# document

id: 128e02e38065ccf4163c24a3172e94f1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
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content:
"A comprehensive study of these effects distinguishes among \r\n'... anticipated-intended, anticipated-unintended, and unanticipated\u0002unintended consequences' (Tonn and Stiefel 2019). Theoretical and \r\nempirical studies have demonstrated that unintended consequences \r\nare typical of complex adaptive systems, and while a  few are \r\npredictable, a  much larger number are not (Sadras 2020). Even \r\nwhen unintended consequences are unanticipated, they can be \r\nprevented through actor responses, for instance, rebound effects \r\nfollowing the introduction of energy-efficient technologies. Other \r\nexamples of unintended consequences include worse-than-expected \r\nphysical damage to infrastructure and resistance from communities \r\nin the rapidly growing ocean renewable energy sector (Quirapas and "


id: 64a8b4ddffdc94fe0fcc053cbab65197
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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content:
"relations based on clientelism and patronage, and no independent \r\njudiciary (Jasanoff 2018), although in particular contexts, non-elites \r\nmanage to exert influence (Moldalieva and Heathershaw 2020). \r\nThe dominance of incumbents, however, implies that sustainable \r\ntechnological transitions could be achieved without yielding any \r\nsocial and democratic benefits (Hansen et al. 2018). In the cultural \r\ndomain, a  recurrent policy challenge that has been observed in \r\nmost countries is the limited public support for development and \r\ndeployment of low-carbon technologies (Bernauer and McGrath \r\n2016). The conventional approach to mobilising such support has \r\nbeen to portray technological change as a  means of minimising \r\nclimate change. Empirical studies show that simply reframing climate \r\npolicy is highly unlikely to build and sustain public support (Bernauer \r\nand McGrath 2016)."


id: 134bfd4d402b23cee2a16b8a66126bda
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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"economic and welfare benefits from rapid technological change \r\n(UNCTAD 2019). The adoption of consumer information and \r\ncommunication technology (ICT) (Baller et al. 2016) or renewable \r\nenergy technology (Lema et al. 2021) cannot bring least-developed \r\neconomies close to the technological frontier without appropriate \r\ntechnological capabilities in other sectors, and an enabling innovation \r\nsystem (Ockwell and Mallett 2012; Sagar and Majumdar 2014; \r\nOckwell et al. 2018; UNCTAD 2019; Malhotra et al. 2021; Vasconcellos \r\nand Caiado Couto 2021). It has been argued widely that both hard \r\nand soft infrastructure, as well as appropriate policy frameworks \r\nand capability building, would facilitate developing countries' \r\nengagement in long-term technological innovation and sustainable \r\nindustrial development, and eventually in achieving the SDGs \r\n(Ockwell and Byrne 2016; Altenburg and Rodrik 2017; UNCTAD 2019)."


id: 2c0788b443a443efb2128656655cfec1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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content:
"Finally, there is a link between social and technological innovation; any \r\ninnovation is grounded in complex socio-economic arrangements, to \r\nwhich governance arrangements would need to respond (Sections 5.5 \r\nand 5.6, Chapter 13, and Cross-Chapter Box 12 in this chapter). Social \r\ninnovation can contribute to maximising synergies and minimising \r\ntrade-offs in relation to technological and other innovative practices, \r\nbut for this to materialise, national, regional and local circumstances \r\nneed to be taken into account and, if needed, changed. Even in \r\ncircumstances of high capabilities, the extent that social innovation \r\nmight help to promote synergies and avoid trade-offs is not easy to \r\nevaluate (Grimm et al. 2013)."


id: 4b29eab6f7f9aa698a71df40cb7d6007
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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"Dominant economic systems and centralised governance structures \r\ncontinue to reproduce unsustainable patterns of production and \r\nconsumption, reinforcing many economic and governance structures \r\nfrom local through national and global scales (Johnstone and Newell \r\n2018). Technological change, as an inherently complex process \r\n(Funtowicz 2020), poses governance challenges (Bukkens et al. 2020) \r\nrequiring social innovation (Repo and Matschoss 2019) (Section 5.6 \r\nand Chapter 13)."


id: d95f41cf620f8f0940dc999faec3b598
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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"Prospects for effectively governing SDG-oriented technological \r\ntransformations require, at a minimum, balanced views and new tools \r\nfor securing the scientific legitimacy and credibility to connect public \r\npolicy and technological change in society (Jasanoff 2018; Sadras \r\n2020). Many frameworks of governance have been proposed, such \r\nas reflexive governance (Voss et al. 2006), polycentric governance \r\n(Ostrom 2010), collaborative governance (Bodin 2017), adaptive \r\ngovernance (Munene et al. 2018) and transformative governance \r\n(Rijke et al. 2013; Westley et al. 2013) (Chapters 13 and 14)."


id: 530f034de4858176c8ebe976219306d0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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"A particular class of barriers to the development and adoption of new \r\ntechnologies comprises entrenched power relations dominated by \r\nvested interests that control and benefit from existing technologies \r\n(Chaffin et al. 2016; Dorband et al. 2020). Such interests can generate \r\nbalancing feedbacks within multilevel social-technological regimes \r\nthat are related to technological lock-in, including allocations of \r\ninvestment between fossil and renewable energy technologies \r\n(Unruh 2002; Sagar et al. 2009; Seto et al. 2016)."


id: bb9153ab68c92bae37124d2acd5ad720
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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"Weaker coordination and implementation capacity in some developing \r\ncountries can undermine the ability to avoid trade-offs with other \r\ndevelopment objectives - such as reinforced inequalities or excessive \r\nindebtedness and increased external dependency  - and can limit \r\nthe potential of leveraging economic benefits from technologies \r\ntransferred from abroad (Section  16.5 and Cross-Chapter Box  12 \r\nin this chapter). Van Welie and Romijn (2018) show that, in a low\u0002income setting, the exclusion of some local stakeholders from the \r\ndecision-making process may undermine sustainability transitions \r\nefforts. Countries with high levels of inequality can be more prone \r\nto elite capture, non-transparent political decision-making processes, "


id: bc356bbfce97309130a145c6e079ef10
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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"Box  16.10 provides insights on how a  systemic approach to \r\ntechnological innovation can contribute to reconcile synergies and \r\ntrade-offs to achieve sustainable development and mitigation goals."


id: 9e89e2e3d13a0fd5a962b681aa734eb0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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"Other actions with the potential to maximise synergies are those \r\nrelated to community or grassroots technological innovation. The "


id: cf90cf12053469079eaa40c3c928d586
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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"Major improvements in agricultural productivity have been recorded over recent decades (FAO 2018a). However, progress has also \r\ncome with social and environmental costs, high levels of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and rising demand for natural resources \r\n(UNEP 2013; UNEP 2017; FAO 2018a; Bringezu 2019; Diaz et al. 2019)."


id: 60d55d4497a7a9af17f95d4f8642c8f9
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"Trend analysis indicates that a large share of the global demand for land is projected to be supplied by South America, in particular the \r\nAmazon (Lambin and Meyfroidt 2011; TEEB 2018) and Gran Chaco forests (Grau et al. 2015). In developing countries, land use change \r\nfor satisfying international meat demand is leading to deforestation. In Brazil, the amount of GHGs emitted by the beef cattle sector \r\nalone represents 65% of the agricultural sector's emissions and 15% of the country's overall emissions (May 2019)."


id: 1c64f144d08fc67e9669f21ca31f50d1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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"Agricultural and food systems are complex and diverse; they include traditional food systems, mixed food systems and modern food \r\nsystems (Pengue et al. 2018). Multiple forms of visible and invisible flows of natural resources exist in global food systems (Pascual \r\net al. 2017; TEEB 2018; IPBES 2019)."


id: fe525df382c1b5c55b789ac933571bd
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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"Technological practices, management and changes in the food chain could help adapt to climate change, reduce emissions and absorb \r\ncarbon in soil, thus contributing to carbon dioxide removal (IPCC, 2018, 2019). A range of technologies can be implemented - from \r\nhighly technological options, such as transgenic crops resistant to drought (Gonzalez et al. 2019), salt or pesticides (OECD 2011b; \r\nKim and Kwak 2020) or smart and 4.0 agriculture (Klerkx et al. 2019), to more frugal, low-cost technologies such as agroecological \r\napproaches adapted to local circumstances (Francis et al. 2003; FAO 2018b). These agroecological approaches are the subject of this box."


id: e764050cf59ab1b801651a009f16512b
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"For developing countries, agroecological approaches could tackle climate change challenges and food security (WGII-report, Chapter 5, \r\nBox 5.10). Small Island Developing States (SIDS) support livelihoods to develop local food value chains that can promote sustainable \r\nmanagement of natural resources, preserve biodiversity and help build resilience to climate change impacts and natural disasters \r\n(FAO 2019). Other advantages of agroecological practices include their adaptation to different social, economic and ecological \r\nenvironments (Altieri and Nicholls 2017), the fact that they are physical and financial capital-extensive, and are well-integrated \r\nwith the social and cultural capital of rural territories and local resources (knowledge, natural resources, etc.), without leading to \r\ntechnological dependencies (Cote et al. 2019)."


id: cfcbfb62606b794553eff6be386d720a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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"Agroecology is a dynamic concept that has gained prominence in scientific, agricultural and political discourses in recent years (Wezel \r\net al. 2020; Anderson et al. 2021) (Chapter 7, Chapter 5, WGII Box 5.10). Three of the different agroecological approaches are briefly \r\ndiscussed here: agroecological intensification; agroforestry; and biochar use in rice paddy fields."


id: d8ac0b8dd90bbdcc0d8d4ff138726b8c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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"Agricultural intensification provides ways to use land, water and energy resources to ensure adequate food supply while also \r\naddressing concerns about climate change and biodiversity (Cassman and Grassini 2020). The term ecological intensification \r\n(Tittonell 2014) focuses on biological and ecological processes and functions in agroecosystems. In line with the development of the \r\nconcept of agroecology, agroecological intensification integrates social and cultural perspectives (Wezel et al. 2015). Agroecological \r\nintensification (Mockshell and Villarino 2019) for sub-Saharan Africa aims to address employment and food security challenges (Pretty \r\net al. 2011; Altieri et al. 2015)."


id: 8916fb73b4004b931b1c9ebd5e52759f
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"Another example of an agroecological approach is agroforestry. Agroforestry provides examples of positive agroecological feedbacks, \r\nsuch as 'the regreening of the Sahel' in Niger. The practice is based on the assisted natural regeneration of trees in cultivated fields, an \r\nold method that was slowly dying out, but which innovative public policies (the transfer of property rights over trees from the state to \r\nfarmers) helped restore (Sendzimir et al. 2011)."


id: 6576adadf3ca68cec04fc00cda293b68
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"Rice paddy fields are a major source of methane. Climate change impacts and adaptation strategies can affect rice production and \r\nrice farmers' net income. Biochar use in rice paddy fields has been advocated as a potential strategy to reduce GHG emissions from \r\nsoils, enhance soil carbon stocks and nitrogen retention, and improve soil function and crop productivity (Mohammadi et al. 2020)."


id: 4d2c5a6322ee627a0a41e0bf4605298
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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"The contributions of indigenous people (Diaz et al. 2019), heritage agriculture (Koohafkan and Altieri 2010) and peasants' agroecological \r\nknowledge (Holt-Gimenez 2002) to technological innovation offer a wide array of options for management of land, soils, biodiversity \r\nand enhanced food security without depending on modern, foreign agricultural technologies (Denevan 1995). In farming agriculture \r\nand food systems, innovation and technology based on nature could help to reduce climate change impacts (Griscom et al. 2017). \r\nEvidence suggests that there are benefits to integrating tradition with new technologies in order to design new approaches to \r\nfarming, and that these are greatest when they are tailored to local circumstances (Nicholls and Altieri 2018)."


id: 119b5e95316928223911b2dbe46b24e5
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"holistic way, could make innovation policy more effective, and avoid \r\nand minimise misalignments between climate change mitigation, \r\ntechnological innovation, and other societal goals (medium evidence,\r\nhigh agreement)."


id: 23f995767b2c4f036f0b80e45512ccd8
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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"This section gives a  synthesis of this chapter on innovation \r\nand technology development and transfer, connecting it to \r\nsustainable development."


id: e252408a0ddded1bd5b97b32e34e0e54
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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"A special feature is the dynamics of transitions. Like other enabling \r\nconditions, technological innovation plays a  balancing role  - by \r\ninhibiting change as innovation strengthens incumbent technologies \r\nand practices - and a reinforcing role, by allowing new technologies \r\nand practices to disrupt the existing socio-technical regimes (high \r\nconfidence). Appropriate innovation policies can help to better \r\norganise innovation systems, while other policies (technology push \r\nand demand pull) can provide suitable resources and incentives to \r\nsupport and guide these innovation systems towards societally\u0002desirable outcomes, ensure the innovations are deployed at scale, \r\nand direct these dynamics towards system transitions for climate \r\nchange mitigation, and also towards addressing other SDGs. This \r\nmeans taking into account the full lifecycle or value chain as well as \r\nanalysis of synergies and trade-offs."


id: c4ad0281385ab1ad9bd763fc81b6b060
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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"In conjunction with other enabling conditions, technological \r\ninnovation can support system transitions to limit warming, help \r\nshift development pathways, and bring about new and improved \r\nways of delivering goods and services that are essential to human \r\nwell-being (high confidence). At the same time, however, innovation \r\ncan result in trade-offs that undermine progress on mitigation \r\nand towards other SDGs. Trade-offs include negative externalities, \r\nsuch as environmental impacts and social inequalities, rebound \r\neffects leading to lower net emission reductions or even increases \r\nin emissions, and increased dependency on foreign knowledge and \r\nproviders (high confidence). Digitalisation, for example, holds both \r\nopportunity for emission reduction and emission-saving behaviour \r\nchange, but at the same time causes significant environmental, social \r\nand greenhouse gas (GHG) impacts (high confidence)."


id: 459dc0881a95ffa85fe66cc4d74c78bb
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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"Against this backdrop, international cooperation on technological \r\ninnovation is one of the enablers of climate action in developing \r\ncountries on both mitigation and adaptation (high confidence). \r\nExperiences with international cooperation on technology \r\ndevelopment and deployment suggest that such activities are most \r\neffective when they: are approached as 'innovation cooperation' that \r\nengenders a holistic, systemic view of innovation requirements; are \r\nan equitable partnership between donors and recipients; and develop \r\nlocal innovation capabilities (medium evidence, high agreement)."


id: bc81f8330e4cafade70292572684c16d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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"A systemic view of innovation that takes into account the roles \r\nof actors, institutions, and their interactions, can contribute to \r\nenhanced understanding of processes and outcomes of technological \r\ninnovation, and to interventions and arrangements that can help \r\ninnovation. It can also play a  role in clarifying the synergies and \r\ntrade-offs between technological innovation and the SDGs. Effective \r\ngovernance and policy, implemented in an inclusive, responsible and "


id: fd30f30ae4c1e2cac041dc446f526cdd
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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"Chapter  17, in particular Section  17.4, connects technological \r\ninnovation with other enabling conditions, such as behaviour, \r\ninstitutional capacity and multilevel governance, to clarify the actions \r\nthat could be taken, holistically and in conjunction, to strengthen and \r\naccelerate the system transitions required to limit warming to be in \r\nline with the Paris Agreement and to place countries in sustainable \r\ndevelopment pathways."


id: c1be0da236c25598622295b99e642cb
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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"national contexts. Important knowledge gaps need to be filled \r\nregarding the impact of 'green' public procurement, lending, 'green' \r\npublic banking, and building code policies on innovation outcomes."


id: 5ebadc1e94d2ce3c0b7f0c1cb73b1455
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"There is also a superficial understanding of the potential and actual \r\ncontributions of businesses, educational institutions and socially \r\nresponsible programmes, particularly in developing countries, as \r\nsources of innovation and early adopters of new technologies, and \r\na notable lack of knowledge about indigenous practices."


id: b58af6165eb9c426061786543668afaa
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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"Filling gaps in literature availability, data collection, modelling, \r\napplication of frameworks and further analysis in several sectors \r\nwill improve knowledge on innovation and technology development \r\nand transfer, including research and development (R&D) to support \r\npolicymaking in climate change mitigation as well as adaptation. \r\nThese policies and related interventions need to benefit from data \r\nand methodologies for the ex post evaluation of their effectiveness."


id: 7688443965cffecbb1a352e5b81652a7
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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"Current literature has a strong bias to studies originating from and \r\nbased on developed countries. Also, innovation and technology \r\nliterature is skewed to mitigation and, specifically, energy. Literature \r\non technology innovation for adaptation is largely missing."


id: 4f1e0d146480be1c75eead67a2261dde
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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content:
"In the area of innovation studies, data are limited on the different \r\nindicators used to assess the strength of the innovation system, (even \r\nfor energy), including global figures on R&D and demonstration \r\nspending, also for developing countries, and their effectiveness. There \r\nis also a lack of a comprehensive framework and detailed data to \r\nassess the strengths of low-emission innovation systems, including \r\ninteractions among actors, innovation policy implementation, and \r\nstrength of institutions."


id: a9f6c5816b2d8f5f3090d56cc8427986
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"This section addresses identified knowledge gaps related to: \r\nwhat extent developing countries are represented in studies on \r\ninnovation and technology development and transfer; national \r\ncontexts and local innovation capacity; potential and actual \r\ncontributions of businesses; literature emphasis on mitigation; \r\nindicators to assess innovation systems; non-technical barriers for \r\nthe feasibility of decarbonisation pathways; the role of domestic \r\nintellectual property rights (IPR) policy; digitalisation in low\u0002emissions pathways; and Paris Agreement compliance regarding \r\ntechnology and capacity building."


id: 2d862fd5bec7d71ac443be6e4c634206
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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"Another gap in knowledge remains between the results from energy\u0002climate-economy models and those emerging from systems and \r\nsustainability transition approaches, empirical case studies, and the \r\ninnovation system literature. If this gap is filled, understanding \r\ncould be improved of the feasibility of decarbonisation pathways in \r\nlight of the many non-technical barriers to technology deployment \r\nand diffusion."


id: 1e0fba9b450337736eceeb09811831a2
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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"In the field of policy instruments, existing evaluations provide \r\ninsufficient evidence to assess the impact of decarbonisation policy \r\ninstruments on innovation, as these evaluations mainly focus on \r\nenvironmental or technological effects."


id: 8372432e661d75ed7ca40150ce8cde50
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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"The potential positive or negative role of domestic IPR policy in \r\ntechnology transfer to least-developed countries remains unclear as \r\nthe literature does not show agreement. Moreover, gaps remain in \r\nimpact evaluations of sub-national green industrial policies, which \r\nare of growing importance. The interaction between subnational and \r\nnational decarbonisation policies to advance innovation would also \r\nbenefit from further research, particularly in developing countries."


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created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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"The understanding of the role of digitalisation in decarbonisation \r\npathways is lacking and needs to be studied from several angles. \r\nExisting studies do not sufficiently take into account knowledge on \r\nthe energy impact of digital technologies, in particular the increase \r\nin energy demand by digital devices, and the increase in energy \r\nefficiency. Studies would benefit from being technology/sector/\r\ncountry-specific."


id: 49a4d9eeb6a06e65e4658edfd561ceef
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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"Further exploration is needed into the way digitalisation influences \r\nthe framework conditions that cause decarbonisation, the socio\u0002economic and behavioural barriers influencing the diffusion of \r\ntechnologies in the long-term scenarios, and the relationship with \r\nsociety and its effects."


id: 18a79f126958f13946b96379b93f5b8d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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"Given the implications of the digital revolution for sustainability, \r\na  better characterisation of governance aspects would increase \r\nunderstanding of the implications for policymakers of digitalisation \r\nand the possibilities for it and other general-purpose technologies."


id: 2b8e4ab4c73b84cf5549c953bf5d8c9c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
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vector_id: 4290
content:
"Research (theoretical and empirical) on the impacts of imitation, or \r\nadaptation of new technological solutions invented in one region \r\nand used in other regions, could fill knowledge gaps and accelerate \r\ndiffusion of climate-related technologies, while taking care not to \r\nreduce the incentive for inventors to search for new solutions."


id: a31f5269450e2bba9ef49990a19fa99d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 23232
content:
"An independent assessment is underway to look at the compliance \r\nof the Paris Agreement with regard to technology and capacity \r\nbuilding as means of implementation. The Enhanced Transparency \r\nFramework for action and support is developing a methodology for \r\nmonitoring, reporting and verification. There is a lack of analysis of \r\nthe full landscape of international cooperation, of the effectiveness \r\nof the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and \r\nthe Paris Agreement, and what is needed to meet their objectives."


id: aa7798cd21071fdd829f37fbf554ea1e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 24354
content:
"The Paris Agreement stressed the importance of development and transfer of technologies to improve resilience to climate change \r\nand to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, innovation and even fast technological change will not be enough to achieve \r\nParis Agreement mitigation objectives. Other changes are necessary across the production and consumption system and the society \r\nin general, including behavioural changes."


id: d71ed2aeaa16592fe7f89bc09376d645
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 31360
content:
"Technological changes never happen in a vacuum; they are always accompanied by, for instance, people changing habits, companies \r\nchanging value chains, or banks changing risk profiles. Therefore, technological changes driven by holistic approaches can contribute \r\nto accelerate and spread those changes towards the achievement of climate and sustainable development goals."


id: 44c80bb5a986dfa934622d4162372b62
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 8242
content:
"In innovation studies, such systemic approaches are said to strengthen the functions of technological or national innovation systems, \r\nso that climate-friendly technologies can flourish. Innovation policies can help respond to local priorities and prevent unintended \r\nand undesirable consequences of technological change, such as unequal access to new technologies across countries and between \r\nincome groups, environmental degradation and negative effects on employment."


id: 3c0e921f10f78cef3ae5d088820f99bd
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 6803
content:
"The speed and success of innovation processes could be enhanced with the involvement of a  wider range of actors from the \r\nindustry, research and financial communities working in partnerships at national, regional and international levels. Public policies \r\nplay a critical role to bring together these different actors and create the necessary enabling conditions, including financial support, \r\nthrough different instruments as well as institutional and human capacities."


id: 63dc0de189a9cfd9940f9191571b5966
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 13279
content:
"The increasing complexity of technologies requires cooperation if their widespread diffusion is to be achieved. Cooperation includes \r\nthe necessary knowledge flow within and between countries and regions. This knowledge flow can take the form of exchanging \r\nexperiences, ideas, skills, and practices, among others."


id: c40a28ddc0030fead91f3a8114c4dcf4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 28411
content:
"Technologies that are currently known but not yet widely used need to be spread around the world, and adapted to local preferences \r\nand conditions. Innovation capabilities are required not only to adapt new technologies for local use, but also to create new markets \r\nand business models. International technology cooperation can serve that purpose."


id: 21d725ea64fc9b62af04005bc1943804
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 2762
content:
"In fact, evidence shows that international cooperation on technology development and transfer can help developing countries to \r\nachieve their climate goals more effectively and, if this is done properly, can also help to addressing other sustainable development \r\ngoals. Many initiatives exist both regionally and globally to help countries in achieving technology development and transfer \r\nthrough partnerships and research collaboration that include developed and developing countries, with a key role for technological \r\ninstitutions and universities. Enhancing current activities would help an effective, long-term global response to climate change, \r\nwhile promoting sustainable development."


id: 1a994868e3ffe1542788341c90d376d5
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 1664
content:
"Globalisation of production and supply of goods and services, including innovation and new technologies, may open up opportunities \r\nfor developing countries to advance technology diffusion; however, so far not all countries have benefitted from the globalisation \r\nof innovation due to different barriers, such as access to finance and technical capabilities. These asymmetries between countries in \r\nthe globalisation process can also lead to dependencies on foreign knowledge and providers."


id: 233523a27c2478089e9d5ccdff558992
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 2986
content:
"Not all technology cooperation directly results in mitigation outcomes. Overall, technology transfer broadly has focused on enhancing \r\nclimate technology absorption and deployment in developing countries as well as research, development and demonstration, and \r\nknowledge spillovers."


id: 34607c2cc945a388612ea239e26f5e6a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 5656
content:
"The Paris Agreement also reflects this view by noting that countries shall strengthen cooperative action on technology development \r\nand transfer regarding two main aspects: (i) promoting collaborative approaches to research and development; and (ii) facilitating \r\naccess to technology to developing country Parties."


id: a09c13752549c934ed3ebceae1ba4f17
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 22808
content:
"Denton, F., K. Halsnaes, K. Akimoto, S. Burch, C. Diaz Morejon, F. Farias, J. Jupesta, A. Shareef, P. Schweizer-Ries, F. Teng, \r\nE. Zusman, 2022: Accelerating the transition in the context of sustainable development. In IPCC, 2022: Climate \r\nChange 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the \r\nIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, \r\nM. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University \r\nPress, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.019"


id: bc96fca62bbae821d74cf4eaa0a7b7c7
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 27250
content:
"Views nonetheless differ on how much market-correcting policies; \r\nshift preferences (economics); shifts in individual and collective \r\nmindsets (psychology); and multi-level governance arrangements \r\nand inclusive political institutions (governance) contribute to system \r\ntransitions (medium evidence, high agreement). {17.2}"


id: 7064d750504d9a43c697c9055b0255b4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 15300
content:
"While economics, psychology, governance and systems \r\nthinking emphasise different enablers of transitions, they \r\noften share a view that strengthening synergies and avoiding \r\ntrade-offs between climate and sustainable development \r\npriorities can overcome barriers to transitions (medium \r\nevidence, high agreement). A  growing body of research and \r\nevidence can show which factors in the views from economics, \r\npsychology, governance and systems affect how interrelationships \r\nare managed between climate, mitigation policies and sustainable \r\ndevelopment. Greater integration between studies based on different \r\nmethodological approaches can show how to construct an enabling \r\nenvironment that increases the feasibility and sustainability of \r\ntransitions. {17.2, 17.3, 17.4}"


id: 2d155d15199e8c557b5bddf12128f28b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 4534
content:
"While transition pathways will vary across countries, they are \r\nlikely to be challenging in many contexts (robust evidence,\r\nhigh agreement). Climate change is the result of decades of \r\nunsustainable production and consumption patterns (for example, \r\nenergy production and land use), as well as governance arrangements \r\nand political economic institutions that lock in resource-intensive \r\ndevelopment patterns (robust evidence, high agreement). Reframing \r\ndevelopment objectives and shifting development pathways towards \r\nsustainability can help transform these patterns and practices, \r\nallowing space for transitions to transform unsustainable systems \r\n(medium evidence, high agreement). {17.1.1.2}"


id: 555f4d185e3f83b8de3472dd2eab8269
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 10903
content:
"Short- and long-term studies of transformations using \r\nmacroeconomic models and integrated assessment models \r\n(IAMs) have identified synergies and trade-offs of mitigation \r\noptions in the context of development pathways that align \r\nsustainable development and climate change (robust evidence,\r\nhigh agreement). IAMs often look at climate change mitigation \r\nand Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in an aggregate manner: \r\nsupplementing this aggregate view with detail-rich studies involving \r\nSDGs can build support for transitions within and across countries \r\n(medium evidence, medium agreement). {17.3.2}"


id: fc824c8db03abbc2107695f6d2d60723
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 37239
content:
"Sustainable development can enhance sectoral integration \r\nand social inclusion (robust evidence, high agreement). \r\nInclusion merits attention because equity within and across \r\ncountries is critical to transitions that are not simply rapid but also \r\nsustainable and just. Resource shortages, social divisions, inequitable \r\ndistributions of wealth, poor infrastructure and limited access to \r\nadvanced technologies can constrain the options and capacities \r\nfor developing countries to achieve sustainable and just transitions \r\n(medium evidence, high agreement). {17.1.1.2}"


id: c58425781223bdc0d3e0049bba5e2e83
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 28653
content:
"The impacts of climate change mitigation and adaptation \r\nresponses, are highly context-specific and scale-dependent. \r\nThere are synergies and trade-offs between adaptation and \r\nmitigation as well as synergies and trade-offs with sustainable \r\ndevelopment (robust evidence, high agreement). A strong link \r\nexists between sustainable development, vulnerability and climate \r\nrisks, as limited economic, social and institutional resources often \r\nresult in low adaptive capacities and high vulnerability, especially \r\nin developing countries. Resource limitations in these countries \r\ncan similarly weaken the capacity for climate mitigation and \r\nadaptation. The move towards climate-resilient societies requires \r\ntransformational or deep systemic change. This has important \r\nimplications for countries' sustainable development pathways \r\n(medium evidence, high agreement). {17.3.3.6}"


id: db0478edf9e0a2ca16337ac1f0999313
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 31977
content:
"Concrete actions aligning sustainable development and \r\nclimate mitigation and partnerships can support transitions. \r\nStrengthening different stakeholders' 'response capacities' to \r\nmitigate and adapt to a changing climate will be critical for \r\na  sustainable transition (robust evidence, high agreement). \r\nResponse capacities can be increased by means of alignment across \r\nmultiple stakeholders at different levels of decision-making. This \r\nalignment will also help achieve synergies and manage trade-offs \r\nbetween climate and sectoral policies by breaking down sectoral \r\nsilos and overcoming the multiple barriers that prevent transitions \r\nfrom gaining traction and gathering momentum (medium evidence, \r\nhigh agreement). {17.1.1.1}"


id: fa59d4649e7f97f63b562e7301fcee
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 36904
content:
"Sectoral mitigation options present synergies with the SDGs, \r\nbut there are also trade-offs, which can become barriers to \r\nimplementation. Such trade-offs are particularly identified \r\nin relation to the use of land for bioenergy crops, water and \r\nfood access, and competition for land between forest or \r\nfood production (robust evidence, high agreement). Many \r\nindustrial mitigation options, such as efficiency improvements, waste \r\nmanagement and the circular economy, have synergies with the SDGs \r\nrelating to access to food, water and energy (robust evidence, high \r\nagreement). The promotion of renewable energy in some industrial \r\nsectors can imply stranded energy supply investments, which need to "


id: 1934b4ac98754318198c3cb74de0cc93
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 1458
content:
"Economics, psychology, governance, and systems research have \r\npointed to a range of factors that influence the speed, scale \r\nand quality of transitions (robust evidence, high agreement). "


id: e562ffd3535dea462c80ac666cd7a57
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 33587
content:
"exposed to heavy industrial jobs and associated outcomes \r\n(medium evidence, high agreement). A  just transition \r\nincorporates key principles, such as respect and dignity for vulnerable \r\ngroups, the creation of decent jobs, social protection, employment \r\nrights, fairness in energy access and use, and social dialogue and \r\ndemocratic consultation with the relevant stakeholders, while coping \r\nwith the effects of asset-stranding and the transition to green and \r\nclean economies (medium evidence, medium agreement). The \r\neconomic implications of the transition will be felt especially strongly \r\nby developing countries, with high dependence on hydrocarbon \r\nproducts for revenue streams, as they will be exposed to reduced \r\nfiscal incomes given a low demand for oil and consequent fall in oil \r\nprices (limited evidence, medium agreement). {17.3.2, 17.3.2.3}"


id: fea07c8db6a6f778870565635deea07e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 37603
content:
"Digitalisation could facilitate a fast transition to sustainable \r\ndevelopment and low-emission pathways by contributing \r\nto efficiency improvements, cross-sectoral coordination \r\nand a circular economy with new IT services and decreasing \r\nresource use (low evidence, medium agreement). Several \r\nsynergies with SDGs could emerge in terms of energy, food and water \r\naccess, health and education, as well as trade-offs, for example, in \r\nrelation to reduced employment, increasing energy demand and \r\nincreasing demand for services, all implying increased GHG emissions. \r\nHowever, developing countries with limited internet access and poor \r\ninfrastructure could be excluded from the benefits of digitalisation \r\n(medium evidence, medium agreement). {17.3.3}"


id: 834f74f75bf4233454545953ced9b9e5
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 18182
content:
"Actions aligning sustainable development and climate \r\nmitigation and partnerships can support transitions. \r\nStrengthening different stakeholders' 'response capacities' to \r\nmitigate and adapt to a changing climate will be critical for \r\na  sustainable transition (robust evidence, high agreement). \r\nResponse capacities can be increased by means of alignment across \r\nmultiple stakeholders at different levels of decision-making. This \r\nalignment will also help achieve synergies and manage trade-offs \r\nbetween climate and sectoral policies by breaking down sectoral \r\nsilos and overcoming the multiple barriers that prevent transitions \r\nfrom gaining traction and gathering momentum (medium evidence, \r\nhigh agreement). {17.1.1.1}"


id: 6a01e995b4c805d5ed85a2fb37600d7d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 14281
content:
"Sustainable development and deep decarbonisation will \r\ninvolve people and communities being connected through \r\nvarious means, including globally via the internet and digital \r\ntechnologies, in ways that prompt shifts in thinking and \r\nbehaviour consistent with climate change goals (medium \r\nevidence, medium agreement). Individuals and organisations "


id: 9921c317883535ebd26695cb5e7a8539
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 21605
content:
"The landscape of transitions to sustainable development is \r\nchanging rapidly, with multiple transitions already underway. \r\nThis creates the room to manage these transitions in ways \r\nthat prioritise the needs for workers in vulnerable sectors \r\n(land, energy) to secure their jobs and maintain secure and \r\nhealthy lifestyles, especially as the risks multiply for those "


id: 957d25b35b47c24accf3786ab773b1c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 21017
content:
"like institutional entrepreneurs can function to build transformative \r\ncapacity through collective action (robust evidence, high agreement), \r\nbut private-sector entrepreneurs can also play an important \r\nrole in fostering and accelerating the transitions to sustainable \r\ndevelopment (robust evidence, medium agreement). Ultimately, \r\nthe adoption of coordinated, multi-sectoral policies targeting new \r\nand rapid innovation can help national economies take advantage \r\nof widespread decarbonisation. Green industrial policies that focus \r\non building domestic supply chains and capacities can help states \r\nprepare for the influx of renewable CDR-methods, or mechanisms \r\nfor carbon capture and storage (CCS) (medium evidence, medium \r\nagreement). {17.4.2}"


id: 9b378e9d15af13d5170e08249893ac3
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 21959
content:
"Accelerating the transition to sustainability will be enabled \r\nby explicit consideration being given to the principles of \r\njustice, equality and fairness. Interventions to promote \r\nsustainability transitions that account for local context \r\n(including unequal access to resources, capacity and \r\ntechnology) in the development process are necessary but \r\nnot sufficient in creating a just transition (low evidence, high \r\nagreement). {17.4.6}"


id: 30705c13a465435e5bd16239303443fd
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 5053
content:
"The Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) (Denton et al. 2014; Fleurbaey et al. \r\n2014) and the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5degC (SR1.5) \r\n(IPCC 2018; Roy et al. 2018a) have arguably made the strongest \r\nlinks between climate and sustainable development to date. One of \r\nthe key messages of AR5 was that the implementation of climate \r\nmitigation and adaptation actions could help promote sustainable \r\ndevelopment, and it emphasised the need for transformational \r\nchanges in this regard. The AR5 also concluded that the link between \r\nclimate change and sustainable development is cross-cutting and \r\ncomplex, and that thus the impacts of climate change are threatening \r\nthe efforts being made to achieve sustainable development. The \r\nSR1.5 helped systematise these links by mapping the synergies and \r\ntrade-offs between selected SDG indicators and climate mitigation \r\n(IPCC 2018; Roy et al. 2018b) (Section 17.3)."


id: 12a6f7bc703bfbac6722fa036ca7503e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 435
content:
"Despite the clear links between sustainable development and climate \r\nchange being recognised from the early stages of the IPCC, \r\nclimate  change has often been portrayed as an environmental \r\nproblem to be addressed chiefly by environmental ministries (Brown \r\net al. 2007; Munasinghe 2007; Swart and Raes 2007). However, this \r\nperception has evolved over time. It is now increasingly common to \r\nsee governments and other actors understand the wider ramifications \r\nof a  changing climate for sustainable development. In a  growing \r\nnumber of studies, work on climate policies and just transitions \r\ntowards sustainable development are framed as going hand in \r\nhand (Fuso Nerini et al. 2019; Dugarova and Gulasan 2017; Sanchez \r\nRodriguez et al. 2018; Schramade 2017; Zhenmin and Espinosa 2019)."


id: 7f5febbb350b42f37eb966e35b5d81fc
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 17596
content:
"Section  17.1 begins by reviewing how climate and sustainability \r\nissues have been discussed in the Intergovernmental Panel on \r\nClimate Change (IPCC), as well as international climate change \r\nand sustainable development processes at different levels. It \r\nfurther introduces key themes addressed in the chapter's remaining \r\nsubsections. Section 17.2 provides an overview of how key theories \r\nunderstand transitions and transformation, and notes a  shared \r\nconcern over leveraging synergies and managing trade-offs between \r\nclimate change and sustainable development across different \r\ndisciplines. Section  17.3 provides an assessment of the mitigation \r\noptions that can help achieve these synergies and avoid trade-offs. \r\nSection 17.4 pulls together the theoretical and empirical aspects by \r\ndetailing the essential elements of an enabling environment that \r\nhelps drive forward transitions that are quick, deep, broad and, \r\nultimately, sustainable."


id: c1dd682bad65bb6ed3184bcb103c3e34
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 28082
content:
"Among the reasons for the growing realisation of these \r\ninterdependencies are milestones in international climate and \r\nsustainable development processes. As outlined in Chapter  14, \r\nthe year 2015 was a  turning point due to two agreements: \r\n(i) the Paris Agreement; and (ii) the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable \r\nDevelopment and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) \r\n(Farzaneh et al. 2021)."


id: 17743fd2774139240c5ddac085f5969d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 1195
content:
"Following a long history of references to sustainable development in \r\nthe UNFCCC and related agreements, the Paris Agreement helped to \r\nstrengthen the links between climate and sustainable development \r\nby emphasising that sustainability is related to its objectives \r\n(Sindico 2016; UNFCCC 2016). One of the ways that it helped \r\ntighten this link is by institutionalising bottom-up pledges and the \r\nreview architecture. Toward this end, the Paris Agreement instituted \r\nNationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) as vehicles through \r\nwhich countries make pledges and demonstrate their commitment to \r\nclimate action. Although there was no clear guidance on what should \r\nbe included in the NDCs, some of the requirements were elaborated \r\nin the Paris Rulebook . Some of the submitted NDCs included only \r\nmitigation efforts, but others set out mitigation and adaptation goals \r\naligning NDC commitments to national planning processes, while yet \r\nothers mentioned links with the SDGs."


id: 97e2accc507bdde3dbaa3d488d511f7e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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vector_id: 21414
content:
"Yet another way that the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development \r\nunderlines the importance of capturing synergies is its calls for \r\npolicy coherence (SDGs 14 and 17). Policy coherence and integration \r\nbetween sectors are two of the most critical factors in breaking down \r\nthe silo mode of working of different sectors. Working across climate \r\nand other sustainability agendas is essential to coherence."


