f22abca3e7660fc247b3842c3b3901
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 25665
content:
"In the context of the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas In\u0002ventories, a tier represents a level of methodological complexity. Usually \r\nthree tiers are provided. Tier 1 is the basic method, Tier 2 intermediate \r\nand Tier 3 most demanding in terms of complexity and data require\u0002ments. Tiers 2 and 3 are sometimes referred to as higher-tier methods \r\nand are generally considered to be more accurate (IPCC, 2019)."


id: 8e669267a7429b55dcf3c71cda30f7eb
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 19927
content:
"A component of the Earth system that is susceptible to a tipping point. \r\nSee also Abrupt climate change and Tipping point."


id: 35da3ff4f279952466982c80fcb52ad6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 5886
content:
"A critical threshold beyond which a system reorganises, often abruptly \r\nand/or irreversibly. See also Abrupt climate change."


id: b5dd1c502273e726dfecab34069f0976
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 26144
content:
"A competition between different objectives within a decision situation, \r\nwhere pursuing one objective will diminish achievement of other \r\nobjective(s). A trade-off exists when a policy or measure aimed at one \r\nobjective (e.g., reducing GHG emissions) reduces outcomes for other \r\nobjective(s) (e.g., biodiversity conservation, energy security) due to \r\nadverse side effects, thereby potentially reducing the net benefit to \r\nsociety or the environment. See also Adverse side-effect and Co-benefit."


id: e0243569c5c1b87f93feb0f8fcc3f99a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 32756
content:
"The upper limit of tree growth in mountains or at high latitudes. It is \r\nmore elevated or more poleward than the forest line."


id: ad0410fceddf517b239f67af55178a0d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 24767
content:
"The general term for a strong, cyclonic-scale disturbance that originates \r\nover tropical oceans. Distinguished from weaker systems (often named \r\ntropical disturbances or depressions) by exceeding a threshold wind \r\nspeed. A tropical storm is a tropical cyclone with one-minute average \r\nsurface winds between 18 and 32 m s-1. Beyond 32 m s-1, a tropical \r\ncyclone is called a hurricane, typhoon or cyclone, depending on \r\ngeographic location."


id: 4bc63f922293326b3248600d40ceabd6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 9341
content:
"A profound shift towards sustainability, envisioned and intended \r\nby at least some societal actors, facilitated by changes in individual \r\nand collective values and behaviours, and a fairer balance of \r\npolitical, cultural and institutional power in society."


id: ac377264b2bd5637ab6afd2624be3faa
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 24631
content:
"A wave, or train of waves, produced by a disturbance such as a \r\nsubmarine earthquake displacing the sea floor, a landslide, a volcanic \r\neruption or an asteroid impact."


id: ec29ab926abd5b6166b715458399a6a1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 34653
content:
"A state of incomplete knowledge that can result from a lack of information \r\nor from disagreement about what is known or even knowable. It may "


id: 98b0489c3e545f605ad65fe0dac0ced
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 21540
content:
"have many types of sources, from imprecision in the data to ambiguously \r\ndefined concepts or terminology, incomplete understanding of critical \r\nprocesses or uncertain projections of human behaviour. Uncertainty can \r\ntherefore be represented by quantitative measures (e.g., a probability \r\ndensity function) or by qualitative statements (e.g., reflecting the \r\njudgement of a team of experts) (Moss and Schneider, 2000; IPCC, \r\n2004; Mastrandrea et al., 2010). See also Agreement, Confidence and \r\nLikelihood."


id: d1cec157db1bd3df96885959d7b7f0bd
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 30538
content:
"The cultivation of crops and rearing of animals for food and other uses \r\nwithin and surrounding the boundaries of cities, including fisheries and \r\nforestry (EPRS, 2014)."


id: ae6ed6ccf9ba2e6a861913e1ef8f5b3e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 24973
content:
"The relative warmth of a city compared with surrounding rural areas, \r\nassociated with heat trapping due to land use, the configuration and \r\ndesign of the built environment, including street layout and building \r\nsize, the heat-absorbing properties of urban building materials, reduced \r\nventilation, reduced greenery and water features, and domestic and \r\nindustrial heat emissions generated directly from human activities."


id: 143367a50a4820bd4079fdaca0ff8e8a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 694
content:
"A situation of deep uncertainty exists when experts or stakeholders \r\ndo not know or cannot agree on: (1) appropriate conceptual models \r\nthat describe relationships among key driving forces in a system, \r\n(2) the probability distributions used to represent uncertainty\r\nabout key variables and parameters and/or (3) how to weigh and \r\nvalue desirable alternative outcomes (Lempert et al., 2003)."


id: e620710647c28b59247347f26f4e87e7
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 33698
content:
"Urbanisation is a multi-dimensional process that involves at least \r\nthree simultaneous changes: (1) land-use change: transformation of \r\nformerly rural settlements or natural land into urban settlements, (2) \r\ndemographic change: a shift in the spatial distribution of a population \r\nfrom rural to urban areas and (3) infrastructure change: an increase in \r\nprovision of infrastructure services including electricity, sanitation, etc. \r\nUrbanisation often includes changes in lifestyle, culture and behaviour, \r\nand thus alters the demographic, economic and social structure of both \r\nurban and rural areas (based on World Urbanization Prospects 2018; \r\nIPCC 2014; Stokes and Seto, 2019). See also Settlements, Urban and \r\nUrban systems."


id: d30208bed44a553a638d72b6bea18cf6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 30719
content:
"The UNFCCC was adopted in May 1992 and opened for signature \r\nat the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. It entered into force in \r\nMarch 1994 and as of May 2018 had 197 Parties (196 States and \r\nthe European Union). The Convention's ultimate objective is the \r\n'stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere \r\nat a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference \r\nwith the climate system'. The provisions of the Convention are pursued \r\nand implemented by two treaties: the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris \r\nAgreement."


id: b46c948e87d2c62639517342411165c3
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 25909
content:
"Urban systems refer to two interconnected systems-- first, the \r\ncomprehensive collections of city elements with multiple dimensions and \r\ncharacteristics: a) encompass physical, built, socio-economic-technical, \r\npolitical, and ecological subsystems; b) integrate social agent/\r\nconstituency/processes with physical structure and processes; and \r\nc) exist within broader spatial and temporal scales and governance\r\nand institutional contexts; and second, the global system of cities and \r\ntowns. See also City region, and Urban"


id: 5bd2b7f8277b8ab0dde1287ce0735507
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 11962
content:
"The transfer of substances (such as carbon) or energy (e.g., heat) from \r\none compartment of a system to another; for example, in the Earth \r\nsystem from the atmosphere to the ocean or to the land. See also \r\nSequestration, Sink and Source."


id: dbdabd1643fb9744067d323b521a4327
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 32107
content:
"Fundamental attitudes about what is important, good and right; \r\nstrongly held principles or qualities intrinsically valuable or desirable, \r\noften enshrined in laws, traditions and religions. Examples include \r\nhuman rights, subsistence and equitable distribution of costs and \r\nbenefits of climate policies (Hulme, 2009, 2018; Nakashima et al., 2012; \r\nUNFCCC, 1992; UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948)."


id: 6e8c5d5532ba547f4d7e5da441450d98
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 15022
content:
"Illnesses caused by parasites, viruses and bacteria that are transmitted \r\nby various vectors (e.g., mosquitoes, sandflies, triatomine bugs, \r\nblackflies, ticks, tsetse flies, mites, snails and lice) (UNEP 2018)."


id: 3cb306eeb504b84630af5bf5284bf5d0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 6914
content:
"The exchange of ocean properties with the atmospheric surface layer \r\nsuch that property concentrations are brought closer to equilibrium \r\nvalues with the atmosphere (AMS, 2000), and the processes that \r\npropagate these properties into the ocean interior."


id: ccb9beb423bcbc5b81a0b9eb437c905
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 29748
content:
"The propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected. Vulnerability\r\nencompasses a variety of concepts and elements, including sensitivity\r\nor susceptibility to harm and lack of capacity to cope and adapt. See \r\nalso Exposure, Hazard and Risk."


id: e32bdf24a9c8ea759977698620fdca1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 33236
content:
"A metric characterising the vulnerability of a system. A climate \r\nvulnerability index is typically derived by combining, with or without \r\nweighting, several indicators assumed to represent vulnerability."


id: 28cbe2faba20b192be8d5192cbf79153
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 3851
content:
"Illnesses transmitted through contact with, or consumption of, unsafe \r\nor contaminated water (UNEP 2018)."


id: 98049bb1ce3128ad75e7347256307376
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 21427
content:
"The capacity of a population to safeguard sustainable access to \r\nadequate quantities of acceptable-quality water for sustaining \r\nlivelihoods, human well-being and socio-economic development, for \r\nensuring protection against water-borne pollution and water-related \r\ndisasters and for preserving ecosystems in a climate of peace and \r\npolitical stability (UN-Water, 2013)."


id: efc110b8e85b943448fd112ae8f6f0d6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 35226
content:
"Carbon gain by photosynthesis per unit of water lost by \r\nevapotranspiration. It can be expressed on a short-term basis as the \r\nratio of photosynthetic carbon gain per unit transpirational water \r\nloss, or on a seasonal basis as the ratio of net primary production or \r\nagricultural yield to the amount of water used."


id: 57388582db12efec43dd1790ed8706aa
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 11209
content:
"The gradual removal of atmospheric CO2 through dissolution of silicate \r\nand carbonate rocks. Weathering may involve physical processes \r\n(mechanical weathering) or chemical activity (chemical weathering)."


id: 658e7db4bb481b7be7335157303098c6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 13554
content:
"A state of existence that fulfils various human needs, including material \r\nliving conditions and quality of life, as well as the ability to pursue \r\none's goals, to thrive and to feel satisfied with one's life. Ecosystem \r\nwell-being refers to the ability of ecosystems to maintain their diversity \r\nand quality."


id: aec9ea10670a771b02809c06b04158cd
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 25035
content:
"Tilman, D., 2001: Functional Diversity. In: Encyclopedia of Biodiversity [Levin, \r\nS.A.(ed.)]. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 109-120."


id: f62acbe8c741a22081c8c461c3025686
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 36236
content:
"UNEP, 2014: The Health Adaptation Gap Report. https://www.unenvironment.\r\norg/resources/adaptation-gap-report-2014."


id: fcc5269b5e112e1fd2cd12bc3b858a07
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 37282
content:
"NISDR, 2017: Report of the Open-Ended Intergovernmental Expert Working \r\ngroup on Indicators and Terminology Relating to Disaster Risk Reduction. \r\nhttps://www.preventionweb.net/files/50683_oiewgreportenglish.pdf."


id: 41a4729953355548bfe9fa90b2e22e13
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 7725
content:
"IPCC, 2022: Annex III: Acronyms. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of \r\nWorking Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Portner, \r\nD.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegria, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Loschke, V. Moller, \r\nA. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2931-2938, \r\ndoi:10.1017/9781009325844.030. "


id: 4ac1f00d5d45ab7f6d6db373a85ca25d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 9179
content:
"IPCC, 2022: Annex IV: Contributors to the Working Group II Contribution to the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report. In:\r\nClimate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment \r\nReport of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Portner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, \r\nK. Mintenbeck, A. Alegria, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Loschke, V. Moller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University \r\nPress, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2939-2963, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.031. "


id: 11a7f47fec0ab98468588e45f3cabfa1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
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vector_id: 266
content:
"Note: Coordinating Lead Authors, Lead \r\nAuthors, Review Editors, Contributing \r\nAuthors, Chapter Scientists and Editors \r\nare listed alphabetically by surname."


id: df43e5c2fb4b6983d2787c50f8a52b21
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updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 32626
content:
"BHATT, Indra\r\nG.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan \r\nEnvironment and Sustainable Development\r\nIndia"


id: 815abb52d4a976ac542e8c29fcabceb2
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 17879
content:
"LAMB, William F.\r\nMercator Research Institute on Global \r\nCommons and Climate Change\r\nUK/Germany"


id: 9140e018a667b5e15381da8ef8c5bfb0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
content_type: text
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vector_id: 20389
content:
"KRAEMER, Benjamin M.\r\nLeibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and \r\nInland Fisheries\r\nUSA/Germany"


id: e0429b7a896902d3a6caeb1b5cbe0aaf
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 32775
content:
"IPCC, 2022: Annex V: Expert Reviewers of the Working Group II Contribution to the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report. In:\r\nClimate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment \r\nReport of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Portner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, \r\nK. Mintenbeck, A. Alegria, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Loschke, V. Moller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University \r\nPress, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2965-3002, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.032."


id: f0b2f5f513c916969bfc0d88b0aa85e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
content_type: text
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vector_id: 35368
content:
"BOGDANOVICH, Anton\r\nYu. A. Izrael Institute of Global Climate and \r\nEcology\r\nRussian Federation"


id: 9b218ed1a99a6765bd5814d5249e0bfe
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 21946
content:
"DOOKIE, Denyse S.\r\nGrantham Research Institute on Climate \r\nChange and the Environment/ LSE\r\nUK"


id: 6f3ef58a741689ae189a819cd532214d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 15129
content:
"GOSAVI, Vaibhav\r\nG. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan \r\nEnvironment and Sustainable Development\r\nIndia"


id: 47f5e6c06e465ca62ec869fadaad1303
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 8698
content:
"ZEYAEYAN, Sadegh\r\nI.R. of Iran Meteorological Organization\r\nIran\r\nZHANG, Chengyi\r\nChina Meteorological Administration\r\nChina\r\nZHANG, Fan\r\nChinese Academy of Sciences\r\nChina\r\nZHANG, Wenlan\r\nImperial College London\r\nChina\r\nZHANG, Wenxin\r\nLund University\r\nSweden\r\nZHENG, Ruyi\r\nUniversity of Kansas\r\nUSA\r\nZHENG, Yiyu\r\nUniversity of Hamburg\r\nGermany\r\nZHUO, Zhihong\r\nUniversity of Oslo\r\nNorway\r\nZIMMER, Anne\r\nClimate Analytics\r\nGermany\r\nZIMNY-SCHMITT, Daniel\r\nNational Renewable Energy Laboratory\r\nUSA\r\nZINKANN, Ann-Christine\r\nNOAA\r\nUSA\r\nZIVIAN, Anna\r\nOcean Conservancy\r\nUSA\r\nZOLKOS, Scott\r\nWoods Hole Research Center\r\nUSA\r\nZOMMERS, Zinta\r\nUnited Nations Office for Disaster Risk \r\nReduction\r\nGermany\r\nZULETA, Gustavo\r\nMaimonides University\r\nArgentina"


id: 63a1d2fffdb094994ae57caa3981183c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 13246
content:
"IPCC, 2022: Index. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to \r\nthe Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Portner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, \r\nE.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegria, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Loschke, V. Moller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. \r\nCambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3005-3056, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.033. "


id: c1443eaa97f279493e914f55f379c9f8
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
content_type: text
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vector_id: 27995
content:
"Note: * indicates the term also appears \r\nin the Glossary (Annex II). Bold page \r\nnumbers indicate page spans for entire \r\nchapters. Italicized page numbers de\u0002note tables, figures and boxed material."


id: 8b9abe9b47a92b4004a556ed60f6e854
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 19480
content:
"Climate responses, 2785-2787\r\nClimate risk management. See Risk management\r\nClimate risks, 145-149, 146"


id: 6b2e69f87122a15b237373b90867be73
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
content_type: text
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vector_id: 14491
content:
"E. coli, 1970\r\nEarly warning systems (EWS)*, 23, 383, 474, 782, \r\n944-946, 1112\r\nAfrica, 1293, 1357, 1382\r\nCentral and South America, 1692, 1743, 1745, \r\n1755\r\nEurope, 1833\r\nfeasibility, 2782\r\nIndigenous, 1330\r\nmountains, 2276, 2288\r\nSmall Islands, 2050, 2064, 2080, 2088\r\ntransnational, 795\r\nEarth System Models (ESMs)*, 138, 143\r\nEastern boundary upwelling system (EBUS)*, \r\n391, 395, 429-431, 430\r\nEcomodernism, 174-175\r\nEconomic costs of climate change, 17, 54-55, \r\n66-67, 68, 909, 1205-1207, 2417\r\nadaptation costs, 66\r\nas percent of GDP, 2661\r\nregional variation in, 17\r\nSee also Loss and Damage\r\nEconomic sectors\r\nlosses and damages, 13, 17, 45, 54, 66-67\r\nobserved impacts, 13, 45, 54-55\r\nprojections, 66-67"


id: 2b22c27b05b1cb15422e707fac1528f6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 4223
content:
"Galapagos islands, 1701\r\nGanges-Brahmaputra region, 1485-1488, \r\n1489-1490\r\nGDP. See Gross Domestic Product\r\nGender, 13, 53, 96-97, 107, 656-657, 734, 734, \r\n1192, 2700-2704\r\nabout (key messages), 2699\r\nadaptation options and, 107, 801, 1174\r\naquaculture, 775\r\ncities/urban areas, 911\r\nclimate change and, 2700, 2703-2704\r\nconflict/violent conflict and, 1045, 1088, 1971\r\nCross-Chapter Box (GENDER), 2700-2704\r\ndisproportionate impacts, 96-97, 555, 587\r\nempowerment of women, 27, 97\r\nequity and, 53, 656-657, 734\r\nfisheries, 765\r\nfood and fibre systems, 734, 734, 748, 775, 818"


id: 86f150f17037b9be8a529c6b9cf951ea
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 18764
content:
"Japan. See Asia\r\nJapanese encephalitis, 1063\r\nJoshua trees, 299\r\nJustice*, 41, 93, 96-97, 107, 126, 162-163, \r\n958-960, 2604-2605, 2606\r\nadaptation and, 86, 107, 162-163, 656-657, 2657\r\nfor all, 30, 31, 33, 86, 107, 2661\r\nclimate justice*, 96-97, 126, 921, 1180, 2657, \r\n2700\r\ndistributive justice*, 107, 126, 162, 924, 958-959, \r\n2605, 2606\r\nenvironmental justice, 2599-2600\r\ngender and, 2700\r\nhuman rights-based approaches, 31, 101, 801\r\ninterconnected risks and, 93\r\ninternational justice, 162\r\nland deals and, 802-803\r\nleave no one behind, 2661, 2671\r\nlinkages, 53, 134\r\nprocedural justice*, 107, 126, 162, 960, 2605, 2606\r\nrecognitional justice, 126, 162, 2604-2605, 2606\r\nsocial justice*, 133\r\nsocial movements for, 2598-2600, 2720-2721\r\nof solutions, 93, 160-163, 161\r\nSee also Equity; Fairness"


id: 85da4ac8f9253550c62a25ec2c54860d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
content_type: text
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vector_id: 18604
content:
"Sustainable development pathways (SDPs)*, 1240\r\nSustainable forest management*, 23, 304-305, \r\n757, 2371, 2372, 2393-2396\r\nSustainable land management*, 23-26\r\nSustainable resource management, 90, 718-719\r\nSustainable water management, 75, 90, 1301-1302\r\nSweden\r\nMalmo, 1883\r\nSami reindeer herding, 82, 1868-1869\r\nSynergies, 24-26, 108, 129-132, 308-309, 910, \r\n1239-1245, 2687-2689, 2785-2787\r\nmega-disturbances, 1946\r\nSyrian Civil War, 2429\r\nSystem transitions. See Transitions"


id: 1026ec88c716178abb1f546f28f23ab7
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
content_type: text
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vector_id: 29
content:
"Front cover photograph: Matt Bridgestock, Director and Architect at John Gilbert Architects\r\nAll International Energy Agency (IEA) Data, IEA Further Data and Derived Data has been \r\nsourced from https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics.\r\n(c) 2022 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.\r\nElectronic copies of this Summary for Policymakers are available from the IPCC website www.ipcc.ch\r\nISBN 978-92-9169-160-9"


id: 79bc3d2545cb8c29e20ff849c70431d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
content_type: text
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vector_id: 16722
content:
"As an intergovernmental body jointly established in 1988 by the \r\nWorld Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations \r\nEnvironment Programme (UNEP), the IPCC has successfully provided \r\npolicymakers with the most authoritative and objective scientific \r\nand technical assessments, which are policy relevant without being \r\npolicy prescriptive. Beginning in 1990, this series of IPCC Assessment \r\nReports, Special Reports, Technical Papers, Methodology Reports and \r\nother products have become standard works of reference. "


id: 593915920a510c317cc745058d90e3d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 11531
content:
"Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change is the third part \r\nof the Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) of the Intergovernmental Panel \r\non Climate Change (IPCC) and was prepared by its Working Group III. \r\nThe volume provides an updated global assessment of current and \r\nprojected emissions from all sources and sectors, mitigation options that \r\nreduce emissions or remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere, \r\nand progress towards meeting climate ambitions. It assesses what is \r\nrequired to achieve net zero emissions as pledged by many countries."


id: 70a52addbc5f5a29e5ceb65de6ec6462
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
content_type: text
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vector_id: 15341
content:
"This Working Group III assessment was made possible thanks to \r\nthe commitment and dedication of many hundreds of experts, \r\nrepresenting a wide range of regions and scientific disciplines. WMO \r\nand UNEP are proud that so many of the experts belong to their \r\ncommunities and networks."


id: 8c471aa46e1fff1b436c96a90dfe82f4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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vector_id: 19577
content:
"This report shows that greenhouse gas emissions over the last decade \r\nare at the highest levels in human history. It shows that urgent action \r\nis needed. Unless there are immediate and deep emissions reductions \r\nacross all sectors, limiting global warming to 1.5degC will be beyond \r\nreach. Global greenhouse gas emissions implied by Nationally \r\nDetermined Contributions announced prior to COP26 make it likely \r\nthat warming will exceed 1.5degC and will also make it harder to limit \r\nwarming to below 2degC."


id: 5a77f9a97140cfd7316ae12d97e94af1
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"We express our deep gratitude to all authors, review editors and \r\nexpert reviewers for devoting their knowledge, expertise and time. \r\nWe note the particular challenges presented by the COVID-19 \r\npandemic and the burdens placed on experts. We would like to thank \r\nthe staff of the Working Group III Technical Support Unit and the IPCC \r\nSecretariat for their dedication."


id: aff9d662ad918b968017c29411c0bca4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"But there are positive signs and increased evidence of climate action. \r\nOptions are available now in every sector that can at least halve \r\nemissions by 2030. Some countries have already achieved a steady \r\ndecrease in emissions consistent with limiting warming to 2degC. Costs \r\nfor some forms of renewable energy have fallen, use of renewables \r\ncontinues to rise and, in some countries and regions, electricity \r\nsystems are already predominantly powered by renewables."


id: a71255b4c0d8fd590281260bf4d9292c
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content:
"We are also thankful to the governments that supported their scientists' \r\nparticipation in developing this report and that contributed to the IPCC \r\nTrust Fund to provide for the essential participation of experts from \r\ndeveloping countries and countries with economies in transition."


id: 8d971111433dab741f9d4a2b38568681
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updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"This IPCC report highlights for the first time the social and \r\ndemand-side aspects of climate mitigation. As long as the necessary \r\npolicies, infrastructure and technologies are in place, changes to \r\nlifestyles and behaviour have the potential for large reductions in \r\nglobal greenhouse gas emissions and, at the same time, lead to \r\nimproved wellbeing."


id: 93fd3c93d27b283440ed5f57aa3cb0f9
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content:
"We would like to express our appreciation to the government of Ethiopia \r\nfor hosting the scoping meeting for the IPCC's Sixth Assessment \r\nReport, to the governments of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and \r\nNorthern Ireland, India, Ecuador and Italy for hosting drafting sessions \r\nfor the Working Group III contribution. The latter two meetings were \r\nheld in a virtual format due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We also express \r\nour thanks to the government of the United Kingdom for hosting the \r\nFourteenth Session of Working Group III for approval of the Working \r\nGroup III Report. The generous financial support by the government \r\nof the United Kingdom, and the hosting of the Working Group III \r\nTechnical Support Unit by Imperial College London (United Kingdom) \r\nand Ahmedabad University (India), is gratefully acknowledged."


id: 893ffe1fff513b43c315ef0157b6cb4a
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updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
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content:
"The report calls attention to the deep links between climate mitigation \r\nand sustainable development. It draws attention to the way that \r\nclimate action is intimately connected to addressing the nature crisis. \r\nAttention to equity and just transitions can support deeper ambition \r\nfor accelerated climate action."


id: 5770f5b2f56bc31994363bf8ba653e11
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"The findings in this report have considerably enhanced our \r\nunderstanding of available mitigation pathways. The timing of this \r\nreport is critical. It provides crucial information that informs the first \r\nGlobal Stocktake under the Paris Agreement. It demands the urgent \r\nattention of policymakers and the general public."


id: 2d24a4a46d64ddc3120f2aaf91954fdc
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"We would particularly like to thank Dr. Hoesung Lee, Chairman of the \r\nIPCC, for his direction and guidance of the IPCC and we express our \r\ndeep gratitude to Professor Priyadarshi R. Shukla and Professor Jim \r\nSkea, the Co-Chairs of Working Group III, for their tireless leadership \r\nthroughout the development and production of this report."


id: 31b6ccd27d7dc88e0cff073cf4310bd4
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
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content:
"transfer. A further novelty is a chapter that assesses the literature \r\non human behaviour, lifestyle and culture, and its implications for \r\nmitigation action. This chapter touches on patterns of development \r\nand human well-being, and circular and sharing economy concepts. \r\nIt brings a wide range of disciplines, notably from the social sciences, \r\nwithin the scope of the WG III assessment."


id: 5c021dfc73486bf4a556c26f267e3105
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 11986
content:
"The Working Group III (WG III) contribution to the Sixth Assessment \r\nReport (AR6) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) \r\nprovides a comprehensive and transparent assessment of the scientific \r\nliterature on climate change mitigation. It builds upon the WG III \r\ncontribution to the IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) in 2014, the \r\nWG I and WG II contributions to the AR6, and the three AR6 Special \r\nReports: Global Warming of 1.5degC; Climate Change and Land; and The \r\nOcean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate."


id: 812b23f7c2289fa89cf1327b3bd00a07
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updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"Linkages with development and specifically the Sustainable \r\nDevelopment Goals (SDGs) permeate the WG III report. This framing \r\nis set up in Chapter 1, and the threads are drawn together in the \r\nfinal chapter where linkages between mitigation and the SDGs are \r\nsystematically assessed."


id: 3bff9177ba38cb2cc5744707bc8268e1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
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content:
"The report assesses progress in climate change mitigation and options \r\nfor reducing emissions and enhancing sinks. It evaluates the societal \r\nimplications of mitigation actions, without recommending any specific \r\noptions."


id: 13de36322cbd45981a25b53c58ab75c0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
content_type: text
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vector_id: 630
content:
"The AR6 has benefited from close and unprecedented collaboration \r\nbetween the three IPCC WGs: with WG I on scenarios and with \r\nWG II on urban systems, land use and development pathways. This \r\ncollaboration is manifested in a number of Cross-Working Group \r\nboxes covering topics such as the economic benefits from avoided \r\nimpacts along mitigation pathways, climate change and urban \r\nareas, mitigation and adaptation through the bioeconomy, and solar \r\nradiation modification."


id: 40aa3dc6c656a566f344524e8b80f805
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 7550
content:
"The scoping of the WG III contribution to AR6 was driven by three \r\nguiding principles: to achieve a better synthesis between higher-level \r\nwhole system and grounded bottom-up insights into technologies and \r\nother approaches for reducing emissions; to make wider use of social \r\nscience disciplines, especially for gaining insight into issues related to \r\nlifestyle, behaviour, consumption and socio-technical transitions; and \r\nto link climate change mitigation better to other agreed policy goals \r\nboth nationally and internationally."


id: 339c1f5816af7f44a33d2adb9c4e1b51
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
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content:
"This report consists of a Summary for Policymakers, a Technical \r\nSummary, 17 Chapters, six Annexes, and Index, as well as online \r\nSupplementary Material to chapters. "


id: 4e62e425f13434b027ed58136d6a3389
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"The core of the report remains, as in AR5, a set of chapters devoted \r\nto different sectors, broadly aligned with the categorisation used in \r\nthe IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. These \r\nchapters cover emission trends and drivers, mitigation costs and \r\npotentials, regional specificities, and sector specific barriers, policies, \r\nfinancing and enabling conditions. A systems level perspective \r\nwas followed where appropriate. A cross-sectoral perspectives \r\nchapter integrates findings from the sectoral chapters and assesses \r\napproaches falling outside the scope of individual sectors. "


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"Chapters 1 (Introduction and framing) and 17 (Accelerating the \r\ntransition in the context of sustainable development), the first and \r\nfinal chapters of the report, set climate change mitigation in the \r\ncontext of sustainable development. Chapter 1 sets out the evolving \r\npolicy landscape for climate mitigation, provides the reader with the \r\nframing of, and context for, the report, and highlights key concepts. \r\nChapter 17 adopts an integrative perspective on sustainable \r\ndevelopment and climate change responses, identifying synergies \r\nand trade-offs, and explores joint responses to climate change and \r\nsustainable development challenges."


id: 91fa7ff6deaa48eb15246b77ca18c5cb
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"As in the AR5, there is a chapter on recent trends and drivers, with \r\nthe scope expanded to cover historic emissions and recent policy \r\ndevelopments. Following the pattern established in the WG III AR5 \r\nreport, and the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5degC, this \r\nreport assesses published emission scenarios with a 21st century \r\nperspective. Modelled emission scenarios are categorised according \r\nto climate outcomes, allowing a handshake with the WG I assessment. \r\nTo meet the goal of linking top-down and bottom-up insights, the \r\nreport includes an additional pathways chapter that provides a mid\u0002century perspective, focussing on national and regional scales and the \r\nalignment between development pathways and mitigation actions."


id: 3213dbe057fc1f3f6b771c00517e3970
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"Chapters 2-4 take a high-level view of trends and future pathways \r\nusing three different time frames. Chapter 2 (Emissions trends and \r\ndrivers) covers historic and current emission trends and socio\u0002economic and demographic drivers of emissions. It also maps \r\ndevelopments in technologies and policies since the AR5. Chapter 3 \r\n(Mitigation pathways compatible with long-term goals) assesses \r\nmodelled emission pathways compatible with the Paris Agreement \r\nand higher warming levels. It addresses socio-cultural-techno\u0002economic assumptions, technological and behavioural aspects \r\nof mitigation pathways, and links to adaptation and sustainable \r\ndevelopment. Chapter 4 (Mitigation and development pathways in \r\nthe near- to mid-term) takes a mid-century perspective, considering \r\nnational, regional and international scales and the implications "


id: f56fba0cd89333ab371919872bb3282a
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"As in the AR5, this report addresses mitigation enablers such as \r\ninternational cooperation, finance and investment, and policies and \r\ninstitutions, with a greater emphasis placed on the role of institutions \r\nthan in the AR5. A new chapter is dedicated to the assessment of \r\ninnovation systems, technology development and technology "


id: f94d3dc6eae525d80a0b88f96dd021bb
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"of mitigation for national development objectives including \r\nemployment, competitiveness, poverty eradication and the SDGs. \r\nAnnex III (Scenarios and modelling methods) provides methodological \r\nbackground to Chapters 3 and 4."


id: e05a416c93179378ee540a6c9b672ffa
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"This WG III contribution to the AR6 has been prepared in accordance \r\nwith IPCC rules and procedures. A scoping meeting was held in May \r\n2017 and the outlines for the contributions of the three WGs were \r\napproved at the 46th Session of the Panel in September 2017. "


id: b9dc05c657052a39e089f30f58f30812
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"Chapter 5 (Demand, services and social aspects of mitigation), \r\na new chapter in AR6, explores how mitigation interacts with \r\nmeeting human needs and access to services. It explores, inter alia: \r\nsustainable production and consumption; patterns of development \r\nand indicators of wellbeing; the role of culture, social norms, practices \r\nand behaviour changes; the sharing economy and circular economy; \r\nand policies facilitating behavioural and lifestyle change."


id: aeb16f08128419cd023edf93076bf48a
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"Governments and IPCC observer organisations nominated experts for \r\nthe author teams. The team of 199 Coordinating Lead Authors and \r\nLead Authors, plus 38 Review Editors, selected by the WG III Bureau, \r\nwas accepted at the 55th Session of the IPCC Bureau in January 2018. \r\nMore than 350 Contributing Authors provided text for the author \r\nteams. "


id: c1034d49ea2ef48889a72c1671367e3a
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"Drafts were subject to two rounds of formal review and revision \r\nfollowed by a final round of government comments on the Summary \r\nfor Policymakers. More than 59,000 written comments were submitted \r\nby more than 1,600 expert reviewers and 42 governments. For each \r\nchapter, the review process was monitored by Review Editors to \r\nensure that all comments received appropriate consideration. "


id: c02f01d5e0fdc3ef0c25be9a24d20f9a
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"During the review periods and in the run-up to the approval session, \r\nwebinars were held with governments and two of the UNFCCC non\u0002governmental organisation (NGO) constituencies, the Business and \r\nIndustry NGOs (BINGOs), and the Environmental NGOs (ENGOs). \r\nThese informal webinars offered an opportunity for authors to present \r\ndraft material to IPCC audiences and to receive additional feedback."


