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Pure-bred or Composite? - How 'pure' is a pure breed?
Pure 'British Breeds' were historically the 'status' alternative to Merinos. 'Cross-breds' were second class, usually destined for slaughter. 'Composites' is a newer term, usually for breeding stock with genes chosen for excellence from several breeds.
Studs, the breed societies and ASSBA (Australian Stud Sheep Breeders Association) were historically focussed on keeping established breeds pure. A 'composite stud' seemed a contradiction in terms! However some stud breeders, as well as their customers, now want to share the new genetic improvement options for both gene selection and gene transfer. They argue that 'rare breed' enthusiasts can focus on purity, but studs should meet commercial needs. This can be quite controversial.
A complication for many breed societies comes from the new genes involved with breeding to poll. Some breed societies have rules which base 'purity' on the number of back-crosses to the base breed ancestor, using the logic that after four or five back- crosses the resulting lamb has a very high percentage of the 'blood' of the base breed.
However flocks can go through back-crosses following 'purity' rules, but can still keep more genes than just poll. If the polled ancestor was an old-style 'coat-hanger' Merino ("just a bone frame for a wool coat"), a buyer hopes that the poor meat genes have been bred out. If the polled ancestor was a White Suffolk, Poll Dorset, Texel or SAMM, the breeder will probably want to keep its good meat genes as well as the poll gene. If other genes are not bred out, the final flock is more than just a polled version of the original breed. When a new ram is bought from another flock which has used a different breed as the polled ancestor, complex genetic mixing is inevitable.
Some genes can be checked visually (eg horn genes in rams), and there are genetic tests for some genes (also horn/ poll). However there are no affordable tests to check for all the genes of other breeds. Even if the 'purity' rules have been followed, you are still buying a combination of breed genes. Whether 'pure breds', 'cross-breds' or 'composites', almost all sheep in Australia have some genetic mixing.
In the future, affordable genetic tests may let every breeder check their flock's genes against a 'pure' standard. There are already hints that the results may be a shock, and may provide pure breed societies and their members with a lot of problems. Certainly it will put the spotlight on 'purity' as a goal, compared with gene transfer.
In the meantime, both farmers and stud breeders need to make their own decisions!
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A few years ago we conducted a static contraction training study using eight middle-aged golfers. We wanted to determine how little exercise could not only result in increased strength but also how it would transfer to athletic performance. We chose golf because swinging a club uses a very exaggerated range of motion and our abbreviated Static Contraction workout used no range of motion. That right, no movement exercise to see if it would improve a full-range sport like golf.
The subjects were given a workout that consisted of six exercises performed on one day and six different exercises done on a different workout day. Each exercise involved a 10 to 20-second static hold. A weight was lifted into position (sometimes with assistance) and then held statically without locking out. This was back in the days when we still thought a person needed to hold the weight 10 to 20 seconds. Now we know that is not only not necessary, it also means using a much lighter weight.
So these workouts had an actual exercise duration of only 60 to 120 seconds. Over a six-week period these subjects performed between 4 and 9 workouts, averaging 6.6 workouts in the six-week period. That is as little as one minute of actual exercise about once per week for six weeks.
So what happened?
Measurements of their strength in twelve muscle groups were compared for a before and after calculation of improvement. The results of their fourteen minutes of exercise over six weeks were as follows:
Lower Back +58%
Forearm Flexors +87%
Forearm Extensors +93%
OVERALL +84% after 14 min of exercise spread over 6 weeks
Compare the above results with a conventional training protocol. Most people do at least two exercises per muscle group, perform three sets and perhaps 12 or 15 reps per set. Allowing just five seconds per rep this makes for at least 36 minutes of exercise per workout. This is usually done three times per week. So, in six weeks a conventional program would involve 648 minutes of exercise. That’s 42 times more work than the subjects on our study! But are conventional results 42 times better? How could they be? Look at those improvement numbers again. When was the last time you had 6 weeks even equal to that, never mind surpassing it?
Remember, these golfers were exercising in a way that did not involve stretching or moving the weight over a full range of motion. So how did this affect a full range of motion activity like a golf drive?
Every one of them showed an improvement. The increase in drive distance varied from 5 to 31 yards! Keep in mind that these subjects had been golfing for up to forty years and had handicaps as low as eleven. So getting any improvement in golfers who already play at this level is impressive. Getting it with 14 minutes of exercise spread over six weeks is truly revolutionary.
The fact is every sport – even a finesse sport like golf – is improved by an increase in strength. Muscles are responsible for all movement in the body and stronger muscles will deliver more power to every aspect of movement, irrespective of its range of motion.
Since this study we’ve gone on to improve static contraction training. Further research showed that static hold times could be reduced to even less than what the golfers used. Workouts can be spaced farther apart as a trainee gets stronger. I work with advanced trainees who train once every six weeks, yet they gain in strength on every exercise each time they work out. The weights they hoist are enormous.
We believe the time is coming when most people will have a better understanding of the role of proper, efficient strength training methods and frequency. For the person who wants maximum results with minimum time invested, an ultra-brief but ultra-intense workout will be performed about as often as they get a haircut. Anything more is just lifting weights as a busy-work hobby.
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My days begin at 4:40 AM. I know, you think I am crazy. And don’t start figuring out the difference between the time when you and I get out of bed in the mornings because, let me reassure you, we probably do not go to bed at the same time; I am a proudly declared grandma. Plus, no two people are the same. Let it be said that I sincerely love the mornings. I love watching the sunrise. I love having time to decompress before rushing out the door. Most importantly, I love having the time to myself before the rest of the city wakes up. So, why does my alarm go off at such an ungodly hour? Because my day starts long before I get to my desk. During my first year at my full-time job I came to notice two things: I was incredibly tired and un-energetic in the mornings, and I was continuously missing workouts when my after-work plans suddenly changed. Between work happy hours, client dinners, meeting up with friends, and just having downright no interest in going to the gym after a 10+ hour work day, I found myself not exercising as much as I would have liked to. Personally, I am someone who views working out as a form of therapy. Playing sports all my life, my body craves the movement and the act of sweating. To be quite frank, without it I turn into a bit of a crazy lady. So, here I found myself, a year of full-time work under my belt, a slew of missed and neglected workouts, the beginnings of some pent-up stress and anxiety, and a new (and very unwelcome) digestive issue.
By taking a step back to reassess, I came to the conclusion of two things: I needed to address the food I was putting in to my body to help my digestive issues, and physical activity needed to become a priority in my life again. The former became a much longer journey, and eventually why I started Freckled Foodie, but the latter was an easy fix. It was time to finally bite the bullet and begin working out in the mornings. After a few weeks of getting used to this lifestyle, and some extremely “airplane mode” mornings at work filled with multiple cups of coffee, I have fully adapted to and welcomed my pre-5AM alarm. Yes, it may be dark out, and yes, some mornings I would like to lay under my duvet for the next few hours, but a morning workout clears my mind (hello therapy), surprisingly gives me energy for the day, and provides me with a free schedule when I leave the office. It is also no surprise to me that once I began incorporating physical activity back into my life my stress and anxiety decreased and therefore also helped with my digestive issues. Another thing that helped immensely? My morning drink that I have first thing every day, which features Vital Proteins Collagen Peptides: an incredibly beneficial for gut health by helping repair the sensitive lining and infrastructure of the stomach and the small/large intestines.
To see what happens after my alarm goes off, here is my morning routine:
- 4:44AM & 4:46AM alarms go off (I’m a freak that hates odd numbers)
- Thoughtless journaling. This is by no means helpful information or worthy writing, but it allows me to get out all of the worthless mind cluttering thoughts that I have and encourages clarity throughout the rest of the day
- Daily vitamin supplements: calcium magnesium, vitamin B-complex, vitamin C, fermented cod liver oil, flax seed oil, ashwagandha root, turmeric, and a probiotic. These supplements are specific to me and my needs and have been compiled with the work of my functional medicine practitioner. I recommend you do the same!
- My morning drink: a glass of warm water with ½ a lemon, a shot of apple cider vinegar, and a scoop of Vital Proteins collagen peptides
- **If you are suffering from IBS or digestive issues, I highly recommend giving this morning mixture a try. With the apple cider vinegar and lemon boosting your metabolism and digestion first thing in the morning and the gut healing benefits of collagen peptides, this drink may be your new best friend. I started drinking this combination first thing in the morning about 1 year ago and it has had an incredible impact on my symptoms.
- 5:20AM out the door and headed to the gym. My morning workouts change depending on the day but I usually am either running on the treadmill or in the park, practicing yoga, doing a HIIT circuit, or going to a barre or pilates class
- 6:45AM rushing to get ready and fighting off serious post shower sweat
- 7:10AM at my desk and ready to take on the day
If the idea of a morning workout routine interests you, here are some recommendations to make the process as attainable as possible:
- Find a friend that is willing to take on this challenge as well. Having someone to hold you accountable or to workout with in the mornings makes a huge difference.
- Do something that you won’t dread waking up for. If you hate running or the thought of lifting weights makes your insides turn, then don’t do it. Find a workout that you enjoy; there are so many different options out there in today’s world that you should never be doing something you dislike.
- Have everything ready to go for the next day: lay out your workout outfit and pack your bag for work.
- Say no to the snooze button!!!
- Have a time when you plan to go to bed and stick to it.
- Stay away from the dark hole of Instagram! No technology for at least 30 minutes prior to bed time.
- Make it a habit. If you are able to try for at least two weeks straight to have a set 30-minute window where you go to bed and wake up at the same time every day, it will make the worlds of a difference. Your body and sleeping cycle react well to routine.
- Accept that there are going to be mornings where you planned to work out and for some reason it didn’t happen. That is okay! There are nights where you should stay out later at a party with your friends or mornings where your body is just too damn tired and needs that extra hour or two in bed. Know what is best for you and don’t beat yourself up over it.
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Is there anybody out there? Maybe. Maybe not. Though there are more reason to believe that we aren’t alone, nobody yet contacted us. Scientists are trying to contact them. Apart from UFOs stories we kept hearing and which scientists kept rejecting, something happened in 1977 which scientists are still baffled about. Amidst the persistent noises of this vast universe, scientists were able to hear a ‘song’ which lasted some 72 seconds. The ‘song’ was too good to be an accident. Much to the disappointment of scientists, the song was never to be heard again. 37 years have passed since then but those 72 seconds never came again. Check this link for wonderful presentation by Brian Cox. If you think the song we listened to was some kind of accident, we, too, have sent our own messages to contact aliens. The earliest message was put on Pioneer 10 spacecraft in the form of a plaque. (See image below.)
It seems, though, our love (or hate?) for those alien civilization is not a recent development. Couple of months back, there was this news of 10,000 years old rock painting being found in India depicting aliens and UFOs. What were those cavemen thinking when they painted those aliens? Or were they lucky enough to have seen them? In case you want to dismiss this, what to make of that 20,000 years old paintings found in France? In any case, aliens, in our imagination, has always been there all around the world. Unlike ghosts, possible existence of aliens is much more plausible.
The immense vastness of universe, in a sense, ensures there might be alien life somewhere but it also poses difficulty in finding it. There should be, and possible are, millions of planets in this universe which are ‘earth like’ and it is not unreasonable to think that there should be some planets which are inhabited by some sorts of living creatures. The size of universe is unfathomable and the farthest point that is visible from earth is almost 46 billion light years away! What does that mean? That means if you are traveling at a speed of, let us say, 1000 kilometers per second (yes, per second), it will take 13,800 billion years to reach that point. Let me emphasize again I am talking about the farthest point that is visible from earth rather than the absolute farthest point. Nothing existed that long. Nothing would probably exist that long. Our universe is merely 13.8 billion years old. The star you wished upon last night probably has died millions of years ago. Kind of disheartening, no?
Not exactly. In 2012, scientists reported to have found glycolaldehyde, a type of sugar, in an adolescent star. This was very important news. You should check the ALMA Observatory website. First, even before this discovery, it is known that RNA molecules were the earliest form of organic molecules responsible for life and one of the three ingredients (DNA, RNA and proteins) of all form of lives. The sugar mentioned above is the basic ingredient for RNA. Second, these sugar molecules happen to be there at the right time and at the right place. That new born star will pass on these sugar molecules to the planets which are yet to be formed. In all probabilities, we won’t live long enough to see what happens next there. The star we talked about is ‘merely’ 400 light years away. Perhaps in some other corner of universe, the sugar molecules have already played their roles in RNA molecules formation. Our distant past when life just began is being repeated somewhere. Possibly. In fact, other organic molecules such as glycine (an amino acid) have been found on a comet. This and other such instances show that basic ingredients of life are in abundance in universe which may give rise to rise to life in presence of other supporting environmental factors. Both practically and theoretically, there are more reasons to believe that there is someone out there.
But where are they? There is this interesting and analytical discussion around the Fermi Paradox concerning with probability of extraterrestrial life. Even if alien life exists, should we contact them? Some say yes, some say no. Yes, because it will overwhelmingly enhance our knowledge and understanding of myriads of topics such as biology, evolution, society, religion and science. May be they have discovered the Grand Unified Theory of everything. May be they have solved Riemann Hypothesis. What about their views on God? Are there males and females? Do their lives depend of sun and water? Are DNA and proteins building blocks of their biology? And so on. Or may be we shouldn’t contact them at all. What if they are technologically advance and yet a predatory race hunting for resources? Stephen Hawking is quite pessimistic about it. He warned any contact with alien life may cause trouble to us. In any case, our search for extraterrestrial life wouldn’t stop.
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Add Some Space to Your Wardrobe With Some Closet Organizers
Have you ever met anyone who said their clothes closet was big enough?The odds of that happening aren’t very great.Closet organizers may have shelves, bins, or racks put together to complement each other suiting the needs of the person.Nowadays, they come in various adjustable shelves and various colors which are doubled or raised according to the need.
Take a look at your closet and you’ll probably realize that a closet organizer will be a big help to you.
One way to add instant space is to get your accessories off the floor.Use Accessory Hangers to untangle everything and clear some room for you to walk and the Scarf Hanger will hold ten or more scarves neatly, with one or more trailing from a row of holes in a wooden organizer that hangs from your closet rod.
If you have a bulky size things, a shelf divider would work best.These slide onto wire or wood closet shelves to instantly divide them so that you can separate sweaters, hats or purses into their areas.Such cedar hangers are space saving organizers that allow you to hang five garments in the same space that usually contains only one.
There are even hooks along each side of the Closet Doubler that allow you to hang ties, belts, scarves or other accessories and this is a truly instant-and inexpensive-way to increase your wardrobe space.If you have a lot of purses, you’ll appreciate the space you’ll free up when you use the Hanging Handbag Organizer.Hanging Accessory Shelves has a steel frame for great support, so it will handle as many items as you need it to hold.To have a clear floors, the closet organizers can works as adjustable shoe rack.The closet organizers can have storage bins which are built-in with slide-in-out drawers.The interior doors can be hinged, sliding, bi-fold or in pocket style.The exterior closet doors are utilised in the outdoor kitchens, showers and a lot more.These doors are fitted with glass, mirrors, hand printed fabrics etc., which are easy to put in, easy to change and manage.
There are too many manufactures and sellers available in the market who has the ability to design innovative closet organizers.You can choose readily available closet organizers or can design them as per your specific set of requirements. For this, various alternatives like rail sizes, wood species, arch tops, and air flow. are available.So go for organizing smart closet organizer and get organized in life.If you want to organize or arrange your clothes, make sure to consider close organization.
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RE: ??? (was RE: A simple guy with a simple problem)
- From: "Bullard, Claude L (Len)" <[email protected]>
- To: Danny Ayers <[email protected]>, [email protected]
- Date: Thu, 15 Mar 2001 11:37:38 -0600
Which occurred during the Golden era (daniel golden)
of cheaper, simpler, faster. They tried to XP
a complex craft and made a bad mistake in the
The shuttle has five computers. Computers
don't help if you launch with ice hanging off
engines with exposed creases sealed with rubber.
Simplicity is good by itself. Speed is good
if you are in a safe passage. Put them together
and pray your luck hopes outs. If it doesn't...
oh well. Hit the wall and let your family
wish you had a harness on at the funeral.
XP has been tried. It has its problems too.
The big one is: competence. To get around
that, QA. Failover to another system.
QA is not a good practice; it is an absolute
cost of doing business.
Ekam sat.h, Vipraah bahudhaa vadanti.
Daamyata. Datta. Dayadhvam.h
From: Danny Ayers [mailto:[email protected]]
I thought NASA had it pretty well sussed with the computers on the shuttle
(this might be apocryphal) - 3 systems running, if two agree then that's
your answer. But then of course there was that business about metric and
imperial units on the way to Mars...
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What is cancer and how can we control it?
New Scientist Live
Wednesday, 5 June 2013 from 18:30 to 20:00 (BST)
What is cancer and how can we control it?
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Come and hear Paul Davies talk about:
What is cancer and how can we control it?
Cancer research is a vast worldwide enterprise, yet there has been little improvement in patient outcomes over several decades. Clearly some bold new thinking is needed. Amid the frantic search for an elusive "cure," some basic questions are overlooked. Why is there cancer? What are its deep evolutionary roots? Why do almost all cells come pre-loaded with a cancer subroutine? Paul will describe a new and testable theory of cancer as the re-activation of an ancient phenotype, suggesting a radically new approach to therapy.
Who is Paul Davies?
Paul Davies is Director of the Center for Fundamental Concepts in Science at Arizona State University. He is best known as a physicist and cosmologist and as a pioneer in the field of astrobiology. A few years ago he was asked by the US National Cancer Institute to provide fresh insights into cancer from a physicist’s perspective. This led to him being appointed as Principal Investigator at the Center for the Convergence of Physical Science and Cancer Biology at ASU.
Paul is also author of numerous best-selling science books, including The Fifth Miracle: The Search for the Origin of Life, How to Build a Time Machine and The Eerie Silence: Renewing our Search for Alien Intelligence.
Doors open at 6pm. Talk starts at 6:30pm.
Tickets £5 (inc. booking fee) in advance through Eventbrite, and if available £7 on the door (cash sales on the door only). Tickets sold on a first come first served basis and are subject to availability.
New Scientist is the world's leading science and technology weekly magazine, covering the big ideas and developments from all areas of science and technology. Offering the latest news, ideas and opinions, New Scientist is an authoritative voice on all matters related to science, technology and the ideas improving our knowledge of the universe and those shaping our world and lives.
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A member of staff from Old Trafford-based corporate debt management company, The Business Debt Advisor, has been recognised for her qualification as an insolvency practitioner at a national ceremony.
Molly Monks, corporate insolvency manager at the firm has been officially honoured by the Insolvency Service at a graduation ceremony in London following her official appointment as an insolvency practitioner in March of this year.
Commenting on her graduation, Molly, from Bramhall near Stockport, said: “I genuinely love my job and this qualification has given me the foundation I need to continue my career in one of the most rewarding professions.
“As one of the smallest professional fields in the UK with fewer than 1,700 licensed insolvency practitioners, I feel that I can make a real difference to the industry and represent the creditors’ interest as a whole.”
Managing director, Bev Budsworth added: “Molly heads up our corporate team and has a fabulous caring personality which perfectly fits the ethos of our business. Even though she actually passed her exams earlier this year, it’s great to see her efforts finally recognised in this way.”
Run by the Joint Insolvency Examination Board (JIEB), exams are held annually in November and rigorously test a candidate’s knowledge of insolvency law and practice.
The ceremony was held at the BMA House in London. Following an opening address by the chairman of the JIEB, Molly was presented with her certificate by Graham Horne, deputy chief executive and director of operations at the Insolvency Service.
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IT nonetheless includes primary computer-based mostly information methods, together with computing hardware, working methods , software software program and the information that is processed to supply useful info. Over time, each of those IT components and capabilities has become more complex, embracing ever-growing Computer subsets of applied sciences and methodologies. This program focuses on the design of technological info techniques, together with computing systems, as options to enterprise and communications help wants. The program consists of instruction in the principles of computer hardware and software components, programming, utility assist and human interface design.
Computer technology and data technology both are associated to the every-different without computer technology we can’t access any data whereas without information technology we cannot think about any update in computer technology. As we all know computer technology is nothing however a scientific way of managing data and data for attaining the specified aim. Formally we are able to describe a set of related knowledge and the best way it’s organised.
Undergrad Cert , Security Management
Students will read, perceive, interpret, and synthesize quite a lot of texts. Assignments are designed to challenge students intellectually, culturally and rhetorically. Through inquiry-based mostly task sequences, students will improve their writing by growing academic research and literacy practices that might be further strengthened in First-Year Writing. Particular consideration shall be given to critical reading, tutorial writing conventions, and revision.
• Below, discover some prime roles within the technology trade, average salaries and job outlooks for those roles, and where on the spectrum of computer science to info technology every one falls.
• Once a negotiation protocol is developed, it’s going to take a while to incorporate it into Web browsers and servers.
The similar process was followed and, due to the guide nature of the drawing and the following analysis, the entire procedure was time-consuming and labor-intensive. There is also the combination of human creativity with computer technology that provides the design effectivity that has made CAD such a well-liked Technology design tool. CAD is commonly thought of merely as computer-aided drafting, and its use as an digital drafting board is a robust software in itself. The features of a CAD system prolong far past its ability to represent and manipulate graphics.
Field Licensure Necessities
Sold full with a major logic board, switching energy supply, keyboard, case, handbook, recreation paddles, and cassette tape containing the sport Breakout, the Apple-II finds recognition far past the hobbyist neighborhood which made up Apple’s consumer community until then. When connected to a shade tv set, the Apple II produced sensible color graphics for the time. Millions of Apple IIs had been offered between 1977 and 1993, making it one of many longest-lived strains of private computers. Apple gave away 1000’s of Apple IIs to school, giving a new generation their first entry to non-public computers. The quickest machine of its day, The Cray-1’s speed comes partly from its shape, a “C,” which reduces the length of wires and thus the time alerts have to journey throughout them. High packaging density of integrated circuits and a novel Freon cooling system also contributed to its velocity.
Students solve 2×2 and 3×3 methods of linear equations, and factor algebraic expressions utilizing frequent factors and techniques for factoring trinomials. They simplify, add, subtract, multiply and divide rational expressions and clear up equations involving algebraic fractions. Students examine the properties of right triangles and trigonometric capabilities of obtuse angles. Students graph polynomial and sinusoidal features Computer & Technology using tables of values and stretches, shifts and shrinks. They also add and subtract vectors and convert between complex numbers in rectangular, polar and exponential types. Delivered in a modular format, this course is equal to the completion of all the following modules in MAT a, b, c, d, e, f, g and i.
Your Career
Intel’s products and software program are meant only for use in applications that don’t cause or contribute to a violation of an internationally recognized human proper. Some of the most typical problems confronted by businesses today should do with inadequate reminiscence errors, issues with wait, webpages downloading, and ready for databases to get updated. In the business world, time is cash and it’s important to be on top of this extra so than a private computer. When it comes to deciding on the right sort of computing technology for the enterprise, enterprise class private computer systems are strongly recommended. A enterprise class computer usually just isn’t dearer than a comprehensively geared up home computer, but it could frequently be found within the mid-range value sector. Information sources associated with data technology can be utilized by professionals within the area to leverage new and rising details shaped from research.
When the Minuteman I was decommissioned, some universities obtained these computer systems for use by college students. The 1401 mainframe, the first within the series, replaces earlier vacuum tube technology with smaller, more dependable transistors. Demand called for greater than 12,000 of the 1401 computer systems, and the machine´s success made a strong case for using general-purpose computers somewhat than specialised techniques. By the mid-1960s, almost half of all computers in the world had been IBM 1401s. The 501 is built on a ‘constructing block’ idea which permits it to be extremely versatile for many completely different uses and could concurrently control as much as sixty three tape drives—very helpful for big databases of information.
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Jayce Rogers Commits to WVU
By Jeffery Cobb
The Mountaineers got one of their “Most Wanted” in the 2018 Recruiting Class this afternoon.
2018 Valdosta, Georgia CB Jayce Rogers made the long trek up to Morgantown for West Virginia’s Showtime Camp this weekend, and the trip paid off as the 5-foot-9, 175-pound athlete pledged his commitment to the Mountaineers.
WVU has been courting Rogers for about 5 months dating back to when new Defensive Backs coach Doug Belk was hired.
Belk immediately made the rounds among the Georgia high schools, and one of his first contacts was with Valdosta HS, where he fell in love with Rogers and offered him back on February 15.
Then it just was a matter of getting him up to Morgantown so he could check out the program and see if it was a place he could spend the next four years. He chose the Mountaineers over Iowa, Colorado State, Tulane, USF, Southern Miss, Marshall, FAU, Cincinnati and others.