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"Another way that the Paris Agreement and the NDCs could strengthen \r\ntheir links to sustainable development is to update country-specific \r\nclimate pledges. Countries are free to choose their targets and the \r\nmeans and instruments with which to implement them. A  core \r\nfeature of the NDCs was that countries submit NDCs every five \r\nyears, giving them an opportunity to assess themselves relative to \r\nother countries, raise their ambitions and learn from their peers. \r\nMoreover, it was emphasised that countries should not 'backslide' \r\nin subsequent NDCs, thus ensuring that countries should always be \r\nforward-looking in respect of increasing their ambitions to deliver the \r\nParis Goals. (Hohne et al. 2017) found that, in developing countries \r\nespecially, the NDC preparation process has improved national \r\nclimate policymaking."


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"A final way that the sustainability and climate agendas have been \r\nlinked is through vertical integration. Following a similar trend that \r\nappeared with Agenda 21, for which many cities adopted local plans, \r\na growing number of cities have introduced Voluntary Local Reviews \r\n(VLRs). The VLRs resemble the VNRs, but place the emphasis on local \r\nactions and needs regarding the SDGs (and some links to climate \r\nchange) (Ortiz-Moya et al. 2021). The 2019 SDG Report shows that \r\n150 countries have developed national urban plans, almost half \r\nof them also being in the implementation phase (United Nations \r\nGeneral Assembly 2019)."


id: 77f744a5194b8216d28127dd9a16b56
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"Despite some favourable reviews, several assessments of specific \r\ncountries' NDCs (Andries et al. 2017; Rogelj et al. 2016; Vandyck \r\net al. 2016) have assessed that those submitted for 2020-2030 are \r\ninsufficient for delivering on the Paris goals. Updated and/or new \r\nNDCs were therefore submitted by the end of 2020. However, an \r\nassessment of those NDCs revealed that the level of ambition was \r\nsignificantly lower than the goals of the Paris Agreement (UNFCCO \r\n2020) (see also this chapter). One of the urgent calls in Paris was to \r\nassess the impacts and efforts that need to be undertaken to keep \r\nglobal warming well below 2degC in relation to pre-industrial levels \r\nand evaluate related global GHG emission pathways (UNFCCC 2015). \r\nAlthough the initial NDCs fell short of these goals, the idea was that \r\nNDCs would be living documents that could ratchet up climate \r\naction and ambition."


id: 146e9b8eadbaff172248b03f20b632d0
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"Other non-UN-led initiatives involving international organisations or \r\nclusters of countries have also helped to raise the issue of sustainable \r\ndevelopment as a framework for mitigation. The OECD, for instance, \r\nassesses different types of investments and economic activities \r\nwith reference to their significance for environmental sustainability \r\n(OECD 2020), while G20 countries have drawn up action agendas \r\nwith sustainable development (UToronto 2016). Meanwhile, the \r\nPetersberg Climate Dialogue, a  political movement convened by \r\nmajor country-group representatives and launched in 2010 by the \r\nGerman government, has also called for sustainability to be an \r\nintrinsic part of the transition (UNFCCO 2020) (BMU 2018)."


id: bb45463a03bd578e27cbf2cdb9f85039
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"Countries have also started to take actions on the SDGs themselves \r\n(Antwi-Agyei et al. 2018a; UNDESA 2016, 2017, 2018). The SDGs were \r\nperceived as a novel approach to development and as establishing \r\na universal agenda for the transformation of development patterns \r\nand socio-economic systems. At their core, the SDGs hold that \r\nbuilding an integrated framework for action necessitates addressing \r\nthe economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable \r\ndevelopment in an integrated manner (Biermann et al. 2017; Kanie \r\nand Biermann 2017). The SDGs take multiple elements of development \r\ninto account in aiming to offer coherent, well-integrated, overarching \r\napproaches to a  range of sustainability challenges, including \r\nclimate change."


id: d6f7d9c210ea62dc74e99a7520af5bfb
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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"One way a link is made between climate and the SDGs is through \r\nVoluntary National Reviews (VNRs). Paralleling the bottom-up \r\norientation of the Paris Agreement and the NDCs, every year \r\napproximately forty countries voluntarily share their VNRs with the \r\ninternational community at the High-Level Political Forum (HLPF). \r\nEven more flexible than the NDCs, the VNRs can include content \r\nsuch as a summary of key policies and measures that are intended to \r\nachieve the SDGs, a list of the means of implementation that support \r\nthe SDGs, and related challenges and needs. The VNRs also often \r\ncover SDG 13 (climate action) as well as many other issues connected \r\nwith climate change. Even with these links, implementation of the \r\nSDGs should be mentioned as part of national development processes \r\nreflecting different countries' different priorities, visions and plans \r\n(Hanson and Korbla P. Puplampu 2018; Marcotullio et al. 2018; OECD \r\n2016; P. Puplampu et al. 2017; Srikanth 2018)."


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"There has also been a shift to actors outside government aligning \r\nclimate with sustainable development. An assessment by (Hoyer 2020) "


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"become more sustainable as decision-makers adopt targeted policies \r\nand other interventions. Many disciplines have reflected on the roles of \r\nand relative influence on the policies and interventions that can drive \r\ntransitions. The following discussion describes this diversity of views \r\nwith a  survey of how prominent lines of economic, psychological, \r\ninstitutional and systems thinking explain transitions. Though these \r\ndisciplines differ greatly, they often stress that leveraging synergies \r\nand managing trade-offs between climate change and sustainable \r\ndevelopment can help advance a transition."


id: 2c03ee284dde5724e3350dd7d6a558dc
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"This section concentrates on economic explanations for transitions. \r\nAt the core of many of these explanations is the assumption that \r\neconomic development can deliver multiple economic, social and \r\nenvironmental benefits. Many modern economic systems may \r\nnonetheless struggle to deliver these benefits due to major disruptions \r\nand shocks such as climate change (Heal 2020). One way to limit \r\ndisruptions to free markets are targeted interventions in free markets \r\nsuch as taxes or regulation. These targeted interventions motivate \r\nfirms and other entities to internalise GHGs and other pollutants, \r\npotentially paving the way for a sustainable transition (Arrow et al. \r\n2004; Chichilnisky and Heal 1998)."


id: ac9dce9aab81303b54d0ab917747a3e0
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"This section focuses on  how different theoretical frameworks can \r\nhelp us understand and explain what is meant by accelerating \r\ntransitions in the context of sustainable development. As suggested \r\nin Section  17.1, the reference to 'in the context of sustainable \r\ndevelopment' suggests that sustainable transitions require more \r\nthan speed, also necessitating removing  the underlying drivers of \r\nvulnerability and high emissions (quality and depth of transitions), \r\nwhile also aligning the interests of different individuals, communities, \r\nsectors, stakeholders and cultures (scale and breadth of transitions)."


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"While there may be a relatively consistent set of transition dynamics \r\nfor all countries, pathways are likely to vary across and even within \r\ncountries. This variation is due to different development levels, \r\nstarting points, capacities, agencies, geographies, power dynamics, \r\npolitical economies, ecosystems and other contextual factors. Given \r\nthe diversity of contributing factors, a sustainable transition is likely \r\nto be a complex and multi-faceted process which cannot be reduced \r\nto a  single dimension (Kohler et al. 2019). Even with this multi\u0002dimensionality, transition processes are likely to gain speed and "


id: cb0ff2ffa2be100f09d8756a8f0da266
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"As suggested above, aligning climate investments with other \r\nsustainable development objectives is critical to a  transition. In \r\norder to support better investments in sustainable development, \r\nfinancing schemes, including environmental, social and governance \r\n(ESG) disclosure schemes and the Task Force on Climate-related \r\nFinancial Disclosures (TCFD), can play important roles (Executive \r\nSummary in Chapter  15 of this report). After COVID-19, economic "


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"energy, material and labour, these are likely to deliver sustainable \r\ndevelopment and climate mitigation benefits."


id: 60301c49b959d7bc9011b1c8378417f6
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"This subsection focuses on institutions, governance and the political \r\neconomy. Institutional and governance arrangements can influence \r\nwhich actors possess authority, as well as how motivated they are \r\nto cooperate in transition processes that are directed at finding \r\nsolutions to climate change and other sustainability challenges. Often \r\ncooperation is enabled when policy frameworks or institutions align \r\nclimate change with the political and economic interests of national \r\ngovernments, cities or businesses, and when institutional and \r\ngovernance arguments that support that alignment expand the scale \r\nof the transitions. However, there may also be political and economic \r\ninterests and structures that can lock-in unsustainable development \r\npatterns, frustrate this alignment and slow down transitions (Haas \r\n2021; Mattioli et al. 2020; Newell and Mulvaney 2013; Power 2016)."


id: 8a3578707b5b7cfe85d3b072b23d464b
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"An extensive literature has examined how the international \r\nclimate agreements and architecture influence collaboration across \r\ncountries regarding climate and sustainable development to support \r\na  transition (Bradley 2005). For example, international institutions \r\noffer opportunities for governments and other actors to share new \r\nperspectives on integrated solutions (Cole 2015). For some observers, \r\nhowever, decades of difficulties in crafting a comprehensive climate \r\nchange agreement and the resulting fragmented climate policy \r\nlandscape have been inimical to the collaboration needed for \r\na  transition (van Asselt 2014; Nasiritousi and Backstrand 2019) \r\n(Chapters 1 and 13). Yet others see the potential for more incremental \r\ncooperation across countries, even without a single, integrated form \r\nof climate governance (Keohane and Victor 2016)."


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"A related argument suggests that fragmentation at the global level \r\nprovides opportunities for cooperation at the national level (Kanie \r\nand Biermann 2017). For example, in contrast to the relatively top\u0002down Kyoto Protocol, the bottom-up pledge and review architecture \r\nof the Paris Agreement has prompted national governments to \r\nintegrate climate change with other sustainable development \r\npriorities (Nachmany and SetzerJoana 2018; Townshend et al. \r\n2013). Concrete examples included incorporating the SDGs into the \r\nNDCs as an international response to climate change (The Energy \r\nand Resources Institute 2017) or bringing climate into sustainable \r\ndevelopment strategies and so-called Voluntary National Reviews \r\n(VNRs) as part of the SDGs and the 2030 Agenda process (Elder and \r\nKing 2018; Elder and Bartalini 2019)."


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"It is nonetheless important to highlight a caveat to the above logic on \r\ninnovation. Whether a technological innovation is wholly sustainable \r\nor not becomes less clear when considering its effects on the wider \r\neconomy. To illustrate, some models predict that CO2 marginal \r\nabatement costs in the power sector will be USD240 and USD565 \r\ntCO2 for the 2oC and below 2oC goals, respectively (IEA 2017)."


id: 48a4c018b6cdb4ce58eb40c02cd236a0
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"In theory, if marginal abatement costs meet marginal climate damage, \r\nmitigation measures are economically optimal in the long run. Yet \r\nmarginal damage from climate change is notoriously uncertain, and \r\neconomic theories do not always reflect climate-related damage. \r\nOn the other hand, marginal abatement mitigation costs impose \r\nadditional costs in the short term. These added costs can cause \r\nproductivity in capital to decline through increases in the prices of \r\nenergy and products in which the energies are embodied. These \r\nincreased costs can restrict the ability to invest in and achieve the \r\nsustainable development priorities. However, precisely the opposite \r\ncan occur when innovation reduces additional costs or achieves \r\nnegative costs. If technological innovation leads to the accumulation \r\nof capital and productivity increases due to the substitution of "


id: ba1152cfd1e73d8fc671cd8b2abd7ffa
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"Another branch of institutional research is concerned with the \r\ninteractions between multiple levels of governance. In this multi-level \r\ngovernance perspective, cities and other sub-national governments \r\noften lead transitions by devising innovative solutions to contribute \r\nto climate and local energy, transport, the environment, resilience \r\nand other forms of sustainability (Bellinson and Chu 2019; Doll and \r\nPuppim De Oliveira 2017; Geels 2011; Koehn 2008; Rabe 2007; \r\nvan der Heijden et al. 2019). A complementary perspective suggests \r\nthat national governments can help scale up transitions by allocating "


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"Thornton  and Comberti 2017). Policy coherence between climate \r\nand other development objectives is often considered essential to \r\nsustainable development (Sovacool 2018). A similar discussion about \r\nsynergies and conflicts has been raised on the relationship between \r\nresilience and sustainability (Marchese et al. 2018). To help achieve \r\ncoherence, there have been some efforts to develop suitable tools \r\nand decision-making frameworks (Scobie 2016)."


id: 8ae6d90e92c3100971b8f423706b1303
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"A related line of reasoning has suggested that sustainable \r\ndevelopment often requires not one but a mix of policy instruments \r\nto bring about the multiple policy effects needed for social and \r\ntechnological change (Edmondson et al. 2019; Rogge and Johnstone \r\n2017). Following these calls, some governments have aimed to \r\naddress climate change and sustainability jointly with coherent and \r\nintegrated approaches to achieving these agendas (Chimhowu et al. \r\n2019), although for some countries Small Island Developing States \r\n(SIDS) this has proven more challenging (Scobie 2016)."


id: b1c563aae0861f5d3b5bcc6499881e09
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"Yet another set of channels facilitating integration between climate \r\nand other concerns are networks of like-minded actors working \r\nacross administrative borders and physical boundaries. For instance, \r\ncity networks such as the Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate \r\n& Energy (Covenant of Mayors 2019), the World Mayors Council on \r\nClimate Change (ICLEI 2019; C40 Cities 2019) and the United Nations \r\nOffice for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR 2019) have agreed to \r\nshare decision-making tools and good practices, and to sponsor \r\nambition-raising campaigns that help align climate and sustainable \r\ndevelopment concerns within and across cities (Betsill and Bulkeley \r\n2006) (Chapter  8 and Section  17.3.3.5). This can be particularly \r\nimportant for less capable 'following' and 'laggard' cities needing \r\ngreater financing and other forms of support to move a transition \r\nforward (Fuhr et al. 2018)."


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"This suggests that politics can be an impediment to change: other \r\nstudies argue instead that politics can be harnessed to drive \r\ntransitions forward. For example, some observers contend that \r\nbuilding coalitions around green industrial policies and sequencing \r\nreforms to reward industries in such coalitions can align otherwise \r\ndivergent interests and inject momentum into transitions (Meckling \r\net al. 2015). Others see the effects of political economy varying \r\nover time depending upon external market conditions. To illustrate, \r\nrenewable feed-in tariffs in Europe persisted for over two decades \r\nand were crucial in wind and solar power technologies making the \r\nbreakthrough. But once competition from China led to the demise \r\nof European technology providers, and once European populations \r\nstarted to oppose surcharges on their electricity bills, feed-in \r\ntariffs were abolished by politicians in the purely national interest \r\n(Michaelowa and Michaelowa 2017)."


id: 4efbaea7644c73f34b7f3b4435775a7c
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"Furthermore, sub-national governments may often work together with \r\ncivil-society groups to create new networked forms of governance \r\n(Biermann et al. 2012). Other forms of multi-stakeholder partnerships \r\nfocusing on issues with strong climate synergies, such as forms of \r\nair pollution known as short-lived climate pollutants (Climate and \r\nClean Air Coalition (CCAC)) or transport (Sustainable Low Carbon \r\nTransport Partnership (SLoCaT)), take their cue from global scientific \r\ncommunities or civic-minded advocacy groups that transmit \r\nknowledge across boundaries (Keck and Sikkink 1999). There is also \r\nscope for suggesting that the international climate regime serves \r\na Global Framework for Climate Action (GFCA) in helping orchestrate \r\nthe multilateral climate regime and non-state and sub-national \r\ninitiatives (Chan and Pauw 2014), though questions remain about its \r\nactual impacts on mitigation (Michaelowa and Michaelowa 2017)."


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"Policymaking institutions and networks are themselves policies. \r\nA significant literature has looked at integrated policy frameworks \r\nand efforts across sectors, including climate adaptation and \r\nmitigation, as drivers of transitions (Landauer et al. 2015; Favretto \r\net al. 2018; Obersteiner et al. 2016; Steen and Weaver 2017; "


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"to the creation of social fields that allow changes to happen (see \r\ne.g., Gillard et al. 2016) or has promoted low-carbon thinking and \r\nrelated behavioural changes (O'Brien 2018; Veciana and Ottmar \r\n2018). Studies of social contagions may also offer insights into the \r\nmechanisms that lead to the adoption of new values and related \r\nclimate actions (see e.g.,  Iacopini et al. 2019). It is nonetheless \r\nworth highlighting that communication networks and other \r\nmechanisms promoting the spread of interpersonal communication \r\nthat can spread pro-climate views may also lead to the proliferation \r\nof climate scepticism and denial (Leombruni 2015). At the same \r\ntime, some studies suggest that such scepticism can be countered \r\nby the generation of more credible information on climate change \r\n(Samantray and Pin 2019)."


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"psychology, transformative science and similarly focused disciplines \r\n(Wamsler et al. 2021). These approaches frequently encourage \r\nresearchers to participate in transitions that induce changes in the \r\nresearcher's own beliefs while triggering wider shifts in social norms \r\n(including human stewardship for the natural environment) (Adger \r\net al. 2013; Hulme 2009; Ives et al. 2019; O'Brien 2018). This research \r\nalso emphasises how changes in individual beliefs could lead to \r\nclimate actions that contribute to more sustainable, equitable and \r\njust societies (e.g., 'the mind- & paradigm shifts') (Gopel et al. 2016). \r\nThey further suggest the potential for virtuous cycles of individual\u0002level and wider social changes that ultimately benefit the climate \r\n(Banks 2007; Day et al. 2014; Lockhart 2011; Montuori and Donnelly \r\n2018; Power 2016)."


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"Examples have also been seen in relation to a similar set of inner \r\ntransitions to individuals, organisations and societies, which involve \r\nembracing post-development, degrowth, or non-material values \r\nthat challenge carbon-intensive lifestyles and development models \r\n(D'Alisa 2014; Kothari 2019; Neuteleers and Engelen 2015; Paech \r\n2017). These shifts in values can occur when humans reconnect \r\nwith nature, deepen their consciousness and take responsibility for \r\nprotecting the planet and its climate (Cross et al. 2019; Martinez\u0002Juarez et al. 2015; Speldewinde et al. 2015). Changes in both \r\nvalues and beliefs may also emerge through consciousness-raising \r\nprocesses where people cooperate in ways that would protect the \r\nclimate ((Banks 2007; Hedlund-de Witt et al. 2014; Woiwode and \r\nWoiwode 2019) (Section 1.6.4)."


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"Systems explanations help explain the dynamics of transitions toward \r\nsustainable development while explicitly uncovering links between \r\nthe human and natural worlds, the socio-cultural embeddedness \r\nof technology, and the inertia behind high-carbon development \r\npathways. This line of thinking often envisages transitions emerging \r\nfrom complex systems in which many different elements interact at \r\nsmall scales and spontaneously self-organise to produce behaviour \r\nthat is unexpected, unmanaged and fundamentally different from the \r\nsum of the system's constituent parts."


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"Many of the above-mentioned beliefs and values that support \r\nclimate actions have spread through expanding interests in \r\nconservationist world views, indigenous cultures (see, for example, \r\nLockhart 2011) and branches of neuroscience and psychology that \r\nsuggest different notions of the self (Huther 2018; Lewis 2016; \r\nSeligman and Csikszentmihalyi 2014). These beliefs and values \r\ncan also be spread through meditation, yoga or other social \r\npractices that encourage lower-carbon lifestyles (Woiwode and \r\nWoiwode 2019). Another channel for spreading climate concerns is \r\nsustainability culture, which is premised on connecting people and \r\ncommunities, and has also benefited from the internet and digital \r\ntechnologies that support these connections (see e.g.,  Bradbury \r\n2015; Scharmer 2018). The spread of this culture, in turn, has led "


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"Social-ecological systems theory describes the processes of \r\nexchange and interaction between human and ecological systems, \r\ninvestigating in particular non-linear feedback occurring across \r\ndifferent scales (Folke 2006; Holling 2001). This approach has \r\ninformed subsequent theoretical and empirical developments, \r\nincluding the 'planetary boundaries' approach (Rockstrom et al. \r\n2009), conceptualisations of vulnerability and adaptive capacity \r\n(Hinkel 2011; Pelling 2010) and more recent explorations of \r\nurban resilience (Romero-Lankao et al. 2016) and regenerative \r\nsustainability (Clayton and Radcliffe 2018; Robinson and Cole \r\n2015). Employing a  systems lens to address the 'root causes' of \r\nunsustainable development pathways (such as dysfunctional social "


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"while economic, psychological and governance theories offer more \r\nspecific insights. Moving a  transition forward will often require \r\ndrawing upon insights from multiple schools of thought. Though it \r\nis unlikely that a one-size-fits-all set of factors will drive a transition, \r\nthere is a  growing body of empirical evidence shedding light on \r\nthe factors that can strengthen synergies between climate and the \r\nbroader sustainable development agenda."


id: 83de913c5c350e85db9d8ef289c0ad49
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"or economic arrangements) rather than the 'symptoms' (dwelling \r\nquality, vehicle efficiency, etc.) can trigger the non-linear change \r\nneeded for a  transformation to take place (Pelling et al. 2015). \r\nExploring synergies between climate change adaptation, mitigation \r\nand other sustainability priorities (such as biodiversity and social \r\nequity, for instance) (Beg 2002; Burch et al. 2014; Shaw et al. 2014) \r\nmay help to yield these transformative outcomes, though data \r\nregarding the specific nature of these synergies is still emerging."


id: d2a34986a2ce23d7093f4be9e93b39e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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content:
"Socio-technical transition theory, on the other hand, explores \r\nthe ways in which technologies such as low-carbon vehicles or \r\nregenerative buildings are bound up in a  web of social practices, \r\nphysical infrastructure, market rules, regulations, norms and habits \r\n(see, e.g, (Loorbach et al. 2017). Radical social and technical \r\ninnovations can emerge that ultimately challenge destabilised \r\nor increasingly ineffective and undesirable incumbents, but path \r\ndependencies often stymie these transition processes, suggesting an \r\nimportant role for governance actors (Burch 2017; Frantzeskaki et al. \r\n2012; Holscher et al. 2019)."


id: c5f86d4e9e6a58f7c878060f845bbfe1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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content:
"This section assesses studies based on the links between sustainable \r\ndevelopment and climate change mitigation in order to facilitate \r\nrobust conclusions on synergies and trade-offs between different \r\npolicy objectives across methodologies, scenarios and sectors. \r\nConclusions are drawn based on national and sub-national, sectoral \r\nand cross-sectoral, short- and long-term transition studies presented \r\nin this and other sections of the report as a basis for establishing an \r\noverall picture of how sustainable development and climate change \r\npolicies can be linked as a basis for accelerated transitions."


id: 6a6b1b690ee367f430fd14f485336019
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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"This also reveals the large-scale macroeconomic, political and \r\ncultural trends (or contexts) that may reinforce or call into question \r\nthe usefulness of current systems of production and consumption. \r\nOne branch of this theory, transition management (Kern and Smith \r\n2008; Loorbach 2010), explores ways of guiding a socio-technical \r\nsystem from one path to another. In particular, it highlights \r\ninteractions between actors, technologies and institutions, and the \r\ncomplex governance mechanisms that facilitate them (Smith et al. \r\n2005). The challenge, in part, becomes linking radical short-term \r\ninnovations with longer-term visions of sustainability (Loorbach \r\nand Rotmans 2010) and creating opportunities for collaborative \r\ncourse-correction in light of new information or unexpected \r\noutcomes (Burch 2017)."


id: 7a8d9a5d436f554c6f057ac70471f5fb
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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content:
"This section focuses initially on issues related to short- and long-term \r\ntransitions to meet climate change and sustainable development \r\ngoals in the context of the UNFCCC and the UN 2030 Agenda for \r\nSustainable Development. Global-modelling results and economy\u0002wide studies are then assessed, followed by a discussion of specific \r\nchallenges in relation to renewable-energy penetration and phasing \r\nout fossil fuels, stranded assets and just transitions. Key synergies and \r\ntrade-offs between meeting the UN 2030 Sustainable Development \r\nGoals (SDGs) and mitigation are then illustrated by means of cross\u0002sectoral examples. Finally, this section presents an overview of the \r\nassessment of SDG synergies and trade-offs based on all sectoral \r\nchapters in this report for a range of key mitigation options."


id: 6f01e94c8994240c5f882ff93f64eb6
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"This section has surveyed several explanations for interventions that \r\ncan give rise to transitions. The review suggests that there are several \r\ndifferences between these various perspectives. Whether individuals, \r\norganisations, markets or socio-technical systems drive or undermine \r\ntransitions is a key distinction. These differences have implications \r\nfor the evidence these claims draw on in support of their arguments. \r\nFor instance, some of the explanations tend to employ qualitative \r\nevidence to explain changes in attitudes at the individual or \r\ncommunity levels as paving the way for broader changes to cultures \r\nand belief systems. Others assess how institutional arrangements \r\ncan be reformed in order to align climate with the sustainable \r\ndevelopment agenda to enable a transition."


id: 284a219576618c5dddbda4e2705e853e
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"While there are indeed significant differences between explanations, \r\nthere are also important parallels. Such parallels begin with a shared \r\nemphasis on synergies and trade-offs between climate and sustainable \r\ndevelopment. Most explanations tend to underline the importance of \r\nsynergies in aligning the climate with broader sustainability agendas. \r\nMost importantly, many of the explanations are complementary with \r\nthe systems-level discussion in that they offer a broad framework, "


id: 2ef38ceb269d43e661667022152923b5
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content:
"development perspectives, climate change and natural systems. \r\nWhile all countries share the totality of the SDGs, development \r\npriorities differ across countries and over time. These priorities are \r\nstrongly linked to local contexts and depend on which dimension \r\nof the improvement in the well-being of people is considered to be \r\nthe most urgent. Eradicating poverty and reducing inequality are key \r\ndevelopment priorities for many low- and middle-income countries \r\n(Section 4.3.2.1)."


id: 9763ffadad947dd74e09bcd9eb246de3
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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"Based on the Paris Agreement, the UNFCCC has invited countries to \r\ncommunicate their mid-century and long-term low-GHG emission\u0002development strategies by 2020 (UNFCCC 2019). National long-term \r\nlow-emission development strategies and their global stocktake in \r\nthe UNFCCC context provide a platform for informing the long-term \r\nstrategic thinking on transitions towards low-carbon societies. One \r\nspecific value of these plans is that they reflect how specific transition \r\npathways, policies and measures can work in different parts of the \r\nworld in a  very context-specific way, that is, by taking context\u0002specific issues and stakeholder perspectives into consideration. Many \r\nnations have submitted national long-term strategies to the UNFCCC, \r\nincluding sustainable development perspectives (see Section  4.2.4 \r\nfor a review of the plans and scientific assessments)."


id: bea9572cf72d88730ad4d2ec4891dfe7
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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"This section assesses the model evaluations of the sustainable \r\ndevelopment pathways for decarbonisation, including the \r\nco-benefits and trade-offs involving explorations of alternative future \r\ndevelopment pathways as a  basis for clarifying societal objectives \r\nand understanding the restrictions. Shifting development pathways to \r\nincreased sustainability involves a number of complex issues, which \r\nare difficult to integrate into models. For a more detailed discussion \r\nabout this, see Section 4.4.1 and Cross-Chapter Box 5 in Chapter 4."


id: 879823676dfac65af0d01634bfaa3ad3
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"An example of a  project that assesses the economy-wide impacts \r\nof linking sustainable development with deep decarbonisation is \r\nthe Deep Decarbonisation Pathways Project (DDPP) (Bataille et al. \r\n2016), which is undertaking a  comparative assessment of studies \r\nof 16 countries representing more than 74% of global energy\u0002related emissions for the pathway to 2oC stabilisation scenarios. \r\nThe DDPP's methodology is to combine scenario analysis in different \r\nnational contexts using macroeconomic models and sectoral models \r\nand to facilitate a  consistent cross-country analysis using a  set of \r\ncommon assumptions."


id: 3486a3b1ec50be41341298b7360befc8
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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"There is an emerging modelling literature focusing on the synergies \r\nand trade-offs between low-carbon development pathways and \r\nvarious aspects of sustainable development. The early literature, \r\nincluding that on IAMs, and macroeconomic and sectoral models, \r\nmainly focused on the co-benefits of mitigation policies in terms of \r\nreduced air pollution, energy security and to some extent employment \r\ngeneration security (IPCC 2014, 2018c) (Chapter  6). Some models \r\nhave been developed further with assessments of a broader range \r\nof the joint benefits of mitigation, health, water, land use and food \r\nsecurity (Clarke et al. 2014; IPCC 2014, 2018; Kolstad et al. 2014). \r\nAccording to Chapter 1, there is a need to incorporate issues and \r\nenablers further, including a wide range of non-climate risks, varying \r\nforms of innovation, possibilities for behavioural and social change, \r\nfeasible policies and equity issues (Executive Summary in Chapter 1)."


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"The key conclusions of the DDPP team on the economy-wide impacts \r\nare that country-based studies such as South Africa's demonstrate \r\nthat it is possible to improve income distribution, alleviate poverty \r\nand reduce unemployment while simultaneously transitioning \r\nto a  low-carbon economy (Altieri et al. 2016). The DDPP in Japan \r\nexplores whether energy security can be enhanced through increases \r\nin renewable energy (Oshiro et al. 2016). The reduction of uncontrolled \r\nfossil fuel emissions has significant public-health benefits according \r\nto the  Chinese and Indian DDPPs, as fossil fuel combustion is the \r\nmajor source of air pollution."


id: e10a3aa0a1ba1b33f8ced2b1fd295123
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"IAMs and macroeconomic models typically calculate mitigation costs \r\nbased on the assumption that markets internalise externalities like \r\nGHG emissions through carbon prices (Barker et al. 2016; IEA 2017, \r\n2019). Yet, there are legitimate questions to be asked about whether \r\ncarbon pricing will be efficient if markets are inefficient (World \r\nBank 2019). However, market inefficiencies are difficult to integrate \r\ninto the models. How GHG emissions taxes would actually work is \r\nthus quite uncertain based on the modelling studies (Barker et al. \r\n2016; Fontana and Sawyer 2016; Meyer et al. 2018). Despite these \r\nlimitations, the use of GHG emission taxes as an effective instrument \r\nbased on modelling results in practice has implications for public \r\npolicies and private-sector investments."


id: ab95f866a55197205517f4f2f6e9dfec
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"For example, in the Chinese DDPP, deep decarboniation scenarios \r\nhave resulted in reductions of 42-79% in primary air pollutants \r\n(e.g.,  SO2, NOx, particulate matter (PM2.5), volatile organic \r\ncompounds (VOCs), and NH3), thus meeting air-quality standards in \r\nmajor cities. The deep decarbonisation scenarios include the large \r\nand fast energy-efficient improvements required to improve energy \r\naccess and affordability. The DDPP studies are thus an example of an \r\napproach in which national deep-carbonisation scenarios are linked \r\nto the development goals of income generation, energy access and \r\naffordability, employment, health and environmental policy."


id: 8fe836a715f07e39f5be4e03335f5774
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"Despite the shortcomings of conventional economic thought and \r\nmodels already pointed out, improved models have demonstrated \r\nnew perspectives on how mitigation costs can be assessed \r\nin macroeconomic models. For instance, while a  conventional \r\nperspective might suggest that climate change mitigation costs \r\ncan limit investments in sustainability because they reduce the \r\nproductivity of capital by increasing energy prices and the products in \r\nwhich energies are embodied, another perspective is that innovation \r\ncan imply increases in efficiency and that the substitution of energy, \r\nmaterial and labour can lead to the accumulation of capital and \r\nproductivity gains. This appears to occur with innovations in end-use \r\nenergy applications generating emissions reductions and delivering "


id: 519c9763fe0adc65419926d99c5fbb2c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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"Sustainable development scenarios have also been developed by \r\nthe Low-Carbon Society's (LCS) assessments (Kainuma et al. 2012), \r\nin which multiple sustainable development and climate change \r\nmitigation goals were assessed jointly. The scenario analysis was \r\nconducted for Asian countries such as South Korea, Japan, India, \r\nChina and Nepal with a  soft linked IAM using economy-wide and \r\nsectoral models and linked to very active stakeholder engagement \r\nin order to reflect national policy perspectives and priorities. Some of "


id: 57fb07619df0d1631651f290abad8507
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"co-benefits, but a few studies have also covered other aspects, such \r\nas the health effects of dietary change and biodiversity impacts \r\n(Sections  3.6.3 and 17.3). Mitigation has implications for global \r\neconomic inequalities through different channels and can compound \r\nor lessen inequalities, avoid impacts and create co-benefits that \r\nreduce inequalities (Section  3.6.4). There are, however, several \r\nchallenges involved in balancing the dilemmas associated with \r\nmeeting the SDGs, such as, for example, energy access, equity and \r\nsustainability. Fossil fuel-dependent developing countries cannot \r\ntransition to low-carbon economics without considering the wider \r\nimpacts on development by doing so (Section 3.7.3)."


id: 8c618b6fb9fe4a93590ab4108698d365
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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content:
"the models are economy-wide global IAMs, while others are national \r\npartial equilibrium models."


id: 6735f1a6df2b4ac53c68edfe2a502391
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"The LCS scenarios also include a specific attempt to include ongoing \r\ndialogues with policymakers and stakeholders in order to reflect \r\ngovernance and enabling factors, and to enable the modelling \r\nprocesses to reflect political realism as far as possible. Diverse \r\nstakeholders who acted as validators of the scientific process were \r\nincluded, stakeholder preferences were revealed, and recipients and \r\nusers of the LCS outputs were included in ongoing dialogues on \r\noutputs and in interpreting the results. The aim of the stakeholder \r\ninteractions was thus to fill the gap between typical laboratory\u0002style IAMs and down-scaled but unaligned practical assessments \r\nperformed at disaggregated geographical and sector-specific scales."


id: a31e3de83daa5c0b7d653e68d686d552
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"The costs of energy-system transitions have been assessed by \r\nseveral energy-system studies. The economic costs of meeting the \r\ndifferent goals depend on the stringency of the mitigation target, as \r\nwell as economic (fuel prices, etc.) and technological developments \r\n(technology availability, capital costs, etc.). In addition, changes in \r\ninfrastructure and behavioural patterns and lifestyles matter. Model\u0002based assessments vary, depending on these assumptions and \r\ndifferences in modelling approaches (Krey et al. 2019) (Section 6.7.7). \r\nCountry characteristics determine the social, economic and technical \r\npriorities for low-emission pathways. Domestic policy circumstances \r\nimpact on pathways and costs, for example, when affordability and \r\nenergy-security concerns are emphasised (Oshiro et al. 2016)."


id: cf63d3036986d212c896505244e1c619
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"Mitigation policies can have important distributive effects between \r\nand within countries, and may affect impact on the poorest through \r\ntheir effects on energy and food prices (Hasegawa et al. 2018; \r\nFujimori et al. 2019) (Section 3.6.4), while higher levels of warming \r\nare projected to generate higher inequality between countries as well \r\nas within them (Chapter 16). Mitigation thus can reduce economic \r\ninequalities and poverty by avoiding such impacts (Section 3.6.4)."


id: efb9510ba55dc1299f36c0e14f6ceaf5
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"(Vandyck et al. 2018) estimate that the 2degC pathway would \r\nreduce air pollution and avoid 0.7-1.5 million premature deaths \r\nin 2050 compared to current levels. It is generally agreed that in \r\nboth developed and developing countries there are additional \r\nbenefits of climate change mitigation in terms of improved air \r\nquality (Section 3.7.4). (Markandya et al. 2018) assessed the health \r\nco-benefits of air pollution reductions and the mitigation costs of \r\nthe Paris Agreement using global scenarios for up to 2050. They "


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"unison. Studies using global IAMs that were presented in the GEO6 \r\nreport (United Nations Environment Programme 2019, Chapter 22) \r\nconcluded that transitions to low-carbon pathways will require \r\na broad portfolio of measures, including a mixture of technological \r\nimprovements, lifestyle changes and localised solutions. The many \r\ndifferent challenges require dedicated measures to improve access \r\nto, for example, food, water and energy, while at the same time \r\nreducing the pressure on environmental resources and ecosystems. \r\nA  key contribution may be a  redistribution of access to resources, \r\nwhere both physical access and affordability play a role. The IAMs \r\ncover large countries and regions, and localised solutions are not \r\nproperly addressed in the modelling results. This implies that, for \r\nexample, trade-offs between energy access and affordability are not \r\nfully represented in aggregate modelling results."


id: 7accbb9953c41a799bd634dc3797ef91
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"concluded that the health co-benefits substantially outweighed the \r\npolicy costs of achieving the NDC targets and either 2degC or 1.5degC \r\nstabilisation. The ratio of health co-benefits to the mitigation costs \r\nranged from 1.4 to 2.45, depending on the scenario. The extra \r\neffort of trying to pursue the 1.5degC target instead of the 2degC target \r\nwould generate a substantial net benefit in some areas. In India, the \r\nco-health benefits were valued at USD3.28-8.4 trillion and those \r\nin China at USD0.27-2.31 trillion. (Gi et al. 2019) also show that \r\ndeveloping countries such as India have a huge potential to produce \r\nco-benefits. In addition, this implies that while the cost advantages of \r\nsimultaneously achieving reductions of CO2 emissions and of PM2.5\r\nare clear, the advantages for integrated measures could be limited, \r\nas the costs greatly depend on the CO2 emissions reduction target."


id: 880e1f44d8710009f3b4e1059a0f762c
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"There are also several country-level studies for deep emissions \r\nreductions (see Chapter 4 for an overview of the results). The studies \r\nfind significant impacts of mitigation policies at the sectoral level, \r\nreflecting the fact that the sectoral scope does not allow for as much \r\nflexibility in mitigation measures despite macroeconomic impacts \r\nbeing assessed to be small (Executive Summary in Chapter  4). \r\nAnother key lesson is that the detailed design of mitigation policies \r\nis critical for the distributional impacts (Executive Summary in \r\nChapter 4). The potential mitigation measures, the potential economic \r\ngrowth, the political priorities and so forth are different among \r\nnations, and there may be several emissions-reduction transition \r\npathways to long-term goals among nations (Figure 4.2)."


id: 995e98e959e1d41b2b276b05c2199848
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"As pointed out in Chapter  6, the achievement of long-term \r\ntemperature goals in line with the Paris Agreement requires the \r\nrapid penetration of renewable energy and a timely phasing out of \r\nfossil fuels, especially coal, from the global energy system. Limiting \r\nwarming to 1.5degC (>50%) with no or limited overshoot means that \r\nglobal CO2 emissions must reach 'net zero' in 2050/2060 (IPCC \r\n2018). Net zero emissions imply that fossil fuel use is minimised \r\nand replaced by renewables and other low-carbon primary forms of \r\nenergy, or that the residual emissions from fossil fuels are offset by \r\ncarbon dioxide removal (CDR). The 1.5degC scenario requires a 2-3% \r\nannual improvement rate in carbon intensities till 2050. The historical \r\nrecord only shows a slight improvement in the carbon intensity rate \r\nof global energy supplies, far from what is required to limit global \r\nwarming to 2degC (>67%), or limit warming to 1.5degC (>50%) with no \r\nor limited overshoot."


id: f00e539e6f4b2cc5ef15bed1264c1f0f
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content:
"The role of coal in the global energy system is changing fast. Given \r\nthe global temperature goals of the Paris Agreement, the global \r\ncoal sector needs a transition to near zero by 2050 - earlier in some \r\nregions (Bauer et al. 2018; IEA 2017; IPCC 2018). Other global trends, \r\nincluding air quality, water shortages, the improved cost efficiencies \r\nof renewables, the technical availability of energy storage and the \r\neconomic rebalancing of emerging countries, are also driving global \r\ncoal consumption to a plateau followed by a reverse (Sator 2018; \r\nSpencer et al. 2018). The world should be prepared for a managed \r\ntransition away from coal and should identify appropriate transition "


id: 25ebc26a6f3d9f414a3875297b4e39a7
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"The World in 2050 Initiative (TWI2050) includes a  comprehensive \r\nassessment of technologies, economies and societies embodied in \r\nthe SDGs (IIASA 2018). The assessment addresses social dynamics, \r\ngovernance and sustainable development pathways within the areas \r\nof human capacity and demography, consumption and production, \r\ndecarbonisation and energy, food, the biosphere and water, smart \r\ncities and digitalisation. The report concludes that the 17 SDGs \r\nare integrated and complementary and need to be addressed in "


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"some areas and economies, these impacts will often not directly \r\nreplace or offset activities in areas that have been heavily dependent \r\non the fossil fuel industry."


id: 75dd40651e45d4c97f9270bf13cb4c2d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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content:
"options for the future of coal, which can include both the penetration \r\nof renewable energy and improvements in energy efficiency \r\n(Shah et al. 2015)."