id: 9dff76213d9de54493591c6beee82a2
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"The Report was accepted by the Panel at its 56th Session. The Summary \r\nfor Policymakers was approved line-by-line and the  underlying \r\nchapters were accepted at the 14th Session of IPCC WG III from \r\n21 March - 4 April 2022, hosted virtually by the United Kingdom of \r\nGreat Britain and Northern Ireland (UK)."


id: e1f25e8beae91b43e2f04a6f82a830ee
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"The report was made possible thanks to the expertise, hard work \r\nand commitment to excellence shown by Coordinating Lead Authors \r\nand Lead Authors, with inputs from many Contributing Authors. \r\nTheir efforts and stamina are particularly commendable given the \r\nadditional demands and stresses imposed by virtual working as \r\na consequence of the COVID pandemic. "


id: eaa3be0d7316c2662f56aaeabb639406
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"We gratefully acknowledge the support of the Chapter Scientists, \r\nwho worked tirelessly alongside the authors to deliver their chapters \r\nto the highest possible standards. Their time, dedication and hard \r\nwork is greatly appreciated. "


id: 8d354586f770a88f6eb3abf774d88107
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"We would like to express our appreciation to the Government and \r\nExpert Reviewers for the time and energy they invested to provide \r\nconstructive and useful comments on the draft reports. Our Review \r\nEditors were also critical in the AR6 process, helping author teams \r\nto process comments, and assuring an objective discussion of \r\nrelevant issues. "


id: d1960378d2522313b3cc28fc65789adb
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"Calvo Buendia and Kiyoto Tanabe, for their collegial spirit and mutual \r\nsupport during the assessment. We extend our gratitude to the IPCC \r\nleadership. The Executive Committee, notably Vice-Chairs Ko Barrett, \r\nThelma Krug, Youba Sokona, strengthened the work of all three WGs. \r\nWe thank IPCC Chair, Hoesung Lee, for his leadership."


id: f43e58b0771e77ee2f86d36fe1efa7c9
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"We wish to thank the governments and other institutions for generous \r\nsupport which enabled the authors, Review Editors and Government \r\nand Expert Reviewers to participate. "


id: 159fab4b4f47f62b93f835c5dd1a0461
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"We would like to thank the Vice-Chairs of the WG III Bureau, who \r\nprovided invaluable scientific input and thoughtful advice throughout \r\nthe AR6 process: Amjad Abdulla, Carlo Carraro, Diriba Korecha Dadi, \r\nRamon Pichs-Madruga, Nagmeldin G.E. Mahmoud, Andy Reisinger \r\nand Diana Urge-Vorsatz. Specific thanks are due to Andy Reisinger, \r\nwho together with the Co-Chairs acted as an editor of the Summary for \r\nPolicymakers, and to Ramon Pichs-Madruga and Diana Urge-Vorsatz, \r\nwho took on roles of editors of the Technical Summary."


id: fcc3d065a7fcc4edc179b7b020fd06e5
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"We would like to thank the Secretary of the IPCC, Abdalah Mokssit, \r\nand Deputy Secretaries, Ermira Fida and Kerstin Stendahl, and their \r\ncolleagues Mudathir Abdallah, Jesbin Baidya, Laura Biagioni, Annie \r\nCourtin, Oksana Ekzarkho, Judith Ewa, Joelle Fernandez, Emelie \r\nLarrode, Jennifer Lew Schneider, Jonathan Lynn, Andrej Mahecic, Nina \r\nPeeva, Sophie Schlingemann, Mxolisi Shongwe, Melissa Walsh, and \r\nWerani Zabula, for their guidance in implementing IPCC processes, \r\ntheir logistical support, their close collaboration on communications, \r\nand for enabling the participation of experts from developing \r\ncountries through the IPCC Trust Fund. "


id: 2fda3ef878f66435136121651e6de460
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"We thank the Integrated Assessment Modelling Consortium (IAMC) \r\nand the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) \r\nfor facilitating the development, and hosting, of the AR6 Scenario \r\nExplorer and Database. Particular thanks are due to Edward Byers \r\nand Keywan Riahi of IIASA who led this initiative. We thank the \r\nInternational Energy Agency (IEA), in particular Roberta Quadrelli \r\nand her team, for providing us with access to their data products. We \r\nalso thank Monica Crippa and her team at the Joint Research Centre \r\nof the European Commission for access to the EDGAR (Emissions \r\nDatabase for Global Atmospheric Research), and William Lamb and \r\nJan Minx who led the assessment of emissions data across the report. "


id: 2e5e8ca80c9f39f56fa8fad7f7cab020
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"We wish to thank Sue Escott of Escott-Hunt and staff at the UN \r\nFoundation for their insight and hard work to ensure the effective \r\ncommunication of the messages in the report. Thanks are expressed \r\nto John Schwartz and his team at Soapbox Communications Ltd \r\nfor graphics design support and for typesetting the final report, in \r\nparticular Ian Blenkinsop, Margherita Cardoso, Autumn Forecast, Ziga \r\nKropivsek, Sharon Mah, Jenny McCarten, Polly O'Hara, Francesca \r\nRomano and Alice Woodward, to Georgie Bowden for her careful \r\ncompilation of the report index, and to Matt Lloyd, Jenny van der \r\nMeijden, and the team at Cambridge University Press for final \r\npublication of the report."


id: c480ce8377dd0e9bfcf476dbddd58026
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"We acknowledge support from countries hosting WG III Lead Author \r\nMeetings (LAMs): the UK for hosting the first LAM in Edinburgh (March \r\n2019); India for hosting the second LAM in New Delhi (September \r\n2019); Ecuador for hosting the third LAM virtually (April 2020); and \r\nItaly for hosting the fourth LAM, also held virtually (April 2021). We \r\nthank the government of Ethiopia for hosting the Scoping Meeting \r\nfor the report in Addis Ababa (May 2017)."


id: b14a2aed6f861d7fea15796680c4083a
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"We are grateful to the members of the core team at the 14th Session \r\nof WG III, especially the IPCC Vice Chairs, WG I and II Vice-Chairs \r\nGreg Flato, Jan Fuglestvedt and Mark Howden, WG I, II and SYR TSU \r\nmembers, in particular Nada Caud, Sarah Connors, Melissa Gomis, \r\nTijama Kerscher, Katherine Leitzell, Noemie Leprince-Ringuet, Sina \r\nLoschke, Tom Maycock, Katja Mintenbeck, Komila Nabiyeva, Clotilde \r\nPean, Anna Pirani, Elvira Poloczanska, Jussi Savolainen, and Melinda \r\nTignor, as well as Sophie Berger, Kiane de Kleijne, and Chloe Ludden. "


id: 9fb79b9489a55972b5e3483b9d1447d8
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"We are especially grateful for the support of the UK government, in \r\nparticular the Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy \r\n(BEIS) and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council \r\n(EPSRC), for funding the WG III Technical Support Unit (TSU). Jolene \r\nCook, Eleanor Webster, Rhian Rees-Owen, Sarah Honour, Cathy Johnson, \r\nJulie Maclean, Alice Montgomery, Caroline Prescott, and Andrew Russell \r\nat BEIS, and Jim Fleming, Kathryn Magnay, Strachan McCormick, Kate \r\nBowman and Jasmine Cain at EPSRC were always ready to dedicate \r\ntime and energy to the needs of the team. BEIS also organised the venue \r\nhosting the core team for the 14th Session of IPCC WG III. "


id: 9801970cad14e3bb51d4855ee86a4b59
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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"It is a pleasure to acknowledge the tireless work, resilience and good \r\nhumour of the staff of the WG III TSU throughout the many challenges \r\nfaced during the assessment cycle. Our thanks go to Raphael Slade, \r\nRoger Fradera, Minal Pathak, Alaa Al Khourdajie, Malek Belkacemi, \r\nRenee van Diemen, Apoorva Hasija, Geninha Lisboa, Sigourney Luz, \r\nJuliette Malley, David McCollum, Shreya Some, and Purvi Vyas, and \r\nalso to past team members: Elizabeth Huntley, Katie Kissick, Suvadip \r\nNeogi and Joanna Portugal-Pereira. Your professionalism, creativity \r\nand indomitable spirit has been exemplary and continually inspiring. \r\nFinally, on behalf of all participants, we thank colleagues, family and \r\nfriends for their understanding and support throughout the production \r\nof this report, which has taken place during unprecedented times."


id: 433930260a99e7485a7a27fe047c7d7a
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"We are grateful for the close collaboration with authors, Bureau \r\nmembers and members of the Technical Support Units from WGs I and \r\nII, and Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (TFI).. We \r\nespecially thank WG I Co-Chairs Valerie Masson-Delmotte and Panmao \r\nZhai, WG II Co-Chairs Hans-Otto Portner and Debra Roberts, and the \r\nCo-Chairs of the Task Force on Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Eduardo "


id: d3f9d58e436e7e13ff2e02e8efa1490b
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"Cristobal Diaz Morejon was an internationally renowned expert across a range of environmental disciplines. Over the course of a busy \r\nand successful career he led projects on the salinity of soils, water resource management, environmental strategy, desertification \r\nand droughts, and energy efficiency, amongst others. He represented Cuba in many international meetings on water resources and \r\nsustainable development. In 1994 he was awarded a Medal by the Academy of Sciences of Cuba on its 30th Anniversary, and in 2004, \r\nthe \"Juan Tomas Roig\" Medal for 25 years dedicated to research. A contributor to IPCC reports since 2004, he was an intelligent, \r\nknowledgeable, dedicated and kind colleague, and will be sorely missed."


id: f3d5985e6947e18c2da70847c8dd8698
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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"Parth Bhatia (India), Sarah Burch (Canada), Jeremy Emmet-Booth (New Zealand), \r\nJan  S.  Fuglestvedt (Norway), Meredith Kelller (the United States of America), Jarmo Kikstra \r\n(Austria/the Netherlands), Michael Konig (Germany), Malte Meinshausen (Australia/Germany), \r\nZebedee Nicholls (Australia), Kaj-Ivar van der Wijst (the Netherlands)."


id: eec204b884d3cf4cacd7d666f7e7dcad
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"IPCC, 2022: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of \r\nWorking Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [P.R. Shukla, \r\nJ. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, \r\nA. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. \r\ndoi: 10.1017/9781009157926.001."


id: ef8c4d7f28f614e33fd112806ae3af40
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"The Working Group III (WGIII) contribution to the IPCC's Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) assesses literature on the scientific, technological, \r\nenvironmental, economic and social aspects of mitigation of climate change.1 Levels of confidence2\r\n are given in () brackets. Numerical \r\nranges are presented in square [] brackets. References to Chapters, Sections, Figures and Boxes in the underlying report and Technical \r\nSummary (TS) are given in {} brackets."


id: 7c6b10286e33cfe479f87dd504640836
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"The report reflects new findings in the relevant literature and builds on previous IPCC reports, including the WGIII contribution to the \r\nIPCC's Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), the WGI and WGII contributions to AR6 and the three Special Reports in the Sixth Assessment \r\ncycle,3\r\n as well as other UN assessments. Some of the main developments relevant for this report include {TS.1, TS.2}:"


id: 73885aa28877e52c498bb7e4e828cf87
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"Section B of this Summary for Policymakers (SPM) assesses Recent developments and current trends, including data uncertainties and \r\ngaps. Section C, System transformations to limit global warming, identifies emission pathways and alternative mitigation portfolios \r\nconsistent with limiting global warming to different levels, and assesses specific mitigation options at the sectoral and system level. \r\nSection D addresses Linkages between mitigation, adaptation, and sustainable development. Section E, Strengthening the response,\r\nassesses knowledge of how enabling conditions of institutional design, policy, finance, innovation and governance arrangements can \r\ncontribute to climate change mitigation in the context of sustainable development.  "


id: fda1ede9849b6dfd9d6dd96575bd6cce
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"warming levels.11,12 Based on central estimates only, historical cumulative net CO2 emissions between 1850 and 2019 amount to \r\nabout four-fifths12 of the total carbon budget for a 50% probability of limiting global warming to 1.5degC (central estimate about \r\n2900 GtCO2), and to about two thirds12 of the total carbon budget for a 67% probability to limit global warming to 2degC (central \r\nestimate about 3550 GtCO2). {Figure 2.7, 2.2, Figure TS.3, WGI Table SPM.2}"


id: 5e6a00334b402a5e16c7d2a72c01bbb7
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content:
"The regional groupings used in this figure are for statistical purposes only and are described in Annex II, Part I."


id: 6a247734cc337fdfa5e6873185d3b4d4
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"Figure SPM.2 | Regional GHG emissions, and the regional proportion of total cumulative production-based CO2 emissions from 1850 to 2019."


id: 2e67f65d1c0b950baf50c229183c3cb9
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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"Table SPM.1 | Projected global emissions in 2030 associated with policies implemented by the end of 2020 and NDCs announced prior to COP26, \r\nand associated emissions gaps. *Emissions projections for 2030 and absolute differences in emissions are based on emissions of 52-56 GtCO2-eq yr-1 in 2019 as \r\nassumed in underlying model studies. (medium confidence) {4.2, Table 4.3, Cross-Chapter Box 4 in Chapter 4}"


id: 5b59ce9805d39a0b70af146eb7fd5ae6
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"23 NDCs announced prior to COP26 refer to the most recent Nationally Determined Contributions submitted to the UNFCCC up to the literature cut-off date of this \r\nreport, 11 October 2021, and revised NDCs announced by China, Japan and the Republic of Korea prior to October 2021 but only submitted thereafter. 25 NDC \r\nupdates were submitted between 12 October 2021 and the start of COP26."


id: 58121b6ac43fdb3073c6973db2fe046e
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"Trend from implemented policies\r\nLimit warming to 2degC (>67%) or return warming to \r\n1.5degC (>50%) after a high overshoot, NDCs until 2030\r\nLimit warming to 1.5degC (>50%) with no or limited overshoot\r\nLimit warming to 2degC (>67%)"


id: 5f4f3b88f889d2e6e0e0e46045c22d68
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"Figure SPM.4 | Global GHG emissions of modelled pathways (funnels in Panel a, and associated bars in Panels b, c, d) and projected emission \r\noutcomes from near-term policy assessments for 2030 (Panel b)."


id: e588e6cc7bc9aa49b6d2e58579df7fde
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"Figure SPM.4 (continued): Global GHG emissions of modelled pathways (funnels in Panel a, and associated bars in Panels b, c, d) and projected \r\nemission outcomes from near-term policy assessments for 2030 (Panel b). Panel a shows global GHG emissions over 2015-2050 for four types of assessed \r\nmodelled global pathways: "


id: f13042442ec994483cd0f814b744e9b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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"Trend from implemented policies: Pathways with projected near-term GHG emissions in line with policies implemented until the end of 2020 and extended with \r\ncomparable ambition levels beyond 2030 (29 scenarios across categories C5-C7, Table SPM.2)."


id: 9c63b84b502a2edb352e80a10aa84bb7
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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"Limit to 2degC (>67%) or return warming to 1.5degC (>50%) after a high overshoot, NDCs until 2030: Pathways with GHG emissions until 2030 associated with the \r\nimplementation of NDCs announced prior to COP26, followed by accelerated emissions reductions likely to limit warming to 2degC (C3b, Table SPM.2) or to return \r\nwarming to 1.5degC with a probability of 50% or greater after high overshoot (subset of 42 scenarios from C2, Table SPM.2)."


id: f68e5991dda6e335ac586944ee7052f7
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"Limit to 2degC (>67%) with immediate action:  Pathways that limit warming to 2degC (>67%) with immediate action after 202026 (C3a, Table SPM.2). "


id: c91261b6bb18d71f9a6ae24b0f2fbd06
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"Past GHG emissions for 2010-2015 used to project global warming outcomes of the modelled pathways are shown by a black line32 and past global GHG emissions in \r\n2015 and 2019 as assessed in Chapter 2 are shown by whiskers. Panels b, c and d show snapshots of the GHG emission ranges of the modelled pathways in 2030, \r\n2050, and 2100, respectively. Panel b also shows projected emissions outcomes from near-term policy assessments in 2030 from Chapter 4.2 (Tables 4.2 and 4.3; median \r\nand full range). GHG emissions are in CO2-equivalent using GWP100 from AR6 WGI. {3.5, 4.2, Table 4.2, Table 4.3, Cross-Chapter Box 4 in Chapter 4}"


id: 84b1eaabf6f3db3db0c0dd082902a36f
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content:
" and the re\r\nown are for \r\nve CO2 \r\nGtCO2) m \r\n020-2100\r\ntive net \r\nacross \r\ncenarios \r\n until \r\nro or until \r\n5th-95th \r\nval \r\nets.\r\n320\r\n[-210 to \r\n570]\r\n160\r\n[-220 to \r\n620]\r\n360 [10-540] \r\n400\r\n[-90 to \r\n620]\r\n800 \r\n510-1140] \r\n790\r\n480-1150]"


id: ecbacec81c175101147f7b8521eec6ae
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"c All global warming levels are relative to 1850-1900. (See footnote n below and Box SPM.145 for more details.)"


id: 4ab9ca289c4973a77132d5bdfb7ba440
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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"d\r\n C3 pathways are sub-categorised according to the timing of policy action to match the emissions pathways in Figure SPM.4. Two pathways derived from a cost-benefit \r\nanalysis have been added to C3a, whilst 10 pathways with specifically designed near-term action until 2030, whose emissions fall below those implied by NDCs \r\nannounced prior to COP26, are not included in either of the two subsets."


id: 7aa26cee952e2f49ae383052835731e0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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"e\r\n Alignment with the categories of the illustrative SSP scenarios considered in AR6 WGI, and the Illustrative (Mitigation) Pathways (IPs/IMPs) of WGIII. The IMPs have \r\ncommon features such as deep and rapid emissions reductions, but also different combinations of sectoral mitigation strategies. See Box SPM.1 for an introduction of \r\nthe IPs and IMPs, and Chapter 3 for full descriptions. {3.2, 3.3, Annex III.II.4}"


id: 6e1850c122a3a3fd9f1522c2c204b548
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
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content:
"f\r\n The Illustrative Mitigation Pathway 'Neg' has extensive use of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) in the AFOLU, energy and the industry sectors to achieve net negative \r\nemissions. Warming peaks around 2060 and declines to below 1.5degC (50% likelihood) shortly after 2100. Whilst technically classified as C3, it strongly exhibits the \r\ncharacteristics of C2 high-overshoot pathways, hence it has been placed in the C2 category. See Box SPM.1 for an introduction of the IPs and IMPs."


id: f8c1415a539384cda0d9996ded20cd44
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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"g\r\n The 2019 range of harmonised GHG emissions across the pathways [53-58 GtCO2-eq] is within the uncertainty ranges of 2019 emissions assessed in Chapter 2 \r\n[53-66 GtCO2-eq].49 (Figure SPM.1, Figure SPM.2, Box SPM.1) "


id: b526da30007f91622d45619719f794b8
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"h\r\n Rates of global emission reduction in mitigation pathways are reported on a pathway-by-pathway basis relative to harmonised modelled global emissions in 2019 \r\nrather than the global emissions reported in SPM Section B and Chapter 2; this ensures internal consistency in assumptions about emission sources and activities, as well \r\nas consistency with temperature projections based on the physical climate science assessment by WGI.49 {Annex III.II.2.5}. Negative values (e.g., in C7, C8) represent an \r\nincrease in emissions."


id: ce710f8570ea9ff288e9b4c1b56ab2ec
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"i\r\n Emissions milestones are provided for five-year intervals in order to be consistent with the underlying five-year time-step data of the modelled pathways. Peak emissions \r\n(CO2 and GHGs) are assessed for five-year reporting intervals starting in 2020. The interval 2020-2025 signifies that projected emissions peak as soon as possible \r\nbetween 2020 and at latest before 2025. The upper five-year interval refers to the median interval within which the emissions peak or reach net zero. Ranges in \r\nsquare brackets underneath refer to the range across the pathways, comprising the lower bound of the 5th percentile five-year interval and the upper bound of the \r\n95th percentile five-year interval. Numbers in round brackets signify the fraction of pathways that reach specific milestones."


id: 82837e4de1c83b6035a29187856a057b
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"j\r\n Percentiles reported across all pathways in that category include those that do not reach net zero before 2100 (fraction of pathways reaching net zero is given in round \r\nbrackets). If the fraction of pathways that reach net zero before 2100 is lower than the fraction of pathways covered by a percentile (e.g., 0.95 for the 95th percentile), \r\nthe percentile is not defined and denoted with '...'. The fraction of pathways reaching net zero includes all with reported non-harmonised, and/or harmonised emissions \r\nprofiles that reach net zero. Pathways were counted when at least one of the two profiles fell below 100 MtCO2 yr-1 until 2100."


id: 15de8dbd3582e711769539d4814a13a8
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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"k\r\n The timing of net zero is further discussed in SPM C2.4 and Cross-Chapter Box 3 in Chapter 3 on net zero CO2 and net zero GHG emissions."


id: 741790218b9f8ad3956fd633dfa09e10
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"l\r\n For cases where models do not report all GHGs, missing GHG species are infilled and aggregated into a Kyoto basket of GHG emissions in CO2-eq defined by the \r\n100-year global warming potential. For each pathway, reporting of CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions was the minimum required for the assessment of the climate response \r\nand the assignment to a climate category. Emissions pathways without climate assessment are not included in the ranges presented here. {See Annex III.II.5}"


id: c58dacabe9bbb7994bd968132ef98af7
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"m Cumulative emissions are calculated from the start of 2020 to the time of net zero and 2100, respectively. They are based on harmonised net CO2 emissions, ensuring \r\nconsistency with the WGI assessment of the remaining carbon budget.50 {Box 3.4}"


id: c91dd76ee21ffad3f6f6b0e4aea761db
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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"n Global mean temperature change for category (at peak, if peak temperature occurs before 2100, and in 2100) relative to 1850-1900, based on the median global \r\nwarming for each pathway assessed using the probabilistic climate model emulators calibrated to the AR6 WGI assessment.12 (See also Box SPM.1) {Annex III.II.2.5; \r\nWGI Cross-Chapter Box 7.1} "


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"o\r\n Probability of staying below the temperature thresholds for the pathways in each category, taking into consideration the range of uncertainty from the climate model \r\nemulators consistent with the AR6 WGI assessment. The probabilities refer to the probability at peak temperature. Note that in the case of temperature overshoot \r\n(e.g., category C2 and some pathways in C1), the probabilities of staying below at the end of the century are higher than the probabilities at peak temperature."


id: 17f15fc84aeed230f9cbb5418facd622
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"Categories of modelled scenarios are distinct and do not overlap; they do not contain categories consistent with lower levels of \r\nglobal warming, for example, the category of C3 scenarios that limit warming to 2degC (>67%) does not include the C1 and C2 \r\nscenarios that limit or return warming to 1.5degC (>50%). Where relevant, scenarios belonging to the group of categories C1-C3 \r\nare referred to in this report as scenarios that limit warming to 2degC (>67%) or lower."


id: 9d752157244ff6aa67c17c3c7b39b845
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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"Methods to project global warming associated with the scenarios were updated to ensure consistency with the AR6 WGI \r\nassessment of physical climate science.49 {3.2, Annex III.II.2.5; AR6 WGI Cross-Chapter Box 7.1}"


id: 668ae4fd4daf0a187e69e3ef4ffddcf2
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"Box SPM.1, Figure 1 | Projected global mean warming of the ensemble of modelled scenarios included in the climate categories C1-C8 \r\nand IMPs (based on emulators calibrated to the WGI assessment), as well as five illustrative scenarios (SSPx-y) as considered by AR6 WGI.\r\nPanel a  shows the p5-p95 range of projected median warming across global modelled pathways within a  category, with the category medians (line). \r\nPanel b shows the peak and 2100 emulated temperature outcomes for the categories C1 to C8 and for IMPs, and the five illustrative scenarios (SSPx-y) \r\nas considered by AR6 WGI. The boxes show the p5-p95 range within each scenario category, as in panel a. The combined p5-p95 range across scenarios and \r\nthe climate uncertainty for each category C1-C8 is also shown for 2100 warming (thin vertical lines). (Table SPM.2) {Figure 3.11; AR6 WGI Figure SPM.8}"


id: b7a726266f8cabd0d75369f43bf2fbbe
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"These updated methods affect the categorisation of some scenarios. On average across scenarios, peak global warming is \r\nprojected to be lower by up to about 0.05 [+-0.1] degC than if the same scenarios were evaluated using the SR1.5 methodology, \r\nand global warming in 2100 is projected to be lower by about 0.1 [+-0.1] degC. {Annex III.II.2.5.1, Annex III Figure II.3}"


id: ca70ac28359fb6a656cc85b8ed11f24a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"Resulting changes to the emission characteristics of scenario categories described in Table SPM.2 interact with changes in \r\nthe characteristics of the wider range of emission scenarios published since the SR1.5. Proportionally more scenarios assessed \r\nin AR6 are designed to limit temperature overshoot and more scenarios limit large-scale net negative CO2 emissions than in \r\nSR1.5. As a result, AR6 scenarios in the lowest temperature category (C1) generally reach net zero GHG emissions later in the \r\n21st century than scenarios in the same category assessed in SR1.5, and about half do not reach net zero GHG by 2100. The rate \r\nof decline of GHG emissions in the near term by 2030 in category C1 scenarios is very similar to the assessed rate in SR1.5, but \r\nabsolute GHG emissions of category C1 scenarios in AR6 are slightly higher in 2030 than in SR1.5, since the reductions start from \r\na higher emissions level in 2020. (Table SPM.2) {Annex III, 2.5, 3.2, 3.3}"


id: 619c17366b4f319c0704d95d435a624d
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content:
"to 1.5degC (>50%) after a high overshoot (C1 and C2 categories respectively). Modelled pathways that return warming to \r\n1.5degC (>50%) after a  high overshoot (C2 category) show near-term GHG emissions reductions similar to pathways that \r\nlimit warming to 2degC (>67%) (C3 category). For a  given peak global warming level, greater and more rapid near-term \r\nGHG emissions reductions are associated with later net zero CO2 dates. (high confidence) (Table SPM.2) {3.3, Table  3.5, \r\nCross-Chapter Box 3 in Chapter 3, Annex I: Glossary}"


id: fe1076195ca0a3cc2b6736f9227f4e22
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content:
"electrification of energy demand. As indicated by the ranges, choices in one sector can be compensated for by choices in \r\nanother while being consistent with assessed warming levels.52 (high confidence) {3.4, 3.5, Table 3.6, Figure 3.22, Figure 6.35} "


id: 5f1590165da1d8f59fa06e551b57c3e8
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
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"conditions such as policy instruments, greater public support and technological innovation could reduce these barriers. (high \r\nconfidence) {2.5, 6.3, 6.4, 6.7, 11.3, 11.4, Cross-Chapter Box 8 in Chapter 12, Figure TS.31; SRCCL Chapter 5}"


id: 77c485fa5f94f9d28fee12acbee1be96
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"activities as well as the opportunity costs associated with land-use change. Enhanced monitoring, reporting and verification \r\ncapacity, and the rule of law, are crucial for land-based mitigation in combination with policies also recognising interactions \r\nwith wider ecosystem services, could enable engagement by a wider array of actors, including private businesses, NGOs, and \r\nIndigenous Peoples and local communities. (medium confidence) {7.6, 7.7}"


id: 157ef67bb564c568e012b6ba7dc443e6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
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content:
"Additional emissions from increased \r\nelectricity generation to enable the \r\nend-use sectors' substitution of electricity \r\nfor fossil fuels, e.g. via heat pumps and \r\nelectric cars {Table SM5.3; 6.6}"


id: 7526a40831257ea3dedc1e3cd577cbfa
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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"1 The presentation of choices to consumers, and the impact of that presentation on consumer decision-making. \r\n2 Load management refers to demand-side flexibility that cuts across all sectors and can be achieved through incentive design like time of use pricing/monitoring \r\nby artificial intelligence, diversification of storage facilities, etc."


id: c300f196db96ae15afd2bf09d77b3d9b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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"3 \r\nThe impact of demand-side mitigation on electricity sector emissions depends on the baseline carbon intensity of electricity supply, which is scenario dependent."


id: c9f5fd07151113b3abd82cb0329bd282
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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"Many options available now in all sectors are estimated to offer substantial potential to reduce \r\nnet emissions by 2030. Relative potentials and costs will vary across countries and in the longer\r\nterm compared to 2030. "


id: fe4b761d5538ee97599add6000dd0393
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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"Beyond 2030, the relative importance of the assessed mitigation options is expected to change, in particular while pursuing long-term mitigation goals, recognising \r\nalso that the emphasis for particular options will vary across regions (for specific mitigation options see SPM Sections C4.1, C5.2, C7.3, C8.3 and C9.1)."


id: 485f0a0bbec5999ed18dcf17c6d8aa20
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"Costs for accommodating the integration of variable renewable energy sources in electricity systems are expected to be modest until 2030, and are not included \r\nbecause of complexities in attributing such costs to individual technology options."


id: 2b23d94e70506377b06a2fb827849503
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content:
"Cost range categories are ordered from low to high. This order does not imply any sequence of implementation."


id: 447880f75cc08a4baa921ef0d7f664b
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"Externalities are not taken into account. {12.2, Table 12.3, 6.4, Table 7.3, Supplementary Material Table 9.SM.2, Supplementary Material Table 9.SM.3, 10.6, 11.4, \r\nFigure 11.13, Supplementary Material 12.SM.1.2.3}"


id: 8cc5aace85e32fead04c859a1885e407
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"biomass, but can displace food production and livelihoods, which calls for integrated approaches to land-use planning, to \r\nmeet multiple objectives including food security. However, due to limited application of some of the options today, there are \r\nsome uncertainties about potential benefits. (high confidence) {3.7, 7.4, 7.6, 12.5, 17.3, Table TS.7}"


id: 53bc7701c28596bdb8ab34b3b2527ac8
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"Mitigation options have synergies with many Sustainable Development Goals, but some options \r\ncan also have trade-offs. The synergies and trade-offs vary dependent on context and scale."


id: db7d8718b97f35470cd3fbdfe4574e6e
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content:
"Figure SPM.8 | Synergies and trade-offs between sectoral and system mitigation options and the SDGs"


id: ed17449dc12c002d47086fa8dc733a99
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content:
"at lower cost; local capital markets development; and building greater trust in international cooperation processes (high \r\nconfidence). A coordinated effort to make the post-pandemic recovery sustainable and increased flows of financing over the \r\nnext decade can accelerate climate action, including in developing regions and countries facing high debt costs, debt distress \r\nand macroeconomic uncertainty (high confidence). {15.2, 15.3, 15.4, 15.5, 15.6, Box 15.6}"


id: b0422364fa02f49d3abc7a9b459548b7
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content:
"Coordinating Lead Authors:\r\nMinal Pathak (India), Raphael Slade (United Kingdom), Ramon Pichs-Madruga (Cuba), \r\nDiana Urge-Vorsatz (Hungary), Priyadarshi R. Shukla (India), Jim Skea (United Kingdom)"


id: c7449c644b71704c17bc460e70ed9aee
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"M. Pathak, R. Slade, P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Pichs-Madruga, D. Urge-Vorsatz,2022: Technical Summary. In: Climate \r\nChange 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the \r\nIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, \r\nM. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University \r\nPress, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.002."


id: d21ba4bea9b4a0ac677fd6a8ab217e28
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"pathways up to 2100 {3}. Collaboration between the IPCC Working \r\nGroups is reflected in Cross-Working Group boxes which address \r\ntopics such as the economic benefits from avoided impacts along \r\nmitigation pathways {Cross-Working Group Box  1 in Chapter  3}, \r\nclimate change and urban areas {Cross-Working Group Box  2 in \r\nChapter  8}, mitigation and adaptation through the bioeconomy \r\n{Cross-Working Group Box  3 in Chapter  12} and Solar Radiation \r\nModification (SRM) {Cross-Working Group Box  4 in Chapter  14}. \r\nThis assessment also gives greater attention than AR5 to social, \r\neconomic and environmental dimensions of mitigation actions, and \r\ninstitutional, legal and financial aspects. {5, 13, 14, 15} "


id: 8aa21a555bd287ee1438253f8545a228
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"The Working Group III (WGIII) contribution to the IPCC's Sixth \r\nAssessment Report (AR6) assesses the current state of knowledge on the \r\nscientific, technological, environmental, economic and social aspects of \r\nclimate change mitigation. It builds on previous IPCC reports, including \r\nthe WGIII contribution to the IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report  (AR5) \r\nand the three Special Reports of the Sixth Assessment cycle on: Global \r\nWarming of 1.5degC (SR1.5); Climate Change and Land (SRCCL); and the \r\nOcean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC).1"


id: 8f633a9498c112cb5672731ed159c577
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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"The report assesses new literature, methodological and recent \r\ndevelopments, and changes in approaches towards climate change \r\nmitigation since the IPCC AR5 report was published in 2014."