Rogers is a smaller corner than the Mountaineers have recruited lately, but his elite athleticism and competitiveness was enough to sell Tony Gibson and crew that he could compete in the Big 12.
BlueGoldNews will have more from the commitment so stay tuned.
— J⁵ackboy (@jayce_rogers) July 22, 2017
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The Blue Jays offense was simply unable to generate any short of threat against Jose Quintana of the White Sox last night. Temporary Jose Reyes replacement Munenori Kawasaki, Edwin Encarnacion and Rajai Davis (including a double for the Blue Jays only extra-base hit) each had two hits on the night (although one of Encarnacion’s singles came off reliever Jesse Crain). Encarnacion and Kawasaki drew bases on balls from Quintana. Six hits, two walks, no runs – that was the sum total of the Blue Jays offense last night. Obviously they lost the game, by a score of 7-0 as J.A. Happ turned in what will likely be one of several clunkers from the fifth starter spot on the season.
However, this is not about Happ. It is about the offense – this woeful, anaemic, sputtering offense. The seemingly vaunted Blue Jays offense has averaged merely 3.6 runs per game (24th in MLB). There have been some big games in there, too – a 10-run game and two 8-run games. The Blue Jays have scored 54 runs, 26 of them (48.1%) have come in three games; in the other games, the Jays are averaging 2.3 runs per game. That is a mark that would put them 29th in MLB ahead of only the pitiful Miami Marlins, who are essentially a glorified Triple-A team at this point. Since Jose Reyes went down in a heap at second base last Friday night, the Jays have scored a mere 12 runs in five games, including the shutout last night (2.4 runs per game). All the blame for the struggles cannot be placed on the absence of Jose Reyes, although he was clearly the Blue Jays’ best offensive player in the early going. Jose Bautista has also been out of the lineup, since Monday, with back spasms and an ear infection. In the three games he has missed so far, The Blue Jays have scored eight runs (2.7 runs per game). Awful.
What offense has occurred is primarily being carried by two men – J.P. Arencibia and Colby Rasmus. Arencibia is off to a roaring start this season with a .361 wOBA in 57 plate appearances. Unfortunately, this is primarily driven by the five home runs he has hit (.339 ISO). Sporting a putrid trio of a 263 OBP, 1.8 BB% and a 35.1 K%, his success simply cannot be expected to continue. Rasmus has been another all-or-nothing hitter for the Blue Jays this year with four home runs of his own, (.375 wOBA, .326 ISO). These numbers are further driven up by a .368 BABIP, unsustainable for someone with his speed level (.268 career). He has mustered a more respectable .314 OBP; however strikeouts have been a major problem for him as well. Rasmus is walking 9.8% of the time, above his career rate, but this is coupled with an absurd 45.1 K%. Obviously a small sample is being analyzed here (51 PA) and regression towards his career value will occur, but what Rasmus is showing is still a cause for concern. It is enough of a concern to shield him from left-handed pitchers – meaning his powerful bat was not in the lineup tonight against Quintana and he was pinch-hit for by Rajai Davis in the seventh inning the night prior.
Unfortunately, Adam Lind suffers from even worse split issues (the worst hitter by far against southpaws since 2010), and many situations are arising where these players need to be pinch-hit for. This is where Bautista’s presence on the roster is causing a problem. The Blue Jays currently have the standard roster setup of 12 pitchers and four bench players. One of the players is backup catcher Henry Blanco, who must remain available to replace Arencibia and who wields a bat for little more than effect (career 65 wRC+). This leaves three men on the bench who are available to pinch-hit. However, despite repeated clams of Bautista returning to the lineup the following day, he has been unable to do so. This leaves two men on the bench. One must be kept behind in case of injuries, so the Blue Jays have extremely limited options. Casper Wells, an intriguing lefty-masher claimed off waivers from Seattle, was designated for assignment in order to place Ramon Ortiz (who moped up nicely giving 3.1 IP behind Happ last night) on the 40-man roster.
This is making it painfully apparent that something needs to happen with Bautista. He either needs to return to the lineup, or be placed on the disabled list. Since he last appeared in Sunday’s game, his DL stint can be back-dated to Monday, meaning that three of the required 15 days have already elapsed. Since Gibbons has been “unsure” about Bautista’s ability to pinch-hit, I am wondering if the ability to back-date a potential DL stint has been part of the reason. Using Bautista as a pinch-hitter would require him to miss three more days than he already has. The Blue Jays are seeing Andy Pettitte in the first game of the weekend Yankee series and the Yankees carry Boone Logan, a southpaw who absolutely wipes out left-handed hitters (.309 wOBA against) in their bullpen.
Without depth on the bench, the Blue Jays run the high risk of being exposed late and losing one of the few bright spots in their depleted lineup when a lefty starts. The Jays have to make a decision on Bautista tonight. Hopefully he is in the lineup and this rant is largely rendered moot, but if not, I expect a DL stint, because the Blue Jays can no longer afford to wait.
Welp. This post became largely moot in hurry. Good news (I hope).
When the 2012 season opened for the Blue Jays in Dunedin, Florida; the only true “position battle” was for left field – waged between high-ceiling prospect Travis Snider and the incumbent Eric Thames. Thames was favoured in the role because he had played ~50 games there to end the season and been serviceable offensively, while showing poor defensive skills. As a result, it was made known that Travis Snider would have to essentially blow Thames out of the water to win the job. In the end, they had similar decent springs (spring stats are meaningless for a number of reasons, the investigation of which is worthy of a post in and of itself) and as a result, Thames won the job while Snider was shipped out to AAA Las Vegas.
In the month of April, Thames hit a strong .308/.361/.446 with a .345 wOBA and 118 wRC+, he had a passable 16.1 K% although his defense left much to be desired. Meanwhile, Snider hit .400/.477/.693 in 19 April games with essentially no home/road split. Unfortunately, Snider injured his wrist on April 26, ending his month.
This could not have come at a worse time for the Blue Jays as Eric Thames began to struggle in May. Badly. In May, Thames hit .193/.227/.301, with a .231 wOBA and 39 wRC+. Thames suffered a 73-point BABIP regression, but the major cause of Thames downfall was a sharp increase in strikeouts. In the month of May, Thames struck out in 31.6% of his plate appearances, the fourth-most in baseball for a qualified hitter over that span. As the month progressed, it became increasingly clear that Thames was simply over-matched in the Major Leagues. However, there was an apparent problem – Snider played seven games in the middle of May, looked awful (.095/.192/.286) then was shut down again with more wrist trouble on May 17, yet to play as of this writing.
After losing 14-3 to the Texas Rangers on Friday May 25 in a game where Brandon Morrow pitched merely two-thirds of an inning and losing 8-7 to Texas in 13 innings the following day, the bullpen was extremely taxed and roster moves were made, as detailed in prior posts, to construct an eight-man bullpen. Further complications arose when Kelly Johnson and Yunel Escobar suffered hamstring and groin injuries, respectively, in the Texas series that necessitated the recall of an extra infielder. At this point, the Blue Jays made an odd response to their situation – Thames was demoted to AAA and utility player Mike McCoy was recalled.
The oddity of the response stems from the upcoming schedule. The Blue Jays have today off after completing a three-game home sweep against Baltimore, play the Red Sox over the weekend and have Monday off before travelling to Chicago. Despite the lull in the schedule, manager John Farrell has indicated that the rotation will continue on full turns. This means that Ricky Romero and Brandon Morrow will make their next starts on six days rest, while the back of the rotation will make each of their next two starts on five days rest. This is hardly a situation that necessitates carrying an eight-man bullpen and a three-man bench of a catcher, an infielder and an infielder who is hurting. There is no outfield help on the bench at this point and McCoy is the only true viable option, period. The other downside to the current roster is that the team’s best pinch-runner (who doesn’t hit RHP very well at 78 wRC+ career), Rajai Davis, is now in the everyday lineup with Snider hurt. It would have made much more sense to demote one of Jesse Chavez or Aaron Laffey, neither of whom are likely to pitch; and either stick with Thames until Snider is ready or bench him in favour of Davis, leaving a left-handed bat and OF available.
Recalling an infielder was a necessity but the manner in which it was done, not only seems illogical, but hurts the team in its’ current state.
UPDATE: Aaron Laffey was sent back to Las Vegas after tonight’s game. Prior to Friday’s game the Blue Jays will make a corresponding roster move, they announced. Adam Lind, who has hit .343/.442/.657/.467/183 in 43 plate appearances in Triple-A is a possible recall candidate, as is Vladimir Guerrero; although Alex Anthopoulos indicated he would see time in both AA and AAA to adjust to velocity and off-speed pitches, respectively.
UPDATE: A third candidate for recall is SS Adeiny Hechavarria. It has been thought that he is not ready offensively (.316/.358/.458/.367/118, but inflated by the league and park) and that he would not be brought up only on a long-term basis. However recent comments by Alex Anthopoulos that a visa issue had been resolved, thereby allowing Hechavarria to travel to Canada, coupled with the fact that he did not play tonight for Las Vegas are potential indicators that it could indeed by Hechavarria on his way to Toronto.
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vocabulary | Learn English
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Vocabulary - In the Office
Average: 3.7 (22 votes)
Many people learn 'pen, pencil and paper' in their first English lessons, but can you remember these words, which are also things you would find in an office?
Match each word to its definition. What else do we find in an office?
Lesson by Caroline
Business English - Networking
Average: 4.1 (14 votes)
Networking: - Interacting with other people to exchange information and develop contacts, especially to further your career.
This lesson will give you some good hints on successful networking, as well as helping you to practise some business vocabulary. Read through the article and try to fit the gaps with the business vocabulary listed below.
Average: 4 (46 votes)
We write postcards to friends and family when we are on holiday. They are usually very short and talk about what we are doing and enjoying. I just got this postcard from my Mum and Dad, who are on holiday in Tenerife! Read through the postcard and put the words in the correct gap.
When you have finished, imagine you are on holiday and you are sending a postcard to your best friend. What would you write about? Please post your answers below!
Hi Caroline!
Passive and Active Sentences for Low-Intermediate Students
Average: 3.7 (30 votes)
How much do you remember about forming active and passive sentences?
If you're unsure, have a look at this lesson before you try to answer the questions below:
Remember: Is the action being done by someone or is an action being done to something? If someone is doing the action, use the active voice and if an action is being done to something use the passive! Good luck!
Lesson by Caroline
Verbs we use in the morning
Average: 3.5 (14 votes)
What's your morning routine? If you are not a 'morning person', waking up and getting ready for work/school can be a real challenge. Perhaps you are an 'early bird', a person who feels better and has more energy in the morning. If so, getting ready to face the day is no problem!
Read through the text and choose the correct missing verbs.
Get / Become
Average: 3.8 (37 votes)
The word get has many different meanings in English, such as 'receive'. However, another very common meaning is also 'become'.
For example: “I’m getting cold” means the same as “I’m becoming cold”
The only real difference is that get is more informal and popular to use.
The structure is: GET + ADJECTIVE.
The Olympics Opening Ceremony
Average: 3.3 (9 votes)
I was very excited to hear more details about the Olympics opening ceremony, particularly as it’s in my city this year and some of my friends are performing in it! Read through this article and try to answer the true or false questions below.
What are your opinions on the Olympics? Do you think London will be a good host? As always, let us know your opinions!
If your interested in being in London during the olympics try our London English school.
Lesson by Caroline
So and Such
Average: 3.5 (41 votes)
In English we have many different ways of emphasing a particular point. Words like 'very' and 'extremely' are the most known by students.
Others ways to do this are with 'so' and 'such'.
If you say: "it's so hot today!", it's a stronger emphasis than saying "it's very hot today."
The structure is: SO + ADJECTIVE
Another alternative is by saying "It's such a hot day!" This is also stronger than 'very'
The structure is: SUCH + ADJECTIVE + NOUN
Simple Adverbs
Average: 3.6 (44 votes)
Adverbs describe the way an action is completed and are commonly thought of as 'y' words.
For example, the adverb form of the adjective loud is loudly.
How well can you remember them? In each sentence, replace the adjective with the correct adverb (and be careful with your spelling):
Lesson by Caroline
Idiom of the Day: Tired of
Average: 3.5 (13 votes)
Tired of idiom
This joke is based on the meaning of the word insomnia and the idiom tired of:
Insomnia (in-SOM-ne-ah) is a common sleep problem. People who have insomnia have trouble falling asleep at night. As a result, they get too little sleep or have poor-quality sleep.
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Monday, October 18, 2021
Musician Education And It Is Benefits
Music has been defined as any type of sound that has each melody and rhythm. Music is a very advanced artwork type, a cultural activity, and an auditory artwork type. The time period “music” is commonly used to mean any type of musical expression, together with folk songs, jazz, rock, pop, ballet, trendy, classical, reggae, pop, RnB, hip-hop, blues, polka, metallic, techno, hip-hop, and other genres. General definitions of music check with the basic components comparable to tempo, melodic quality, rhythms, and timbre. Various kinds of music can emphasize, de-emphasise, or completely exclude any of the above components.
The event of formal music history begins with the first recorded music. In the early Middle Ages (1000s BC) the main influence on music was Egypt, from which it took its title.
Greek music had a large affect on European music, although it’s tough to measure the extent to which it influenced the early music of the world. The most popular music of the time interval in Western Europe was most likely the polyphonic music which was the creation of a group of musicians led by Aristophanes, who developed a unique type that combines music with dance.
The Greeks additionally played a serious function in the development of the symphony, the primary of its variety. The symphonies had been instrumental compositions with stringed devices, often the lyre. The Greeks additionally developed the concept of the sonata, a sequence of six separate movements utilizing different types of musical instruments.
The renaissance music of Rome and the Renaissance Period (1500s) are nonetheless a preferred subject in historical past classes. This fashion of music is characterized by its use of complicated rhythmic patterns, typically consisting of a series of octaves and generally using a number of voices.
German composers equivalent to Mozart and Schubert have been well-known for his or her music for instrumentalists and flutists. Flutists have been musicians who played musical flutes and other wind instruments. In the same method, instrumentalist gamers were nicely-known for their means to play flute, clarinet, saxophone, piano, guitar, etc. in quite a lot of mixtures.
Music idea developed as a discipline of research within the late 1600s. It was developed by Johannes Brahms (1797-1875) however had a lot further growth later on. There have been three totally different faculties of thought that emerged through the early historical past of the speculation, all of them primarily based on completely different faculties of music concept. Although they have their very own totally different views, they are all related to music concept and its application to music idea.
As well as, it is important to point out that there was a powerful debate between the proponents of two totally different colleges of concept, namely, intuitionism and pragmatism. Both sides had supporters and opponents and every facet has its own theories and methodology of how music theory works. In the long run, the 2 theories became one, as they were each primarily based on intuition and sensible expertise.
Nowadays, classical music is often categorized by the genres that it belongs to. Classical music consists of a wide range of styles corresponding to Romantic, Classical, Romantic, Art Nouveau, Baroque, Classical, and so forth. Each style has its personal particular person characteristics, however most importantly, it all shares comparable rules, ideas and structures. If you are not accustomed to classical music, then you may just be thinking about among the extra in style classical pieces, such because the works of Bach, Mozart, Brahms, and Sibelius.
However, many students who pursue music training usually have issues with understanding and making use of music theory to music. The reason is that they don’t have a clear idea of what all of it means. Although it is possible to find out about music concept via lessons or workshops, it’s sometimes tough to understand its meaning when you do not have prior expertise taking part in the instrument. That’s why it is important to learn as a lot as you may about the different styles and genres of music, earlier than going into learning. Many college students discover on-line sources very useful.
Students should also consider enrolling in an instrument class where they learn the technicalities of different musical devices. This may put together them to start out taking part in different musical devices and will also provide a possibility to understand and apply numerous features of music idea to the music that they study to play. For example, they could find it easier to play the piano by taking part in it in time with a metronome and different musical devices, fairly than by simply listening to it. Another device that will be very beneficial is to learn in regards to the historical past of music principle, as it is the foundation of a comprehensive music education. They may know when sure sounds, harmonies, rhythms, and timbres sound the identical.
Students also needs to take the time to analysis and apply music theory by taking personal lessons with an instructor or through a non-public tutor, or via a program where they study and observe utilizing musical devices. You may as well search for on-line lessons or videos which are created by skilled music teachers who can guide you step-by-step in growing your own personal musical model. Once you’re feeling confident enough to play a song or piece of music, you may go forward and start taking personal classes. and also you will definitely be stunned how briskly you progress from one stage to another!
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Danger can also emerge from more "environmentally friendly" projects, like the building of vast offshore wind farms consisting of ever larger turbines. A common technique consists of penetrating the seabed with a hydraulic hammer to plant a monopod anchoring the modern-day windmills to the ocean floor. This so-called pile-driving can emit noise levels up to 250 decibels, which is a deadly dose for nearby marine mammals, though experts say it's easy to diminish the threat by creating a curtain of air bubbles surrounding the drill site.
With the constant churn of freighter propellers, the percussive thump of oil and gas exploration and the underwater din of military testing, ocean noise levels have become unbearable for some sea mammals.
Contrary to the image of a distant and silent world under the sea, underwater sound intensity has on average soared 20 decibels over the past 50 years, with devastating consequences for wildlife.
“Sound is what cetaceans (large aquatic mammals like whales and dolphins) communicate with. This is how they perceive their environment. For them, hearing is as important as vision is for us,” explained Mark Simmonds, the international director of science at the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society (WDCS).
“If there is too much noise, they probably can’t communicate that well,” he told AFP late last month on the sidelines of an international conference on migratory species in Bergen, on Norway’s southwestern coast.
A harmful effect of this acoustic “fog” is that it impairs the ability of cetaceans, which in good conditions can communicate over a distance of dozens of kilometres (miles), to orient themselves, find food and reproduce.
Basic small boat traffic travelling at slow speeds through shallow waters can be enough to cut the reach of sounds from a bottlenose dolphin, for instance, by 26 percent, and in the case of pilot whales by 58 percent, according to a recent study.
Nicolas Entrup, who works with the non-governmental organisations Ocean Care and the Natural Resources Defense Council, said the ocean is in the process of becoming for sea mammals what night clubs are for humans: “You might cope with it for a while but you can’t live there.”
“Imagine a situation where you can’t communicate with your family, where you have to scream constantly,” he said.
Oceans are vast, and animals that are bothered by rising noise levels can of course move on, but it can be challenging to find and adapt to a whole new habitat.
The problem is especially dire in the Arctic, where, as the polar ice cap melts, humans are leaving an ever bigger sound footprint as they stake out new shipping routes and look for oil and gas.
“Narwals for example have a narrowly defined habitat,” explains Simmonds. “They are very adapted to that cold environment. If it gets too noisy, where will they go?”
The same problem applies to the highly sound-sensitive beluga, or white whale, that migrates to Canada’s northern shores.
These mammals, which are capable of detecting ships 30 kilometers (18.7 miles) away, will struggle to maintain their migration route through the narrow straits circling Baffin Island as shipping in the area risks increasing sharply to accommodate a new large-scale mining project.
“We simply don’t know how certain species will adapt or even if they will adapt at all,” Simmonds said.
In some cases, human-produced commotion is fatal.
The use of anti-submarine sonars is for instance suspected of causing the mass-beaching of whales: In 2002, for instance, some 15 beaked whales perished in the Canaries after a NATO exercise.
“Since we’re talking about military matters, there is no transparent information available and we know very little of the real scope of the problem,” Entrup said.
Other threats include seismic exploration for oil and gas, which involves the use of air canons to induce tremors in the seabed aimed at detecting the potential riches hidden below.
One such project carried out a few years ago off the northeastern shores of the United States literally silenced the fin whales – an endangered species – in an area about the size of Alaska, blocking their ability to communicate for the duration of the operation.
Danger can also emerge from more “environmentally friendly” projects, like the building of vast offshore wind farms consisting of ever larger turbines.
A common technique consists of penetrating the seabed with a hydraulic hammer to plant a monopod anchoring the modern-day windmills to the ocean floor.
This so-called pile-driving can emit noise levels up to 250 decibels, which is a deadly dose for nearby marine mammals, though experts say it’s easy to diminish the threat by creating a curtain of air bubbles surrounding the drill site.
But on top of pile-driving, ship traffic linked to maintenance, cable-laying and the expansion of port infrastructure are also shrinking sea mammals’ habitats.
“The picture is bleak, but now we have the knowledge and the methodology to remedy some of the problems,” said Michel Andre, a French researcher at the Laboratory of Applied Bioacoustics at Barcelona University who is coordinating a project to map seabed sound levels.
“It is for instance fairly easy to reduce the sounds made by boats,” he told AFP, adding: “Just look at the military, they already know how to do that.”
Europe has been a pioneer in this area, according to Andre, pointing to the European Commission’s financing of Ships-Oriented Innovative Solutions to Reduce Noise and Vibrations, or SILENV.
The project, which counts 14 partner nations, aims to create an “acoustic green label” for ships.
The European Union is also working on a directive to reduce noise levels in its waters, and hopes to inspire others to follow.
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Thursday, 3 February 2011
Investment Watch (Agriculture)
Saudi firm Menafea Holding allegedly plans to invest $125 million in a 5,000 hectare farm in north-western Zambia during 2011, where it will grow pineapples and build a factory to produce juice. According to firm, "We have been granted 5,000 hectares of land to grow pineapples using the latest technology and are going to put up a factory to produce juice for local consumption as well as export". Not sure how this land is being procured and from which chief. More detail via Reuters.
1. Cho,
There should be a sunset clause on ALL foreign investment in Zambia.
They can invest and recoupe their investment, but after 10 years (or 15 or 20), it should all revert into Zambian hands, with managemenet and ownership training and preparation happening in between.
2. Zambians have known all the while that N/Western was good for growing pineapples and other fruit- why haven’t they set-up such a commercial enterprise themselves?-Its not rocket science innovation! What you are suggesting is reaping where one has not sown. I must admit, as Zambians, we’ve become very good at making suggestions and well articulated analyses-only after the fact! Why not use the Economics, Engineering, Science and Politics that we have so clearly absorbed from textbooks and put it into action- until then, I really don’t think we can set such conditions to foreign investors and I say let then reap as much and as long as they can!
3. The above comment was directed @MrK
4. Linda,
My first guess would be - 24% lending rates.
Like what the foreign owned mines are doing. What do you think privatisation is all about. Those are the Zambian people's parastatals that are being sold for cents on the dollar.
I'd say you're insane.
5. MrK,
Sunset clauses of course exist in many countries especially in the context of major infrastructure development.
I think in this case the key is to ensure land is not alienated in the first place. That is a lot of land which is forrever lost of the control of local people.
6. Also, I don't see why mines cannot be owned by the Zambian state, and run by public or private sector management companies on a cost only basis?
What if all families were allocated land on a permanent basis, without the possibility to sell it. They could either use it or lease it.
Add that to a program of cheap credit for capital goods and small businesses, and it would stimulate the economy, lower unemployment and poverty.
7. @Mrk it is uneducated and dilusional opinions such as yours that poisons the mindset of people around you. Africa and the average zambian will remain impoverished until as a people we decide to do things for ourselves instead of waiting for somebody else to do it and then trying to justify why we are entitled to it. Zambia has unmatched agricultural potential in southern africa but if other locals share your defeatest attitude then it will never be realised and the only people to gain will be the intelligent foreigners. and I wish them the best of luck, somebody should gain from it....
8. Anonymous,
I don't know what you are talking about.
9. @MrK thats because you have no understanding of the fundamental economics behind emerging market growth. foreign companies will enter where opportunities exist as they have the resources to do so. the benifits through job creation and infrustructural development is where the local country stands to grow. if it is monitored, that growth filters through to the people. But people like you want foreign investors to do the hard work and then as you say, 10 or 15 years later give it away? what a joke... us africans are so short sighted, and your attitude is clear evidence of that. Go and educate yourself my freind...
10. Anonymous,
It is clear that you have some strong feelings on this issue! As one who is always interested in educating myself, I am curious about a couple of points that you have raised. I wonder in what specifics ways the fundamentals of economics are different for emerging markets than for more developed markets? Does "monitoring" cause "filtering" on its own, or are other mechanisms required as well? Do "investors" foreign or domestic do "hard work", or do they merely hire others at prevailing wages to do so on their behalf? The maximum single lease length on any piece of Zambian land is 99 years. Should all foreign investors be given that length of lease for agricultural plantations, or should the leases be renegotiated more frequently than that? Thanks for any answers, these are genuine questions.