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"Phasing out fossil fuels from energy systems is technically possible \r\nand is estimated to be relatively low in cost (Chapter 6). The cost of \r\nlow-carbon alternatives, including onshore and offshore wind, solar \r\nphotovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicles, has been reduced substantially \r\nin recent years and has become competitive with fossil fuels (Shen \r\net al. 2020). However, studies show that replacing fossil fuels with \r\nrenewables can have major synergies and trade-offs with a broader \r\nagenda of sustainable development (Swain and Karimu 2020), \r\nincluding land use and food security (McCollum et al. 2018), decent \r\njobs and economic growth (Swain and Karimu 2020). Clarke et al. \r\n(AR5 WG III Table  6.7) provides detailed mapping of the sectoral \r\nco-benefits and adverse side-impacts of and links to transformation \r\npathways. In Section 17.3.3.7, this is supplemented with a mapping \r\nof the synergies and trade-offs between the deployment of renewable \r\nenergy and the SDGs."


id: 25548cf0620861f5c3b20f89e82afcaf
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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vector_id: 3302
content:
"The general conclusion is that the potential co-benefits of renewable\u0002energy end-use measures outweigh the adverse impacts in most \r\nsectors and in relation to the SDGs, though this is not the case for the \r\nAFOLU (agriculture, forestry and other land use) sectors. Some locally \r\nnegative economic impacts can result in increased energy costs and \r\ncompetition over land areas and water resources. Some sectors may \r\nalso experience increasing unemployment as a consequence of the \r\ntransition process. Although the deployment of renewable energy \r\nwill generate a  new industry and associated jobs and benefits in "


id: 62210f769a8db43bee24820c5520feaf
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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vector_id: 12992
content:
"Even though the transition away from fossil fuels is desirable and \r\ntechnically feasible, it is still largely constrained by existing fossil \r\nfuel-based infrastructure and stranded investments. The 'committed' \r\nemissions from existing fossil fuel infrastructure may consume all \r\nthe remaining carbon budget in the 1.5degC scenario, or two thirds of \r\nthe carbon budget in the 2degC scenario (Tong et al. 2019). (Kefford \r\net al. 2018) assess the early retirement of fossil fuel power plants \r\nin the US, EU, China and India based on the IEA 2degC scenario and "


id: 68d70fb2301e361ef76fda35e0be09d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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content:
"Chapter 10 includes a more detailed assessment of the issues with \r\nmining these rare metals, as well as the associated social problems, \r\nincluding exploitative working conditions and child labour, the latter \r\na major issue that needs to be taken into consideration in transitions. \r\nRecycling batteries is also highlighted as a  major supplementary \r\npolicy if negative environmental side impacts are to be avoided \r\n(Rosendahl and Rubiano 2019). In the future, more attention should \r\nbe paid to reducing vulnerability through subsidising R&D in rare\u0002metals recycling, establishing systems to incentivise the collection \r\nof rare-metal waste and promoting technological progress using \r\nabundant metals as a  replacement for rare metals (Rosendahl \r\nand Rubiano 2019)."


id: 3b34ec08607ed8170eebf0daba9ed5fc
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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content:
"conclude that a massive early retirement of coal-fired power plants \r\nis needed, and that two to three standard 500 MW generators will \r\nneed to come offline every week for fifteen years. This high rate is \r\nthe result of a  very large deployment of coal-fired power plants \r\nfrom 2004 to 2012. The early phasing out of this infrastructure will \r\nresult in a  significant share of stranded assets (Ansari and Holz \r\n2020) with an impact on workers, local communities, companies and \r\ngovernments (van der Ploeg and Rezai 2020). The challenge is thus to \r\nmanage a transition which delivers the rapid phasing out of existing \r\nfossil fuel-based infrastructure while also developing a new energy \r\nsystem based on low-carbon alternatives within a very short window \r\nof opportunity."


id: ac113b58685116ba6a4d93e974d62f95
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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content:
"Chapter  6 similarly concludes that the transition towards a  high \r\npenetration of renewable systems faces various challenges in the \r\ntechnical, environmental and socio-economic fields. The integration \r\nof renewables into the grid requires not only sufficient flexibility \r\nin power grids and intensive coordination with other sources of \r\ngeneration, but also a  fundamental change in long-term planning \r\nand grid operation (see Chapter 6 for more detail on these issues)."


id: 1334dd79f8baf4ec0d73abc837c5cef2
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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vector_id: 535
content:
"As the momentum towards achieving carbon neutrality grows, the risk \r\nof certain assets becoming stranded is on the increase. International \r\npolicies and the push for low-carbon technologies in the context \r\nof climate change are reducing the demand for and value of fossil \r\nfuel products. Stranded assets become devalued before the end of \r\ntheir economic life or can no longer be monetised due to changes in \r\npolicies and regulatory frameworks, technological change, security, \r\nor environmental disruption. In short, stranded assets are 'assets \r\nthat have suffered from unanticipated or premature write-down, \r\ndevaluations or conversions to liabilities' (Caldecott et al. 2013)."


id: 859f847b7c47ae0b1c269db81a1b47ee
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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content:
"Examples from various countries show that, compared with top\u0002down decision-making, bottom-up policymaking involving local \r\nstakeholders could enable regions to benefit and reduce their \r\nresistance to transitions. (Kainuma et al. 2012) conclude that social \r\ndialogue is a  critical condition for engaging local workers and \r\ncommunities in managing the transitions with the necessary support \r\nfrom transition assistance. They also point out that macro-level \r\npolicies, training programmes, participatory processes and specific \r\nprogrammes to support employment creation for workers in fossil \r\nfuel-dependent industries are needed."


id: 9880cdac6b8fc2800fc5be7853debd76
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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content:
"Stranded assets are likely to 'lose economic value ahead of their \r\nanticipated useful life' (Bos and Gupta 2019). They are often \r\ndescribed as creative when they become stranded because of \r\ninnovation, competition or economic growth (Gupta et al. 2020). \r\nDivestment refers to 'the action or process of selling off subsidiary \r\nbusiness interests or investments'. This often occurs due to changing \r\nsocial norms and perceptions of climate change."


id: aa259fc47904c65de881fc02c53fa9a8
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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content:
"The transition towards a  high-penetration renewable system also \r\nraises concerns over the availability of rare metals for batteries like \r\nlithium and cobalt. While metal reserves are unlikely to limit the \r\ngrowth rate or total amount of solar and wind energy, used battery \r\ntechnologies and the known reserves currently being exploited are \r\nnot compatible with the transition scenario due to insufficient cobalt \r\nand lithium reserves (Manberger and Stenqvist 2018). Global lithium \r\nproduction rose by roughly 13% from 2016 to 2017, to 43,000 Mt \r\nin 2018 (Golberg 2021). Africa has rich reserves of lithium and is \r\nexpected to produce 15% of the world's supply soon (Rosenberg \r\net al. 2019). Such reserves are found in Zimbabwe, Botswana, \r\nMozambique, Namibia, South Africa (Steenkamp 2017) and the \r\nDemocratic Republic of Congo (Roker 2018)."


id: 622b3c5bd6329dafac629ffc192a3167
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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vector_id: 12998
content:
"The demand for these resources as ingredients in rechargeable \r\nbatteries is growing rapidly, with global demand for cobalt set to \r\nquadruple to over 190,000 tons by 2026. The DRC is a mineral-rich \r\ncountry (Smith et al. 2019a) with rich reserves of fossil fuels (coal \r\nand oil) (Buzananakova 2015). The extraction of lithium and cobalt \r\ncan be environmentally and socially damaging, though its use as \r\na  principal component in most rechargeable batteries for electric \r\nvehicles and electronic smart grids affords it high sustainability value. "


id: 4c92f8f1bf66a077c61f0d1fa6dc9718
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content:
"is the risk of lock-in effects related to grandfathering when emitters \r\ncomply with less stringent standards."


id: 7fc0673b0368de10e28282cd14bdebb
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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vector_id: 17642
content:
"current practices in the fossil fuel industry, shape a  'disruptive \r\ninnovation' and contribute to a strategy for decarbonising economies \r\nglobally (Bergman 2018). Divestment is contributing to the political \r\nsituation that is 'weakening the political and economic stronghold of \r\nthe fossil fuel industry' (Grady-Benson and Sarathy 2016)."


id: be13fe7ca19e6717da97dbad6fe9bc05
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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vector_id: 27461
content:
"Overcoming the carbon lock-in is not simply a matter of the right \r\npolicies or switching to low-carbon technologies. Indeed, it would \r\nmean a radical change in the existing power relations between fossil \r\nfuel industries and their governments and social structural behaviour \r\n(Seto et al. 2016). Some actions to fix the climate change problem \r\ncan themselves create injustices, thereby challenging sustainable \r\ndevelopment (Cronin et al. 2021). Not paying sufficient attention to \r\nperceptions of injustice related to the rights to development, energy \r\nand resource sovereignty can further create resistance to climate \r\naction (Cronin et al. 2021)."


id: 76d18d88a31d3c26adbb7fac2e659f2
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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vector_id: 16270
content:
"The stranded assets narrative has focused overwhelmingly on \r\nconsumption by companies: not much emphasis has been placed \r\non  the commercialisation- and investment-related aspects. In \r\naddition, other carbon-intensive activities can also run the risk of \r\nbeing stranded, such as cement, petrochemicals, steel and aviation \r\n(Baron and David 2015). This is why stranded assets are often \r\nreferred to as having a cascading impact on several other sectors."


id: 9b013601768dcff81fb5a00342694873
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
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vector_id: 21928
content:
"expected to shrink by 20% in 2021, this has created fiscal challenges \r\nfor countries that are heavily reliant on fossil fuel products as their \r\nmain source of revenue."


id: 2f59666256b4bc22c9a62cad09bdc617
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
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vector_id: 4868
content:
"The transition to a  low-carbon development is wired in issues of \r\njustice and equity: how do you align carbon reductions to meet the \r\nneeds of humanity? Distributive justice calls for a fairer sharing of \r\nthe benefits and burdens of the transition process, while procedural \r\njustice is essentially about ensuring that the demands of vulnerable \r\ngroups are not ignored in the pull to the transition. The impacts \r\nof climate change and the mitigation burdens are experienced \r\ndifferently by different social actors, with indigenous communities \r\nfacing multiple threats and being subjected to unequal power \r\ndynamics (Sovacool 2021)."


id: 5573a65bb5b3d41aa3739493489bfe7c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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vector_id: 10918
content:
"A poorly managed transition will reproduce inequalities, thus \r\ncontradicting the very essence of a  just, sustainable, inclusive \r\ntransition. Revenues from oil and gas have been ploughed into social \r\nsafety nets and are supporting free senior high-school education \r\nin countries such as Ghana, thus enabling the realisation of SDG \r\n4 (quality education) (UNU-INRA 2020). The move from fossil fuels \r\ntowards a low-carbon economy has economic implications for lower\u0002income countries that are dependent on hydrocarbon resources, are \r\nendowed with significant untapped oil and gas reserves, and may not \r\nhave the transitional tools to move towards low-carbon technologies \r\nor economies (Peszko et al. 2020)."


id: 2919ecb083b9bd0569da660b234902f0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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vector_id: 3895
content:
"Fossil fuel-dependent countries are doubly exposed to the vulnerability \r\nrelated to climate change impacts and are being targeted in the global \r\neffort to address the problem (Peszko et al. 2020). Countries that are \r\nheavily reliant on oil, coal and gas are also those most at risk from \r\na low-carbon transition that may curtail the activities of their fossil \r\nfuel industries and render the value chains and economies associated \r\nwith the exploitation of fossil fuels unviable (Peszko et al. 2020)."


id: db5a54082e741896fded35040bed49db
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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content:
"The energy transition landscape is changing rapidly, and we are \r\nwitnessing multiple transitions. This creates room to manage the \r\ntransition in ways that will prioritise the need for workers in vulnerable \r\nsectors (land, energy) to secure their jobs and to maintain a secure \r\nand healthy lifestyle, especially as the risks multiply for those who \r\nare exposed to heavy industrial jobs and all the associated outcomes. \r\nThe shift to carbon neutrality is being driven by convergent factors \r\nrelated to energy security and the benefits of climate mitigation, \r\nincluding the health impacts of air pollution and consumer demand \r\n(Svobodova et al. 2020)."


id: 90195595b0f78bfc4a0a6c1608ea03d4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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content:
"Developing countries in Latin America and Africa that are reliant \r\non revenue streams from fossil fuels may not see these returns \r\nconverted into much-needed infrastructure and other social and \r\neconomic amenities that can reduce poverty. However, given the \r\nfalling prices of renewables, developing countries do not have to face \r\nthe burden of retrofitting their infrastructure to align with new low\u0002carbon industries, since they can leapfrog technologies and shape \r\na sustainable trajectory that is more resilient and fit for the future."


id: 1bccf340059c8ea6db43e2eca015c271
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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vector_id: 1834
content:
"Climate change is high on the global agenda, as is energy's role in \r\ndecarbonising the economy, giving rise to a number of equality issues. \r\n(Oswald et al. 2020) have shown that economic inequality translates \r\ninto inequality in energy consumption, as well as emissions. This is \r\nlargely because people with different levels of purchasing power \r\nmake use of different goods and services, which are sustained by \r\ndifferent energy quantities and carriers (Oswald et al. 2020; Poblete\u0002Cazenave et al. 2021)."


id: 95535e8719b8df90115996341d2238c4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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content:
"However, the transition towards a carbon-neutral world is complex \r\nand non-linear, and it will likely result in some disruptions, with \r\nmanifest equality implications, given the scale of the transformation \r\nenvisaged. There are parallel movements that can be observed. On \r\nthe one hand, divestment initiatives are underway to move away \r\nfrom carbon-intensive investments. On the other hand, hydrocarbon\u0002rich countries in some parts of the developing world are identifying \r\nnew opportunities to reduce the fiscal loss associated with the loss \r\nof fossil fuel revenues. Indeed, with global investment in energy "


id: 706229631702308320bb38b7ca15d33e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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vector_id: 15297
content:
"A study by (Bai et al. 2020) shows that an increase in income inequality \r\nin China hinders the carbon abatement effect of innovations in "


id: 65e15681051846dca2ebe30eaa2dd542
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updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
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vector_id: 13616
content:
"low-carbon development should not replace old forms of injustice \r\nwith new ones (Setyowati 2021)."


id: fcfe2d0866b919b97af9853bf2bc7d7e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
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vector_id: 37316
content:
"renewable-energy technologies, possibly even leading to an increase \r\nin carbon emissions, while a  decrease in inequality of incomes is \r\nconducive to giving play to the role of this carbon abatement effect, \r\nthereby indicating that there is an important correlation between \r\nthe goals of 'sustainable social development' and 'sustainable \r\necological development'."


id: 9788ba7c51896711f444f0da96ed72e1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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vector_id: 21366
content:
"India is home to one sixth of world's population but accounts for only \r\n6.8% of global energy use and consumes only 5.25% of electricity \r\nproduced globally. During the period 1990-1991 to 2014-2015, \r\noverall energy intensity in India declined from 0.007 Mtoe per billion \r\nINR of GDP to 0.004 Mtoe per billion INR of GDP, an annual average \r\ndecline of 2%. The industrial sector is making the highest contribution \r\nCO2 mitigation by reducing its energy intensity (Roy et al. 2021)."


id: 7323c69076b24d236f6e107c96a45526
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
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vector_id: 15727
content:
"Household carbon emissions are mainly affected by incomes and \r\nother key demographic factors. Understanding the contribution \r\nof these factors can inform climate responsibilities and potential \r\ndemand-side climate-mitigation strategies. A  study by (Feng et al. \r\n2021) on inequalities in household carbon the in USA shows that \r\nthe per-capita carbon footprint (CF) of the highest income group \r\n(>USD200,000 yr-1) with 32.3 tonnes is about 2.6 times the per\u0002capita CF of the lowest income group (<USD15,000 yr-1) with 12.3 \r\ntonnes. Most contributors of high carbon footprints across income \r\ngroups in the US are heating, cooling and private transport, which \r\nreflects US settlement structures and lifestyles, heavily reliant as they \r\nare on cars and living in large houses."


id: 6e23b2bf595f2352f59e782ef2421899
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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content:
"Studies by (Jaccard et al. 2021) on energy in Europe shown a top-to\u0002bottom decile ratio (90:10) of 7.2 for expenditure, 3.1 for net energy \r\nand 2.6 for carbon. Given such inequalities, these two targets can \r\nonly be met through the use of carbon capture and storage (CCS), \r\nlarge efficiency improvements and an extremely low minimum final \r\nenergy use of 28 GJ per adult equivalent. Assuming a more realistic \r\nminimum energy use of about 55 GJ per adult equivalent and no \r\nCCS deployment, the 1.5degC target can only be achieved at near full \r\nequality. The authors conclude that achieving both stated goals is \r\nan immense and widely underestimated challenge, the successful \r\nmanagement of which requires far greater room for manoeuvre in \r\nmonetary and fiscal terms than is reflected in the current European \r\npolitical discourse."


id: 3410881d11d5f3ebfeb2a34dd7ae08d0
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content:
"2020). Transition decisions and policies may also have far-reaching \r\ngendered implications, as the closure of mines is often linked to \r\nseveral ancillary business impacts where men are laid off and women \r\nmay have to take on multiple jobs to compensate for the reduction in \r\nthe household's income (Piggot et al. 2019; UNU-INRA 2020)."


id: fff8c4734d68f295214b2db40ff5dfba
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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content:
"in one region than another given existing regional disparities in \r\nhuman capital, infrastructure, finance and technological development \r\n(Cronin et al. 2021)."


id: ea7a349906790a8875137518a36b522a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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vector_id: 34400
content:
"Low-carbon transitions and equality implications will depend on \r\nlocal contexts, regional priorities, the points of departure of different \r\ncountries in the transition and the speed at which they will want \r\nto travel. Hence, timing and scope are important elements that are \r\nassociated more with a quality transition than a race to the bottom. \r\nTo date, the debate has had some obvious blind spots, not least \r\nconsiderations of power, politics and political economy (Denton et al. \r\n2021). Certainly, the transition will create winners and losers, as \r\nwell as stakeholders that can frame their economic interests so as to \r\ndetermine the orientation, pace, timing and scope of the transition."


id: 2421018252a64577d9f3edebce59146d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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content:
"A just transition holds out the prospects for alternative high-quality \r\njobs, public-health improvements and an opportunity to focus on \r\nwell-being and prosperity, with spillover benefits to urban areas and \r\neconomic systems. Nonetheless, countries that transition from fossil \r\nfuels experience different challenges, different levels of dependence \r\nand have different capacities to transition. There will be countries \r\nwith lower capacity and higher dependence, and vice versa (UNEP/\r\nSEI 2020)."


id: 878e831300fd48447ee07e5610bf022e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
content_type: text
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vector_id: 18862
content:
"Deciding on matters of justice is essential to the transition, and there \r\nare several inherent questions to consider when thinking through \r\nthe allocation of costs and benefits, as is the case with distributive \r\njustice. How matters are defined and who defines matters such as \r\nthe timing of phasing out, prioritising which energy sources need to \r\nbe phased out and who might be affected are all political economy \r\nquestions (Piggot et al. 2019)."


id: d54a878fb8f37a7a12e9995b2359c79c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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vector_id: 31086
content:
"Similarly, when considering issues of procedural justice, there are \r\nmatters related to interests, participation and power dynamics that \r\nare essential to the process, but that might also subvert the process, \r\ndepending on whose rights, whose participation and whose power \r\nare being put in jeopardy (Forsyth 2014; Piggot et al. 2019). Hence, \r\nboth distribution and procedure matter, as do inter-generational \r\nand intra-generational equity in planning transitions. Six critical \r\nvariables can shape or inhibit the transition process. These \r\nare dependence, timing, capacity, agency, scope and inclusion \r\n(Denton et al. 2021)."


id: cb7c7dab75d9d7bb3f4e2d8a8c6335a0
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updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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vector_id: 29563
content:
"Dependence, or the extent to which a  country may depend on \r\nrevenue streams from fossil fuels, will determine its ability to \r\nmanage the transition from fossil fuels. Countries who rely on the \r\nproceeds from hydrocarbon resources as economic rents to support \r\nfiscal income and spending on public service-related needs such as \r\neducation, health and infrastructure, export earnings and foreign \r\nexchange reserves will have greater difficulties in foregoing their \r\nfossil fuel resources."


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vector_id: 4207
content:
"Timing: the transition pathway has to be aligned with a timetable \r\nwhich is anchored in national development priorities. For example, \r\nSouth Africa's Integrated Resource Planning indicates that the \r\ntransition away from coal, if not aligned with national development \r\npriorities, will reproduce new forms of inequality. In addition, if the \r\ntransition is imposed and its timing is not organic, then this might \r\nalso produce social inequalities."


id: cdb2ccbc1a721b6c0aed021149fc9b05
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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vector_id: 29889
content:
"Capacity: transitions need to reflect spaces and planning. If \r\nknowledge about the transition pathway is not adequately mastered \r\nor in place, this can disable the process or steer it in the wrong \r\ndirection. Capacity also relates to several attributes, including \r\ntechnical, governance, institutional, technologies, and economic \r\nresources to manage the transition. Poorer countries will have "


id: 90d26902ee0dd809983f78109b8e1cbd
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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content:
"Ambitious climate goals can increase the urgency of mitigation \r\nand accelerate the speed at which carbon neutrality is achieved. \r\nHowever, if the transition is done with speed, then this will leave \r\ndiversification efforts stymied, particularly in developing countries \r\nthat are highly dependent on fossil fuel revenue streams (UNEP/SEI "


id: da71f12def88ede796f1e5acef6ed7b0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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content:
"has a significant mitigation potential, with many scenarios showing \r\na shift to net-negative CO2 emissions during the 21st century. Total \r\ncumulative AFOLU CO2 sequestration varies widely across scenarios, \r\nwith as much as 415 GtCO2 being sequestered between 2010 and \r\n2100 in the most stringent mitigation scenarios. The largest share \r\nof net-GHG emissions reductions from AFOLU in both the 1.5degC \r\nand 2degC scenarios is from forestry-related measures, such as \r\nafforestation, reforestation and reduced deforestation. Afforestation, \r\nreforestation and forest management result in substantial CDR in \r\nmany scenarios. CO2 and CH4 show larger and more rapid declines \r\nthan N2O, an indication of the difficulties of reducing N2O emissions \r\nin agriculture (Chapter 3)."


id: 6a092fb7679bc670557097d6dbb24a28
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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content:
"difficulties in managing all these resources, as well as absorbing the \r\ncosts associated with the transition (UNEP/SEI 2020)."


id: 4c390a7ffc4044bffbe52805b1556bed
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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content:
"Agency: transitions are inherently about the sovereign right to \r\ndetermine one's orientation towards low-carbon development. \r\nHowever, given the urgency to stick to the Paris Agreement and the \r\nnew conditionalities related to post-COVID stimulus packages, \r\nthe absence of agency to deal with the transition might jeopardise its \r\nflow, orientation and pace (Newell and Mulvaney 2013)."


id: e3dbc6c029df2222cc7c3709841bde61
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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content:
"Scope: the extent to which the transition is rolled out and its potential \r\nimpacts. If transition policies are ambitious in making commensurate \r\ndiversification investments, this may enable job creation, but it may \r\nalso affect employees who are insufficiently prepared to undertake \r\nnew jobs and skills."


id: 4bbd735ffcff23297bb2f184ee4e4825
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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"Inclusion: who is considered in the transition process and how \r\ntheir interests and risks are assessed are important aspects of \r\ntransition pathways. Stakeholders with strong vested interests may \r\nresist the transition, especially as it moves towards diversification \r\nactivities and policies."


id: 5690dc861b3dd44c2d1095bc862545c5
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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content:
"Transitions will involve multiple sectoral- and cross-sectoral policies. \r\nSection 17.3.3 presents a range of studies and conclusions on the \r\nrelationship between climate change mitigation goals and meeting \r\nthe SDGs in order to identify major synergies and trade-offs. \r\nThe interactions are manifold and complex (Nilsson et al. 2016; \r\nPradhan et al. 2017) (Section 4.3.1.2). Here we draw on conclusions \r\nfrom sectoral chapters and add additional studies as a  basis for \r\ndrawing more general conclusions about agriculture, food and land \r\nuse, the water-energy-food nexus, industry, cities, infrastructure \r\nand transportation, cross-sectoral digitalisation, and mitigation and \r\nadaptation relations."


id: 4ad367a5caa32a25133f6137534b72fd
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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content:
"The potential joint contribution of food and land-use systems to \r\nsustainable development and climate change has also been addressed \r\nin policy programmes by the UN, local governments and the private \r\nsector. These programmes address options for pursuing sustainable \r\ndevelopment and climate change jointly, such as agroforestry, \r\nagricultural intensification, better agriculture practices and avoided \r\ndeforestation. (Griggs and Stafford-Smith 2013) assess production\u0002and consumption-based methods of achieving joint sustainability and \r\nclimate-change mitigation in food systems, concluding that efficiency \r\nimprovements in agricultural production systems can provide large \r\nbenefits. Given the expectations of high levels of population growth \r\nand the strong increase in the demand for meat and dairy products, \r\nthere is also a need for the careful management of dietary changes, \r\nas well for those areas which could be used most effectively for \r\nlivestock and plant production."


id: 2606e611a6b0a8b93fea9fce9f50d0a0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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vector_id: 3402
content:
"Sustainable development and mitigation policies are closely linked in \r\nthe agriculture, food and land-use sectors. We assess synergies and \r\ntrade-offs between meeting the SDGs and reducing GHG emissions \r\nwithin the sectors based on modelling studies and case studies \r\nillustrating how trade-offs between SDG 2 (zero hunger, biomass for \r\nenergy) and SDG 15 (life on land) can be addressed by cross-sectoral \r\nmitigation options."


id: dd94815d0d0338847190844ecae15846
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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vector_id: 32366
content:
"Loss of biodiversity has been highlighted in several studies as \r\na  major trade-off of the low stabilisation scenarios (Prudhomme \r\net al. 2020). A wide range of mitigation and adaptation responses - \r\nfor example, preserving natural ecosystems such as peatland, \r\ncoastal lands and forests, reducing the competition for land, \r\nfire management, soil management and most risk-management \r\noptions  - have the potential to make positive contributions to \r\nsustainable development, ecosystems services and other social \r\ngoals (McElwee et al. 2020). (Smith et al. 2019a) also stressed \r\nthat agricultural practices (e.g.,  improving yields, agroforestry), \r\nforest conservation  (e.g.,  afforestation, reforestation), soil carbon \r\nsequestration (e.g.,  biochar addition to soils) and the removal of "


id: f9e409c220b26b8d20e016502e23b57a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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vector_id: 36822
content:
"Chapter  7 emphasises the high expectations on land to deliver \r\nmitigation, yet the pressures on land have grown with population, \r\ndietary changes, the impacts of climate change and the conversion \r\nof uncultivated land to agriculture and other land uses. Agriculture, \r\nforestry and other land uses (AFOLU) are expected to play a vital role \r\nin the portfolio of mitigation options across all sectors. The AFOLU \r\nsector is also the only one in which it is currently feasible to achieve \r\ncarbon dioxide removal (CDR) from the atmosphere, including \r\nafforestarion/reforestation (A/R), improved forest management and \r\nsoil carbon sequestration (SCR) (Chapters 7 and 12). The AFOLU sector "


id: 40f719f5f81f98a0754d508729c469cc
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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vector_id: 7610
content:
"carbon dioxide (e.g.,  BECCS) could contribute to climate change \r\nmitigation (Smith et al. 2019a). However, there are also options that \r\ncould improve biodiversity if they were implemented jointly with \r\nclimate change mitigation in AFOLOU. In their study, (Leclere et al. \r\n2020) show that increasing conservation management, restoring \r\ndegraded land and generalised landscape-level conservation \r\nplanning could be positive for biodiversity. In general, the ambitious \r\nconservation efforts and transformations of food systems are central \r\nto an effective post-2020 biodiversity strategy."


id: bbc5c003cd652ead851182ef3f9dbd1f
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content:
"of oil-palm plantations has provided limited benefits to indigenous \r\nand Afro-descended communities. Even when oil-palm expansion \r\nimproves rural livelihoods, the benefits are unevenly distributed \r\nacross the rural population (Andrianto et al. 2019; Castellanos\u0002Navarrete et al. 2021). In any case, while oil-palm production can \r\nimprove smallholders' livelihoods in certain circumstances, this sector \r\noffers limited opportunities for agricultural labourers, especially \r\nwomen (Castellanos-Navarrete et al. 2019)."


id: b2f60590260ccdee2ab7e9015be5ac7b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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vector_id: 25671
content:
"Economy-wide mitigation costs can be effectively limited by \r\nlifestyle, technology and policy choices, as well as benefitting from \r\nsynergies with the SDGs. Synergies come from the consumption side \r\nby managing demand. For example, reducing food waste leads to \r\nresources being saved because water, land use, energy consumption \r\nand greenhouse gas emissions are all reduced (Chapter 3)."


id: aacaebfcce1fb8e8238078727d24e954
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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vector_id: 24394
content:
"The IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land (IPCC 2019) \r\nemphasises the need for governance in order to avoid conflict \r\nbetween sustainable development and land-use management. It \r\nstates: 'Measuring progress towards goals is important in decision\u0002making and adaptive governance to create common understanding \r\nand advance policy effectiveness'. The report concludes that \r\nmeasurable indicators are very useful in linking land-use policies, the \r\nNDCs and the SDGs."


id: c73585fbe81445e7d58752ce74114907
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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content:
"Chapter  12 emphasised that diets high in plant protein and low \r\nin meat, in particular red meat, are associated with lower GHG \r\nemissions. Emerging food-chain technologies such as microbial, \r\nplant, or insect-based protein promise substantial reductions in direct \r\nGHG emissions from food production. The full mitigation potential of \r\nsuch technologies can only be realised in low-GHG energy systems."


id: 9754fece0f6d08b7f32f0b63d0c23b19
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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content:
"One example of an area where special governance efforts have been \r\ncalled for is the protection of forestry, ecosystem services and local \r\nlivelihoods in a context of the large-scale deployment of high-value \r\ncrops like palm oil, short-term, high income-generating activities and \r\nsustainable development. Serious challenges are already being seen \r\nwithin these areas according to (IPBES 2019)."


id: feca951d65c78d849ac935409856ccc4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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vector_id: 37629
content:
"Palm oil is one example of a product with potentially major trade\u0002offs between meeting the SDGs and climate change mitigation in \r\nthe agriculture, forest and other land uses (AFOLU) sector. Currently \r\nthe area under oil palms is showing a tremendous increase, mostly \r\nin forest conversions to oil-palm plantations (Austin et al. 2019; \r\nGaveau et al. 2016; Schoneveld et al. 2019). The conversion of peat \r\nswamp forest and mineral forest to oil palms will yield different \r\namounts of CO2. A  study by (Novita et al. 2020) shows that the \r\ncarbon stock of primary peat-swamp forest was 1770 MgC ha-1\r\ncompared to a carbon stock of oil palm of 759 MgC ha-1. The study \r\nconducted by Guillaume et al. shows that the carbon stock in mineral \r\nsoils was 284 MgC ha-1 compared to that in rainforest, which was \r\n110.76  Mg C ha-1 (Guillaume et al. 2018)."