id: 952edbc6c63360a3a5261e380f7818f0
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"The report draws from literature on broad and diverse analytic \r\nframeworks across multiple disciplines. These include, inter alia: \r\neconomic and environmental efficiency {1}; ethics and equity \r\n{4, 5, 17}; innovation and the dynamics of socio-technical transitions \r\n{16}; and socio-political-institutional frameworks {1, 5, 13, 14, 17}. \r\nThese help to identify synergies and trade-offs with Sustainable \r\nDevelopment Goals (SDGs), challenges and windows of opportunity \r\nfor action including co-benefits, and equitable transitions at local, \r\nnational and global scales. {1, 5, 13, 14, 16} "


id: b3f0e5961ddcde6d00381db703adadbe
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"This Technical Summary (TS) of the WGIII contribution to the IPCC's \r\nSixth Assessment Report (AR6) broadly follows the report chapter \r\norder and is structured as follows. "


id: 480794f96988639568d3b3e61fa23860
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"There are ever closer linkages between climate change mitigation, \r\ndevelopment pathways and the pursuit of Sustainable Development \r\nGoals (SDGs). Development pathways largely drive GHG emissions and \r\nhence shape the mitigation challenge and the portfolio of available \r\nresponses {4}. The co-benefits and risks of mitigation responses also \r\ndiffer according to stages of development and national capabilities \r\n{1, 2, 3, 4, 13}. Climate change mitigation framed in the context of \r\nsustainable development, equity, and poverty eradication, and rooted \r\nin the development aspirations of the society within which they take \r\nplace, will be more acceptable, durable and effective. {1, 4, 17}"


id: 4e183cd47b878941bb5f145a74b3bc71
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"This report includes new assessment approaches that go beyond \r\nthose evaluated in the previous IPCC WGIII reports. In addition \r\nto sectoral and systems chapters {6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11}, this report \r\nincludes, for the first time, chapters dedicated to cross-sectoral \r\nperspectives {12}, demand, services and social aspects of mitigation \r\n(Box  TS.11) {5}, and innovation, technology development and \r\ntransfer {16}. The assessment of future pathways combines a forward\u0002looking assessment of  near- to medium-term perspectives up to \r\n2050, including ways of shifting development pathways towards \r\nsustainability {4}, with an assessment of long-term outcome-oriented "


id: b34862a8ded118a7a5b23bb4f35481e7
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"Throughout this Technical Summary the validity of findings, \r\nconfidence in findings, and cross-references to Technical Summary \r\nsections, figures and tables are shown in ( ) brackets.2\r\n References to \r\nthe underlying report are shown in { } brackets."


id: c163cbb5a02c85a4933edd26d4e12ae
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"depending on the prevailing social, economic, cultural and political \r\ncontext. They often both drive and inhibit transitions at the same time, \r\nwithin and across different scales. The development and deployment \r\nof innovative technologies and systems at scale are important for \r\nachieving deep decarbonisation, and in recent years, the cost of \r\nseveral low-carbon technologies has declined sharply as deployment \r\nhas risen rapidly. (Figure TS.7) {1.3, 1.4, Chapters 2, 4, 5, 13,14} "


id: ea0957643395577928199a10f426090f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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"Since the IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), important \r\nchanges that have emerged include the specific objectives \r\nestablished in the Paris Agreement of 2015 (for temperature, \r\nadaptation and finance), rising climate impacts, and higher \r\nlevels of societal awareness and support for climate action \r\n(high confidence). Meeting the long-term temperature goal in the \r\nParis Agreement, however, implies a rapid inflection in GHG emission \r\ntrends and accelerating decline towards 'net zero'. This is implausible \r\nwithout urgent and ambitious action at all scales. {1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 1.6, \r\nChapters 3 and 4}"


id: ab5e237307556fef28746a2efa02b3ad
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"The transition to a  low-carbon economy depends on \r\na  wide range of closely intertwined drivers and constraints, \r\nincluding policies and technologies where notable advances \r\nover the past decade have opened up new and large-scale \r\nopportunities for deep decarbonisation, and for alternative \r\ndevelopment pathways which could deliver multiple social \r\nand developmental goals (high confidence). Drivers for, and \r\nconstraints on, low-carbon societal transitions comprise economic \r\nand technological factors (the means by which services such as \r\nfood, heating and shelter are provided and for whom, the emissions \r\nintensity of traded products, finance and investment), socio-political \r\nissues (political economy, equity and fairness, social innovation \r\nand behaviour change), and institutional factors (legal framework and \r\ninstitutions, and the quality of international cooperation). In addition \r\nto being deeply intertwined, all the factors matter to varying degrees, "


id: 245d8d36eec779861dcc4685976de6e5
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content:
"Achieving the global transition to a  low-carbon, climate\u0002resilient and sustainable world requires purposeful and \r\nincreasingly coordinated planning and decisions at many \r\nscales of governance including local, sub-national, national and \r\nglobal levels (high confidence). Accelerating mitigation globally \r\nwould imply strengthening policies adopted to date, expanding \r\nthe effort across options, sectors, and countries, and broadening \r\nresponses to include more diverse actors and societal processes at \r\nmultiple - including international - levels. The effective governance \r\nof climate change entails strong action across multiple jurisdictions \r\nand decision-making levels, including regular evaluation and learning. \r\nChoices that cause climate change as well as the processes for making "


id: b7a706adade1cd8da747867dc76ab4be
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"and implementing relevant decisions involve a range of non-nation \r\nstate actors such as cities, businesses, and civil society organisations. \r\nAt global, national and sub-national levels, climate change actions are \r\ninterwoven with, and embedded in, the context of much broader social, \r\neconomic and political goals. Therefore, the governance required to \r\naddress climate change has to navigate power, political, economic, \r\nand social dynamics at all levels of decision-making. Effective climate\u0002governing institutions, and openness to experimentation on a variety \r\nof institutional arrangements, policies and programmes can play \r\na  vital role in engaging stakeholders and building momentum for \r\neffective climate action. {1.4, 1.9, Chapters 8, 13, 15, 17} "


id: edac06684a5f58ecd09fd5805ed1b0e5
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"GHG emissions continued to rise to 2019, although the growth \r\nof global GHG emissions has slowed over the past decade \r\n(high confidence). Delivering the updated Nationally Determined \r\nContributions (NDCs) to 2030 would turn this into decline, but the \r\nimplied global emissions by 2030, still exceed pathways consistent \r\nwith 1.5degC by a large margin and are near the upper end of the range \r\nof modelled pathways that limit warming to 2degC (>67%) or below. \r\nIn all chapters of this report there is evidence of progress towards \r\ndeeper mitigation, but there remain many obstacles to be overcome. \r\nTable TS.1 summarises some of the key signs of progress in emission \r\ntrends, sectors, policies and investment, as well as the challenges \r\nthat persist. "


id: 708e92b5bc3cda3629b0450e7e799ca0
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"Emissions growth has varied, but has persisted, across all \r\ngroups of greenhouse gases (high confidence). The average \r\nannual emission levels of the last decade (2010-2019) were higher \r\nthan in any previous decade for each group of greenhouse gases (high \r\nconfidence). In 2019, CO2 emissions were 45 +- 5.5 GtCO2,\r\n5\r\n methane \r\n(CH4) 11 +- 3.2 GtCO2-eq, nitrous oxide (N2O) 2.7 +- 1.6 GtCO2-eq and \r\nfluorinated gases (F-gases6\r\n) 1.4 +- 0.41 GtCO2-eq. Compared to 1990, \r\nthe magnitude and speed of these increases differed across gases: CO2\r\nfrom fossil fuel and industry (FFI) grew by 15 GtCO2-eq yr-1 (67%), \r\nCH4 by 2.4 GtCO2-eq yr -1 (29%), F-gases by 0.97 GtCO2-eq yr -1\r\n(250%), N2O by 0.65 GtCO2-eq yr -1 (33%). CO2 emissions from \r\nnet land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) have shown \r\nse across all major groups of greenhouse gases"


id: 33e8a25d8c5f7e65dc432a423070122f
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"Global net anthropogenic GHG emissions during the decade \r\n2010-2019 were higher than any previous time in human \r\nhistory (high confidence). Since 2010, GHG emissions have \r\ncontinued to grow reaching 59 +- 6.6 GtCO2-eq in 2019,4\r\n but the \r\naverage annual growth in the last decade (1.3%, 2010-2019) \r\nwas lower than in the previous decade (2.1%, 2000-2009) (high \r\nconfidence). Average annual GHG emissions were 56 GtCO2-eq yr-1\r\nfor 2010-2019 (the highest decadal average on record) growing by \r\nabout 9.1 GtCO2-eq yr-1 from the previous decade (2000-2009) (high \r\nconfidence). (Figure TS.2) {2.2.2, Table 2.1, Figure 2.5}\r\nGlobal net anthropogenic emissions have continued to "


id: 8f113425e777f76e68c3be95bad4f69a
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"Globally, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and \r\npopulation growth remained the strongest drivers of CO2\r\nemissions from fossil fuel combustion in the last decade (high \r\nconfidence). Trends since 1990 continued in the years 2010 to 2019 \r\nwith GDP per capita and population growth increasing emissions \r\nby 2.3% yr-1 and 1.2% yr-1, respectively. This growth outpaced the \r\nreduction in the use of energy per unit of GDP (-2% yr -1, globally) as \r\nwell as improvements in the carbon intensity of energy (-0.3% yr -1). \r\n{2.4.1, Figure 2.19}"


id: 701bf6a76dfe5d0951e6bedad7ffea1
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"little long-term change, with large uncertainties preventing the \r\ndetection of statistically significant trends. F-gases excluded \r\nfrom GHG emissions inventories such as chlorofluorocarbons and \r\nhydrochlorofluorocarbons are about the same size as those included \r\n(high confidence). (Figure TS.2) {2.2.1, 2.2.2, Table 2.1, Figures 2.2, \r\n2.3 and 2.5}"


id: ce842a4a890b654c36bb061e7058defa
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"The COVID-19 pandemic triggered the deepest global economic contraction as well as CO2 emission reductions since the Second World \r\nWar {2.2.2}. While emissions and most economies rebounded in 2020, some impacts of the pandemic could last well beyond this. \r\nOwing to the very recent nature of this event, it remains unclear what the exact short- and long-term impacts on global emissions \r\ndrivers, trends, macroeconomics and finance will be. "


id: e4d12c858b014f40fce93f0774ff447
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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"The lockdowns implemented in many countries accelerated some specific trends, such as the uptake in urban cycling. The acceptability \r\nof collective social change over a longer term towards less resource-intensive lifestyles, however, depends on the social mandate \r\nfor change. This mandate can be built through public participation, discussion and debate, to produce recommendations that inform \r\npolicymaking. {Box 5.2} "


id: e562c30692da1791b1ff6261b49c30c6
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"Most countries were forced to undertake unprecedented levels of short-term public expenditures in 2021. This is expected to slow \r\neconomic growth and may squeeze financial resources for mitigation and relevant investments in the near future. Pandemic responses \r\nhave increased sovereign debt across countries in all income bands and the sharp increase in most developing economies and regions \r\nhas caused debt distress, widening the gap in developing countries' access to capital. {15.6.3}"


id: b8304a47ba176fa35cca84d7e4a0631
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"The wider overall reduction in energy investment has prompted a relative shift towards low-carbon investment particularly for major \r\nfuture investment decisions by the private sector {15.2.1, 15.3.1, 15.6.1}. Some countries and regions have prioritised green stimulus \r\nexpenditures, for example, as part of a 'Green New Deal' {Box 13.1}. This is motivated by assessments that investing in new growth \r\nindustries can boost the macroeconomic effectiveness ('multipliers') of public spending, crowd-in and revive private investment, whilst \r\nalso delivering on mitigation commitments. {15.2.3}"


id: 5dc0e1a8fc62124c128e6b313f601b79
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"The impacts of COVID-19 may have temporarily set back development and the delivery of many SDGs. It also distracts political \r\nand financial capacity away from efforts to accelerate climate change mitigation and shift development pathways to increased \r\nsustainability. Yet, studies of previous post-shock periods suggest that waves of innovation that are ready to emerge can be accelerated \r\nby crises, which may prompt new behaviours, weaken incumbent systems, and initiate rapid reform. {1.6.5} "


id: 12291896c2249b5f3e38dc8fac858329
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"Institutional change can be slow but major economic dislocation can create significant opportunities for new ways of financing and \r\nenabling 'leapfrogging' investment {10.8}. Given the unambiguous risks of climate change, and consequent stranded asset risks from \r\nnew fossil fuel investments {Box 6.11}, the most robust recoveries may well be those which align with lower carbon and resilient \r\ndevelopment pathways."


id: ba33744ed5c9700021de1d024231d41c
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"Box TS.1, Figure 1 | Global carbon emissions in 2020 and the impact of COVID-19. Panel (a) depicts carbon emissions from fossil fuel and industry over the \r\npast five decades. The single-year declines in emissions following major economic and geopolitical events are shown, as well as the decline recorded in five different \r\ndatasets for emissions in 2020 compared to 2019. Panel (b) depicts the perturbation of daily carbon emissions in 2020 compared to 2019, showing the impact of \r\nCOVID-19 lockdown policies. {Figure 2.6}"


id: be434097304b1d991d59b2e8e1fc2da3
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"Cumulative net CO2 emissions over the last decade (2010-2019) \r\nare about the same size as the remaining carbon budget to \r\nlimit warming to 1.5degC (>67%) (medium confidence). 62% of \r\ntotal cumulative CO2 emissions from 1850 to 2019 occurred since \r\n1970 (1500 +- 140 GtCO2), about 43% since 1990 (1000 +- 90 GtCO2), \r\nand about 17% since 2010 (410 +- 30 GtCO2). For comparison, the \r\nremaining carbon budget for keeping warming to 1.5degC with a 67% \r\n(50%) probability is about 400 (500) +- 220 GtCO2 (Figure TS.3). {2.2.2, \r\nFigure 2.7, AR6 WGI Chapter 5.5, AR6 WGI Chapter 5, Table 5.8}"


id: fdff98f9043b933bb24a8010ef66d1c9
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"observed over the last decades. Complementary evidence suggests \r\nthat countries have decoupled territorial CO2 emissions from GDP, but \r\nfewer have decoupled consumption-based emissions from GDP. \r\nDecoupling has mostly occurred in countries with high per-capita \r\nGDP and high per-capita CO2 emissions. (Figure TS.4, Box TS.2) {2.2.3, \r\n2.3.3, Figure 2.11, Tables 2.3 and 2.4}"


id: 90681327f2e198f5de496c825388b1c3
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"A growing number of countries have achieved GHG emission \r\nreductions over periods longer than 10 years - a few at rates \r\nthat are broadly consistent with the global rates described in \r\nclimate change mitigation scenarios that limit warming to 2degC \r\n(>67%) (high confidence). At least 18 countries have reduced CO2\r\nand GHG emissions for longer than 10 years. Reduction rates in a few \r\ncountries have reached 4% in some years, in line with global rates \r\nobserved in pathways that limit warming to 2degC (>67%). However, \r\nthe total reduction in annual GHG emissions of these countries is \r\nsmall (about 3.2 GtCO2-eq yr -1) compared to global emissions growth "


id: 1cae4a03d93b6b6ca1fa2c09b9bf272b
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content:
"Figure TS.3 | Historic anthropogenic CO2 emission and cumulative CO2 emissions (1850-2019) as well as remaining carbon budgets for limiting warming \r\nto 1.5degC (>67%) and 2degC (>67%). Panel (a) shows historic annual anthropogenic CO2 emissions (GtCO2 yr -1) by fuel type and process. Panel (b) shows historic cumulative \r\nanthropogenic CO2 emissions for the periods 1850-1989, 1990-2009, and 2010-2019 as well as remaining future carbon budgets as of 1 January 2020 to limit warming to \r\n1.5degC and 2degC at the 67th percentile of the transient climate response to cumulative CO2 emissions. The whiskers indicate a budget uncertainty of +-220 GtCO2-eq for each \r\nbudget and the aggregate uncertainty range at one standard deviation for historical cumulative CO2 emissions, consistent with WGI. {Figure 2.7}"


id: c13d487ac0ed5738066cd6cea57b0cfa
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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"Comprehensive mitigation policy relies on consideration of all anthropogenic forcing agents, which differ widely in their atmospheric \r\nlifetimes and impacts on the climate system. GHG emission metrics provide simplified information about the effect that emissions of \r\ndifferent gases have on global temperature or other aspects of climate, usually expressed relative to the effect of emitting CO2.\r\n9\r\n This \r\ninformation can support choices about priorities, trade-offs and synergies in mitigation policies and emission targets for non-CO2 gases \r\nrelative to CO2 as well as baskets of gases expressed in CO2-eq. "


id: 320f1fe70c93bc70ebeecec5327142d1
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"Parties to the Paris Agreement decided to report aggregated emissions and removals (expressed as CO2-eq) based on the Global Warming \r\nPotential (GWP) with a time horizon of 100 years (GWP100) using values from IPCC AR5 or from a subsequent IPCC report as agreed upon by \r\nthe CMA,10 and to account for future Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) in accordance with this approach. Parties may also report \r\nsupplemental information on aggregate emissions and removals, expressed as CO2-eq, using other GHG emission metrics assessed by the IPCC. "


id: 23298b6f124db8566273626e0908e15f
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"The WGIII contribution to AR6 uses updated GWP100 values from AR6 WGI to report aggregate emissions and removals unless stated \r\notherwise. These reflect updated scientific understanding of the response of the climate system to emissions of different gases and \r\ninclude a  methodological update to incorporate climate-carbon cycle feedbacks associated with the emission of non-CO2 gases \r\n(see Annex II.II.8 for a list of GWP100 metric values). The choice of GWP100 was made inter alia for consistency with decisions under \r\nthe Rulebook for the Paris Agreement and because it is the dominant metric used in the literature assessed by WGIII. Furthermore, for \r\nmitigation pathways that limit global warming to 2degC (>67%) or lower, using GWP100 to inform cost-effective abatement choices \r\nbetween gases would achieve such long-term temperature goals at close to least global cost within a few percent (high confidence)."


id: 3155e642a1927f560cb401425ba26bbb
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"All metrics have limitations and uncertainties, given that they simplify the complexity of the physical climate system and its response \r\nto past and future GHG emissions. For this reason, the WGIII contribution to the AR6 reports emissions and mitigation options for \r\nindividual gases where possible; CO2-equivalent emissions are reported in addition to individual gas emissions where this is judged to \r\nbe policy-relevant. This approach aims to reduce the ambiguity regarding actual climate outcomes over time arising from the use of \r\nany specific GHG emission metric. {Cross-Chapter Box 2 in Chapter 2, SM.2.3, Annex II.II.8; AR6 WGI Chapter 7.6}"


id: 71a047edeb26664968597fad7258afd7
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"1\r\n GDP per capita in 2019 in USD2017 currency purchasing power basis.\r\n2\r\n Includes CO2-FFI, CO2-LULUCF and Other GHGs, excluding international aviation and shipping."


id: da3ad2473438c91216434e205447f06e
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"Consumption-based CO2  emissions in Developed Countries \r\nand the Asia and Pacific region are higher than in other \r\nregions (high confidence). In Developed Countries, consumption\u0002based CO2 emissions peaked at 15 GtCO2 in 2007, declining to about \r\n13 GtCO2 in 2018. The Asia and Developing Pacific region, with 52% \r\nof the current global population, has become a  major contributor \r\nto consumption-based CO2 emission growth since 2000 (5.5% yr-1\r\nfor 2000-2018); in 2015 it exceeded the Developed Countries \r\nregion, with 16% of global population, as the largest emitter of \r\nconsumption-based CO2. {2.3.2, Figure 2.14}"


id: 1f395a70b43cd93f6a16c8cc64cda8
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"redistribution and social cohesion, and affect the willingness of the \r\nrich and poor to accept policies to protect the environment, and to \r\naccept and afford lifestyle changes that favour mitigation (medium \r\nconfidence). {2.6.1, 2.6.2, Figure 2.29}"


id: a3977d68369835232d3274afc0043555
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
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content:
"Carbon-intensity improvements in the production of traded \r\nproducts has led to a net reduction in CO2 emissions embodied \r\nin international trade (high confidence). A decrease in the carbon \r\nintensity of traded products has offset increased trade volumes \r\nbetween 2006 and 2016. Emissions embodied in internationally traded \r\nproducts depend on the composition of the global supply chain across \r\nsectors and countries and the respective carbon intensity of production \r\nprocesses (emissions per unit of economic output). {2.3, 2.4} "


id: a266d8892bbedbc59a2eac41a640c708
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 23115
content:
"Developed Countries tend to be net CO2 emission importers, \r\nwhereas developing countries tend to be net emission \r\nexporters (high confidence). Net CO2  emission transfers from \r\ndeveloping to Developed Countries via global supply chains have \r\ndecreased between 2006 and 2016. Between 2004 and 2011, \r\nCO2 emissions embodied in trade between developing countries have \r\nmore than doubled (from 0.47 to 1.1 Gt) with the centre of trade \r\nactivities shifting from Europe to Asia. {2.3.4, Figure 2.15}"


id: a07c87e6de4934fdc1848893c84b45d9
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"This accounting discrepancy also applies to Integrated \r\nAssessment Models (IAMs), with the consequence that \r\nanthropogenic land CO2 fluxes reported in IAM pathways \r\ncannot be compared directly with those reported in national \r\nGHG inventories (high confidence). Methodologies enabling \r\na  more like-for-like comparison between models' and countries' \r\napproaches would support  more accurate assessment of the \r\ncollective progress achieved under the Paris Agreement. {3.4, 7.2.2}"


id: ea6134da3885ca0efe88aed0d12dd6cc
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"Globally, households with income in the top 10% contribute \r\nabout 36-45% of global GHG emissions  (robust evidence, \r\nmedium agreement). About two thirds of the top 10% live in \r\nDeveloped Countries and one third in other economies. The lifestyle \r\nconsumption emissions of the middle income and poorest citizens \r\nin emerging economies are between five and 50 times below \r\ntheir counterparts in high-income countries  (medium confidence). \r\nIncreasing inequality within a country can exacerbate dilemmas of "


id: 2d29603ac4f7141adeb80945476f8976
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"Average annual growth in GHG emissions from energy supply \r\ndecreased from 2.3% for 2000-2009 to 1.0% for 2010-2019 \r\n(high confidence). This slowing of growth is attributable to further \r\nimprovements in energy efficiency and reductions in the carbon \r\nintensity of energy supply driven by fuel switching from coal to gas, \r\nreduced expansion of coal capacity, particularly in Eastern Asia, and \r\nthe increased use of renewables (medium confidence). (Figure TS.6) \r\n{2.2.4, 2.4.2.1, Figure 2.17}"


id: c9548dc668e46498f40cfa08c3edfb1e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"Figure TS.6 | Total anthropogenic direct and indirect GHG emissions for the year 2019 (in GtCO2-eq) by sector and subsector. Direct emissions estimates \r\nassign emissions to the sector in which they arise (scope 1 reporting). Indirect emissions - as used here - refer to the reallocation of emissions from electricity and heat to the \r\nsector of final use (scope 2 reporting). Note that cement refers to process emissions only, as a lack of data prevents the full reallocation of indirect emissions to this sector. \r\nMore comprehensive conceptualisations of indirect emissions including all products and services (scope 3 reporting) are discussed in Section 2.3. Emissions are converted into \r\nCO2-equivalents based on global warming potentials with a 100-year time horizon (GWP100) from the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report. Percentages may not add up to 100 across \r\ncategories due to rounding at the second significant digit. {Figure 2.12, 2.3}"


id: c4395a4a172f9e8d7b78431d3d706578
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"The industry, buildings and transport sectors make up 44% \r\nof global GHG emissions, or 66% when the emissions from \r\nelectricity and heat production are reallocated as indirect \r\nemissions (high confidence). This reallocation makes a substantial \r\ndifference to overall industry and buildings emissions as shown in \r\nFigure TS.6. Industry, buildings, and transport emissions are driven, \r\nrespectively, by the large rise in demand for basic materials and \r\nmanufactured products, a  global trend of increasing floor space \r\nper capita, building energy service use, travel distances, and vehicle \r\nsize and weight. Between 2010 and 2019, aviation grew particularly \r\nfast on average at about 3.3% per annum. Globally, energy efficiency \r\nhas improved in all three demand sectors, but carbon intensities have \r\nnot. (Figure TS.6) {2.2.4, Figures 2.18, 2.19 and 2.20}"


id: 9f57143923e25e450b6d394e0e129cc1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
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content:
"Evidence of rapid energy transitions exists in some case \r\nstudies (medium confidence). Emerging evidence since AR5 on \r\npast energy transitions identifies a  growing number of cases of \r\naccelerated technology diffusion at sub-global scales and describes \r\nmechanisms by which future energy transitions may occur more \r\nquickly than those in the past. Important drivers include technology \r\ntransfer and cooperation, international policy and financial support, \r\nand harnessing synergies among technologies within a sustainable \r\nenergy system perspective (medium confidence). A fast global \r\nlow-carbon energy transition enabled by finance to facilitate \r\nlow-carbon technology adoption in developing and particularly in \r\nleast developed countries can facilitate achieving climate stabilisation \r\ntargets (high confidence). {2.5.2, Table 2.5}"


id: 9d470a3c86170054d793397ec3adcc17
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 22271
content:
"Providing access to modern energy services universally would \r\nincrease global GHG emissions by a few percent at most (high \r\nconfidence). The additional energy demand needed to support decent \r\nliving standards12 for all is estimated to be well below current average \r\nenergy consumption (medium evidence, high agreement). More \r\nequitable income distribution could also reduce carbon emissions, \r\nbut the nature of this relationship can vary by level of income and \r\ndevelopment (limited evidence, medium agreement). {2.4.3}"


id: 3a98648ad925751772a7fd17b81e1554
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 6583
content:
"Robust incentives for investment in innovation, especially \r\nincentives reinforced by national policy and international \r\nagreements, are central to accelerating low-carbon technological \r\nchange (robust evidence, medium agreement). Policies have driven \r\ninnovation, including instruments for technology push (e.g., scientific \r\ntraining, research and development (R&D)) and demand pull \r\n(e.g., carbon pricing, adoption subsidies), as well as those promoting \r\nknowledge flows and especially technology transfer. The magnitude \r\nof the scale-up challenge elevates the importance of rapid technology \r\ndevelopment and adoption. This includes ensuring participation of \r\ndeveloping countries in an enhanced global flow of knowledge, skills, \r\nexperience, equipment, and technology; which in turn requires strong \r\nfinancial, institutional, and capacity-building support. {16.4, 16.5} "


id: e8c2c503f2e19b567b0facf0712e161c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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vector_id: 34134
content:
"Figure TS.8 | Future CO2 emissions from existing and currently planned fossil fuel infrastructure in the context of the Paris Agreement carbon budgets in \r\nGtCO2 based on historic patterns of infrastructure lifetimes and Future CO2 emissions estimates of existing infrastructure for the electricity sector as well as all other \r\nsectors (industry, transport, buildings, other fossil fuel infrastructures) and of proposed infrastructures for coal power as well as gas and oil power. Grey bars on the right depict \r\nthe range (5-95th percentile) in overall cumulative net CO2 emissions until reaching net zero CO2 in pathways that limit warming to 1.5degC (>50%) with no or limited overshoot \r\n(1.5degC scenarios), and in pathways that limit warming to 2degC (>67%) (2degC scenarios). {Figure 2.26}"


id: da684549bd29dc9a2c1c43c2a6040476
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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vector_id: 31889
content:
"While previous WGIII assessments have explored mitigation \r\npathways, since AR5 there has been an increasing emphasis in \r\nthe literature on development pathways, and in particular at \r\nthe national scale. Chapter  4 assesses near-term (2019-2030) \r\nto mid-term (2030-2050) pathways, complementing Chapter  3 \r\nwhich focuses on long-term pathways (up to 2100). While there \r\nis considerable literature on country-level mitigation pathways, \r\nincluding but not limited to NDCs, the country distribution of this \r\nliterature is very unequal (high confidence). {4.2.1, Cross-Chapter \r\nBox 4 in Chapter 4}"


id: bc7e6e9ae83249ae1efd6acc709827d2
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"An emissions gap persists, exacerbated by an implementation \r\ngap, despite mitigation efforts including those in Nationally \r\nDetermined Contributions (NDCs). In this report the emissions \r\ngap is understood as the difference between projected global \r\nemissions with Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) in 2030, \r\nand emissions in 2030 if mitigation pathways consistent with the \r\nParis temperature goals were achieved. The term implementation gap\r\nrefers to the gap between NDC mitigation pledges and the expected \r\noutcome of existing policies. "


id: b27983e83b1e405a62bdab5859ad1fc3
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 25594
content:
"There is a need to explore how accelerated mitigation - relative \r\nto NDCs and current policies - could close both emission gaps \r\nand implementation gaps. There is increasing understanding of the \r\ntechnical content of accelerated mitigation pathways, differentiated \r\nby national circumstances, with considerable, though uneven, \r\nliterature at country-level (medium evidence, high agreement). \r\nTransformative technological and institutional changes for the near \r\nterm include demand reductions through efficiency and  reduced \r\nactivity, rapid decarbonisation of the electricity sector and \r\nlow-carbon electrification of buildings, industry and transport (robust \r\nevidence, medium agreement). A focus on energy use and supply is \r\nessential, but not sufficient on its own - the land sector and food \r\nsystems deserve attention. The literature does not adequately include \r\ndemand-side options and systems analysis, and captures the impact \r\nfrom non-CO2 GHGs (medium confidence). {4.2.5} "


id: 6746344294c9a9f1757c99a6e21a092b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"Pathways consistent with the implementation and extrapolation \r\nof countries' current13 policies see GHG emissions reaching 57 \r\n(52-60) GtCO2-eq yr-1 by 2030 and to 46-67 GtCO2-eq yr-1 by \r\n2050, leading to a median global warming of 2.4degC to 3.5degC \r\nby 2100 (medium confidence). NDCs with unconditional and \r\nconditional elements14 lead to 53 (50-57) and 50 (47-55) GtCO2-eq, \r\nrespectively (medium confidence) {Table  4.1}. This leaves median \r\nestimated emissions gaps of 14-23 GtCO2-eq to limit warming to 2degC \r\nand 25-34 GtCO2-eq to limit warming to 1.5degC relative to mitigation \r\npathways. (Figure TS.9) {Cross-Chapter Box 4, Figure 1 in Chapter 4}"


id: a3833994302dc0b794774104c72530fb
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"In this report, development pathways refer to the patterns of development resulting from multiple decisions and choices made by many \r\nactors in the national and global contexts. Each society whether in developing or developed regions follows its own pattern of growth \r\n(Figure TS.13). Development pathways can also be described at smaller scales (e.g., for regions or cities) and for sectoral systems."


id: 4785ad0c0b5efa74e98efd5676495068
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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vector_id: 8639
content:
"Development pathways are major drivers of GHG emissions {1, 2}. There is compelling evidence to show that continuing along \r\nexisting development pathways will not achieve rapid and deep emission reductions. In the absence of shifts in development pathways, \r\nconventional mitigation policy instruments may not be able to limit global emissions to a degree sufficient to meet ambitious mitigation \r\ngoals or they may only be able to do so at very high economic and social costs. "


id: 4a7e7e89013785cf674367bc6e292aca
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"Policies to shift development pathways, on the other hand, make mitigation policies more effective. Shifting development pathways \r\nbroadens the scope for synergies between sustainable development objectives and mitigation. Development pathways also determine \r\nthe enablers and levers available for adaptation {AR6 WGII TS.E.1.2} and for achieving other SDGs."