11. @yakima
To answer your first question in developed nations when growth occurs there is already a certain level of consumer spending power, even if it is low, the spending and growth that occurs is from the bottom (or middle)up, in emerging markets like zambia this process tends to be reversed in that the spending power of the lowest group is negligent. emerging markets particularly in southern africa tend to be associated with political instability. (a generalisation but a look at Zim and Mr Malema down south suggests it is not far from the truth) therefore they tend to carry a risk that certain agricultural corporates percieve as to high. However the combination of good land, political stability and high prices on average have yielded fantastic returns for investors who took the 'risk' in Zambia in the last 10 years, and the word has spread. Yes most of these returns end up in the pockets of the investors at first but the benifit of the mentioned success has resulted in a $250 Million bioethanol sugar development in the kazangula district where local farmers have tendered and been allocated land. This is a joint venture with government as shareholders who can provide the 'monitoring' of wages and conditions while the local area enjoys development, job creation while contributiong to zambia becoming an exporter of bioethanol. the proceeds of which end up with government to use as they wish while the investors make their return. the same is happening in serenji, in the nansanga farm bloc. but wheat and maize, not sugar development. The point being made is that when jobs are being created and foreign investment is coming in the spending power increases, wages yes should be increased as yes it is the labourers who are 'working hard' but not to a point where such ventures become unviable. this type of investment, local or foreign should be encouraged and promoted as it was by previous gov. As it is not about who the farm will belong to in 20 years but about development that can have taken place in that time (development for the locals such as basic necessities and improvements that come with a booming town) added to that if the revenue gained from taxing such developments is correctly spent on again improving the lives of the locals, then I cannot see who is losing in such ventures?? South Korea, Japan, China have all followed similar investment paths and through the process of learning by doing have outperformed the original investors.. this is easily possible in the Zambian agricultural industry if only we dont treat the investors like they are here on borrowed time.. We must use them to be better than them, that is how emrging market growth sustains itself...
have a good day.
12. Anonymous,
Thank you for that detailed and informative response! I agree with your description of disparity in consumer spending power between developed and developing. I think that there is another factor in the equation which is becoming more significant over time, which is the presence of as-yet-undeveloped natural resources. I am put in mind of a town in the american northeast (sorry can't remember it but could look it up if need be), which had leased the land on which it sat from a local native tribe for 100 years for $1 per acre per year. The locals were shocked and horrified that the tribe would have the audacity to raise their rents to prevailing market rates once the original lease was up.
I think that it is excellent that agriculture is proving to be a profitable activity for FDI and Zambian farmers alike. The risk premium on the region is certainly a barrier to many investors and drives up the costs of external borrowing. I think that "joint ventures" can be very good, and from what I have read the Kazungula out-grower programme is well received in the district. As I understand it they are also taking measures to mitigate some of the environmental factors of intensive sugar farming elsewhere, though I don't have any certain evidence of this so anyone please correct me if this is wrong.
I could certainly be wrong about this, but aren't those three governments rather protective of their agricultural sectors? Japan in particular has a reputation for being very free market except when it comes to farmers. I am also unconvinced on typical mechanised agriculture as a model, as I have been coming across an increasing amount of evidence like this:
I certainly hope that when large scale projects like the pineapple plantation described above are implemented with best practices and "the latest technology," that they really mean that. I can also sympathize with investors who require sufficient time to make those investments pay. There is much to be said for collaborations in which significant skill transfers occur, and the nations you mention are to be commended for demanding technology transfers from partners. If the leases are too long or the compensation terms too fixed, then even if local pineapple farmers and juicers do become better than Menefea Holdings, will they have a level playing field to compete with them on?
Hopefully there is a balance to be struck between these competing factors, so that agriculture growth and diversification can really be viable over the long term and deliver on the promise of development. Have a good day too!
13. Cut the crap. Do as the Japanese and Chinese; learn all you can and then do it better. - So dont start by scaring those who can make an effort for your great nation.
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Still no name for my UFO, but it will come to me.
While in Atlanta last week, before heading to the airport I made a stop by Intown Quilters. This is one shop whose website does not do it justice. Actually, I really debated if I was going to go or not from looking at their site. Boy, was I presently surprised! This place was huge, had quite a bit of diversity in fabric, patterns and quite a wide range of tools/notions. They had an entire section devoted to children"s fabric, quilts and clothes. Another section of Kaffe Fasset fabrics, another section for orientals, another for batiks, another for african fabrics, etc... The shop was bright and cheery. Of course, I did my usual damage... some black and whites, some african and some thread. A good end to a good business day!
On Saturday, I had a great time with Ashley. She drove down and we spent the day quilting and chatting. What a great day... good friends and quilting. Life just doesn't get any better!
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Call Now: (800) 537-1660
Problema Solution
A pool contains 300L of water. It empties at a rate of 6.4L/min. Write an equation to determine how long it will be until the pool contains only 60L of water.
Answer provided by our tutors
v = 6.4 L/min is the rate of emptying the pool
Since the pool needs to go from 300 L to 60 L, this means that the amount of the water that will go out of the pool is 300 - 60 = 240 L.
t = the time needed until the pool contains 60 L of water only
v = 240/t
we need to solve:
240/t = 6.4
click here to see the equation solved for t
t = 37.5 min
After 30.5 minutes the pool will have only 60 L of water.
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Sunday, July 04, 2010
Liveblogging the Gospel of Mark VI: Approaching the Main Event
Well, you don't have to wait for this one: here in Chapter 14 of the Gospel of Mark, we begin the narrative of the main event--preparation for crucifixion, to be followed by the deed itself, and resurrection. The story is familiar enough that the Greek is even easier to guess than before, but there are still parts that seem unfamiliar. I don't remember, for example, the woman who poured a bottle of ointment over his head. The text presents a challenge to the translator: for the ointment, the text says " nardou;" footnotes translate "oil of nard;" many translations say "spikenard," which leaves me none the wiser. Wiki identifies "Spikenard" as a flowering plant, "used as a perfume, an incense, a sedative, and an herbal medicine said to fight insomnia, birth difficulties, and other minor ailments."
In any event, the unnamed pourer finds herself in trouble with her mates who complain that the ointment was worth "epano denarion triakosion,"--more than 300 something, but what? The Greek "denairon" suggests Roman "denarii;" a number of translations do indeed say "denarii." King James and others say "pence." The American (sic) standard says "shillings." Weymouth sys "fifteen pounds." One is tempted to say that the effective sum is anybody's guess, but the New Living Translation says "a year's wages" which is functional but not literal (the New International Version says more than a year's wages"), so even functionality does not settle matters.
What we do know is that it is enough for the observers to complain about, leading to an oddly dismissive response from the man (sic?) at the center of the portentous drama:
By the end of Chapter 14, it is pretty clear who the instigators are in this plot: scribes, Pharisees and elders -- "grammateis, "Pharisaioi" and "presbyteroi." Why they should want to make such a big deal out of what appears to be no more than routine sectarian rancor is not (at least so far) explained; and if they did, it is equally unclear why they didn't just have a couple of toughs take him out in the alley.
It is a matter of interest, surely, where the whole story, particularly the edifying detail, all comes from. If you are a believer, the answer is that it is in Holy Scripture and that is it. Even if you are a skeptic, you may believe: Bart Ehrman, a leading critic of Biblical inerrancy, argues that the very fact that the story runs so contrary to a standard mythology--that fact alone, he contends, argues for its authenticity. Others--Burton Mack?--note that 40-odd years have passed since the apparent moment, long enough to leave the truth so shrouded in legend that one may despair of ever reaching through to it. But this brings us full circle: if it really is a fiction--if Mark did make it up--than you have to want to know more about just how he did it.
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The Parables of Jesus> The Kingdom Parables> The Parable of the Unjust Steward
by Peter Ditzel
Many people find the Parable of the Unjust Steward in Luke 16 the most difficult of all parables to understand. Why would the steward’s master commend him for stealing money from him? Why would Jesus use the dishonest manager as a positive example? Is the parable saying that we can use unrighteous mammon to do good works so that we can be received into heaven? In this article, I’m going to try to shed some light on this story so that we can see the lesson that Jesus was teaching.
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My Christmas column, originally published in Flagpole magazine in December 2008. Painfully, mostly still relevant.
In December 1843, Charles Dickens did a hell of a thing. The son of a debtor, Dickens found himself drowning in debt as well and penned a Victorian morality tale in a desperate attempt to ease his financial burdens. The story we have come to know as A Christmas Carol was written in the span of six weeks. No publisher would touch it and so Dickens published it himself. The book was ready just before the holiday that it celebrated and all 6,000 copies sold out in the span of a week. It became a holiday institution immediately, its popularity serving to “redefine the importance of Christmas and the major sentiments associated with the holiday,” according to wikipedia.
Dickens’ hero, Ebenezer Scrooge, had lost all use for the human endowments of charity, community, friendship and love. In fact, he demonstrated contempt for anything but money – a pose that has been greatly admired in our own culture until rec… well, we have at least sought comfort in epithets like conspicuous consumption and luxury tax. The analogy brings up some uncomfortable comparisons to go with our holiday cheer.
With our ability to supply basic necessities at a zenith, we strain for meaning and stimulation, indebting ourselves to buy things for a holiday we swear is not about material objects. We accept gross inadequacies in national and local healthcare, energy use and environmental degradation; the plight of those beyond our borders reduced to fables. If the ghost of Jacob Marley returned tonight, what bleak landscape would he threaten us with as an eternal post-mortem walking tour? Wait. Don’t answer that just yet. Viewing the world through the lens of consumption, we interpret events in the language of commodities. We’re perfectly at home with these unimportant distinctions between consumers and citizens (neighbors?) yet the only thing that preoccupies us more at this time of year than Christmas are the moments of consternation at how crass and commercial it has become.
Instead of ghosts, perhaps our dreamscapes are inhabited with the representative elements that first appeared as improvements to daily life, only to become seeds for greed and short-sightedness as they gave rise to our modern society. Christmas Past might feature a child waking sweetly on a long drive with her parents to Grandma’s house. She might peer over the big backseat of a large automobile and ask, “Papa, are we there yet?’ and he might answer, “Yes, Angel. Thanks to the new Interstate road system we’ll be there in another few minutes!”
“If we only knew then what we know now,” we might say. But what would we do differently? If we could revisit critical junctures, would we choose to begin down a more sustainable path?
Christmas Future would surely take place in that green, green landscape of the BP and IBM commercials, where birds chirp and squirrels chase deer and all sorts of other nonsensical pastimes envelope us in open meadows while we pull on rainbow cigars. The future would have to be particularly incoherent and disorienting in order to be sufficiently post-whatever we’ll be over by then. To pull this off, the virtual reality rendering might crash into a smoky apocalypse to really get our attention. The idea that what we find would tug at our innocence enough to invoke a specter of regret is both the genius of the Dickensian cliché and wishful thinking. Scrooge was savvy for his day, but we have fourth graders who would have him for lunch.
It’s Christmas present that is the problem. How do we see ourselves at this particular juncture? More attention is being paid the loss and destruction of water, minerals, oil, trees, fish, soil and air than ever before. Yet the prices for most raw materials are near historical lows and continue to fall. Supplies are cheap and appear to be abundant as technology continues to stay just ahead of depletion. Richer on a more grand scale than ever before, the resources upon which civilization depends to create economic progress are declining at a rate proportional to the gains in material well-being. We are thriving and yet the quality of our finest moments seems diminished.
Do we admit the disjuncture about the way we live and all it takes to support it? How about the one that really makes a mockery of Wall Street, that the earth is a closed system? Would we be startled by a solution waiting just outside our reach, ready for us to take charge if we might dare?
A Christmas Carol is not known as irreligious text but note the lack of religion in Dickens’ tale. We get all exercised about presents but exchanging gifts was the birthright of the pagan holiday, Sol Invictus. Let’s give it back – or better yet, announce where it came from. Notwithstanding the nefarious ploys of being drawn away by the foolish errors of heathendom, do these not both attempt to consecrate the One and True Light?
Ah, the sun. Sol Invictus, the unconquerable sun god, had already made December 25 a holiday; the early Christians were chastised for being unobservant until they begged and borrowed and made the post-solstice feast their own. The Romans were just the next in a long line of people trying to remain in good stead with our main star. Perhaps we would do well to take our place in that procession. The moral hymn of our day is waiting to be written or perhaps we just need to re-read an older one to be reminded that we, too, need to change our ways. Dawn we now?
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Thursday, January 15, 2015
The greatest challenge of being a part of the American Treasure Tour is focusing. There are so many cool, amazing, weird and unique things throughout the collection that it is truly difficult to know where to stop. The blog, when used as a power for good, helps us talk about the littler treasures we simply don't have time to discuss when people visit us. Today and tomorrow, we are going to devote ourselves to one relatively small item: a press kit image advertising two movies. Today's movie is called Nancy Steele Is Missing. We hate to confess our ignorance, but we may never have heard of this film were it not for the ad.
Nancy Steele Is Missing was released in 1942, and directed by George Marshall (not the highly decorated General and Nobel Prize winner). It is an odd story following the life of Danny O'Neill, played by Victor McLaglen, a petty criminal who spent seventeen years behind bars. June Lang portrays the young woman who claims he is her real father, not Michael Steele (Walter Connelly). Danny's efforts to go straight are thwarted by the likes of Peter Lorre in this crime drama.
QUESTION: Why did the "other" George Marshall win a Nobel Peace Prize?
A) Single-handedly starting World War II
B) Ending the fighting in the Middle East
C) Aiding war-ravaged Europe after WWII
D) Teaching children to sing in Paraguay
Answer Below
POP SATISFACTION: Sometimes, history is made in ways that appear insignificant during the event, but only later can be recognized as something monumental. So was the case on this day in 1889, when the Pemberton Medicine Company was incorporated in Atlanta, Georgia. PMC's name is unfamiliar now to all but the most die-hard fans of their primary product, but they soon became better known as the Coca-Cola Company. 127 years later, Coke is one of the most familiar brands in the entire world.
ANSWER: C) Aiding war-ravaged Europe after WWII in what is known as the Marshall Plan, named after him.
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From the Sun Star-Manila (Jul 13): Jaafar appointed as Amirul Hajj; Del Rosario as housing czar
PRESIDENT Rodrigo Duterte has appointed Moro Islamic Liberation Front vice chair for political affairs Ghazali Jaafar as Amirul Hajj (head of the Philippine Hajj Mission) for Hajj Mission 2017 to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
In an operations manual released by National Commission on Muslim Filipinos (NCMF), an Amirul Hajj is the one who heads the Muslim Filipino pilgrimage delegation to Mecca, Saudi Arabia who, by law, shall be the head of the Commission.
The NCMF said the appointed Amirul Hajj shall be knowledgeable on hajj rituals and with established and administrative and managerial skills.
Jaafar is the chair of 21-member Bangsamoro Transition Committee who drafted the new enabling Bangsamoro Basic Law, which is expected to be passed under Duterte’s watch.
Jaafar was among those who broke away from the Moro National Liberation Front in 1977 and created a breakaway group recognized as MILF in 1984. He led efforts to start peace negotiations with the past administrations.
The Comprehensive Agreement on Bangsamoro was signed on March 27, 2014 between the government and MILF but failed to get off the ground after the proposed BBL, implementing law for the agreement, was not passed in 16th Congress.
Apart from Jaafar, Duterte also released appointment papers of five other newly-appointed government officials.
On July 12, the President appointed Eduardo del Rosario as chairperson of Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC).
In December last year, Duterte named Cabinet Secretary Leoncio Evasco Jr. as housing czar after Vice President Leni Robredo quit the post.
Prior to his appointment as HUDCC chair, Del Rosario was designated in July 2016 as Defense Undersecretary for Civil, Veterans and Retiree Affairs. He also served as former chairperson of National Disaster Risk and Reduction Management Center.
Duterte also tapped lawyer Raul Lambino as administrator and chief executive officer of Cagayan Economic Zone Authority, in replacement of Jose Mari Ponce.
The President likewise assigned Water Besas as deputy executive director of Dangerous Drugs Board; Eric Distor as Director III of National Bureau of Investigation; and Metodio Turbella as Director IV of Environmental Management Bureau.
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Sixteen-year-old Jed Starbuck, a young Nantucketer, had lost his father when their whaler went down in a storm off Cape May, at the southern tip of New Jersey. The orphaned boy had been indentured to a Quaker farmer who treated him with strict fairness. When the Revolutionary War broke out, Jed had a burning ambition to do his part, but what chance did a “bound” boy have to strike a blow for liberty?
His first opportunity came when he participated in a night raid on a gang of Tory plotters. Then a privateer schooner, the True Patriot, was launched, and Jed was asked to join her crew; his master consented because he had half a share in the venture. In the exciting months that followed, the schooner took some rich British prizes and had many narrow escapes in a series of daring sea fights. By the time winter came again, Jed’s share of the prize money enabled him to pay off his indenture.
A Blow For LibertyStephen Meader, whose many books for young people are known and loved throughout the land, now lives in historic Cape May County. In this new book, he not only tells a fast-paced story of action at sea but also describes with color and accuracy the hard life of farm families in the colonies and their struggles with the lawless Tory “refugees” who hid in the cedar swamps. A Blow for Liberty will take its place with the best of Mr. Meader’s historical fiction.
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Anne Stefaniak is a part-time Academic Associate for the School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences and a part-time postgraduate researcher completing her PhD looking at the formation of supraglacial lakes on debris-covered glaciers, involving fieldwork in both the Himalayas and European Alps.
In her role as an Academic Associate, Anne teaches on various modules including Skills for Scientists, Mapping and Vocational Skills and various fieldwork.
Prior to joining NTU, Anne worked for the European Space Agency (ESA) as a Young Graduate Trainee in the Climate Office analysing data products developed as part of the Climate Change Initiative (CCI).
Anne holds a BSc (Hons) degree in Geography from the University of Reading and spent time studying at the University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS) as part of her undergraduate studies before continuing on to complete an MSc in Glaciology from the University of Aberystwyth.
Anne’s current research focuses on the formation and evolution of supraglacial lakes on debris-covered glaciers, specifically looking at the role of debris and ice dynamics. The research aims to incorporate a range of techniques to aid our understanding of diminishing vital water resources in regions such as the Himalayas. Opportunities to carry out postgraduate research towards an MPhil/PhD exist within the School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences and further information may be obtained from the NTU Graduate School.
In addition to working at NTU, Anne is a member of the British Exploring Society and has lead on various expeditions to Arctic Norway, Svalbard, and the Himalayas as a science leader. She is also the Deputy Chair of the Postgraduate Forum for the British Society for Geomorphology.
Additional memberships include:
Sponsors and collaborators
Anne is working with Simon Cook from Manchester Metropolitan University who is one of her supervisors for her PhD.
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A marketing week in the life of a VR owner.
This week we take at a snapshot of one rental owners marketing activity for last week. We look in detail at what she did and the results that she got.
But first… If you own a vacation rental you have one or two ways of marketing your property. You have the “bait and wait”, “list it and they will come” method where you pay your dollars, place your property with listings sites like VRBO and sit back and wait (hope) for bookings.
Easy enough. It’s a passive approach but it’s a popular marketing method.
That’s the historic method – We’ve always used this method since placing adverts in print media.
We just transfered that idea to new online media.
Now there’s a new method.
One where you engage with prospects before they even become prospects. You build relationships. You just hope for bookings, you nurture them.
In marketing speak it’s called Customer Relationship Management (CRM).
In real life as far as vacation rentals are concerned it’s called destination marketing and here’s some real statistics…
We’re going to cut to the chase. No long winded explinations. Just shooting straight from the hip. We’re going to share some real numbers from last week…
Here’s how it actually works…
Here’s what one owner did last week (7th – 14th September)
- She posted 9 mini articles (see examples below)
- Each took approximately 10 minutes to create
- She gained 103 new followers
- She gained 250 +ones (equivalent to a Facebook like)
- Those posts were reshared 28 times
- There were 38 comments
- And her posts were viewed a staggering 35,000 times
Now before we go on I just want you to think about your own marketing activity last week. We are after all at the begining of the fall, a time when enquiries are hard to come by. Visitor numbers on the big listings sites are down and bookings are in short supply. At least for those of us in northern europe.
How many times were your adverts seen last week?
What interaction did you get?
Who went out of their way to follow you and your property?
What did you tell prospective guests about your area and what it has to offer?
Anyway, here are some examples of the snackable, bite sized, mobile media content that this owner put out last week. Each post related to the property location in some way.
All of this content is mobile optimised. It renders beautifully on any screen, tablet or smartphone.
Here’s a comment on this post from one of this owners followers
OK – Just gotta tell you guys… I officially love your posts
When did anyone say that about your Homeaway listing?
Nice sounding salad too, by the way.
Here’s another example post
This property is situated on the west coast Of Portugal and as such attracts surfers.
As you can see from this post – Surfs up!
Once again, great engagement on this post. Photo views are through the roof.
Just yesterday this fun post was plus oned 56 times. It was also shared 10 times.
VR marketing doesn’t have to be all bedroom photos and lists of amenities. It can be humorous, informative, eye opening or just lovely to look at.
Once again people loved this post. They plussed it, they shared it and they commented on it.
It raised awareness. It helped build brand. It planted the seeds that may flower later on.
What about the ROI?
Now I can hear some of you screaming “What about the return on investment”?
So first off let’s look at the investment. This form of advertising is free.
Sure enough this owner has taken our Bookings Plus 4G Social Media Marketing course and that only costs a one off $89, so that hardly breaks the bank..
So the investment is time. This owner spent 90 minutes creating posts this week and around 60 minutes replying to comments and generally engaging with followers.
Say, Two and a half hours in total.
No money, just time.
So what about the return?
Last week she gained 103 followers. These followers can all be emailed directly.
She now has a total of over 4,500 followers solely by using these methods. She’s gained these follower since christmas. That’s some email list.
She also gained 250 more + ones and Google counts plus ones. That’s it’s own social currency and the more you have the higher it ranks you.
Then there’s the deeper engagement, the reshares and the comments. These really form the beginnings of a relationship and can lead directly to bookings.
But let’s not forget the page views – A whopping 35,000 of them. In One week. Roughly 150 minutes work bought in 35 thousand views.
That’s around 250 views for every minutes work.
That’s an exceptional amount of exposure.
How does that stack up against Flipkey or Homeaway?
The bottom line
The detractors of this type of marketing will be saying “How many bookings did she get last week”? and as I said at the beginning we are shooting from the hip and the answer is “NONE”.
But as I also said at the beginning, we are deep into September and here in northern europe that means colder weather and minimal bookings.
Here’s what I say to those detractors – “How many bookings did you take last week”?
As we all know booking season kicks off the week after christmas and that’s a full 14 weeks away.
If this owner carries on with this type of destination marketing between now and christmas, she will have another 1500 followers taking her total followers to 6,000.
She will also have another 3,500 + ones and Google will love her for that.
She will also rank higher in Google search for her keyword of choice (she’s already 14th and 16th) and this will lead to more organic bookings.
She will have built more relationships with more engagers.
And her posts will have been seen another half a million times. That’s just the next 3 months.
Here’s the takeaway
As a vacation rental owner you have 2 choices.
You can continue to market your property solely with the big listings sites and hope for the best even though year on year bookings per owner are on the decrease.
You can join the rising numbers of owners that are discovering this new way to market their property. Take the next 12 – 14 weeks between now and the start of the booking season to build your own destination guide.
Many owners on our social media marketing course have gained over a 1,000 followers in that time and their pages have been viewed over 500,000 times. You can join them.
As always, the choice is yours.
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Free Dragon Ball Z: Resurrection 'F' in HD VideoNow you can enjoy Dragon Ball Z: Resurrection 'F' in High Quality Video with duration 93 Min and has been launched in 2015-04-18 with MPAA rating is 135.
- Original Title : ドラゴンボールＺ 復活の「Ｆ」
- Movie title in your country : Dragon Ball Z: Resurrection 'F'
- Year of movie : 2015
- Genres of movie : Animation, Fantasy, Action, Adventure,
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- Release date of movie : 2015-04-18
- Companies of movie : Toei Animation,
- Countries of movie : Japan,
- Language of movie : 日本語,
- Durationof movie : 93 Min
- Average vote of movie : 7.4
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- Cast of movie :Ryō Horikawa (Vegeta), Ryuusei Nakao (Frieza), Masaka Nozawa (Goku), Hiromi Tsuru (Bulma), Kôichi Yamadera ()
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1. State's STEM suffers a baffling gender gap
State's STEM suffers a baffling gender gap
The road to changing attitudes about gender in the workforce is inexplicably long and bumpy. And nowhere is it more baffling than in STEM.
A decade's worth of research was recently cited in a report by the Women's Foundation of Colorado and its STEM Coalition.
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Tuesday, 30 December 2008
UK's postcodes at 50th anniversary
Note from Mosonga:
I heard this morning (30/12/2008 via Talksport Radio) that today(?) is the anniversary of the prestigious British postcode system! I'm not sure if they meant it is exactly today or maybe sometime next year, as I have come to learn that the system was started in 1959 (in Norwich), which means that the anniversay is supposed to be next year!