id: 845e5b4917bbaa47e7544278bc0a56b7
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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content:
"A similar study also found a positive impact form zero food waste. \r\nThe 'no food waste' scenario could decrease global average food \r\ncalorie availability by 120 kcal person-1 d-1 and protein availability \r\nby 4.6 g protein person-1 d-1 relative to their baseline levels, thus \r\nreducing required crop and livestock production by 490 and 190 Mt \r\nrespectively. This lower level of production reduces agricultural \r\nland use by 57 Mha and thus mitigates the associated side effects \r\non the environment. The lower levels of production also reduce \r\nthe requirements for fertilisers and water by 10 Mt and 110 km3\r\nrespectively, and GHG emissions are reduced by 410 MtCO2-eq yr-1\r\nrelative to the 2030 baseline. Reducing food waste can contribute \r\nto lessening the demand for food, feed and other resources such \r\nas water and nitrogen, reducing the pressure on land and the \r\nenvironment while ending hunger (Hasegawa et al. 2019)."


id: 6d25264604bbac1b4f4913791b0fd958
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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content:
"Restoring peatlands is one of the most promising strategies for \r\nachieving nature-based CDR (Girardin et al. 2021; Seddon et al. 2021). \r\nA study by (Novita et al. 2021) shows that significantly different CO2\r\nemissions for different land-use categories are influenced more \r\nby the water-table depth and latitude position for those locations \r\nrelative to other observed parameters, such as bulk density, air \r\ntemperature and rainfall."


id: 6d71823f03fc8124d4c637d89afed434
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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content:
"Given that the frequent peatland fires in Indonesia were caused \r\nby land clearances in the replanting season, multi-stakeholder \r\ncollaboration between oil-palm plantations, local communities \r\nand local governments over practices such as zero burning when \r\nclearing land might be one of the most effective ways to reduce the \r\ndeforestation impact of oil palm (Jupesta et al. 2020). Behavioural \r\nchanges as a  mitigation option have been suggested as a  major \r\nfactor in aligning sustainable development, climate change and land \r\nmanagement. In the absence of the policy intervention, the expansion "


id: 99b63a5f483a64631ccc7970af3942ba
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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content:
"This section addresses the links between water, energy and food in the \r\ncontext of sustainable development and the associated synergies and \r\ntrade-offs, with links to related chapters. The focus outline includes \r\nscoping and the relationship with the SDGs, general climate change \r\nimpacts on global water resources, energy-system impacts and the \r\nrelationship to renewables, enabling strategies, trade-offs and cross\u0002sectoral implications (see also Chapter 12), nexus-management tools \r\nand strategies, and a box with examples from India and South Africa."


id: 9c07fb747687da8dc4dce5c8c97b17e5
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content:
"The continually increasing pressures on natural resources, such \r\nas land and water, due to the rising demands from increases in \r\npopulation and living standards, which also require more energy, \r\nemphasises the need to integrate sustainable planning and \r\nexploitation (Bleischwitz et al. 2018)."


id: 54654599e29a64cf52a83ee3e940c318
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"The water-energy-food nexus (WEFN) is at the epicentre of these \r\nchallenges, which are of global relevance and are the focus of policies \r\nand planning at all levels and sectors of global society. The nexus \r\nbetween water, energy and food (Zhang et al. 2018) is tight and \r\ncomplex, and needs careful attention and deciphering across spatio\u0002temporal scales, sectors and interests to balance proper management \r\nand trade-offs and to pursue sustainable development (Biggs et al. \r\n2015; Dai et al. 2018; Hamiche et al. 2016). The WEFN touches upon \r\nthe majority of the UN's SDGs, such as SDG 2, SDG 6, SDG 7 and SDGs \r\n11-15 (Bleischwitz et al. 2018), and deals with basic commodities, \r\nthus guaranteeing the basic livelihoods of the global population."


id: f1afa4d77bf20f6dc95e5f2fbb8822c0
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content:
"The Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) group of countries \r\nhas also created several types of public-private partnership to \r\ntackle food waste and reduce losses. Most of these partnerships are \r\nfocused on food-waste recycling in both developed and developing \r\ncountries (Rogelj et al. 2018). APEC members stated that knowledge\u0002sharing and improved policy and project management were the most \r\nimportant advantages of public-private partnerships."


id: 3967badeaa248a3eec93a5e5a40a7ae5
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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content:
"The inextricably intertwined factors in decision-making are \r\ninfluenced by the characteristics of the person, in interaction with \r\nthe characteristics of more sustainable practices and products, \r\nwhich interact with a particular context that includes the immediate \r\nenvironment (e.g.,  household, farm), the indirect environment \r\n(e.g.,  community) and macro-environmental factors (e.g.,  the \r\npolitical, financial and economic contexts) (Hoek et al. 2021). Hence, \r\nto influence people to make decisions in favour of sustainable \r\nfood production or consumption, a  wider perspective is needed \r\non decision-making processes and behavioural change, in which \r\nindividuals are not targeted in isolation, but in interaction with this \r\nwider systemic environment."


id: a53845bb87bfe14ba4a85c1065cc35e3
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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content:
"The task of gaining an improved understanding of WEFN processes \r\nacross disciplines such as the natural sciences, economics, the social \r\nsciences and politics has been further exacerbated by climate change, \r\npopulation growth and resource depletion. In light of the system of \r\ninterlinkages involved, the WEFN concept essentially also covers land \r\n(Ringler et al. 2013) and climate (Brouwer et al. 2018; Susnik et al. \r\n2018), and can be further assessed in light of the relevant economic, \r\necological, social and SDG aspects (Fan et al. 2019a). The nexus \r\napproach was introduced in the early 2010s, when it was argued \r\nthat advantages could be gained by adopting a  nexus approach \r\nwith regard to cross-sectoral and human-nature dependencies and \r\nby taking externalities into account (Hoffmann 2011). Hence, within \r\nthe nexus, obvious trade-offs exist with competing interests, such as \r\nwater availability versus food production."


id: 58b8b3bc601954fe970679647e7f3b95
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content:
"Climate change is projected to impact on the distribution, magnitude \r\nand variability of global water resources. A  yearly increase in \r\nprecipitation of 7% globally is expected by 2100 in a high-emissions \r\nscenario (RCP8.5), although with significant inter-model, inter\u0002regional and inter-temporal differences (Giorgi et al. 2019). Similarly, \r\nextreme events related to the water balance, such as droughts and \r\nextreme precipitation, are projected to shift in the future (RCP4.5) \r\ntowards 2100: for example, the number of consecutive dry days is \r\nprojected to increase in the Mediterranean region, southern Africa, \r\nAustralia and the Amazon (Chen et al. 2014). In impact terms, an \r\nincrease of 20-30% in global water use is expected by 2050 due to \r\nthe industrial and domestic demand for water. Already 4 billion people "


id: 608131d7cff14be6bfbbb668d41e22ab
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:51
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content:
"alone, is seen across all scenarios (van Vliet et al. 2016a) (Chapter 6). \r\nAlongside the global increase in hydropower potential, the global \r\nmean water-discharge cooling capacity, which also relates to \r\nwater temperatures, experiences a decrease of 4.5% to 15% across \r\nthe scenarios. In very general and global terms, when combined, \r\nthese changes support the shift towards sources of renewable \r\nenergy, including hydropower, in the energy mix. When it comes to \r\nensuring stability in the management of the electricity grid, hydro\u0002climatological extremes have the potential to pose vast difficulties \r\nin certain regions and/or seasons depending on the nature of the \r\nenergy mix (Van Vliet et al. 2016c). Van Vliet et al. (2016b) showed \r\nsignificant reductions in both thermoelectric and hydropower \r\nelectricity capacities, exemplified by the 2003 European drought, \r\nwhich resulted in reductions of 4.7% and 6.6%, respectively."


id: 496ddab557a5d28d6b27486830723cf5
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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vector_id: 8941
content:
"Globally, climate change has been shown to cause increases of 4%, 8% \r\nand 10% in the share of population being exposed to water scarcities \r\nunder the 1.5degC, 2degC and 3degC scenarios for global warming respectively \r\n(RCP8.5) (Koutroulis et al. 2019). At the same time, climate change is \r\nprojected to cause a general increase in extreme events and climate \r\nvariability, placing a substantial burden on society and the economy \r\n(Hall et al. 2014). Other than the human influence on the global hydro\u0002climate, human activities have been shown to surpass even the impact \r\nof climate change in low to moderate emission scenarios of the water \r\nbalance (Haddeland et al. 2014). Similar conclusions have been found \r\nby (Destouni et al. 2013; Koutroulis et al. 2019)."


id: d2be10626a9f53d85c571dddab999ada
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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vector_id: 30677
content:
"The energy sector is vulnerable to production losses caused mainly \r\nby heatwaves and droughts, whereas coastal and fluvial floods are \r\nalso responsible for a  large relative share of the energy sector's \r\nvulnerability, as assessed by (Forzieri et al. 2018) for Europe in 2100. \r\nIn total, heatwaves and droughts will be responsible for 94% of the \r\ndamage costs to the European energy system compared to 40% \r\ntoday. Similarly, (Craig et al. 2018) show that, despite potentially \r\nminor spatio-temporally aggregated differences for various energy\u0002system components, such as demand, thermoelectric power, wind, \r\nand so on, the aggregated impact of climate change across these \r\ncomponents will cause a  significant impact on the energy system, \r\nas currently exemplified by the USA. In terms of investments and \r\nmanagement, it is important to unravel these cross-component \r\nrelations in light of the projected nature of the future climate."


id: b780cf13ae316bd0374a53cb5b8398bb
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content:
"An obvious consequence of the impact of climate change on future \r\nhydro-climatic patterns is the fact that the energy system is projected \r\nto experience vast impacts through climate change (Fricko et al. \r\n2016; Van Vliet et al. 2016a; van Vliet et al. 2016b) (Chapter 6). In \r\nthe short run, where fossil fuel sources make up a significant share of \r\nthe global energy grid, climate impacts related to water availability \r\nand water temperatures will affect thermoelectric power generation, \r\nwhich relies mainly on water cooling (Larsen and Drews 2019; \r\nPan et al. 2018); water is also used for pollution and dust control, \r\ncleaning, and so on (Larsen et al. 2019). Currently, 98% of electricity \r\ngeneration relies on thermoelectric power (81%) and hydropower \r\n(17%) (van Vliet et al. 2016a)."


id: 75af96dc9c5fa9f7670c136863a499c9
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"Of these thermoelectric sources, the vast majority employ substantial \r\namounts of water for cooling purposes, although there is a  trend \r\ncurrently towards implementing more hybrid or drier forms of cooling \r\n(Larsen et al. 2019)."


id: c31cfaf60123f0645764e09d4b25b969
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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vector_id: 28271
content:
"Furthermore, policy instruments in power-system management, \r\nhere exemplified by hydropower in a  climate-change scenario, \r\nhave been shown to enhance energy production during droughts \r\n(Gjorgiev and Sansavini 2018). The significant influence of variation \r\nin the planning of renewable energy for the 21st century has also \r\nbeen highlighted by (Bloomfield et al. 2016). At the same time, the \r\nintegration of renewables must account for lower thermoelectric \r\nefficiencies and capacities due to increases in temperature "


id: 2984a3d760286fa12f78b10a028bddd0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"For the 2080s compared to 1971-2000, an increase of 2.4% to 6.3% \r\nin the global gross hydropower potential, from the hydrological side "


id: b7729f9fd85692cdd936e54db66dd031
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"(van Vliet et al. 2016a), power-plant closures during extreme weather \r\nevents due to a lack of cooling capacity (Forzieri et al. 2018), and further \r\nefficiency reductions and penalties following the implementation of \r\nCCS technologies in the effort to reach the GHG mitigation targets \r\n(Byers et al. 2015). However, more recent studies find more promising \r\namounts of water being used for energy conversion (IEAGHG 2020; \r\nMagneschi et al. 2017)."


id: a52420853c0ad6b8b04126171758bffa
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"The relations between the influence of hydro-climatic variability, \r\nsocio-economic conditions and patterns of water scarcity have been \r\naddressed by (Veldkamp et al. 2015). A key finding of this study was \r\nthe ability of the hydro-climate and the socio-economy to interact, \r\nenforcing or attenuating each other, though with the former acting \r\nas the key immediate driver, and the influence of the latter emerging \r\nafter six to ten years."


id: a879bef9110c48075848e785c7a59cb1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"The trade-offs between competing demands have been investigated \r\non a  continental scale in the US Great Plains, highlighting the \r\ninfluence of irrigation in mitigating reductions in crop yields (Zhang \r\net al. 2018). Despite crop-yield reductions of 50% in dry years \r\ncompared to wet years, a  key conclusion was that the irrigation \r\nshould be counterbalanced against general water and energy \r\nsavings within the context of trade-offs. In East Asia, the WEFN has \r\nbeen quantified, highlighting obvious trade-offs between economic \r\ngrowth, environmental issues and food security (White et al. 2018). \r\nThis same study also highlights the concept of a  virtual WEFN \r\nthat includes water embodied within products that are traded and \r\nshipped. (Liu et al. 2019) find an urgent need for proper assessment \r\nmethods, including of trade within the WEFN, due to the significant \r\nresource allocations."


id: 989907d042f276e9aebf1155daff3084
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"Therefore, looking ahead, future fields of WEFN research should \r\nprovide greater insights into all these aspects. Holistic frameworks \r\nhave been put forward to facilitate methods of WEFN management \r\nby focusing on, for example, the geographical complexities with \r\nregard to transboundary challenges within hydrological catchments "


id: 5f457a02a41ca8c2010fa18c205e0422
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"(de Strasser et al. 2016), aligning policy incentives (Rasul 2016) and \r\nmaking synergies and trade-offs in relation to WEFN SDG targets (Fader \r\net al. 2018), and so on. The roles of all levels of government in optimal \r\nWEFN management are also highlighted in (Kurian 2017), especially \r\nwith regard to shaping the behaviour of individuals. Furthermore, \r\n(Kurian 2017) highlights the challenges involved in science and policy \r\ncommunicating with one another and in the provision of optimal \r\ninstruments and guidelines. Engaging non-experts and end-users in \r\nscientific processes is seen as essential to capturing previous failures \r\nand successes, and to ensure that understanding the challenges is \r\nupdated to help shape the research questions."


id: c34fe9a8a5cfb55910bd47698f3edd59
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"trade-offs between mitigation options and the SDGs, with a specific \r\nfocus on asking whether economic growth and employment creation \r\ncan work jointly with climate actions and other SDGs in least \r\ndeveloped and developing countries. Examples of synergies and \r\ntrade-offs are provided based on the conclusions of Chapter  9 on \r\nthe building sector and Chapter  11 on industry. The potential for \r\ngreening industry is discussed in relation to eco-industrial parks, with \r\nexamples from Ethiopia, China, South Africa and Ghana."


id: 2e7b47d98bcc34fae7e99210aca63555
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"Chapter  11 concludes that achieving net zero emissions from the \r\nindustrial sector are possible. This will require the provision of \r\nelectricity free from greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, including \r\nfrom other energy carriers, increased electrification, low-carbon \r\nfeedstocks, and a combination of energy efficiency, reduced demand \r\nfor materials, a  more circular economy, electrification and carbon \r\ncapture, use and storage (CCUS)."


id: 9236f2671c3954aa65d14cbd6e548cdd
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"Coordination of water use across different sectors and deltas is \r\nan important factor in sustainable water management. Examples \r\nof instruments and policies that support this from India and Sub\u0002Saharan Africa in relation to the groundwater crisis are given below. \r\nIndia is the world's largest user of groundwater for irrigation, which \r\ncovers more than half of the country's total irrigated agricultural area, \r\nis responsible for 70% of food production and supports more than \r\n50% of the population (700 million people) (Chapter 7). However, \r\nexcessive extraction of groundwater is depleting aquifers across the \r\ncountry, and falls in the water table have become pervasive. Improved \r\nwater-use efficiency in irrigated agriculture is being considered, both \r\nglobally and in India, as a way of meeting future food requirements \r\nwith increasingly scarce water resources (Fishman et al. 2015)."


id: 7945cc1a385673a76c28b1d3aaf7127c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"The potential co-benefits of mitigation options in industry has \r\nbeen mapped out in Chapter  11 in relation to five categories of \r\nmitigation options: material efficiency and reductions in the demand \r\nfor materials, the circular economy and industrial waste, carbon \r\ncapture and storage, energy efficiency, and electrification and fuel \r\nswitching (Figure  11.15). In particular, the first two categories of \r\noptions are assessed as having several co-benefits for the SDGs, \r\nincluding SDGs 3, 5, 7, 8, 9 11, 12, and 15. Some studies also point \r\nout the potential trade-offs in respect of employment and the costs \r\nof cleaner production. The other options primarily impact on climate \r\nactions, decent work and employment, and industry as such."


id: 17862e0f5959dce7a3056fdda96f3663
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"The entirety of Sub-Saharan Africa has an undeveloped potential \r\nfor groundwater exploitation, despite the general perception \r\nof a  global groundwater crisis, this being due to the absence of \r\nservices to support groundwater development (Cobbing 2020). It is \r\nestimated that most Sub-Saharan countries in Africa utilise less than \r\n5% of their national sustainable yields (Cobbing and Hiller 2019). \r\nThe initial tool for driving sustainable groundwater exploitation is \r\na change in the narrative of a lack of resources in order to stimulate \r\nincreased agricultural production and increased fulfilment of the \r\nSDGs (Cobbing 2020). Quantitative measures of actual groundwater \r\nvulnerability based on multiple indicators have been calculated \r\nby, for example, (van Rooyen et al. 2020), showing that 20.4% of \r\nSouth Africa's current water resources are highly vulnerable and are \r\nprojected to worsen fifty years into the future."


id: 378af4a9ab7b23399544ec068cd442a3
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"(Okereke et al. 2019) offer important generic conclusions on green \r\nindustrialisation and the transition based on a  study of socio\u0002technical transition in Ethiopia. The importance of drivers for \r\nchanges in terms of clear policy goals and government support \r\nfor  green growth and climate policies, as well as support from \r\na  strong culture of innovation, is emphasised. The study also \r\nidentifies key barriers in relation to stakeholder interactions, \r\nthe availability of resources and the ongoing tensions between \r\nambitions for high economic growth and climate change. Green \r\ninnovation in industry critically depends on regulations. (Gramkow \r\nand Anger-Kraavi 2018) have assessed the role of fiscal policies in \r\ngreening Brazilian industry based on an econometric analysis of \r\n24 manufacturing sectors. They conclude that instruments like low\u0002cost finance for innovation and support to sustainable practices \r\neffectively promote green innovation."


id: c1ce486cda39b23ad1d7e47eb2ca6e74
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"Despite the positive perspectives regarding Sub-Saharan groundwater \r\nresources, the 2015-2017 water crisis in South Africa, including in \r\nCape Town, clearly predicts vulnerability to climate variability (Carvalho \r\nResende et al. 2019), which is predicted to increase. Serving as \r\ninspiration for the future mitigation of water depletion, (Olivier and Xu \r\n2019) suggest certain governance tools to improve the diversification \r\nof water sources and the management of existing supplies."


id: 487e7a24d63a0736f182eb898f3091
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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"(Luken 2019) have assessed the drivers, barriers and enablers for green \r\nindustry in Sub-Saharan Africa, concluding that major barriers exist \r\nrelated to material and input costs, as well as product requirements \r\nin foreign markets, and that as a result there are trade-offs between \r\neconomic and environmental performance. Studies of ten countries \r\nare reviewed, and although they suffer from limited information, they \r\nconclude similarly that further progress is being hindered by poor \r\naccess to finance and weak government regulation. (Greenberg and \r\nRogerson 2014). They similarly conclude that the greening of industry \r\nin South Africa is lagging behind due to economic barriers and weak \r\ngovernance, despite its high priority in government planning and \r\namong international partners."


id: b8738ba065a5f9a2212b1c61041c7c50
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"Industrial transformation is a core component in achieving sustainable \r\ndevelopment. Across all industrial sectors, the development and \r\ndeployment of innovative technologies, business models and policy \r\napproaches at scale will be essential in accelerating progress both \r\nwith meeting the economic and social development goals and with \r\nachieving low emissions. In this section, we assess the synergies and "


id: 94478dad42c349343be20ac1df260d62
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"has played a  positive role in avoiding migration and pressure on \r\nforest resources, there is a lack of coordination between government \r\nand industry initiatives."


id: 321e521b0c668741dc9b1554a093d144
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"Ghana has launched a 'One District One Factory' (1D1F) initiative, \r\naimed at establishing at least one factory or enterprise in each of \r\nGhana's 216 districts as a means of creating economic growth poles \r\nto accelerate the development of these areas and create jobs for \r\nthe country's increasingly youthful population. The policy aims to \r\ntransform the structure of the economy from one dependent on the \r\nproduction and export of raw materials to a value-added industrialised \r\neconomy driven primarily by the private sector (Yaw 2018). As has \r\nbeen pointed out by (Mensah et al. 2021), in its initial design the \r\nprogramme did not take environmental quality into consideration. \r\nAlthough it was successful in creating economic growth, exports \r\nand employment, the environmental impacts have been negative. \r\nIt has therefore been recommended that environmental regulations \r\nbe imposed on foreign investments. Similar conclusions have been \r\ndrawn by (Solarin et al. 2017)."


id: f42028bf8b70ca9308c06a689a489307
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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"It can be concluded that most of the mitigation options in industry \r\nconsidered in this section could have synergies with the SDGs, but \r\nalso that some of the renewable-energy options could indicate some \r\ntrade-offs in relation to land use, with implications for food- and \r\nwater security and costs. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) could \r\nplay an enabling role in the provision of reliable, sustainable and \r\nmodern energy and could support decarbonisation, but it can also be \r\ncostly (IEAGHG 2020; Mikunda et al. 2021). The provision of water for \r\nCCS can include both synergies and trade-offs with the SDGs due to \r\nrecent progress in water-management technologies (Giannaris et al. \r\n2020; IEAGHG 2020; Mikunda et al. 2021)."


id: a8fd8f938dfecbc52d4e28cee7dca603
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"Chapter 11 concludes that eco-industrial parks, in which businesses \r\ncooperate with each other in order to avoid environmental pressure \r\nand support sustainable development, have delivered several benefits \r\nin relation to overall reductions in both virgin materials and final \r\nwastes, implying significant reductions in industrial GHG emissions. \r\nDue to these advantages, eco-industrial parks have been actively \r\npromoted, especially in East Asian countries such as China, Japan \r\nand in the Republic of Korea (South Korea), where national indicators \r\nand governance exist (Geng et al. 2019; Geng and Hengxin 2009)."


id: 7417487b7ffcfd95fece23efa9753af0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"With 80% of the global population expected to be urban by 2050, \r\ncities will shape development paths for the foreseeable future \r\n(United Nations 2018). The challenge for many policymakers is to \r\nconstruct development paths that make cities clean, prosperous and \r\nliveable while mitigating climate change and building resilience to \r\nheatwaves, flooding and other climate risks. The IPCC SR1.5 report \r\nsees achieving these objectives as feasible: cities could potentially \r\nrealise significant climate and sustainable-development benefits \r\nfrom shifting development paths (Wiktorowicz et al. 2018). This \r\nsection assesses the synergies and trade-offs between meeting the \r\nSDGs and climate change mitigation, as well as providing a general \r\noverview of mitigation options in cities and of enabling factors, \r\nincluding city networks and plans for jointly addressing the SDGs \r\nand climate change mitigation."


id: 43d2ca1a42890c5d4578c56e3c2202a8
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"(Zeng et al. 2020) have assessed the role of eco-industrial parks in \r\nChina's green transformation for 33 development zones in relation \r\nto contributions to GDP, industrial value added, exports, water \r\nand energy consumption, CO2 levels and sulphur emissions. They \r\nconcluded that industrial parks have played a very important role in \r\nChina's industrialisation, and that this structure has supported the \r\ndecoupling of economic growth and energy and water consumption \r\nfrom the environmental impacts. However, improved environmental \r\nperformance would require better access to finance and a  higher \r\npriority by management."


id: d678762caf23e0f6c45c0e76757a420f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"Chapter 8 concludes that urban areas potentially offer several joint \r\nbenefits between mitigation and the SDGs, and that since AR5, \r\nevidence of the co-benefits of urban mitigation continues to grow. \r\nIn developing countries, a co-benefits approach that frames climate \r\nobjectives alongside other development benefits arise increasingly \r\nbeing seen as an important concept justifying and driving climate \r\nchange actions in developing countries (Sethi and Puppum De Oliveria \r\n2018; Seto et al. 2016)."


id: 2b0b20be7c8bd53fc1a12c0079035ba4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"Eco-industrial parks have been promoted in Ethiopia by the \r\ngovernment and UNIDO, based on the expectation that they could \r\nhelp to boost the economy (UNIDO 2018). One of the success \r\nstories is an industrial park in Hawassa, a  nation-level textile and \r\ngarment industrial park with a 'zero emissions commitment' based \r\non renewable energy and energy-efficient technologies. However, \r\nthe concept of the industrial park, including feasible policies and \r\ninstitutional arrangements, is new to Ethiopia's regulatory processes, \r\nand this has created problems for management, knowledge and \r\ngovernance, hindering their fast implementation."


id: 11ce88991860ad93ef5bff11c0de5a4f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"Evidence of the co-benefits of urban mitigation measures on human \r\nhealth has increased significantly since the IPCC AR5, especially \r\nthrough the use of health-impact assessments in cities like Geneva, \r\nwhere energy savings and cleaner energy-supply structures based on \r\nmeasures for urban planning, heating and transport have reduced \r\nCO2, NOx and PM10 emissions and increased the opportunities for \r\nphysical activity for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases \r\n(Diallo et al. 2016)."


id: e2cddb9898d9bb93d282db4af18d607e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"A number of business associations have developed strategies for \r\nsustainable development and climate change, including corporate \r\nsocial responsibility (CSR). International initiatives have included \r\nthe promotion of CSR initiatives by international investors in low\u0002income countries to support a broad range of development priorities, \r\nincluding social working conditions, eliminating child labour and \r\nclimate change (Lamb et al. 2017). (Leventon et al. 2015) evaluated \r\nthe role of mining industries in Zambia in supporting climate\u0002compatible development and concluded that, although the industry "


id: 7dc5d6171769c2d4994f0dc2d2c3293d
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vector_id: 17361
content:
"There is increasing evidence that climate-mitigation measures can \r\nlower health risks that are related to energy poverty, especially in \r\nvulnerable groups, such as the elderly (Monforti-Ferrario et al. 2019). \r\nMoreover, the use of urban forestry and green infrastructure as \r\nboth a  climate mitigation and an adaptation measure can reduce \r\nheat stress (Kim and Coseo 2019; Privitera and La Rosa 2017) "


id: 3a24c7b4377d9479036ba32d5ac795b2
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content:
"fail to highlight the synergies and trade-offs between climate and \r\nsustainable development or rebrand GHG-intensive practices as \r\n'sustainable' in relevant plans (Tozer 2018)."


id: cbd46f8566a9c35feb7f7a0b404f420
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"while removing air pollutants to improve air quality (Scholz et al. \r\n2018; De la Sota et al. 2019) and enhancing well-being, including \r\ncontributions to local development and possible reductions of \r\ninequalities (Lwasa et al. 2015). Other studies evidence the potential \r\nto reduce premature mortality by up to 7000 in 53 towns and cities, \r\nto create 93,000 net new jobs and lower global climate costs, as well \r\nas reduce personal energy costs based on road maps for renewable\u0002energy transformations (Jacobson et al. 2018)."


id: cdafbd69f029d2256656b0c160835137
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"With regard to city networks, Section  8.5 concludes that the \r\nimportance of urban-scale policies for sustainability has increasingly \r\nbeen recognised by international organisations and national and \r\nregional governments. For example, in 2015, more than 150 national \r\nleaders adopted the UN's 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, \r\nincluding stand-alone SDG 11 (sustainable cities and communities) \r\n(UN 2015 p. 14). The following year, 170 countries agreed to the UN \r\nNew Urban Agenda (NUA), a central part of which is recognising the \r\nimportance of national urban policies (NUPs) as a key to achieving \r\nnational economic, social and environmental goals (United Nations \r\n2015a 2017). Similarly, the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk \r\nReduction identifies the need to focus on unplanned and rapid \r\nurbanisation to reduce exposure and vulnerability to the risks of \r\ndisasters (United Nations 2015b)."


id: 7536a7057b91cc148bd3f948c2c22fc2
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"Infrastructural investments will also have wide-ranging implications \r\nfor sustainable, low-carbon urban development, namely transport \r\nand mobility. To some extent, decision-making frameworks such as \r\nAvoid-Shift-Improve (ASI) could help make these patterns low carbon \r\nand sustainable (Dalkmann and Brannigan 2007; Wittneben et al. \r\n2009). Mixed land-use planning and compact cities can not only help \r\navoid emissions or shift travellers into cleaner modes (Cervero 2009), \r\nthey can also improve air quality, reduce commuting times, enhance \r\nenergy security and improve connectivity (Zusman et al. 2011; Pathak \r\nand Shukla 2016)."


id: 83eefdda6be1c9504348fd7d98ae8a71
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"In addition to the mostly domestic enablers listed previously, some \r\ncities have also benefited from working with international networks. \r\nThe Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate & Energy (Covenant of \r\nMayors 2019), the World Mayors Council on Climate Change, ECLEI, \r\nC40, and UNDRR (C40 Cities 2019; ECLEI 2019; UNDRR 2019) have \r\nprovided targeted support, disseminated information and tools, and \r\nsponsored campaigns (Race to Zero) to motivate cities to embrace \r\nclimate and sustainability objectives. Despite this support, it should \r\nbe stressed that most cities are in the early stages of climate \r\nplanning (Eisenack and Reckien 2013; Reckien et al. 2018; Climate\u0002ADAPT 2019). Furthermore, in some cases city policymakers may "


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updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"The section will consider the links between mitigation and adaptation \r\noptions in the context of sustainable development and the associated \r\nsynergies and trade-offs. Cross-cutting conclusions will be drawn \r\nbased on Chapter  3 and the sectoral chapters of AR6 WGIII and "


id: 599d4ea595caf906580c998da6b13fae
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
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vector_id: 11598
content:
"Grubler et al. (2018) show that stringent climate-mitigation pathways \r\nwithout reliance on BECCS can be achieved through efficiency \r\nimprovements and reduced energy service and consumption levels \r\nin high-income countries."


id: 40f7033088f5de77202fe2f427df8164
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
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content:
"Chapter 18 of AR6 WGII. The focus will be on the following sectors: \r\nagriculture, food and land use; water-energy-food; industry and the \r\ncircular economy; and urban areas."


id: 56f99590b8380c726b0399fee129d9f4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
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vector_id: 11161
content:
"IPCC AR6 WGII, concludes that coherent and integrated policy \r\nplanning is needed in order to support integrated climate change \r\nadaptation and mitigation policies, and that this is a key component \r\nof climate-resilient development pathways. Section  4.5.2 assesses \r\ndevelopment pathways and the specific links between mitigation \r\nand adaptation, concluding that there can be co-benefits, and trade\u0002offs, where mitigation implies maladaptation. However, adaptation \r\ncan also be a prerequisite for mitigation. It is therefore concluded \r\nthat making development pathways more sustainable can build the \r\ncapacity for both mitigation and adaptation."


id: 91eb973751386b51a30ba21c145efda1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
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vector_id: 20484
content:
"Agriculture, food and land use is the sector where most climate \r\npolicy options can simultaneously generate impacts on mitigation, \r\nadaptation and the SDGs (Locatelli et al. 2015; Kongsager et al. \r\n2016). Bryan et al. (2013) identified a range of synergies and trade\u0002offs across adaptation, mitigation and the SDGs in Kenya, given \r\nthe diversity of its climatic and ecological conditions. Improved \r\nmanagement of soil fertility and improved livestock-feeding \r\npractices could provide benefits to both climate change mitigation \r\nand adaptation, as well as increase income generation from farming. \r\nHowever, other improvements to agricultural management in Kenya, \r\nfor example, soil water conservation, could only provide benefits \r\nacross all three domains in some specific sub-regions."


id: 28d2f6e98ed8207b5d9e503354bff8a9
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"Conservation agriculture can yield mitigation co-benefits through \r\nimproved fertiliser use or the efficient use of machinery and fossil \r\nfuels (Harvey et al. 2014; Pradhan et al. 2018; Cui et al. 2019). \r\nClimate-smart agriculture (CSA) ties mitigation to adaptation \r\nthrough its three pillars of increased productivity, mitigation and \r\nadaptation (Lipper et al. 2014), although managing trade-offs among \r\nthe three pillars requires care (Kongsager et al. 2016; Thornton and \r\nComberti 2017; Soussana et al. 2019). Sustainable intensification \r\nalso complements CSA (Campbell et al. 2014). Enhanced sustainable \r\nadaption can lead to effective emission-reduction benefits, such \r\nas climate-smart agricultural technologies (Nefzaoui et al. 2012; \r\nPoudel 2014) and ecosystem-based adaptation. (Berry, P et al. \r\n2015; Geneletti and Zardo 2016; Warmenbol and Smith 2018) have \r\nshown how increases in livelihoods can contribute to climate change \r\nmitigation in Europe."


id: efd46976b90401217d2ab9429af72fb
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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vector_id: 35239
content:
"Agroforestry can sustain or increase food production in some systems \r\nand increase farmers' resilience to climate change (Jones et al. 2013). \r\nSome sustainable agricultural practices have trade-offs, and their \r\nimplementation can have negative effects on adaptation or other \r\necosystem services. Agricultural practices can aid both mitigation \r\nand adaptation on the ground, but yields may be lower, so there may \r\nbe a trade-off between resilience to climate change and efficiency. \r\nInterconnections within the global agricultural system may also \r\nlead to deforestation elsewhere (Erb et al. 2016). Implementation of \r\nsustainable agriculture can increase or decrease yields, depending on \r\ncontext (Pretty et al. 2006) (Chapter 4)."


id: 6f8e6c26b2d35ec52db45c0ec11009a9
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"Land-based mitigation and adaptation will not only help reduce \r\ngreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the AFOLU sector, but also help \r\naugment the sector's role as a carbon sink by increasing forest and \r\ntree cover through afforestation and agroforestry activities, and other \r\neco-system-based approaches. Some of these options, however, can \r\nalso have negative impacts on GHG emissions in the form of indirect \r\nimpacts on land use (Cordova 2019) (for a more detailed discussion, \r\nsee Chapter 7). If managed and regulated appropriately, the land use, \r\nland-use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector could play a key role \r\nin mitigation and be a key sector for emissions reductions beyond \r\n2025 instead of contributing substantially to emissions reductions "


id: 7fddadcd8ed8dd87a09345e3e36488f4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
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vector_id: 17666
content:
"Options to reduce agricultural demand (e.g., dietary change, reducing \r\nfood waste) can have co-benefits for adaptation through reductions \r\nin the demand for land and water (Smith et al. 2019b). For example, "


id: 2b98632830c68c5781aff080c29b61af
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
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vector_id: 4295
content:
"beyond 2025 (Cordova et al. 2019; Keramidas et al. 2018). However, \r\nthe large-scale deployment of intensive bioenergy plantations, \r\nincluding monocultures, replacing natural forests and subsistence \r\nfarmlands are likely to have negative impacts on biodiversity and can \r\nthreaten food and water security, as well as local livelihoods, partly \r\nby intensifying social conflicts, partly by reducing resilience (Diaz \r\net al. 2019). Expansion on to abandoned or unused croplands and \r\npastures nonetheless presents significant global potential, and will \r\navoid the sustainability risks of expanding agriculture into natural \r\nvegetation (Naess et al. 2021)."


id: de90bf84599f25b5374039dba2754a42
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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vector_id: 32517
content:
"Based on a literature review, (Berry, P et al. 2015) identified water\u0002saving and irrigation techniques in agriculture as attractive adaptation \r\noptions that have positive synergies with mitigation in increasing soil \r\ncarbon, reducing energy consumption and reducing CH4 emissions \r\nfrom intermittent rice-paddy irrigation. These measures could, \r\nhowever, reduce water flows in rivers and adversely affect wetlands \r\nand biodiversity. The study also concluded that afforestation could \r\nreduce peak water flows and increase carbon sequestration, but \r\ntrade-offs could emerge in relation to the increased demand for water."


id: a4fb835abd17a3fb56dafe69baedc149
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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vector_id: 23524
content:
"The local integration of planning and policy implementation practices \r\nwas also examined by (Newell et al. 2018) in a study of 11 Canadian \r\ncommunities. It was concluded that, in order to put plans into \r\npractice, a  deeper understanding needs to be established of the \r\npotential synergies and trade-offs between sustainable development \r\nand climate change mitigation and adaptation. A model was applied \r\nto the evaluation of key impacts, including energy innovation, \r\ntransportation, the greening of cities and city life. The impact \r\nassessment came to the conclusion that multiple benefits, costs \r\nand conflicting areas could be involved, and that bringing a broad \r\nrange of stakeholders into policy implementation was therefore to \r\nbe recommended."


id: c3613bb7f943a3e743f458b3a0380072
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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vector_id: 28308
content:
"Fast-growing tree monocultures or biofuel crops may enhance \r\ncarbon stocks but reduce downstream water availability and the \r\navailability of agricultural land (Harvey et al. 2014). Similarly, in some \r\ndry environments, agroforestry can increase competition with crops \r\nand pastureland, decreasing productivity and reducing the yields of \r\ncatchment water (Schrobback et al. 2011) (Chapter 7)."