id: e7f35bdf34de41ee02e0c2556fe46d0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"There are many instances in which reducing GHG emissions and moving towards the achievement of other development objectives \r\ncan go hand in hand {Chapter 3, Figure 3.33, Chapters 6-12, and 17}. Integrated policies can support the creation of synergies \r\nbetween action to combat climate change and its impacts (SDG 13 - climate action) and other SDGs. For example, when measures \r\npromoting walkable urban areas are combined with electrification and clean renewable energy, there are several co-benefits to be \r\nattained. These include reduced pressures on agricultural land from reduced urban growth, health co-benefits from cleaner air, and \r\nbenefits from enhanced mobility {8.2, 8.4, 4.4.1}. Energy efficiency in buildings and energy poverty alleviation through improved \r\naccess to clean fuels also deliver significant health benefits. {9.8.1 and 9.8.2}"


id: 95ffc9ccedd862543a54bee517a7a818
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"What does shifting development pathways towards increased sustainability entail?\r\nShifting development pathways towards increased sustainability implies making transformative changes that disrupt existing \r\ndevelopmental trends. Such choices would not be marginal, but include technological, systemic and socio-behavioural changes \r\n{4.4}. Decision points also arise with new infrastructure, sustainable supply chains, institutional capacities for evidence-based and \r\nintegrated decision-making, financial alignment towards low-carbon socially responsible investments, just transitions and shifts in \r\nbehaviour and norms to support shifts away from fossil fuel consumption. Adopting multi-level governance modes, tackling corruption \r\nwhere it inhibits shifts to sustainability, and improving social and political trust are also key for aligning and supporting long-term \r\nenvironmentally just policies and processes. {4.4, Cross-Chapter Box 5 in Chapter 4} "


id: 5ea68c380c675392e99fce2c4816f1e2
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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vector_id: 12429
content:
"Shifting development paths is complex. Changes that involve 'dissimilar, unfamiliar and more complex science-based components' \r\ntake more time, acceptance and legitimation and involve complex social learning, even when they promise large gains. Despite the \r\ncomplexities of the interactions that result in patterns of development, history also shows that societies can influence the direction \r\nof development pathways based on choices made by decision-makers, citizens, the private sector, and social stakeholders. Shifts in \r\ndevelopment pathways result from both sustained political interventions and bottom-up changes in public opinion. Collective action \r\nby individuals as part of social movements or lifestyle changes underpins system change. {5.2.3, 5.4.1, 5.4.5}"


id: 5f2c9daa775d08bd9191eeb2bdfa94da
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"Sectoral transitions that aim to shift development pathways often have multiple objectives and deploy a diverse mix of policies and \r\ninstitutional measures. Context-specific governance conditions can significantly enable or disable sectoral transitions. {Cross-Chapter \r\nBox 12 in Chapter 16}"


id: 9d353a313deb0de2ba9c08acd7848200
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
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content:
"The necessary transformational changes are anticipated to be more acceptable if rooted in the development aspirations of the economy \r\nand society within which they take place and may enable a new social contract to address a complex set of interlinkages across \r\nsectors, classes, and the whole economy. Taking advantage of windows of opportunity and disruptions to mindsets and socio-technical \r\nsystems could advance deeper transformations. "


id: ed52e153985e47b8112169c27e387cd1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"How can shifts in development pathways be implemented by actors in different contexts? \r\nShifting development pathways to increased sustainability is a shared aspiration. Yet since countries differ in starting points (e.g., social, \r\neconomic, cultural, political) and historical backgrounds, they have different urgent needs in terms of facilitating the economic, \r\nsocial, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development and, therefore, give different priorities {4.3.2, 17.1}. The appropriate \r\nset of policies to shift development pathways thus depends on national circumstances and capacities. "


id: f20628b9cc310e08a33e1accc50a94ae
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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vector_id: 35608
content:
"Shifting development pathways towards sustainability needs to be supported by multilateral partnerships to strengthen suitable \r\ncapacity, technological innovation (TS.6.5), and financial flows (TS.6.4). The international community can play a particularly key role \r\nby helping ensure the necessary broad participation in climate-mitigation efforts, including by countries at different development \r\nlevels, through sustained support for policies and partnerships that support shifting development pathways towards sustainability \r\nwhile promoting equity and being mindful of different transition capacities. {4.3, 16.5, 16.6}"


id: b495db49c476a0573d342cae29692b1f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 25944
content:
"are important to move beyond mitigation as incremental change, and \r\nwhen supporting shifts to more sustainable development pathways \r\nwill broaden the scope of mitigation (medium confidence). {4.4.1, \r\nFigure 4.8}"


id: 83f8f51f18844f2e896df1f916168871
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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vector_id: 18301
content:
"Some enabling conditions can be put in place relatively quickly \r\nwhile some others may take time to establish underscoring \r\nthe importance of early action (high confidence). Depending on \r\ncontext, some enabling conditions such as promoting innovation may \r\ntake time to establish. Other enabling conditions, such as improved \r\naccess to financing, can be put in place in a  relatively short time \r\nframe, and can yield rapid results {4.4, Figure 5.14, 13.9, 14.5, 15.6, \r\n16.3, 16.4, 16.5, Cross-Chapter Box 12 in Chapter 16}. Focusing on \r\ndevelopment pathways and considering how to shift them may also \r\nyield rapid results by providing tools to accelerate mitigation and \r\nachieve other sustainable development goals {4.4.1}. Charting just \r\ntransitions to net zero may provide a vision, which policy measures \r\ncan help achieve (Boxes TS.4 and TS.8). "


id: 575911a48a841a6e1ecdd829d2f93cd3
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"The Just Transition framework refers to a set of principles, processes and practices aimed at ensuring that no people, workers, places, \r\nsectors, countries or regions are left behind in the move from a high-carbon to a low-carbon economy. It includes respect and dignity \r\nfor vulnerable groups; creation of decent jobs; social protection; employment rights; fairness in energy access and use and social \r\ndialogue and democratic consultation with relevant stakeholders. "


id: 88fdb9ca13d15fe2e1591dc5c228d155
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"The concept has evolved, becoming prominent in the United States of America in 1980, related to environmental regulations that resulted \r\nin job losses from highly polluting industries. Traced from a purely labour movement, trade union space, the Just Transition framework \r\nemphasises that decent work and environmental protection are not incompatible. During COP 24, with the Just Transition Silesia \r\nDeclaration, the concept gained in recognition and was signed by 56 heads of state."


id: 37b2e853d335c295cc2dbce3e65a7834
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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"Implicit in a Just Transition is the notion of well-being, equity and justice - the realisation that transitions are inherently disruptive \r\nand deliberate effort may be required to ensure communities dependent on fossil-fuel based economies and industries do not suffer \r\ndisproportionately {Chapter 4}. 'Just Transitions' are integral to the European Union as mentioned in the EU Green Deal, the Scottish \r\nGovernment's development plans and other national low-carbon transition strategies. The US Green New Deal Resolution puts \r\nstructural inequality, poverty mitigation, and 'Just Transitions' at its centre. There is a growing awareness of the need for shifting \r\nfinance towards Just Transition in the context of COVID-19, in particular, public finance and governance have a major role in allowing \r\na Just Transition more broadly {Chapter 15}."


id: 10a2ba58f93cf97d3dfa141c3ea431fa
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"In the immediate aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, low oil prices created additional financial problems for fossil fuel producer \r\ncountries faced with loss of revenue and reduced fiscal latitude and space. Public spending and social safety nets associated with the \r\nproceeds from producer economies can be affected as assets become stranded and spending on strategic sustainable development \r\ngoals such as free education and health-care services are neglected. Fiscal challenges are intricately linked to 'Just Transitions' and \r\nthe management associated with sustainable energy transition. There is no certainty on how energy systems will recover post\u0002COVID-19. However, 'Just Transitions' will have equity implications if stimulus packages are implemented without due regard for the \r\ndifferentiated scales and speeds and national and regional contexts, especially in the context of developing countries."


id: e2f819c2406014a137311fede8fbcc93
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"Box TS.4 Figure 1 | Just Transitions around the world, 2020. Panel (a) shows commissions, task forces, and dialogues behind a Just Transition in many \r\ncountries. Panel (b) shows the funds related to the Just Transition within the European Union Green Deal. Panel (c) shows the European Union's Platform for Coal \r\nRegions in Transition. {Figure 4.9}"


id: 656dfcea3c8b99314e7de603b731c7a9
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 13531
content:
"global warming to 1.5degC without overshoot over the course of the \r\n21st century. {3.3, Annex III.II.3}"


id: 7e593e5e6e5579128674b111f3d28917
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"The characteristics of a  wide range of long-term mitigation \r\npathways, their common elements and differences are \r\nassessed in Chapter 3. Differences between pathways typically \r\nrepresent choices that can steer the system in alternative \r\ndirections through the selection of different combinations of \r\nresponse options (high confidence). More than 2000 quantitative \r\nemissions pathways were submitted to the AR6 scenarios database, \r\nof which more than 1200 pathways included sufficient information \r\nfor the associated warming to be assessed (consistent with AR6 WGI \r\nmethods). (Box TS.5) {3.2, 3.3}"


id: 59b76591caa96c2006c05bfdd2de545b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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"Mitigation pathways limiting warming to 1.5degC with no or \r\nlimited overshoot reach 50% CO2 reductions in the 2030s, \r\nrelative to 2019, then reduce emissions further to reach net \r\nzero CO2 emissions in the 2050s. Pathways limiting warming \r\nto 2degC (>67%) reach 50% reductions in the 2040s and net \r\nzero CO2 by the 2070s (medium confidence). (Figure TS.10, \r\nBox TS.6) {3.3}"


id: 9112957b7f5b793fbb2a4bd02a4923b3
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"Cost-effective mitigation pathways assuming immediate \r\naction to limit warming to 2degC (>67%) are associated with \r\nnet global GHG emissions of 30-49 GtCO2-eq yr -1 by 2030 \r\nand 14-27 GtCO2-eq yr -1 by 2050 (medium confidence). This \r\ncorresponds to reductions, relative to 2019 levels, of 13-45% by 2030 \r\nand 52-76% by 2050. Pathways that limit global warming to below \r\n1.5degC with no or limited overshoot require a further acceleration in \r\nthe pace of transformation, with net GHG emissions typically around \r\n21-36 GtCO2-eq yr -1 by 2030 and 1-15 GtCO2-eq yr -1 by 2050; this \r\ncorresponds to reductions of 34-60% by 2030 and 73-98% by 2050 \r\nrelative to 2019 levels. {3.3}"


id: 54e11fbf330cf41f4063574bc88f1de
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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"Many pathways in the literature show how to limit global \r\nwarming to 2degC (>67%) with no overshoot or to limit \r\nwarming to 1.5degC (>50%) with limited overshoot compared to \r\n1850-1900. The likelihood of limiting warming to 1.5degC with \r\nno or limited overshoot has dropped in AR6 WGIII compared \r\nto AR6 SR1.5 because global GHG emissions have risen since \r\n2017, leading to higher near-term emissions (2030) and higher \r\ncumulative CO2 emissions until the time of net zero (medium \r\nconfidence). Only a  small number of published pathways limit "


id: d944206d95abd1d1a96a2da141a70999
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"The over 2500 model-based pathways submitted to the AR6 scenarios database pathways explore different possible evolutions of \r\nfuture energy and land use (with and without climate policy) and the consequences for greenhouse gas emissions. "


id: d83a219f115d7c7dffbd4a8811cace2f
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"From the full range of pathways, five archetype scenarios - referred to in this report as Illustrative Mitigation Pathways (IMPs) - \r\nwere selected to illustrate key mitigation-strategy themes that flow through several chapters in this report. A further two pathways \r\nillustrative of high emissions assuming continuation of current policies or moderately increased action were selected to show the \r\nconsequences of current policies and pledges. Together these pathways provide illustrations of potential future developments that \r\ncan be shaped by human choices, including: Where are current policies and pledges leading us? What is needed to reach specific \r\ntemperature goals? What are the consequences of using different strategies to meet these goals? What are the consequences of \r\ndelay? How can we shift development from current practices to give higher priority to sustainability and the SDGs? "


id: aa3de5a148637075dc47eaf78f97eb54
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content:
"The two additional pathways illustrative of higher emissions are current policies (CurPol) and moderate action (ModAct). "


id: c93370162161ebcb15a883c61b3732b0
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"This framework is summarised in Box TS.5, Table.1 below, which also shows where the IMPs are situated with respect to the classification \r\nof emissions scenarios into warming levels (C1-C8) introduced in Chapter 3, and the CMIP6 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6) \r\nscenarios used in the AR6 WGI report."


id: e89c1f106922c14aeb2508a8f44de084
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"Box TS.5, Table.1 | Illustrative Mitigation Pathways (IMPs) and pathways illustrative of higher emissions in relation to scenarios' categories, \r\nand CMIP6 scenarios."


id: 3faaa746326eef4630aa9988375925f0
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"The Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs)\r\nFirst published in 2017, the Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs) are alternative projections of socio-economic developments that \r\nmay influence future GHG emissions. "


id: 440e68b747507628c4dc2be2868a80d5
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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"The initial set of SSP narratives described worlds with different challenges to mitigation and adaptation: SSP1 (sustainability), SSP2 \r\n(middle of the road), SSP3 (regional rivalry), SSP4 (inequality) and SSP5 (rapid growth). The SSPs were subsequently quantified in terms \r\nof energy, land-use change, and emission pathways for both (i) no-climate-policy reference scenarios and (ii) mitigation scenarios that \r\nfollow similar radiative forcing pathways as the representative concentration pathways (RCPs) assessed in AR5 WGI. {3.2.3}"


id: e3d5103a7fa68c759ad0749ad59fbbb1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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"Most of the scenarios in the AR6 database are SSP-based. The majority of the assessed scenarios are consistent with SSP2. Using \r\nthe SSPs permits a more systematic assessment of future GHG emissions and their uncertainties than was possible in AR5. The main \r\nemissions drivers across the SSPs include growth in population reaching 8.5-9.7 billion by 2050, and an increase in global GDP of \r\n2.7-4.1% per year between 2015 and 2050. Final energy demand in the absence of any new climate policies is projected to grow to \r\naround 480 to 750 EJ yr-1 in 2050 (compared to around 390 EJ yr-1 in 2015) (medium confidence). The highest emissions scenarios in \r\nthe literature result in global warming of >5degC by 2100, based on assumptions of rapid economic growth and pervasive climate policy \r\nfailures (high confidence). {3.3} "


id: f68c66a6e3026af3d75aa33273cc08ad
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content:
"global warming levels are relative to 1850-1900. (See footnote n below and Box SPM.1 for more details"


id: 90ff1e4cc2e7dfa747ccbfe922f8d326
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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"d\r\n C3 pathways are sub-categorised according to the timing of policy action to match the emissions pathways in Figure SPM.4. Two pathways derived from a cost-benefit \r\nanalysis have been added to C3a, whilst 10 pathways with specifically designed near-term action until 2030, whose emissions fall below those implied by NDCs announced \r\nprior to COP26, are not included in either of the two subsets."


id: b64713b8351fb1811cf259e4206a412e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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"e\r\n Alignment with the categories of the illustrative SSP scenarios considered in AR6 WGI, and the Illustrative (Mitigation) Pathways (IPs/IMPs) of WGIII. The IMPs have \r\ncommon features such as deep and rapid emissions reductions, but also different combinations of sectoral mitigation strategies. See Box SPM.1 for an introduction of the \r\nIPs and IMPs, and Chapter 3 for full descriptions. {3.2, 3.3, Annex III.II.4}"


id: 4492b94387b27ca2625fa49d28fc9fc9
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"g\r\n The 2019 range of harmonised GHG emissions across the pathways [53-58 GtCO2-eq] is within the uncertainty ranges of 2019 emissions assessed in Chapter 2 \r\n[53-66 GtCO2-eq]. (Figure SPM.1, Figure SPM.2, Box SPM.1) "


id: 2af7052e190a8f8c32a1fa959fd77718
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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"h\r\n Rates of global emission reduction in mitigation pathways are reported on a pathway-by-pathway basis relative to harmonised modelled global emissions in 2019 rather \r\nthan the global emissions reported in SPM Section B and Chapter 2; this ensures internal consistency in assumptions about emission sources and activities, as well as \r\nconsistency with temperature projections based on the physical climate science assessment by WGI. {Annex III.II.2.5}. Negative values (e.g., in C7, C8) represent an increase \r\nin emissions."


id: 2a682805feedefd9071d295a6531df11
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"l\r\n For cases where models do not report all GHGs, missing GHG species are infilled and aggregated into a Kyoto basket of GHG emissions in CO2-eq defined by the 100-year \r\nglobal warming potential. For each pathway, reporting of CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions was the minimum required for the assessment of the climate response and the \r\nassignment to a climate category. Emissions pathways without climate assessment are not included in the ranges presented here. {See Annex III.II.5}"


id: adb47ab6582739c7a4a1a9b37b2ce75b
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"m Cumulative emissions are calculated from the start of 2020 to the time of net zero and 2100, respectively. They are based on harmonised net CO2 emissions, ensuring \r\nconsistency with the WGI assessment of the remaining carbon budget. {Box 3.4}"


id: 722a078a59ffa722e793b33f2a4d69a3
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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"n Global mean temperature change for category (at peak, if peak temperature occurs before 2100, and in 2100) relative to 1850-1900, based on the median global \r\nwarming for each pathway assessed using the probabilistic climate model emulators calibrated to the AR6 WGI assessment. (See also Box SPM.1) {Annex III.II.2.5; \r\nWGI Cross-Chapter Box 7.1} "


id: a3496090925a5f9341e68b9dea5c91c1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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"50% (26-64%) in 2050, relative to 2019. CH4 emission reductions in \r\npathways limiting warming to 1.5degC with no or limited overshoot are \r\nsubstantially higher by 2030, 33% (19-57%), but only moderately so \r\nby 2050, 50% (33-69%). CH4 emissions reductions are thus attainable \r\nat comparatively low costs, but, at the same time, reductions are limited \r\nin scope in most 1.5degC-2degC pathways. Deeper CH4 emissions reductions \r\nby 2050 could further constrain the peak warming. N2O emissions are \r\nalso reduced, but similar to CH4, N2O emission reductions saturate \r\nfor more stringent climate goals. The emissions of cooling aerosols in \r\nmitigation pathways decrease as fossil fuels use is reduced. The overall \r\nimpact on non-CO2-related warming combines all these factors. {3.3}"


id: 400db96bf7ebcf03bfb80b35be541f18
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"Net zero GHG emissions imply net negative CO2 emissions at \r\na  level that compensates for residual non-CO2 emissions. \r\nOnly 30% of the pathways limiting warming to 2degC (>67%) \r\nor below reach net zero GHG emissions in the 21st  century \r\n(high confidence). In those pathways reaching net zero GHGs, net \r\nzero GHGs is achieved around 10-20 years later than net zero CO2 \r\nis achieved (medium confidence). The reported quantity of residual \r\nnon-CO2 emissions depends on accounting choices, and in particular \r\nthe choice of GHG metric (Box TS.2). Reaching and sustaining global \r\nnet zero GHG emissions - when emissions are measured and reported \r\nin terms of GWP100 - results in a gradual decline in temperature \r\n(high confidence). (Box TS.6) {3.3}"


id: 6e3d220b2eac90688f7db45be409136d
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updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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content:
"Pathways accelerating action compared to current NDCs  - \r\nthat reduce annual GHG emissions to 47 (38-51) GtCO2-eq by \r\n2030 (which is 3-9 GtCO2-eq below projected emissions from \r\nfully implementing current NDCs) - make it less challenging to \r\nlimit warming to 2degC (>67%) after 2030 (medium confidence). \r\nThe accelerated action pathways are characterised by a global, but \r\nregionally differentiated, roll-out of regulatory and pricing policies. \r\nCompared to current NDCs, they describe less fossil fuel use and \r\nmore low-carbon fuel use until 2030; they narrow, but do not close \r\nthe gap to pathways that assume immediate global action using all \r\navailable least-cost abatement options. All delayed or accelerated \r\naction pathways limiting warming to below 2degC (>67%) converge \r\nto a global mitigation regime at some point after 2030 by putting \r\na significant value on reducing carbon and other GHG emissions in \r\nall sectors and regions. {3.5}"


id: f09a419c17e36e0fbce9b336259fa5ef
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content:
"Pathways that limit warming to 2degC (>67%) or lower exhibit \r\nsubstantial reductions in emissions from all sectors (high \r\nconfidence). Pathways that limit warming to 1.5degC (>50%) with no \r\nor limited overshoot entail CO2 emissions reductions between 2019 \r\nand 2050 of around 77% (31-96%) for energy demand, around \r\n115% (90-167%) for energy supply, and around 148% (94-387%) \r\nfor AFOLU.16 In pathways that limit warming to 2degC (>67%), projected \r\nCO2 emissions are reduced between 2019 and 2050 by around 49% \r\nfor energy demand, 97% for energy supply, and 136% for AFOLU \r\n(medium confidence). {3.4}"


id: 86d633f73b1b0be40079c620a8274f2b
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content:
"If warming is to be limited, delaying or failing to achieve \r\nemissions reductions in one sector or region necessitates \r\ncompensating reductions in other sectors or regions (high \r\nconfidence). Mitigation pathways show differences in the timing \r\nof decarbonisation and when net zero CO2 emissions are achieved \r\nacross sectors and regions. At the time of global net zero CO2 \r\nemissions, emissions in some sectors and regions are positive while \r\nothers are negative; whether specific sectors and regions are positive \r\nor negative depends on the availability and cost of mitigation options \r\nin those regions, and the policies implemented. In cost-effective \r\nmitigation pathways, the energy supply sector typically reaches net \r\nzero CO2 before the economy as a whole, while the demand sectors \r\nreach net zero CO2 later, if ever (high confidence). (Figure TS.10) {3.4}"


id: 1e3a201d057b6313b33981c4b4efc906
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"In mitigation pathways, peak warming is determined by the \r\ncumulative net CO2 emissions until the time of net zero CO2 \r\ntogether with the warming contribution of other GHGs and \r\nclimate forcers at that time (high confidence). Cumulative \r\nnet CO2 emissions from 2020 to the time of net zero CO2 are 510 \r\n(330-710) GtCO2 in pathways that limit warming to 1.5degC (>50%) \r\nwith no or limited overshoot and 890 (640-1160) GtCO2 in pathways \r\nlimiting warming to 2degC (>67%). These estimates are consistent with \r\nthe AR6 WGI assessment of remaining carbon budgets adjusting for \r\nmethodological differences and non-CO2 warming. {3.3, Box 3.4}"


id: 9e16b04b49ffb26ddd23809fab0e5379
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"Pathways limiting warming to 2degC (>67%) or 1.5degC involve \r\nsubstantial reductions in fossil fuel consumption and a  near \r\nelimination of coal use without CCS (high confidence). These \r\npathways show an increase in low-carbon energy, with 88% (69-97%) \r\nof primary energy coming from low-carbon sources by 2100. {3.4}"


id: e1b7cd0514742cc88126bb4c06d7e254
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content:
"Rapid reductions in non-CO2 GHGs, particularly CH4, would \r\nlower the level of peak warming (high confidence). Non-CO2\r\nemissions  - at the time of reaching net zero CO2  - range between \r\n4-11 GtCO2-eq yr-1 in pathways limiting warming to 2degC (>67%) or \r\nbelow. CH4 is reduced by around 20% (1-46%) in 2030 and almost "


id: 7451b804a352425e587544cede546ee6
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content:
"Figure TS.10 | Mitigation pathways that limit warming to 1.5degC, or 2degC, involve deep, rapid and sustained emissions reductions. Net zero CO2 and net \r\nzero GHG emissions are possible through different mitigation portfolios. "


id: 62a19fd75f6323506060be3905b698c
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content:
"Net zero CO2 and net zero GHG emissions are possible through different modelled mitigation pathways. "


id: 5f7b442cd7265d5acca3f5a1745a3466
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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"Stringent emissions reductions at the level required for 2degC \r\nor 1.5degC are achieved through the increased electrification of \r\nbuildings, transport, and industry, consequently all pathways \r\nentail increased electricity generation (high confidence).\r\nNearly all electricity in pathways limiting warming to 2degC (>67%) \r\nor 1.5degC (>50%) is also from low- or no-carbon technologies, with \r\ndifferent shares across pathways of: nuclear, biomass, non-biomass \r\nrenewables, and fossil fuels in combination with CCS. {3.4}"


id: 18d02e61bc3cc1918c374f724d7ce9c
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"Measures required to limit warming to 2degC (>67%) or below \r\ncan result in large-scale transformation of the land surface \r\n(high confidence). These pathways are projected to reach net zero \r\nCO2 emissions in the AFOLU sector between the 2020s and 2070. "


id: 2942161c20833dd081d89e49e903d926
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 3928
content:
"Pathways limiting warming to 1.5degC with no or limited \r\novershoot show an increase in forest cover of about 322 \r\n(-67  to 890) million ha in 2050 (high confidence). In these \r\npathways the cropland area to supply biomass for bioenergy \r\n(including bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS)) is \r\naround 199 (56-482) million ha in 2050. The use of bioenergy can \r\nlead to either increased or reduced emissions, depending on the scale \r\nof deployment, conversion technology, fuel displaced, and how, and \r\nwhere, the biomass is produced (high confidence). {3.4}"


id: 8e07c5e89f63ba242cda55166f8c5116
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content:
"Pathways limiting warming to 2degC (>67%) or 1.5degC (>50%) \r\nrequire some amount of CDR to compensate for residual \r\nGHG emissions, even alongside substantial direct emissions \r\nreductions are achieved in all sectors and regions (high \r\nconfidence). CDR deployment in pathways serves multiple purposes: \r\naccelerating the pace of emissions reductions, offsetting residual \r\nemissions, and creating the option for net negative CO2 emissions \r\nin case temperature reductions need to be achieved in the long term \r\n(high confidence). CDR options in pathways are mostly limited to \r\nBECCS, afforestation and direct air CO2 capture and storage (DACCS). \r\nCDR through some measures in AFOLU can be maintained for \r\ndecades but not over the very long term because these sinks will \r\nultimately saturate (high confidence). {3.4} "


id: 2b18c63b85fd7e1a3e09c73330f2a0e6
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content:
"Mitigation pathways show reductions in energy demand, \r\nrelative to reference scenarios that assume continuation \r\nof current policies, through a  diverse set of demand-side \r\ninterventions (high confidence). Bottom-up and non-IAM studies \r\nshow significant potential for demand-side mitigation. A stronger \r\nemphasis on demand-side mitigation implies less dependence on \r\nCDR and, consequently, reduced pressure on land and biodiversity. \r\n{3.4, 3.7}"


id: a4b35c0e7d72ae8fcb7c93f1b7ca2cf2
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vector_id: 23480
content:
"Limiting warming requires shifting energy investments away \r\nfrom fossil fuels and towards low-carbon technologies (high \r\nconfidence). The bulk of investments are needed in medium- and \r\nlow-income regions. Investment needs in the electricity sector are \r\non average 2.3 trillion USD2015 yr -1 over 2023-2052 for pathways \r\nlimiting temperature to 1.5degC (>50%) with no or limited overshoot, \r\nand 1.7 trillion USD2015 yr-1 for pathways limiting warming to 2degC \r\n(>67%). {3.6.1}"


id: 7073fefe96196fdaa2b98baf1b912d90
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content:
"The economic benefits on human health from air quality \r\nimprovement arising from mitigation action can be of the \r\nsame order of magnitude as mitigation costs, and potentially \r\neven larger (medium confidence). {3.6.3}"


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content:
"Pathways that avoid overshoot of 2degC (>67%) warming require \r\nmore rapid near-term transformations and are associated with \r\nhigher upfront transition costs, but at the same time bring \r\nlong-term gains for the economy as well as earlier benefits \r\nin avoided climate change impacts (high confidence). This \r\nconclusion is independent of the discount rate applied, though the \r\nmodelled cost-optimal balance of mitigation action over time does \r\ndepend on the discount rate. Lower discount rates favour earlier \r\nmitigation, reducing reliance on CDR and temperature overshoot. \r\n{3.6.1, 3.8}"


id: f8b5c70a052e2223f4af4b3ae583fb0d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:28
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 36642
content:
"Differences in aggregate employment between mitigation \r\npathways and reference scenarios are relatively small, although \r\nthere may be substantial reallocations across sectors, with job \r\ncreation in some sectors and job losses in others (medium \r\nconfidence). The net employment effect (and whether employment \r\nincreases or decreases) depends on the scenario assumptions, \r\nmodelling framework, and modelled policy design. Mitigation has \r\nimplications for employment through multiple channels, each of which \r\nimpacts geographies, sectors and skill categories differently. {3.6.4}"


id: b9cc2be4202a683f9dd5be554f634682
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 26769
content:
"expressed in GDP or monetary terms undervalue the economic effects \r\non households in poorer countries; the actual effects on welfare and \r\nwell-being are comparatively larger (high confidence). Mitigation \r\nat the speed and scale required to limit warming to 2degC (>67%) or \r\nbelow implies deep economic and structural changes, thereby raising \r\nmultiple types of distributional concerns across regions, income \r\nclasses, and sectors (high confidence). (Box TS.7) {3.6.1, 3.6.4}"


id: b31e6b01fcaf78eaecc7927af356cbc7
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 25700
content:
"The economic repercussions of mitigation vary widely across \r\nregions and households, depending on policy design and the \r\nlevel of international cooperation (high confidence). Delayed \r\nglobal cooperation increases policy costs across regions, especially in \r\nthose that are relatively carbon intensive at present (high confidence). \r\nPathways with uniform carbon values show higher mitigation costs \r\nin more carbon-intensive regions, in fossil fuel-exporting regions, \r\nand in poorer regions (high confidence). Aggregate quantifications "


id: d59a090c0054dd77569930f2a8f90ecf
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 31125
content:
"Reaching net zero CO2 emissions19 globally along with reductions in other GHG emissions is necessary to halt global warming at any \r\nlevel. At the point of net zero, the amount of CO2 human activity is putting into the atmosphere equals the amount of CO2 human \r\nactivity is removing from the atmosphere. Reaching and sustaining net zero CO2 emissions globally would stabilise CO2-induced \r\nwarming. Moving to net negative CO2 emissions globally would reduce peak cumulative net CO2 emissions - which occurs at the time \r\nof reaching net zero CO2 emissions - and lead to a peak and decline in CO2-induced warming. {Cross-Chapter Box 3 in Chapter 3}"


id: 96d9dd6d4bd74499a3de5238ade099e4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 21248
content:
"Reaching net zero CO2 emissions sooner can reduce cumulative CO2 emissions and result in less human-induced global warming. \r\nOverall human-induced warming depends not only on CO2 emissions but also on the contribution from other anthropogenic climate \r\nforcers, including aerosols and other GHGs (e.g., CH4 and F-gases). To halt total human-induced warming, emissions of other GHGs, in \r\nparticular CH4, need to be strongly reduced."


id: 23c352e2e10b34899de3cbb9a80bc331
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 3073
content:
"In the AR6 scenario database, global emissions pathways limi warming to 1.5degC (>50%) with no or limited overshoot reach net zero \r\nCO2 emissions between 2050-2055 (2035-2070) (median and 5-95th percentile ranges; 100% of pathways); pathways limiting \r\nwarming to 2degC (>67%) reach net zero CO2 emissions between 2070-2075 (2055-...) (median and 5-95th percentile ranges; 90% of \r\npathways). This is later than assessed in the AR6 SR1.5 primarily due to more pathways in the literature that approach net zero CO2\r\nemissions more gradually after a rapid decline of emissions until 2040. (Box TS.6, Figure 1) "


id: f2d3b319d906a02ffa49196a181ea734
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 35728
content:
"It does not mean that the world has more time for emissions reductions while still limiting warming to 1.5degC than reported in the \r\nSR1.5. It only means that the exact timing of reaching net zero CO2 after a steep decline of CO2 emissions until 2040 can show some \r\nvariation. The SR1.5 median value of 2050 is still close to the middle of the current range. If emissions are reduced less rapidly in the \r\nperiod up to 2030, an earlier net zero year is needed."


id: 4a0f40c28ca48a9e5c7604328b6ea33
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 9054
content:
"Reaching net zero GHG emissions requires net negative CO2 emissions to balance residual CH4, N2O and F-gas emissions. If achieved \r\nglobally, net zero GHG emissions would reduce global warming from an earlier peak. Around half global emission pathways limiting \r\nwarming to 1.5degC (>50%), and a  third of pathways limiting warming to 2degC (>67%), reach net zero GHG emissions (based on \r\nGWP100) in the second half of the century, around 10 to 40 years later than net zero CO2 emissions. They show warming being halted \r\nat some peak value followed by a gradual decline towards the end of the century. The remainder of the pathways do not reach net \r\nzero GHG emissions during the 21st century and show little decline of warming after it stabilised. "


id: ec3abcabe11baf043ef67c1c9d0d4e66
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
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vector_id: 34661
content:
"Global net zero CO2 or GHG emissions can be achieved even while some sectors and regions continue to be net emitters, provided that \r\nothers achieve net GHG removal. Sectors and regions have different potentials and costs to achieve net zero or even net GHG removal. \r\nThe adoption and implementation of net zero emission targets by countries and regions depends on multiple factors, including equity \r\nand capacity criteria and international and cross-sectoral mechanisms to balance emissions and removals. The formulation of net zero \r\npathways by countries will benefit from clarity on scope, plans of action, and fairness. Achieving net zero emission targets relies on \r\npolicies, institutions and milestones against which to track progress."


id: 4edc6d9c4313531c95060e998862e423
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 9843
content:
"Box TS.6, Figure 1 | CO2 Emissions (panel (a)) and temperature change (panel (b)) of three alternative pathways limiting warming to 2degC (>67%) \r\nand reaching net zero CO2 emissions at different points in time. Limiting warming to a specific level can be consistent with a range of dates when net zero \r\nCO2 emissions need to be achieved. This difference in the date of net zero CO2 emissions reflects the different emissions profiles that are possible while staying within \r\na specific carbon budget and the associated warming limit. Shifting the year of net zero to a later point in time (>2050), however, requires more rapid and deeper \r\nnear-term emissions reductions (in 2030 and 2040) if warming is to be limited to the same level. Funnels show pathways limiting warming to 1.5degC (>50%) with no \r\nor limited overshoot (light blue) and limiting warming to 2degC (>67%) (beige)."