The Postcode
The postcode, in its present form as a mixture of six letters and digits, was first used in Norwich in October, 1959. This was the world's first experiment with postal address codes, designed to allow sorting by machine. By 1974, the postcode system covered Britain.
The earliest form of postcode was introduced in London in 1857. Sir Rowland Hill, the inventor of the penny post, divided London into districts denoted by compass points, 'N' for north, 'S' for south and so on. The first provincial city to be divided into postal districts was Liverpool in 1864.
Numbers were added to the London postal districts to divide them up more specifically into NW1, SW2, etc during the First World War, in 1916.
(source; bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A1082558)
Postal codes in the United Kingdom
UK postal codes are known as postcodes.
UK postcodes are alphanumeric. These codes were introduced by the Royal Mail over a 15-year period from 1959 to 1974 — the full list is now available electronically from the Royal Mail as the Postcode Address File. They have been widely adopted not just for their original purpose of automating the sorting of mail but for many other purposes such as insurance premium calculations and as a way to describe United Kingdom locations to route planning software, and as the lowest level of aggregation in census enumeration.
However, as the format of the codes does not achieve its objective of primarily identifying the main sorting office and sub-office they have been supplemented by a newer system of five-digit codes called Mailsort — but only for mailings of 'a minimum of 4,000 letter-sized items'. Mail users who can deliver mail to the post office sorted by Mailsort code receive discounts but [bulk] delivery by postcode provides no such incentive.
Postcode history
The major cities of the UK have much older postcodes, now incorporated into the current system, than other areas. In the mid-19th century, central London postal districts were divided between east central (EC) and west central (WC); broadly speaking the City and the West End, while the perimeter of inner London were split into N, NW, NE, S, SW, SE, W, and E. This first system of ten London postal districts was devised by Sir Rowland Hill and introduced in 1857 and 1858. S and NE were later dropped and are now used for Sheffield and Newcastle. The numbered subdivisions (W1, W2 etc) were a war-time measure and date from 1917. The 1917 subdivisions remain important, because they form the first part of the two-part modern postcode (so N1 1AA is an address in the old N1 district), and because they continue to be used by Londoners to refer to their districts.
The Post Office experimented with electromechanical sorting machines in the late 1950s. These devices would present an envelope to an operator, who would press a button indicating which bin to sort the letter into. Postcodes were suggested to increase the efficiency of this process, by removing the need for the sorter to remember the correct sorting for as many places.
In January 1959 the Post Office analyzed the results of a survey on public attitudes towards the use of postal codes. The next step would be choosing a town in which to experiment with coded addresses. The envisaged format was to be a six character alphanumeric code with three letters designating the geographical area and three numbers to identify the individual address. On 28 July Ernest Marples, the Postmaster General, announced that Norwich had been selected, and that each of the 150,000 private and business addresses would receive a code by October. Norwich had been selected as it already had eight automatic mail sorting machines in use. The codes were in the form NOR followed by two digits and a letter.
When this modern postcode system was introduced for London in 1960s, the numerals were added such that the nearest areas in each direction were allocated the number “1” (W1, SW1, ect.). Afterwards, numbers were allocated alphabetically, not by geography, and with complete disregard to the boundaries of London’s boroughs.
In October 1965 it was confirmed that postal coding was to be extended to the rest of the country in the "next few years". On 1 May 1967 post codes were introduced in Croydon. The codes for central Croydon started with the letters CRO, and those of the surrounding post towns with CR2, CR3 and CR4. This was to be the beginning of a ten year plan, costing an estimated £24 million. Within two years it was expected that coding would be used in Aberdeen, Belfast, Brighton, Bristol, Bromley, Cardiff, Coventry, Manchester, Newcastle upon Tyne, Newport, Reading, Sheffield, Southampton and the western district of London. By 1967 codes had been introduced to Aberdeen, Southampton, Brighton and Derby. In 1970 codes were introduced to the Western and North West London areas. In December 1970 Christmas mail was franked with the message "Remember to use the Postcode", although codes were only used to sort mail in a handful of sorting offices.
During 1971 occupants of addresses began to receive notification of their postcode. Asked in the House of Commons about the completion of the coding exercise, the Postmaster General, Sir John Eden stated it was expected to be completed during 1972.
The scheme was finalised in 1974 when Norwich was completely re-coded but the scheme tested in Croydon was sufficiently close to the final design for it to be retained. Newport was originally allocated NPT, in a similar way to Norwich and Croydon, with the surrounding towns allocated NP1-NP8. This lasted into the mid 1980s when for operational reasons (NPT being non-standard, and too similar to NP7) it was recoded.
The legacy of the Croydon trial can still be seen today:
CR0 was the only postal district with a zero in that position: all others start with 1. This caused some of the Royal Mail's software to misbehave slightly. Subsequently, the "zeroth" district has been used in some other postcode areas, such as Bolton, Harrow, Slough, Chelmsford and Southend on Sea.
A separate postal "district", CR9 is used for large users and PO Box holders. This policy has been used elsewhere, with normal postcodes "growing" upwards from district 1 and large-user postcodes "growing" downwards from district 99.
The CR0 district contains far more addresses than any other postal district in the country.
CR1 has never been used — possibly left spare for rationalisation. (The other CR districts, CR2 etc. were coded later and conform to the general standards.)
There was at one point a movement to change all CR0 postcodes to CR1, but this was rejected.
CR0 is often incorrectly written as CRO, although in some type faces and handwriting the digit '0' and letter 'O' are identical -- the problem is exacerbated as it is often pronounced 'Sea Arr Oh' rather than 'Sea Arr Zero'.
The format of UK postcodes is generally:
A9 9AA
A99 9AA
AA99 9AA
where A signifies a letter and 9 a digit. It is a hierarchical system, working from left to right — the first letter or pair of letters represents the area, the following digit or digits represent the district within that area, and so on. Each postcode generally represents a street, part of a street, or a single premises. This feature makes the postcode useful to route planning software.
The part of the code before the space is the outward code or out code used to direct mail from one sorting office to the destination sorting office, while the part after the space is the inward code or in code used to sort the mail into individual delivery rounds. The outward code can be split further into the area part (letters identifying one of 124 postal areas) and the district part (usually numbers); similarly, the inward code is split into the sector part (number) and the unit part (letters). Each postcode identifies the address to within 100 properties (with an average of 15 properties per postcode), although a large business may have a single code
Name Location Component format for YO31 1EB Number of live codes Number of terminated codes. Other Codes
(GIR 0AA, SAN TA1, BX) [17] Total
postcode area out code YO 124 0 3 127
postcode district out code YO31 2,971 103 4 3,078
sector in code YO31 1 10,631 1,071 4 11,706
unit in code YO31 1EB 1,762,464[16] 650,417 4 2,412,885
Postcode Addresses approx. 27,000,000 [18]
The letters in the outward code may give some clue to its geographical location (but see London below). For example, L indicates Liverpool, EH indicates Edinburgh and AB indicates Aberdeen; see List of postcode areas in the United Kingdom for a full list. Although BT indicates Belfast, it covers the whole of Northern Ireland. The letters in the inward code, however, are restricted to the set ABDEFGHJLNPQRSTUWXYZ (excluding CIKMOV), which generally do not resemble digits or each other when hand-written.
There are at least two exceptions (other than the overseas territories) to this format:
the postcode for the formerly Post Office-owned Girobank is GIR 0AA.
the postcode for correctly addressed letters to Father Christmas is SAN TA1[19]
In addition to postcodes, Delivery Point Suffixes (DPS) have been developed to uniquely identify each delivery point (a letterbox) within a single postcode. A DPS is two-character (a digit and a letter) code optionally appended to postcode. Use of DPS codes is mandatory for Mailsort barcodes generation.
Greater London postcodes
Main article: London postal district
In the London Postal Area postcodes are slightly different, being based on the 1856 system of Postal Districts which was refined in 1917 by numbering the 163 Sub-Districts; predating by many years the introduction of postcodes in the 1960s:
In parts of central London, WC and EC (West Central and East Central)
In the rest of the London Postal Area, N, NW, SW, SE, W and E.
The London postal districts rarely coincide with the boundaries of the London boroughs (even the former, smaller Metropolitan Boroughs). The numbering system appears arbitrary on the map: for example, NW1 is close to central London, but NW2 is a long way out. This is because, after starting with 1 for the area containing the main sorting office of the larger district, the numbers were allocated alphabetically according to the name of the smaller sorting office that formed each new sub-district's hub.
The area covered by the London postal districts was somewhat larger than the County of London, and included parts of Kent, Essex, Surrey, Middlesex and Hertfordshire. In 1965 the creation of Greater London caused this situation to be reversed as the boundaries of Greater London went beyond most of the existing London postal districts.
Those places not covered by the existing districts received postcodes as part of the national coding plan, so the postcode areas of "EN" Enfield, "KT" Kingston upon Thames, "HA" Harrow, "UB" Uxbridge", "TW" Twickenham, "SM" Sutton, "CR" Croydon, "DA" Dartford, "BR" Bromley, "RM" Romford and "IG" Ilford cross administrative boundaries and cover parts of neighbouring counties as well as parts of Greater London.
A further complication is that in some of the most central London areas, a further gradation has been necessary to produce enough postcodes, giving codes like EC1A 1AA.
While most postcodes are allocated by administrative convenience, a few are deliberately chosen. For example in Westminster:
SW1A 0AA - House of Commons
SW1A 0PW - House of Lords, Palace of Westminster
SW1A 1AA - Buckingham Palace
SW1A 2AA - 10 Downing Street, Prime Minister and First Lord of the Treasury
SW1A 2AB - 11 Downing Street, Chancellor of the Exchequer
SW1A 2HQ - HM Treasury headquarters
W1A 1AA - Broadcasting House
W1A 1AB - Selfridges
N81 1ER - Electoral Reform Society (the whole of N81 is reserved for the ERS)
Other areas' postcodes
Street name signs on Birdbrook Road, Great Barr, Birmingham, showing old "Birmingham 22" (top) and modern "B44" postcodes.Until the 1960s, Postal Areas such as Belfast, Birmingham, Bradford, Brighton, Bristol, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Hove, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Salford, Newcastle upon Tyne and Sheffield were divided into numbered Postal Districts, e.g. Toxteth in Liverpool was Liverpool 8. When the national postcode system was introduced, these were incorporated into it, so that postcodes in Toxteth start with L8. A similar system is still used in the Republic of Ireland for Dublin's postal districts.
Some Birmingham codes were sub-divided, with a letter, such as Great Barr, Birmingham 22 or Birmingham 22a - as can still be seen on many older street-name signs.
A single numbering sequence was split between Manchester and Salford. Letters would be addressed to Manchester 1 or Salford 4. However in the 1960s, all the districts in both Manchester and Salford gained "M" postcodes, so "Salford 4" became M4, etc., much to the chagrin of Salfordians. The old coding lives on in a handful of street signs which are still embossed with "Salford 4" etc, at the bottom.
Glasgow shared with London a distinction from all other UK cities as it had compass postal districts due to its claimed status as the Second City of the British Empire, i.e., C, W, NW, N, E, S, SW, SE. When postcodes were introduced these were mapped into the new 'G' postcode area thus: C1 became G1, W1 became G11, N1 became G21, E1 became G31, S1 became G41, SW1 became G51, and so on.
The consequence of the complexity outlined above is that for almost every rule concerning UK postcodes, an exception can be found. Automatic validation of postcodes on the basis of pattern feasibility is therefore almost impossible to design, and the system contains no self-validating feature such as a check digit. Completely accurate validation is only possible by attempting to deliver mail to the address, and verifying with the recipient.
Validation is usually performed against a copy of the "Postcode Address File" (PAF), which is generated by the Royal Mail and contains about 27 million UK commercial and residential addresses. However, even the PAF cannot be relied on as it contains errors, and because new postcodes are occasionally created and used before copies of the PAF can be distributed to users.
It is possible to validate the format of a postcode using the rules described in British Standard BS 7666. In general, the format is one of "A9 9AA", "A99 9AA", "AA9 9AA", "AA99 9AA", "A9A 9AA" or "AA9A 9AA", where A is an alphabetic character and 9 is a numeric character. There are restrictions on the set of alphabetic characters dependent on the position they are in.
As can be seen, the first character is always alphabetical and the final three characters are always a numeric character followed by two alphabetic characters.
A regular expression is given in the comments of the schema, which implements full checking of all the stated BS 7666 postcode format rules. That regular expression can be restated as a "traditional" regular expression:
The BS 7666 rules do not match British Forces Post Office postcodes, which have the format "BFPO NNN" or "BFPO c/o NNN", where NNN is 1 to 4 numerical digits.
A regular expression to implement the BS 7666 rules:[22]
Alternative short regular expression from BS7666 Schema is:
[A-Z]{1,2}[0-9R][0-9A-Z]? [0-9][A-Z-[CIKMOV]]{2}
However, it has error and modified expression can be used:
Non-geographic postcodes
Almost all postcodes map directly to a geographic area, but there are some which are used simply for routing, mostly for the purposes of direct marketing, and cannot be used for navigation or distance-finding applications.
These codes include BS98, BS99, BT58, E98, NE98, NE99 and WC99.
There is an additional entirely non-geographic outward code BX, from which postcodes can be allocated entirely independently of the geographic location of the recipient (and which can be retained in the event of the customer moving)
Within Royal Mail, outward codes beginning XY are used internally as routing codes to route mis-addressed mail, and to route international outbound mail.
Girobank's headquarters in Bootle used the non-geographic postcode GIR 0AA, which is still used today by Girobank's eventual owners, Alliance and Leicester (Note that Alliance and Leicester have now been taken over by Santander).
The PAF is commercially licenseable and is often incorporated in address management software packages. The capabilities of such packages allow an address to be constructed solely from the postcode and house number for most addresses. By including the map references of postcodes in the address database, the postcode can be used automatically to pinpoint a postcode area on a map. See http://www.streetmap.co.uk for an example of this in practice. The PAF is constantly updated with around 4,000 postcodes added each month and 2,000 existing postcodes terminated.
Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland was the last part of the UK to be postcoded with all postcodes beginning BT, between 1970 and 1974. While Belfast was already divided into postal districts, rural areas known as townlands posed an additional problem, as (at the time) many roads were not named, and houses were not numbered. Consequently, many people living in such areas shared the same postal address, which still occurs in the Republic of Ireland. Today the majority of roads in Northern Ireland are named (notable exceptions are in Fermanagh) and most houses (even in rural areas) are allocated a number. Those that are not allocated numbers can be uniquely identified by a house name. (From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)
Post Office, Stamps, Postcode History in UK
Although the first stamp was not introduced until 1840, the long and interesting history of postal services began in the 17th Century.
Royal Beginnings
Originally, the only letters carried were those to and from the King and the Royal Court. In 1626, the service was extended to run between London and Plymouth; at the time, Plymouth was one of Britain's most strategically important ports. Soon, other postal services began and a network grew between the main cities. On 31 July, 1635, King Charles I issued a proclamation extending the use of the Royal Mail to the public.
The First Postmark
The Post Office was reorganised in 1660 and Henry Bishop was made Postmaster General. Bishop is remembered as the man who introduced the first postmark, issued in 1661. The Bishop Mark, as it is called, only showed the day and month of the posting; its purpose was to ensure that the letter carriers did not delay the mail, either for espionage purposes or simply due to laziness. At this time, all letters were taken to London, Edinburgh or Dublin before being sent to their destinations and Bishop marks were used in these cities (Edinburgh's being red). Similar postmarks were simultaneously being used in America, notably in Philadelphia and New York; they are still often referred to as American Bishop marks or Franklin marks (after Benjamin Franklin, the one-time Deputy Postmaster General).
Postal Rates and Routes
Early postal rates were very complicated. They were calculated according to the distance travelled and the number of sheets of paper included in the letter. The whole process was very time-consuming and expensive, so that only businesses and the wealthy could afford to send letters.
Over the years there were many improvements to the postal system. During the time when all letters were carried to London, Edinburgh or Dublin, there were six post roads around London. To improve the system, a series of additional routes was established, which increased the network. Cross posts ran between two different post roads. By-posts ran between a post road and a town some distance from it. A way-letter went between two towns on the same post road. Instructions were put on the bottom left corner of letters, hence early covers often arrived with 'Cross post' or 'X-post' written on them.
Dockwra's Penny Post
A special local penny-post was introduced in London in 1680 by William Dockwra. His service also introduced the first pre-payment of letters - previously it had been the custom for the recipient to pay for the cost of the letter. This cheap local post was soon used in other major cities and was later adopted by many provincial towns.
The revenue from the postal service went to the Government. This London penny post was increased to tuppence in 1801 to help finance the war against Napoleon.
Rowland Hill's Reforms
It was Rowland Hill who instigated the greatest reform of the postal service. His dream, which he was finally able to fulfil, was to have a cheap and efficient postal system which everybody could afford to use. He was also keen to introduce a convenient method of prepaying the postage and suggested 'a bit of paper just large enough to bear a stamp, and covered at the back with a glutinous wash'. He demonstrated that the cost of transporting a letter from one post town to another was almost negligible. He also showed that it would be far better to charge by weight rather than by the number of sheets. He suggested that there should be a uniform charge of one penny per half ounce made on all letters delivered within the United Kingdom and that payment could be prepaid by using a label or special stationary.
These recommendations were eventually approved. In 1839 a competition was organised for suggestions for types of adhesive labels and stamped paper. Although there were over 2,500 entries, none was entirely suitable. The best of these ideas were refined by Rowland Hill himself, with the help of the printers Perkins, Bacon and Petch. However, the public demand for a uniform penny post was so great that the new rates were introduced on 10 January, 1840, months ahead of schedule and well before any postage stamps were ready. Special head-stamps had to be made for use by the post offices to indicate that the penny postage had been paid. Finally on 6 May, 1840, the famous Penny Black stamps and some stamped wrappers designed by William Mulready were on sale at post offices.
The two-penny stamp was not ready until 8 May. It was thought that Mulready's stamped wrappers would be used most frequently, but the design was ridiculed by all and the penny and two-penny stamps were by far the most popular.
Rowland Hill was knighted in 1860 by Queen Victoria for his services to the Empire.
Overseas Post Offices
After the issue of these first stamps, many of the British colonies expressed a wish to issue their own postage stamps. However, the General Post Office (GPO) in London dismissed this idea, claiming it would be too confusing if more than one country were to use them. They believed that the postal workers would not be able to cope if hundreds of different postage stamps were available. So the first stamps which these colonies were allowed was a standard hand-stamp applied in red on letters. It showed a crown on top of a circle with the words 'paid at' and the name of the city or country.
Other countries were not so restricted, and it was not long before adhesive stamps were appearing elsewhere. Brazil followed Great Britain on 1 August, 1843, with the issue of the famous 'Bull's Eye' stamps. The cantons (states) of Switzerland came next with their first issues in 1843 and 1845. These were followed by the United States of America and Mauritius in 1847, and France, Belgium and Bavaria in 1849.
The Postcode
(source: www.bbc.uk/dna/h2g2/A1082558)
garydubh said...
The complexity of the UK postcode system has sent the Irish Government and its advisors around in circles for 4 years now trying to devise a Post Code for Ireland that fills all the gaps and ticks all the boxes. Nothing has been agreed yet and probably will not for quite some time. However, there are those who say that for sorting letters a PostCode is no longer required as OCR and a good address database will do the job. However, the more significant requirement for a Code nowadays is for navigation and routing (Logistics and Emergency services etc)
The fact that with postal deregulation in Europe including in Ireland commenicing in 2009, mail delivery will be done by courier type opeartions with a larger need for routing than actual sorting also increases the need for a dedicated code. It is for this reason that a navigation Code has now been published in Ireland - referred to as PON Codes;- they express a location geographically to an accuracy of +/- 6 meters and can be determined by anyone for anywhere..... see http://www.irishpostcodes.ie for more details. PON Codes have been tested by Garmin and GPS Ireland intends releasing a full version of the system early in 2009.
The PON Code system can already be used in Northern Ireland - eliminating the problems arising with the Royal Mail system in Fermanagh as mentioned in your article. PON Codes can be customised for any country.
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Contents of This Page
My Adderall Addiction Symptoms
Dunno about you, but back when I was abusing Adderall, I often had the feeling that something was off about my life. That I wasn’t really being my true self.
Now that I look back on it, the signs were clear that not only did my body want me to quit Adderall, my inner self wanted me to, as well.
Do you share any of my Adderall addiction symptoms listed below? If so, you may want to think about quitting Adderall for good.
1. You miss your old self
Adderall is amazing in helping you get things done. It’s easy to become proud of all the stuff you accomplish when you’re using, too. This productivity thing can define who you are, over time.
But if all you do is do, then you end up missing out on other, more important things in life… like following your passions, building stronger and more intimate relationships (not just sex) and simply drinking-in the world around you.
As for me, I often wondered about the things I used to really enjoy before Adderall became my crutch. Stuff like:
Gazing at the stars on a beach dune, and daydreaming.
Reading a long book – just for fun.
Napping on a Sunday afternoon.
Lying in bed with my honey for hours, talking about nothing (without having to have sex).
Fact is, most non-medicated people have a hard time fighting these sorts of natural passions and desires.
But on Adderall, I seemed to have an infinite ability to ignore them – and get shit done.
I now know (always knew?) that the most beautiful things in life have little to do with doing stuff. And these are the things you lose when you’re addicted to Adderall.
2. You wish you could turn it off, at will
Adderall helps you with so many things: work, school, cleaning, taking notes, organizing. The main benefit of Adderall is that it puts you into superpower work mode instantly.
The downside? it doesn’t let you quit hyper-work mode, even when you need to.
Like when your girlfriend wants to talk about her day.
Or when your daughter wants to hear another (boring) story before bed.
Or when your dog wants to cuddle on the sofa.
These moments aren’t just important to others, they define who you are, too. I wished I could have dialed down the meds more during precious, unscheduled moments like these.
3. You wonder what life might have been like, without it.
I often thought about what my life might look like if I had never taken Adderall, never leaned on that medical crutch for so many years.
Maybe I’d be a better, stronger person? physically, for sure!
Maybe my job would be totally different?
Maybe my love life would be better and more intimate?
Maybe I wouldn’t need a pill to start every new task or to finish every job?
Maybe I wouldn’t walk around with all this guilt?
Maybe I wouldn’t have to ponder this question, ever again…
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World Health Organization to Ethicists: Should We Use Experimental Ebola Drugs?
Treating two Americans with an untested drug for the deadly disease shifts thinking about ethics of use.
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Staff from an Ebola treatment center in Sierra Leone transport the bodies of deceased patients to a cemetery.
When American relief workers Kent Brantly and Nancy Writebol were offered and took an experimental treatment for Ebola last month, the event triggered a seismic shift in the largely behind-the-scenes debate over whether untested drugs should be used in the spreading outbreak in West Africa.
Until then, many experts felt it would be unethical to offer African Ebola patients drugs that had never been given to people, let alone tested for safety. (Related: "Promising Ebola Drugs Stuck in Lab Limbo as Outbreak Rages in Africa.")
The mere idea evoked memories of pharma giant Pfizer's disastrous clinical trial of a new antibiotic, trovafloxacin (Trovan), during a 1996 meningitis outbreak in northern Nigeria, or the plot of John le Carré's novel, The Constant Gardener, in which Kenyans are used as guinea pigs to test what turns out to be an unsafe tuberculosis drug.
But when news broke that two infected Americans had been given a therapy that had previously been tested only in primates and, further, that they were holding their own, the flip side of the ethical coin was revealed.
Suddenly the question was no longer "How could one use untested drugs in Africa?'' but "Why Americans and not Africans?" Why was the therapy flown to Liberia for Brantly and Writebol not also offered to Sheik Umar Khan, who had died a few days earlier in Sierra Leone, where he was his country's only virologist and leading Ebola expert?
Questions like these will shape discussions during a World Health Organization (WHO) meeting on the ethics of using experimental Ebola drugs in the current outbreak. The meeting, held today by teleconference, involves ethicists, the affected countries, and representatives of civil society.
Treatments Scarce, Untested
Nothing is easy about the issues, starting with the fact that supplies of the various experimental therapies and vaccines are so limited that recommending their use would be largely symbolic for the next few months at least.
"I think that one of the main showstoppers in all of this—again, I can't speak for every product—is the paucity of availability of any product at all," says Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, part of the U.S. National Institutes of Health.
There is only enough ZMapp—the product the Americans took—to treat a handful of people, Fauci says. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, which recently conducted an assessment of the various experimental products in the pipeline, says it could take three to four months to produce another small batch of the therapy.