id: 38a500a0108914dbedad868f41fb77a7
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
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vector_id: 6282
content:
"Hydropower dams are among the low-cost mitigation options, provided \r\nthe cost of constructing the plant is taken into account, but they could \r\nhave serious trade-offs in relation to key sustainable-development \r\naspects, since in respect of water and land availability dams can have \r\nnegative effects on ecosystems and livelihoods, thereby implying \r\nincreased vulnerabilities. Section  17.3.3.2 on the water-energy\u0002food nexus includes examples of trade-offs between the benefits of \r\nproducing electricity from hydropower dams and the trade-offs with \r\necosystem services and using land for agriculture and livelihoods."


id: bc44d7a9063ce1ad81daabec8b1a2b12
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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vector_id: 27198
content:
"There are several links between mitigation and adaptation options \r\nin the building sector, as pointed out in Chapter  9. Adaptation \r\ncan increase energy consumption and associated GHG emissions \r\n(Kalvelage et al. 2013; Campagnolo and Davide 2019), for example, \r\nin relation to the demand for energy to meet indoor thermal comfort \r\nrequirements in a future warmer climate (de Wilde and Coley 2012; \r\nLi and Yao 2012; Clarke et al. 2018). Mitigation alternatives using \r\npassive approaches may increase resilience to the impacts of climate \r\nchange on thermal comfort and could reduce cooling needs (Wan \r\net al. 2012; Andric et al. 2019). However, climate change may reduce \r\ntheir effectiveness (Urge-Vorsatz et al. 2014)."


id: 58450c7fb44fb2bfd78d5cc441e1de79
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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vector_id: 11393
content:
"There are several potentially strong links between climate change \r\nadaptation in industry and climate change mitigation. Various supply \r\nchains can be affected by climate change, energy supply and water \r\nsupply, and other resources can be disrupted by climate events. \r\nAdaptation measures can influence GHG emissions in their turn \r\nand thus mitigation because of the demand for basic materials, for \r\nexample, as well as by influencing outdoor environments and labour \r\nproductivity (Section 11.17.1.4)."


id: 2227ae52e9272903f3b59d63bba19dfd
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
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vector_id: 2821
content:
"Mitigation and the co-benefits of adaptation in urban areas in \r\nrelation to air quality, health, green jobs and equality issues are \r\ndealt with in Section 8.2, where it is concluded that most mitigation \r\noptions will have positive impacts on adaptation, with the exception \r\nof compact cities, with trade-offs between mitigation and adaptation. \r\nThis is because decreasing urban sprawl can increase the risks of \r\nflooding and heat stress. Detailed mapping between mitigation and \r\nadaptation in urban areas shows that there are many, very close \r\ninteractions between the two policy domains and that coordinated \r\ngovernance across sectors is therefore called for."


id: 678f2f49c9363ed544a61ff8023977ed
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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vector_id: 13882
content:
"Implementing adaptation options in industry can also imply \r\nincreasing the demand for packaging materials such as plastics and \r\nfor access to refrigeration. These are among the adaptation options \r\nthat are dependent on temperature and storage possibilities, as well \r\nas being major sources of GHG emissions."


id: bb5bb6f093ebdf79041a553369520dae
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 27033
content:
"In this section, the potential role of digitalisation as a  facilitator \r\nof a  fast transition to sustainable development and low-emission \r\npathways is assessed based on sectoral examples. The contributions \r\nof digital technology could contribute to efficiency improvements, \r\ncross-sectoral coordination, including new IT services, and \r\ndecreasing resource use, implying several synergies with the SDGs, \r\nas well as trade-offs, for example, in relation to reduced employment, \r\nincreasing energy demand and the increasing demand for services, \r\npossibly increasing GHG emissions."


id: af8f6ce1e8a139d2635235033733d388
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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vector_id: 25137
content:
"Despite many links between mitigation and adaptation options, \r\nincluding synergies and trade-offs, Chapter 13 concludes that there \r\nare few frameworks for integrated policy implementation. One review \r\nof climate legislation in Europe found a lack of coordination between \r\nmitigation and adaptation, their implementation varying according \r\nto different national circumstances (Nachmany et al. 2015)."


id: 2a468b0c644c6e653f9000386749ab11
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
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vector_id: 4079
content:
"In developing and least-developed countries (LDCs), there are many \r\nexamples of climate policies in the NDCs that have been drawn up in \r\nthe context of sustainable development and that cover both mitigation \r\nand adaptation (Beg 2002; Duguma et al. 2014)) (Chapter  13). \r\nHowever, there are many barriers to joint policy implementation. \r\nDespite the emphasis on both mitigation and adaptation policies, \r\nthere is very limited literature on how to design and implement \r\nintegrated policies (Di Gregorio et al. 2017; Shaw et al. 2014). For \r\nexample, the links within the water-energy-food nexus require \r\ncoordination among sectoral institutions and capacity-building in \r\ninnovative frameworks linking science, practice and policy at multiple \r\nlevels (Cook and Chu 2018; Nakano 2017; Shaw et al. 2014)."


id: c6d3f94f6aa23c77500f3d617299d485
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 28861
content:
"The COVID-19 pandemic caused radical temporary breaks with \r\npast energy-use trends. How post-pandemic recovery will impact \r\non the longer-term energy transition is unclear. Recovering from \r\nthe pandemic with energy-efficient practices embedded in new \r\npatterns of travel, work, consumption and production reduces \r\nclimate mitigation challenges (Kikstra et al. 2021). The potential of \r\ndigital contact tracing to slow the spread of a virus had been quietly \r\nexplored for over a decade before the COVID-19 pandemic thrust the \r\ntechnology into the spotlight (Cebrian 2021). The COVID-19 crisis is \r\namong the most disruptive events in recent decades and has had \r\nconsequences for consumer behaviour. During the lockdowns in \r\nmost countries, consumers have turned to online shopping for food \r\nproducts, personal hygiene and disinfection (Cruz-Cardenas et al. \r\n2021), making society more digitally literate."


id: cb937f5d032f6a273658d84dc6aea7df
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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vector_id: 29577
content:
"Another challenge is the shortage of financial, technical and human \r\nresources for implementing joint adaptation and mitigation policies \r\n(Antwi-Agyei et al. 2018b; Chu 2018; David and Venkatachalam \r\n2019; Kedia 2016; Satterthwaite 2017). Several studies have stressed \r\nthat the lack of finance for integrating policy implementation \r\nbetween sustainable development and climate change mitigation \r\nand adaptation may constitute barriers to the implementation of \r\nadaptation projects to protect least-developed countries (LDCs) with \r\nmany vulnerabilities."


id: cf5f6925d3088508d28805f6b2d098a8
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
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vector_id: 30157
content:
"The cost of new services provided by digitalisation can be high, and \r\nthis could imply barriers for low-income countries in joining new \r\nglobal information-sharing systems and markets. Altogether this \r\nimplies that any assessment of the contribution of digitalisation \r\nto support the SDGs and low-carbon pathways will only be able \r\nto provide very context-specific results. Digital technologies could \r\npotentially disrupt production processes in nearly every sector of \r\nthe economy. However, as an emerging area experiencing the rapid \r\npenetration of many sectors, there could be a window of opportunity \r\nfor integrating sustainable development and low-emission pathways. \r\n(IIASA 2020) concludes that the digital revolution is characterised by \r\nmany innovative technologies, which can create both synergies and \r\ntrade-offs with the SDGs (IIASA 2020)."


id: 4fd7760b2ab5d96bb23c0813b3603d22
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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vector_id: 10000
content:
"(Locatelli et al. 2016) come to similar conclusions regarding finance \r\nbased on interviews with multilateral development banks, green \r\nfunds and government organisations in respect of the agricultural \r\nand forestry sectors. International climate finance has been totally \r\ndominated by mitigation projects. Those who were interviewed "


id: b5409314710327f510b6f231380641fd
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 26060
content:
"Autonomous vehicles will be available and integrated with smart\u0002grid systems in order to facilitate mobility and flexibility in energy \r\nsupply with a high share of renewable energy."


id: 54795c4653159426e36bfbe5f2711edf
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 10747
content:
"Digital technologies could potentially disrupt production processes \r\nin nearly every sector of the economy. However, as an emerging \r\narea experiencing the rapid penetration of many sectors, there \r\ncould be a  window of opportunity for integrating sustainable \r\ndevelopment and low-emission pathways. TWI2050 (2020) \r\nconcludes that the digital revolution is characterised by many \r\ninnovative technologies, which can create both synergies and \r\ntrade-offs with the SDGs (IIASA 2020)."


id: be23279f45af503f870605d11b700d24
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 27472
content:
"Chapter 6 of this report on 'Energy Systems' points out that there are \r\nmany smart-energy options with the potential to support sustainable \r\ndevelopment by facilitating the integration of high shares of \r\nfluctuating renewable energy in electricity systems, potentially \r\nstoring energy in electric vehicle (EV) batteries or fuel cells, and \r\napplying load shifting by varying prices over time. It is concluded that \r\nvery large efficiency gains are expected to emerge from digitalisation \r\nin the energy sector (Figure 6.18)."


id: 3ebba74d7af493fdc09a1cda5b491576
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 7251
content:
"WBSD (2019) has assessed the potential of communication \r\ntechnologies (ICT) to contribute to the transition to a  global low\u0002carbon economy in the energy, transportation, building, industry, and \r\nother sectors. The potential is estimated to be around 15% CO2-eq \r\nemissions reductions in 2020 compared with a  business-as-usual \r\nscenario. A range of ICT solutions have been highlighted, including \r\nsmart motors and industrial process-management in industry, traffic\u0002flow management, efficient engines for transport, smart logistics and \r\nsmart-energy systems."


id: 9ebe2aea373da8034c03bd9c5d202dbe
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 22512
content:
"Section  9.9.2 in Chapter  9 concludes that the improved energy \r\nefficiency and falling costs in the building sector that could result \r\nfrom digitalisation could have rebound effects in increasing both \r\nenergy consumption and comfort levels. Increasing GHG emissions \r\ncould be the result, but if low-income consumers are given faster \r\naccess to affordable energy, this could agree with the SDGs, making \r\nit desirable to integrate policies targeting mitigation."


id: 302acc12053cbebe0ed02393c2aadc41
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 5003
content:
"Section  10.1.2 in Chapter  10 discusses how the sharing economy, \r\nwhich, for example, could be facilitated by ICT platforms, could \r\ninfluence both mitigation and the SDGs. On the one hand, sharing \r\nhas the potential to save transport emissions, especially if EVs are \r\nsupplied with decarbonised grid electricity. However, an increase in \r\ntransport emissions could result from this if increasing demand and \r\nhigher comfort levels are facilitated, for example, by making access \r\nto EVs relatively easy compared with mass transit. Another possible \r\ntrade-off is that the supply of public transport services would be \r\nlimited to the elderly and other user groups."


id: 852f39c68b44d47df6ef151acc8e291e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 18478
content:
"Green innovation in agriculture is another emerging area in which \r\ndigitalisation is making huge progress. From the perspective of water \r\nprovision, weather data can be used to predict rain amounts so \r\nthat farmers can better manage the application of farm chemicals \r\nto minimise polluting aquifers and surface-water systems used \r\nfor drinking water. Meanwhile, smart meters, on-site and remote \r\nsensors and satellite data connected to mobile devices allow real\u0002time monitoring of crop-water and optimal irrigation requirements. \r\nOn the supply side, remote tele-control systems and efficient \r\nirrigation technologies enable farmers to control and optimise  the \r\nquantity and timing of water applications, while minimising \r\nthe energy-consumption trade-offs of pressurised irrigation in both \r\nrural and urban agricultural contexts (Germer et al. 2011; Ruiz\u0002Garcia et al. 2009)."


id: a4a050c252da79ca66c71840fb1c781e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 23466
content:
"In respect of governance, (Krishnan et al. 2020) point out that the \r\ncreation of synergies between sustainable development and low\u0002emission urbanisation based on digitalisation could face barriers in \r\nthe form of inadequate knowledge of structures and value creation \r\nthrough ecosystems that would need to be addressed by means \r\nof smart digitalising, requiring organisational measures to support \r\ntransformation processes."


id: f0e60884e0441006dc326c86d9f9de6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 35396
content:
"Urban areas are one of the main arenas for new digital solutions due \r\nto rapid urbanisation rates and high concentrations of settlements, \r\nbusinesses and supply systems, which offer great potential for large\u0002scale digital systems. The emergence of smart cities has supported the \r\nuptake of smart integrated energy, transportation, water and waste\u0002management systems, while synergies have been created in terms \r\nof more flexible and efficient systems. In its 2018 Policy and Action \r\ndocument, the Japanese Business Federation (Keidanren) launched \r\nSociety 5.0, which includes plans for smart-city development (Carraz \r\nand Yuko 2019; Narvaez Rojas et al. 2021). To achieve smart cities, \r\nSociety 5.0 aimed to facilitate diverse lifestyles and business success, \r\nwhile the quality of life offered by these options will be enhanced. \r\nIt also aims to offer high-standard medical and educational services. "


id: eb77cc05dd55f847e1fc8a8c4b8b8c37
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 34545
content:
"Technology-driven precision agriculture, which combines \r\ngeomorphology, satellite imagery, global positioning and smart \r\nsensors, enables enormous increases in efficiency and productivity. \r\nTaken together, these technologies provide farmers with a decision\u0002support system in real time for the whole farm. Arguably, the world \r\ncould feed the projected rise in population without radical changes \r\nto current agricultural practices if food waste can be minimised or \r\neliminated. Digital technologies will contribute to minimising these \r\nlosses through increased efficiencies in supply chains, better shipping \r\nand transit systems, and improved refrigeration."


id: afcd6ab16a76d76827f9774027020827
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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"17.3.3.7 Cross-sectoral Overview of Synergies and Trade-offs \r\nBetween Climate Change Mitigation and the SDGs"


id: fc7a499e0868e75da00b002201fc7399
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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"Bioenergy use as a  fuel is assessed as one of the energy-sector \r\nmitigation options with most synergies and trade-offs with the SDGs. \r\nThere could be synergies with SDG 1 (no poverty), with SDG 8 (decent \r\nwork and economic growth) and SDG 9 (industry, innovation and \r\ninfrastructure). This option, however, if combined with CCS, can be \r\nexpensive and can compromise SDG 1 (no poverty) due to the high \r\ncosts involved."


id: 8e188731e393aaf0ebd70756cc04fa2f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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"Based on a qualitative assessment in the sectoral Chapters 6, 7, 8, \r\n9, 10, and 11, Figure 17.1 below provides an overview of the most \r\nlikely links between sectoral mitigation options and SDGs in terms \r\nof synergies and trade-offs. The general overview provided in the \r\nfigure is supplemented by specific sector-by-sector comments on \r\nhow the synergies and trade-offs mapped depend on the scale of \r\nimplementation and the overall development context of places \r\nwhere the mitigation options are implemented. For some mitigation \r\noptions these scaling and context-specific issues imply that there \r\ncan be both synergies and trade-offs in relation to specific SDGs. In \r\naddition to the information provided in Figure 17.1, Supplementary \r\nMaterial Table  17.SM.1 includes the detailed background material \r\nprovided by the sectoral chapters in terms of qualitative information \r\nfor each of the synergies and trade-offs mapped."


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"Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) mitigation options \r\nare very closely linked to the SDGs and offer both synergies and \r\ntrade-offs, which in many cases are highly dependent on the scale \r\nof implementation. All the mitigation options included in Figure 17.1 \r\nare assessed as potentially having synergies with SDG 1 (no poverty), \r\nbut trade-offs could also happen if large areas are used for biocrops \r\nand taken away from other activities, thus causing poverty, as well as \r\nin relation to food costs if healthier diets are made more expensive. \r\nIn relation to SDG 2 (zero hunger), most of the mitigation options \r\nare assessed as being associated with both synergies and trade\u0002offs. Trade-offs are particularly a  risk with large-scale applications \r\nof afforestation projects, bioenergy crops and other land-hungry \r\nactivities, which can crowd out food production."


id: 8a20aa553ffcac07474b7c488b2bbea0
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"The assessment of synergies and trade-offs presented in Figure 17.1 \r\ndepends on the underlying literature assessed by the sectoral \r\nchapters. In cases where no information about the links between \r\nspecific mitigation options and SDGs are indicated, this does not \r\nimply that there are no links, but rather that the links have not been \r\nassessed by the literature."


id: e7994cb80e96f91d54f46830c9178c81
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"Most of the energy-sector options are assessed as having synergies \r\nwith several SDGs, but there could be mixed synergies and trade\u0002offs between SDG 2 (zero hunger) for wind and solar energy, and for \r\nhydropower due to land-use conflicts and fishery damage. Offshore \r\nwind could also have both synergies and trade-offs with SDG 14 (life \r\nbelow water) dependent on scale and implementation site, and it is \r\nemphasised that land-use should be coordinated with biodiversity \r\nconcerns. Both wind and solar energy are assessed as having trade\u0002offs with SDG 12 (responsible production and consumption) due to \r\nsignificant material consumption and disposal needs."


id: cd70c63b04642ab826ae36aae1703596
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content:
"options and SDGs such as the economic impacts (synergies and \r\ntrade-offs) associated with reduced energy demand, resulting in \r\nlower energy prices, energy-efficiency investments, the fostering of \r\ninnovation and improvements in labour productivity. Furthermore, \r\nthe distributional costs of some mitigation policies may hinder the \r\nimplementation of these measures. In this case, appropriate access \r\npolicies should be designed to shield poor households efficiently from \r\nthe burden of carbon taxation. Under real-world conditions, improved \r\ncookstoves have shown smaller, and in many cases limited, long-term \r\nhealth and environmental impacts than expected, as the households \r\nuse these stoves irregularly and inappropriately, and fail to maintain \r\nthem, so that their usage declines over time. Specific distributional \r\nissues are highlighted in relation to various cookstove programmes."


id: 7c256cb90f56ffb5122b8d9b1c7e8239
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"SDG 10 (reduced inequalities) depending on the involvement of \r\nlocal communities in projects. The assessment emphasises that the \r\nsynergies and trade-offs of the mitigation options with the SDGs \r\nin this sector are very context- and scale-dependent, depending \r\non how measures are carried out, for example, in relation to the \r\nenhanced production of renewables needed to replace fossil fuel\u0002based products. If done on a massive scale and not adapted to local \r\ncircumstances, there are adverse implications for food security, \r\nlivelihoods and biodiversity."


id: 83a93f7c757827001a513fb7b39f7b44
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"All the urban mitigation options that have been assessed are \r\nconsidered to have synergies with the SDGs, and in a  few cases \r\nboth synergies and trade-offs are identified. In general, many links \r\nbetween mitigation options in the urban area and the SDGs have \r\nbeen identified in the literature. Urban land use and spatial planning, \r\nfor example, can support SDG 1 (no poverty), and can also reduce \r\nvulnerability to climate change if integrated planning is undertaken, \r\nwhile access to food (SDG 2: zero hunger), and water (SDG 6: clean \r\nwater and sanitation) can also be achieved if supported by integrated \r\nplanning. Electrification, district heating, and green-and-blue \r\ninfrastructure in urban areas are expected to have synergies with all \r\nthe SDGs addressed by the reviewed studies."


id: c0a5b8ae50c264c8005aae60887e8999
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content:
"Mitigation options like waste-prevention minimisation and \r\nmanagement are also assessed as having many synergies with \r\nthe SDGs, but trade-offs could depend on the application of air\u0002pollution control technologies, and on the character of informal \r\nwaste-recycling activities. The impacts of the possible synergies and/\r\nor trade-offs with the SDGs will change according to the specific \r\nurban context. Synergies and/or trade-offs may be more significant in \r\ncertain contexts than others. Regarding the SDGs, urban mitigation \r\ncan support shifting pathways of urbanisation towards sustainability. \r\nThe feasibility of urban mitigation options is also malleable and can \r\nincrease with more enablers. Strengthened institutional capacity \r\nthat also supports the scale and coordination of the mitigation \r\noptions can increase the synergies between urban mitigation \r\noptions and the SDGs."


id: ef4b465a5e36c0629583456024a5ebdc
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content:
"Thus, a  number of cross-sectoral conclusions on synergies and \r\ntrade-offs between mitigation options and the SDGs appear from \r\nthe overview provided in Figure 17.1. There are many synergies in \r\nall sectors between mitigation options and the SDGs, and in a few "


id: d80ff26d4e1a5ff592d36bfed15d7bbe
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content:
"cases there are also significant trade-offs that it is very important to \r\naddress, since they can compromise major SDGs including SDG 1 (no \r\npoverty), SDG 2 (zero hunger), and in some cases SDG 14 (life below \r\nwater) and SDG 15 (life on land). In particular, mitigation options \r\nin relation to land use, such as afforestation and reforestation and \r\nbioenergy crops, can in some cases imply trade-offs with access to \r\nfood and local sharing of benefits, but synergies can also exist if \r\nproper land management and cross-sectoral policies take sustainable \r\nland use into account. The impacts and trade-offs for this sector \r\nare highly scale- and context-dependent, so the final outcome of \r\nmitigation policies should be considered in detail."


id: 8011adf5666cd1d4bb830911e3dd855b
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content:
"The urban systems and transportation could potentially achieve many \r\nsynergies between mitigation policies and the SDGs, but integrated \r\nplanning and infrastructure management are critical to avoiding \r\ntrade-offs. Similarly, the buildings sector and industry have identified \r\nmany potential synergies between mitigation options and the SDGs, \r\nbut that raises issues related to the costs of new technologies, and \r\nin relation to households and buildings, important equity issues are \r\nemerging in relation to the ability of low-income groups to afford \r\nthe introduction of new technologies. Altogether these cross-sectoral \r\nconclusions call for a need to support policies that aid coordination \r\nbetween different sectoral domains and that include context-specific \r\nassessments of the sharing of benefits and costs related to the \r\nimplementation of mitigation options."


id: 8749c19bea568158ead2ed049624a9c4
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content:
"This section provides a deep and broad synthesis of theory (Section 17.2) \r\nand evidence (Section  17.3) in order to identify the conditions that \r\neither enable or inhibit transitions to sustainable low-carbon futures. \r\nFollowing the literature on sustainability transitions (Cross-Chapter \r\nBox 12 in Chapter 16), the section finds that there is rarely any one \r\nsingle factor promoting or preventing such transitions. Rather, marked \r\ndepartures from business as usual typically involve several factors, \r\nincluding technological innovations, shifts in markets, concerted \r\nefforts by scientists and civil-society organisations to raise awareness \r\nof the costs of continued emissions, social movements, policies and \r\ngovernance arrangements, and changes in belief systems and values."


id: b36ed2ce756425e58c0e4d90d28180c0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"All of this comes together in a  co-evolutionary process that has \r\nunfolded globally, internationally and locally over several decades \r\n(Hansen and Nygaard 2014; Rogge et al. 2017; Sorman et al. 2020), \r\nand that may be guided or facilitated by interventions that target \r\nleverage points in the underlying development path (Burch and Di \r\nBella 2021; Leventon et al. 2021). While transitions necessarily follow \r\ncontext-specific trajectories, more general lessons can be drawn by \r\ncomparing the empirical details with both system-level and narrower \r\nexplanations of change."


id: ddec1629cfc78da4a47fcacc7a55614a
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content:
"Sections  17.2 and 17.3 show that transitions often face multiple \r\nbarriers, including infrastructure lock-in, behavioural, cultural \r\nand institutional inertia (Markard et al. 2020), trade-offs between \r\ntransitions and other social or political priorities (Chu 2016), cost and \r\na  reliable (and growing) supply of renewable-energy technologies "


id: b9d65e17f9d91b8e9b210a159d4c454c
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"Moreover, approaches like the 'Art of Hosting' (Sandfort and Quick \r\n2015) and qualitative research methods such as storytelling and \r\nfirst-person research, as well as second-person inquiries, for example \r\n(Scharmer, C, Kaufer 2015; Trullen and Torbert 2004; Varela 1999), \r\nhave been employed to bridge differences in cultures and sciences, \r\nas well as to forge connections between those working on climate \r\nchange and sustainable development. Likewise, experiential tools, \r\nsimulations and role-playing games have been shown to increase \r\nknowledge of the causes and consequences of climate change, the \r\nsense of urgency around action and the desire to pursue further \r\nlearning (Ahamer 2013; Eisenack and Reckien 2013; Hallinger et al. \r\n2020; Rooney-Varga et al. 2020)."


id: f8abbb59ced874ba1d241a1f39808656
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content:
"of the role of values, attitudes, beliefs and structures that shape \r\nbehaviour, and of the dynamics of social movements and education \r\nat the local community, regional and global levels. Labelling the \r\ncarbon included in products, for example, could help the decision\u0002making process and increase awareness and knowledge. Individual \r\naction suggests aggregated but uncoordinated actions taken \r\nby individuals, whereas collective sustainability actions involve \r\ncoordination, a  process of participation and governance that may \r\nensure more efficient, equitable and effective outcomes. There is \r\nevidence that the behaviour of individuals and households are part \r\nof a more encompassing collective action (Section 5.4.1)."


id: 5900aa4c8bb649d2cb9b29faec64538c
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content:
"Indeed, individual actions are necessary but insufficient to deliver \r\ntransformative mitigation, and it is suggested that this be coupled \r\nwith collective actions to accelerate the transition to sustainable \r\ndevelopment (Dugast et al. 2019). Actors with conflicting interests \r\nwill compete to frame mitigation technologies that either 'build or \r\nerode' the legitimacy of the technology, contested framing sites \r\nthat can occur between incumbent and emerging actors or between \r\nactors in new but competing spaces (Rosenbloom et al. 2016). How \r\nnarratives are built around desired development pathways and \r\nspecific emerging technologies, as well as how local values are \r\nintegrated into visions of the future, have relevance for how these \r\nexperiments are managed and enabled to expand (Horcea-Milcu \r\net al. 2020; Lam et al. 2020)."


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"A related line of inquiry involves education for sustainable \r\ndevelopment (ESD). This builds on the UNESCO programme, 'ESD for \r\n2030', and involves core values like peace culture, valuing cultural \r\ndiversity and living global citizenship. One of the core insights \r\nfrom research on ESC is lifelong education continuing outside the \r\nclassroom, a  lifelong learning process that involves sustained \r\nactions by all ages and social segments (Hume and Barry 2015) and \r\nachieving collaboration (Munger and Riemer 2012). Some authors \r\nhave pointed to good levels of communication either directly or \r\nthrough the internet as the key to facilitating this learning (Sandfort \r\nand Quick 2015). Others have noted that transformative learning - \r\nthat is, deepening the learning process - is critical because it helps to \r\ninduce both shared awareness and collective actions (Brundiers et al. \r\n2010; Singleton 2015; Wamsler and Brink 2018)."


id: f8ef90f691a31fa678e0560bba85beee
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"It was Theory-U (Scharmer 2018), building on the work of scholars \r\nsuch as Schein, Lewin and Senge) that inspired a so-called 'massive \r\nopen online course' (MOOC) jointly initiated by the Bhutan Happiness \r\nInstitute and German Technical Assistance (GIZ) in 2015, since when \r\nit has been developed further and adapted to transform business, \r\nsociety and self as one example of how social movements can go \r\ntogether with science and education. It brings together people from \r\ndifferent professions, cultures and continents in shared discussions \r\nand practices of sustainability. It also included marginalised \r\ncommunities and is shifting towards more sustainable lifestyles in all \r\nsectors (Nikas et al. 2020), including climate action."


id: 41891ab784278d51a9d6aad7f5618a13
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"A final area of work points to the importance of moving toward the \r\nknowledge production that underpins awareness-raising (Pelling \r\net al. 2015). The accumulation of applied knowledge is leading \r\nincreasingly to the co-design of participatory research with local \r\nstakeholders who are investigating and transforming their own \r\nsituations in line with climate action and sustainable development \r\n(Wiek et al. 2012; Abson et al. 2017; Fazey et al. 2018)."


id: 2bf18dd89a1e5e6b15321f47ea42e682
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content:
"Individuals and organisations, like institutional entrepreneurs, can \r\nfunction to build transformative capacity through collective action \r\n(Brodnik and Brown 2018). The transition from a traditional water\u0002management system to the Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) \r\nmodel in Melbourne offers an illustration of how whole systems can \r\nbe changed in an urban system."


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"Many of the cases that explore transitions to sustainable development \r\npoint to ingrained habits, values and awareness levels as the most \r\npersistent yet least visible barriers to a  transition. For example, in \r\nthe transport sector, individuals can quickly become accustomed \r\nto personal vehicles, making it difficult for them to transition to \r\nsustainable, low-carbon modes of public transport. Demand for high\u0002carbon transportation may also be locked-in, and habits reinforced, \r\nif low-cost housing (for instance) is not sufficiently served by more \r\nsustainable (i.e., mass transit, safe cycling and walking infrastructure) \r\ntransportation options (Mattioli et al. 2020)."


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"This is made all the more challenging because car-manufacturing \r\n'incumbents' utilise information campaigns directed at the public, \r\npursue lobbying and consulting with policymakers, and set technical \r\nstandards that privilege the status quo and prevent the entry of more \r\nsustainable innovations (Smink et al. 2015; Turnheim and Nykvist \r\n2019). Tools such as congestion pricing, however, have been shown \r\nto be effective in motivating the switch from single-occupancy \r\nvehicle use to public transit, thus improving air quality and reducing \r\ntraffic delays in dense city centres (Baghestani et al. 2020)."


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"Complicating the problem further is that even well-intentioned \r\ntop-down programmes initiated by an external actor may in some \r\ncases ultimately hinder transformative change (Breukers et al. 2017). \r\nFor instance, in Delhi, India, attempts to introduce ostensibly more \r\nsustainable bus rapid transit (BRT) systems failed in part due to \r\nan arguably top-down approach that had limited public support. \r\nIt may nonetheless be difficult to win public support (Bachus and \r\nVanswijgenhoven 2018), and even grassroots initiatives may \r\nthemselves be contested and dynamic, making it difficult to \r\ngenerate the collective push to drive a bottom-up transition forward \r\n(Hakansson 2018)."


id: f7b952e8eb4dc107a6236f6242afc77a
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"The creation and growth of sustainable energy and clean-tech clusters \r\nenable economic development and transformation on regional scales. \r\nSuch clusters can put pressure on incumbent technologies and rules \r\nto accelerate energy transitions. Successful clusters are nurtured by \r\nmulti-institutional and multi-stakeholder actors building institutional \r\nsupport networks, facilitating collaboration between sectors and \r\nactors, and promoting learning and social change. Notably, regional \r\neconomic clusters generate a buzz, which can have a strong influence \r\non public acceptance, support and enthusiasm for socio-technical \r\ntransitions (McCauley and Stephens 2012)."


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content:
"However, dominant, top-down approaches and local, grassroots \r\n'alternative' approaches and values do overlap and interact. For \r\nexample, in Manchester, UK, dominant and alternative discourses \r\ninteract with each other to create sustainable transformations \r\nthrough re-scaling (decentralising) energy generation, creating local \r\nengagement with sustainability, supporting green infrastructure \r\nto reduce costs, reclaiming local land, transforming industrial \r\ninfrastructure and creating examples of sustainable living \r\n(Hodson et al. 2017)."


id: bd3465b6b0846bd5f8d8b5284ac7e388
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"Embedding local values in higher-level policy frameworks is also \r\nsignificant for forest communities in Nepal and Uganda. Even so, \r\npolicy intermediaries are not confident that these values will be \r\nadvanced due largely to an emphasis on carbon accounting and the \r\ndistribution of benefits (Reckien et al. 2018). In this case, however, \r\nnorm entrepreneurs were able to promote the importance of local \r\nvalues through the formation of grassroots associations, media \r\ncampaigns and international support networks (Reckien et al. 2018)."


id: 36ae39f07bdeefd5464811b799a54da7
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content:
"The encouragement of governance and policy reforms that could \r\nfacilitate similar expansions of investment in sustainable firms and \r\nsectors (Clark et al. 2018; Owen et al. 2018) could contribute to the \r\ndynamic feedback that gives a transition lift and injects momentum \r\ninto it. Also, the degrowth movement, with its focus on sustainability \r\nover profitability, has the potential to speed up transformations using \r\nalternative practices such as fostering the exchange of non-monetary \r\ngoods and services if large numbers of stakeholders want to invest in \r\nthese areas (Chiengkul 2017)."


id: d37ed1176e2666a499ad8b8d9c2a495e
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content:
"Experiments with the transition open up pathways that can lead to \r\nenergy transitions on broader scales. Experiments can build capacity \r\nby developing networks and building bridges between diverse actors, \r\nleveraging capital from government funds, de-risking private- and \r\npublic-sector investment, and acting as hubs for public education \r\nand engagement (Rosenbloom et al. 2018)."


id: 8ec8d1a07eec08653ddf9de14e71fac1
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"Material barriers and spatial dynamics (Coenen et al. 2012; Hansen \r\nand Coenen 2015) are other critical obstacles to innovation: often, \r\ninfrastructure and built environments change more slowly than \r\npolicies and institutions due to the inherently long lifespans of \r\nfixed assets (Turnheim and Nykvist 2019). The example of transport \r\ninfrastructure in Ontario, Canada, illustrates the need to integrate \r\nclimate change into these infrastructural decisions in the very short \r\nterm to combat the risk of being left with unsustainable planning \r\nfeatures long into the future, especially combustion engines, \r\nsignificant road networks and suburbanisation (Birch 2016)."


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content:
"Capable institutions and multi-level governance often support \r\nthe inter-agency coordination and stakeholder coalitions that \r\ndrive sustainable transitions. Such institutions and governance \r\narrangements are frequently required to formulate and implement \r\nthe multi-sectoral policies that spur the adoption and scaling of \r\ninnovative solutions to climate change and other sustainable \r\ndevelopment challenges. For example, such institutional and \r\ngovernance conditions have helped support the industrial policies \r\nthat will be needed to spread renewables through the creation of \r\ndomestic supply chains (Zenghelis 2020) or to pilot CDR methods \r\n(Quarton and Samsatli 2020)."