id: 16336597aee7bf220c96322549b6b3dd
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 1018
content:
"Integrated studies use either a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) approach (minimising the total mitigation costs of achieving a given \r\npolicy goal) or a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) approach (balancing the cost and benefits of climate action). In the majority of studies \r\nthat have produced the body of work on the cost of mitigation assessed in this report, a CEA approach is adopted, and the feedbacks \r\nof climate change impacts on the economic development pathways are not accounted for. This omission of climate impacts leads to \r\noverly optimistic economic projections in the reference scenarios, in particular in reference scenarios with no or limited mitigation \r\naction where the extent of global warming is the greatest. Mitigation cost estimates computed against no or limited policy reference \r\nscenarios therefore omit economic benefits brought by avoided climate change impact along mitigation pathways. {1.7, 3.6.1}"


id: 4b6025b6ce16ef5e8a6d5121ea1c34a0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 9271
content:
"The difference in aggregate economic impacts from climate change between two given temperature levels represents the aggregate \r\neconomic benefits arising from avoided climate change impacts due to mitigation action. Estimates of these benefits vary widely, \r\ndepending on the methodology used and impacts included, as well as on assumed socio-economic development conditions, which \r\nshape exposure and vulnerability. The aggregate economic benefits of avoiding climate impacts increase with the stringency of \r\nthe mitigation. Global economic impact studies with regional estimates find large differences across regions, with developing and \r\ntransitional economies typically more vulnerable. Furthermore, avoided impacts for poorer households and poorer countries represent \r\na smaller share in aggregate quantifications expressed in GDP terms or monetary terms, compared to their influence on well-being \r\nand welfare (high confidence). {3.6.2, Cross-Working Group Box 1 in Chapter 3}"


id: cf74e876f761a850438f5dd11b57be87
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
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vector_id: 30171
content:
"than today; (iv) use of alternative energy carriers such as hydrogen, \r\nbioenergy, and ammonia to substitute for fossil fuels in sectors less \r\namenable to electrification; (v) more efficient use of energy than \r\ntoday; (vi) greater energy system integration across regions and \r\nacross components of the energy system; and (vii) use of CO2 removal \r\nincluding DACCS and BECCS to offset residual emissions. {6.6}"


id: e6e2166b92afd0d4b3b4df648209d7ad
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 33810
content:
"Chapters 5 to 12 assess recent advances in knowledge in individual \r\nsectors and systems. These chapters  - Energy (Chapter  6), Urban \r\nand Other Settlements (Chapter 8), Transport (Chapter 10), Buildings \r\nChapter 9), Industry (Chapter 11), and Agriculture, Forestry and Other \r\nLand Use (AFOLU) (Chapter  7)  - correspond broadly to the IPCC \r\nNational Greenhouse Gas Inventory reporting categories and build \r\non similar chapters in previous WGIII reports. Chapters 5 and 12 tie \r\ntogether the cross-sectoral aspects of this group of chapters including \r\nthe assessment of costs and potentials, demand-side aspects of \r\nmitigation, and carbon dioxide removal (CDR). "


id: c04e41041ed7145537995933da8f1416
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 27816
content:
"Energy demands and energy sector emissions have continued \r\nto rise (high confidence). From 2015 to 2019, global final \r\nenergy consumption grew by 6.6%, CO2 emissions from the global \r\nenergy system grew by 4.6%, and total GHG emissions from energy \r\nsupply rose by 2.7%. Fugitive CH4 emissions from oil, gas, and coal, \r\naccounted for 18% of GHG emissions in 2019. Coal electricity \r\ncapacity grew by 7.6% between 2015 and 2019, as new builds in \r\nsome countries offset declines in others. Total consumption of oil and \r\noil products increased by 5%, and natural gas consumption grew \r\nby 15%. Declining energy intensity in almost all regions has been \r\nbalanced by increased energy consumption. {6.3}"


id: fdab117846870899b440547e1e7a05fa
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 37425
content:
"A broad-based approach to deploying energy-sector mitigation \r\noptions can reduce emissions over the next ten years and set the \r\nstage for still deeper reductions beyond 2030 (high confidence).\r\nThere are substantial, cost-effective opportunities to reduce emissions \r\nrapidly, including in electricity generation, but near-term reductions \r\nwill not be sufficient to limit warming to 2degC (>67%) or limit warming \r\nto 1.5degC (>50%) with no or limited overshoot. {6.4, 6.6, 6.7}"


id: df17cb93f29fd7562ccc4a6190f68b76
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 32592
content:
"The unit costs for several key energy system mitigation \r\noptions have dropped rapidly over the last five years, notably \r\nsolar PV, wind power, and batteries (high confidence). From \r\n2015 to 2020, the costs of electricity from PV and wind dropped 56% \r\nand 45%, respectively, and battery prices dropped by 64%. Electricity \r\nfrom PV and wind is now cheaper than electricity from fossil sources \r\nin many regions, electric vehicles are increasingly competitive with \r\ninternal combustion engines, and large-scale battery storage on \r\nelectricity grids is increasingly viable. (Figure TS.7) {6.3, 6.4}"


id: d18263949bcfe9c28a9ddba8fcc1d41a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 30497
content:
"Warming cannot be limited to 2degC or 1.5degC without rapid and \r\ndeep reductions in energy system CO2 and GHG emissions \r\n(high confidence). In scenarios limiting warming to 1.5degC (>50%) \r\nwith no or limited overshoot (likely below 2degC), net energy system \r\nCO2 emissions fall by 87-97% (interquartile range 60-79%) in \r\n2050. In 2030, in scenarios limiting warming to 1.5degC with no or \r\nlimited overshoot, net CO2 and GHG emissions fall by 35-51% and \r\n38-52% respectively. In scenarios limiting warming to 1.5degC with \r\nno or limited overshoot (likely below 2degC), net electricity sector CO2\r\nemissions reach zero globally between 2045 and 2055 (2050 and \r\n2080) (high confidence). {6.7} "


id: 71ea4a2cce5586f8b9edc10a4cffaf6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 15551
content:
"Global wind and solar PV capacity and generation have \r\nincreased rapidly driven by policy, societal pressure to limit \r\nfossil generation, low interest rates, and cost reductions (high \r\nconfidence). Solar PV grew by 170% (to 680 TWh); wind grew by \r\n70% (to 1420 TWh) from 2015 to 2019. Solar PV and wind together \r\naccounted for 21% of total low-carbon electricity generation and \r\n8% of total electricity generation in 2019. Nuclear generation \r\ngrew 9% between 2015 and 2019 and accounted for 10% of total \r\ngeneration in 2019 (2790 TWh); hydro-electric power grew by 10% \r\nand accounted for 16% (4290 TWh) of total generation. In total, low\u0002and zero-carbon electricity generation technologies produced 37% of \r\nglobal electricity in 2019. {6.3, 6.4}"


id: bf7c6ed2204db45bdc8581c3dacf5ce4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 27685
content:
"Limiting warming to 2degC or 1.5degC will require substantial \r\nenergy system changes over the next 30 years. This includes \r\nreduced fossil fuel consumption, increased production from \r\nlow- and zero-carbon energy sources, and increased use of \r\nelectricity and alternative energy carriers (high confidence). Coal \r\nconsumption without CCS falls by 67-82% (interquartile range) in 2030 \r\nin scenarios limiting warming to 1.5degC with no or limited overshoot. Oil \r\nand gas consumption fall more slowly. Low-carbon sources produce \r\n93-97% of global electricity by 2050 in scenarios that limit warming \r\nto 2degC (>67%) or below. In scenarios limiting warming to 1.5degC with \r\nno or limited overshoot (likely below 2degC), electricity supplies 48-58% \r\n(36-47%) of final energy in 2050, up from 20% in 2019. {6.7}"


id: 99fab60244e0315beec71609fed6d41c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 21749
content:
"If investments in coal and other fossil infrastructure continue, \r\nenergy systems will be locked-in to higher emissions, making it \r\nharder to limit warming to 2degC or 1.5degC (high confidence). Many \r\naspects of the energy system - physical infrastructure; institutions, laws, \r\nand regulations; and behaviour - are resistant to change or take many \r\nyears to change. New investments in coal-fired electricity without CCS \r\nare inconsistent with limiting warming to well below 2degC. {6.3, 6.7} "


id: a499b18beeea0528540882643b59758a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 23462
content:
"Limiting warming to 2degC or 1.5degC will strand fossil-related \r\nassets, including fossil infrastructure and unburned fossil fuel \r\nresources (high confidence). The economic impacts of stranded \r\nassets could amount to trillions of dollars. Coal assets are most \r\nvulnerable over the coming decade; oil and gas assets are more \r\nvulnerable toward mid-century. CCS can allow fossil fuels to be used \r\nlonger, reducing potential stranded assets. (Box TS.8) {6.7}"


id: c7aec02251c52e9c86f3b093555f523b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 28996
content:
"Net zero energy systems will share common characteristics, \r\nbut the approach in every country will depend on national \r\ncircumstances (high confidence). Common characteristics of \r\nnet-zero energy systems will include: (i) electricity systems that produce \r\nno net CO2 or remove CO2 from the atmosphere; (ii)  widespread \r\nelectrification of end uses, including light-duty transport, space \r\nheating, and cooking; (iii) substantially lower use of fossil fuels "


id: fd0cae190c514252702a99c74cd16b6e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 37326
content:
"Limiting warming to 2degC or 1.5degC is expected to result in the 'stranding' of carbon-intensive assets. Stranded assets can be broadly \r\ndefined as assets which 'suffer from unanticipated or premature write-offs, downward revaluations or conversion to liabilities'. Climate \r\npolicies, other policies and regulations, innovation in competing technologies, and shifts in fuel prices could all lead to stranded assets. The \r\nloss of wealth from stranded assets would create risks for financial market stabilityand reduce fiscal revenue for hydrocarbon-dependent \r\neconomies, which in turn could affect macroeconomic stability and the prospects for a Just Transition. (Box TS.4) {6.7, 15.6, Chapter 17} "


id: df5e006b35eeaf652746ce0678aefcac
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 32640
content:
"Two types of assets are at risk of being stranded: (i) in-ground fossil resources and (ii) human-made capital assets (e.g., power plants \r\nand cars). About 30% of oil, 50% of gas, and 80% of coal reserves will remain unburnable if warming is limited to 2degC. {6.7, Box 6.11} "


id: bf97ce0fc68ae5cdce8c3b9f774fc98
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 27702
content:
"Practically all long-lived technologies and investments that cannot be adapted to low-carbon and zero-emission modes could face \r\nstranding under climate policy - depending on their current age and expected lifetimes. Scenario evidence suggests that without \r\ncarbon capture, the worldwide fleet of coal- and gas power plants would need to retire about 23 and 17 years earlier than expected \r\nlifetimes, respectively, in order to limit global warming to 1.5degC and 2degC {2.7}. Blast furnaces and cement factories without CCS {11.4}, \r\nnew fleets of airplanes and internal combustion engine vehicles {10.4, 10.5}, and new urban infrastructures adapted to sprawl and \r\nmotorisation may also be stranded. {Chapter 8; Box 10.1}"


id: 9283fcc201f61aa6a90793ff2049e72d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 20572
content:
"Many countries, businesses, and individuals stand to lose wealth from stranded assets. Countries, businesses, and individuals may \r\ntherefore desire to keep assets in operation even if financial, social, or environmental concerns call for retirement. This creates political \r\neconomic risks, including actions by asset owners to hinder climate policy reform {6.7; Box 6.11}. It will be easier to retire these \r\nassets if the risks are communicated, if sustainability reporting is mandated and enforced, and if corporations are protected with \r\narrangements that shield them from short-term shareholder value maximisation. "


id: 79ddf93801fccf8b5c6978560e42ad4a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 16746
content:
"Without early retirements, or reductions in utilisation, the current fossil infrastructure will emit more GHGs than is compatible with \r\nlimiting warming to 1.5degC {2.7}. Including the pipeline of planned investments would push these future emissions into the uncertainty \r\nrange of 2degC carbon budgets {2.7}. Continuing to build new coal-fired power plants and other fossil infrastructure will increase future \r\ntransition costs and may jeopardise efforts to limit warming to 2degC (>67%) or 1.5degC with no or limited overshoot. One study has \r\nestimated that USD11.8 trillion in current assets will need to be stranded by 2050 for a 2degC world; further delaying action for another \r\n10 years would result in an additional USD7.7 trillion in stranded assets by 2050. {15.5.2}  "


id: f1313624c51ab32d305d14f87b0bbbe3
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 35453
content:
"Experience from past stranding indicates that compensation for the devaluation costs of private-sector stakeholders by the public \r\nsector is common. Limiting new investments in fossil technologies hence also reduces public finance risks in the long term. {15.6.3}"


id: 7052253f3589065fcb00b362ff36a898
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 15289
content:
"Electricity systems powered predominantly by renewables \r\nwill be increasingly viable over the coming decades, but \r\nit will be challenging to supply the entire energy system with \r\nrenewable energy (high confidence). Large shares of variable \r\nsolar PV and wind power can be incorporated in electricity grids \r\nthrough batteries, hydrogen, and other forms of storage; transmission; \r\nflexible non-renewable generation; advanced controls; and greater \r\ndemand-side responses. Because some applications (e.g.,  aviation) \r\nare not currently amenable to electrification, it is anticipated that \r\n100% renewable energy systems will need to include alternative \r\nfuels such as hydrogen or biofuels. Economic, regulatory, social, and \r\noperational challenges increase with higher shares of renewable \r\nelectricity and energy. The ability to overcome these challenges in \r\npractice is not fully understood. (Box TS.9) {6.6}"


id: a0eb8a985daa98ea31b37ed586cdbde1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 22867
content:
"A low-carbon energy transition will shift investment patterns \r\nand create new economic opportunities (high confidence). Total \r\nenergy investment needs will rise, relative to today, over the next \r\ndecades, if warming is limited to 2degC or lower (>67%), or if warming \r\nis limited to 1.5degC (>50%) with no or limited overshoot. These \r\nincreases will be far less pronounced, however, than the reallocations \r\nof investment flows that are anticipated across subsectors, namely \r\nfrom fossil fuels (extraction, conversion, and electricity generation) \r\nwithout CCS and toward renewables, nuclear power, CCS, electricity \r\nnetworks and storage, and end-use energy efficiency. A significant \r\nand growing share of investments between now and 2050 will be \r\nmade in emerging economies, particularly in Asia. {6.7} "


id: 9b666f7ab1f06490f96baae6700a5fb4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 21999
content:
"Climate change will affect many future local and national low\u0002carbon energy systems. The impacts, however, are uncertain, \r\nparticularly at the regional scale (high confidence). Climate \r\nchange will alter hydropower production, bioenergy and agricultural \r\nyields, thermal power plant efficiencies, and demands for heating \r\nand cooling, and it will directly impact power system infrastructure. \r\nClimate change will not affect wind and solar resources to the extent \r\nthat it would compromise their ability to reduce emissions. {6.5}"


id: 439a859f5a409e518489c9e8a6b5a35f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
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vector_id: 8043
content:
"To use energy, it must be 'carried' from where it was produced - at a power plant, for example, or a refinery, or a coal mine - to where \r\nit is used. As countries reduce CO2 emissions, they will need to switch from gasoline and other petroleum-based fuels, natural gas, coal, \r\nand electricity produced from these fossil fuels to energy carriers with little or no carbon footprint. An important question is which new \r\nenergy carriers will emerge to support low-carbon transitions. "


id: 3ec1bbd09ad5d96c4f43e9230929d86b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
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vector_id: 7254
content:
"For almost 140 years we have primarily produced electricity by burning coal, oil, and gas to drive steam turbines connected to \r\nelectricity generators. When switching to low-carbon energy sources - renewable sources, nuclear power, and fossil or bioenergy \r\nwith CCS - electricity is expected to become a more pervasive energy carrier. Electricity is a versatile energy carrier, with much higher \r\nend-use efficiencies than fuels, and it can be used directly to avoid conversion losses. "


id: faf62f4e64a78d81a75ac2a208bfdfea
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 37003
content:
"Electrification is already occurring in several modes of personal and light-freight transport, and vehicle-to-grid solutions for flexibility \r\nhave been extensively explored in the literature and small-scale pilots. The role of hydrogen in transport depends on how far technology \r\ndevelops. Batteries are currently a more attractive option than hydrogen and fuel cells for light-duty vehicles. Hydrogen and hydrogen\u0002derived synthetic fuels, such as ammonia and methanol, may have a more important role in heavy vehicles, shipping, and aviation {10.3}. \r\nCurrent transport of fossil fuels may be replaced by future transport of hydrogen and hydrogen carriers such as ammonia and methanol, \r\nor energy-intensive basic materials processed with hydrogen (e.g., reduced iron) in regions with bountiful renewable resources. {Box 11.1}"


id: c75bb2ca5ce5bc35a97cb79b9f31134f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
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vector_id: 28953
content:
"Both light and heavy industry are potentially large and flexible users of electricity for both final energy use (e.g., directly and using heat \r\npumps in light industry) and for feedstocks (e.g., hydrogen for steel-making and chemicals). For example, industrial process heat demand, \r\nranging from below 100degC to above 1000degC, can be met through a wide range of electrically powered technologies instead of using fuels. \r\nFuture demand for hydrogen (e.g., for nitrogen fertiliser or as a reduction agent in steel production) also offers electricity-demand flexibility \r\nfor electrolysis through hydrogen storage and flexible production cycles {11.3.5}. The main use of hydrogen and hydrogen carriers in industry \r\nis expected to be as feedstock (e.g., for ammonia and organic chemicals) rather than for energy as industrial electrification increases."


id: 25d075017b0fb2083ba69072332ba8ba
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
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vector_id: 3377
content:
"that can facilitate or hinder their implementation (high confidence). \r\n(Figures TS.11 and TS.31) {6.4}"


id: 966c2e64d13f546e6c3f7983393b48c9
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 21183
content:
"Multiple energy supply options are available to reduce \r\nemissions over the next decade (high confidence). Nuclear \r\npower and hydropower are already established technologies. Solar \r\nPV and wind are now cheaper than fossil-generated electricity \r\nin many locations. Bioenergy accounts for about a tenth of global \r\nprimary energy. Carbon capture is widely used in the oil and gas \r\nindustry, with early applications in electricity production and biofuels. \r\nIt will not be possible to widely deploy all of these and other options \r\nwithout efforts to address the geophysical, environmental-ecological, \r\neconomic, technological, socio-cultural, and institutional factors "


id: 5400e42406647d8b000a408ca1a3635e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
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vector_id: 10677
content:
"Enhanced integration across energy system sectors and across \r\nscales will lower costs and facilitate low-carbon energy system \r\ntransitions (high confidence). Greater integration between the \r\nelectricity sector and end-use sectors can facilitate integration of \r\nvariable renewable energy options. Energy systems can be integrated \r\nacross district, regional, national, and international scales (high \r\nconfidence). {6.4, 6.6}"


id: 369bb509acf878dc5743e4a9597e3e7
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
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vector_id: 5980
content:
"Figure TS.11 continued: Global energy flows within the 2019 global energy system (top panel) and within two illustrative future, net-zero CO2 emissions \r\nglobal energy system (bottom panels). Source: IEA, AR6 Scenarios Database. Flows below 1 EJ are not represented. The illustrative net-zero scenarios correspond to \r\nthe years in which net energy system CO2 emissions reach zero - 2045 in IMP-Ren and 2060 in IMP-Neg-2.0. Source: data from IMP-Ren: Luderer et al.(2022); IMP-Neg-2.0: \r\nRiahi, K. et al. 2021."


id: 5c5d07392eff31a4ca2c6a84f1681e6c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 12043
content:
"The urban share of combined global CO2 and CH4) emissions \r\nis substantial and continues to increase (high confidence). \r\nIn 2015, urban emissions were estimated to be 25GtCO2-eq (about \r\n62% of the global share) and in 2020 were 29 GtCO2-eq (67-72% of \r\nthe global share).21 Around 100 of the highest-emitting urban areas \r\naccount for approximately 18% of the global carbon footprint (high \r\nconfidence). {8.1, 8.3}"


id: aa868cb26efbe53dd614f659ded295fd
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
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vector_id: 24361
content:
"The viable speed and scope of a  low-carbon energy system \r\ntransition will depend on how well it can support SDGs and \r\nother societal objectives (high confidence). Energy systems \r\nare linked to a range of societal objectives, including energy access, \r\nair and water pollution, health, energy security, water security, \r\nfood security, economic prosperity, international competitiveness, \r\nand employment. These linkages and their importance vary among \r\nregions. Energy-sector mitigation and efforts to achieve SDGs \r\ngenerally support one another, though there are important region\u0002specific exceptions (high confidence). (Figure TS.29) {6.1, 6.7}"


id: d9c23b79fb0a1a9ede58ecf4c91c13df
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 31778
content:
"The urban share of regional GHG emissions increased between \r\n2000 and 2015, with much inter-regional variation in the \r\nmagnitude of the increase (high confidence). Globally, the urban \r\nshare of national emissions increased six percentage points, from \r\n56% in 2000 to 62% in 2015. For 2000 to 2015, the urban emissions \r\nshare increased from 28% to 38% in Africa, from 46% to 54% in Asia \r\nand Pacific, from 62% to 72% in Developed Countries, from 57% to \r\n62% in Eastern Europe and West Central Asia, from 55% to 66% in \r\nLatin America and Caribbean, and from 68% to 69% in the Middle \r\nEast (high confidence). {8.1.6, 8.3.3}"


id: 27beaf7ef0591ab89750e8f310e2e59f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 3661
content:
"The economic outcomes of low-carbon transitions in some \r\nsectors and regions may be on par with, or superior to those of \r\nan emissions-intensive future (high confidence). Cost reductions \r\nin key technologies, particularly in electricity and light-duty transport, \r\nhave increased the economic attractiveness of near-term low-carbon \r\ntransitions. Long-term mitigation costs are not well understood and \r\ndepend on policy design and implementation, and the future costs \r\nand availability of technologies. Advances in low-carbon energy \r\nresources and carriers such as next-generation biofuels, hydrogen \r\nproduced from electrolysis, synthetic fuels, and carbon-neutral \r\nammonia would substantially improve the economics of net zero \r\nenergy systems (medium confidence). {6.4, 6.7}"


id: 57e061fc24f0dd0809d45282ae6dfb4a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 11328
content:
"Per-capita urban GHG emissions increased between 2000 and \r\n2015, with cities in developed countries accounting for nearly \r\nseven times more per capita than the lowest emitting region \r\n(medium confidence). From 2000 to 2015, global urban GHG \r\nemissions per capita increased from 5.5 to 6.2 tCO2-eq per person \r\n(an increase of 11.8%). Emissions in Africa increased from 1.3 to \r\n1.5 tCO2-eq per person (22.6%); in Asia and Pacific from 3.0 to 5.1 \r\ntCO2-eq per person (71.7%); in Eastern Europe and West Central \r\nAsia from 6.9 to 9.8 tCO2-eq per person (40.9%); in Latin America \r\nand the Caribbean from 2.7 to 3.7 tCO2-eq per  person (40.4%); \r\nand in the Middle East from 7.4 to 9.6 tCO2-eq per person (30.1%). \r\nAlbeit starting from the highest level, developed countries showed \r\na  modest decline of 11.4 to 10.7 tCO2-eq per  person (-6.5%). \r\n(Figure TS.12) {8.3.3}"


id: 7a00558f71c49188c174e0e81490b1fe
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 16769
content:
"Although urbanisation is a global trend often associated with \r\nincreased incomes and higher consumption, the growing \r\nconcentration of people and activities is an opportunity to \r\nincrease resource efficiency and decarbonise at scale (very \r\nhigh confidence). The same urbanisation level can have large \r\nvariations in per-capita urban carbon emissions. For most regions, \r\nper-capita urban emissions are lower than per-capita national \r\nemissions (excluding aviation, shipping and biogenic sources) \r\n(very high confidence). {8.1.4, 8.3.3, 8.4, Box 8.1}"


id: d4d385556ffe1960ef9d065e0b5e7a4b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 31012
content:
"Most future urban population growth will occur in developing \r\ncountries, where per-capita emissions are currently low, but \r\nare expected to increase with the construction and use of \r\nnew infrastructure, and the built environment, and changes \r\nin incomes and lifestyles (very high confidence). The drivers \r\nof urban GHG emissions are complex and include an interplay of \r\npopulation size, income, state of urbanisation, and how cities are \r\nlaid out (i.e., urban form). How new cities and towns are designed, \r\nconstructed, managed, and powered will lock-in behaviour, lifestyles, \r\nand future urban GHG emissions. Urban strategies can improve \r\nwell-being while minimising impact on GHG emissions. However, \r\nurbanisation can result in increased global GHG emissions through \r\nemissions outside the city's boundaries (very high confidence). {8.1.4, \r\n8.3, Box 8.1, 8.4, 8.6}"


id: ced1ad479b7f9251fc052e194ca32440
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
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vector_id: 30077
content:
"The global share of future urban GHG emissions is expected to \r\nincrease through 2050 with moderate to low mitigation efforts \r\ndue to growth trends in population, urban land expansion, \r\nand infrastructure and service demands, but the extent of the \r\nincrease depends on the scenario and the scale and timing \r\nof urban mitigation action (medium confidence). In modelled \r\nscenarios, global consumption-based urban CO2 and CH4 emissions \r\nare projected to rise from 29 GtCO2-eq in 2020 to 34 GtCO2-eq in \r\n2050 with moderate mitigation efforts (intermediate GHG emissions, \r\nSSP2-4.5), and up to 40 GtCO2-eq in 2050 with low mitigation efforts \r\n(high GHG emissions, SSP 3-7.0). With aggressive and immediate \r\nmitigation efforts to limit global warming to 1.5degC (>50%) with no \r\nor limited overshoot by the end of the century (very low emissions, "


id: 41950474af6efd970c9a2ec9dd9dd93a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 7715
content:
"SSP1-1.9), including high levels of electrification, energy and material \r\nefficiency, renewable energy preferences, and socio-behavioural \r\nresponses, urban GHG emissions could approach net-zero and reach \r\na maximum of 3 GtCO2-eq in 2050. Under a scenario with aggressive \r\nbut not immediate urban mitigation policies to limit global warming \r\nto 2degC (>67%) (low emissions, SSP1-2.6), urban emissions could \r\nreach 17 GtCO2-eq in 2050.23 (Figure TS.13) {8.3.4}"


id: 13ba3018cd2970c715eef01a02610d1c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 606
content:
"Urban land areas could triple between 2015 and 2050, with \r\nsignificant implications for future carbon lock-in (medium \r\nconfidence). There is a  large range in the forecasts of urban land \r\nexpansion across scenarios and models, which highlights an opportunity \r\nto shape future urban development towards low- or net zero GHG "


id: 756099c0707e42ee75b26f2666909267
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 16051
content:
"emissions. By 2050, urban areas could increase up to 211% over the 2015 \r\nglobal urban extent, with the median projected increase ranging from \r\n43% to 106%. While the largest absolute amount of new urban land is \r\nforecasted to occur in Asia and Pacific, and in Developed Countries, the \r\nhighest rate of urban land growth is projected to occur in Africa, Eastern \r\nEurope and West Central Asia, and in the Middle East. Given past trends, \r\nthe expansion of urban areas is expected to take place on agricultural \r\nlands and forests, with implications for the loss of carbon stocks. The \r\ninfrastructure that will be constructed concomitant with urban land \r\nexpansion will lock-in patterns of energy consumption that will persist \r\nfor decades. {8.3.1, 8.3.4, 8.4.1, 8.6}"


id: 99f337bc78f298faf4f3334497047616
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 21746
content:
"based on spatial planning, electrification of the urban energy system, \r\nand urban green and blue infrastructure. The institutional capacity \r\nof cities to develop, coordinate, and integrate sectoral mitigation \r\nstrategies within their jurisdiction varies by context, particularly \r\nthose related to governance, the regulatory system, and budgetary \r\ncontrol. {8.4, 8.5, 8.6}"


id: 5ebc0d6abfa2ec1170fbb8174ef694b3
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 12443
content:
"Integrated spatial planning to achieve compact and resource\u0002efficient urban growth through co-location of higher residential \r\nand job densities, mixed land use, and transit-oriented \r\ndevelopment could reduce urban energy use between 23% \r\nand 26% by 2050 compared to the business-as-usual scenario \r\n(high confidence). Compact cities with shortened distances between \r\nhousing and jobs, and interventions that support a modal shift away \r\nfrom private motor vehicles towards walking, cycling, and low\u0002emissions shared, or public, transportation, passive energy comfort in \r\nbuildings, and urban green infrastructure can deliver significant public \r\nhealth benefits and lower GHG emissions. {8.2, 8.3.4, 8.4, 8.6}"


id: c8c0e749f90b0ecbdd0cfffbe717c41d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 29146
content:
"The construction of new, and upgrading of existing, urban \r\ninfrastructure through 2030 will add to emissions (medium \r\nevidence, high agreement). The construction of new and upgrading \r\nof existing urban infrastructure using conventional practices and \r\ntechnologies can result in a  significant increase in CO2 emissions, \r\nranging from 8.5 GtCO2 to 14 GtCO2 annually up to 2030 and more \r\nthan double annual resource requirements for raw materials to about \r\n90 billion tonnes per year by 2050, up from 40 billion tonnes in 2010. \r\n{8.4.1, 8.6}"


id: 1f169e61d5ac5af8aa1dbd0f084ddb71
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 2332
content:
"Given the dual challenges of rising urban GHG emissions and \r\nfuture projections of more frequent extreme climate events, \r\nthere is an urgent need to integrate urban mitigation and \r\nadaptation strategies for cities to address climate change \r\n(very high confidence). Mitigation strategies can enhance \r\nresilience against climate change impacts while contributing to \r\nsocial equity, public health, and human well-being. Urban mitigation \r\nactions that facilitate economic decoupling can have positive \r\nimpacts on employment and local economic competitiveness. {8.2, \r\nCross-Working Group Box 2 in Chapter 8, 8.4}"


id: 943b5c9b3ab5ec6a04b31b77fbbe50a1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 20830
content:
"Cities can achieve net-zero GHG emissions only through deep \r\ndecarbonisation and systemic transformation (very high \r\nconfidence). Three broad mitigation strategies have been found to \r\nbe effective in reducing emissions when implemented concurrently: \r\n(i) reducing or changing urban energy and material use towards \r\nmore sustainable production and consumption across all sectors, \r\nincluding through compact and efficient urban forms and supporting \r\ninfrastructure; (ii) electrification and switching to low-carbon energy \r\nsources; and (iii) enhancing carbon uptake and storage in the urban \r\nenvironment (high confidence). Given the regional and global reach \r\nof urban supply chains, cities can achieve net-zero emissions only if \r\nemissions are reduced both within and outside of their administrative \r\nboundaries through supply chains. {8.1.6, 8.3.4, 8.4, 8.6}"


id: 2ff213a57c6efd6289daf7091938d04b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 4971
content:
"Packages of mitigation policies that implement multiple \r\nurban-scale interventions can have cascading effects across \r\nsectors, reduce GHG emissions outside a city's administrative \r\nboundaries, and reduce emissions more than the net sum \r\nof individual interventions, particularly if multiple scales of \r\ngovernance are included (high confidence). Cities have the \r\nability to implement policy packages across sectors using an urban \r\nsystems approach, especially those that affect key infrastructure "


id: 7735fc32a01f378e3dea091b5ae74c49
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 16320
content:
"reduce transport-related GHG emissions. For example, COVID-19-based \r\nlockdowns have confirmed the transformative value of telecommuting \r\nreplacing significant numbers of work and personal journeys as well as \r\npromoting local active transport. There are growing opportunities to \r\nimplement strategies that drive behavioural change and support the \r\nadoption of new transport technology options. {Chapter 5, 10.2, 10.3, \r\n10.4, 10.8}"


id: 24d717e7ca8909a02223882d38372147
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 3239
content:
"have unparalleled potential to become low or net zero GHG emissions \r\nwhile achieving high quality of life by creating compact, co-located, \r\nand walkable urban areas with mixed land use and transit-oriented \r\ndesign, that also preserve existing green and blue assets. {8.2, 8.4, 8.6} "


id: 86a295454202ec315c45fd29ab0c183d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 18719
content:
"With over 880 million people living in informal settlements, there \r\nare opportunities to harness and enable informal practices and \r\ninstitutions in cities related to housing, waste, energy, water, \r\nand sanitation to reduce resource use and mitigate climate \r\nchange (low evidence, medium agreement). The upgrading of \r\ninformal settlements and inadequate housing to improve resilience \r\nand well-being offers a  chance to create a  low-carbon transition. \r\nHowever, there is limited quantifiable data on these practices and their \r\ncumulative impacts on GHG emissions. {8.1.4, 8.2.2, Cross-Working \r\nGroup Box 2 in Chapter 8, 8.3.2, 8.4, 8.6, 8.7}"