The remaining doses of ZMapp have been distributed, LeafBio, the company commercializing the product, said in a brief statement posted to its website Monday afternoon. It indicated remaining doses had been provided to Spain for treatment of an infected missionary and to an unnamed West African country for two medical doctors. By Monday evening, the statement was removed from the website.
Sarepta Therapeutics, which shelved an Ebola drug it was developing when it lost U.S. government support for the work, has indicated it would be willing to allow use of its remaining supply—enough to treat a few dozen people, CEO Chris Garabedian told the financial news publication Barron's.
Tekmira Pharmaceuticals, the only company to have done some preliminary safety testing of an Ebola therapy in people, says it would allow its drug to be used by infected individuals. In early July the U.S. Food and Drug Administration placed the drug on a clinical hold because of safety concerns about giving it in high doses, but last week revised its status to allow for compassionate use. Tekmira will not say how much of the product it has or how long it takes to make.
Even therapies and vaccines that have been tried on infected primates have been used only in small numbers of animals. Is it ethical to offer these? Is it safe?
After all, not all drugs that are safe in primates turn out to be safe in people. In 2006, for instance, six healthy volunteers were given an experimental drug called TGN1412, a synthetic antibody under development for leukemia and arthritis. All six nearly died.
"Is there a threshold of what they should have demonstrated in animal models? In nonhuman primates? Is there a threshold also on toxicity?" asks Marie-Paule Kieny, the WHO's assistant director general for health systems and innovation.
On the other side of the deliberation scale is the crushing need for therapies, not just to treat the ill but also to gain their trust. As is often seen in Ebola outbreaks, hostility and suspicion have plagued efforts to halt the spread of the disease.
People who fear they may be sick resist efforts by medical teams to isolate them. And communities often hide the sick, leading to more infections. With no cure and a high death rate, rumors fly that the medical teams are spreading the illness or killing people for their organs.
Aid workers believe that if effective therapies were available, the resistance problem would eventually evaporate. (Related: "Ebola's Deadly Spread in Africa Driven by Public Health Failures, Cultural Beliefs.")
Who Gets Scarce Drugs?
But what would the impact be if affected communities learn that a very small number of people are being offered treatments, but most are not? Would that make medical teams from groups such as Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders) more welcome in these villages? Would it endanger the aid workers?
If the few doses available are going to be used, one ethicist suggests they should be given to health care workers, who have made up an alarming proportion of the Ebola cases in this outbreak. (Related: "Q&A: American Virus Expert in Africa's Ebola Zone: 'This is Like War.'")
"If we have a limited amount of medication to use, it makes sense to use it first on those who are in there trying to treat everyone who has this disease. Because if we allow the people who are treating it to be wiped out, there's no one left to treat it," says Kevin Donovan, director of the Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics at Georgetown University Medical Center. Donovan is not a member of the WHO panel.
He and others suggest that if the experimental treatments are deployed, they should be used in a way that helps scientists determine what actually works against Ebola and why, so that the world is better armed for the next outbreak.
Says Donovan: "This is why I think the rush to say, 'We just have to throw whatever's available at people,' and not do it in a careful way to find out if it really is effective and if it really will be safe, is misplaced goodwill. And it's supported by this great anxiety that the infection epidemic causes."
Given the conditions on the ground, using Ebola drugs in a clinical trial-type approach would be challenging—but not impossible, says Frederick Hayden, an expert on antiviral drugs at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, and a consultant to the WHO.
Still, Hayden is talking about several months down the road. "Because obviously there are a lot of things that have to get put into place. It's not just having the [drug]. You have to have the protocol, the ethics review, the regulatory piece in place, the import licence. These things all have to fall into place."
Follow Helen Branswell on Twitter.
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We all know that to get a better paid job one has to go to college and pass out with good grades. No college means no good job. But have you noticed something, all these rich millionaires and billionaire either have never been to college or are dropouts. These people had never finished college but then they had an idea which they put to use and thus resulted into millionaires and billionaire.
1. Micky Arison: He is the richest person in Florida. He has a net worth of $6.5 billions. And just in case of you do not know who Micky Arison, well Micky Arison is the owner the NBA’s Miami Heat and CEO of the Carnival Corporation which is the largest cruise operators.
2. Ralph Lauren: Ralph Lauren is the infamous fashion designer and CEO and chairman of Ralph Lauren Corporation. He dropped out of college to pursue his dream. Surprisingly, he dropped out of college and joined the army. He then began to design neckties for Beau Brummel. In the mid 70’s he launched the Polo which included the entire set of men’s clothing, shoes, jewelery and fragrance. And just so you know, he opened his company in a garage and today, its net worth is $7billion.
3. Steve Jobs: This man needs to introduction. After dropping out of college just after six months, job became a video game designer for Atari but later quite that job to travel to India. And when he was 21, he founded Apple computers in his garage of course with Steve Wozniak. And as they say, the rest is history.
4. Michael Dell: He is the founder, chairman and CEO of Dell Corporation. During his study time at the University, Dell was busy making his own computers. After making he started to sell them. And that is how he established his empire. At the age of 19, he made $80,000. In 2001, he was declared as the world’s greatest PC maker. And today, his net worth is $18.5billion.
5. Mark Zukerberg: Another man who needs no introduction at all. In his Harvard dorm he created website that made was recognized worldwide. A big thank you to Mark for creating a space for posting our selfies. However, just for the record, the net worth is 29.9billion.
6. Bill Gates: Bill Gates is the most richest billionaire who dropped out of college to be what he is today. His net worth is $80billion. He dropped out of Harvard to start Microsoft. And in 1987, he became the youngest self mad billionaire. From 2007 till date, he has been the richest person in the world.
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Building on Our Strengths
Founded in 1942 at the request of the Canadian government, the original group of 12 companies was made up of the principal brokers, importers and grinders in the Canadian Spice industry at the time.
CSA History
The initial purpose of the Association was to ensure that fair and equitable allocations of the various spices were made during World War II, as it was extremely difficult to obtain supplies due to crop shortages and limited shipping facilities from foreign countries during wartime. Over time, the Association became a useful vehicle for exchanging information about common issues within the industry and government.
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Integrate S17 Projected Capacitive Touchscreen Monitors To ATM Kiosks
Automated Teller Machines with S17 Projected Capacitive Touchscreen PCs
Richard B. Kiosks Manufacturing, Projected Capacitive Touchscreen
In the UK, public kiosks like Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) increase its number in 2017. As of June 2017, there were 70,308 cash machines deployed and 48 million people are using ATMs [LINK Transaction History]. In addition to that, there was a total of 100.1 million cards issued in the UK as of October 2016 [UK Credit and Debit Cards].
But, the growing number of these machines has a looming threat. Members of the UK Link system wants to overhaul these machines. One reason is that these teller machines have a high operational cost. Also, most of these self-service kiosks are becoming outdated.
So, for kiosk manufacturers, these machines must have cost-effective and modern industrial PCs. One of the most recommended computing devices is the S17 touchscreen PCs. These devices have features to fit the ATM kiosks, especially when there is a lack of light. It has an LED backlit display so users can still view the applications on the screen clearly.
Another advantage of these devices is its touchscreen technology known as projected capacitance. It is more responsive to touch when performing transactions on the ATM. Thus, users can easily navigate the options on the screen with its touch feature.
Now, why is it ideal to use S17 industrial PCs with projected capacitance? Also, these automated teller machines can be a target for fraud and data breach. So, can these industrial computers provide data security and confidentiality as well? Let’s explore other features of this device on this blog.
Integrate S17 Projected Capacitive Touchscreen Monitors To ATM Kiosks
Why Integrate S17 Capacitive Touchscreen Monitors To ATM Kiosks
Automated teller machines are essential for many banking institutions. Through ATMs, account holders can perform their financial transactions easily. But, these machines are also exposed to frequent use since these are 24/7 operational. So, every component of the computing equipment is heavily used as well.
But, not all ATMs are placed indoors. Some of these machines are installed in outdoor places. ATMs can be found outside the banks, shopping malls or the transport terminals. These places are prone to heat and dust during summer and spring seasons. And, these machines may be vulnerable to ice formation during winter.
Given all these factors, the S17 industrial computers can be placed for outdoor kiosks. It is ideal for outdoor settings as well as for the UK’s weather conditions.
These industrial computers are graded with an IP69K rating and high NEMA sealing. These ratings prove that these can withstand all types of outdoor environments. That includes a degree of protection from heavy rains or heat from the sun. It is also protected from other fallen debris such as snow or airborne particles. Therefore, any person can use the ATM without worrying a system to fail.
Furthermore, these devices can be durable even with a touchscreen functionality. A touchscreen technology with projected capacitance can be best integrated into it. This can be made with all glass or plastic which makes it impervious on outdoor environments.
Now, why opt for the S17 industrial PCs with projected capacitance? How will it improve ATM kiosks’ functionality and ease of use? Let’s take a look at some of these features below.
Features of the S17 Industrial Touchscreen PCs
Not all ATMs have an advanced computing technology inside of it. Some of these are using infrared technology which has lower resolution. Whilst, other ATMs are still using a resistive touchscreen technology. That is why some of these machines may suffer a system failure when used frequently.
These issues can be prevented with the S17 touch panel PCs. Its projected capacitive touchscreen monitors have 3-layers to protect the ATM system. At the top layer, its glass serves as a protection against the outdoor environment. Then, its touch sensors are placed in the middle layer to make touch functionality work on the ATMs. And, the last layer is where the embedded LCD monitor is placed to visually see the ATM applications.
All these layers make its touchscreen feature to work on the machine. And, it will not only improve its touch operations but also suit for all kinds of outdoor environment.
Aside from its projected capacitance features, it also provides a lot of benefits. Here are some reasons why the S17 touch panel PCs are suitable for ATMs.
Resistive and Projected Capacitive Touchscreen
Cash machines use different types of touchscreen technology. The most common touchscreen feature is the resistive. It is cheaper when compared to other touchscreens available. It also provides functionality but has a limited touch sensitivity.
But, the most recommended touchscreen technology is the projected capacitive touchscreen. In fact, this touchscreen feature is applied to most interactive kiosks. It is more responsive to touch and easier to use than resistive. Also, it can have a user-friendly interface so people can perform transactions easily. Hence, any user can navigate the options and access certain applications on the ATM.
Tough and Resilient
Dust and dirt are the most common debris that may potentially enter into the system. There are also times that drops of liquid may surface on the screen monitors. Other industrial computers may not resist all these which can damage the machine.
But, the S17 rugged computers have an IP69K rating and high NEMA sealing. Apart from weather conditions, it can also withstand dust, dirt and water intrusions. This means that it can function properly and efficiently even with these hindrances.
Moreover, its IP rating and NEMA sealing show that it is also scratch- and shock-resistant. This proves that it can also withstand repeated use even in indoor applications.
Compatible Operating Systems
ATMs can be a target of fraud, data breaches and theft. Personal details and vital information of the account owner may be put at risk. Hence, its computing systems must have applications for data security.
Good thing is, the S17 industrial PCs have customisable options to ensure it has the right OS for ATMs. Banks have the option to choose the preferred operating system and software for ATMs. Operating systems like Windows and Linux can be installed on this device. So, regardless of what type of operating system, this ensures that it is compatible to any of these.
Setup the S17 Touch Panel PCs in the ATMs Today
As an ATM kiosk manufacturer, upgrading the computing system is a huge investment. But, most of the banking institutions are looking for innovation and ease of use on their ATMs. Therefore, it is recommended to provide them with better automated teller machines.
Now is the time to elevate the rising demands of the public. Install the S17 touch panel PCs with projected capacitive touchscreen to the ATMs. And, help these banking institutions provide better cash machines today.
UK Cash & Cash Machines Summary, [PDF]
Plans to overhaul cash machine network in UK could cut ATM numbers,
Other articles worth reading:
Embed 22” Industrial Computer Monitors to Public Kiosks
Interactive Kiosks with a Projected Capacitive Touchscreen Feature
Choosing Embedded Industrial Computer Monitors for Outdoor Kiosks
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Impact of Licensure Issues on Doctors and Nurses
Objective: Discuss licensure issues in internationally trained and traveling healthcare professionals and alternative medicine providers.
Introduction: Globalization has had a major impact on all aspects of our lives, including healthcare. As people travel more, healthcare workers must sometimes conduct their practices outside of their countries of origin. In this essay, you will examine the issues related to international care and licensure for doctors and nurses so that they are able to practice their professions in other countries.
Activity Details:
Step 1: Review and research.Review the lesson readings and do further research as needed in the Cline Library or on the Internet. Consider the following questions:
-What are the requirements for out-of-country doctors to be able to practice their professions in another country? Provide specific examples.
-What challenges are faced by internationally trained nurses when they practice in other countries? Select a specific country to explore and discuss.
-What are the impacts of cultural differences on international licensure and practice?
-What recommendations would you make to U.S. regulatory agencies about allowing or preparing foreign-trained doctors and nurses to practice in U.S. states?
-Would you consider different requirements for these individuals if they were temporarily responding to a national pandemic?
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I’m discovering that work stress actually makes me want to blog more. Go figure.
I also realized this morning after looking at the number of posts that have been hanging around in Blogger for far too long waiting for me to post them, that what keeps me from blogging isn’t the time or the writing. I do plenty of that. It’s the finishing—the adding links and such—that holds me up. Too many times, I’ll have something finished in Blogger, except for the links, and think “I’ll get back to that part in a little bit.” And never do. Sometimes it sucks to be me.
Anyway, here are a few links and other stuff that have me thinking the kind of thoughts that I want to write about right now.
First up, Lefty’s post today reminded me that I have never said anything publicly about being included in his monthly “Circle of Friends” CD mailings. This is especially rude of me because the November and December CD’s were two of the best CD’s of any kind I listened to all year. The December one has become my official holiday CD, in fact. I shall play it every year when we do our baking and wrapping and stuff. It’s a lot of work to put something like this together—assembling the music, ripping, downloading, burning, labeling, mailing—not to mention the expense of it all, so I’m grateful to Lefty for including me. Thanks, man!
By the way, he says the slots for the Mixed Bag 5 exchange are going fast. Go on. Sign up. You know you want to. It’s a lot of fun! And there are prizes this year!
Over at Progressive Ruin, Mike’s been heralding the end of civilization for 2 years now, but after this latest installment, I’m convinced that that end is right around the corner.
I mean honestly, what else could this:
All together in the same Previews catalog mean, except for the Apocalypse? Honestly, I don’t think things can sink any further. (Images nicked from Mike, of course.) If you need me, I’ll be in a cave in the mountains, somewhere! Somebody better check on Mike, too. After this installment, I'm afraid his brain may have melted down.
Last week, I wrote a long piece about the infamous Rick Olney, but have been hesitating on posting it. After all, I’m a nobody with a blog (not a comics professional) and he didn’t screw me over with false promises of payment. I wrote the piece because I thought it was kind of interesting to have something from my past tied into things that were making comics news, but in light of the fact the several people have had their livelihood negatively impacted by his actions, I just didn’t feel right about trying to hop on the wagon with my little tale.
However, this comment at the Beat made me re-think that a bit. I think Olney’s problems were pretty obvious when he was just running comic fan clubs. My interaction with him certainly proved that! Like I said, he didn’t bilk me financially and it was all amateur fan-to-fan interaction, but his behavior certainly was disturbing in the end. I’ll post my story tomorrow. In the meantime, you can click around on some of the links above, if you need to come up to speed on the whole saga.
I really like this post over at Written Worlds for the Roe v Wade anniversary for the succinct distillation of the pro-choice argument.
Fan entitlement. It’s not just for super-hero fans any more.
I really liked Beanworld, too. And, hell, I’d love to see it revived or at least reprinted. But saying this is a bit much, I think:
I don’t think Marder owes us any more Beanworld any more than Sallinger owes us Bride of the Return of Catcher in the Rye. But, from my perspective, he DOES owe us Beanworld fans the courtesy of a formal reiteration of his promise to work on Beanworld for the rest of his life, OR a formal “Fuck Off. I don’t DO that anymore.”
For the record, I don't think Larry Marder owes me shit. Oh, and I love the way the author tries to disguise the whole sense of entitlement with all the talk about Marder not owing anyone any more Beanworld.
A part of me is thinking it can’t be time to start talking about Free Comic Book Day already. Another part of me is disappointed to see that once again it’s on Derby Day, which will make it hard for local shops to build the kind of buzz that shops in other cities do.* And a part of me is saying, “Lynda Barry and Gottfredson Mickey Mouse? Cool!”
*It’s hard to explain the way this town goes nuts around Kentucky Derby-time to folks who don't live here. Trying out free comics is the last thing on anyone’s mind.
Oh yeah, that comic weblog update thingamajig is back, kind of. It's just in a different place run by a different person.
Finally, a couple of Courier-Journal links (only available for a week after publication). First a review of the Clark-Ely-Hiatt-Lovett extravaganza. I think he over-sells it a bit by calling it the “the better part of three hours.” It was after 7 (like 7:15) when the show started, and they did their finale at 9. They did come back for an encore, but by 9:30 we were outside the auditorium on our way to the parking lot. I guess two-ish hours can be considered the “better part” of three hours, but, please. It was a great show as it was, there’s no need to pump it up like that. Also, apparently there was someone watching TV during the concert. Geez! Concert behavior is getting to be as bad as movie behavior!
Speaking of concerts, just found out that one of my most favorite folksingers, Kate Campbell, is doing a benefit for Habitat for Humanity on Saturday! Todd Snider on Friday and Kate Campbell on Saturday! Bring on the music, 2007!
I’ll shut up now.
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In recent seasons League One has sometimes had the look of a graveyard for some of the big, historic names of English football, with Leeds, Manchester City, both Sheffield Wednesday and United, Nottingham Forest and Southampton just a few of the clubs who have found themselves playing at the less glamourous end of English football.
There are Charlton Athletic, Bradford City, Portsmouth, Oldham Athletic and Wigan Athletic in the division this year, all having previously been in the Premier League, but the biggest name is probably Blackburn Rovers who were champions in 1995.
The length of time if took Sheffield United to get out of the league before promotion last season shows what a tough league this can be, and whilst it doesn’t look quite as strong as last season, I expect it to still be tough and struggle to see any team really running away with it.
Challenging for Promotion:
Blackburn Rovers: A car crash of a club under the Venky’s, Rovers have sunk to their lowest level for some time. Tony Mowbray had a promising future as a manager but has stalled in recent years, which is probably why he finds himself at Blackburn. They have made big changes to the squad with 14 players leaving and 9 coming in, with some money spent, so they’ll need things to gel quickly to have a chance of challenging for promotion. They’ll be one of the biggest clubs in this division but it will be tough to change trajectory having been in a downward spiral for so long.
Bradford City: Bradford looked strong all season before losing out in the play-off final to Millwall. The Bantams will be strong at home as usual but need to convert some of last season’s home draws into wins (W11, D12, L0). The league doesn’t look to have the strength of the top two of last season this year, so they should have a chance of pushing on for automatic promotion with a squad that is arguably stronger than last season.
Doncaster Rovers: A late season blip cost them the League Two title but they were the best side in the division for a long period. It’s happened with other clubs before, so if they can continue their upward trajectory they could challenge for play-offs this season. They’ve not made many changes to the squad so far but that shouldn’t be a worry with the quality they had last year, with John Marquis prolific in League Two. A top half finish should be well within reach.
MK Dons: The long Karl Robinson reign came to an end last season as he was unable to stop the downward spiral following relegation from The Championship. Robbie Nelson came in having performed well at Hearts and managed to change fortunes after a settling in period. They’ll have a decent budget for this level and have made a number of changes to the squad, so if they can build on the progress of the end of last season they could challenge for the play-offs.
Wigan Athletic: Immediately relegated back to League One after just one season and the approach seemed to be shambolic with two managers sacked during the season. Paul Cook has come in as manager following his title win at Portsmouth and if given time could be a very shrewd appointment. Ten players have departed since the end of last season but they don’t look particularly weaker as only Stephen Warnock and Lewis Buxton were regulars in the first team. Omar Bogle was signed from Grimsby in January with high hopes after his prolific record in lower divisions and he can now push on after settling. With Bogle and Will Grigg up-front, Wigan should be able to outscore most opposition and will be a force in this division.
Pushing for The Play-Offs
Bristol Rovers: They had a brilliant first season back in League One after successive promotions and will be looking for further consolidation in an effort to establish themselves at this level. They would probably settle for a top-ten finish again, but with the look of a progressive club with a good young manager in charge it wouldn’t surprise if they could sneak into the play-offs.
Charlton Athletic: Another poorly run club who have found themselves in League One; last season was a disappointment but ended with Karl Robinson as manager, who was one of the bright young things until recently. Robinson’s reputation has taken a bit of a hit of late but he knows this level well and can’t have turned into a bad manager in such a short space of time. Much will depend on future transfer business and how much control the manager actually has but they should be aiming for the play-offs.
Fleetwood Town: Some might not like the fact they have spent money to reach this level, but Fleetwood seem to be a well-run club with steady foundations that more clubs should follow. Uwe Rosler took them to another level last season and much this season will depend on if they can keep him. They finished in the top 4 last season, have strengthened by signing a number of young players and in arguably a weaker league should challenge for top six.
Oxford United: A good season back in League One was followed by the surprise departure of manager Michael Appleton. Pep Clotet, who previously worked at Swansea and Leeds with Garry Monk, was appointed manager and has made slight changes to the squad with some experienced names coming in. With an unknown manager it’s hard to say how well they will do as it could easily turn into a disaster, but they look stronger in a weaker division than last year, so could push to improve on last year’s 8th place finish.
Portsmouth: Finally played themselves out of League Two and were even surprise champions after a big swing in results in the title run-in. Manager Paul Cook has departed and been replaced by Kenny Jackett, who has previously done well at this level. Pompey have seen big changes behind the scenes with a takeover and will be looking to push-on again to climb further back up the leagues. They have only made a few signings so far, with Brett Pitman looking like sound business given his goal-scoring record and experience, and though they could make further signings before the season starts they don’t look strong enough to challenge for promotion yet.
Southend United: Just missed out on the play-offs last season, finishing in seventh position, but have made steady progress under Phil Brown and will looking to go one step further this season. They haven’t made any major changes to the squad, though Michael Kightly could be a very good signing, and with Simon Cox top-scoring last season with 16, it might be the case that they are a prolific striker short of pushing on. Saying that, they did share the goals around last season in netting 70 over the season, but they just look to lack a little in the squad to make a play-off position secure.
Mid Table to Bottom Half:
AFC Wimbledon: A good debut season in League One, they tailed off towards the end of season but the vast majority of supporters would have taken the season they had last summer. They will now be looking to build on that and secure a stable position in the division ahead of the return to a stadium in Wimbledon. Transfer business looks sound this summer with solid signings for this level, like Liam Trotter and Cody McDonald, should keep them safe. Top-ten at a push.
Northampton Town: Finished 16th last season, struggling for long periods and only moving out of trouble late on. Justin Edinburgh came in as manager part way through the season, and having done a decent job at Gillingham looked a solid appointment. Thirteen players have come in during the close season and eight departed so far, so it wouldn’t be a surprise if they made a slow start to the season. They should be safe this season but will struggle to push higher than mid-table.
Peterborough United: Mid-table mediocrity last season seems about right for a club like Peterborough, who have occasionally punched above their weight. Using a model much used by The Posh of plucking unpolished gems from lower leagues, they have signed two strikers who scored plenty in the non-league, in Danny Lloyd (Stockport County) and Ricky Miller (Dover Athletic). If things click, the unproven strikers can start scoring and they can push on from last year, they could reach the play-offs but otherwise look like a safe mid-table bet.
Plymouth Argyle: Promoted quite comfortably last season under Derek Adams who has done a good job since coming in as manager two seasons ago. Plymouth look to be a club of potential given their location, stadium and positive talk of the Chairman, so will be looking to establish themselves at this level. They’ve brought in eight players during pre-season so far, with all looking solid if unspectacular, and though they could push for top-six if continuing their progress, a safe mid-table finish that can be built upon looks a more likely option.
Rotherham: Relegated from the Championship and looking doomed from a long-way out, The Millers will surely be looking for a bit of stability this season with outside hopes of challenging the play-offs. Thirteen players have departed since last season and seven come in, but that doesn’t necessarily have to be a negative with the squad not looking to be particularly worse off now. They look like they will lack goals to push for promotion but could push the top ten if relegation hasn’t scarred them.
Scunthorpe United: Pushed for automatic promotion for a long-way last season and were a little unlucky to miss out having finished third. The league does look a little weaker this season, so repeating last season wouldn’t be impossible, but they did overachieve so might have to set their sights a little lower. The squad doesn’t look any stronger than last year, so a slight fall back in performance might be a more realistic expectation.