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created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"Market-oriented policies, such as carbon taxes and green finance, \r\ncan promote low-carbon technology and encourage both private \r\nand public investment in enabling transitions. Policies that are \r\ncurrently being tested include loan guarantees for renewable-energy \r\ninvestments in Mali, policy insurance to reduce credit defaults within \r\nthe feed-in tariff regime in Germany, or pledged funding to fully \r\nfinance or partner private firms in order to advance renewable-energy \r\nprojects (Roy et al. 2018a). However, there may be some limitations in \r\nusing carbon pricing alone (rather than in combination with flexible \r\nregulations and incentives) where market failures hinder low-carbon \r\ninvestments (Campiglio 2016; World Bank 2019) and high political \r\ncosts are incurred (Van Der Ploeg 2011)."


id: 82c7fdca5d8f8f1ba426a45c48d6e496
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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"However, government agencies with climate and other remits do not \r\nalways work well together: the absence of coordination and consensus\u0002building mechanisms can further deepen inter-agency conflicts that \r\nstall a transition. These challenges appear not only within but also \r\nbetween levels of decision-making. Studies of developing megacities, \r\nfor instance, have found the lack of mechanisms promoting vertical \r\ncross-level integration to be a sizeable constraint on decarbonisation \r\n(Canitez 2019). Differences in perspectives across non-state actors \r\ncan similarly frustrate transitions in areas such as green buildings \r\n(Song et al. 2020)."


id: 967ba1efe2c97a67c9435cf6d9775367
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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"Here coordination complicates matters: coalition-building may \r\nrequire mutually reinforcing changes to institutions and policies. \r\nFor example, decentralised renewable energy has made progress \r\nin Argentina, but consumer electricity subsidies give agencies and \r\nfirms supporting conventional energy an advantage over those \r\npromoting renewable energy. Similarly, the lack of concrete guidance \r\nin green finance policies can deprive government agencies and other \r\nstakeholders of the information needed to balance ecological and \r\nfinancial goals (Wang and Zhi 2016). Many of these challenges can \r\nbe particularly formidable in developing countries, where agencies \r\nlack sufficient financial and other capacities. A lack of government \r\nfunds to cover ongoing maintenance costs along with resource \r\nshortages in rural locations can pose constraints on sustainable \r\nenergy (Schaube et al. 2018)."


id: a7d7ae4574aa3cdc991fca7e4727731d
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"Building inter-agency or multiple stakeholders is frequently \r\nchallenging because of the mutually reinforcing interactions \r\nbetween institutions and ideas. The imperceptible embedding of \r\nlong-standing development paradigms (such as 'grow now, clean up \r\nlater') in agency rules and standard operating procedures can make "


id: d428d38e62a9193ae472dcc90d403ff9
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"One possible positive turn in this regard is the acceleration in \r\ninvesting in the environment (impact and ESG) globally: for instance, \r\nthere is evidence that some institutional investors are divesting from \r\ncoal, potentially auguring well for the future (Richardson 2017). "


id: d8fa9f575afe4159f93175d8346cb052
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"(Lee et al. 2019). Thus, a political strategy can help align the interests \r\nand institutions needed to break lock-ins."


id: 62af54bad9634002a7c0e033d7ee104c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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"changes to governance arrangements challenging. This is partly \r\nbecause these rules and procedures can also shape the interests of \r\nkey decision-makers (e.g., the head of an environmental agency). For \r\nsome, this suggests a need to look not just at changing prevailing \r\nideas and interests, but also at broader institutional and governance \r\narrangements (Kern 2011)."


id: 1bf55e34d4f5029d7dd4c27a12c7aacc
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"This becomes clear in studies that show that political coalitions can \r\naffect the speed of transitions (Hess 2014). These same studies show \r\nthat incumbent industry coalitions are now competing with 'green' \r\ncoalitions in terms of campaign spending over environmentally \r\nfriendly ballot proposals (Hess 2014). Another way of shifting \r\npolitical-economic incentives is by offering a  realistic exit strategy \r\nfor incumbents, like interventions that provide long-term incentives \r\nfor renewable-energy firms (de Gooyert et al. 2016; Hamman 2019)."


id: 8f1311a8bec1aa6500647c58d46355d9
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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"However, institutional and governance reforms can be more than \r\na  technical exercise. Political, economic and other power relations \r\ncan lock-in dominant institutional and economic structures, making \r\nthe integration of climate and sustainable development agendas \r\nexceedingly difficult. For example, though there have been recent \r\nreforms, the initial lack of early progress in Australia's energy \r\ntransition is partly attributable to institutions of political economy \r\nbeing oriented to providing steady supplies of affordable fossil fuels \r\n(Warren et al. 2016)."


id: b418f0bcb86482db00aba395b06fdc9b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"Overall, the previous subsection suggests that complementary \r\npolicies and institutions that simultaneously integrate across multiple \r\nsectors and scales and also alter political economic structures that \r\nlock in a  carbon-intensive energy system are more likely to move \r\na sustainable transition forward (Burch 2010). Yet, despite a trend in \r\nclimate governance towards greater integration and inclusivity and \r\ncertain other novel governance approaches, traditional approaches \r\nto governance and a tendency to incrementalism remain dominant \r\n(Holscher et al. 2019). Building the governance arrangements and \r\ncapacities that prioritise climate change across all sectors and scales \r\nwhile destabilising entrenched interests and putting pressure on \r\nexisting norms, rules and practices is still needed in many contexts \r\n(Holscher et al. 2019)."


id: 17e5e840b9194da3dd75110350a4ff2e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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"This suggests that it is important to look closely at the pre-existing \r\npolitical economic system as well as the institutional context and \r\ncapacities in assessing the prospects for transitions to sustainability. \r\nFurthermore, this is how existing institutions interact with ideas \r\nthat often strengthen lock-ins. To illustrate, studies have shown that \r\nthe status-quo orientations of leaders (including decision-makers' \r\ndisciplinary backgrounds, world views and perceptions of risk) \r\n(Willis 2018), as well as the organisational culture and management \r\nparadigms within which they operate, affect the speed and ambitions \r\nof climate policies (Rickards et al. 2014)."


id: 17fe8669c8d48c68ad8512c3933eafbd
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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"At least three themes require further research in the scholarship on \r\nthe governance of transitions: (i) the role of coalitions in supporting \r\nand hindering acceleration; (ii) the role of feedback, through which \r\npolicies may shape actor preferences, which in turn create stronger \r\npolicies; and (iii) the role of broader contexts (political economies, \r\ninstitutions, cultural norms, and technical systems) in creating \r\nconditions for acceleration (Roberts et al. 2018). Importantly, \r\nthese themes may serve as both barriers to and opportunities for \r\ntransitions (ibid.)."


id: fab00bc33bf94ce4dab03fd86f6f481b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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"Energy justice, although increasingly being emphasised (Pellegrini\u0002Masini et al. 2020), has been under-represented in the literature on \r\nsustainability and in debates on energy transitions, and it remains \r\na  contested term with multiple meanings (Green and Gambhir \r\n2020). Energy justice includes affordability, sustainability, equality \r\n(accessibility for current and future households) and respect (ensuring \r\nthat innovations do not impose further burdens on particular groups) \r\n(Fuso Nerini et al. 2019). Furthermore, it suggests that a just transition \r\nis a shared responsibility among countries that are making more rapid \r\nprogress towards net-negative emissions and those economies that \r\nare focused on pressing development priorities related to improved \r\nhealth, well-being and prosperity (van den Berg et al. 2020)."


id: 220f30b7c67c074ae5d8ad09de2e6c51
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"In many contexts, it is not multiple institutional and policy variables \r\nthat come together to break unsustainable inertias. In South \r\nKorea, where the state was an initiator and enabler of change, the \r\nclean-energy transition took much longer than anticipated due to \r\nprivate-sector resistance. However, when policymakers focused on \r\nincorporating adaptive learning and flexibility into their decision\u0002making, public- and private-sector interests gradually converged and \r\njoined with top-down policymaking to drive the transition forward "


id: cbedfe2e5003fd5adef3db28178811e0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"and (iii) envisaging an equitable decarbonised world. Neglecting \r\nissues of justice risks a  backlash against climate action generally, \r\nparticularly from those who stand to lose from such actions \r\n(Patterson et al. 2018), and it will also have implications for the pace, \r\nscale and quality of the transition. Explicit interventions to promote \r\nsustainability transitions that integrate local spaces into the whole \r\ndevelopment process are necessary but not sufficient in creating \r\na just transition (Breukers et al. 2017; Ehnert et al. 2018b)."


id: 6fba20f1985816a256c1d370445c0e6d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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"A major shift is required in the decision-making process in the \r\ndirection of taking a  holistic view, developing institutional \r\nmechanisms to coordinate the actions of diverse actors and \r\nstrengthening complementarities and synergies (Nikas et al. \r\n2020; Rasul 2016). Currently, nexus approaches have moved from \r\npurely conceptual arguments to application and implementation. \r\n(Liu et al. 2018) suggest the need for a  systematic procedure and \r\nprovide perspectives on future directions. These include expanding \r\nnexus frameworks that take into account interaction linkages with \r\nthe SDGs, incorporating overlooked drivers and regions, diversifying \r\nnexus toolboxes and making these strategies central to policymaking \r\nand governance in integrating and implementing the SDGs."


id: 48e1e16fed9ce474c24d93d90b0c4ccf
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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"Renewable energy transitions in rural, impoverished locations can \r\nsimultaneously reinforce and disrupt local power structures and \r\ninequalities. Policy interventions to help the most impoverished \r\nindividuals in a  community gain access to the new energy \r\ninfrastructure are critical in ensuring that existing inequalities are not \r\nreinforced. Individuals who are empowered by energy development \r\nprojects can influence the onward extension of sustainable energy \r\nto other communities (Ahlborg 2017). In Denmark in the 1970s, \r\nfor example, grassroots windmill cooperatives opened a  pathway \r\nto the creation of one of the world's largest wind-energy markets. \r\nThe unique dynamics of grassroots-led changes mean that new \r\ntechnologies and low-carbon initiatives develop strong foundations \r\nby being designed, tested and improved in the early stages with \r\nreference to the socio-political contexts in which they will grow later \r\n(Ornetzeder and Rohracher 2013)."


id: 39aaaee32b60ed6a9343b5e7d0661a59
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"In respect of processes, (Seyfang and Haxeltine 2012) found a lack \r\nof realistic and achievable expectations among both members \r\n(internally) and the wider public (externally), which hampers the \r\nacceleration of transitions. This movement could concentrate \r\nstrategically on developing and promoting short-term steps \r\ntowards shared long-term visions, including clearly identifiable \r\ngoals and end-points. Sustainability science must link research on \r\nproblem structures with a  solutions-oriented approach that seeks \r\nto understand, conceptualise and foster experiments in how socio\u0002technical innovations for sustainability develop, are diffused and are \r\nscaled up (Miller et al. 2014)."


id: 2cede4edfa8e3c733fe569fecc5eacc8
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"Intersectional theory can shine a light on the hidden costs of resource \r\nextraction, as well as renewable-energy development (see, for instance, \r\n(Chatalova and Balmann 2017), which go beyond environmental or \r\nhealth risks to include the socio-cultural impacts on both communities \r\nadjacent to these sites and those who work in them (Daum 2018). \r\nIndeed, development decisions often do not properly integrate the \r\nburdens and risks placed on marginalised groups, such as indigenous \r\npeoples, while risk assessments tend to reinforce existing power \r\nimbalances by failing to differentiate between how benefits and risks \r\nmight impact on certain groups (Healy et al. 2019; Kojola 2019). In \r\nsome cases, such as the deployment of small-scale solar power in \r\nTanzania by a non-profit organisation, an explicit gender lens on the \r\nimpacts of energy poverty revealed the significant socio-economic \r\nbenefits of improving access to renewable energy (Gray et al. 2019)."


id: 238b69e17cdc15d1cf2c14920c711e95
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"Poor sectoral coordination and institutional fragmentation have \r\ntriggered a  wide range of unsustainable uses of resources and \r\nthreatened the long-term sustainability of food, water and energy \r\nsecurity (Rasul 2016). Greater policy coherence among the three \r\nsectors is critical to moving to a  sustainable and efficient use of \r\nresources (United Nations 2019), given that political ambition, \r\nvalues, the energy mix, infrastructure and innovation capacities \r\ncollectively shape transition outcomes (Neofytou et al. 2020). \r\nCapacity- and coalition-building, particularly among sub-national \r\nand non-state actors (e.g.,  non-governmental organisations) is \r\na particularly important enabler of greater coherence (Bernstein and \r\nHoffmann 2018). The nexus approach, a systems-based methodology \r\nthat focuses attention on the many ways in which natural \r\nresources are deeply interwoven and mutually interdependent, can "


id: 734c6df16423bf9573fdcc6d4f8c448c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"Decarbonisation may be encouraged by embedding the transition in \r\na  broader socio-economic agenda, focusing on constructing social \r\nlegitimacy to justify the transformation, encouraging municipalities \r\nwith a material interest in the transition and reforming institutions to \r\nsupport the long-term transition goals (Rosenbloom et al. 2019). In \r\njurisdictions where climate and energy policy have been integrated \r\nand harmonised, such as the UK, progress has been made in \r\ntransitioning to sustainable energy (Warren et al. 2016)."


id: 9a18cd404fd962660745ff0b88c7587c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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"associated political economy implications. These factors can lock-in \r\ndevelopment pathways and prevent transitions from gathering the \r\nmomentum needed for large-scale transformations of socio-economic \r\nsystems. Another consideration is that transition pathways are likely \r\nto vary across and within countries due to different development \r\nlevels, starting points, differential vulnerabilities, capacities, agencies, \r\ngeographies, power dynamics, political economies, ecosystems and \r\nother contextual factors."


id: b2ea415b414446f34b374a0ce943fcde
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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"change, low-carbon energy generation and not least more efficient \r\nresource-planning (UNDRR 2019). Resource-rich developing countries \r\ncan choose an alternative pathway by deciding to monetise carbon \r\ncapital and diversifying away from the high-carbon aspects of risk. \r\nCountries rich in hydrocarbons can diversify their energy mix and \r\nmaximise their renewable-energy potential. For instance, Namibia, \r\na net importer of electricity, is seeking to reduce its current dependence \r\non hydrocarbons by promoting solar energy. The government has \r\nissued permits allowing independent power producers (IPPs) to sell \r\ndirectly to consumers, thus ending the monopoly hitherto enjoyed by \r\nthe state utility company NamPower (Kruger et al. 2019)."


id: 14215a60c46ce60bf7b92e248777fe81
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"Cities are important spaces where the momentum to achieve low\u0002carbon transitions can be built (Burch 2010; Holscher et al. 2019; \r\nShaw et al. 2014), especially where centralised energy structures and \r\nnational governance and politics are posing deep-rooted challenges \r\nto change (Dowling et al. 2018; Meadowcroft 2011). Cities can enter \r\nnetworks and partnerships with other cities and multi-level actors, \r\nspaces that are important for capacity-building and accelerating \r\nchange (Dale et al. 2020; Heikkinen et al. 2019; Westman et al. 2021)."


id: 6279bc4efb638057a2bf6e758d21c2d5
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"Addressing the uncertainties and complexities associated with \r\nlocally, regionally and nationally sustainable development pathways \r\nrequires creative methods and participatory processes. These may \r\ninclude powerful visualisations that make the implications of climate \r\nchange (and decarbonisation) clear locally (Shaw et al. 2014; Sheppard \r\net al. 2011), other visual aids or 'progress wheels' that effectively \r\ncommunicate the relevant contexts (Glaas et al. 2019), storytelling and \r\nmapping, and both analogue and digital games (Mangnus et al. 2019)."


id: 67e297d5bc37d896cc80937fed600401
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"National and sub-national, sectoral and cross-sectoral, short- and \r\nlong-term transition studies have assessed the links between \r\nsustainable development and mitigation policies and synergies and \r\nthe trade-offs between the different policy domains. Some general \r\nconclusions can be drawn on synergies and trade-offs, despite the \r\nactual impacts of policy implementation depending on scale, context \r\nand the development starting point."


id: d9016be40a13b5c1939cabfa6aef1840
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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"This chapter has been concerned to assess the opportunities and \r\nchallenges for acceleration in the context of sustainable development. \r\nAs such, many of the claims reviewed involve not only increasing \r\nthe speed of the transition but also ensuring that it is just, equitable \r\nand delivers a  wider range of environmental and social benefits. \r\nA sustainability transition requires removing the underlying drivers \r\nof vulnerability and high emissions (quality and depth) while aligning \r\nthe interests of different communities, regions, sectors, stakeholders \r\nand cultures (scale and breadth)."


id: d72b2a623e2b5ffef1f5486fb4c93ec6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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"Interest in a  sustainability transition has grown steadily over the \r\nhistory of the IPCC and of climate and related policy processes. That \r\ninterest hit a high point in 2015 with the Paris Agreement and the UN \r\n2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its 17 SDGs. It has \r\ncontinued to remain high as countries have issued NDCs on climate \r\nchange, VNRs on the SDGs and, in some instances, integrated \r\nclimate  and SDG plans (or similarly themed integrated actions, \r\ne.g., circular economy plans). Interest has also gained momentum as \r\nlocal governments, businesses and other stakeholders have followed \r\nsuit with climate change- or SDG-related plans."


id: 5ae989199ac924a8c5bd9606ebeea88
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"Implementing many of the recent pledges, however, has proved \r\nchallenging. Part of the challenge is a  need to address everything \r\nfrom public policies and prevailing technologies to individual lifestyles \r\nand social norms, to governance arrangements and institutions with "


id: 26f5048a63cc40c5ca8dd69f671af9df
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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"and manoeuverability for developing countries to innovate and use \r\nsurplus funds to procure new and clean technologies. A rising debt \r\nburden already hamstrings many. Decisions on how to spend the \r\nremaining carbon budget and who has the right to decide on what \r\nto do with existing fossil fuels reflect the complexity of the transition \r\nand its non-linear character. Given the asymmetrical dimension of \r\nenergy production, distribution and use, it is likely that stranded \r\nassets will have implications for oil-producing countries, especially \r\nfor early producers who perceive that new-found oil and gas will \r\nopen doors to new forms of prosperity."


id: 8489ada2e2eda63d0527ebb50c0d1603
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"While the transitional drivers are not in place in some developing \r\ncountries, that is, technology, infrastructure, knowledge, and finance, \r\namong others, investing in new forms of renewable energy for the \r\nland, energy, or water sectors will see the emergence of a  more \r\ndiversified economy and one less vulnerable to carbon and other \r\nexogenous risks. The transition away from fossil fuels will come \r\nwith hard choices. Still, these choices can enable a  sustainable \r\ndevelopment world and reduce the many asymmetries and injustices \r\ninherent in the current system, not least the gaping energy disparities \r\nthat divide the developed and the developing world."


id: 291c5af7d4b865e1f678d204268e591
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"Equality and justice are central dimensions of transitions in the context \r\nof sustainable development. Viewing climate change through the lens \r\nof justice requires a focus on the protection of vulnerable populations \r\nfrom the impacts of climate change, addressing the unequal distribution \r\nof the costs and consequences of the transitions themselves, including \r\nfor those whose livelihoods are rooted in fossil fuel-based sectors, and \r\ndeveloping more creative and participatory processes for envisioning \r\nan equitable decarbonised world. Neglecting issues of justice will have \r\nimplications for the pace, scale and quality of the transition."


id: a567e4025a7c21606df48faa0dd1f721
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
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content:
"Stranded hydrocarbon assets, including hydrocarbon resources and the \r\ninfrastructure from which they are produced, and investments made in \r\nexploration and production activities, are likely to become unusable, \r\nlose value or may end up as liabilities before the end of the anticipated \r\neconomic lifetime. This phenomenon is rapidly becoming a global reality \r\nas social norms change and the pressure to reduce emissions mounts. \r\nEnergy and other forms of structural inequities are likely to make the \r\ntransition planning more challenging, especially given stranded assets."


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content:
"Countries dependent on fossil fuel income will need to forego these \r\nrevenues to keep well within the Paris Agreement requirements \r\nand align with the rapidly growing divestment movement. Climate \r\ninjustice, energy poverty and COVID-19 have reduced the space "


id: e26dc9f504bc0bc378375de0e7f82cdb
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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vector_id: 33133
content:
"Sustainable development offers a comprehensive pathway to achieving ambitious climate change mitigation goals. Sustainable \r\ndevelopment requires the pursuit of synergies and the avoidance of trade-offs between the economic, social and environmental \r\ndimensions of development. It can thus provide pathways that accelerate progress towards ambitious climate change mitigation \r\ngoals. Factoring in equality and distributional effects will be particularly important in the pursuit of sustainable policies and \r\npartnerships, and in accelerating the transition to sustainable development. Using climate change as a key conduit can only work if \r\nsynergies across sectors are exploited and if policy implementation is supported by national and international partnerships."


id: d20c433aa391d7c1c352cae6a4d5be43
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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vector_id: 30578
content:
"The speed, quality, depth and scale of the transition will depend on the developmental starting point, that is, on explicit goals as well \r\nas the enabling environment consisting of individual behaviour, mindsets, beliefs and actions, social cohesion, governance, policies, \r\ninstitutions, social and technological innovations, and so on. The integration of both climate change mitigation and adaptation \r\npolicies in sustainable development is also essential in the establishment of fair and robust transformation pathways."


id: 59d398e2733a4173bab9fc34c5c101b6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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vector_id: 11636
content:
"Renee van Diemen (the Netherlands/United Kingdom), J.B. Robin Matthews (France/United \r\nKingdom), Vincent Moller (Germany), Jan S. Fuglestvedt (Norway), Valerie Masson-Delmotte \r\n(France), Carlos Mendez (Venezuela), Andy Reisinger (New Zealand), Sergey Semenov (the \r\nRussian Federation)"


id: a43d39ca1e02b7d0f7392bf52e9a977a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 23393
content:
"Elin Lerum Boasson (Norway), Antonethe Castaneda (Guatemala), Lazarus Chapungu (Zimbabwe), \r\nLilia Caiado Couto (Brazil), Annette Cowie (Australia), Nandini Das (India), El  Hdaji  Mbaye \r\nMadien  Diagne (Senegal), Oliver Geden (Germany), James S. Gerber (the United States of \r\nAmerica), Siyue Guo (China), Shan Hu (China), Kiane de Kleijne (the Netherlands), Michael Konig \r\n(Germany), David Simon Lee (United Kingdom), Andreas Loschel (Germany), Andre F.P. Lucena \r\n(Brazil), Eduardo Miranda Casseres (Brazil), Jacqueline Peel (Australia), Patricia E. Perkins \r\n(Canada), Priyadarshi Shukla (India), Jim Skea (United Kingdom), Brent Sohngen (the United \r\nStates of America), Enock Ssekuubwa (Uganda), Linda Steg (the Netherlands)"


id: a0d4f52e69521f2fab8f37f2e88ad808
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 22852
content:
"This glossary defines some specific terms as the Lead Authors intend them to be interpreted in \r\nthe context of this report. Italicised words in definitions indicate that the italicised term is defined \r\nin the Glossary."


id: 83e0e33cbf075b4db5262e78a3bf897e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 18282
content:
"IPCC, 2022: Annex I: Glossary [van Diemen, R., J.B.R. Matthews, V. Moller, J.S. Fuglestvedt, V. Masson-Delmotte, \r\nC.  Mendez, A. Reisinger, S. Semenov (eds)]. In IPCC, 2022: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. \r\nContribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\r\n[P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, \r\nM. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, \r\nNY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.020"


id: 4898b17fb736bc9d0de9a314663783ba
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 8798
content:
"Adverse side-effect A negative effect that a policy or measure \r\naimed at one objective has on another objective, thereby potentially \r\nreducing the net benefit to society or the environment. See also \r\nCo-benefits, Risk, and Trade-off."


id: 927ceefc51595fa86e9c7c05a60885a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 20567
content:
"Acceptability of policy or system change The extent to which \r\na policy or system change is evaluated unfavourably or favourably, \r\nor rejected or supported, by members of the general public (public \r\nacceptability) or politicians or governments (political acceptability). \r\nAcceptability may vary from totally unacceptable/fully rejected to \r\ntotally acceptable/fully supported; individuals may differ in how \r\nacceptable policies or system changes are believed to be."


id: 2d240b69998b0c0cf47b7adadc7cdb42
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 4544
content:
"Access to modern energy services Access to clean, reliable \r\nand affordable energy services for cooking, heating, lighting, \r\ncommunications, and productive uses."


id: ae8a89f04c64fb440b50f857bd12a09b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 24991
content:
"Adaptation In human systems, the process of adjustment to actual \r\nor expected climate and its effects, in order to moderate harm or exploit \r\nbeneficial opportunities. In natural systems, the process of adjustment \r\nto actual climate and its effects; human intervention may facilitate \r\nadjustment to expected climate and its effects. See also Adaptation \r\noptions, Adaptive capacity, and Maladaptive actions (Maladaptation)."


id: 6eb7c5819cc32771f72777c676046d06
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 15044
content:
"The change in climate where adaptation is unable to prevent \r\ndamaging impacts and further risk. Soft limits occur when additional \r\nadaptation may be possible if constraints are able to be overcome. \r\nHard limits occur when no additional adaptation is possible."


id: dd1abcffd25a69a53772c05175147478
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 32283
content:
"Adaptation that maintains the essence and integrity of a system or \r\nprocess at a given scale (Park et al. 2012). In some cases, incremental \r\nadaptation can accrue to result in transformational adaptation \r\n(Tabara et al. 2019; Termeer et al. 2017). Incremental adaptations to \r\nchange in climate are understood as extensions of actions and \r\nbehaviours that already reduce the losses or enhance the benefits of \r\nnatural variations in extreme weather/climate events."


id: 90e062fd3f65622a85c1c3ede90f8178
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 20335
content:
"[Note: For a  discussion of the term forest and related terms such as \r\nafforestation, reforestation and deforestation, see the 2006 IPCC Guidelines \r\nfor National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and their 2019 Refinement, and \r\ninformation provided by the United Nations Framework Convention on \r\nClimate Change (IPCC 2006, 2019; UNFCCC 2021a,b).] "


id: a37f7b1aee4484a41180dff21db6e279
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 23286
content:
"See also Deforestation, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation \r\nand Forest Degradation (REDD+), Reforestation, Anthropogenic \r\nRemovals, and Carbon dioxide removal (CDR)."


id: 3c9ff302b08ddeb8b9476b1d827b5309
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 6906
content:
"Adaptation that changes the fundamental attributes of a  social\u0002ecological system in anticipation of climate change and its impacts."


id: a057f9b040ce61a3172fecb05d63568
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 22762
content:
"Agreement In this report, the degree of agreement within the \r\nscientific body of knowledge on a particular finding is assessed based on \r\nmultiple lines of evidence (e.g., mechanistic understanding, theory, data, \r\nmodels, expert judgement) and expressed qualitatively (Mastrandrea \r\net al. 2010). See also Confidence, Likelihood, and Uncertainty."


id: a13a7676aaaa0c476e70f1634a4e7df0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 22928
content:
"Adaptation options The array of strategies and measures that \r\nare available and appropriate for addressing adaptation. They \r\ninclude a wide range of actions that can be categorised as structural, \r\ninstitutional, ecological or behavioural."


id: dce12370001bace8ca2a3108b8efdeee
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 32246
content:
"Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) In the context \r\nof national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories under the  United \r\nNations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), \r\nAFOLU is the sum of the GHG inventory sectors Agriculture and \r\nLand Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF); see the 2006 \r\nIPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories for details. Given the \r\ndifference in estimating the 'anthropogenic' carbon dioxide (CO2 )\r\nremovals between countries and the global modelling community, the \r\nland-related net GHG emissions from global models included in this \r\nreport are not necessarily directly comparable with LULUCF estimates \r\nin national GHG Inventories. See also Land use, Land-use change and \r\nforestry (LULUCF) and Land-use change (LUC)."


id: 7e25e81351728ec0a9f5f55b009c69d0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 17413
content:
"Adaptive capacity The ability of systems, institutions, humans and \r\nother organisms to adjust to potential damage, to take advantage of \r\nopportunities, or to respond to consequences (MA 2005)."


id: 2bdd3e2ec9dd87ed42b2847f3e31167b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 4326
content:
"Additionality The property of being additional. Mitigation is \r\nadditional if the greenhouse gas emission reductions or removals \r\nwould not have occurred in the absence of the associated policy \r\nintervention or activity. "


id: c2e139465644f941aa60a36896dd8061
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 28241
content:
"[Note: Additionality is one of several key criteria used to ensure the \r\nenvironmental integrity of Offsets (in climate change mitigation)]. "


id: a24c647c1b9aca476597afe7e7848288
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 23102
content:
"Agroecology The science and practice of applying ecological \r\nconcepts, principles and knowledge (i.e.,  the interactions of, and \r\nexplanations for, the diversity, abundance and activities of organisms) \r\nto the study, design and management of sustainable agroecosystems. "


id: ca18c911e9b8f37cddca5d5e4e6aa395
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 29353
content:
"It includes the roles of human beings as a  central organism in \r\nagroecology by way of social and economic processes in farming \r\nsystems. Agroecology examines the roles and interactions among all \r\nrelevant biophysical, technical and socio-economic components of \r\nfarming systems and their surrounding landscapes (IPBES 2019)."


id: 6bf4a18beaef96fd68a6f55323655415
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 14605
content:
"atmosphere, the stratosphere, the mesosphere, the thermosphere, \r\nand the exosphere, which is the outer limit of the atmosphere. The \r\ndry atmosphere consists almost entirely of nitrogen (78.1% volume \r\nmixing ratio) and oxygen (20.9% volume mixing ratio), together with \r\na number of trace gases, such as argon (0.93 % volume mixing ratio), \r\nhelium and radiatively active greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as carbon \r\ndioxide (CO2 ) (0.04% volume mixing ratio), methane (CH4 ), nitrous \r\noxide (N2O) and ozone (O3 ). In addition, the atmosphere contains the \r\nGHG water vapour (H2O), whose concentrations are highly variable \r\n(0-5% volume mixing ratio) as the sources (evapotranspiration) and \r\nsinks (precipitation) of water vapour show large spatio-temporal \r\nvariations, and atmospheric temperature exerts a strong constraint on \r\nthe amount of water vapour an air parcel can hold. The atmosphere \r\nalso contains clouds and aerosols."


id: 8851e03af3568e2f05edf3fa48f6f4dd
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 18976
content:
"Air pollution Degradation of air quality with negative effects \r\non human health or the natural or built environment due to \r\nthe  introduction, by natural processes or human activity, into the \r\natmosphere of substances (gases, aerosols) which have a  direct \r\n(primary pollutants) or indirect (secondary pollutants) harmful effect. \r\nSee also Short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs)."


id: e9e7651c53fc20cc61b77e88f91df9a6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 34300
content:
"Albedo The proportion of sunlight (solar radiation) reflected by \r\na surface or object, often expressed as a percentage. Clouds, snow \r\nand ice usually have high albedo; soil surfaces cover the albedo range \r\nfrom high to low; vegetation in the dry season and/or in arid zones \r\ncan have high albedo, whereas photosynthetically active vegetation \r\nand the ocean have low albedo. The Earth's planetary albedo changes \r\nmainly through changes in cloudiness and of snow, ice, leaf area and \r\nland cover."


id: 4a20cb1b1f924ed91ee0d66e52994c54
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 9066
content:
"Avoid, Shift, Improve (ASI) Reducing greenhouse gas emissions \r\nby avoiding the use of an emissions-producing service entirely, \r\nshifting to the lowest-emission mode of providing the service, and/or \r\nimproving the technologies and systems for providing the service in \r\nways that reduce emissions."


id: f8bac8a7c814e054f6389504b9e14517
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 36646
content:
"Baseline/reference See Reference period and Reference scenario.\r\nBaseline period See Reference period."


id: 2a6c36864e29238da78bfbd4c85584ba
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 4106
content:
"Biochar Relatively stable, carbon-rich material produced by heating \r\nbiomass in an oxygen-limited environment. Biochar is distinguished \r\nfrom charcoal by its application: biochar is used as a soil amendment \r\nwith the intention to improve soil functions and to reduce greenhouse \r\ngas emissions from biomass that would otherwise decompose rapidly \r\n(IBI 2018). See also Anthropogenic removals and Carbon dioxide \r\nremoval (CDR)."


id: d09cbb181d5a8dd94dcb8612154d34f0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 30345
content:
"Anthropogenic emissions Emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), \r\nprecursors of GHGs and aerosols caused by human activities. These \r\nactivities include the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, land use and \r\nland-use changes (LULUC), livestock production, fertilisation, waste \r\nmanagement, and industrial processes. See also Anthropogenic and \r\nAnthropogenic removals."


id: 99bdfdec9588d5655d70b9314090ef46
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 21707
content:
"Biodiversity Biodiversity or biological diversity means the \r\nvariability among living organisms from all sources including, among \r\nother things, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems, and the \r\necological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity \r\nwithin species, between species, and of ecosystems (UN  1992). \r\nSee also Bioenergy and Biomass."


id: 5e589e24839ab598a6cf9320150501ec
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 12377
content:
"Anthropogenic removals The withdrawal of greenhouse gases\r\n(GHGs) from the atmosphere as a  result of deliberate human \r\nactivities. These include enhancing biological sinks of CO2 and using \r\nchemical engineering to achieve long-term removal and storage. \r\nCarbon capture and storage (CCS), which alone does not remove \r\nCO2 from the atmosphere, can help reduce atmospheric CO2 from \r\nindustrial and energy-related sources if it is combined with bioenergy \r\nproduction (BECCS), or if CO2 is captured from the air directly and \r\nstored (DACCS). "


id: d8eb490e37bbe48e523cbe10948ce01d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 31638
content:
"Bioenergy Energy derived from any form of biomass or its metabolic \r\nby-products. See also Biofuel."


id: 9a501b38bdac31e50774bd18459f65af
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 21807
content:
"Bioenergy with carbon dioxide capture and storage (BECCS)\r\nCarbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technology applied to \r\na  bioenergy facility. Note that, depending on the total emissions \r\nof the BECCS supply chain, carbon dioxide (CO2) can be removed \r\nfrom the atmosphere. See also Anthropogenic removals and Carbon \r\ndioxide removal."


id: 3ef148b7962f0227320ec6ece80ce403
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 7284
content:
"[Note: In the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories (IPCC 2006), \r\nwhich are used in reporting of emissions to the UNFCCC, 'anthropogenic' \r\nland-related GHG fluxes are defined as all those occurring on 'managed \r\nland', i.e., 'where human interventions and practices have been applied to \r\nperform production, ecological or social functions'. However, some removals \r\n(e.g., removals associated with CO2 fertilisation and N deposition) are not \r\nconsidered as 'anthropogenic', or are referred to as 'indirect' anthropogenic \r\neffects, in some of the scientific literature assessed in this report. \r\nAs a consequence, the land-related net GHG emission estimates from global \r\nmodels included in this report are not necessarily directly comparable with \r\nLULUCF estimates in national GHG Inventories.] "


id: 9f4f043deefe3a7c65c31921e9f61886
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 22609
content:
"Biofuel A fuel, generally in liquid form, produced from biomass. \r\nBiofuels include bioethanol from sugarcane, sugar beet or maize, and \r\nbiodiesel from canola or soybeans. See also Bioenergy."


id: ef33fb60e56e315a09b7724826a89010
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 35104
content:
"Biogenic carbon emissions Carbon released as carbon dioxide or \r\nmethane from combustion or decomposition of biomass or biobased \r\nproducts."


id: 839484569258bdb90676a392d0158180
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 18237
content:
"See also Carbon dioxide removal (CDR), Afforestation, Biochar,\r\nEnhanced weathering, Ocean alkalinisation/Ocean alkalinity \r\nenhancement, Reforestation, and Soil carbon sequestration (SCS)."


id: 210832d720e005b365da5dbdeea3c3c7
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 2633
content:
"Biomass Organic material excluding the material that is fossilised \r\nor embedded in geological formations. Biomass may refer to the mass \r\nof organic matter in a specific area (ISO 2014). See also Bioenergy\r\nand Biofuel."


id: ec1ab543a6deaac7ad00cd5ad0d55543
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 34644
content:
"Note 4: The notions of a Total Carbon Budget and Remaining Carbon Budget \r\nare also being applied in parts of the scientific literature and by some \r\nentities at regional, national, or sub-national level. The distribution of global \r\nbudgets across individual different entities and emitters depends strongly on \r\nconsiderations of equity and other value judgements.]"


id: 987ae61582031f76b7619873b4eb2068
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 21502
content:
"The combustion of wood, charcoal, agricultural residues and/or \r\nanimal dung for cooking or heating in open fires or in inefficient \r\nstoves as is common in low-income countries."


id: 453921b76ad6bfeb676046932a45e22a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 8320
content:
"Black carbon (BC) A relatively pure form of carbon, also known as \r\nsoot, arising from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuel, \r\nand biomass. It only stays in the atmosphere for days or weeks. BC \r\nis a climate forcing agent with strong warming effect, both in the \r\natmosphere and when deposited on snow or ice. See also Aerosol."


id: dece03ebee31659a4afb8432cd7f301f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 32552
content:
"Carbon cycle The flow of carbon (in various forms, e.g., as carbon \r\ndioxide (CO2 ), carbon in biomass, and carbon dissolved in the ocean \r\nas carbonate and bicarbonate) through the atmosphere, hydrosphere, \r\nterrestrial and marine biosphere and lithosphere. In this report, the \r\nreference unit for the global carbon cycle is GtCO2 or GtC (one \r\nGigatonne = 1 Gt = 1015 grams; 1GtC corresponds to 3.664 GtCO2)."


id: 7068082a54846e51c21dda96583fbb32
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 15305
content:
"Blue carbon Biologically-driven carbon fluxes and storage in \r\nmarine systems that are amenable to management. Coastal blue \r\ncarbon focuses on rooted vegetation in the coastal zone, such as tidal \r\nmarshes, mangroves and seagrasses. These ecosystems have high \r\ncarbon burial rates on a per unit area basis and accumulate carbon \r\nin their soils and sediments. They provide many non-climatic benefits \r\nand can contribute to ecosystem-based adaptation. If degraded or \r\nlost, coastal blue carbon ecosystems are likely to release most of their \r\ncarbon back to the atmosphere. There is current debate regarding \r\nthe application of the blue carbon concept to other coastal and \r\nnon-coastal processes and ecosystems, including the open ocean. \r\nSee also Sequestration."


id: 10368d13e5a5e927f222577cc95785d3
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 38
content:
"Carbon dioxide (CO2) A naturally occurring gas, CO2 is also \r\na  by-product of burning fossil fuels (such as oil, gas and coal), of \r\nburning biomass, of land-use changes (LUCs) and of industrial \r\nprocesses (e.g., cement production). It is the principal anthropogenic\r\ngreenhouse gas (GHG) that affects the Earth's radiative balance. \r\nIt is the reference gas against which other GHGs are measured and \r\ntherefore has a global warming potential (GWP) of 1."


id: 5ee23441fc1157f4248734cb730858ba
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 12472
content:
"Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) A process in which \r\na relatively pure stream of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) from industrial and \r\nenergy-related sources is separated (captured), conditioned, compressed \r\nand transported to a storage location for long-term isolation from the \r\natmosphere. Sometimes referred to as Carbon Capture and Storage. \r\nSee also Anthropogenic removals, Bioenergy with carbon dioxide \r\ncapture and storage (BECCS), Carbon dioxide capture and utilisation \r\n(CCU), Carbon dioxide removal (CDR), and Sequestration."


id: 5b0cb0640d30d737089a5200be5267c5
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 11837
content:
"Business as usual (BAU) The term business as usual scenario has \r\nbeen used to describe a scenario that assumes no additional policies \r\nbeyond those currently in place and that patterns of socio-economic \r\ndevelopment are consistent with recent trends. The term is now \r\nused less frequently than in the past. See also Reference scenario \r\n(under Scenario)."