id: adda40177b30849162da6bd40b32d836
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 24888
content:
"Achieving transformational changes in cities for climate \r\nchange mitigation and adaptation will require engaging \r\nmultiple scales of governance, including governments and \r\nnon-state actors, and in connection with substantial financing \r\nbeyond sectoral approaches (very high confidence). Large \r\nand complex infrastructure projects for urban mitigation are often \r\nbeyond the capacity of local municipality budgets, jurisdictions, and \r\ninstitutions. Partnerships between cities and international institutions, \r\nnational and regional governments, transnational networks, and \r\nlocal stakeholders play a  pivotal role in mobilising global climate \r\nfinance resources for a  range of infrastructure projects with low\u0002carbon emissions and related spatial planning programs across key \r\nsectors. {8.4, 8.5}"


id: a31c1357f9a6cf2bde955dca785fe411
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 23228
content:
"Meeting climate mitigation goals would require transformative \r\nchanges in the transport sector. In 2019, direct GHG emissions \r\nfrom the transport sector were 8.7 GtCO2-eq (up from 5.0 GtCO2-eq in \r\n1990) and accounted for 23% of global energy-related CO2 emissions. \r\nRoad vehicles accounted for 70% of direct transport emissions, while \r\n1%, 11%, and 12% of direct emissions came from rail, shipping, and \r\naviation, respectively. Emissions from shipping and aviation continue \r\nto grow rapidly. Transport-related emissions in developing regions \r\nof the world have increased more rapidly than in Europe or North \r\nAmerica, a  trend that is expected to continue in coming decades \r\n(high confidence). {10.1, 10.5, 10.6}"


id: 1534fafb2afc7922be515b2addf5c4b6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 850
content:
"Since AR5 there has been a  growing awareness of the need \r\nfor demand management solutions combined with new \r\ntechnologies, such as the rapidly growing use of electromobility \r\nfor land transport and the emerging options in advanced \r\nbiofuels and hydrogen-based fuels for shipping and aviation \r\nand in other specific land-based contexts (high confidence).\r\nThere is a growing need for systemic infrastructure changes that enable \r\nbehavioural modifications and reductions in demand for transport \r\nservices that can in turn reduce energy demand. The response to the \r\nCOVID-19 pandemic has also shown that behavioural interventions can "


id: 42eaa5cc7d95450e617a1729af789662
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 7921
content:
"Land-based, long-range, heavy-duty trucks can be decarbonised \r\nthrough battery-electric haulage (including the use of electric \r\nroad systems), complemented by hydrogen- and biofuel\u0002based fuels in some contexts. These same technologies and \r\nexpanded use of available electric rail systems can support \r\nrail decarbonisation (medium confidence). Initial deployments of \r\nbattery-electric, hydrogen- and bio-based haulage are underway, and \r\ncommercial operations of some of these technologies are considered "


id: 97bccdb18c4111206c4c2024e39ce8d4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 21395
content:
"to be more prominent in shipping and aviation. The shifts towards \r\nthese alternative fuels must occur alongside shifts towards clean \r\ntechnologies in other sectors. {10.7}"


id: 901be3f80c604f3a6bd7c887bc9ee3f9
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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vector_id: 20207
content:
"feasible by 2030 (medium confidence). These technologies \r\nnevertheless face challenges regarding driving range, capital and \r\noperating costs, and infrastructure availability. In particular, fuel-cell \r\ndurability, high energy consumption, and costs continue to challenge \r\nthe commercialisation of hydrogen-based fuel-cell vehicles. Increased \r\ncapacity for low-carbon hydrogen production would also be essential \r\nfor hydrogen-based fuels to serve as an emissions reduction strategy \r\n(high confidence). (Box TS.15) {10.3, 10.4, 10.8}"


id: b2f5f50d46a039175c1fedd309c50c3f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 25670
content:
"There is a  growing awareness of the need to plan for the \r\nsignificant expansion of low-carbon energy infrastructure, \r\nincluding low-carbon power generation and hydrogen \r\nproduction, to support emissions reductions in the transport \r\nsector (high confidence). Integrated energy planning and \r\noperations that take into account energy demand and system \r\nconstraints across all sectors (transport, buildings, and industry) offer \r\nthe opportunity to leverage sectoral synergies and avoid inefficient \r\nallocation of energy resources. Integrated planning of transport \r\nand power infrastructure would be particularly useful in developing \r\ncountries where 'greenfield' development doesn't suffer from \r\nconstraints imposed by legacy systems. {10.3, 10.4, 10.8}"


id: 1f42eddf8dd7671ab8d0eabd89d1d050
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 2359
content:
"The deployment of low-carbon aviation and shipping fuels \r\nthat support decarbonisation of the transport sector could \r\nrequire changes to national and international governance \r\nstructures (medium confidence). The UNFCCC does not specifically \r\ncover emissions from international shipping and aviation. Reporting \r\nemissions from international transport is at the discretion of each \r\ncountry. While the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) \r\nand International Maritime Organization (IMO) have established \r\nemissions reductions targets, only strategies to improve fuel \r\nefficiency and demand reductions have been pursued, and there has \r\nbeen minimal commitment to new technologies. {10.5, 10.6, 10.7}"


id: cf4647e89b674841da1edd1369bc5368
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 30147
content:
"There are growing concerns about resource availability, \r\nlabour rights, non-climate environmental impacts, and costs \r\nof critical minerals needed for lithium-ion batteries (medium \r\nconfidence). Emerging national strategies on critical minerals and \r\nthe requirements from major vehicle manufacturers are leading to \r\nnew, more geographically diverse mines. The standardisation of \r\nbattery modules and packaging within and across vehicle platforms, \r\nas well as increased focus on design for recyclability are important. \r\nGiven the high degree of potential recyclability of lithium-ion batteries, \r\na  nearly closed-loop system in the future could mitigate concerns \r\nabout critical mineral issues (medium confidence). {10.3, 10.8}"


id: bbebcaf89c7dfc7dd482a70899072b9e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 27124
content:
"The scenarios literature indicates that fuel and technology shifts \r\nare crucial in reducing carbon emissions to meet temperature \r\ngoals (high confidence). In general terms, electrification tends to \r\nplay the key role in land-based transport, but biofuels and hydrogen \r\n(and derivatives) could play a role in decarbonisation of freight in \r\nsome contexts. Biofuels and hydrogen (and derivatives) are expected "


id: 5c495a708463a3f4c6e7992bc06ac05
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 12035
content:
"Global GHG emissions from buildings were 12 GtCO2-eq in \r\n2019, equivalent to 21% of global GHG emissions. Of this, \r\n57% (6.8 GtCO2-eq) were indirect emissions from off-site \r\ngeneration of electricity and heat, 24% (2.9 GtCO2-eq) were \r\ndirect emissions produced on-site and 18% (2.2 GtCO2-eq) \r\nwere embodied emissions from the production of cement and \r\nsteel used in buildings (high confidence). Most building-sector \r\nemissions are CO2. Final energy demand from buildings reached \r\n128 EJ globally in 2019 (around 31% of global final energy demand), \r\nand electricity demand from buildings was slightly above 43 EJ \r\nglobally (around 18% of global electricity demand). Residential \r\nbuildings consumed 70% (90 EJ) of the global final energy demand \r\nfrom buildings. Over the period 1990-2019, global CO2 emissions \r\nfrom buildings increased by 50%, global final energy demand from \r\nbuildings grew by 38%, and global final electricity demand increased \r\nby 161%. {9.3}"


id: c452703ee26baf4af90d4b08717d4b78
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 28457
content:
"Building-sector GHG emissions were assessed using the \r\nSufficiency, Efficiency, Renewable (SER) framework. Sufficiency \r\nmeasures tackle the causes of GHG emissions by limiting the \r\ndemand for energy and materials over the lifecycle of buildings \r\nand appliances (high confidence). In Chapter  9 of this report, \r\nsufficiency differs from efficiency: sufficiency is about long-term \r\nactions driven by non-technological solutions, which consume less \r\nenergy in absolute terms; efficiency, in contrast is about continuous \r\nshort-term marginal technological improvements. Sufficiency policies \r\nare a  set of measures and daily practices that avoid demand for \r\nenergy, materials, land and water while delivering human well\u0002being-for-all within planetary boundaries. Use of the SER framework \r\naims to reduce the cost of constructing and using buildings without \r\nreducing occupants' well-being and comfort. {9.1, 9.4, 9.5, 9.9}"


id: 87f84f98fb55982dab9fa7f4d96d96ac
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 18916
content:
"Sufficiency interventions do not consume energy during \r\nthe use phase of buildings and do not require maintenance \r\nnor replacement over the lifetime of buildings. Density, \r\ncompacity, bioclimatic design to optimise the use of nature-based \r\nsolutions, multi-functionality of space through shared space and \r\nto allow for adjusting the size of buildings to the evolving needs \r\nof households, circular use of materials and repurposing unused \r\nexisting buildings to avoid using virgin materials, optimisation of the \r\nuse of buildings through lifestyle changes, use of the thermal mass \r\nof buildings to reduce thermal needs, and moving from ownership \r\nto usership of appliances, are among the sufficiency interventions \r\nimplemented in leading municipalities (high confidence). At a global \r\nlevel, up to 17% of the mitigation potential in the buildings sector \r\ncould be captured by 2050 through sufficiency interventions (medium \r\nconfidence). (Figure TS.15) {9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.9}"


id: 311f148c5048db2619cf6a3b9e842bb4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 5148
content:
"The development, since AR5, of integrated approaches to the \r\nconstruction and retrofit of buildings has led to increasing \r\nthe number of zero-energy or zero-carbon buildings in almost \r\nall climate zones. The complementarity and interdependency of \r\nmeasures leads to cost reductions, while optimising the mitigation \r\npotential achieved and avoiding the lock-in-effect (medium confidence). \r\n{9.6, 9.9}"


id: 7adb0f85d02486a4a7ce45655068ab65
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 16922
content:
"available technologies in the market (high confidence). Market-based \r\ninstruments such as carbon taxes with recycling of the revenues \r\nand personal or building carbon allowances could also contribute \r\nto fostering the decarbonisation of the building sector (medium \r\nconfidence). {9.9}"


id: fbf609e033ed97d9d1bbd1a7fc9ff47c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 37135
content:
"The decarbonisation of buildings is constrained by multiple \r\nbarriers and obstacles as well as limited finance flows (high \r\nconfidence). The lack of institutional capacity, especially in \r\ndeveloping countries, and appropriate governance structures \r\nslow down the decarbonisation of the global building stock \r\n(medium confidence). The building sector is highly heterogenous \r\nwith many different building types, sizes, and operational uses. The \r\nsub-segment representing rented property faces principal/agent \r\nproblems where the tenant benefits from the decarbonisation's \r\ninvestment made by the landlord. The organisational context and the \r\ngovernance structure could trigger or hinder the decarbonisation of \r\nbuildings. Global investment in the decarbonisation of buildings was \r\nestimated at USD164 billion in 2020. However, this is not enough by \r\nfar to close the investment gap (high confidence). {9.9}"


id: 1ae13ab9e6bdb25731d3565d4d1a3160
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 1700
content:
"Policy packages could grasp the full mitigation potential of \r\nthe global building stock. Building energy codes represent \r\nthe main regulatory instrument to reduce emissions from \r\nboth new and existing buildings (high confidence). The most \r\nadvanced building energy codes include requirements on each of \r\nthe three pillars of the SER framework in the use and construction\r\nphase of buildings. Building energy codes have proven to be effective \r\nif compulsory and combined with other regulatory instruments \r\nsuch as minimum energy performance standard for appliances and \r\nequipment, if the performance level is set at the level of the best "


id: f4f0bd82a4179feee229ca900ee9b47b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 36045
content:
"Key point: Achieving SDG targets requires implementation of ambitious climate mitigation policies which include sufficiency measures to align \r\nbuilding design, size and use with SDGs, efficiency measures to ensure high penetration of best available technologies and supplying the \r\nremaining energy needs with renewable energy sources."


id: 4e8090bc6535fb67f99d9b51235eee89
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 9781
content:
"ure TS.16 | Contribution of building-sector mitigation policies to meeting Sustainable Development Goals. {Figure 9.18}"


id: f7af907ee2ba3afeeea9a88c9142b18f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 36485
content:
"a leading GHG emitter - 20 GtCO2-eq or 34% of global emissions \r\nin 2019  - if indirect emissions from power and heat generation \r\nare included. The share of emissions originating from direct fuel \r\ncombustion is decreasing and was 7 GtCO2-eq, 50% of  direct \r\nindustrial emissions in 2019. {11.2.2}"


id: e361e628f60f3ea6a620a938c6684eea
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 33258
content:
"Well-designed and effectively implemented mitigation actions \r\nin the buildings sector have significant potential to help \r\nachieve the SDGs (high confidence). As shown in Figure TS.16, \r\nthe impacts of mitigation actions in the building sector go far beyond \r\nthe goal of climate action (SDG 13) and contribute to meeting 15 \r\nother SDGs. Mitigation actions in the building sector bring health \r\ngains through improved indoor air quality and thermal comfort, and \r\nhave positive significant macro- and micro-economic effects, such \r\nas increased productivity of labour, job creation, reduced poverty, \r\nespecially energy poverty, and improved energy security (high \r\nconfidence). (Figure TS.29) {9.8}"


id: 50fea58733b8039a3b2231a58dd1de96
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 10190
content:
"Global material intensity - the in-use stock of manufactured \r\ncapital in tonnes per unit of GDP  - is increasing (high \r\nconfidence). In-use stock of manufactured capital per capita has \r\nbeen growing faster than GDP per capita since 2000. Total global \r\nin-use stock of manufactured capital grew by 3.4% yr-1 in 2000-2019. \r\nAt the same time, per-capita material stocks in several developed \r\ncountries have stopped growing, showing a  decoupling from GDP \r\nper capita. {11.2.1, 11.3.1}"


id: d205ca0f2323aca45cb2d0483cf485c3
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 30571
content:
"The COVID-19 pandemic emphasised the importance of \r\nbuildings for human well-being and highlighted the inequalities \r\nin access for all to suitable, healthy buildings, which provide \r\nnatural daylight and clean air to their occupants (medium \r\nconfidence). Recent WHO health recommendations have also \r\nemphasise indoor air quality, preventive maintenance of centralised \r\nmechanical heating, ventilation, and cooling systems. There are \r\nopportunities for repurposing existing non-residential buildings, no \r\nlonger in use due to the expected spread of teleworking triggered by \r\nthe health crisis and enabled by digitalisation. (Box TS.14) {9.1}"


id: 72d271501901a937af38e2445989992d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 15679
content:
"The demand for plastic has been growing most strongly since \r\n1970 (high confidence). The current >99% reliance on fossil \r\nfeedstock, very low recycling, and high emissions from petrochemical \r\nprocesses is a challenge for reaching net zero emissions. At the same \r\ntime, plastics are important for reducing emissions elsewhere, for \r\nexample, light-weighting vehicles. There are as yet no shared visions \r\nfor fossil-free plastics, but several possibilities. {11.4.1.3}"


id: 8c6a38aff72dd7e6955bf06901cd31e8
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 19605
content:
"Scenario analyses show that significant reductions in global \r\nGHG emissions and even close to net zero emissions from GHG \r\nintensive industry (e.g., steel, plastics, ammonia, and cement) \r\ncan be achieved by 2050 by deploying multiple available and \r\nemerging options (medium confidence). Significant reductions in \r\nindustry emissions require a reorientation from the historic focus on \r\nimportant but incremental improvements (e.g., energy efficiency) to \r\ntransformational changes in energy and feedstock sourcing, materials \r\nefficiency, and more circular material flows. {11.3, 11.4}"


id: 7cb8d76169df70c210f129950ad3b47e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 17220
content:
"The industry chapter focuses on new developments since AR5 and \r\nemphasises the role of the energy-intensive and emissions-intensive \r\nbasic materials industries in strategies for reaching net zero emissions.\r\nThe Paris Agreement, the SDGs and the COVID-19 pandemic provide \r\na new context for the evolution of industry and mitigation of industry \r\ngreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (high confidence). {11.1.1}"


id: fc0192426e4b9a6a04569cf9ac9a0d2e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 37141
content:
"Key mitigation options such as materials efficiency, circular \r\nmaterial flows and emerging primary processes, are not \r\nwell represented in climate change scenario modelling and \r\nintegrated assessment models (IAMs), albeit with some \r\nprogress in recent years (high confidence). The character of these \r\ninterventions (e.g., appearing in many forms across complex value \r\nchains, making cost estimates difficult) combined with the limited \r\ndata on new fossil-free primary processes help explain why they \r\nare less represented in models than, for example, CCS. As a result, \r\noverall mitigation costs and the need for CCS may be overestimated. \r\n{11.4.2.1}"


id: e2a139a8216d53064c5f527c959d27f4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 33162
content:
"Electrification is emerging as a  key mitigation option for \r\nindustry (high confidence). Using electricity directly, or indirectly \r\nvia hydrogen from electrolysis for high temperature and chemical \r\nfeedstock requirements, offers many options to reduce emissions. \r\nIt also can provide substantial grid-balancing services, for example, \r\nthrough electrolysis and storage of hydrogen for chemical process \r\nuse or demand response. (Box TS.9) {11.3.5}"


id: e4047af57b633dcb9e4e9d5541faf794
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 33352
content:
"Industry-sector emissions have been growing faster since \r\n2000 than emissions in any other sector, driven by increased \r\nbasic materials extraction and production (high confidence). \r\nGHG emissions attributed to the industrial sector originate from fuel \r\ncombustion, process emissions, product use and waste, which jointly \r\naccounted for 14.1 GtCO2-eq or 24% of all direct anthropogenic \r\nemissions in 2019, second behind the energy supply sector. Industry is "


id: 1d0460eb06326655dfed69e201a5ef7c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 2013
content:
"Carbon is a key building block in organic chemicals, fuels and \r\nmaterials and will remain important (high confidence). In order \r\nto reach net zero CO2 emissions for the carbon needed in society \r\n(e.g., plastics, wood, aviation fuels, solvents, etc.), it is important to "


id: c45bb8aa211c923939b7cb2747170112
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 28466
content:
"not anticipated in the near to mid-term  - CCS will be essential \r\nfor eliminating the limestone calcination process emissions for \r\nmaking clinker, which currently represent 60% of GHG emissions in \r\nbest-available technology plants. {11.3.2, 11.3.6, 11.4.1.2}"


id: fc108a88a36c485432f62282a36d3e43
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 37155
content:
"close the use loops for carbon and carbon dioxide through increased \r\ncircularity with mechanical and chemical recycling, more efficient use \r\nof biomass feedstock with addition of low-GHG hydrogen to increase \r\nproduct yields (e.g., for biomethane and methanol), and potentially \r\ndirect air capture of CO2 as a new carbon source. {11.3, 11.4.1} "


id: 7f5ccd3d8ceecf47116ea700474bdf03
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 17592
content:
"While several technological options exist for decarbonising \r\nthe main industrial feedstock chemicals and their derivatives, \r\nthe  costs vary widely (high confidence). Fossil fuel-based \r\nfeedstocks are inexpensive and still without carbon pricing, and \r\ntheir biomass- and electricity-based replacements are expected to \r\nbe more expensive. The chemical industry consumes large amounts \r\nof hydrogen, ammonia, methanol, carbon monoxide, ethylene, \r\npropylene, benzene, toluene, and mixed xylenes and aromatics from \r\nfossil feedstock, and from these basic chemicals produces tens of \r\nthousands of derivative end-use chemicals. Hydrogen, biogenic \r\nor air-capture carbon, and collected plastic waste for the primary \r\nfeedstocks can greatly reduce total emissions. Biogenic carbon \r\nfeedstock is expected to be limited due to competing land uses. \r\n{11.4.1}"


id: 372c7b64d0336cfdbc8b51461bba6eb5
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 6067
content:
"Production costs for very low to zero emissions basic \r\nmaterials may be high but the cost for final consumers and \r\nthe general economy will be low (medium confidence). Costs \r\nand emissions reductions potential in industry, and especially heavy \r\nindustry, are highly contingent on innovation, commercialisation, and \r\nmarket-uptake policies. Technologies exist to take all industry sectors \r\nto very low or zero emissions, but require five to fifteen years of \r\nintensive innovation, commercialisation, and policy to ensure uptake. \r\nMitigation costs are in the rough range of USD50-150  tCO2-eq-1, \r\nwith wide variation within and outside this band. This affects \r\ncompetitiveness and requires supporting policy. Although production \r\ncost increases can be significant, they translate to very small \r\nincreases in the costs for final products, typically less than a  few \r\npercent depending on product, assumptions, and system boundaries. \r\n(Figure TS.17) {11.4.1.5} "


id: f3b4ebf66235884c1915cedcda454d04
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 35856
content:
"Light industry and manufacturing can be largely decarbonised \r\nthrough switching to low-GHG fuels (e.g.,  biofuels and \r\nhydrogen) and electricity (e.g.,  for electrothermal heating \r\nand heat pumps) (high confidence). Most of these technologies \r\nare already mature, for example for low-temperature heat, but \r\na major challenge is the current low cost of fossil CH4 and coal relative \r\nto low- and zero-GHG electricity, hydrogen, and biofuels. {11.4.1}"


id: 9df19183fa1a4c03d4bbf573500dc655
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 22369
content:
"Several technological options exist for very low to zero \r\nemissions steel, but their uptake will require integrated \r\nmaterial efficiency, recycling, and production decarbonisation \r\npolicies (high confidence). Material efficiency can potentially \r\nreduce steel demand by up to 40% based on design for less steel use, \r\nlong life, reuse, constructability, and low-contamination recycling. \r\nSecondary production through high-quality recycling must be \r\nmaximised. Production decarbonisation will also be required, starting \r\nwith the retrofitting of existing facilities for partial fuel switching \r\n(e.g., to biomass or hydrogen), CCU and CCS, followed by very low \r\nand zero emissions production based on high-capture CCS or direct \r\nhydrogen, or electrolytic iron-ore reduction followed by an electric \r\narc furnace. {11.3.2, 11.4.1.1}"


id: 871051e1b4ed9a656d11cea721ccc85e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 18778
content:
"The pulp and paper industry has significant biogenic carbon \r\nemissions but relatively small fossil carbon emissions. Pulp \r\nmills have access to biomass residues and by-products and \r\nin paper mills the use of process heat at low to medium \r\ntemperatures allows for electrification (high confidence). \r\nCompetition for feedstock will increase if wood substitutes for \r\nbuilding materials and petrochemicals feedstock. The pulp and paper \r\nindustry can also be a source of biogenic carbon dioxide, carbon for \r\norganic chemicals feedstock, and for CDR using CCS. {11.4.1}"


id: 163aa1c1d3379622a205591a9e108ddd
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 1025
content:
"Several current and emerging options can significantly reduce \r\ncement and concrete emissions. Producer, user, and regulator \r\neducation, as well as innovation and commercialisation \r\npolicy are needed (medium confidence). Cement and concrete \r\nare currently overused because they are inexpensive, durable, and \r\nubiquitous, and consumption decisions typically do not give weight \r\nto their production emissions. Basic material efficiency efforts to \r\nuse only well-made concrete thoughtfully and only where needed \r\n(e.g.,  using right-sized, prefabricated components) could reduce \r\nemissions by 24-50% through lower demand for clinker. Cementitious \r\nmaterial substitution with various materials (e.g., ground limestone \r\nand calcined clays) can reduce process calcination emissions by up to \r\n50% and occasionally much more. Until a very low GHG emissions \r\nalternative binder to Portland cement is commercialised - which is "


id: 6c600a484b690fc999d58a82ad1479e3
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 14677
content:
"The geographical distribution of renewable resources has \r\nimplications for industry (medium confidence). The potential \r\nfor zero-emission electricity and low-cost hydrogen from electrolysis \r\npowered by solar and wind, or hydrogen from other very low emission \r\nsources, may reshape where currently energy- and emissions-intensive \r\nbasic materials production is located, how value chains are organised, \r\ntrade patterns, and what gets transported in international shipping. \r\nRegions with bountiful solar and wind resources, or low fugitive CH4 \r\nco-located with CCS geology, may become exporters of hydrogen or \r\nhydrogen carriers such as methanol and ammonia, or home to the \r\nproduction of iron and steel, organic platform chemicals, and other \r\nenergy-intensive basic materials. {11.2, 11.4, Box 11.1}"


id: 2d85809fb78e1c9e870d2040ec5e1c89
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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content:
"At the same time the capacity of the land to support these functions \r\nmay be threatened by climate change (high confidence). {AR6 WGI \r\nFigure SPM.7; AR6 WGII, 7.1, 7.6}"


id: 59195630639864a6513630f8ed61449b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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"The level of policy maturity and experience varies widely across \r\nthe mitigation options (high confidence). Energy efficiency is \r\na  well-established policy field with decades of experience from \r\nvoluntary and negotiated agreements, regulations, energy auditing \r\nand demand-side management (DSM) programmes. In contrast, \r\nmaterials demand management and efficiency are not well understood \r\nand addressed from a  policy perspective. Barriers to recycling that \r\npolicy could address are often specific to the different material \r\nloops (e.g., copper contamination for steel and lack of technologies \r\nor poor economics for plastics) or waste-management systems. For \r\nelectrification and fuel switching the focus has so far been mainly on \r\ninnovation and developing technical supply-side solutions rather than \r\ncreating market demand. {11.5.2, 11.6}"


id: 98f5fff8945e6759b55d95ee733e0995
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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vector_id: 21581
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"Industry has so far largely been sheltered from the impacts of \r\nclimate policy and carbon pricing due to concerns about carbon \r\nleakage26 and reducing competitiveness (high confidence). \r\nNew approaches to industrial development policy are emerging for \r\na transition to net zero GHG emissions. The transition requires a clear \r\ndirection towards net zero, technology development, market demand \r\nfor low-carbon materials and products, governance capacity and \r\nlearning, socially inclusive phase-out plans, as well as international \r\ncoordination of climate and trade policies (see also TS.6.5). It requires \r\ncomprehensive and sequential industrial policy strategies leading to \r\nimmediate action as well as preparedness for future decarbonisation, \r\ngovernance at different levels (from international to local) and \r\nintegration with other policy domains. {11.6}"


id: e54129f7cf52ec895bc151109806b545
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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"Table TS.4 | Net anthropogenic emissions (annual averages for 2010-2019a) from agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU). For context, the net flux \r\ndue to the natural response of land to climate and environmental change is also shown for CO2 in column E. Positive values represent emissions, negative values represent \r\nremovals. Due to different approaches to estimate anthropogenic fluxes, AFOLU CO2 estimates in the table below are not directly comparable to LULUCF in national greenhouse \r\ngas inventories (NGHGIs)."


id: 7a2241fe0d2f3a89b2396c354e4d2c80
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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"a\r\n Estimates are given for 2019 as this is the latest date when data are available for all gases, consistent with Chapter 2 of this report. Positive fluxes are emission from land \r\nto the atmosphere. Negative fluxes are removals. For all Table footnotes see Table 7.1. {Table 7.1}"


id: 69fd8e5220ea6d7a709620d66eb3a97c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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"Between 2020 and 2050, mitigation measures in forests \r\nand other natural ecosystems provide the largest share of \r\nthe AFOLU mitigation potential (up to USD100 tCO2-eq-1), \r\nfollowed by agriculture and demand-side measures (high \r\nconfidence). In the global sectoral studies, the protection, improved \r\nmanagement, and restoration of forests, peatlands, coastal wetlands, "


id: d130fcc7fc2b86902b338469cb883d53
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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content:
"The economic and political feasibility of implementing AFOLU \r\nmitigation measures is hampered by persistent barriers. \r\nAssisting countries to overcome barriers will help to achieve "


id: 9aae018330f4b9f3f6803b2dd1221079
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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"significant short-term mitigation (medium confidence). Finance \r\nforms a critical barrier to achieving these gains as currently mitigation \r\nefforts rely principally on government sources and funding mechanisms \r\nwhich do not provide sufficient resources to enable the economic \r\npotential to be realised. Differences in cultural values, governance, \r\naccountability and institutional capacity are also important barriers. \r\nClimate change itself could reduce the mitigation potential from the \r\nAFOLU sector, although an increase in the capacity of natural sinks \r\ncould occur despite changes in climate (medium confidence) {AR6 \r\nWGI Figure SPM.7 and Sections 7.4 and 7.6}. The continued loss of \r\nbiodiversity makes ecosystems less resilient to climate change extremes \r\nand this may further jeopardise the achievement of the AFOLU \r\nmitigation potentials indicated in this chapter (high confidence). (Box \r\nTS.15) {7.6}"


id: 5dd7faf67c19a0d9c472b1ba7475034c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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"The provision of biomass for bioenergy (with/without BECCS) \r\nand other bio-based products represents an important share \r\nof the total mitigation potential associated with the AFOLU \r\nsector, though these mitigation effects accrue to other sectors \r\n(high confidence). Recent estimates of the technical bioenergy \r\npotential, when constrained by food security and environmental \r\nconsiderations, are within the ranges 5-50 and 50-250 EJ yr-1\r\nby 2050 for residues and dedicated biomass production systems, \r\nrespectively.29 (TS.5.7) {7.4, 12.3} "


id: 97087c3258ec618fb58bdbd51719900e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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content:
"The deployment of land-based mitigation measures can \r\nprovide co-benefits, but there are also risks and trade-offs \r\nfrom inappropriate land management (high confidence). Such \r\nrisks can best be managed if AFOLU mitigation is pursued \r\nin response to the needs and perspectives of multiple \r\nstakeholders to achieve outcomes that maximise synergies "


id: 4c0ee901bbb89a20e9b68ac7087d9c77
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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content:
"Figure TS.18 | Food-system GHG emissions from the agriculture, and land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF), waste, and energy and industry \r\nsectors. {Figure 12.5}"


id: f96ffe7564d10da6cfb47a8dc8b488dc
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"initiatives complemented by national and international initiatives, \r\nbut governance on the national level tends to be fragmented, and \r\nthus has limited capacity to address structural issues like inequities in \r\naccess. (Figure TS.18, Table TS.5, Table TS.6) {7.2, 7.4, 12.4}"


id: f2e5fc0412f8d1da6243252321744ec
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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"Realising the full mitigation potential from the food system \r\nrequires change at all stages from producer to consumer \r\nand waste management, which can be facilitated through \r\nintegrated policy packages (high confidence). Food systems \r\nare associated with 23-42% of global GHG emissions, while there \r\nis still widespread food insecurity and malnutrition. Absolute GHG \r\nemissions from food systems increased from 14 to 17 GtCO2-eq yr -1 in \r\nthe period 1990-2018. Both supply- and demand-side measures are \r\nimportant to reduce the GHG intensity of food systems. Integrated \r\nfood policy packages based on a  combination of market-based, \r\nadministrative, informative, and behavioural policies  can reduce \r\ncost compared to uncoordinated interventions, address multiple \r\nsustainability goals, and increase acceptance across stakeholders \r\nand civil society (limited evidence, medium agreement). Food \r\nsystems governance may be pioneered through local food policy "


id: 46c106cf43e1887b1714e37ffb50c564
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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content:
"Diets high in plant protein and low in meat and dairy are \r\nassociated with lower GHG emissions (high confidence). Ruminant \r\nmeat shows the highest GHG intensity. Beef from dairy systems \r\nhas lower emissions intensity than beef from beef  herds  (8-23 and \r\n17-94 kgCO2-eq (100 g protein)-1, respectively) when some emissions \r\nare allocated to dairy products. The wide variation in emissions reflects \r\ndifferences in production systems, which range from intensive \r\nfeedlots with stock raised largely on grains through to rangeland and \r\ntranshumance production systems. Where appropriate, a shift to diets \r\nwith a higher share of plant protein, moderate intake of animal-source \r\nfoods and reduced intake of saturated fats could lead to substantial \r\ndecreases in GHG emissions. Benefits would also include reduced land "


id: a9e5ae3a527ba33d49c354c1fd19839a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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"Figure TS.19 | Regional differences in health outcome, territorial per-capita GHG emissions from national food systems, and share of food system GHG \r\nemission from energy use. GHG emissions are calculated according to the IPCC Tier 1 approach and are assigned to the country where they occur, not necessarily where the \r\nfood is consumed. Health outcome is expressed as relative contribution of each of the following risk factors to their combined risk for deaths: Child and maternal malnutrition \r\n(red), Dietary risks (yellow) or High body-mass index (blue). {Figure 12.7}"


id: 7c4fdcaa4f5842fb150cdcc25ad7954e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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vector_id: 17155
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"a\r\n Direct and indirect GHG effects: D - direct emissions except emissions from energy use, E - energy demand, M - material demand, FL - food losses, FW - food waste; \r\ndirection of effect on GHG mitigation: (+) increased mitigation, (0) neutral, (-) decreased mitigation. \r\nb\r\n Co-benefits/adverse effects: H - health aspects, A - animal welfare, R - resource use, L - land demand, E - ecosystem services; (+) co-benefits, (-) adverse effects. \r\n{Table 12.8}"


id: 65513e2034d14d5b4f7021ffc40a2e05
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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"occupation and nutrient losses to the surrounding environment, while \r\nat the same time providing health benefits and reducing mortality from \r\ndiet-related non-communicable diseases. (Figure TS.19) {7.4.5, 12.4}"


id: 8a87ec925d940931d2deb3a05ef01833
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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"deployment of cold-chain and packaging technologies, which can \r\nhelp reduce food loss and waste, but increase energy and materials \r\nuse in the food system. (Table TS.5) {11.4.1.3, 12.4}"


id: 38301b5bdd71d45d0d40783fee049dbe
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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"Emerging food technologies such as cellular fermentation, \r\ncultured meat, plant-based alternatives to animal-based \r\nfood products, and controlled environment agriculture, can \r\nbring substantial reduction in direct GHG emissions from \r\nfood production (limited evidence, high agreement). These \r\ntechnologies have lower land, water, and nutrient footprints, and \r\naddress concerns over animal welfare. Realising the full mitigation \r\npotential depends on access to low-carbon energy as some emerging \r\ntechnologies are relatively more energy intensive. This also holds for "


id: 47bd13851d4f094176b7f59da4913e3c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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"CDR is a  key element in scenarios that limit warming to \r\n2degC (>67%) or 1.5degC (>50%) by 2100 (high confidence).\r\nImplementation strategies need to reflect that CDR methods differ in \r\nterms of removal process, timescale of carbon storage, technological \r\nmaturity, mitigation potential, cost, co-benefits, adverse side effects, \r\nand governance requirements. (Box TS.10) "


id: 2c908749eab5b6d200b20d5e8cb9bc69
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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"Table TS.6 | Assessment of food system policies targeting (post-farm gate) food-chain actors and consumers. "


id: 839b5ce9e70a6588e8d00198882cc285
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"Effect of measures: negative none/unclear slightly positive positive\r\nNotes: #1 Minimum level to be effective 20% price increase; #2 Minimum level to be effective USD50-80 tCO2-eq. a\r\n In addition, all interventions are assumed to address health \r\nand climate change mitigation. b Requires coordination between policy areas, participation of stakeholders, transparent methods and indicators to manage trade-offs and \r\nprioritisation between possibly conflicting objectives; and suitable indicators for monitoring and evaluation against objectives."