Walsall: A perhaps disappointing season in 16/17 given their push for promotion the previous season, however, that was a massive overachievement and they were always going to struggle to back that up. There doesn’t look to have been major changes to the squad, with the departure of Goalkeeper Neil Etheridge to Cardiff and Mark Gillespie coming in as replacement from Carlisle perhaps the biggest change. Goals seemed to be a problem last year, with their total of 51 looking low and leading to 16 games drawn. If they can convert some of those draws into wins they can easily push for the top-half, but they’ll need the likes of Simeon Jackson to be more prolific in the season ahead.
In a Relegation Fight:
Blackpool: Most will have sympathy for the fans given the fall from grace over recent years but little for the club given the ownership. Gary Bowyer has done a brilliant job to get them promoted but it’s hard to see them continuing upwards given the way they are run. They’ll struggle unless they can miraculously find some of the missing premier league riches.
Bury: struggled last season but managed to battle out of relegation after Lee Clark took over. A position out of the bottom four will be the aim, hopefully without the late season worry attached. The loss of James Vaughan and the goals he brought could be a concern, but they have signed Jermaine Beckford and Nicky Ajose so shouldn’t lack goals and could have money to spend from that sale if they need to get out of trouble.
Gillingham: Struggled last season and the sacking of Justin Edinburgh looked a little rash given the good job he’d done up to that point. Ady Pennock has been given the job on a full-time basis with Peter Taylor in as Director of Football, but the new set-up doesn’t look like it will be much help with The Gills looking like solid relegation candidates. The squad looks considerably weaker this year and with a novice manager they’ll do well to finish better than bottom six.
Oldham Athletic: Another side who struggled for large parts of last season, they pulled clear of trouble after the return of club hero John Sheridan as manager. He picked up 9 wins in 22 games, which for a side of The Latics’ size is pretty impressive but hard to imagine them repeating over the course of a whole season. They will be better prepared for this season and have a solid manager in charge, however, as a club of their size a struggle is always likely to be on the cards.
Rochdale: Keith Hill has done a tremendous job at Rochdale and had them higher than could reasonably be expected for long parts of last season. Given the size of the club, just staying in the division will be an achievement any season, however, they have lost players in the close season and could struggle to repeat the form of last season. Hill could work heroics again but a bottom half finish might be more realistic.
Shrewsbury Town: Only just avoided relegation last season after Paul Hurst replaced Mickey Mellon as manager, but an 18th place finish can be taken as a positive having been bottom when he first came in. They have made quite a few changes to the squad during pre-season, with nine leaving and eleven coming in, with the loan market used to bring in a number of younger players from bigger clubs. They will be in the bottom half again but the hope will be that with a stronger start and more goals in the squad, they can make life a little easier for themselves.
As we’ve said, the league doesn’t look quite as strong as last season with the relegated sides from The Championship looking a level below the likes of Sheffield United and Bolton, but that’s not to say a team can’t step-up. Blackburn are the current bookies favourites and it’s not hard to see why given their size, stature and history, but I don’t believe that the odds reflect their actual chances and currently it looks a bad bet. Rovers have been in a downward spiral for some time and the squad looks weak at the moment, so it will be tough for them to suddenly start winning games in a division where they will be a big scalp. The 4/1 on offer in places is not a bet I will be making.
A more likely option to win the title would be WIGAN ATHLETIC. Last season was a big disappointment, there is no getting away from that, but poor decisions were made throughout the season and it can be argued that they did not prepare properly for the step-up to The Championship. However, they have retained most of the squad, brought in a very promising manager and have a strike force who could make hay in this division if getting the right service, so the 8/1 looks like good value.
I could easily see the likes of Doncaster or Portsmouth pushing on again following promotion but would be better bets for the play-offs, and Bradford must be taken seriously after so many near misses. Whilst at the other end of the table, Gillingham look in serious danger having a weakened squad and novice manager, Blackpool will struggle if continuing to cut corners and the usual suspects of Oldham and Shrewsbury are likely to struggle.
Wigan Athletic to Win League One @ 8/1 (Bet365)
Gillingham to be Relegated @ 7/4 (Boylesports)
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All items regardles if they are text or images, have the following common properties.
Choose Item > Resize to change dimensions of the item. Size of the item includes item background but doesn't include borders.
Line outside the item.
Choose Item > Border to change outline of the item
Interior of the item.
Choose Item > Background to change the background of the item
Space between the outline and the content of the item. Choose Item > Padding to change item padding (space between all 4 sides of the item, or padding specific to one of the edges). The image below has 4 pixel padding, white background and 1 pixel gray border.
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Tickettogames offers cheap 4wheel Jamboree Nationals tickets and tickets for all sports events you could imagine. Whether you are a baseball, basketball, hockey, football fan, or Olympic hopeful, we provide discount 4wheel Jamboree Nationals tickets you’ve been looking for! No matter where you go or what time of year it is, we make it easy for you to find the 4wheel Jamboree Nationals tickets discount. Simply choose your 4wheel Jamboree Nationals event and it will be instantly available at the click of a button.
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Daniel Millsap MBA School Research
Cultural Awareness As A Negotiation Strategy
Nations are inter-dependent. In order to achieve their goals, negotiators from different countries must be willing and able to communicate and come to agreements. Misunderstandings may arise during the process due to a lack of cultural awareness and misunderstandings that may occur unintentionally. Misunderstandings at the negotiating table have a potentially large effect on the world so it is important to understand why they arise and what can be done to prevent them. To do so, cultural dynamics, in addition to negotiating techniques, must be understood. The purpose of this paper is to examine Chinese and U.S. cultures and how their similarities and differences may affect a negotiating interaction. Recommendations, based upon the findings, will be given at the end of the paper.
A strong and positive relationship between the United States of America and China is of great importance to both countries. As each adapts to an ever-changing world environment, goals may be mutual or somewhat conflicting. Regardless of whether or not China and the United States agree on an issue, an effective communication style which stresses mutual understanding is necessary and of mutual benefit to both countries. The process of effective communication entails mutual understanding and a willingness to work together, emphasizing mutual interests and reconciling mutual differences. Whenever two parties come into contact with the goal of achieving something, the clear communication of needs and perceptions of others’ needs is of the utmost importance. The negotiation process can be helped or hindered by the negotiator's ability to understand and operate within another cultural context. Every business person traveling to China has probably brought along his/her one page list of “tips” to effectively operate there, and the Chinese, no doubt, have also attempted to understand and codify proper methods of negotiating with Americans- Yet mutual misunderstandings and frustrations continue to exist. Americans see Chinese negotiators as being “inefficient, indirect, and even dishonest, while the Chinese see American negotiators as “aggressive, impersonal, and excitable” (Grahm, & Lam, 2003). Why do these perceptions arise, and do they reflect objective reality or rather certain characteristics of the perceiver? If they are unintentional, then do they reflect cultural differences, and more importantly, can these differences be reconciled through a greater and more active effort to understand other cultures? Research indicates that cultural differences have an influence on the way different cultures conduct negotiations, from the timing of meetings to even the definition of what success in negotiation means. Certain differences are so subtle as to take months to identify but are important enough to make or break a deal (Francis, 2007). The success of negotiations must not be entrusted to one page “tips and reminders” but rather to a thorough understanding of cultural similarities and differences.
Organizations have needs. On a daily basis, negotiators strive to acquire the resources that will allow their country to survive. In order to do so, they must somehow convince another party to give up some of their valued resources, which entails cooperating with them in such a manner that an agreement can be reached. Whereas intra-cultural communications may seem straightforward, inter-cultural communications may not be so. Cultures can differ not only in language used to communicate but also in terms of the amount of eye contact used in communication and personal distance deemed appropriate when talking to friends versus strangers. Another area in which cultures can differ is in the formation and regulation of business relationships. For example, in order to precisely define conditions and decrease the probability of misunderstandings, some countries, like the United States, rely on the use of written contracts, whereas other countries, like China, place greater emphasis upon personal relationships and the implicit trust that comes with those relationships. One party uses a contract as a token of good will and trust whereas another party may view the very same contract as an insinuation of distrust and being of little or no use. One party may reason: “I just signed my name next to a legal document stating that I will do something so you know I will do it and don’t have to worry” while the other party may reason: “If we are doing something of mutual benefit then why do we need a contract? Friends don’t cheat each other in the first place and in requesting a legal document you are insinuating that I am not trustworthy?” Successful formation and implementation of agreements between the United States and China is of increasing importance, especially as China has emerged as a strong economy with 1/5 of the world’s consumers. It is “the world’s largest emerging market with more than one billion consumers” (Ghauri & Fang, 2001). As it continues to develop, its role has changed from a country in need to one that helps to fulfill the needs of others. Its recent entry into the World Trade Organization “is expected to deepen its impact on global markets and lead to further improvement in the health of the growing economy and the living standards of the Chinese people” (Wang, et al., 2005). As China’s global influence increases, political dynamics change, and it may seek to create new relationships with countries willing to cooperate with it. Its rapid and large growth makes it an attractive partner to other countries; therefore, the United States needs to maintain a positive relationship with it or risk losing a valuable ally.
Cultural misunderstanding may lead to negative attributions about a culture, a country, and its people. For example, “In Beijing’s view, the US is hegemonic, unilateralist, dismissive of international law and the United Nations, and wedded to 'zero-sum' concepts of security that ignore non-traditional security concerns and the negative effects of the security dilemma. It is also economically protectionist“(Foot, 2006). Some Americans view Chinese negotiators as being inefficient and even dishonest. How is it that these conceptions arise and what can be done to prevent them if and when they are not warranted?
People from different cultures literally perceive the world differently. In one study, subjects were presented with varying visual scenes while their brain activity was being measured with a functional magnetic resonance imaging device (fMRI). These subjects were categorized based upon their age and their culture as follows: (young/elderly) (U.S./Singapore.) The researchers found that both young and old Americans, when shown images, had a part of their brain associated with object recognition light up but not in the brains of the older Asians. “An Asian would see a jungle that happened to have an elephant in it. Meanwhile a Westerner would see the elephant and might notice the jungle” (Binns, 2007, p.9). The fact that Asian subjects’ brain responses differed between the two generations whereas there was no difference in response between the American generations led the researchers to conclude that the culture in which subjects were brought up played an important role in how they perceived the world. In another study, highlighted in the same magazine, researchers found that Russian speakers, “whose language includes two words that make a mandatory distinction between light blue and dark blue, could more quickly distinguish between shades of color than English speakers could” (Binns, 2007, p.9). If language can have a physiological impact on the way in which we see the world, imagine the impact on perception that different religious beliefs and cultural histories have.
“Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes one category of people from another” (Hofstede, 1993, p.89). Culture represents the environment in which a person is brought up in and where he/she learns appropriate behaviors and beliefs. This environment plays such a great part in the development of a person’s personality that scientists, to this day, are still arguing over whether it (environment) or a person’s genetic make-up (biology) plays a larger role in the formation of personality. Besides its effects on the formation of a person’s personality, culture is the adhesive that keeps society together. Culture helps set norms in every-day behaviors which ultimately helps to decrease the cognitive load in decision making. Molinsky (2007) articulates the importance of culture by stating that
Through socialization in a particular cultural setting, individuals internalize norms for appropriate behavior in specific interactions. Encoded in the form of scripts or event-based schemas, these norms are then primed when an individual steps into a particular role in a particular interaction. (p.623)
Culture is made up of a number of different variables that have been studied. According to one researcher, (Hofstede, 1993) culture can be classified using five dimensions: The first dimension is termed power distance, and refers to the degree to which inequality is accepted within a society. In some cultures, all people are considered to be equal whereas in other countries it is perfectly acceptable to treat people differently depending on their sex, job, family history, and other factors. Hofstede’s study found that China scored high in power distance while the United States scored low. In negotiations, this could mean that American negotiators are given greater decision-making flexibility whereas their Chinese counterpart may have to wait for approval from higher up in the organizational hierarchy. This may be one reason for the perceived inefficiency of Chinese negotiators. The second dimension is labeled Individualism/collectivism and refers to the degree to which members of a society prefer to act as individuals rather than as a group. Someone scoring low on individualism would view the greater good of the group as being more important than any single individual’s personal happiness whereas someone who scored highly would be more concerned about personal gains rather than more utilitarian ones. Individualists may judge a deal based upon its immediate personal benefits whereas collectivists may judge it based upon its contribution to the organization. A member of a collectivist society expects protection from the group whereas an individualist expects no protection from its group. The study found that the United States scored high in individualism while China scored low. The third dimension, labeled masculinity/femininity, is used to mark the degree to which a culture values “male” qualities, such as competitiveness and assertiveness, as opposed to “female” qualities such as care for the weak and solidarity. No significant difference was found between the two countries on this dimension. The fourth dimension, labeled uncertainty avoidance, is used to describe the degree to which a society prefers structured or unstructured situations. For example, certain cultures prefer explicit rules for guidance in many situations while another culture prefers there to be more freedom, discretion, and choice. On this dimension, the United States scored low and China scored medium. An example illustrating this dimension is as follows: In China, seating arrangement is of significant importance at banquets whereas it is more informal amongst Americans. A person’s rank could be signified by the place at which he/she is asked to sit at the table. A negotiator could unintentionally confuse or insult the counterparty by placing him/her in the “wrong” seat. The fifth dimension is long-term versus short-term orientation in relation to time. A long-term oriented culture looks farther into the future and values actions that may only have an impact farther into the future, such as saving and persistence. A short-term oriented society is focused more on the past and present, valuing immediate gratification and pleasure. On this dimension, China scored high while the United States scored low. In other words, a Chinese negotiator may select an action based on its distant-future consequences whereas an American negotiator may select an action based upon that action’s consequences on the immediate future. In addition to Hofstede’s five dimensions, Lin and Jones (2005, p.115) include other additional ones such as: Haptics- otherwise known as touching, and proxemics- the amount of personal space a person needs to maintain while communicating with others. According to these researchers, in terms of haptics the United States is a don’t touch oriented culture while China lies in the middle ground. In the US, touching may be misunderstood as a form of sexual harassment. It may also be an indication of social hierarchy, as people of higher rank usually touch people of lower rank. In terms of proxemics, they found that Americans chose to stand at an arm’s distance away from the person they were communicating with while Chinese tended to prefer a more intimate (physically closer) distance.
Whenever a person engages in a social act, whether it is something important, such as a job interview, or more trivial, such as meeting a friend for dinner, he relies upon certain unconscious rules in his decision-making. For example, when he goes to a job interview in the United States, he knows what to expect and how to behave in each sub-situation. He knows that first there is the greeting with the expected handshake, followed by a few minutes of small talk before the real business is brought up and ultimately culminating in the exit. How is it that he knows exactly what to do in this situation and when to do it? Something seemingly as simple as a job interview is, in reality, a complex interaction made up of numerous unspoken rules. If a person were to travel to another country in which these rules were completely different, he would experience internal discomfort if he perceived that things were not going as “smoothly” as they might have gone in his home country. Whenever someone is put into a foreign situation he/she must reassess and consciously be aware of all the potential outcomes for potential actions within situations that had seemed so simple and straightforward within that person’s natural environment. One researcher, (Molinsky, 2007) calls this reassessment “cross-cultural code switching,” and states that it “forces an individual to consciously override this dominant, culturally ingrained response” (Molinsky, 2007, p.623). In order to act appropriately within a novel environment, a person must be able to quickly and successfully adapt his/her behavior to the cultural rules regulating proper behavior within that environment. Molinsky argues that people face psychological challenges when faced with becoming consciously aware of and changing these previously habitual actions (code switching). The first problem, he states, is that “code switchers must 'proficiently execute a novel and possibly complex set of behaviors in a manner that will be judged appropriate by an evaluative audience native to the culture” (Molinsky, 2007, p.624). The second is that “individuals must grapple internally with the personal meaning of the behavior they are producing, especially in terms of how the new behavior might conflict with internalized values and beliefs” (Molinsky, 2007, p.624). When an old behavior and a new one are at great variance with one another, a person is likely to undergo, what Molinsky calls, “psychological toll,” which refers to the “depleting and burdensome feeling a person experiences when the act of switching elicits high levels of negative emotion” (Molinsky, 2007, 624). Habitual behavior functions as a means of reducing the cognitive load a person faces when making day-to-day decisions. This load increases when these habitual behaviors do not have their desired effect within a novel culture. Not only must the person be aware of the fact that he is not achieving his desired results, but he must also be able to consciously determine which behaviors are out of place and then must be able to replace those behaviors with culturally appropriate ones. Ultimately, the more cultural knowledge that someone has, the less difficulty he/she will face in these situations and the less psychological toll he/she will experience. Understanding culture is important step in preparation for the negation process. Some people may be able to change their behavior more easily than others, but perhaps there are certain situations in which most people would find it difficult to adapt to a culture where the socially correct behavior goes against that person’s moral beliefs. For example, a person coming from a collectivist culture might find it difficult to perform well in a highly competitive company organization while an individualist may find it difficult to act against his own self-interest in order to benefit the organization as a whole.
Before any deal can be made, business partners must get to know and trust one another. The manner in which people get to know one another and the degree of trust attributed to a stranger differs throughout the world. Whereas one negotiator may be trusting of everyone until proved wrong, another negotiator may start off untrusting of the same person. “Westerners befriend their counterparts only after making a deal, while the Chinese make a deal only when some level of friendship has been reached”(Friedman, 2007, p.10). Once some level of trust has been built, “Chinese teams tend first to establish agreement on general principles before moving to more specific issues, as the Chinese generally try to avoid or postpone direct confrontation” (Zhao, 2000, p.213). This style is “the exact opposite of the US belief that progress in negotiations is usually best facilitated by adhering to concrete and specific details. “The Chinese also prefer to make concessions at the end, and they seldom indicate when negotiations have reached their apex” (Zhao, 2000, p.213). Whereas in the United States it may only take a few minutes to become acquainted with someone, it can take days and even months in China. “From the vantage point of Confucianism, the Chinese will not rush into any serious meeting with someone whom they do not know; trust and a certain feeling of closeness must be in place for any negotiation to start” (Ghauri & Fang, 2001). For the Chinese, trust is not something gained after a deal has been made but rather something that is gained before any negotiations are commenced. The deal of trust a Chinese negotiator has will often determine which strategy is taken up by that person. “Trust is a prime indicator showing which role (bureaucrat/gentleman/strategist) the Chinese are going to play. When mutual trust between their business partners is high the Chinese will negotiate as gentlemen. When it is low they will negotiate as strategists” (Ghauri & Fang, 2001). Americans use contracts to establish trust. They see less of a need to be friends than to be faithful to a contract. Thus, often times, a contract is given precedence over personal trust. This may be due to the American legal system, which has a legal framework set up to protect contracts. Breaches are punishable and therefore contracts have value. As opposed to written contracts, personal trust, and not written contracts, is of importance to the Chinese negotiator. “Chinese continuously emphasize that all agreements are based on friendship and goodwill, really making the final contracts unnecessary and so the contract does not signal the last word on anything”(Buttery & Leung, 1998, p.385). This may be due to China’s past where, according to Hofstede, there existed a society
“in which there were no formal laws, only formal networks of powerful people guided by general principles of Confucian virtue. The favors of the authorities could change daily, so nobody could be trusted except ones kinfolk-of whom, fortunately, there used to be many, in an extended family structure (p.86).”
In order to be a more successful negotiator, one should familiarize himself, first, with his own culture and how others may perceive his actions through both his conscious and unconscious actions. Second, a negotiator should understand his objective and its importance to both his personal interests and to the interests of the organization he represents. Organizations should choose sensitive individuals, who are able to perceive cultural differences and appropriately adapt to them, as representatives. Individuals who have cultural knowledge experience lower levels of psychological toll and thus are able to function better in a foreign environment. To foster greater cross-cultural ability, organizations should encourage members to work in foreign cultures, gaining the needed level of experience to effectively perform their duties in an increasingly inter-related world. Negotiators should also review and keep an accurate negotiating record to ensure knowledge of any past grudges that might come up again in the future. Should any disagreement come up during the negotiating process, the negotiator can make a determination as to whether it is the past record or some present misunderstanding that is causing any problems.
Culture is the shared beliefs and behaviors of a society and is a good predictive and prescriptive device for inter-cultural relationship management but it does not take into account the individual differences that occur within cultures. One must be extremely careful in classifying cultures not to stereotype. Individuals should always ultimately be treated as such, and his/her actions should be viewed on an individual basis. An effective method in preserving objectivity is through the use of scientific studies. For example, Neuroscience offers a more objective method of studying cultural differences than a questionnaire. Whereas observation is susceptible to individual bias, medical imaging machines are not. Further studies, such as those referenced within this paper, should be done in order to better understand physiological differences and similarities among people of different cultures. Other studies, of a different nature, might include research on anomalies within cultures. For example, are there certain instances in which Chinese negotiators, who supposedly place such high value on relationships, decide to cross an established business partner in order to pursue a better deal? Similarly, are there certain instances in which Chinese negotiators prefer the use of contracts to verbal agreements? Under what circumstances do American negotiators intentionally break a contract? The study of individual differences allows for more flexibility in negotiations and expecting the unexpected is better than forming a rigid expectation of how a person from a particular culture should act.
The existence of cultural differences in perception and behavior has been proven scientifically through the use of sophisticated brain imaging devices. Researchers have classified cultures using various dimensions and have proceeded to attempt to understand and predict behavior based upon these dimensions. In very few situations is there a greater need of having a proper understanding of culture than in international negotiations. Any misunderstanding at a negotiating table can have a detrimental effect on an entire country; therefore,it is of great importance to properly train individuals to understand and accept cultural differences as well as similarities. An organization must be especially careful not to classify culture as a static variable. Cultures change as ideas spread and shape the beliefs and behaviors of individuals comprising different social groups throughout the world. This constant change means that past records are not always reliable in predicting outcomes. Instead of using culture as a predictor, organizations should use it as a means of training members to be more flexible and understanding in a globalized world.
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Industrial Design. Modern Textures. Recycled Table Tops. Cast Iron Bases.
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Aurora™ Cafe wide mouth flip top magnetic lid. Fits all our wide mouth vacuum-insulated bottles. Convert your Liquid Hardware Sidewinder bottle to the world's best insulated coffee mug.
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/**
* Server piece
*/
var Server = function() {
var self = this;
//no group chat support. only 1 to 1 chat
var activeChats = [0,{}]; // And, this is a conversation between 1 and 2, 1 and 3
var activeUsers = [ {avatar: ''}, // no one}
{avatar: '#FFCC00', handle: "Krishna"} ,
{avatar: '#99CCFF', handle: "Sunil"} ,
{avatar: '#99FF99', handle: "Preeti"} ,
{avatar: '#FFFF00', handle: "Dumby"} ,
{avatar: '#66FF66', handle: "KD"}
];
var listener = function(packet) {
//FUTURE WORK !!
};
//tie up functions
Protocol.prototype.server.add(listener); //network listener
this.initEnv = function() {
/*
*NETWORK happens to be our network bus and a common namespace
*bad practice probably but might server the requirement of this demo
*/
NETWORK.protocol_1_2.client.dispatch({op: 'initConversation',payload: {chatterAvatar:activeUsers[1].avatar, chattedAvatar:activeUsers[2].avatar, chattedHandle: activeUsers[2].handle}})
NETWORK.protocol_1_3.client.dispatch({op: 'initConversation',payload: {chatterAvatar:activeUsers[1].avatar, chattedAvatar:activeUsers[3].avatar, chattedHandle: activeUsers[3].handle}});
//And, this is a conversation between 1 and 2, 1 and 3
activeChats['1']['2'] = NETWORK.protocol_1_2.client;
activeChats['1']['3'] = NETWORK.protocol_1_3.client;
};
//client manager - manages clients
this.run = function() {
var rant = [':)',';)', 'lol', 'brb', 'rofl !!', 'did you see that ....']
var ind = Math.floor(rant.length * Math.random());
if(activeChats['1']['2']) {
activeChats['1']['2'].dispatch({op:"newIncomingMessage", payload: rant[ind]});
}
ind = Math.floor(rant.length * Math.random());
if(activeChats['1']['3']) {
activeChats['1']['3'].dispatch({op:"newIncomingMessage", payload: rant[ind]});
}
setTimeout(this.run, Math.random() * 20000);
};
setTimeout(self.run, Math.random * 10000);
};
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The Marathas Part 17 The Supreme Council of Calcutta: English Interlude
Canberra, 23 June 2022
In April 1774, when he started his retreat from his march towards Pune, Raghunath Rao entered into negotiations with the English East India Company through their Bombay Government. The English, still basking in the glow of the resounding victory Robert Clive had achieved in Bengal, readily grasped at the overtures although believing that they could on their own overthrow Maratha power. They promised to provide the rebel with 2000 soldiers on two conditions—they would be paid 20,000 rupees in cash; and as soon as Raghunath Rao was installed as the Peshwa, Salsette, Bassein and neighbouring islands would be ceded to the English. To his credit, which was not very high, Raghunath refused to cede the islands and offered districts in Gujarat worth 11 lakh rupees in revenue per annum as an immediate payment. He also promised an annual tribute of six lakh rupees and a sum of 1.5 lakh rupees if 15 guns were added to the force being detached to him.