id: d2f2ee4f1a5ba109adb68c2436e7cc63
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 30706
content:
"Carbon dioxide capture and utilisation (CCU) A process in \r\nwhich carbon dioxide (CO2 ) is captured and the carbon then used \r\nin a  product. The climate effect of CCU depends on the product \r\nlifetime, the product it displaces, and the CO2 source (fossil, biomass\r\nor atmosphere). CCU is sometimes referred to as Carbon Dioxide \r\nCapture and Use, or Carbon Capture and Utilisation. See also \r\nAnthropogenic removals, Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS), \r\nand Carbon dioxide removal (CDR)."


id: e8343f5d38e450f95d88f94bcf6962fb
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 34042
content:
"Carbon budget Refers to two concepts in the literature:\r\n(i) an assessment of carbon cycle sources and sinks on a  global \r\nlevel, through the synthesis of evidence for fossil fuel and cement \r\nemissions, emissions and removals associated with land use and \r\nland-use change, ocean and natural land sources and sinks of \r\ncarbon dioxide (CO2 ), and the resulting change in atmospheric \r\nCO2 concentration. This is referred to as the global carbon budget;\r\n(ii) the maximum amount of cumulative net global anthropogenic\r\nCO2 emissions that would result in limiting global warming to a given \r\nlevel with a given probability, taking into account the effect of other \r\nanthropogenic climate forcers. This is referred to as the Total Carbon \r\nBudget when expressed starting from the pre-industrial period, and \r\nas the Remaining Carbon Budget when expressed from a  recent \r\nspecified date."


id: 764242b942369b317d48f1f489d4f7bf
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 16198
content:
"Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) Anthropogenic activities removing \r\ncarbon dioxide (CO2 ) from the atmosphere and durably storing it in \r\ngeological, terrestrial, or ocean reservoirs, or in products. It includes \r\nexisting and potential anthropogenic enhancement of biological or \r\ngeochemical CO2 sinks and direct air carbon dioxide capture and \r\nstorage (DACCS), but excludes natural CO2 uptake not directly caused \r\nby human activities. See also Anthropogenic removals, Afforestation,\r\nBiochar, Bioenergy with carbon dioxide capture and storage (BECCS),\r\nCarbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS), Enhanced weathering,\r\nOcean alkalinisation/Ocean alkalinity enhancement, Reforestation,\r\nand Soil carbon sequestration (SCS)."


id: 81535d1a726ace167f5076e0189889eb
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 17872
content:
"[Note 1: Net anthropogenic CO2 emissions are anthropogenic CO2 emissions \r\nminus anthropogenic CO2 removals. See also Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR)."


id: ba74813d4e4181741b2150808079eecf
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 26871
content:
"Note 2: The maximum amount of cumulative net global anthropogenic \r\nCO2 emissions is reached at the time that annual net anthropogenic CO2\r\nemissions reach zero."


id: b758ae76058c902180aa6cc685cb323d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 26375
content:
"Carbon footprint Measure of the exclusive total amount of \r\nemissions of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) that is directly and indirectly \r\ncaused by an activity or is accumulated over the lifecycle stages of \r\na product (Wiedmann and Minx 2008)."


id: c631b4bc96b071e974c63b9fe545ffd4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 28756
content:
"Note 3: The degree to which anthropogenic climate forcers other than CO2\r\naffect the Total Carbon Budget and Remaining Carbon Budget depends on \r\nhuman choices about the extent to which these forcers are mitigated and \r\ntheir resulting climate effects."


id: 9716924256e6efb88e9c427198239fa2
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 21289
content:
"The carbon footprint of an individual household, inclusive of the \r\ndirect and indirect carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emissions associated with \r\nhome energy use, transportation, food provision, and consumption \r\nof other goods and services associated with household expenditures."


id: 3a09f68e7c4afc56bbb4ef0e3ce171f3
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 6506
content:
"Carbon intensity The amount of emissions of carbon dioxide \r\n(CO2 ) released per unit of another variable such as gross domestic \r\nproduct (GDP), output energy use or transport."


id: e3c1b46b00b6fd37673b97bf4b9ee7d8
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 33311
content:
"social, and economic nature are causally interlinked, with interactions \r\nand feedbacks that result in both intended and unintended impacts \r\non emissions. See also City region, Peri-urban areas and Urban."


id: 24ae0918134af6497864795cb69bb426
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 3215
content:
"Citizen science A voluntary participation of the public in the collection \r\nand/or processing of data as part of a scientific study (Silvertown 2009)."


id: e728de741c3954c52cf1b836747bdf9e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 33867
content:
"Carbon neutrality Condition in which anthropogenic carbon \r\ndioxide (CO2 ) emissions associated with a subject are balanced by \r\nanthropogenic CO2 removals. The subject can be an entity such as \r\na country, an organisation, a district or a commodity, or an activity \r\nsuch as a service and an event. Carbon neutrality is often assessed \r\nover the lifecycle including indirect ('scope 3') emissions, but can \r\nalso be limited to the emissions and removals, over a  specified \r\nperiod, for which the subject has direct control, as determined by the \r\nrelevant scheme."


id: d651b5c4320303dea7cd1d6a12352ae1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 31234
content:
"City region The areal extent of an individual city's material \r\nassociations and economic or political influence. The city region \r\nconcept accepts that rural livelihoods and land uses can be \r\nincorporated within the functional activities of a city. This will include \r\ndormitory settlements, sources for critical inputs of water, some food, \r\nand waste disposal. See also Cities, Region and Urban systems."


id: ea15dd38e6542394479e25d81e95a3bf
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 34328
content:
"Climate Climate in a narrow sense is usually defined as the average \r\nweather, or more rigorously, as the statistical description in terms of \r\nthe mean and variability of relevant quantities over a period of time \r\nranging from months to thousands or millions of years. The classical \r\nperiod for averaging these variables is 30 years, as defined by the \r\nWorld Meteorological Organization (WMO). The relevant quantities \r\nare most often surface variables such as temperature, precipitation \r\nand wind. Climate in a wider sense is the state, including a statistical \r\ndescription, of the climate system."


id: 27db38231fa8b75b362682bc12297403
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 3682
content:
"[Note 1: Carbon neutrality and net-zero CO2 emissions are overlapping concepts. \r\nThe concepts can be applied at global or sub-global scales (e.g.,  regional, \r\nnational and sub-national). At a global scale, the terms carbon neutrality and \r\nnet-zero CO2 emissions are equivalent. At sub-global scales, net-zero CO2\r\nemissions is generally applied to emissions and removals under direct control \r\nor territorial responsibility of the reporting entity, while carbon neutrality \r\ngenerally includes emissions and removals within and beyond the direct control \r\nor territorial responsibility of the reporting entity. Accounting rules specified by \r\ngreenhouse gas (GHG) programmes or schemes can have a significant influence \r\non the quantification of relevant CO2 emissions and removals."


id: 34987d0f5eea08935907dc354ba25cea
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 5682
content:
"Note 2: In some cases, achieving carbon neutrality may rely on the \r\nsupplementary use of offsets to balance emissions that remain after actions \r\nby the reporting entity are taken into account.]"


id: 37c8a79dac0d793db1919f93e6248a2f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 6149
content:
"See also Greenhouse gas neutrality, Land use, land-use change and \r\nforestry (LULUCF) and Net-zero CO2 emissions."


id: a116901a81278cc6869e626aee1b0da2
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 22894
content:
"Carbon price The price for avoided or released carbon dioxide \r\n(CO2 ) or CO2-equivalent emissions. This may refer to the rate of \r\na carbon tax, or the price of emission permits. In many models that \r\nare used to assess the economic costs of mitigation, carbon prices are \r\nused as a proxy to represent the level of effort in mitigation policies."


id: e6aedf73069a9066c309864cadca719a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 33780
content:
"Climate change commitment The unavoidable future climate \r\nchange resulting from inertia in the geophysical and socio-economic \r\nsystems. Different types of climate change commitment are discussed \r\nin the literature. Climate change commitment is usually quantified \r\nin terms of the further change in temperature, but it includes other \r\nfuture changes, for example in the hydrological cycle, in extreme \r\nweather events, in extreme climate events, and in sea level."


id: 755303e81e5046904556ef63097f61e1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 16043
content:
"Choice architecture The presentation of choices to consumers, \r\nand the impact that presentation has on consumer decision-making."


id: 9c56497750ec6f5427cd9951a0fe1a91
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 22150
content:
"Circular economy A system with minimal input and operational \r\nlosses of materials and energy through extensive reduce, reuse, \r\nrecycling, and recovery activities. Ten strategies for circularity include: \r\nRefuse, Rethink, Reduce, Reuse, Repair, Refurbish, Remanufacture, \r\nRepurpose, Recycle, Recover."


id: 255693765c13f99cdaf80e6f8b093812
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 3305
content:
"The zero emissions commitment is an estimate of the subsequent \r\nglobal warming that would result after anthropogenic emissions\r\nare set to zero. It is determined by both inertia in physical climate \r\nsystem components (ocean, cryosphere, land surface) and carbon \r\ncycle inertia. In its widest sense it refers to emissions of each climate \r\nforcer including greenhouses gases, aerosols and their precursors. The \r\nclimate response to this can be complex due to the different climate \r\nresponse time scale of each climate forcer. A specific sub-category of \r\nzero emissions commitment is the Zero CO2 Emissions Commitment \r\nwhich refers to the climate system response to CO2 emissions after \r\nsetting these to net zero. The CO2-only definition is of specific use in \r\nestimating remaining carbon budgets."


id: bd40d5e726acb882736a65fda69b8bcb
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 27339
content:
"Cities Cities are open systems, continually exchanging resources, \r\nproducts and services, waste, people, ideas, and finances with the \r\nhinterlands and broader world. Cities are complex, self-organising, \r\nadaptive, and constantly evolving. Cities also encompass multiple \r\nactors with varying responsibilities, capabilities and priorities, as well \r\nas processes that transcend the institutional sector-based approach \r\nto city administration. Cities are embedded in broader ecological, \r\neconomic, technical, institutional, legal, and governance structures \r\nthat enable or often constrain their systemic function, which cannot \r\nbe separated from wider power relations. Urban processes of physical, "


id: 8756f2bdcb35bc0e1595abb09ff61818
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 18835
content:
"Climate extreme (extreme weather or climate event) The \r\noccurrence of a value of a weather or climate variable above (or below) \r\na  threshold value near the upper (or lower) ends of the range of \r\nobserved values of the variable. By definition, the characteristics \r\nof what is called extreme weather may vary from place to place in an \r\nabsolute sense. When a pattern of extreme weather persists for some \r\ntime, such as a season, it may be classified as an extreme climate \r\nevent, especially if it yields an average or total that is itself extreme \r\n(e.g., high temperature, drought, or heavy rainfall over a season). For \r\nsimplicity, both extreme weather events and extreme climate events \r\nare referred to collectively as 'climate extremes'."


id: 7f939a6363390e55af16eccdf63a31e0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 17620
content:
"Transient climate response to cumulative CO2 emissions (TCRE) \r\nThe transient surface temperature change per unit cumulative carbon \r\ndioxide (CO2 ) emissions, usually 1000 GtC. TCRE combines both \r\ninformation on the airborne fraction of cumulative CO2 emissions \r\n(the fraction of the total CO2 emitted that remains in the atmosphere, \r\nwhich is determined by carbon cycle processes) and on the transient \r\nclimate response (TCR)."


id: f9b89885fb5baefb68eaff4b1afb32d4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 36801
content:
"Climate services Climate services involve the provision of climate \r\ninformation in such a way as to assist decision-making. The service \r\nincludes appropriate engagement from users and providers, is based \r\non scientifically credible information and expertise, has an effective \r\naccess mechanism, and responds to user needs (Hewitt et al. 2012)."


id: 66f004dfe1302eb29a9ad8a9670533b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 13784
content:
"Climate finance There is no agreed definition of climate finance. \r\nThe term 'climate finance' is applied to the financial resources \r\ndevoted to addressing climate change by all public and private actors \r\nfrom global to local scales, including international financial flows to \r\ndeveloping countries to assist them in addressing climate change. \r\nClimate finance aims to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions and/\r\nor to enhance adaptation and increase resilience to the impacts of \r\ncurrent and projected climate change. Finance can come from private \r\nand public sources, channelled by various intermediaries, and is \r\ndelivered by a range of instruments, including grants, concessional \r\nand non-concessional debt, and internal budget reallocations."


id: a3ffa10d8023bf83ab4d6c07ea105bb3
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 23357
content:
"Climate system The global system consisting of five major \r\ncomponents: the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, \r\nthe lithosphere and the biosphere and the interactions between them. \r\nThe climate system changes in time under the influence of its own internal \r\ndynamics and because of external forcings such as volcanic eruptions, \r\nsolar variations, orbital forcing, and anthropogenic forcings such as the \r\nchanging composition of the atmosphere and land-use change."


id: a4427af7a4f91fdbcdc425fdf6f10dcd
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 23399
content:
"Climate variability Deviations of climate variables from a given \r\nmean state (including the occurrence of extremes, etc.) at all spatial \r\nand temporal scales beyond that of individual weather events. \r\nVariability may be intrinsic, due to fluctuations of processes internal to \r\nthe climate system (internal variability), or extrinsic, due to variations \r\nin natural or anthropogenic external forcing (forced  variability). \r\nSee also Climate change."


id: 1019303ad02c78703e977d4900c2aa42
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 20
content:
"Climate model A qualitative or quantitative representation of \r\nthe climate system based on the physical, chemical and biological \r\nproperties of its components, their interactions and feedback \r\nprocesses and accounting for some of its known properties. The \r\nclimate system can be represented by models of varying complexity; \r\nthat is, for any one component or combination of components \r\na spectrum or hierarchy of models can be identified, differing in such \r\naspects as the number of spatial dimensions, the extent to which \r\nphysical, chemical or biological processes are explicitly represented, \r\nor the level at which empirical parametrisations are involved. There \r\nis an evolution towards more complex models with interactive \r\nchemistry and biology. Climate models are applied as a  research \r\ntool to study and simulate the climate and for operational purposes, \r\nincluding monthly, seasonal and interannual climate predictions. \r\nSee also Simple climate model (SCM) and Emulators."


id: d9ba5de8e7db049d5498ea5925d19edf
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 31772
content:
"Co-benefits A positive effect that a policy or measure aimed at \r\none objective has on another objective, thereby increasing the total \r\nbenefit to society or the environment. Co-benefits are also referred \r\nto as ancillary benefits. See also Adverse side-effect and Trade-off."


id: 9fa10a5d064c928f996352739f8d2d5e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 22659
content:
"CO2 equivalent (CO2-eq) emission The amount of carbon dioxide \r\n(CO2) emission that would have an equivalent effect on a specified \r\nkey measure of climate change, over a  specified time horizon, as \r\nan emitted amount of another greenhouse gas (GHG) or a mixture \r\nof other GHGs. For a mix of GHGs, it is obtained by summing the \r\nCO2-equivalent emissions of each gas. There are various ways and \r\ntime horizons to compute such equivalent emissions (see greenhouse \r\ngas emission metric). CO2-equivalent emissions are commonly used \r\nto compare emissions of different GHGs, but should not be taken \r\nto imply that these emissions have an equivalent effect across all key \r\nmeasures of climate change."


id: becc47507c149c778abdc222345af778
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 27572
content:
"Climate projection Simulated response of the climate system\r\nto a scenario of future emissions or concentrations of greenhouse \r\ngases (GHGs) and aerosols and changes in land use, generally \r\nderived using climate models. Climate projections are distinguished \r\nfrom climate predictions by their dependence on the emission/\r\nconcentration/radiative forcing scenario used, which is in turn based \r\non assumptions concerning, for example, future socio-economic and \r\ntechnological developments that may or may not be realised."


id: ff48ee258da32f1495ecedbe5ca38e01
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 37713
content:
"[Note: Under the Paris Rulebook [Decision 18/CMA.1, annex, paragraph 37], \r\nparties have agreed to use GWP100 values from the IPCC AR5 or GWP100 \r\nvalues from a  subsequent IPCC Assessment Report to report aggregate \r\nemissions and removals of GHGs. In addition, parties may use other metrics \r\nto report supplemental information on aggregate emissions and removals \r\nof GHGs.]"


id: f799af9cbddaca4873464102f0049655
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 36466
content:
"Climate sensitivity The change in the surface temperature \r\nin response to a  change in the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2 )\r\nconcentration or other radiative forcing."


id: 7bdf62b3aad72aaf7d748ad9630d298d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 17092
content:
"more slowly than the economy. Absolute decoupling is where there is \r\neconomic growth but there is a decline in the other indicator."


id: e9ad966071ca4f52aa0e8945e9db3947
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 34266
content:
"Climate Change (UNFCCC), comprising parties with a right to vote \r\nthat have ratified or acceded to the convention."


id: 6ef2628ff92c9ce102f35cb2624fc7c3
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 15081
content:
"Confidence The robustness of a finding based on the type, amount, \r\nquality and consistency of evidence (e.g., mechanistic understanding, \r\ntheory, data, models, expert judgement) and on the degree of \r\nagreement across multiple lines of evidence. In this report, confidence \r\nis expressed qualitatively (Mastrandrea et al. 2010)."


id: 87fa4cd35787c7e64966e16bb6afda27
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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vector_id: 18919
content:
"Conservation agriculture A farming system that promotes \r\nminimum soil disturbance (e.g.,  by using no till practices), \r\nmaintenance of a permanent soil cover, and diversification of plant \r\nspecies. It aims to prevent land degradation and regenerate degraded \r\nlands by enhancing biodiversity and natural biological processes \r\nabove and below the ground surface, that contribute to increased \r\nwater and nutrient use efficiency and improved and sustained crop \r\nproduction (FAO 2016)."


id: 197e8f9003cf628289f8d9e779c0e968
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
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vector_id: 1488
content:
"Demand Disciplinary approaches use the term in different ways. \r\nIn economics, demand by a  consumer is willingness and ability to \r\npurchase in a marketplace. However, the motivation for purchase may \r\nvary and can include economic utility, welfare, Decent standard of \r\nliving (DSL), or for the good/services."


id: 300c3e4b182cfc3c5cb6755f25b08f02
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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vector_id: 4989
content:
"Consumption-based emissions Emissions released to the \r\natmosphere in order to generate the goods and services consumed \r\nby a certain entity (e.g., a person, firm, country, or region). See also \r\nProduction-based emissions."


id: 856eac47c3e1303ea2164c47adc197ea
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 18522
content:
"Coping capacity The ability of people, institutions, organisations, \r\nand systems, using available skills, values, beliefs, resources, and \r\nopportunities, to address, manage, and overcome adverse conditions in \r\nthe short to medium term (UNISDR 2009; IPCC 2012). See also Resilience."


id: 90a29fc166ec4c2e1320a239f6bb4cb6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 20289
content:
"Policies and programmes for influencing the demand for goods and/\r\nor services. In the energy sector, demand-side mitigation measures \r\naim at reducing the amount of greenhouse gas emissions emitted \r\nper unit of energy service used."


id: 10fa7ad17c73bc04675cd574832aaf05
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 145
content:
"Cost-benefit analysis A type of economic evaluation that \r\ncompares all monetised negative and positive impacts associated with \r\na given action. Cost-benefit analysis enables comparison of different \r\ninterventions, investments or strategies, and reveals how a  given \r\ninvestment or policy effort pays off for a particular person, company \r\nor country, or at a  global scale. Cost-benefit analyses representing \r\nsociety's point of view are important for climate change decision\u0002making, but there are difficulties in aggregating costs and benefits \r\nacross different actors and across time scales. See also Discounting."


id: 925216b22d9111c46b0f5ab9c9c93960
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 20542
content:
"Policies and programmes for influencing how a  certain demand\r\nfor goods and/or services is met. In the energy sector, supply-side \r\nmitigation measures aim at reducing the amount of greenhouse gas \r\nemissions emitted per unit of energy service produced."


id: b64c655160d169993f5be6aee4d59c6c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 26204
content:
"Desertification Land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and dry \r\nsub-humid areas resulting from many factors, including climatic \r\nvariations and human activities (UNCCD 1994)."


id: f6e6bfaf0881bf84331d583c9088bb54
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
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vector_id: 36357
content:
"Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) A type of economic evaluation \r\nthat compares the costs of different courses of action reaching the \r\nsame outcome. In this report, CEA focuses on comparing the costs of \r\nmitigation strategies designed to meet a prespecified climate change\r\nmitigation goal (e.g., an emission-reduction target or a temperature \r\nstabilisation target)."


id: 80ceb5aeb1cf7ceaadb7776eb7545880
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 17788
content:
"Cumulative emissions The total amount of emissions released \r\nover a specified period of time. See also Carbon budget and Transient \r\nclimate response to cumulative CO2 emissions (TCRE)."


id: 9b7f7deabc56d798c89a7bbf08337d25
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
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vector_id: 22018
content:
"Decent Living Standard A set of minimal material requirements \r\nessential for achieving basic human well-being including nutrition, \r\nshelter, basic living conditions, clothing, healthcare, education, and \r\nmobility (Rao and Baer 2012; Rao and Min 2018; O'Neill et al. 2018)."


id: fc2a244ece21411508aa2fdaaf5ad382
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 37176
content:
"Decoupling Decoupling (in relation to climate change) is where \r\neconomic growth is no longer strongly associated with another relevant \r\nindicator such as greenhouse gas emissions. Relative decoupling \r\nis where both these indicators grow but the other indicators grow "


id: 7c5170ae2779033dcdd8223625f163c5
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 17156
content:
"Ecosystems are nested within other ecosystems and their scale can \r\nrange from very small to the entire biosphere. In the current era, \r\nmost ecosystems either contain people as key organisms, or are \r\ninfluenced by the effects of human activities in their environment. \r\nSee also Ecosystem services."


id: 52d3429f116ce5eb7b88dd67e2d4eb41
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 10488
content:
"Diet The kinds of food that follow a particular pattern that a person \r\nor community eats (FAO and Alliance of Bioversity International and \r\nCIAT, 2021)."


id: 92c7aa147af2302c5f3a5a40f4830395
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
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vector_id: 20607
content:
"Direct air capture (DAC) Chemical process by which a  pure \r\ncarbon dioxide (CO2 ) stream is produced by capturing CO2 from the \r\nambient air. See also Anthropogenic removals, Carbon dioxide removal \r\n(CDR) and Direct air carbon dioxide capture and storage (DACCS)."


id: 1aaca246c9e29f36049e719b5e319ffa
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 1673
content:
"Ecosystem services Ecological processes or functions having \r\nmonetary or non-monetary value to individuals or society at large. \r\nThese are frequently classified as: (i) supporting services such as \r\nproductivity or biodiversity maintenance; (ii) provisioning services \r\nsuch as food or fibre; (iii) regulating services such as climate \r\nregulation or carbon sequestration; and (iv) cultural services such as \r\ntourism or spiritual and aesthetic appreciation. See also Ecosystem \r\nand Nature's Contribution to People."


id: 76bc441ab6af6b1fff5b188985aba7b5
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 16263
content:
"Direct air carbon dioxide capture and storage (DACCS) Chemical \r\nprocess by which carbon dioxide (CO2) is captured directly from \r\nthe ambient air, with subsequent storage. Also known as direct air \r\ncapture and storage (DACS). See also Anthropogenic removals,\r\nCarbon dioxide removal (CDR) and Direct air capture (DAC)."


id: 82de0d5ed852cb881e159af6c21ba2fb
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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vector_id: 18114
content:
"Direct and indirect services Direct Services: Services \r\n(e.g., passenger mobility) required by end-users (consumers). Indirect \r\nservices: Services required (e.g., goods transport, manufacturing) for \r\nprovisioning systems of direct services."


id: c120c8ccd4b9595fd3129eb61236abe4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 27964
content:
"Ecosystem-based adaptation (EBA) The use of ecosystem\r\nmanagement activities to increase the resilience and reduce the \r\nvulnerability of people and ecosystems to climate change (Campbell \r\net al. 2009)."


id: 6bd16a88f3983838105c1e20945403
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 14585
content:
"Direct emissions Emissions that physically arise from activities \r\nwithin well-defined boundaries of, for instance, a region, an economic \r\nsector, a company, or a process. See also Indirect emissions."


id: 880b7d5a6be45c98910d93ecea4d87da
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 18924
content:
"Embodied (embedded) [emissions, water, land] The total \r\nemissions [water use, land use] generated [used] in the production \r\nof goods and services regardless of the location and timing of those \r\nemissions [water use, land use] in the production process. This \r\nincludes emissions [water use, land use] within the country used \r\nto produce goods or services for the country's own use, but also \r\nincludes the emissions [water use, land use] related to the production \r\nof such goods or services in other countries that are then consumed \r\nin another country through imports. Such emissions [water, land] \r\nare termed 'embodied' or 'embedded' emissions, or, in some cases, \r\n(particularly with water) as 'virtual water use' (Davis and Caldeira \r\n2010; Allan 2005; MacDonald et al. 2015)."


id: 758c6e63898dcee88176d636fa682b79
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 16082
content:
"Disaster A 'serious disruption of the functioning of a community \r\nor a society at any scale due to hazardous events interacting with \r\nconditions of exposure, vulnerability and capacity, leading to one or \r\nmore of the following: human, material, economic and environmental \r\nlosses and impacts' (UNGA 2016). See also Exposure, Hazard, Risk\r\nand Vulnerability."


id: 2103f5b379952efda236728bc6fbde52
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 2631
content:
"Disaster risk management (DRM) Processes for designing, \r\nimplementing, and evaluating strategies, policies, and measures to \r\nimprove the understanding of current and future disaster risk, foster \r\ndisaster risk reduction and transfer, and promote continuous improvement \r\nin disaster preparedness, prevention and protection, response, and \r\nrecovery practices, with the explicit purpose of increasing human \r\nsecurity, well-being, quality of life, and sustainable development (SD)."


id: ff289f98116f37e03c555d285b9e5594
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 37698
content:
"Emission and Socioe-conomic Scenario Ensemble A set \r\nof modelled emission and socio-economic scenarios collected in \r\na  database. The scenarios can come from a  single multi-model \r\nstudy with systematic variation of harmonised scenario designs \r\n(structured  ensemble) or from multiple studies in the literature \r\n(unstructured ensemble). Depending on the scope of the ensemble, \r\nvariation of the results across the scenarios in the ensemble give \r\nan indication of the spread of results in the literature (unstructured \r\nensemble), or an estimate of uncertainties due to different modelling \r\nstructures and methodologies (structured ensemble)."


id: 56e77c9b1d5624254e310dfec5de3c04
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
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vector_id: 11147
content:
"Discounting A mathematical operation that aims to make monetary \r\n(or other) amounts received or expended at different times (years) \r\ncomparable across time. If the discount rate is positive, future values \r\nare given less weight than those today. The choice of discount rate(s) \r\nis debated as it is a judgement based on hidden and/or explicit values."


id: 735eed0ba9ce2fb0abbbe6a37c60f79d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 15775
content:
"Emission factor/Emissions intensity A coefficient that quantifies \r\nthe emissions or removals of a gas per unit activity. Emission factors \r\nare often based on a  sample of measurement data, averaged to \r\ndevelop a representative rate of emission for a given activity level \r\nunder a given set of operating conditions."


id: 2521aa98e15d226d45d06c9adaf53cd5
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 3279
content:
"Disruptive innovation Demand-led technological change that \r\nleads to significant system change and is characterised by strong \r\nexponential growth."


id: df9e5a5066f788f8e0abe28fe9c48040
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 32683
content:
"Drought An exceptional period of water shortage for existing \r\necosystems and the human population (due to low rainfall, high \r\ntemperature, and/or wind)."


id: 2b558254663cd0b30141e155c1623545
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 4254
content:
"Emission trajectories A projected development in time of the \r\nemission of a greenhouse gas (GHG) or group of GHGs, aerosols, and \r\nGHG precursors. See also Pathways."


id: a5faed6cd0c4b34b1e285c662dbed4bf
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 23668
content:
"Ecosystem A functional unit consisting of living organisms, their \r\nnon-living environment and the interactions within and between \r\nthem. The components included in a  given ecosystem and its \r\nspatial boundaries depend on the purpose for which the ecosystem \r\nis defined: in some cases they are relatively sharp, while in others \r\nthey are diffuse. Ecosystem boundaries can change over time. "


id: 2ccd7c15842baa3d2bce548a57e397a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 4483
content:
"Emissions See Anthropogenic emissions, Direct emissions, Cumulative \r\nemissions, Indirect emissions, Consumption-based emissions, Production\u0002based emissions and Embodied (embedded) [emissions, water, land]."


id: 2d795a5511ab33b12443c0eea68633b4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 4595
content:
"Emulation Reproducing the behaviour of complex, process\u0002based models - namely, Earth System Models (ESMs) - via simpler \r\napproaches, using either emulators or simple climate models (SCMs). \r\nThe computational efficiency of emulating approaches opens new \r\nanalytical possibilities, given that ESMs take a lot of computational \r\nresources for each simulation."


id: 8904cbd691ba7d4be1eb40d01361e603
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 19097
content:
"observational, reanalysis and modelling communities. See also \r\nEmission and Socio-economic Scenario Ensemble and Integrated \r\nAssessment Scenario Ensemble."


id: ac91a4c4a7f41f7fdbcfd2999e79719b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 24695
content:
"Enteric fermentation A natural part of the digestion process in \r\nruminant animal species (domesticated and wild), such as cattle, \r\nbuffalo, sheep, goats, antelope, etc. Microorganisms (bacteria, \r\narchaea, fungi, protozoa and viruses) present in the fore-stomach \r\n(reticulorumen or rumen) breakdown plant biomass to produce \r\nsubstrates that can be used by the animal for energy and growth \r\nwith methane produced as a by-product. Fermentation end-products \r\nsuch as hydrogen, carbon dioxide, formate and methyl-containing \r\ncompounds are important substrates for the production of methane \r\nby the rumen's methane-forming archaea (known as methanogens)."


id: 8d5a3544a0d1e7364a4936ff0dba334a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 19760
content:
"Emulators A broad class of heavily parametrised models ('simple \r\nclimate models'), statistical methods like neural networks, genetic \r\nalgorithms or other artificial intelligence approaches, designed to \r\nreproduce the responses of more complex, process-based Earth \r\nSystem Models (ESMs). The main application of emulators is \r\nto extrapolate insights from ESMs and observational constraints to \r\na  larger set of emission scenarios. See also Emulation and Simple \r\nclimate models (SCMs)."


id: 419e9d2f195ea0b961ce5de6fa880f9d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 7722
content:
"Equality A principle that ascribes equal worth to all human beings, \r\nincluding equal opportunities, rights, and obligations, irrespective \r\nof origins."


id: da005acaf72708723edc998509c6e01a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 31825
content:
"Enabling conditions (for adaptation and mitigation options)\r\nConditions that enhance the feasibility of adaptation and mitigation\r\noptions. Enabling conditions include finance, technological innovation, \r\nstrengthening policy instruments, institutional capacity, multi-level \r\ngovernance, and changes in human behaviour and lifestyles."


id: c016e61d079f3045884d5970411df6be
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 27773
content:
"Uneven opportunities and social positions, and processes of \r\ndiscrimination within a  group or society, based on gender, class, \r\nethnicity, age, and (dis)ability, often produced by uneven development. \r\nIncome inequality refers to gaps between highest and lowest income \r\nearners within a country and between countries."


id: 7484fb38708e5f667bd97efc53f7f0e0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 15932
content:
"Energy access Access to clean, reliable and affordable energy \r\nservices for cooking and heating, lighting, communications, and \r\nproductive uses (with special reference to Sustainable Development \r\nGoal 7) (AGECC 2010). See also Traditional biomass."


id: 94e12bfe691616f18b810c151bff32dc
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 20933
content:
"Energy efficiency The ratio of output or useful energy or energy \r\nservices or other useful physical outputs obtained from a  system, \r\nconversion process, transmission or storage activity to the input \r\nof energy (measured as kWh kWh-1, tonnes kWh-1 or any other \r\nphysical measure of useful output like tonne-km transported). Energy \r\nefficiency is often described by energy intensity."


id: 306d6e593f986e541592492fd29bf5a9
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 5050
content:
"Equity The principle of being fair and impartial, and a  basis for \r\nunderstanding how the impacts and responses to climate change, \r\nincluding costs and benefits, are distributed in and by society in more \r\nor less equal ways. Often aligned with ideas of equality, fairness\r\nand justice and applied with respect to equity in the responsibility \r\nfor, and distribution of, climate impacts and policies across society, \r\ngenerations, and gender, and in the sense of who participates and \r\ncontrols the processes of decision-making."


id: ba9d7431fbbc5c1860f1fbc8bf83d187
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 26897
content:
"Energy poverty The absence of sufficient choice in accessing \r\nadequate, affordable, reliable, high quality, safe and environmentally \r\nbenign energy services to support economic and human development \r\n(Reddy 2000). See also Fuel poverty."


id: d4864fe8b646eab8ec619eea73143973
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 30960
content:
"Equity in the consequences, outcomes, costs and benefits of actions \r\nor policies. In the case of climate change or climate policies for \r\ndifferent people, places and countries, including equity aspects of \r\nsharing burdens and benefits for mitigation and adaptation."


id: 3c2312b0645c5e9e2914bb90bb5c9b62
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 6818
content:
"Energy security The goal of a  given country, or the global \r\ncommunity as a  whole, to maintain an adequate, stable and \r\npredictable energy supply. Measures encompass safeguarding the \r\nsufficiency of energy resources to meet national energy demand at \r\ncompetitive and stable prices and the resilience of the energy supply; \r\nenabling development and deployment of technologies; building \r\nsufficient infrastructure to generate, store and transmit energy \r\nsupplies and ensuring enforceable contracts of delivery."


id: 732a03dbc335375dc41c9844f6549c38
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 15734
content:
"Equity between women and men with regard to their rights, resources \r\nand opportunities. In the case of climate change, gender equity \r\nrecognises that women are often more vulnerable to the impacts \r\nof climate change and may be disadvantaged in the process and \r\noutcomes of climate policy."


id: 13cd6d6d52d304610330713babe8199
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 619
content:
"Energy services A benefit or amenity (e.g., mobility, communication, \r\nthermal comfort) received as a result of energy or other resources use."


id: ae3c450e7064a0de9dd5e0ae1e4b0fd6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 24943
content:
"Enhanced weathering A proposed method to increase the \r\nnatural rate of removal of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) from the atmosphere\r\nusing silicate and carbonate rocks. The active surface area of these \r\nminerals is increased by grinding, before they are actively added to \r\nsoil, beaches or the open ocean. See also Anthropogenic removals\r\nand Carbon dioxide removal (CDR)."


id: 5cd320565d64915633c0477e345ac02c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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vector_id: 12118
content:
"Equity between generations. In the context of climate change, inter\u0002generational equity acknowledges that the effects of past and present \r\nemissions, vulnerabilities and policies impose costs and benefits for \r\npeople in the future and of different age groups."


id: ed8e3b72376d9fdcdc400f14996a0719
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"Evidence Data and information used in the scientific process to \r\nestablish findings. In this report, the degree of evidence reflects the \r\namount, quality and consistency of scientific/technical information on \r\nwhich the Lead Authors are basing their findings. See also Agreement,\r\nConfidence, Likelihood, and Uncertainty."


id: a282fe3a8dda1fdd8eb3972a98fe2629
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"Ensemble A collection of comparable datasets that reflect \r\nvariations within the bounds of one or more sources of uncertainty, \r\nand that when averaged can provide a  more robust estimate \r\nof underlying behaviour. Ensemble techniques are used by the "


id: 111da45dca1dbb2a2a9a3c9c56bfdc49
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"Food security A situation that exists when all people, at all times, \r\nhave physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and \r\nnutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences \r\nfor an active and healthy life. The four pillars of food security are: \r\navailability; access; utilisation; and stability. The nutritional dimension \r\nis integral to the concept of food security (FAO 2009, 2018)."


id: af1e4601b25afad58b6e4a896d1619a6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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vector_id: 25078
content:
"Exergy Capacity of energy flows to perform useful work. Exergy \r\nis a quality (versatility) indicator of energy flows which ranges from \r\nlow (e.g., low-temperature heat, biomass) to high (e.g., electricity). \r\nExergy efficiency describes how much useful work can be performed \r\nby a  particular energy flow in relation to the thermodynamic \r\nmaximum possible. It can be determined for all energy flows and \r\nenergy conversion steps, also including alternative service delivery \r\nsystems (Grubler et al. 2012)."


id: 4980fd85e7f8b7f06c05ba941e52a62d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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vector_id: 8953
content:
"Extreme weather event An event that is rare at a  particular \r\nplace and time of year. Definitions of 'rare' vary, but an extreme \r\nweather event would normally be as rare as, or rarer than, the 10th \r\nor 90th percentile of a probability density function estimated from \r\nobservations. By definition, the characteristics of what is called \r\nextreme weather may vary from place to place in an absolute sense. \r\nSee also Climate extreme (extreme weather or climate event)."


id: a8d2c09d796875420eeb6f6277f18661
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"The stability of the other three dimensions over time. Even if individuals' \r\nfood intake is adequate today, they are still considered food-insecure if \r\nperiodically they have inadequate access to food, risking deterioration \r\nof their nutrition status. Adverse weather conditions, political instability \r\nor economic factors (unemployment, rising food prices) may have an \r\nimpact on individuals' food security status."