id: 64f12c9a384c6d2f03944166b5baa278
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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"(medium confidence). The potential for DACCS (5-40 GtCO2 yr-1) \r\nis limited mainly by requirements for low-carbon energy and by \r\ncost (100-300 (full range: 84-386) USD tCO2\r\n-1). DACCS is currently \r\nat a  medium technology readiness level. EW has the potential \r\nto remove  2-4 (full range: <1 to around 100) GtCO2  yr-1, at costs \r\nranging from 50 to 200 (full range: 24-578) USD tCO2\r\n-1. Ocean-based \r\nmethods have a combined potential to remove 1-100 GtCO2 yr-1 at \r\ncosts of USD40-500 tCO2\r\n-1, but their feasibility is uncertain due to \r\npossible side effects on the marine environment. EW and ocean-based \r\nmethods are currently at a low technology readiness level. {12.3}"


id: ad33b9de9c974474f038807adba008e4
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"All the illustrative mitigation pathways (IMPs) assessed \r\nin this report use land-based biological CDR (primarily \r\nafforestation/reforestation (A/R)) and/or bioenergy with \r\ncarbon capture  and storage (BECCS). Some also include \r\ndirect air CO2 capture and storage (DACCS) (high confidence).\r\nAcross the scenarios limiting warming to 2degC (>67%) or below, \r\ncumulative volumes30 of BECCS reach 328 (168-763) GtCO2, CO2\r\nremoval from AFOLU (mainly A/R) reaches 252 (20-418) GtCO2, \r\nand DACCS reaches 29 (0-339) GtCO2, for the 2020-2100 period. \r\nAnnual volumes in 2050 are 2.75 (0.52-9.45) GtCO2 yr-1 for BECCS, \r\n2.98 (0.23-6.38)  GtCO2  yr -1 for the CO2 removal from AFOLU \r\n(mainly A/R), and 0.02 (0-1.74) GtCO2 yr-1 for DACCS. (Box TS.10) \r\n{12.3, Cross-Chapter Box 8 in Chapter 12} "


id: 638c729c63aeb522840deaf74a21bc4c
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"CDR governance and policymaking can draw on widespread \r\nexperience with emissions reduction measures (high confidence).\r\nAdditionally, to accelerate research, development, and demonstration, \r\nand to incentivise CDR deployment, a political commitment to formal \r\nintegration into existing climate policy frameworks is required, \r\nincluding reliable measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) of \r\ncarbon flows. {12.3.3, 12.4, 12.5}"


id: 3f809519cff48c1d9ccfda2adc4cacf
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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content:
"Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) is necessary to achieve net zero CO2 and GHG emissions both globally and nationally, counterbalancing \r\n'hard-to-abate' residual emissions. CDR is also an essential element of scenarios that limit warming to 1.5degC or below 2degC (>67%) \r\nby 2100, regardless of whether global emissions reach near zero, net zero or net negative levels. While national mitigation portfolios \r\naiming at net zero emissions or lower will need to include some level of CDR, the choice of methods and the scale and timing of \r\ntheir deployment will depend on the achievement of gross emission reductions, and managing multiple sustainability and feasibility \r\nconstraints, including political preferences and social acceptability."


id: 94a1d1486d9b4d78429891249ac4113a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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content:
"CDR refers to anthropogenic activities removing CO2 from the atmosphere and durably storing it in geological, terrestrial, or ocean\r\nreservoirs, or in products. It includes existing and potential anthropogenic enhancement of biological, geochemical or chemical CO2\r\nsinks, but excludes natural CO2 uptake not directly caused by human activities (Annex I). Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) and \r\nCarbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU) applied to fossil CO2 do not count as removal technologies. CCS and CCU can only be part of \r\nCDR methods if the CO2 is biogenic or directly captured from ambient air, and stored durably in geological reservoirs or products. {12.3}"


id: 82509f5bae97a40bef0d5fb1fc1444bd
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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content:
"consistent with policies announced by national governments until 2020 \r\namount to 6.8 GtCO2 for building use and construction, 4.6 GtCO2 for \r\nland transport and 8.0 GtCO2-eq for food demand, and amount to \r\n4.4 GtCO2 for industry. Mitigation strategies can be classified as Avoid\u0002Shift-Improve (ASI) options, that reflect opportunities for socio-cultural, \r\ninfrastructural, and technological change. The greatest Avoid potential \r\ncomes from reducing long-haul aviation and providing short-distance \r\nlow-carbon urban infrastructures. The greatest Shift potential would \r\ncome from switching to plant-based diets. The greatest Improve\r\npotential comes from within the building sector, and in particular \r\nincreased use of energy-efficient end-use technologies and passive \r\nhousing. (Figures TS.20 and TS.21) {5.3.1, 5.3.2, Figures 5.7 and 5.8, \r\nTable 5.1 and Table SM.5.2}"


id: f9e652c040fa700010ffee1db28594d5
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"The assessment of the social science literature and regional case \r\nstudies reveals how social norms, culture, and individual choices \r\ninteract with infrastructure and other structural changes over time. This \r\nprovides new insight into climate change mitigation strategies, and \r\nhow economic and social activity might be organised across sectors to \r\nsupport emission reductions. To enhance well-being, people demand \r\nservices and not primary energy and physical resources per se. Focusing \r\non demand for services and the different social and political roles \r\npeople play broadens the participation in climate action. (Box TS.11)"


id: bc442b9436a18287722d0d9312c38f60
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"Demand-side mitigation and new ways of providing services \r\ncan help Avoid and Shift final service demands and Improve\r\nservice delivery. Rapid and deep changes in demand make it \r\neasier for every sector to reduce GHG emissions in the near \r\nand mid-term (high confidence). {5.2, 5.3}"


id: 9e04ceaf0d00a4366c76ab7ba304a760
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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vector_id: 22388
content:
"Socio-cultural and lifestyle changes can accelerate climate \r\nchange mitigation (medium confidence). Among 60 identified \r\nactions that could change individual consumption, individual mobility \r\nchoices have the largest potential to reduce carbon footprints.\r\nPrioritising car-free mobility by walking and cycling and adoption of \r\nelectric mobility could save 2 tCO2-eq cap-1 yr-1. Other options with \r\nhigh mitigation potential include reducing air travel, cooling setpoint \r\nadjustments, reduced appliance use, shifts to public transit, and shifting \r\nconsumption towards plant-based diets. {5.3.1, 5.3.1.2, Figure 5.8}"


id: e43fb70601f815e93862932f49daf595
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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vector_id: 33389
content:
"The indicative potential of demand-side strategies to reduce \r\nemissions of direct and indirect CO2 and non-CO2 GHG emissions \r\nin three end-use sectors (buildings, land transport, and food) is \r\n40-70% globally by 2050 (high confidence). Technical mitigation \r\npotentials compared to the 2050 emissions projection of two scenarios "


id: 9732f360e9af50e17e463e53a09dc3b1
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"The WGIII contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC (AR6) features a distinct chapter on demand, services and social \r\naspects of mitigation {5}. The scope, theories, and evidence for such an assessment are addressed in Sections 5.1 and 5.4 within \r\nChapter 5 and a Social Science Primer as an Appendix to Chapter 5. "


id: f514e1dd0d979fb0c8c19bd32d15af45
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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"The literature on social science - from sociology, psychology, gender studies and political science for example - and climate change \r\nmitigation is growing rapidly. A bibliometric search of the literature identified 99,065 peer-reviewed academic papers, based on \r\n34 search queries with content relevant to Chapter 5. This literature is expanding by 15% per year, with twice as many publications in \r\nthe AR6 period (2014-2020) as in all previous years. "


id: 4bd65743c35b6036a32d87aed1437a90
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"The models of stakeholders' decisions assessed by IPCC have continuously evolved. From AR1 to AR4, rational choice was the implicit \r\nassumption: agents with perfect information and unlimited processing capacity maximising self-focused expected utility and differing \r\nonly in wealth, risk attitude, and time discount rate. The AR5 introduced a broader range of goals (material, social, and psychological) \r\nand decision processes (calculation-based, affect-based, and rule-based processes). However, its perspective was still individual- and \r\nagency-focused, neglecting structural, cultural, and institutional constraints and the influence of physical and social context."


id: b4bc8475420561ef2a2bb9c0fc51e840
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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"Demand side mitigation is about more than behavioural change. Reconfiguring the way services are provided while simultaneously changing social \r\nnorms and preferences will help reduce emissions and access. Transformation happens through societal, technological and institutional changes. "


id: e4f21cd175110cc6c2ad373001d7e8ac
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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vector_id: 33504
content:
"Low-carbon lifestyle transition can be classified into Avoid, Shift, \r\nand Improve options. Individual potential to reduce emissions is \r\nhighest in mobility systems."


id: 4827d49ec397ae3a82a8c167fe30e031
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"Figure TS.20 | Demand-side strategies for mitigation. Demand-side mitigation is about more than behavioural change and transformation happens through societal, \r\ntechnological and institutional changes. {Figure 5.10, Figure 5.14}"


id: 3bb49dbdabf0ad671fb840e8759d3c36
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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vector_id: 6749
content:
"Demand-side mitigation can be achieved through changes in socio-cultural factors, infrastructure \r\ndesign and use, and end-use technology adoption by 2050."


id: 29eadf08464359ffcf74fb06429a5715
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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content:
"1 The presentation of choices to consumers, and the impact of that presentation on consumer decision-making. "


id: 38e5bcbbf3750c84f2d342abe804418a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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content:
"2 Load management refers to demand-side flexibility that cuts across all sectors and can be achieved through incentive design like time of use pricing/monitoring \r\nby artificial intelligence, diversification of storage facilities, etc."


id: 5027e0b476a5b0b28f46be7ea2db8b94
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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vector_id: 10050
content:
"Alternative service provision systems, for example, those \r\nenabled through digitalisation, sharing economy initiatives \r\nand circular economy initiatives, have to date made \r\na limited contribution to climate change mitigation (medium \r\nconfidence). While digitalisation through specific new products \r\nand applications holds potential for improvement in service-level \r\nefficiencies, without public policies and regulations, it also has \r\nthe potential to increase consumption and energy use. Reducing \r\nthe energy use of data centres, networks, and connected devices \r\nis possible in managing low-carbon digitalisation. Claims on the \r\nbenefits of the circular economy for sustainability and climate \r\nchange mitigation have limited evidence. (Box TS.12, Box TS.14) \r\n{5.3.4, Figures 5.12 and 5.13}"


id: 208097d6a30017379c8268a76a22ca9a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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vector_id: 2562
content:
"Leveraging improvements in end-use service delivery through \r\nbehavioural and technological innovations, and innovations \r\nin market organisation, leads to large reductions in upstream \r\nresource use (high confidence). Analysis of indicative potentials \r\nrange from a  factor 10- to 20-fold improvement in the case of \r\navailable energy (exergy) analysis, with the highest improvement \r\npotentials at the end-user and service-provisioning levels. Realisable \r\nservice level efficiency improvements could reduce upstream energy \r\ndemand by 45% in 2050. (Figure TS.20) {5.3.2, Figure 5.10}"


id: 27037fae59c17044e07c9a9a1def1718
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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vector_id: 3533
content:
"Decent living standards (DLS) and well-being for all (SDG 3) are \r\nachievable if high-efficiency low-demand mitigation pathways \r\nare followed (medium confidence). Minimum requirements of \r\nenergy use consistent with enabling well-being for all is between 20 \r\nand 50 GJ cap-1 yr -1 depending on the context. (Figure TS.22) {5.2.2.1, \r\n5.2.2.2, Box 5.3}"


id: 387069b9aba5f5eef10ba8ddc3a6fdf3
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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vector_id: 6254
content:
"In AR6, the circular economy (CE) concept {Annex I} is highlighted as an increasingly important mitigation approach that can help \r\ndeliver human well-being by minimising waste of energy and resources. While definitions of CE vary, its essence is to shift away from \r\nlinear 'make and dispose' economic models to those that emphasise product longevity, reuse, refurbishment, recycling, and material \r\nefficiency, thereby enabling more circular material systems that reduce embodied energy and emissions. {5.3.4, 8.4, 8.5, 9.5, 11.3.3} "


id: 4ed66799fa696f286af2bfd41bdd017c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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content:
"Whereas IPCC AR4 {WGIII, Chapter 10} included a separate chapter on waste-sector emissions and waste-management practices, \r\nand AR5 {WGIII, Chapter 10} reviewed the importance of 'reduce, reuse, recycle' and related policies, AR6 focuses on how CE can \r\nreduce waste in materials production and consumption by optimising materials' end-use service utility. Specific examples of CE \r\nimplementations, policies, and mitigation potentials are included in Chapters 5, 8, 9, 11 and 12. {5.3, 8.4, 9.5, 11.3, 12.6}"


id: 5bf20e6a2613ad3014805abd312cc1ac
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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content:
"CE is shown to empower new social actors in mitigation actions, given that it relies on the synergistic actions of producers, sellers, \r\nand consumers {11.3.3}. As an energy and resource demand-reduction strategy, it is consistent with high levels of human well-being \r\n{5.3.4.3} and ensures better environmental quality (Figure TS.22) {5.2.1}. It also creates jobs through increased sharing, reuse, \r\nrefurbishment, and recycling activities. Therefore, CE contributes to several SDGs, including clean water and sanitation (SDG 6), \r\naffordable energy and clean energy (SDG 7), decent work and economic growth (SDG 8), responsible production and consumption \r\n(SDG 12) and climate action (SDG 13). {11.5.3.2}"


id: 6ed8a5dce011874e5062412aa296cd8b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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content:
"Emissions savings derive from reduced primary material production and transport. For example, in buildings, lifetime extension, \r\nmaterial efficiency, and reusable components reduce embodied emissions by avoiding demand for structural materials {9.3, 9.5}. \r\nAt regional scales, urban/industrial symbiosis reduce primary material demand through by-product exchange networks {11.3.3}. \r\nCE strategies also exhibit enabling effects, such as material-efficient and circular vehicle designs that also improve fuel economy \r\n{10.2.2.2}. There is growing interest in 'circular bioeconomy' concepts applied to bio-based materials {Box 12.2} and even a 'circular \r\ncarbon economy', wherein carbon captured via CCU {11.3.6} or CDR {3.4.6} is converted into reusable materials, which is especially \r\nrelevant for the transitions of economies dependent on fossil fuel revenue. {12.6}"


id: 3ee8f52c031ced7072a3c3cb1f3a6fcb
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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content:
"While there are many recycling policies, CE-oriented policies for more efficient material use with higher value retention are \r\ncomparatively far fewer; these policy gaps have been attributed to institutional failures, lack of coordination, and lack of strong \r\nadvocates {5.3, 9.5.3.6, Boxes 11.5 and 12.2}. Reviews of mitigation potentials reveal unevenness in the savings of CE applications \r\nand potential risks of rebound effects {5.3}. Therefore, CE policies that identify system determinants maximise potential emissions \r\nreductions, which vary by material, location, and application. "


id: 53fb2192726f1d2531b27424ecf34815
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 10674
content:
"There are knowledge gaps for assessing CE opportunities within mitigation models due to CE's many cross-sectoral linkages and data \r\ngaps related to its nascent state {3.4.4}. Opportunity exists to bridge knowledge from the industrial ecology field, which has historically \r\nstudied CE, to the mitigation modelling community for improved analysis of interventions and policies for AR7. For instance, a global \r\nCE knowledge-sharing platform is helpful for CE performance measurement, reporting and accounting. {5.3, 9.5, 11.7}"


id: a51e578705bf84cf585dd0b6c18719e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
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content:
"emissions. Green defaults, such as automatic enrolment in 'green \r\nenergy' provision, are highly effective. Judicious labelling, framing,\r\nand communication of social norms can also increase the effect of \r\nmandates, subsidies, or taxes. {5.4, 5.4.1, Table 5.3, 5.3}"


id: e75a09e9a0e6dd3b654842b3693a2da4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 33890
content:
"Providing better services with less energy and resource input \r\nhas high technical potential and is consistent with providing \r\nwell-being for all (medium confidence). The assessment of \r\n19  demand-side mitigation options and 18 different constituents \r\nof well-being showed that positive impacts on well-being outweigh \r\nnegative ones by a factor of 11. {5.2, 5.2.3, Figure 5.6}"


id: bc933d6c203fe3e2b958f81c7bb0b1e9
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 27248
content:
"Cultural change, in combination with new or adapted \r\ninfrastructure, is necessary to enable and realise many Avoid\r\nand Shift options (medium confidence). By drawing support from \r\ndiverse actors, narratives of change can enable coalitions to form, \r\nproviding the basis for social movements to campaign in favour of \r\n(or against) societal transformations. People act and contribute to \r\nclimate change mitigation in their diverse capacities as consumers, \r\ncitizens, professionals, role models, investors, and policymakers. \r\n{5.4, 5.5, 5.6}"


id: afc45e179f1daa6c9bbbda19f6939c24
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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vector_id: 25172
content:
"Demand-side mitigation options bring multiple interacting \r\nbenefits (high confidence). Energy services to meet human needs \r\nfor nutrition, shelter, health, and so on, are met in many different ways \r\nwith different emissions implications that depend on local contexts, \r\ncultures, geography, available technologies, and social preferences. \r\nIn the near term, many less-developed countries, and poor people \r\neverywhere, require better access to safe and low-emissions energy \r\nsources to ensure decent living standards and increase energy savings \r\nfrom service improvements by about 20-25%. (Figure  TS.22) \r\n{5.2, 5.4.5, Figures 5.3, 5.4, 5.5 and 5.6, Boxes 5.2 and 5.3}"


id: 46329c69b83ec7343a75a6d63fe571b8
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content:
"Collective action as part of social or lifestyle movements \r\nunderpins system change (high confidence). Collective action \r\nand social organising are crucial to shift the possibility space of public \r\npolicy on climate change mitigation. For example, climate strikes have \r\ngiven voice to youth in more than 180 countries. In other instances, \r\nmitigation policies allow the active participation of all stakeholders, \r\nresulting in building social trust, new coalitions, legitimising change, \r\nand thus initiate a positive cycle in climate governance capacity and \r\npolicies. {5.4.2, Figure 5.14}"


id: 21e6fdf3203fa5617c7fa0844967b1dc
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
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content:
"Granular technologies and decentralised energy end-use, \r\ncharacterised by modularity, small unit sizes and small unit \r\ncosts, diffuse faster into markets and are associated with \r\nfaster technological learning benefits, greater efficiency, \r\nmore opportunities to escape technological lock-in, and \r\ngreater employment (high confidence). Examples include solar \r\nPV systems, batteries, and thermal heat pumps. {5.3, 5.5, 5.5.3} "


id: a327b3891d768e42a82d9cb2fceca0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 23238
content:
"Transition pathways and changes in social norms often start \r\nwith pilot experiments led by dedicated individuals and \r\nniche groups (high confidence). Collectively, such initiatives \r\ncan find entry points to prompt policy, infrastructure, and policy \r\nreconfigurations, supporting the further uptake of technological and \r\nlifestyle innovations. Individuals' agency is central as social change \r\nagents and narrators of meaning. These bottom-up socio-cultural \r\nforces catalyse a  supportive policy environment, which enables \r\nchanges. {5.5.2}"


id: 3909382652d7804272f47ded154d19
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 6344
content:
"Wealthy individuals contribute disproportionately to higher \r\nemissions and have a high potential for emissions reductions \r\nwhile maintaining decent living standards and well-being \r\n(high confidence). Individuals with high socio-economic status \r\nare capable of reducing their GHG emissions by becoming role \r\nmodels of low-carbon lifestyles, investing in low-carbon businesses, \r\nand advocating for stringent climate policies. {5.4.1, 5.4.3, 5.4.4, \r\nFigure 5.14}"


id: fcb647266d371d3746d525b75cbed1d3
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 37270
content:
"Demand-side solutions require both motivation and capacity \r\nfor change (high confidence). Motivation by individuals or \r\nhouseholds worldwide to change energy consumption behaviour \r\nis generally low. Individual behavioural change is insufficient for \r\nclimate change mitigation unless embedded in structural and cultural \r\nchange. Different factors influence individual motivation and capacity \r\nfor change in different demographics and geographies. These factors \r\ngo beyond traditional socio-demographic and economic predictors \r\nand include psychological variables such as awareness, perceived \r\nrisk, subjective and social norms, values, and perceived behavioural \r\ncontrol. Behavioural nudges promote easy behaviour change, for \r\nexample, 'Improve' actions such as making investments in energy \r\nefficiency, but fail to motivate harder lifestyle changes (high \r\nconfidence). {5.4}"


id: 8b87056dca6ee46ba29684bc9bfe56b7
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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vector_id: 19471
content:
"The current effects of climate change, as well as some \r\nmitigation strategies, are threatening the viability of existing \r\nbusiness practices, while some corporate efforts also delay \r\nmitigation action (medium confidence). Policy packages that \r\ninclude job creation programmes can help to preserve social trust, \r\nlivelihoods, respect, and dignity of all workers and employees \r\ninvolved. Business models that protect rent-extracting behaviour \r\nmay sometimes delay political action. Corporate advertisement and \r\nbrand-building strategies may also attempt to deflect corporate \r\nresponsibility to individuals or aim to appropriate climate-care \r\nsentiments in their own brand-building. {5.4.3, 5.6.4}"


id: 82c3b324750c083bb8dc43497119a300
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vector_id: 18097
content:
"Middle actors - professionals, experts, and regulators - play \r\na  crucial, albeit underestimated and underutilised, role in \r\nestablishing low-carbon standards and practices (medium \r\nconfidence). Building managers, landlords, energy-efficiency \r\nadvisers, technology installers, and car dealers influence patterns \r\nof mobility and energy consumption by acting as middle actors or \r\nintermediaries in the provision of building or mobility services and \r\nneed greater capacity and motivation to play this role. (Figure TS.20a) \r\n{5.4.3}"


id: 518c25bd0e2e522d4bcd81d86c228b33
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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vector_id: 10284
content:
"Behavioural interventions, including the way choices are \r\npresented to end users (an intervention practice known as \r\nchoice architecture), work synergistically with price signals, \r\nmaking the combination more effective (medium confidence).\r\nBehavioural interventions through nudges, and alternative ways \r\nof redesigning and motivating decisions, alone provide small to \r\nmedium contributions to reduce energy consumption and GHG "


id: c6c1c100f6cdce507fbc520d92e583f3
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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vector_id: 28844
content:
"Social influencers and thought leaders can increase the \r\nadoption of low-carbon technologies, behaviours, and lifestyles \r\n(high confidence). Preferences are malleable and can align with \r\na cultural shift. The modelling of such shifts by salient and respected \r\ncommunity members can help bring about changes in different \r\nservice provisioning systems. Between 10% and 30% of committed \r\nindividuals are required to set new social norms. {5.2.1, 5.4} "


id: f488a525771cea3cb8ab856b6fd26221
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 35976
content:
"The total emission mitigation potential achievable by the \r\nyear 2030, calculated based on sectoral assessments, is \r\nsufficient to reduce global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions \r\nto half of the current (2019) level or less (high confidence).\r\nThis potential - 31-44 GtCO2-eq - requires the implementation of \r\na  wide range of mitigation options. Options with mitigation costs \r\nlower than USD20 tCO2\r\n-1 make up more than half of this potential \r\nand are available for all sectors. The market benefits of some options \r\nexceed their costs. (Figure TS.23) {12.2, Table 12.3}"


id: d9a5f0c294c5e39da59e7ce512a4b086
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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vector_id: 31756
content:
"Cross-sectoral considerations in mitigation finance are \r\ncritical for the effectiveness of mitigation action as well as \r\nfor balancing the often conflicting social, developmental, and \r\nenvironmental policy goals at the sectoral level (medium \r\nconfidence). True resource mobilisation plans that properly address \r\nmitigation costs and benefits at sectoral level cannot be developed \r\nin isolation of their cross-sectoral implications. There is an urgent \r\nneed for multilateral financing institutions to align their frameworks \r\nand delivery mechanisms, including the use of blended financing to \r\nfacilitate cross-sectoral solutions as opposed to causing competition \r\nfor resources among sectors. {12.6.4}"


id: 6951c4471e2a9acba79fee1bdc3b4b61
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 14169
content:
"Carbon leakage is a  cross-sectoral and cross-country \r\nconsequence of differentiated climate policy (robust evidence, \r\nmedium agreement). Carbon leakage occurs when mitigation \r\nmeasures implemented in one country/sector leads to increased \r\nemissions in other countries/sectors. Global commodity value chains \r\nand associated international transport are important mechanisms \r\nthrough which carbon leakage occurs. Reducing emissions from the \r\nvalue chain and transportation can offer opportunities to mitigate \r\nthree elements of cross-sectoral spillovers and related leakage: \r\n(i) domestic cross-sectoral spillovers within the same country; \r\n(ii) international spillovers within a  single sector resulting from \r\nsubstitution of domestic production of carbon-intensive goods with \r\ntheir imports from abroad; and (iii) international cross-sectoral \r\nspillovers among sectors in different countries. {12.6.3}"


id: 6a7925dc07141ab3e6d18d0077d243ba
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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content:
"Institutions can enable improved governance by coordinating \r\nacross sectors, scales and actors, building consensus for action, \r\nand setting strategies (medium evidence, high agreement).\r\nInstitutions are more stable and effective when they are congruent with \r\nnational contexts, leading to mitigation-focused institutions in some \r\ncountries and the pursuit of multiple objectives in others. Sub-national \r\ninstitutions play a  complementary role to national institutions by \r\ndeveloping locally relevant visions and plans, addressing policy gaps or \r\nlimits in national institutions, building local administrative structures \r\nand convening actors for place-based decarbonisation. {13.2}"


id: 211b4ee88389f654f94c15464ea477dc
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content:
"Chapters 13 to 16 address the enabling conditions that can accelerate \r\nor impede rapid progress on mitigation. Chapters 13 and 14 focus \r\non policy, governance and institutional capacity, and international \r\ncooperation, respectively taking a national and international perspective; \r\nChapter 15 focuses on investment and finance; and Chapter 16 focuses \r\non innovation and technology. The assessment of social aspects of \r\nmitigation draws on material assessed in Chapter 5. "


id: 89e3073de55d8e13cbcdc3596197abcd
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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vector_id: 19222
content:
"Mitigation strategies, instruments and policies that fit with \r\ndominant ideas, values and belief systems within a  country \r\nor within a sector are more easily adopted and implemented \r\n(medium confidence). Ideas, values and beliefs may change over \r\ntime. Policies that bring perceived direct benefits, such as subsidies, \r\nusually receive greater support. The awareness of co-benefits for the \r\npublic increases support of climate policies (high confidence). {13.2, \r\n13.3, 13.4}"


id: e8887058065a16a17e581b09611ab02c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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vector_id: 34092
content:
"Long-term deep emission reductions, including the reduction \r\nof emissions to net zero, is best achieved through institutions \r\nand governance that nurture new mitigation policies, while \r\nat the same time reconsidering existing policies that support \r\nthe continued emission of GHGs (high confidence). To do so \r\neffectively, the scope of climate governance needs to include both \r\ndirect efforts to target GHG emissions and indirect opportunities to \r\ntackle GHG emissions that result from efforts directed towards other \r\npolicy objectives. {13.2, 13.5, 13.6, 13.7, 13.9} "


id: 71d83a92d975100e68c6026962d42368
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 15540
content:
"Climate governance is constrained and enabled by domestic \r\nstructural factors, but it is still possible for actors to make \r\nsubstantial changes (medium evidence, high agreement). Key \r\nstructural factors are domestic material endowments (such as fossil \r\nfuels and land-based resources); domestic political systems; and \r\nprevalent ideas, values and belief systems. Developing Countries \r\nface additional material constraints in climate governance due to \r\ndevelopment challenges and scarce economic or natural resources. \r\nA broad group of actors influence how climate governance develop \r\nover time, including a  range of civic organisations, encompassing \r\nboth pro- and anti-climate action groups. {13.3, 13.4}"


id: e928f686fc2b8bf47e1087821623bc3a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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vector_id: 34201
content:
"Institutions and governance underpin mitigation by providing \r\nthe legal basis for action. This includes setting up implementing \r\norganisations and the frameworks through which diverse \r\nactors interact (medium evidence, high agreement). Institutions \r\ncan create mitigation and sectoral policy instruments; policy packages \r\nfor low-carbon system transition; and economy-wide measures for \r\nsystemic restructuring. {13.2, 13.7, 13.9}"


id: 8eecef664f03009592b4ec0dc2ba1957
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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vector_id: 20018
content:
"Policies have had a  discernible impact on mitigation for \r\nspecific countries, sectors, and technologies (high confidence), \r\navoiding emissions of several GtCO2-eq yr -1 (medium \r\nconfidence). Both market-based and regulatory policies have distinct \r\nbut complementary roles. The share of global GHG emissions subject \r\nto mitigation policy has increased rapidly in recent years, but big gaps \r\nremain in policy coverage, and the stringency of many policies falls \r\nshort of what is needed to achieve the desired mitigation outcomes. \r\n(Box TS.13) {13.6, Cross-Chapter Box 10 in Chapter 14}"


id: ec9cfcb63e9c3cc0af8a9816eba1311d
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content:
"Sub-national actors are important for mitigation because \r\nmunicipalities and regional governments have jurisdiction \r\nover climate-relevant sectors such as land use, waste and \r\nurban policy. They are able to experiment with climate \r\nsolutions and can forge partnerships with the private \r\nsector and internationally to leverage enhanced climate \r\naction (high confidence). More than 10,500 cities and nearly \r\n250 regions representing more than 2 billion people have pledged \r\nlargely voluntary action to reduce emissions. Indirect gains include \r\ninnovation, establishing norms and developing capacity. However, \r\nsub-national actors often lack national support, funding, and \r\ncapacity to mobilise finance and human resources, and create new \r\ninstitutional competences. {13.5}"


id: df81a0203f3b2b9e293edccaba71aad8
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"Climate laws enable mitigation action by signalling the \r\ndirection of travel, setting targets, mainstreaming mitigation \r\ninto sector policies, enhancing regulatory certainty, \r\ncreating law-backed agencies, creating focal points for \r\nsocial mobilisation, and attracting international finance \r\n(medium evidence, high agreement). By 2020, 'direct' climate \r\nlaws primarily focused on GHG reductions were present in \r\n56 countries covering 53% of global emissions (Figure TS.24). More \r\nthan 690  laws, including 'indirect' laws, however, may also have \r\nan  effect on mitigation. Among direct laws, 'framework' laws set \r\nan overarching legal basis for mitigation either by pursuing a target \r\nand implementation approach, or by seeking to mainstream climate \r\nobjectives through sectoral plans and integrative institutions. \r\n(Figure TS.24) {13.2}"


id: 7d99428072c89e06ceee7b6183b66419
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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"Climate litigation is growing and can affect the outcome \r\nand ambition of climate governance (medium evidence, high \r\nagreement). Since 2015, at least 37 systemic cases have been \r\ninitiated against states that challenge the overall effort of a  state \r\nto mitigate or adapt to climate change. If successful, such cases \r\ncan lead to an increase in a  country's overall ambition to tackle \r\nclimate change. Climate litigation has also successfully challenged \r\ngovernments' authorisations of high-emitting projects, setting \r\nprecedents in favour of climate action. Climate litigation against \r\nprivate sector and financial institutions is also on the rise. {13.4}"