On 12th December 1774, a hubris–filled and fuelled English invaded Maratha territory—on 28th December they stormed Thane and before the end of the year reduced Salsette. Raghunath Rao had no option but to accept what had transpired and entered into an alliance on 6th March 1775 that gave control of Bassein also to the English in exchange for an enhanced force of 3000 soldiers of which at least 700 were to be Europeans. The primary reason for Raghunath accepting this lopsided treaty was that his army had been almost fully destroyed by Hari Phadke, in conjunction with Holkar and Scindia. In Gujarat, his ally Govind Rao Gaekwad, had been threatened by a vastly superior army and was forced to raise the siege of Baroda, falling back beyond the River Mahi. Hari Phadke and his ally Fatehsinh Gaikwad, who was also a claimant to the Gaikwad leadership in the clan succession struggle, crossed the River Mahi in three places, attacked the army of the Raghunath Rao–Govind Rao combine and wiped them out. Raghunath Rao fled with a thousand soldiers and took shelter with Charles Malet, head of the English factory at Cambay. He did not have the military strength to negotiate as an equal with the English.
This unequal treaty would be discussed by the Supreme Council in Calcutta and in the headquarters in Europe and would subsequently lead to what is generally referred to as the First Anglo-Maratha War. Govind Rao retreated to the frontiers of Kathiawad with the remnants of his broken army. Raghunath Rao went from Cambay to Bhavnagar and then to Surat where he joined the relief column led by Colonel Keating. On 11th April 1775, Govind Rao with 8000 soldiers joined the English column. His forces were on the verge of mutiny for arrears of pay, which was averted by Keating making some payments out of his own war chest. Keating wandered up and down the southern coast of Gujarat, rather aimlessly, twice engaging Hari Phadke with no serious loss to either side.
On 5th May Keating was ordered by the Bombay Government to advance on Pune with his somewhat puny force. This order from Bombay could be considered the height of English hubris as well ignorance of the Maratha military power. Raghunath Rao who was aware of the reality tried to stop the order from being executed, but to no avail. On 17th May the small English army reached Napa in Kaira district and on the 18th, they spread out into the plains of Arras. Here, in a vulnerable position, they were attacked in the rear by Hari Phadke who inflicted significant losses initially. The English then rallied and fought a valiant rear-guard action, forcing the Maratha forces to withdraw. In this encounter, which came to be called the Battle of Arras, the English suffered higher casualties although they also claimed victory. The English reprieve was dearly purchased—they lost 222 men, of whom 86 were Europeans and included 11 officers.
Despite the loss, the English continued south and reached Broach on 29th May. Even though the monsoon rains had set in, on 8th June they made an attempt at crossing the River Narmada, already in flood. Only at this juncture did Keating finally realise the futility of attempting to reach Pune during the monsoon season and retreated to Dabhai. He intended to lay siege to Baroda during the winter months. The arbitrary changes to the aim of the campaign by the field commander is indicative of the lack of direction from the higher command as well as the inherent feeling within the English command structure that they could do whatever they wanted to, without facing any opposition or detrimental consequences. This attitude was to become entrenched in the English mind as their territorial conquests in the sub-continent continued to expand at a rapid rate.
The very fickle play of altering loyalties now became apparent with Fatehsinh Gaikwad leaving Hari Phadke and entering into an agreement with the English and Raghunath Rao, believing that his chances of success in the clan leadership struggle would be better if aligned with this faction. He wanted his brother Sayyaji to be left in possession of Baroda for a fief of 10 lakh rupees to be paid to Govind Rao. With these political manoeuvres, Raghunath Rao seemed to be gaining ground in the on-going but undeclared civil war… and then he suffered a great setback.
The Supreme Council in Calcutta
The Supreme Council was formed in Calcutta under the chairmanship of Warren Hastings on 19th October 1774. The Council consisted of Colonels Clavering and Monson, Philip Francis and Richard Barwell, made (in)famous by Macaulay’s detailed report on the Council. The Council was entrusted by the British Parliament in London with the control of all English dominions and activities in India. While considerable in-fighting between the members for the exercise of power stymied the efficient functioning of the Council, they stood united in asserting their control and superiority over the governments of Madras and Bombay.
In order to stamp their authority across all jurisdictions, they seized on the Bombay government’s engagement in ‘foreign’ wars and its entering into treaties with local rulers without the Council’s express permission. The Bombay government was promptly censured. The Supreme Council declared the treaty with Raghunath Rao null and void and the war being fought on his behalf to be ‘impolitic, dangerous, unauthorised and unjust’. Immediate cessation of hostilities was ordered, and Colonel Keating fell back to Karod, about 20 miles east of Surat.
Having brought Bombay under control, the Council despatched a Lieutenant Colonel Upton as an envoy to negotiate with the infant Peshwa’s government being run by a Federation of Ministers. The Federation complained against the Bombay government; promised to pay a sum of 12 lakh rupees to the East India Company to cover the cost of their Salsette campaign; and in return demanded that Raghunath Rao be handed over to their control, while Salsette was to be evacuated along with some other districts that the English had occupied. Upton insisted on Bassein and Salsette being surrendered to the English. The Marathas argued, justifiably, that they could not understand the reasoning of the English who were seeking to derive advantage from a war, which they had themselves declared unjust. Obviously, neither Colonel Upton nor the Supreme Council in Calcutta were amused by this logical arguement. The English started vigorous preparations for war.
The Federation of Ministers, ruling on behalf of the infant Peshwa, knew that a combined assault by the English and Raghunath Rao would be disastrous for the Maratha kingdom and reluctantly ceded Salsette and gave the English the revenues of Broach city and neighbourhood. The Treaty of Purandar was signed on 1st March 1776 between the East India Company and the Federation of Ministers of the Maratha kingdom, including the de facto regent, Nana Phadnavis. The Marathas paid an additional 12 lakh rupees to the English and in return had the Treaty of Surat between Raghunath Rao and the Bombay government repudiated. The Purandar agreement also stipulated that Raghunath Rao was to disband his army and take up residence in Kopergaon, a town on the River Godavari. However, the Bombay government refused to hand him over, in direct defiance of the Supreme Council. The Federation had to accept the shortfalls in the English meeting the conditions of the treaty since internal politics within the Maratha kingdom was in turmoil with many pretenders to the throne coming up in different places, who had to be captured, proven as impudent imposters and then executed. The strain on the body politic was enormous.
The Federation of Ministers Takes Action
Having contained Raghunath Rao, at least temporarily, even though he was still resident with the English, the Federation turned to neutralising other enemies of the state. The primary adversary to the Marathas at this stage was Haidar Ali ruling Mysore, with the Nizam, Mudhoji Bhonsle and the Raja of Kolhapur waiting in the wings to take advantage of the dissentions and any display of weakness by the central administration in Pune.
In 1776, Haidar Ali captured the strong Maratha fort of Gooti and imprisoned the commander Murarirao Ghorpade, who subsequently died in captivity. He then moved into Maratha territory between the Rivers Tungabhadra and Krishna. The Federation was not confident of taking successful independent action and therefore sought an alliance with the Nizam, treacherous and self-serving as he was, to counter Haidar Ali. From an analyst’s point of view, considering the past shenanigans of the Nizam, especially his proven track record for treachery, this was a surprising move by the Federation.
An army send under command of Konher Rao Patwardhan was met at Sansi by the commander of Haidar Ali’s advanced forces, Mohammad Ali. He used the same ruse that the Marathas had often used before to lure the enemy into an ambush by making a provocative move to reconnoitre the area and then pretending flight to bring the pursuing enemy into the pre-set trap. Surprisingly, the Maratha commander fell for this common trick. The pursuing Maratha forces were slaughtered by hidden cannons and their senior commanders captured.
In the winter of 1776–77 a 30,000-strong Maratha army under Parashrambhau Patwardhan moved out to join up with a 40,000-strong force of the Nizam in Mysore territory to effect a pincer attack on Haidar Ali’s forces. Unfortunately, the Maratha army was a rag-tag force whose pay was in arrears for months and suffering very low morale. To compound the situation, Parashrambhau was an over-cautious commander who opted to stay behind the River Krishna without even attempting to engage the enemy. Two facts emerge from this situation—one, that the calibre of Maratha military’s field commanders had declined from their audacious best just decades back to being content with making a demonstration of taking the field and then hiding; and two, resource availability to the Federation was strained wherein the Maratha army was in arrears of pay, a situation never heard of before.
The commander of the Nizam’s forces, Ibrahim Beg Dhonsa was bribed by Haidar Ali and retired behind the Nizam’s borders as rapidly as he had appeared on the scene. Instead of actual battles being fought in the field, the game was being played out in behind-the-scenes intrigue. After almost a year of this fiasco, a 60,000-strong force under Hari Ballal Phadke, crossed the River Krishna and reached the banks of the River Tungabhadra. At this juncture, the bane of Hindu politics—treachery and traitorous behaviour—once again raised its head. Haidar Ali was assisted by a traitor Konkanastha Brahmin called Baji Rao Barve who befriended and managed to bribe Manaji Scindia, one of the secondary commanders of the Maratha army, with six lakh rupees to desert Hari Phadke at an opportune moment when the engagement was already in progress.
Manaji’s treachery was discovered, his force surrounded and massacred. Even though his scheme had not worked, Haidar Ali attacked the Maratha force. Hari Phadke realised that Manaji’s treason was more widespread than he had imagined, with even some of his own personal guards having been compromised. Several leading officers of the Maratha army were arrested and executed. However, unsure of the loyalty of all his subordinate commanders, Hari Phadke did not feel strong enough to take on Haidar Ali’s Muslim army and decided to withdraw. He retreated, harassed all the way to the banks of the River Krishna. Haidar Ali captured Dharwar but believing some rumours of a large army coming from Pune as a reinforcement for Hari Phadke, obtained an armistice by paying a large sum of money to the Maratha commander.
Kolhapur and Mudhoji Bhonsle
Submissions of the Raja of Kolhapur and Mudhoji Bhonsle were achieved more easily. The raja of Kolhapur was under the influence of Jijabai, the widow of Sambhaji, who was intensely jealous of the Peshwas. He had joined Raghunath Rao after the murder of Narayan Rao and recaptured territories earlier annexed by Madhav Rao Scindia. The Federation’s forces (Peshwa’s forces) led by Ramachandra Kanade met with the Kolhapur army commanded by Yesaji Scindia and inflicted a resounding defeat on them. At the same time Madhav Rao Scindia arrived on the scene with his own forces and overran the entire Kolhapur territory while the capital was besieged. In January 1778, a much-humbled Jijabai ceded territory to the Peshwa, paid an indemnity of 20 lakh rupees and agreed to break off existing alliances with Haidar Ali and Raghunath Rao.
Mudhoji Bhonsle was aligned with Raghunath Rao but was in the middle of a succession struggle with his brother Sabaji, who was in turn being supported by the Federation of Ministers in Pune. Earlier, on 26th February 1775, in a pitched battle between the forces of the two brothers, Sabaji had been shot dead. However, when Raghunath Rao fled to Gujarat, Mudhoji had quickly changed sides and made peace with the Federation. True to form he once again changed sides and joined Raghunath Rao when the latter became an ally of the English. The Federation asked the Nizam to control his feudatory, which was easily achieved by invading and laying waste Berar. Mudhoji submitted to the control of the Federation of Ministers.
While the Federation of Ministers was struggling in Pune to control and contain internal rebellions, the English were plotting and planning their next moves. Unfortunately for the great Maratha Empire, there was no dearth of traitors to provide assistance to the foreign marauders—once again a repeated fact in the long history of the Indian sub-continent. Through the centuries and even today, the very soil of the land seems to nurture such traitorous elements in plenty.
© [Sanu Kainikara] [2022]
All Rights Reserved
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dclm_edu
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Let’s get straight to it–shoes that EVERY girl needs in her closet? Over-the-knee boots! They are hands down my most worn item because they are just so versatile. I wear them with jeans (as seen here), leggings, skirts & dresses. I wear them during the week & on the weekends. But I am not going to lie, finding the puuuuuurect pair was not an easy task.
You all know Nordstrom is my favorite large retailer to shop so I definitely went to their site when looking for a pair of tall boots to replace my $40 pair I found at Kmart (yes, I said Kmart) years ago. I tried several pairs and sent many back (TG for the free ship & return policy) before I landed on this Marc Fisher pair. I loved the shape of toe on this pair–slighted pointed with a touch of hardware–and the height of the boot–I wanted them to go up well above my knee but not be overwhelming. And I also love how they tie in the back and have a zipper on the inside of the ankle. This makes them easy to get on and off (you don’t need to lay down on the bed and beg someone to pull them off, haha) and the tie helps them stay put and not look slouchy or sloppy. They have also held up great! [wearing a sz 8, I always go up in boots so I can add thick warm socks]
It’s only Tuesday but I think this week will go by pretty quickly. We have several things to do around the house to prep for a little birthday get together we are hosting on Saturday for my 30th! Don’t you love having people over because it gives you that push you needed to get something done that you have been talking about for months? We had been wanting to redo the piece of furniture we use for a bar cart to make it more modern and last Sunday we finally got around to it! I will share the finished product and other tid bits on my Instastory this week. Hope you all are having a good one!
Oh, and just a side note–I think a over-sized sweater and OTK boots makes the perfect outfit for Thanksgiving day if your fam does a casual get-together. These pieces would be great to order!
IN COLLABORATION WITH NORDSTROM
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fineweb_edu
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# Moments and root-mean-square error of the Bayesian MMSE estimator of classification error in the Gaussian model
Amin Zollanvari, Edward R. Dougherty
Research output: Contribution to journalArticle
14 Citations (Scopus)
### Abstract
The most important aspect of any classifier is its error rate, because this quantifies its predictive capacity. Thus, the accuracy of error estimation is critical. Error estimation is problematic in small-sample classifier design because the error must be estimated using the same data from which the classifier has been designed. Use of prior knowledge, in the form of a prior distribution on an uncertainty class of feature-label distributions to which the true, but unknown, feature-distribution belongs, can facilitate accurate error estimation (in the mean-square sense) in circumstances where accurate completely model-free error estimation is impossible. This paper provides analytic asymptotically exact finite-sample approximations for various performance metrics of the resulting Bayesian Minimum Mean-Square-Error (MMSE) error estimator in the case of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) in the multivariate Gaussian model. These performance metrics include the first, second, and cross moments of the Bayesian MMSE error estimator with the true error of LDA, and therefore, the root-mean-square (RMS) error of the estimator. We lay down the theoretical groundwork for Kolmogorov double-asymptotics in a Bayesian setting, which enables us to derive asymptotic expressions of the desired performance metrics. From these we produce analytic finite-sample approximations and demonstrate their accuracy via numerical examples. Various examples illustrate the behavior of these approximations and their use in determining the necessary sample size to achieve a desired RMS. The Supplementary Material contains derivations for some equations and added figures.
Original language English 2178-2192 15 Pattern Recognition 47 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2013.11.022 Published - Jun 2014 Yes
### Fingerprint
Mean square error
Error analysis
Classifiers
Discriminant analysis
Labels
### Keywords
• Bayesian minimum mean-square error estimator
• Double asymptotics
• Kolmogorov asymptotics
• Linear discriminant analysis
• Performance metrics
• RMS
### ASJC Scopus subject areas
• Software
• Artificial Intelligence
• Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
• Signal Processing
### Cite this
In: Pattern Recognition, Vol. 47, No. 6, 06.2014, p. 2178-2192.
Research output: Contribution to journalArticle
@article{009ea79dfa9249729fd4f43b82f078d2,
title = "Moments and root-mean-square error of the Bayesian MMSE estimator of classification error in the Gaussian model",
abstract = "The most important aspect of any classifier is its error rate, because this quantifies its predictive capacity. Thus, the accuracy of error estimation is critical. Error estimation is problematic in small-sample classifier design because the error must be estimated using the same data from which the classifier has been designed. Use of prior knowledge, in the form of a prior distribution on an uncertainty class of feature-label distributions to which the true, but unknown, feature-distribution belongs, can facilitate accurate error estimation (in the mean-square sense) in circumstances where accurate completely model-free error estimation is impossible. This paper provides analytic asymptotically exact finite-sample approximations for various performance metrics of the resulting Bayesian Minimum Mean-Square-Error (MMSE) error estimator in the case of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) in the multivariate Gaussian model. These performance metrics include the first, second, and cross moments of the Bayesian MMSE error estimator with the true error of LDA, and therefore, the root-mean-square (RMS) error of the estimator. We lay down the theoretical groundwork for Kolmogorov double-asymptotics in a Bayesian setting, which enables us to derive asymptotic expressions of the desired performance metrics. From these we produce analytic finite-sample approximations and demonstrate their accuracy via numerical examples. Various examples illustrate the behavior of these approximations and their use in determining the necessary sample size to achieve a desired RMS. The Supplementary Material contains derivations for some equations and added figures.",
keywords = "Bayesian minimum mean-square error estimator, Double asymptotics, Kolmogorov asymptotics, Linear discriminant analysis, Performance metrics, RMS",
author = "Amin Zollanvari and Dougherty, {Edward R.}",
year = "2014",
month = "6",
doi = "10.1016/j.patcog.2013.11.022",
language = "English",
volume = "47",
pages = "2178--2192",
journal = "Pattern Recognition",
issn = "0031-3203",
publisher = "Elsevier",
number = "6",
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - Moments and root-mean-square error of the Bayesian MMSE estimator of classification error in the Gaussian model
AU - Zollanvari, Amin
AU - Dougherty, Edward R.
PY - 2014/6
Y1 - 2014/6
N2 - The most important aspect of any classifier is its error rate, because this quantifies its predictive capacity. Thus, the accuracy of error estimation is critical. Error estimation is problematic in small-sample classifier design because the error must be estimated using the same data from which the classifier has been designed. Use of prior knowledge, in the form of a prior distribution on an uncertainty class of feature-label distributions to which the true, but unknown, feature-distribution belongs, can facilitate accurate error estimation (in the mean-square sense) in circumstances where accurate completely model-free error estimation is impossible. This paper provides analytic asymptotically exact finite-sample approximations for various performance metrics of the resulting Bayesian Minimum Mean-Square-Error (MMSE) error estimator in the case of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) in the multivariate Gaussian model. These performance metrics include the first, second, and cross moments of the Bayesian MMSE error estimator with the true error of LDA, and therefore, the root-mean-square (RMS) error of the estimator. We lay down the theoretical groundwork for Kolmogorov double-asymptotics in a Bayesian setting, which enables us to derive asymptotic expressions of the desired performance metrics. From these we produce analytic finite-sample approximations and demonstrate their accuracy via numerical examples. Various examples illustrate the behavior of these approximations and their use in determining the necessary sample size to achieve a desired RMS. The Supplementary Material contains derivations for some equations and added figures.
AB - The most important aspect of any classifier is its error rate, because this quantifies its predictive capacity. Thus, the accuracy of error estimation is critical. Error estimation is problematic in small-sample classifier design because the error must be estimated using the same data from which the classifier has been designed. Use of prior knowledge, in the form of a prior distribution on an uncertainty class of feature-label distributions to which the true, but unknown, feature-distribution belongs, can facilitate accurate error estimation (in the mean-square sense) in circumstances where accurate completely model-free error estimation is impossible. This paper provides analytic asymptotically exact finite-sample approximations for various performance metrics of the resulting Bayesian Minimum Mean-Square-Error (MMSE) error estimator in the case of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) in the multivariate Gaussian model. These performance metrics include the first, second, and cross moments of the Bayesian MMSE error estimator with the true error of LDA, and therefore, the root-mean-square (RMS) error of the estimator. We lay down the theoretical groundwork for Kolmogorov double-asymptotics in a Bayesian setting, which enables us to derive asymptotic expressions of the desired performance metrics. From these we produce analytic finite-sample approximations and demonstrate their accuracy via numerical examples. Various examples illustrate the behavior of these approximations and their use in determining the necessary sample size to achieve a desired RMS. The Supplementary Material contains derivations for some equations and added figures.
KW - Bayesian minimum mean-square error estimator
KW - Double asymptotics
KW - Kolmogorov asymptotics
KW - Linear discriminant analysis
KW - Performance metrics
KW - RMS
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84894366246&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84894366246&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.patcog.2013.11.022
DO - 10.1016/j.patcog.2013.11.022
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:84894366246
VL - 47
SP - 2178
EP - 2192
JO - Pattern Recognition
JF - Pattern Recognition
SN - 0031-3203
IS - 6
ER -
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infimm_webmath
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#6 colors
import random
def check(guess,end):
dlt = []
end2 = end[:]
black = 0
for i in range(4):
if guess[i]==end2[i]:
black+=1
dlt.append(i)
for i in dlt[::-1]:
del end2[i]
del guess[i]
white = 0
for i in guess:
if i in end2:
white+=1
del end2[end2.index(i)]
return white,black
def play():
colors = 6
goal = [random.randrange(colors) for i in range(4)]
guess = input('What is your guess? ')
rounds = 1
while guess!=goal:
white,black = check(guess,goal)
print('White: '+str(white)+'\nBlack: '+str(black))
guess = input('What is your guess? ')
rounds += 1
print("It took "+str(rounds)+" rounds.")
def compareAll(end):
for guess in [i,j,k,l for i in range(6) for j in range(6) for k in range(6) for l in range(6)]:
""""
----
b---
w---
bb--
bw--
ww--
bbb-
bbw-
bww-
www-
bbbb
~~~~
bbww
bwww
wwww
"""
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stack_edu
|
Wednesday, July 30, 2008
All hail dads
Being a new dad myself, the following headline from the National Law Journal caught my eye: More Men Filing Workplace Lawsuits - Lawyers are calling this a byproduct of the father's rights movement.
According to the article, more men than ever before are filing employment claims. The EEOC saw a record number of sexual harassment complaints filed by men in 2007, and more men are filing FMLA claims based on family responsibilities.
As more and more men assert their right to strike a balance between their jobs and their families, what steps can companies take to avoid claims being brought by disgruntled men?
1. Incorporate harassment against men into general harassment policies and training.
2. Ensure that all leave policies are gender-neutral.
3. Discipline anyone who makes derogatory comments about an employee's paternity leave.
4. Foster a work environment in which no one, male or female, is discouraged or scared from taking time off.
5. Reward actual performance, and not merely hours spent working.
Adopting some these measures in your workplace can help avoid the following, which is believed to be the largest verdict ever entered in favor of a man in a caregiver discrimination lawsuit:
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dclm_edu
|
© Copyright 2018 www.3trv.com Used RV Sales, 5th Wheel Trailers, Motor Homes. All rights reserved.
**Prices subject to change without notice and excludes government fees and taxes, dealer document preparation charges and any emission testing charges. Lengths are not an exact measurement of the unit. The information on this page is believed accurate, but not guaranteed. Three T Motors is not responsible for any misprints, typos, or errors found in our website pages.
Please contact us for availability as our inventory changes rapidly.
Three T Motors License # 43829
2002 Rexhall V29 Class A Motorhome Low Miles
Ford gas engine with only 23,500 miles, Day/night shades, dinette sleeper, fiberglass rear cap with ladder, rear walk around queen bed, private bathroom, window awnings, propane electric refrigerator and freezer, three burner cook top, oven and microwave, captain chair, residential styles kitchen faucet, dual electric step, tow hitch, basement storage, built in 5.5 generator with only 410 hours , sleeps 4-6, upgraded LCD television, fiberglass walls with aluminum construction, pantry, covered patio awning, cold dash and roof air, water heater, large stand up glass shower with sky light, forced floor heat, television antenna, AM/FM Stereo, power roof vents.
Great shorty Class A Motorhome 29ft model!!
Easy to drive and great for beaches or smaller parking spots !
Stop in or call today!
|
fineweb_edu
|
Ah, the Dresden Files. I owe my enjoyment of this series to my father, whose book recommendations I should really listen to more often.
I'll admit I didn't pick up the Dresden Files until really late in the game expressly because the Anita Blake series burned me badly enough to turn me off of urban fantasy. But my dad pushed a copy of Dead Beat off on me a couple of years ago, and I finally read it, even though it took place late in the series.