id: b1fc88a9920a6f6c4e5117b68b140c08
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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vector_id: 25500
content:
"Fairness Impartial and just treatment without favouritism or \r\ndiscrimination in which each person is considered of equal worth \r\nwith equal opportunity. See also Equality and Equity."


id: 6f8950d0b9db0b38946c5f4a19a80eb4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"Feasibility In this report, feasibility refers to the potential for \r\na  mitigation or adaptation option to be implemented. Factors \r\ninfluencing feasibility are context-dependent, temporally dynamic, \r\nand may vary between different groups and actors. Feasibility \r\ndepends on geophysical, environmental-ecological, technological, \r\neconomic, socio-cultural and institutional factors that enable or \r\nconstrain the implementation of an option. The feasibility of options \r\nmay change when different options are combined, and increase when \r\nenabling conditions are strengthened. See also Enabling conditions \r\n(for adaptation and mitigation options)."


id: e0d50d3f494788800d53356f996add97
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"The way in which the body uses the various nutrients in food. \r\nIndividuals achieve sufficient energy and nutrient intake through \r\ngood care and feeding practices, food preparation, diet diversity \r\nand intra-household distribution of food. Combined with biological \r\nutilisation of the food consumed, energy and nutrient intake \r\ndetermine the nutrition status of individuals."


id: 3d42447261e1eabaf9776e6d5ded0d44
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"Food system All the elements (environment, people, inputs, \r\nprocesses, infrastructures, institutions, etc.) and activities that \r\nrelate to the production, processing, distribution, preparation and \r\nconsumption of food, and the output of these activities, including \r\nsocio-economic and environmental outcomes (HLPE 2017). "


id: 30a40adae6dce36589ec7444d3eed3b0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"Final energy The energy delivered to final users (firms, individuals, \r\ninstitutions), where it becomes usable energy in supplying energy \r\nservices (e.g., light, heat, mobility). See also Primary energy."


id: bdea9b2847a7aaa646548e0eb27e6c8c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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vector_id: 27439
content:
"Flexibility (demand and supply) Adjustment of energy load \r\ncharacteristics by technical and/or non-technical change to balance \r\nenergy demand and supply."


id: bea36bff0ed15390e8e1fe93e37816d0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"[Note: Whilst there is a  global food system (encompassing the totality of \r\nglobal production and consumption), each location's food system is unique, \r\nbeing defined by that place's mix of food produced locally, nationally, \r\nregionally or globally.]"


id: 606872075606ab785add19c746e55944
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
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content:
"Flood The overflowing of the normal confines of a stream or other \r\nwater body, or the accumulation of water over areas that are not \r\nnormally submerged. Floods can be caused by unusually heavy rain, \r\nfor example, during storms and cyclones. Floods include river (fluvial) \r\nfloods, flash floods, urban floods, rain (pluvial) floods, sewer floods, \r\ncoastal floods, and glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs)."


id: b5ede0621cf275289f64d6ee3261ec19
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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vector_id: 26152
content:
"Forest A vegetation type dominated by trees. Many definitions \r\nof the term forest are in use throughout the world, reflecting \r\nwide differences in biogeophysical conditions, social structure and \r\neconomics. "


id: bd185a85cd210948f9a92e81555f0063
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"[Note: For a discussion of the term forest in the context of National GHG \r\ninventories, see the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories and \r\ntheir 2019 Refinement, and information provided by the United Nations \r\nFramework Convention on Climate Change (IPCC 2006, 2019; UNFCCC \r\n2021a,b).]"


id: 8d0b16cfaa6bf375a63882de180d3537
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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content:
"Food loss and waste 'The decrease in quantity or quality of \r\nfood'. Food waste is part of food loss and refers to discarding or \r\nalternative (non-food) use of food that is safe and nutritious for \r\nhuman consumption along the entire food supply chain, from \r\nprimary production to end household consumer level. Food waste \r\nis recognised as a distinct part of food loss because the drivers that \r\ngenerate it and the solutions to it are different from those of food \r\nlosses (FAO 2015)."


id: 6c0abed90c75a0dacfaf13aade9d6fbd
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 14627
content:
"Fossil fuels Carbon-based fuels from fossil hydrocarbon deposits, \r\nincluding coal, oil, and natural gas."


id: b100334d879052bcbb187e37c599cedd
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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vector_id: 25355
content:
"(especially heating) or suffers disproportionate expenditure burdens \r\nto meet these needs. See also Energy poverty."


id: 5e6e7fa793283985bf9a8c5310615cde
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 12391
content:
"Adjusting to changing conditions, such as climate change, through \r\ngovernance interactions that seek to maintain a  desired state in \r\na social-ecological system."


id: b4dee20bad75efbe70349a16aacfde3b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 25993
content:
"Fugitive emissions (oil and natural gas systems) The release \r\nof greenhouse gases that occur during the exploration, processing \r\nand delivery of fossil fuels to the point of final use. This excludes \r\ngreenhouse gas emissions from fuel combustion for the production \r\nof useful heat or power. It encompasses venting, flaring, and leaks."


id: 6d7fadddd6f56d60a86b4430852baecc
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 14835
content:
"The structures, processes, and actions through which private and \r\npublic actors seek to mitigate and adapt to climate change."


id: 5d142d0cc5cacea6252289122df77c25
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
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vector_id: 12159
content:
"Deliberative governance involves decision-making through inclusive \r\npublic conversation which allows opportunity for developing policy \r\noptions through public discussion rather than collating individual \r\npreferences through voting or referenda (although the latter \r\ngovernance mechanisms can also be preceded and legitimated by \r\npublic deliberation processes)."


id: 5013e6f30f6abd803da9749659850f3c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
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vector_id: 10041
content:
"Geothermal energy Accessible thermal energy stored in the \r\nEarth's interior, in both rock and trapped steam or liquid water \r\n(hydrothermal resources), which may be used to generate electric \r\nenergy in a thermal power plant, or to supply heat to any process \r\nrequiring it. The main sources of geothermal energy are the residual \r\nenergy available from planet formation and the energy continuously \r\ngenerated from radionuclide decay. See also Renewable energy."


id: 9ce0b7f5fbe68dd149ade41cde43b864
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:52
content_type: text
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vector_id: 22213
content:
"Gini coefficient A statistical measure of dispersion in a distribution \r\nand degree of mathematical measure of inequality. For example, it can be \r\nused for measuring inequality in income, wealth, carbon emissions, and \r\naccess to well-being defining services. The dimensionless GINI coefficient \r\nranges between 0 (absolute equality) and 1 (absolute inequality)."


id: 41f7fe17833553c18edbc74f3f0f2d29
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
content_type: text
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vector_id: 7776
content:
"Strategies of governance at various levels, which prioritise the use \r\nof social learning and rapid feedback mechanisms in planning and \r\npolicymaking, often through incremental, experimental and iterative \r\nmanagement processes."


id: e2b0e64bdc642995760f3d3e7292ca37
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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vector_id: 33167
content:
"Multilevel governance \r\nThe dispersion of governance across multiple levels of jurisdiction \r\nand decision-making, including, global, regional, national and local, \r\nas well as trans-regional and trans-national levels."


id: 745a4248327677ca368412458f41a09
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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content:
"Global mean surface air temperature (GSAT) Global average of \r\nnear-surface air temperatures over land, oceans and sea ice. Changes \r\nin GSAT are often used as a measure of global temperature change in \r\nclimate models. See also Global mean surface temperature (GMST)."


id: d4c150208f207493a18e7a4a6de3571
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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vector_id: 30997
content:
"A governance system that enables direct public engagement in \r\ndecision-making using a variety of techniques, for example, referenda, \r\ncommunity deliberation, citizen juries or participatory budgeting. The \r\napproach can be applied in formal and informal institutional contexts \r\nfrom national to local, but is usually associated with devolved \r\ndecision-making (Fung and Wright 2003; Sarmiento and Tilly 2018)."


id: bead7e81b95cb5a69d0a754e59e2fe48
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content:
"Global mean surface temperature (GMST) Estimated global \r\naverage of near-surface air temperatures over land and sea ice, and sea \r\nsurface temperature (SST) over ice-free ocean regions, with changes \r\nnormally expressed as departures from a  value over a  specified \r\nreference period. See also Global mean surface air temperature (GSAT)."


id: f5846db2dfea36d79cd672692d92d37e
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updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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vector_id: 36150
content:
"Global warming Global warming refers to the increase in \r\nglobal surface temperature relative to a  baseline reference period, \r\naveraging over a period sufficient to remove interannual variations \r\n(e.g., 20 or 30 years). A common choice for the baseline is 1850-1900 \r\n(the earliest period of reliable observations with sufficient geographic \r\ncoverage), with more modern baselines used depending upon the \r\napplication. See also Climate change and Climate variability."


id: ab755e1aaf482e70ef5b306d7b3a0325
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 24489
content:
"Governance capacity The ability of governance institutions, \r\nleaders, and non-state and civil society to plan, coordinate, fund, \r\nimplement, evaluate and adjust policies and measures over the \r\nshort, medium and long term, adjusting for uncertainty, rapid \r\nchange and wide-ranging impacts and multiple actors and demands. \r\nSee also Governance."


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created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 6679
content:
"Grazing land The sum of rangelands and pastures not considered \r\nas cropland, and subject to livestock grazing or hay production. It \r\nincludes a  wide range of ecosystems, for example, systems with \r\nvegetation that fall below the threshold used in the forest land \r\ncategory, silvo-pastoral systems, as well as natural, managed \r\ngrasslands and semi-deserts."


id: 5d960b9d993a73262d47a4ff121ebab6
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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vector_id: 12247
content:
"Global warming potential (GWP) An index measuring the \r\nradiative forcing following an emission of a  unit mass of a  given \r\nsubstance, accumulated over a chosen time horizon, relative to that \r\nof the reference substance, carbon dioxide (CO2 ). The GWP thus \r\nrepresents the combined effect of the differing times these substances \r\nremain in the atmosphere, and their effectiveness in causing radiative \r\nforcing. See also Greenhouse gas emission metric."


id: b86f1e9663fc1cc7bec56a02ab5e470b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
content_type: text
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vector_id: 26547
content:
"Green Climate Fund (GCF) The GCF was established by the \r\n16th Session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) in 2010 as an \r\noperating entity of the financial mechanism of the United Nations \r\nFramework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), in accordance \r\nwith Article 11 of the Convention, to support projects, programmes \r\nand policies and other activities in developing country Parties. The \r\nFund is governed by a Board and will receive guidance of the COP. \r\nSee also Climate finance."


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created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
content_type: text
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content:
"Governance The structures, processes, and actions through which \r\nprivate and public actors interact to address societal goals. This \r\nincludes formal and informal institutions and the associated norms, \r\nrules, laws and procedures for deciding, managing, implementing \r\nand monitoring policies and measures at any geographic or political \r\nscale, from global to local."


id: 2b1bf4d20ce2dfb073cc01d8007cf84f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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vector_id: 4215
content:
"Note 3: In some cases, achieving greenhouse gas neutrality may rely on the \r\nsupplementary use of offsets to balance emissions that remain after actions \r\nby the reporting entity are taken into account.]"


id: 1bb0daed746fed58cab92f5450b5eb13
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 1817
content:
"See also Carbon neutrality, Greenhouse gas emission metric,\r\nLand use, Land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) and Net-zero \r\ngreenhouse gas emissions."


id: 3c3e6d626ff8a6e40d06255d6294e58f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 6843
content:
"Greenhouse gases (GHGs) Gaseous constituents of the \r\natmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorb and emit \r\nradiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of radiation \r\nemitted by the Earth's surface, by the atmosphere itself, and by \r\nclouds. This property causes the greenhouse effect. Water vapour \r\n(H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2 ), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4 ) and \r\nozone (O3 ) are the primary GHGs in the Earth's atmosphere. Human\u0002made GHGs include sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons \r\n(HFCs), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs); \r\nseveral of these are also O3-depleting (and are regulated under the \r\nMontreal Protocol)."


id: 6d61237b58f39149cdf1ef9f6732b277
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 14823
content:
"[Note: Most relative GHG emission metrics (such as the global warming \r\npotential (GWP), global temperature change potential (GTP), global damage \r\npotential, and GWP*), use carbon dioxide (CO2 ) as the reference gas. \r\nEmissions of non-CO2 gases, when expressed using such metrics, are often \r\nreferred to as 'carbon dioxide equivalent' emissions. A metric that establishes \r\nequivalence regarding one key measure of the climate system response \r\nto emissions does not imply equivalence regarding other key measures. \r\nThe choice of a metric, including its time horizon, should reflect the policy \r\nobjectives for which the metric is applied.]"


id: d634be12a8ef85a6d328086e5e458319
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 31215
content:
"Gross domestic product (GDP) The sum of gross value added, \r\nat purchasers' prices, by all resident and non-resident producers in \r\nthe economy, plus any taxes and minus any subsidies not included \r\nin the  value of the products in a  country or a  geographic region \r\nfor a  given period, normally one year. GDP is calculated without \r\ndeducting for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and \r\ndegradation of natural resources."


id: 92a8372dc68f9b7b62afc35b287f1e9b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 20589
content:
"Halocarbons A collective term for the group of partially halogenated \r\norganic species, which includes the chlorofluorocarbons  (CFCs), \r\nhydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), halons, \r\nmethyl chloride and methyl bromide. Many of the halocarbons have \r\nlarge global warming potentials. The chlorine and bromine-containing \r\nhalocarbons are also involved in the depletion of the ozone layer."


id: f1b5949f8e04cbf545d28bb30ba702ad
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 35539
content:
"Greenhouse gas neutrality Condition in which metric-weighted \r\nanthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated \r\nwith a  subject are balanced by metric-weighted anthropogenic\r\nGHG removals. The subject can be an entity such as a country, an \r\norganisation, a district or a commodity, or an activity such as a service \r\nand an event. GHG neutrality is often assessed over the lifecycle, \r\nincluding indirect ('scope 3') emissions, but can also be limited to \r\nthe emissions and removals, over a specified period, for which the \r\nsubject has direct control, as determined by the relevant scheme. \r\nThe quantification of GHG emissions and removals depends on the \r\nGHG emission metric chosen to compare emissions and removals of \r\ndifferent gases, as well as the time horizon chosen for that metric."


id: 81d54c874aafaa606ebd8cbfd7bb1b21
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 17952
content:
"Human behaviour The responses of persons or groups to \r\na particular situation, here likely to relate to climate change. Human \r\nbehaviour covers the range of actions by individuals, communities, \r\norganisations, governments and at the international level."


id: 11c03cd113e6f31f5e60f2fb0dd53cf9
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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content:
"Human rights Rights that are inherent to all human beings, universal, \r\ninalienable, and indivisible, typically expressed and guaranteed by \r\nlaw. They include the right to life, economic, social, and cultural rights, \r\nand the right to development and self-determination (OHCHR 2018)."


id: bcb207da804c506b743c8d1c2bf2c472
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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content:
"[Note 1: Greenhouse gas neutrality and net-zero greenhouse gas emissions \r\nare overlapping concepts. The concepts can be applied at global or sub-global \r\nscales (e.g., regional, national and sub-national). At a global scale, the terms \r\ngreenhouse gas neutrality and net-zero greenhouse gas emissions are \r\nequivalent. At sub-global scales, net-zero GHG emissions is generally applied \r\nto emissions and removals under direct control or territorial responsibility \r\nof the reporting entity, while GHG neutrality generally includes emissions \r\nand removals within and beyond the direct control or territorial responsibility \r\nof the reporting entity. Accounting rules specified by GHG programmes or \r\nschemes can have a significant influence on the quantification of relevant \r\nemissions and removals."


id: 6be00b63c9c0f6929cdd45032537d80a
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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content:
"Human security A condition that is met when the vital core of \r\nhuman lives is protected, and when people have the freedom and \r\ncapacity to live with dignity. In the context of climate change, the \r\nvital core of human lives includes the universal and culturally specific, \r\nmaterial and non-material elements necessary for people to act on \r\nbehalf of their interests and to live with dignity."


id: cc8343a772836ab70df166aeb9d04242
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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content:
"Human system Any system in which human organisations \r\nand institutions play a major role. Often, but not always, the term \r\nis synonymous with society or social system. Systems such as \r\nagricultural systems, urban systems, political systems, technological \r\nsystems and economic systems are all human systems in the sense \r\napplied in this report."


id: c4c26ccb6bcd38febdfbd1103c9d4f1
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content:
"Note 2: Under the Paris Rulebook (Decision 18/CMA.1, annex, paragraph 37), \r\nparties have agreed to use GWP100 values from the IPCC AR5 or GWP100 \r\nvalues from a  subsequent IPCC Assessment Report to report aggregate \r\nemissions and removals of GHGs. In addition, parties may use other metrics \r\nto report supplemental information on aggregate emissions and removals \r\nof GHGs."


id: f56dddba63f3ea13dbd22501f14f7ac
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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content:
"and water purification, temperature management, floodwater \r\nmanagement and coastal defence often with co-benefits for people \r\nand biodiversity. Green infrastructure includes planted and remnant \r\nnative vegetation, soils, wetlands, parks and green open spaces, as \r\nwell as building and street-level design interventions that incorporate \r\nvegetation (Bobbins and Culwick 2016)."


id: bb9f6f81cff06cb7240dc536a339918d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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content:
"Impacts The consequences of realised risks on natural and human \r\nsystems, where risks result from the interactions of climate-related \r\nhazards (including extreme weather/climate events), exposure, and \r\nvulnerability. Impacts generally refer to effects on lives, livelihoods, \r\nhealth and well-being, ecosystems and species, economic, social \r\nand cultural assets, services (including ecosystem services), and \r\ninfrastructure. Impacts may be referred to as consequences or \r\noutcomes, and can be adverse or beneficial. See also Adaptation, Loss \r\nand Damage, and losses and damages."


id: d20b73bba2cb1ddc1a77ba568ec97ff2
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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vector_id: 30577
content:
"Engineered physical components and networks of pipes, wires, \r\nroads, tracks that underpin energy, transport, communications \r\n(including digital), built form, water and sanitation and solid waste \r\nmanagement systems."


id: 25e0a66006ee3dcc61c85d5f8f30508
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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vector_id: 3383
content:
"Indigenous knowledge The understandings, skills and philosophies \r\ndeveloped by societies with long histories of interaction with their \r\nnatural surroundings. For many indigenous peoples, indigenous \r\nknowledge informs decision-making about fundamental aspects of \r\nlife, from day-to-day activities to longer-term actions. This knowledge \r\nis integral to cultural complexes, which also encompass language, \r\nsystems of classification, resource use practices, social interactions, \r\nvalues, ritual and spirituality. These distinctive ways of knowing are \r\nimportant facets of the world's cultural diversity (UNESCO 2018). \r\nSee also Local knowledge."


id: 657c2075840b4518f05e253a9257271e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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content:
"The social, cultural, and financial activities and institutions as well as \r\nassociated property, buildings and artefacts and policy domains such \r\nas social protection, health and education that support well-being \r\nand public life (Latham and Layton 2019; Frolova et al. 2016)."


id: 8d094a9299712b757ebb49b5bd7abeb
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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content:
"Institutional capacity Building and strengthening individual \r\norganisations and providing technical and management training to \r\nsupport integrated planning and decision-making processes between \r\norganisations and people, as well as empowerment, social capital, \r\nand an enabling environment, including the culture, values and \r\npower relations (Willems and Baumert 2003). See also Governance\r\nand Institutions."


id: e81af71bd4be7ae7b488003eec2afd8a
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content:
"Indirect emissions Emissions that are a  consequence of the \r\nactivities within well-defined boundaries of, for instance, a region, an \r\neconomic sector, a company or process, but which occur outside the \r\nspecified boundaries. For example, emissions are described as indirect \r\nif they relate to the use of heat but physically arise outside the \r\nboundaries of the heat user, or to electricity production but physically \r\narise outside of the boundaries of the power supply sector. See also \r\nDirect emissions."


id: 1d8b121ae186df92027d6ebd34c86161
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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content:
"Institutions Rules, norms and conventions that guide, constrain \r\nor enable human behaviours and practices. Institutions can be \r\nformally  established, for instance through laws and regulations, or \r\ninformally established, for instance by traditions or customs. Institutions \r\nmay spur, hinder, strengthen, weaken or distort the emergence, adoption \r\nand implementation of climate action and climate governance."


id: 95ebed9e3d0d72505b48516e6b10f54f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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vector_id: 21093
content:
"Industrial revolution A period of rapid industrial growth with \r\nfar-reaching social and economic consequences, beginning in Britain \r\nduring the second half of the 18th century and spreading to Europe \r\nand later to other countries including the United States. The invention \r\nof the steam engine was an important trigger of this development. \r\nThe industrial revolution marks the beginning of a strong increase \r\nin the use of fossil fuels, initially coal, and hence emission of carbon \r\ndioxide (CO2 )."


id: b824c95464375214cd925e8415a70ba8
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content:
"Integrated assessment A method of analysis that combines \r\nresults and models from the physical, biological, economic and \r\nsocial sciences and the interactions among these components in \r\na consistent framework to evaluate the status and the consequences \r\nof environmental change and the policy responses to it. See also \r\nIntegrated assessment model (IAM)."


id: fa052ec57facc6b01d466bfd4900e4e7
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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content:
"Infrastructure The designed and built set of physical systems and \r\ncorresponding institutional arrangements that mediate between \r\npeople, their communities, and the broader environment to provide \r\nservices that support economic growth, health, quality of life, and \r\nsafety (Chester 2019; Dawson et al. 2018)."


id: a7823d7905bd215e9d284e3dccd379cc
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content:
"Blue infrastructure includes bodies of water, watercourses, ponds, \r\nlakes and storm drainage, that provide ecological and hydrological \r\nfunctions including evaporation, transpiration, drainage, infiltration, \r\nand temporary storage of runoff and discharge."


id: f3b72153fcff56ce8f2d99263c87ba7a
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content:
"in broad land-cover classes (e.g., deciduous forest, coniferous forest, \r\nmixed forest, grassland, bare ground). "


id: 3f9a3b6f9ed78b11e24f04702490337
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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vector_id: 7394
content:
"Integrated Assessment Scenario Ensemble A set of modelled \r\nscenarios from an intercomparison of integrated assessment models \r\n(IAMs) based on a systematic variation of harmonised scenario designs."


id: cac1226f418f171949bfd537076be430
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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vector_id: 29461
content:
"[Note: In some literature, land cover and land use are used interchangeably, \r\nbut the two represent distinct classification systems. For example, the land \r\ncover class woodland can be under various land uses such as livestock \r\ngrazing, recreation, conservation, or wood harvest.]"


id: 6ef20db79b484690ed968f73c41601ba
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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vector_id: 15080
content:
"Internet of Things (IoT) The network of computing devices \r\nembedded in everyday objects such as cars, phones and computers, \r\nconnected via the internet, enabling them to send and receive data."


id: e494b6b749a1f6668f8d515abadd176f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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vector_id: 33441
content:
"Land cover change Change from one land cover class to another, \r\ndue to change in land use or change in natural conditions (Pongratz \r\net al. 2018)."


id: 78ccdc8044337cf755604f23b57f0d43
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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vector_id: 16565
content:
"Irreversibility A perturbed state of a dynamical system is defined \r\nas irreversible on a given time scale if the recovery from this state \r\ndue to natural processes takes substantially longer than the time \r\nscale of interest. See also Tipping point."


id: e5b7c95c274bf5037db015322e0b0204
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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content:
"Land degradation A negative trend in land condition, caused by \r\ndirect or indirect human-induced processes including anthropogenic\r\nclimate change, expressed as long-term reduction or loss of at least \r\none of the following: biological productivity, ecological integrity or \r\nvalue to humans. "


id: c265365ed66462c7f2639abd42302429
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content:
"[Note: This definition applies to forest and non-forest land. Changes in land \r\ncondition resulting solely from natural processes (such as volcanic eruptions) \r\nare not considered to be land degradation. Reduction of biological productivity \r\nor ecological integrity or value to humans can constitute degradation, but any \r\none of these changes need not necessarily be considered degradation.] "


id: b1762468df9bc42c88c423753485a0d1
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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content:
"Land degradation neutrality A state whereby the amount and \r\nquality of land resources necessary to support ecosystem functions \r\nand services and enhance food security remain stable or increase within \r\nspecified temporal and spatial scales and ecosystems (UNCCD 2020)."


id: 7e6198f28f60660d9a80eb5cd3040fb4
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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content:
"Land management Sum of land-use practices (e.g.,  sowing, \r\nfertilising, weeding, harvesting, thinning, clear-cutting) that take \r\nplace within broader land-use categories (Pongratz et al. 2018)."


id: c4fd0c31bebecd06d4a5e67ab141af34
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
content_type: text
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vector_id: 28569
content:
"Justice Justice is concerned with ensuring that people get what \r\nis due to them, setting out the moral or legal principles of fairness\r\nand equity in the way people are treated, often based on the ethics \r\nand values of society."


id: 520a5eacf704c3e715eee4a4756a835b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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vector_id: 10361
content:
"Land potential The inherent, long-term potential of the land to \r\nsustainably generate ecosystem services, which reflects the capacity \r\nand resilience of the land-based natural capital, in the face of ongoing \r\nenvironmental change (UNEP 2016)."


id: 97ad628701686310d53cd0681ea0302f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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vector_id: 21389
content:
"Land rehabilitation Direct or indirect actions undertaken with the \r\naim of reinstating a level of ecosystem functionality, where the goal \r\nis provision of goods and services rather than ecological restoration \r\n(McDonald et al. 2016)."


id: b2dc9927e169e751db93a923e4b87888
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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content:
"Justice that links development and human rights to achieve a human\u0002centred approach to addressing climate change, safeguarding the \r\nrights of the most vulnerable people and sharing the burdens and \r\nbenefits of climate change and its impacts equitably and fairly \r\n(MRFCJ 2018)."


id: cabf3716133f9f4e6ca62bd2d619ed23
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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vector_id: 29459
content:
"Land restoration The process of assisting the recovery of land\r\nfrom a degraded state (IPBES 2018; McDonald et al. 2016)."


id: 310b6813f62fc8ba583b2176541d20d9
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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vector_id: 5140
content:
"Kaya identity In this identity, global emissions are equal to \r\nthe population size, multiplied by per  capita output (gross world \r\nproduct), multiplied by the energy intensity of production, multiplied \r\nby the carbon intensity of energy."


id: 214b73f226976815052dde45ac65f8d9
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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content:
"Land use The total of arrangements, activities and inputs applied \r\nto a parcel of land. The term land use is also used in the sense of \r\nthe social and economic purposes for which land is managed \r\n(e.g.,  grazing, timber extraction, conservation and city dwelling). \r\nIn national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories, land use is classified \r\naccording to the IPCC land-use categories of forest land, cropland, \r\ngrassland, wetlands, settlements, other lands (see the 2006 IPCC \r\nGuidelines for National GHG Inventories and their 2019 Refinement \r\nfor details (IPCC 2006, 2019))."


id: 4032887cf0c08507d35c319ef6e27f4e
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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content:
"Land The terrestrial portion of the biosphere that comprises the \r\nnatural resources (soil, near-surface air, vegetation and other biota, \r\nand water), the ecological processes, topography, and human \r\nsettlements and infrastructure that operate within that system (FAO \r\n2007; UNCCD 1994)."


id: 5efdab53fa4cae257bfa7b966120eeca
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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vector_id: 12486
content:
"Land cover The biophysical coverage of land (e.g., bare soil, rocks, \r\nforests, buildings and roads or lakes). Land cover is often categorised "


id: e09f0fe3dd7679efee8b135a47c73b28
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updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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vector_id: 32843
content:
"the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change\r\n(UNFCCC 2019), LULUCF is a  GHG inventory sector that covers \r\nanthropogenic emissions and removals of GHG in managed lands, \r\nexcluding non-CO2 agricultural emissions. Following the 2006 IPCC \r\nGuidelines for National GHG Inventories and their 2019 Refinement, \r\n'anthropogenic' land-related GHG fluxes are defined as all those \r\noccurring on 'managed land', that is, 'where human interventions \r\nand practices have been applied to perform production, ecological \r\nor social functions'. Since managed land may include carbon dioxide \r\n(CO2 ), removals not considered as 'anthropogenic' in some of the \r\nscientific literature assessed in this report (e.g., removals associated \r\nwith CO2 fertilisation and N deposition), the land-related net GHG \r\nemission estimates from global models included in this report are not \r\nnecessarily directly comparable with LULUCF estimates in National \r\nGHG Inventories (IPCC 2006, 2019)."


id: 38221ce8bf0baaf699518b9db9ca6970
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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vector_id: 6202
content:
"Lock-in A situation in which the future development of a system, \r\nincluding infrastructure, technologies, investments, institutions, and \r\nbehavioural norms, is determined or constrained ('locked in') by \r\nhistoric developments. See also Path dependence."


id: b799f4afed8786efa17318277ab0a1f
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
content_type: text
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vector_id: 26410
content:
"Long-lived greenhouse gases (LLGHGs) A set of well-mixed \r\ngreenhouse gases with long atmospheric lifetimes. This set of \r\ncompounds includes carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and nitrous oxide (N2O), \r\ntogether with some fluorinated gases. They have a warming effect on \r\nclimate. These compounds accumulate in the atmosphere at decadal \r\nto centennial time scales, and their effect on climate hence persists for \r\ndecades to centuries after their emission. On time scales of decades \r\nto a century already emitted emissions of long-lived climate forcers \r\ncan only be abated by greenhouse gas removal (GGR)."


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created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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vector_id: 37334
content:
"Land-use change (LUC) The change from one land use category \r\nto another. Note that, in some scientific literature, land-use change \r\nencompasses changes in land-use categories as well as changes in \r\nland management. See also Afforestation, Agriculture, Forestry and \r\nOther Land Use (AFOLU), Deforestation, Land use, land-use change \r\nand forestry (LULUCF), and Reforestation."


id: 37f2490a961143bf71bb9b091b789d3c
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updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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vector_id: 6177
content:
"Loss and Damage, and losses and damages Research has taken \r\nLoss and Damage (capitalised letters) to refer to political debate \r\nunder the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change \r\n(UNFCCC) following the establishment of the Warsaw International \r\nMechanism for Loss and Damage in 2013, which is to 'address loss \r\nand damage associated with impacts of climate change, including \r\nextreme events and slow onset events, in developing countries that \r\nare particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change.' \r\nLowercase letters (losses and damages) have been taken to refer \r\nbroadly to harm from (observed) impacts and (projected) risks, and \r\ncan be economic or non-economic (Mechler et al. 2018)."


id: edccfea9d05b46ec87e0024631008e3c
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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vector_id: 34875
content:
"Land-use change outside the area of focus that occurs as \r\na consequence of change in use or management of land within the \r\narea of focus, such as through market or policy drivers. For example, \r\nif agricultural land is diverted to biofuel production, forest clearance \r\nmay occur elsewhere to replace the former agricultural production."


id: 6966a7cb54bf6ba05613a07472beefe7
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 14180
content:
"Latent heat flux The turbulent flux of heat from the Earth's surface to \r\nthe atmosphere that is associated with evaporation or condensation of \r\nwater vapour at the surface; a component of the surface energy budget."


id: c4a581d340d52820e82d7924d8b5b12b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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vector_id: 28510
content:
"Leakage The effects of policies that result in a displacement of the \r\nenvironmental impact, thereby counteracting the intended effects of \r\nthe initial policies."


id: 607106fe7cc6230aec8c535ce79606da
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 12746
content:
"Malnutrition Deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances in a  person's \r\nintake of energy and/or nutrients. The term malnutrition addresses \r\nthree broad groups of conditions: undernutrition, which includes \r\nwasting (low weight-for-height), stunting (low height-for-age) and \r\nunderweight (low weight-for-age); micronutrient-related malnutrition, \r\nwhich includes micronutrient deficiencies (a lack of important vitamins \r\nand minerals) or micronutrient excess; and overweight, obesity and \r\ndiet-related noncommunicable diseases (such as heart disease, stroke, \r\ndiabetes and some cancers) (WHO 2018). Micronutrient deficiencies \r\nare sometimes termed 'hidden hunger' to emphasise that people can \r\nbe malnourished in the sense of deficient without being deficient in \r\ncalories. Hidden hunger can apply even where people are obese."


id: d9424d0f8fcb8f42a2d83fc7008fd778
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 31691
content:
"Leapfrogging The ability of developing countries to bypass \r\nintermediate technologies and jump straight to advanced clean \r\ntechnologies."


id: a15f24a5919fb129014b6cd7996a80e5
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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vector_id: 22951
content:
"Lifecycle assessment (LCA) Compilation and evaluation of the \r\ninputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product \r\nor service throughout its lifecycle (ISO 2018)."


id: ed3a669fd7600beddf5a66eeb2520c0d
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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content:
"Likelihood The chance of a  specific outcome occurring, where \r\nthis might be estimated probabilistically. Likelihood is expressed in \r\nthis report using a standard terminology (Mastrandrea et al. 2010). \r\nSee also Agreement, Confidence, Evidence, and Uncertainty."


id: 9c45880cf64e8791defa63016216f64b
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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vector_id: 22139
content:
"Managed forest Forests subject to human interventions (notably \r\nsilvicultural management such as planting, pruning, thinning), timber \r\nand fuelwood harvest, protection (fire suppression, insect suppression) \r\nand management for amenity values or conservation, with defined \r\ngeographical boundaries (Ogle et al. 2018). See also Managed land."


id: 77ebcf32c55e1f2f75f603e4748ad451
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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vector_id: 16428
content:
"Livelihood The resources used and the activities undertaken in \r\norder for people to live. Livelihoods are usually determined by the \r\nentitlements and assets to which people have access. Such assets can \r\nbe categorised as human, social, natural, physical or financial."


id: 7dec3c663f3b1068302e512dc621a6ec
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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vector_id: 17385
content:
"[Note: For a  discussion of the term 'forest' in the context of National \r\nGHG inventories, see the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories \r\n(IPCC 2006).]"


id: 1dff9c090e05a15875dc9eb6b5085f75
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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vector_id: 2153
content:
"Local knowledge (LK) The understandings and skills developed \r\nby individuals and populations, specific to the places where they \r\nlive. Local knowledge informs decision-making about fundamental \r\naspects of life, from day-to-day activities to longer-term actions. \r\nThis knowledge is a key element of the social and cultural systems \r\nwhich influence observations of and responses to climate change; "


id: 5be65be0f8657589f6125d5529d751ae
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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vector_id: 11974
content:
"Managed grassland Grasslands on which human interventions \r\nare carried out, such as grazing domestic livestock or hay removal."


id: 1294ff0a7cdf49b287ad793073e37cf0
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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vector_id: 420
content:
"Migrant Any person who is moving or has moved across an \r\ninternational border or within a State away from his/her habitual place \r\nof residence, regardless of: (1) the person's legal status; (2) whether \r\nthe movement is voluntary or involuntary; (3) what the causes for the \r\nmovement are; or (4) what the length of the stay is (IOM 2018)."


id: d93071b3eb1928bbcdcafbc34f8a69ed
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 31678
content:
"Managed land In the context of national greenhouse gas (GHG)\r\ninventories under the United Nations Framework Convention on \r\nClimate Change (UNFCCC), the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National \r\nGHG Inventories (IPCC 2006) defines managed land 'where human \r\ninterventions and practices have been applied to perform production, \r\necological or social functions'. IPCC (2006) defines anthropogenic GHG \r\nemissions and removals in the LULUCF sector as all those occurring \r\non 'managed land'. The key rationale for this approach is that the \r\npreponderance of anthropogenic effects occurs on managed lands. "


id: 505137ba7826b0c9160871eb05665116
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 10083
content:
"Migration (of humans) Movement of a person or a group of persons, \r\neither across an international border, or within a State. It is a population \r\nmovement, encompassing any kind of movement of people, whatever \r\nits length, composition and causes; it includes migration of refugees, \r\ndisplaced persons, economic migrants, and persons moving for other \r\npurposes, including family reunification (IOM 2018)."


id: 3c8c25a2b4f8cc716085e40121323247
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
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vector_id: 6893
content:
"[Note: More details can be found in IPCC 2006 Guidelines for National GHG \r\nInventories, Volume 4, Chapter 1.]"


id: 6064f369f396a3cea1394e072dafdaa5
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 12738
content:
"Mitigation (of climate change) A human intervention to reduce \r\nemissions or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases."


id: 3d1c7741b498270ac0ef80f8c2413a52
created_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
updated_at: 2023-03-16 14:01:53
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_only_giec
vector_id: 6979
content:
"Market failure When private decisions are based on market prices \r\nthat do not reflect the real scarcity of goods and services but rather \r\nreflect market distortions, they do not generate an efficient allocation \r\nof resources but cause welfare losses. A market distortion is any event \r\nin which a market reaches a market clearing price that is substantially \r\ndifferent from the price that a market would achieve while operating \r\nunder conditions of perfect competition and state enforcement \r\nof legal contracts and the ownership of private property. Examples of \r\nfactors causing market prices to deviate from real economic scarcity \r\nare environmental externalities, public goods, monopoly power, \r\ninformation asymmetry, transaction costs, and non-rational behaviour."