id: ff134c831b71e4c8f0b31daaf1a16be
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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content:
"The media shapes the public discourse about climate \r\nmitigation. This can usefully build public support to \r\naccelerate mitigation action but may also be used to impede \r\ndecarbonisation (medium evidence, high agreement). Global \r\nmedia coverage (across a study of 59 countries) has been growing, \r\nfrom about 47,000 articles in 2016-17 to about 87,000 in 2020-21.\r\nGenerally, the media representation of climate science has increased \r\nand become more accurate over time. On occasion, the propagation \r\nof scientifically misleading information by organised counter\u0002movements has fuelled polarisation, with negative implications for \r\nclimate policy. {13.4}"


id: 6942388126f0fcc53bab46888d8767e4
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content:
"Regulatory instruments play an important role in achieving \r\nspecific mitigation outcomes in sectoral applications (high \r\nconfidence). Regulation is effective in particular applications \r\nand often enjoys greater political support, but tends to be more \r\neconomically costly than pricing instruments (robust evidence,\r\nmedium agreement). Flexible forms of regulation (e.g., performance \r\nstandards) have achieved aggregate goals for renewable energy \r\ngeneration, vehicle efficiency and fuel standards, and energy efficiency \r\nin buildings and industry. Infrastructure investment decisions are \r\nsignificant for mitigation because they lock-in high- or low-emissions \r\ntrajectories over long periods. Information and voluntary programs \r\ncan contribute to overall mitigation outcomes (medium evidence,\r\nhigh agreement). Designing for overlap and interactions among \r\nmitigation policies enhances their effectiveness. {13.6}"


id: 408187fbbe82f374ea5dec7fd44c1037
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content:
"Explicit attention to equity and justice is salient to both social \r\nacceptance and fair and effective policymaking for mitigation \r\n(high confidence). Distributional implications of alternative climate \r\npolicy choices can be usefully evaluated at city, local and national \r\nscales as an input to policymaking. It is anticipated that institutions \r\nand governance frameworks that enable consideration of justice and \r\nJust Transitions can build broader support for climate policymaking.\r\n{13.2, 13.6, 13.8, 13.9}"


id: 755facedf2bb990cee0385935c7bb6d6
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content:
"National mitigation policies interact internationally with \r\neffects that both support and hinder mitigation action \r\n(medium evidence, high agreement). Reductions in demand for \r\nfossil fuels tend to negatively affect fossil fuel-exporting countries. \r\nCreation of markets for emission reduction credits tends to benefit \r\ncountries able to supply credits. Policies to support technology \r\ndevelopment and diffusion tend to have positive spillover effects.\r\nThere is no consistent evidence of significant emissions leakage or \r\ncompetitiveness effects between countries, including for emissions\u0002intensive trade-exposed industries covered by emission-trading \r\nsystems (medium confidence). {13.6}"


id: 8053ad8aa51d3690ec03deb238f97144
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content:
"Carbon pricing is effective in promoting implementation of low\u0002cost emissions reductions (high confidence). While the coverage \r\nof emissions trading and carbon taxes has risen to over 20 percent \r\nof global CO2 emissions, both coverage and price are lower than is \r\nneeded for deep reductions. Market mechanisms ideally are designed \r\nto be effective as well as efficient, balance distributional goals and find \r\nsocial acceptance. Practical experience has driven progress in market \r\nmechanism design, especially of emissions trading schemes. Carbon \r\npricing is limited in its effect on adoption of higher-cost mitigation \r\noptions, and where decisions are often not sensitive to price incentives, \r\nsuch as in energy efficiency, urban planning, and infrastructure (robust \r\nevidence, medium agreement). Subsidies have been used to improve \r\nenergy efficiency, encourage the uptake of renewable energy and other \r\nsector-specific emissions-saving options. {13.6}"


id: bdc401ca66d8da373aa2df651536679e
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"Policy packages are better able to support socio-technical \r\ntransitions and shifts in development pathways toward \r\nlow-carbon futures than are individual policies (high \r\nconfidence). For best effect, they need to be harnessed to a clear \r\nvision for change and designed with attention to local governance \r\ncontext. Comprehensiveness in coverage, coherence to ensure \r\ncomplementarity, and consistency of policies with the overarching \r\nvision and its objectives are important design criteria. Integration \r\nacross objectives occurs when a policy package is informed by a clear \r\nproblem framing and identification of the full range of relevant policy \r\nsubsystems. The climate policy landscape is outlined in Table TS.8, \r\nwhich maps framings of desired national policy outcomes to \r\npolicymaking approaches. {13.7, Figure 13.6}"


id: 19c076c20d8235a244b58a4842076fdb
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content:
"Carbon pricing is most effective if revenues are redistributed \r\nor used impartially (high confidence). A carbon levy earmarked \r\nfor green infrastructures or saliently returned to taxpayers \r\ncorresponding to widely accepted notions of fairness increases the \r\npolitical acceptability of carbon pricing. {5.6, Box 5.11} "


id: bfe3f764e724fbad95ea4ec271406cfc
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content:
"Removing fossil fuel subsidies would reduce emissions, \r\nimprove public revenue and macroeconomic performance, \r\nand yield other environmental and sustainable development \r\nbenefits. Subsidy removal may have adverse distributional impacts \r\nespecially on the most economically vulnerable groups which, in \r\nsome cases can be mitigated by measures such as redistributing \r\nrevenue saved, all of which depend on national circumstances (high \r\nconfidence); fossil fuel subsidy removal is projected by various studies \r\n(using alternative methodologies) to reduce global CO2 emissions by \r\n1-4%, and GHG emissions by up to 10% by 2030, varying across \r\nregions (medium confidence). {6.3, 13.6} {13.6}"


id: 4009427cdce9d5692d4e180a5fe395ec
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content:
"Economy-wide packages, including economic-stimulus \r\npackages, can contribute to shifting sustainable development \r\npathways and achieving net zero outcomes whilst meeting short\u0002term economic goals (medium evidence, high agreement). The \r\n2008-9 global recession showed that policies for sustained economic \r\nrecovery go beyond short-term fiscal stimulus to include long-term \r\ncommitments of public spending on the low-carbon economy, pricing \r\nreform, addressing affordability, and minimising distributional impacts. \r\nCOVID-19 spurred stimulus packages and multi-objective recovery \r\npolicies may also have potential to meet short-term economic goals \r\nwhile enabling longer-term sustainability goals. (Table TS.8) {13.9}"


id: e9e89d79098df30148a52fc8d257874f
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content:
"The co-benefits and trade-offs of integrating adaptation and \r\nmitigation are most usefully identified and assessed prior \r\nto policymaking rather than being accidentally discovered \r\n(high confidence). This requires strengthening relevant national \r\ninstitutions to reduce silos and overlaps, increasing knowledge \r\nexchange at the country and regional levels, and supporting \r\nengagement with bilateral and multilateral funding partners. Local \r\ngovernments are well placed to develop policies that generate social \r\nand environmental co-benefits but to do so require legal backing and \r\nadequate capacity and resources. {13.8}"


id: c0044030c9d6102783f934778595bc5f
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content:
"Table TS.9 | Case studies of integrated policymaking for sectoral transitions. Real-world sectoral transitions reinforce critical lessons on policy integration: a high-level \r\nstrategic goal (column A), the need for a clear sectoral outcome framing (column B), a carefully coordinated mix of policy instruments and governance actions (column C), \r\nand the importance of context-specific governance factors (column D). Illustrative examples, drawn from sectors, help elucidate the complexity of policymaking in driving \r\nsectoral transitions. {Cross-Chapter Box 9 in Chapter 13, Table 1}"


id: 496a2e5532d527104aada65d8f3a92c0
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"Policy attribution examines the extent to which GHG emission reductions, the proximate drivers of emissions, and the deployment of \r\ntechnologies that reduce emissions may be reasonably attributed to policies implemented prior to the observed changes. Such policies \r\ninclude regulatory instruments such as energy-efficiency programmes or technical standards and codes, carbon pricing, financial \r\nsupport for low-carbon energy technologies and efficiency, voluntary agreements, and regulation of land-use practices."


id: 31415fa1e0bb6568e5ba9176ff47076c
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"The vast majority of literature reviewed for this report examines the effect of particular instruments in particular contexts {13.6, 14.3, \r\n16.4}, and only a small number directly or plausibly infer global impacts of policies. Policies also differ in design, scope, and stringency, \r\nmay change over time as they require amendments or new laws, and often partially overlap with other instruments. These factors \r\ncomplicate analysis, because they give rise to the potential for double counting emissions reductions that have been observed. These \r\nlines of evidence on the impact of polices include: "


id: 542f4603a29bda34a5c5773c4e930d6f
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content:
"As illustrated in Box TS.13, Figure 1, these multiple lines of evidence point to policies having had a discernible impact on mitigation for \r\nspecific countries, sectors, and technologies (high confidence), avoiding emissions of several GtCO2-eq yr -1 globally (medium confidence)."


id: de612d0fc1515f3db46c8d1421b42277
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content:
"Box TS.13, Table 1 | The effects of policy on GHG emissions, drivers of emissions, and technology deployment."


id: 75ba19b10b635f03e8c02b29201491a8
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"Note: statements describe the effects of policies across those countries where policies are in place. Unless otherwise noted, all findings are of high confidence."


id: 666a3e56db179880d8319629138d6482
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"International cooperation is having positive and measurable \r\nresults (high confidence). The Kyoto Protocol led to measurable and \r\nsubstantial avoided emissions, including in 20 countries with Kyoto \r\nfirst-commitment period targets that have experienced a decade of \r\ndeclining absolute emissions. It also built national capacity for GHG \r\naccounting, catalysed the creation of GHG markets, and increased \r\ninvestments in low-carbon technologies. Other international \r\nagreements and institutions have led to avoided CO2 emissions from \r\nland-use practices, as well as avoided emissions of some non-CO2 \r\ngreenhouse gases (medium confidence). {14.3, 14.5, 14.6}"


id: 4c3ecf73af9a13501982ada2bf758554
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"New forms of international cooperation have emerged since \r\nAR5 in line with an evolving understanding of effective \r\nmitigation policies, processes, and institutions. Both new and \r\npre-existing forms of cooperation are vital for achieving climate \r\nmitigation goals in the context of sustainable development (high \r\nconfidence). While previous IPCC assessments have noted important \r\nsynergies between the outcomes of climate mitigation and achieving \r\nsustainable development objectives, there now appear to be synergies \r\nbetween the two processes themselves (medium confidence). Since \r\nAR5, international cooperation has shifted towards facilitating national\u0002level mitigation action through numerous channels, including though \r\nprocesses established under the UNFCCC regime and through regional \r\nand sectoral agreements and organisations. {14.2, 14.3, 14.5, 14.6}"


id: 6d4337e64f57e7c880fc2293ef4af4fb
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"Participation in international agreements and transboundary \r\nnetworks is associated with the adoption of climate policies \r\nat the national and sub-national levels, as well as by non-state \r\nactors (high confidence). International cooperation helps countries \r\nachieve long-term mitigation targets when it supports development \r\nand diffusion of low-carbon technologies, often at the level of \r\nindividual sectors, which can simultaneously lead to significant \r\nbenefits in the areas of sustainable development and equity (medium \r\nconfidence). {14.2, 14.3, 14.5, 14.6}"


id: 1a0b8aa42fceda29f3fff07beaff2523
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content:
"International cooperation will need to be strengthened in several \r\nkey respects in order to support mitigation action consistent \r\nwith limiting temperature rise to well below 2degC in the context \r\nof sustainable development and equity (high confidence).\r\nMany developing countries' NDCs have components or additional \r\nactions that are conditional on receiving assistance with respect to \r\nfinance, technology development and transfer, and capacity-building, \r\ngreater than what has been provided to date. Sectoral and sub-global \r\ncooperation is providing critical support, and yet there is room for \r\nfurther progress. In some cases, notably with respect to aviation and \r\nshipping, sectoral agreements have adopted climate mitigation goals \r\nthat fall far short of what would be required to achieve the long-term "


id: 474ba800b2d7c72b51f1255622cd6642
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"temperature goal of the Paris Agreement. Moreover, there are cases \r\nwhere international cooperation may be hindering mitigation efforts, \r\nnamely evidence that trade and investment agreements, as well as \r\nagreements within the energy sector, impede national mitigation \r\nefforts (medium confidence). International cooperation is emerging but \r\nso far fails to fully address transboundary issues associated with solar \r\nradiation modification (SRM) and carbon dioxide removal (CDR). {14.2, \r\n14.3, 14.4, 14.5, 14.6, Cross-Working Group Box 4 in Chapter 14}"


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"Complementarity in policies helps in the design of an optimal \r\ndemand-side policy mix (medium confidence). In the case of \r\nenergy efficiency, for example, this may involve CO2 pricing, standards \r\nand norms, and information feedback. {5.3, 5.4, 5.6}"


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content:
"Social equity reinforces capacity and motivation for mitigating \r\nclimate change (medium confidence). Impartial governance \r\nsuch as fair treatment by law-and-order institutions, fair treatment \r\nby gender, and income equity, increases social trust, thus enabling \r\ndemand-side climate policies. High-status (often high-carbon) item \r\nconsumption may be reduced by taxing absolute wealth without \r\ncompromising well-being. {5.2, 5.4.2, 5.6}"


id: 7a141ffad114accc7e553bfb445cf797
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"Policies that increase the political access and participation \r\nof women, racialised, and marginalised groups, increase the \r\ndemocratic impetus for climate action (high confidence).\r\nIncluding more differently situated knowledge and diverse perspectives \r\nmakes climate mitigation policies more effective. {5.2, 5.6}"


id: cb7a08ce840bf3db451cc0aede991ea0
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"Greater contextualisation and granularity in policy approaches \r\nbetter addresses the challenges of rapid transitions towards \r\nzero-carbon systems (high confidence). Larger systems take \r\nmore time to evolve, grow, and change compared to smaller ones.\r\nCreating and scaling up entirely new systems takes longer than \r\nreplacing existing technologies and practices. Late adopters tend to \r\nadopt faster than early pioneers. Obstacles and feasibility barriers \r\nare high in the early transition phases. Barriers decrease as a result \r\nof technical and social learning processes, network building, scale \r\neconomies, cultural debates, and institutional adjustments. {5.5, 5.6}"


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"Mitigation policies that integrate and communicate with the \r\nvalues people hold are more successful (high confidence).\r\nValues differ between cultures. Measures that support autonomy, \r\nenergy security and safety, equity and environmental protection, \r\nand fairness resonate well in many communities and social groups. \r\nChanging from a  commercialised, individualised, entrepreneurial \r\ntraining model to an education cognisant of planetary health \r\nand human well-being can accelerate climate change awareness \r\nand action. {5.4.1, 5.4.2}"


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"Changes in consumption choices that are supported by structural \r\nchanges and political action enable the uptake of low-carbon \r\nchoices (high confidence). Policy instruments applied in coordination \r\ncan help to accelerate change in a consistent desired direction. Targeted \r\ntechnological change, regulation, and public policy can help in steering \r\ndigitalisation, the sharing economy, and circular economy towards \r\nclimate change mitigation. (Boxes TS.12 and TS.14) {5.3, 5.6}"


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"Progress on the alignment of financial flows with low-GHG \r\nemissions pathways remains slow. There is a climate financing "


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"(high confidence). Estimates of climate finance flows32 exhibit highly \r\ndivergent patterns across regions and sectors and a slowing growth \r\n{15.3}. When the perceived risks are too high, the misallocation of \r\nabundant savings persists and investors refrain from investing in \r\ninfrastructure and industry in search of safer financial assets, even \r\nearning low or negative real returns (high confidence). {15.2, 15.3}"


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"gap which reflects a persistent misallocation of global capital \r\n(high confidence) {15.2, 15.3}. Persistently high levels of both \r\npublic and private fossil fuel-related financing continue to be of \r\nmajor concern despite promising recent commitments. This reflects \r\npolicy misalignment, the current perceived risk-return profile of \r\nfossil fuel-related investments, and political economy constraints "


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"Given the multiple sources and lack of harmonised methodologies, the data can only be indicative of the size and pattern of investment gaps. The gap between most recent \r\nflows and required investments is only a single indicator. A more comprehensive (and qualitative) assessment is required in order to understand the magnitude of the challenge \r\nof scaling up investment in sectors and regions. The analysis also does not consider the effects of misaligned flows. {15.3, 15.4, 15.5, Table 15.2, Table 15.3, Table 15.4}"


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"is investors' preference for scalable and identifiable low-carbon \r\ninvestment opportunities. These relatively new labelled financial \r\nproducts will help by allowing a smooth integration into existing asset \r\nallocation models (high confidence). Green bond markets and markets \r\nfor sustainable finance products have also increased significantly \r\nsince AR5, but challenges nevertheless remain, in particular, there are \r\nconcerns about 'greenwashing' and the limited application of these \r\nmarkets to developing countries (high confidence). {15.6.2, 15.6.6}"


id: e5f062f7ee7e380e698610f1b2a010de
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content:
"The relatively slow implementation of commitments by countries \r\nand stakeholders in the financial sector to scale up climate finance \r\nreflects neither the urgent need for ambitious climate action, \r\nnor the economic rationale for ambitious climate action (high \r\nconfidence). Delayed climate investments and financing - and limited \r\nalignment of investment activity with the Paris Agreement - will result \r\nin significant carbon lock-ins, stranded assets, and other additional \r\ncosts. This will particularly impact urban infrastructure and the energy \r\nand transport sectors (high confidence). A common understanding \r\nof debt sustainability and debt transparency, including negative \r\nimplications of deferred climate investments on future GDP, and how \r\nstranded assets and resources may be compensated, has not yet been \r\ndeveloped (medium confidence). {15.6}"


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"There is a  mismatch between capital availability in the \r\ndeveloped world and the future emissions expected in \r\ndeveloping countries (high confidence). This emphasises the \r\nneed to recognise the explicit and positive social value of global \r\ncross-border mitigation financing. A significant push for international \r\nclimate finance access for vulnerable and poor countries is particularly \r\nimportant given these countries' high costs of financing, debt stress \r\nand the impacts of ongoing climate change (high confidence). {15.2, \r\n15.3.2.3, 15.5.2, 15.6.1, 15.6.7}"


id: 3e684188c4ff5a38775430d22317b98c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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vector_id: 7192
content:
"Innovative financing approaches could help reduce the \r\nsystemic under-pricing of climate risk in markets and foster \r\ndemand for investment opportunities aligned with the Paris \r\nAgreement goals. Approaches include de-risking investments, \r\nrobust 'green' labelling and disclosure schemes, in addition \r\nto a  regulatory focus on transparency and reforming \r\ninternational monetary system financial sector regulations \r\n(medium confidence). Green bond markets and markets for \r\nsustainable finance products have grown significantly since AR5 \r\nand the landscape continues to evolve. Underpinning this evolution "


id: 20fd5958573c59a0244a8f6337df8a6a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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vector_id: 2626
content:
"The greater the urgency of action to remain on a  1.5degC \r\npathway, the greater need for parallel investment decisions \r\nin upstream and downstream parts of the value chain (high \r\nconfidence). Greater urgency also reduces the lead times to build \r\ntrust in regulatory frameworks. Consequently, many investment \r\ndecisions will need to be made based on the long-term global \r\ngoals. This highlights the importance of trust in political leadership \r\nwhich, in turn, affects risk perception and ultimately financing costs \r\n(high confidence). {15.6.1, 15.6.2}"


id: 5bc83025484d524dca411916b0d9c481
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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vector_id: 11954
content:
"Accelerated international cooperation on finance is a critical \r\nenabler of a  low-carbon and Just Transition (very high \r\nconfidence). Scaled-up public grants for adaptation and mitigation, \r\nand funding for low-income and vulnerable regions, especially in \r\nSub-Saharan Africa, may have the highest returns. Key options include: \r\nincreased public finance flows from developed to developing countries \r\nbeyond USD100 billion a year; shifting from a direct lending modality \r\ntowards public guarantees to reduce risks and greatly leverage private \r\nflows at lower cost; local capital markets development; and, changing \r\nthe enabling operational definitions. A coordinated effort to green \r\nthe post-pandemic recovery is also essential in countries facing much \r\nhigher debt costs (high confidence). {15.2, 15.6}"


id: 8a50dde72583eaa8884194b2dc1c784b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 19298
content:
"A systemic view of innovation to direct and organise the \r\nprocesses has grown over the last decade. This systemic view \r\nof innovation takes into account the role of actors, institutions, \r\nand their interactions, and can inform how innovation systems \r\nthat vary across technologies, sectors and countries, can be \r\nstrengthened (high confidence) {16.2, 16.3, 16.5}. Where \r\na systemic view of innovation has been taken, it has enabled the \r\ndevelopment and implementation of indicators that are better able \r\nto provide insights in innovation processes. This, in turn, has enabled \r\nthe analysis and strengthening of innovation systems. Traditional \r\nquantitative innovation indicators mainly include R&D investments \r\nand patents. Figure TS.26 illustrates that energy-related research, \r\ndevelopment and demonstration (RD&D) has risen slowly in the last "


id: 49278b942c9e581929b4a5d0dca5be32
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
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vector_id: 8898
content:
"Innovation in climate mitigation technologies has seen \r\nenormous activity and significant progress in recent years. \r\nInnovation has also led to, and exacerbated, trade-offs in \r\nrelation to sustainable development. Innovation can leverage "


id: 4517566b4fcf05ace2a75600e89b7b57
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
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vector_id: 8293
content:
"Figure TS.27 | Technology innovation process and the (illustrative) roles of different public policy instruments (on the right-hand side). {Figure 16.1} Note \r\nthat demand-pull instruments in the regulatory instrument category, for instance, can also shape the early stages of the innovation process. Their position in the latter stages is \r\nhighlighted in this figure because typically these instruments have been introduced in latter stages of the development of the technology. {16.4.4}"


id: 1fd5c4f222c42049f8be16d7adc366a1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 2444
content:
"trading schemes, taxes and renewable portfolio standards, vary \r\nfrom negligible to positive for climate change mitigation. Some \r\nspecific designs of environmental taxation can also result in negative \r\ndistributional outcomes {16.4.4}. Most of the available literature and \r\nevidence on innovation systems come from industrialised countries \r\nand larger developing countries. However, there is a growing body \r\nof evidence from developing countries and Small Island Developing \r\nStates (SIDS). {16.4, 16.5, 16.7}"


id: 44b3f5fdc9868c7826497d784ec2bd82
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 8233
content:
"two decades, and that there has been a reorientation of the portfolio \r\nof funded energy technologies. Systemic indicators of innovation, \r\nhowever, go well beyond these approaches. They include structural \r\ninnovation system elements including actors and networks, as well \r\nas indicators for how innovation systems function, such as access \r\nto finance, employment in relevant sectors, and lobbying activities \r\n{16.3.4, Table  16.7}. For example, in Latin America, monitoring \r\nsystemic innovation indicators for the effectiveness of agroecological \r\nmitigation approaches has provided insights on the appropriateness \r\nand social alignment of new technologies and practices {Box 16.5}. \r\nClimate-energy-economy models, including integrated assessment \r\nmodels (IAMs), generally employ a  stylised and necessarily \r\nincomplete view of innovation, and have yet to incorporate a systemic \r\nrepresentation of innovation systems. {16.2.4, Box 16.1}"


id: fa0d1bce7b5554b6552340eb4c3fabe1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 36853
content:
"control and benefit from existing technologies, and governance \r\nstructures that continue to reproduce unsustainable patterns of \r\nproduction and consumption (medium confidence). Studies also \r\nhighlight the potential of cultural factors to strongly influence the \r\npace and direction of technological change. Sustainable solutions \r\nrequire adoption and mainstreaming of locally novel technologies \r\nthat can meet local needs, and simultaneously address the SDGs. \r\nAcknowledging the systemic nature of technological innovation  - \r\nwhich involve many levels of actors, stages of innovation and \r\nscales - can lead to new opportunities to shift development pathways \r\ntowards sustainability. {16.4, 16.5, 16.6}"


id: 791cd0d3a16ad0a831e4b5bd3a8090b2
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 16617
content:
"Consistent with innovation system approaches, the sharing \r\nof knowledge and experiences between developed and \r\ndeveloping countries can contribute to addressing global \r\nclimate and the SDGs. The effectiveness of such international \r\ncooperation arrangements, however, depends on the way \r\nthey are developed and implemented (high confidence). The \r\neffectiveness and sustainable development benefits of technology \r\nsharing under market conditions appears to be determined \r\nprimarily by the complexity of technologies, local capabilities and \r\nthe policy regime. This suggests that the development of planning \r\nand innovation capabilities remains necessary, especially in Least\u0002Developed Countries (LDCs) and SIDS. International diffusion of \r\nlow-emission technologies is also facilitated by knowledge spillovers \r\nfrom regions engaged in clean R&D (medium confidence). {16.2} "


id: b12f23bbef81cdaf71ca7acad6cc67f8
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 25377
content:
"The evidence on the role of intellectual property rights (IPR) \r\nin innovation is mixed. Some literature suggests that it is \r\na  barrier while other sources suggests that it is an enabler \r\nto the diffusion of climate-related technologies (medium \r\nconfidence). There is agreement that countries with well-developed \r\ninstitutional capacity may benefit from a strengthened IPR regime, \r\nbut that countries with limited capabilities might face greater \r\nbarriers to innovation as a consequence. This enhances the continued \r\nneed for capacity-building. Ideas to improve the alignment of the \r\nglobal IPR regime and addressing climate change include specific \r\narrangements for LDCs, case-by-case decision-making and patent\u0002pooling institutions. {16.2.3, 16.5, Box 16.10} "


id: 94d79b96c625606db0d958b100968af2
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 20929
content:
"Countries are exposed to sustainable development challenges \r\nin parallel with the challenges that relate to climate change. \r\nAddressing both sets of challenges simultaneously presents \r\nmultiple and recurrent obstacles that systemic approaches \r\nto technological change could help resolve, provided they \r\nare well managed (high confidence). Obstacles include both \r\nentrenched power relations dominated by vested interests that "


id: 6636b4ef71176cd45ab4a08ef8be6c5c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 13673
content:
"Digital technologies can promote large increases in energy efficiency through coordination and an economic shift to services, but they \r\ncan also greatly increase energy demand because of the energy used in digital devices (high confidence). {Cross-Chapter Box 11 in \r\nChapter 16, 16.2}"


id: f4ec200039f69bf22ecb176cf35ef86e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 36040
content:
"Digital devices, including servers, increase pressure on the environment due to the demand for rare metals and end-of-life disposal. The \r\nabsence of adequate governance in many countries can lead to harsh working conditions and unregulated disposal of electronic waste. \r\nDigitalisation also affects firms' competitiveness, the demand for skills, and the distribution of, and access to resources. The existing \r\ndigital divide, especially in developing countries, and the lack of appropriate governance of the digital revolution can hamper the role \r\nthat digitalisation could play in supporting the achievement of stringent mitigation targets. At present, the understanding of both the \r\ndirect and indirect impacts of digitalisation on energy use, carbon emissions and potential mitigation is limited (medium confidence). "


id: 12b1059afab93a04b87227e8a7ad6404
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 441
content:
"Digital technologies have the potential to reduce energy demand in all end-use sectors through steep improvements in energy \r\nefficiency. This includes material input savings and increased coordination as they allow the use of fewer inputs to perform a given \r\ntask. Smart appliances and energy management, supported by choice architectures, economic incentives and social norms, effectively \r\nreduce energy demand and associated GHG emissions by 5-10% while maintaining equal service levels. Data centres can also play \r\na role in energy-system management, for example by waste-heat utilisation where district heat systems are close by; temporal and \r\nspatial scheduling of electricity demand can provide about 6% of the total potential demand response. {5.5, Cross-Chapter Box 11, \r\nTable 1 in Chapter 16}"


id: ce204f6f18bc640a3049e78c7ef399ea
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 29944
content:
"Digital technologies, analytics and connectivity consume large amounts of energy, implying higher direct energy demand and related \r\ncarbon emissions. Global energy demand from digital appliances reached 7.14 EJ in 2018. The demand for computing services increased \r\nby 550% between 2010 and 2018 and is now estimated at 1% of global electricity consumption. Due to efficiency improvements, the \r\nassociated energy demand increased only modestly, by about 6% from 2000 to 2018. {Box 9.5}"


id: f63246803ecae8e0c53c7000c99dcaf5
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 36242
content:
"System-wide effects endanger energy and GHG-emission savings. Rising demand can diminish energy savings, and also produce \r\nrun-away effects associated with additional consumption and GHG emissions if left unregulated. Savings are varied in smart and \r\nshared mobility systems, as ride-hailing increases GHG emissions due to deadheading, whereas shared pooled mobility and shared \r\ncycling reduce GHG emissions, as occupancy levels and/or weight per person kilometre transported improve. Systemic effects have \r\nwider boundaries of analysis and are more difficult to quantify and investigate but are nonetheless very relevant. Systemic effects \r\ntend to have negative impacts, but policies and adequate infrastructures and choice architectures can help manage and contain these. \r\n{5.3, 5.4, 5.6}"


id: b8e77e52a0db7d2da987962c1a6fb0cb
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 26620
content:
"policies and investments, for example, in the areas of healthy \r\nnutrition, sustainable consumption and production, and international \r\ncollaboration, can support climate change mitigation policies and \r\nresolve or alleviate trade-offs. Trade-offs can also be addressed by \r\ncomplementary policies and investments, as well as through the \r\ndesign of cross-sectoral policies integrating mitigation with the SDGs, \r\nand in particular: good health and well-being (SDG 3), zero hunger \r\nand nutrition (SDG 2), responsible consumption and production \r\n(SDG 12), reduced inequalities (SDG 10), and life on land (SDG 15).\r\n(Figures TS.29 and TS.30) {3.7}"


id: 88236b6e2a981ea6d779ea98f3320401
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 18941
content:
"Accelerating climate mitigation in the context of sustainable \r\ndevelopment  involves not only expediting the pace of change but \r\nalso addressing the underlying drivers of vulnerability and emissions. \r\nAddressing these drivers can enable diverse communities, sectors, \r\nstakeholders, regions and cultures to participate in just, equitable and \r\ninclusive processes that improve the health and well-being of people \r\nand the planet. Looking at climate change from a justice perspective \r\nalso means placing the emphasis on: (i) the protection of vulnerable \r\npopulations from the impacts of climate change, (ii) mitigating \r\nthe  effects of low-carbon transformations, and (iii)  ensuring an \r\nequitable decarbonised world (high confidence). {17.1}"


id: 89a6120d68d6a6611b41e4033a07aa01
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 19190
content:
"Decent living standards, which encompasses many SDG \r\ndimensions, are achievable at lower energy use than \r\npreviously thought (high confidence). Mitigation strategies \r\nthat focus on lowering demand for energy and land-based \r\nresources exhibit reduced trade-offs and negative consequences for \r\nsustainable development relative to pathways involving either high \r\nemissions and climate impacts or pathways with high consumption \r\nand emissions that are ultimately compensated by large quantities \r\nof BECCS. Figure  TS.30 illustrates how, in the case of pathways \r\nlimiting warming to 1.5degC (>67%), sustainable development policies \r\ncan lead to overall benefits compared to mitigation policies alone. \r\n(Figures TS.22 and TS.30) {3.7, 5.2}"


id: 260a0d893d0e59920bc742e321b6757
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 3404
content:
"The timing of mitigation actions and their effectiveness \r\nwill have significant consequences for broader sustainable \r\ndevelopment outcomes in the longer term (high confidence).\r\nAmbitious mitigation can be considered a precondition for achieving \r\nthe SDGs. {3.7}"


id: 41017d25a42af515b0b47209d93275d1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 7621
content:
"The beneficial and adverse impacts of deploying climate\u0002change mitigation and adaptation responses are highly \r\ncontext-specific and scale-dependent. There are synergies \r\nand trade-offs between adaptation and mitigation as well \r\nas synergies and trade-offs with sustainable development \r\n(high confidence). Strong links also exist between sustainable \r\ndevelopment, vulnerability and climate risks, as limited economic, \r\nsocial and institutional resources often result in low adaptive \r\ncapacities and high vulnerability, especially in developing countries. \r\nResource limitations in these countries can similarly weaken the \r\ncapacity for climate mitigation and adaptation. The move towards \r\nclimate-resilient societies requires transformational or deep systemic \r\nchange. This has important implications for countries' sustainable \r\ndevelopment pathways (medium evidence, high agreement).\r\n(Box TS.3, Figure TS.29) {4.5, Figure 4.9, 17.3.3}"


id: dabf9cb03464ca975a56c69ff4872a05
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 31943
content:
"Many of the potential trade-offs between mitigation and \r\nother sustainable development outcomes depend on policy \r\ndesign and can be compensated or avoided with additional \r\npolicies and investments, or through policies that integrate \r\nmitigation with other SDGs (high confidence). Targeted SDG "


id: 2c1cd3b7109668e25fa2bd0d7404c3be
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:29
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 4372
content:
"Figure TS.29 | Mitigation options have synergies with many Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), but there are trade-offs associated with some \r\noptions especially when implemented at scale."