Then I bought every single book available up until that point and devoured them. I had Turn Coat pre-ordered months ago, and when I received it on Friday, I sat down and started reading, and finished it on Saturday. I so very much appreciate that this series is up to book 11, and rather than turning to shit or devolving into porn, the groundwork for an overarching plot laid out from the very first book is building up and turning extremely rewarding.
For the uninitiated, Harry Dresden is a wizard. Seriously. And he's a professional and everything--he advertises in the phone book and works primarily out of Chicago. Each book more or less follows one of his cases, and they are all written in a way that you could pick up any single one and read it as a standalone without missing out on anything important. I still recommend you start from the first one and work your way up, just because you'll get more out of each one if you have the groundwork from what came before.
Besides, after reading Dead Beat, I spent the whole damned series waiting for Mouse, Thomas, and Butters only to have them appear a book or two before the one I'd started with.
For most of his life, Harry has been persecuted by Morgan, a warden (a wizard cop, so to speak) for some misbehavior from his youth. There's been nothing Morgan would have loved more than to chop off Harry's head (in a very literal sense). He's a stick-up-the-ass, rules following asshole with no room for compromise in his moral code, and Harry totally chaps his ass.
So one day Harry gets a knock on the door, and there's Morgan, bleeding to death and begging for help. He's been framed for the murder of a White Counsel member, and the other wardens are on his ass.
Since Harry's gotten a taste of what it's like to be wrongly accused and almost executed for crimes he didn't commit, and because he suspects there's something a whole lot bigger at play inside the White Counsel, he takes the case.
And it make for a really fun, quick read.
It's not perfect, of course. Harry's chauvinist pig attitude at times makes me want to kick him, and he keeps refusing to learn important lessons that have been taught to him more than once (like keeping your friends in the dark about important things can and will get them killed). And his long asides sometimes remind me of something mentioned in the Glossary of Terms Useful in Critiquing Science Fiction:
Expository lump. A chunk of exposition that, whether or not relevant to the plot, is insufficiently integrated into the story being told. As such, is seems to come from left field, as if a page from an encyclopedia accidentally got shuffled in. Asimov is famous for these. A subheading, known as "I've Suffered For My Art (And Now It's Your Turn)" occurs when the author, having done masses of boring research, proves this by unloading them on the stunned reader.
Sometimes they're amusing, sometimes they make me want to shake either Harry or Jim Butcher and beg them to just get back to the damned story already.
Still, it was more than enjoyable enough, and I'll be looking forward to book 12.
Up next: Let the Right One In
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fineweb_edu
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Dominion Medium Weight Stainless Steel Cocktail Fork
|Ext. Length||6 Inches|
|Lead Time||1 to 3 Business Days|
This item ships from our warehouse; departs in 1 to 3 Business Days.
Features & Benefits
- 18/0 stainless steel is an economical option great for institutions and other foodservice establishments that tend to go through flatware frequently
- Measures 5 7/8"
- 18/0 stainless steel
- Medium weight
- Dominion Medium Weight collection
- Dishwasher safe
|
fineweb_edu
|
import java.util.Scanner;
public class MedianOf5{
public void run(){
Scanner sys = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("enter an integer: ");
int i1 = sys.nextInt();
System.out.print("enter a different integer: ");
int i2 = sys.nextInt();
System.out.print("enter a different integer: ");
int i3 = sys.nextInt();
System.out.print("enter a different integer: ");
int i4 = sys.nextInt();
System.out.print("enter a different integer: ");
int i5 = sys.nextInt();
int sd1 = Math.abs(i2 - i1) + Math.abs(i3 - i1) + Math.abs(i4 - i1) + Math.abs(i5 - i1);
int sd2 = Math.abs(i1 - i2) + Math.abs(i3 - i2) + Math.abs(i4 - i2) + Math.abs(i5 - i2);
int sd3 = Math.abs(i1 - i3) + Math.abs(i2 - i3) + Math.abs(i4 - i3) + Math.abs(i5 - i3);
int sd4 = Math.abs(i1 - i4) + Math.abs(i2 - i4) + Math.abs(i3 - i4) + Math.abs(i5 - i4);
int sd5 = Math.abs(i1 - i5) + Math.abs(i2 - i5) + Math.abs(i3 - i5) + Math.abs(i3 - i5);
int sd = sd1;
int med = i1;
if (sd2 < sd){
sd = sd2;
med = i2;
}
if (sd3 < sd){
sd = sd3;
med = i3;
}
if (sd4 < sd){
sd = sd4;
med = i4;
}
if (sd5 < sd){
sd = sd5;
med = i5;
}
System.out.println("the median is: " + med);
}
public static void main(String [] args){
new MedianOf5().run();
}
}
|
stack_edu
|
Saturday, August 24, 2013
Alex Epstein: Fossil Fuels Power Electric Cars
Related Reading:
We Are Doomed Without, Not Because of, Fossil Fuel Use
The Tesla Debate @ the Center for Industrial Progress
Mike Kevitt said...
If electricity (any electricity) comes from somewhere other than fossil, nuclear, hydro-, or an 'atom' or two from wind or solar, I can think of only one other significant source: thunderstorms, which build up static, usually yielding current: lightening. Can lightening be harnessed? Would it be reliable enough?
The environment generally, including the atmosphere, might have static throughout, though sparse. But, static might still be concentrated in places, more accessible, perhaps reliable.
Might the environment be a natural storage battery which, if tapped, would promptly recharge itself?
Accessible, how? Is such a science fiction a total fantasy?
Galt's motor, in ATLAS SHRUGGED, absorbed static from the atmosphere. That means discharging static as current (like lightening, though harnessed), yielding power to run the motor. That's science fiction, to this day. But, in reality, could static, if it prevails everywhere, be harnessed and controlled, maybe not by a motor directly (but, why not?), but somehow, then fed, as a current, to a resistor? Shucks, I think so. Might be as good as, maybe better than, fusion.
Any scientists out there reading this guff? If so, am I outa my gourd? Whether I am or not, I'll blab with anybody about it who has his head screwed on straight.
Steve D said...
Well, I'm a biochemist, not a physicist but it is definitely possible to collect static electricity and use it to produce a current, so Galt’s motor could be constructed at least in theory. Serious scientists are already working on it but...unfortunately it will suffer from the same problem as wind and solar - a potentially huge source of energy which is not concentrated enough to make a significant contribution to our energy needs.
The answer as I will keep repeating and repeating until I’m blue in the face is nuclear fission. The amount of energy available in thorium and uranium deposits is vastly greater than all the fossil fuels combined. Nuclear is cheaper, safer and more efficient than fossil fuels. When the fossil fuels are used up (which they will eventually be) no other form of energy exists on Earth sufficient to run an industrial civilization. Fourth generation reactors, which produce no radioactive waste are under development.
Mike Kevitt said...
Thanks, Steve D. I buy what you say. I've been sold on fission since the '70's. If there's enough fuel for fission to last millions of years, like I've read, fusion can hardly be needed.
I see only one problem, hopefully temporary, hopefully disposed of in the next 20 years or so: getting the public wised up to the real nature of the 'environmentalists'.
Steve D said...
True Mike, but as we both know fission is only one of the targets of the 'environmentalists'. I heartily agree we have to knock them down. Otherwise, they'll happily go after any technology which works for the betterment of mankind (another obvious example is GMO’s).
I became cognizant of the real goal of the 'environmentalists’ during my teen years. In my youthful naivety, I heard all their diatribes against coal and oil and of their so-called love for the environment and based on these arguments, I assumed that (almost by definition) they HAD to be in favor of nuclear energy. Imagine my surprise when I found out they weren’t. It made me think hard, very hard, and after reading Ayn Rand, I finally understood why.
BTW: It may very well turn out that fusion power will never be particularly feasible. Getting more energy out of the reaction than we put in is only the first step. Then we have to make it pay for itself. By why worry? Fission power exists; enough for millions of years, I’m not sure, but thousands for sure and these resources exist elsewhere in the solar system as well and it will give us plenty of time to figure this all out.
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dclm_edu
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Select Page
What is a Middle 8 in music?
ASFXThe middle 8 is a section of a song (generally in the middle) that departs from the rest of the song in some way, perhaps by introducing a different chord progression or melody, or even by changing tempo or key. The middle 8 is generally used to inject a bit of variety into a song that might otherwise get boring just following the standard verse / chorus / verse / chorus structure.
It is called the middle 8 because traditionally it would have been an 8-bar section in the middle of a song.
About The Author
Red Dog Music
Leave a reply
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dclm_edu
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What is Demonetization?
Demonetization takes place whenever there is a change of national currency. It is the act of striping the currency unit of its status as legal tender. This move requires the old unit of the currency of a nation to be discharged and replaced with a new currency unit.
Why governments resolve to demonetize the currency?
There are multiple reasons why governments demonetize their local unit of currency. Major reasons include to combat inflation, combat corruption and to discourage the cash system.
How does it happen?
The demonetization process involves either introducing new currency notes or coins of the same currency or completely replacing the whole currency with new currency. The effect of demonetization will be massive in many markets where payment of cash is mandatory and major forms of profit is taking place in terms of money.
The expected benefits of demonetization in a democracy
• On long-term basis the government’s decision to control black money, may result in the reduction of corruption and bring transparency into the sector.
• The move will benefit the poor, the middle class and aspirational middle class and will upsurge the opportunity thereby, bringing in real estate and higher education within their reach.
• Investment in gold and jewels will increase as trust on currency will gradually go down.
• Funding for arms, smuggling and terrorism will take a setback.
• The lower and middle class will not find it tough to account for or exchange the currency.
• Direct and indirect tax can be expected to take a raise.
• More digital transaction will take place.
• Reduction in parallel economy will increase the size of formal economy.
Indian government’s move and announcement on 8th November 2016
On the 8th of November 2016, the Indian government decided to demonetize the 500 and 1000 rupee notes. These notes accounted upto 86% of the country’s cash supply. The government’s aim was to eradicate counterfeit currency, fight tax evasion, eliminate black money acquired from money laundering and terrorist financing activities and to promote a cashless economy.
By making the larger denomination notes worthless, the individuals and entities that own huge sum of black money that had been acquired from parallel cash systems were mandated to convert the money at a bank which is by law required to collect tax information from the entity. If the entity is lacking with proof regarding the tax payments made on the cash, a tax penalty of 200% was imposed. This move is expected to bring more transaction under the tax net.
What have been the fallouts?
The government’s move is bold in its intent and massive in its measure while the intent is clear the implementation and impact isn’t worth it. The fallouts of demonetization is as follows
• The move led to the slowdown of the Indian economy.
• With the emerging cashless transaction situation, the government and the businesses will have the necessity to guard against cyber-attacks.
• The demonetization effect had caused severe inconvenience to common people.
• This move deeply impacts the working sections dependent on monthly or bi-monthly cash payments.
• The small businesses will be affected at least in the shorter run.
• Black money in the form of foreign currency and gold would be eliminated from the move and stashed away in tax havens.
How does it impact on property and gold prices?
Land and property prices particularly those of luxury homes are likely to fall in the short and medium term. Unorganized builders and secondary property market would be adversely impacted. There may be a short-term impact on the gold prices. Initially the gold prices may fall but gradually it would get back to its normal market value.
The ban on high denomination of currency has the potential to dramatically rise up the volumes of electronic transaction. To protect this, there is an instant need for the banks to be proactive on their information security and reinforce their IT infrastructure against the potential cyber-attacks. With more electronic transactions and monitored cash disburser, the government will have greater control on who has access to money.
The demonetization move will force the people to disclose their income and pay taxes. This will lead India to be a more tax-complaint society!!
Thanks for reading.
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dclm_edu
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Displaying 1-26 of 440 results
RV Rental Youngwood, PA
Motorhome, Camper and RV Rentals Youngwood, PA
RV Rentals Near Youngwood, PA
Why Book Your RV Rental With RVshare
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fineweb_edu
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Star Wars Harrison Ford George Lucas 1977 3-sheet Billboard Movie Poster
3-Sheet (41 by 77 inch) Movie Poster for the 1977 George Lucas landmark Sci-Fi film Star Wars starring Harrison Ford, Mark Hamill and Carrie Fisher. This is an International 3-sheet stamped Foreign on the back. The iconic artwork is by Tom Jung. This poster is completely unused. There is a tiny pinpoint of wear at two of the crossfolds. Condition is Very Fine / Near Mint. As collectors ourselves, we pack every item to arrive undamaged.
My web site is one of the oldest and most trusted sources of vintage movie posters, lobby cards and music memorabilia on the internet. For more details please see my ME page. The item "STAR WARS HARRISON FORD GEORGE LUCAS 1977 3-SHEET BILLBOARD MOVIE POSTER" is in sale since Monday, May 02, 2011. This item is in the category "Entertainment Memorabilia\Movie Memorabilia\Posters\Originals-United States\1970-79".
com" and is located in Huntington, New York. This item can be shipped worldwide.
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fineweb_edu
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Australia's Biggest Blood Pressure Check
It just keeps getting bigger!
This year, Stroke Foundation has partnered with SiSU Wellness to expand Australia’s Biggest Blood Pressure Check to reach more Australians.
82% of people found to have high blood pressure during Australia’s Biggest Blood Pressure Check 2017 didn’t know they had it. Are you one of them?
Get your free 5 minute digital health check now.
Where to find your nearest Digital Health Station
Search from 300 Digital Health Stations nationally
or you can find your closest Priceline pharmacies.
2017 Results – National
A record number of Australians participated
There were a massive 521,747 free health checks including blood pressure conducted nationally.
High Blood Pressure remains prevalent
Top 10 hot spots for high blood pressure
* Note – not all postcodes included. Only suburbs with a digital health station are recorded.
** Less than 30 checks conducted in these locations
But most people don’t know they have high blood pressure
High blood pressure, or hypertension, is known as a silent killer as there are no visible symptoms. The only way you know you have it is to get a blood pressure check. Alarmingly, a huge majority had no idea of their risk prior to their free health check.
High blood pressure is the largest risk factor for stroke
Men have a significantly higher risk of stroke than women. Almost half of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have high stroke risk.
After taking the free health check during 2017 Australia’s Biggest Blood Pressure Check and finding they had high blood pressure or high stroke risk, many Australians made changes to reduce their risk factors.*
(*Based on online survey 1 month after health check.)
Bringing positive results
Participants who took action on their health showed a measurable improvement in rates of high blood pressure.**
(** Based on analysis of blood pressure results of digital health stations repeat users over time.)
Download the National Results (PDF)
Download the State Results for
(Note – insufficient data for Northern Territory at this stage. Future reports will provide more detail).
|
fineweb_edu
|
X
Image representation using distributed weighted finite automata
Y. Sivasubramanyam, Kamala Krithivasan
Published in Elsevier
2001
Volume: 46
Pages: 161 - 176
Abstract
Weighted finite automata (WFA) define real functions, in particular, grayness functions of graytone images. Inference algorithm that converts an arbitrary function (graytone image) into a WFA that can regenerate it is given in . In this paper we define the theoretical construct of Cooperating Distributed Weighted Finite Automata with n-components (n-WFA) and study the power of this construct in various modes of acceptance. We give an inference algorithm and the de-inference algorithm for the n-WFA. © 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
Concepts (11)
•
Computational grammars
•
Distributed computer systems
•
Finite element method
•
Functions
•
Image compression
•
Inference engines
•
GRAMMER SYSTEMS
•
GRAYSCALE FUNCTION
•
IMAGE REPRESENTATION
•
WEIGHTED FINITE AUTOMATA (WFA)
•
AUTOMATA THEORY
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infimm_webmath
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Wednesday, 30 January 2013
"Better off dead"? Time to educate
A couple of days ago a twitter friend of mine was fed up by some frustrating things which tend to happen to disabled people periodically. She let off steam on twitter with the hashtag #heardwhilstdisabled.
This resonated with many disabled people who started to add their stories too. Before you knew it #heardwhilstdisabled was trending and continued to do so throughout the day, creating a testimony to the sort of ignorant, rude and sometimes upsetting comments disabled people too often face.
It created enough of a storm for the Independent to write about it.
Personally I recognised most of what was written. I quite enjoyed the day and reading the thread. It reminded me I wasn't alone and it wasn't my fault these sorts of things are said.
I used to get very upset by the things said to me. These days, it usually makes me laugh. The exceptions to this are things that stop a disabled people doing something (eg refusal to grant disabled access, or to serve someone) or actual violence. For this reason I was amused rather than upset by a lot of the thread, although I accept that for some it must have made for harrowing reading.
I feel maybe I should explain my change in attitude, particularly given the anger my own examples gave rise to, in particular this one:
"If I were you, I'd kill myself" (perfect stranger, me happily waiting to cross road in powerchair on way to work) #heardwhilstdisabled
This, perhaps understandably, upset many people. I was asked how I'd reacted to it, with a number of people jokingly suggesting running him over and many saying they would have retorted it would be better if the stranger killed himself.
Rather naively I was surprised at the depth of anger and feeling. I don't feel this way and it is MY example! I admit that at the time I was very taken aback and totally shocked. But as I explained to the people on twitter what I actually did was:
I told him I loved my life and for all he knew his life was worse than mine. He didn't look happy at that! #heardwhilstdisabled
There is a good reason for this rather than my getting angry with him.
There is a flip side to #heardwhilstdisabled. Although I have lots of examples (and many more than I shared), they are spread over a period of 12 years. Over the same time I have seen many people be friendly and approachable or go out of their way to help me, both friends and strangers. In my experience there are friendly helpful people, indifferent people (probably the majority), ignorant sometimes hurtful people and malicious nasty people.
To the surprise of most people I class the chap who told me he would kill himself if he was like me as ignorant and hurtful, not nasty and malicious. This is someone who cannot imagine life in a wheelchair. This is someone who probably enjoys many things you cannot do in a wheelchair and cannot conceive giving them up. Faced with this he can see only one way out.
I can understand this. As I wrote in my last blog post, when I was 16 I was a sport fanatic. I remember I once foolishly and blithely said that if I couldn't play sport anymore I would want to die. At the time all my spare time was spent playing sport and I loved it. I was in France and school was hard and elitist (trust me, it is unlike anything you know here!). Sport was my escape and literally my life.
I honestly believed what I had said about wanting to die if I could no longer play sport. But strangely enough, here I am, mostly bedbound, as far away from playing sport as you can get, and with no desire to die whatsoever.
Admittedly I would never have gone up to a disabled person unable to play sport and told them that if I were like them I would want to die. There is NO excuse for that. But the feeling was there nonetheless. I couldn't think of a life without sport. I couldn't imagine coping without it.
I was ignorant but also underestimating my own ability to adapt. When the time came and I became ill, then disabled, it turned out that not only was it possible to adapt in ways I had been unable to conceive of but that life could still be quite fun thank you very much! In fact I know of people who are far more unhappy than I am.
So when faced with someone saying something like this, given enough time I feel I should tell them that
a) I enjoy my life
b) My life may be just as good as theirs
c) Everyone can adapt, including them
Now, this isn't to downplay the difficulties of being sick and/or disabled. And to get a) and b) you need the proper support and facilities otherwise life is going to be pretty awful. This is why I and many others have been fighting government cuts to social services, support and benefits.
But no one should think that someone who is disabled is automatically better off dead. There is always so much you can do, even stuck in a bed! I want to educate people on that, not simply get angry. And having stupidly thought something similar myself as a young teenager I feel maybe I can see where people are coming from and perhaps change their minds from "I would kill myself" to "I'd hate to have to do it, but I would adapt".
1. Totally agree, its about balance.
I havent yet met anyone say something with nasty intent (even a family member who should know better)
when I out and about i always look up at the person and smile a welocme and say hello, often people especially shop workers etc dont know what to do and for the fear of offending panic a by appraching them with a smile and letting them know i can gives permission to relax.
2. Sadly I have met at least two people with nasty intent.
The first spat on my legs and called me "freak" as he walked past me. I was in my manual wheelchair being pushed by my dad on a sunny family day out in the middle of Weymouth. By the time we realised what had happened the guy had vanished into the crowd. I'm actually quite relieved because I don't know what would have happened if my dad had confronted him.
The second was a man (probably drunk) outside a pub who came towards me fists raised as I drove past in my electric wheelchair. He shook his fists and yelled that I should have been "killed at birth". I shrug it off now and joke that the feeling was mutual, but the truth is that I was really afraid and scared for my safety. I was very glad of the extra turn of speed my outdoor electric wheelchair has.
That said, those are only 2 incidents in 12 years, so hardly a commonplace occurence. I hope there won't be any more but am prepared that it may happen again at some point.
3. I think in 12 years most people (regardless of health, race or gender) have experienced unwarranted anger from a stranger, especially around closing time outside a pub. It's not nice and it is scary but if you are healthy you can run away. If you're not healthy and not in a power chair, it limits your escape velocity somewhat.
But, I do agree in your case it was probably ignorance and lack of mental editing that made him say that he would kill himself. People find it so hard to believe that even in daily pain and exhaustion there is so much you can find to value and enjoy. Sometimes I think by taking so much away from your life you gain much more pleasure from the things you have left that you enjoy. The enjoyment is less diluted by other things. I am happier now than I was for most of my life before I got sick. That's because I have built a life around my sickness that has the right people in it and hobbies that I enjoy.
1. While I agree that most people may havve experienced anger from people around closing time outside a pub, the second experience I mentioned above wasn't like that.
First of all it happened in the middle of the day around lunch time. I was travelling along a fairly busy street and this man was standing against a wall. It was only the next day that I realised that there is a pub there and I am giving him the benefit of the doubt that he had been inside and was drunk.
In any event he singled me out from the crowd for his abuse and threatening behaviour. As far as I could tell he did not shout at anyone else once I had gone far enough down the street.
If you go out to a pub and are in the streets at closing time you might expect drunken behaviour. If you are travelling down a busy street in the middle of the day minding your own business, you do not. You certainly don't expect to be singled out from the crowd and threatened. I don't for a moment accept that this happens to most people.
|
dclm_edu
|
'''
Utility functions for ingestion
'''
import traceback
def copy_table(target_schema, src_schema, table_name,
fresh=False, **kwargs):
target_table = getattr(target_schema, table_name)
src_table = getattr(src_schema, table_name)
if fresh:
target_table.insert(src_table, **kwargs)
else:
try:
target_table.insert(src_table - target_table.proj(),
skip_duplicates=True, **kwargs)
except Exception:
for t in (src_table - target_table.proj()).fetch(as_dict=True):
try:
if table_name == 'DataSet' and \
not len(t['dataset_created_by']):
t.pop('dataset_created_by')
target_table.insert1(t, skip_duplicates=True, **kwargs)
except Exception:
print("Error when inserting {}".format(t))
|
stack_edu
|
31 October, 10:33
# Three missiles are fired at an enemy arsenal. The probabilities the individual missile will hit the arsenal are 0.75, 0.85, and 0.9. Find the probability that at least two of the missiles hit the arsenal ...
+4
1. 31 October, 10:48
0
The probability that at least two of the missiles hit the arsenal:
P (x ≥ 2) = P (x = 2) + P (x = 3)
P (x = 2) = 0.75 · 0.85 · 0.1 + 0.85 · 0.9 · 0.25 + 0.75 · 0.9 · 0.15 =
= 0.06375 + 0.10125 + 0.19125 = 0.35625
P (x = 3) = 0.75 · 0.85 · 0.9 = 0.57375
P (x ≥ 2) = 0.35625 + 0.57375 = 0.93
|
finemath
|
Next week, we will be hosting a school supply and book drive to assist Beaumont I.S.D. The needs in Beaumont are vast and almost incomprehensible. We have several connections, in the Beaumont area, and would like to do something to assist the many staff members and students affected by Hurricane Harvey.
There will be grade level labeled bins in the hallway, all next week, for students and parents to place donated items. Please consider helping by sending school supplies and/or books to school next week if you are able. I described our school and community to the BISD Asst. Supt. Dr. Shannon Allen as a small school and community with a huge heart.
We will also collect items on Friday, September 15th, at the White Oak vs. Spring Hill football game. Our hope is to “fill up a pickup” with supplies to support our friends in Beaumont. Thank you in advance for your kindness and support. We expect this to be a tremendous service learning opportunity for our students.
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fineweb_edu
|
Mises Daily
Home | Library | Punishment and Proportionality
Punishment and Proportionality
• Statue of Justice
December 5, 2014
Tags Philosophy and MethodologyPolitical Theory
This article is excerpted from chapter 13 of The Ethics of Liberty.1
Few aspects of libertarian political theory are in a less satisfactory state than the theory of punishment.2 Usually, libertarians have been content to assert or develop the axiom that no one may aggress against the person or property of another; what sanctions may be taken against such an invader has been scarcely treated at all. We have advanced the view that the criminal loses his rights to the extent that he deprives another of his rights: the theory of "proportionality." We must now elaborate further on what such a theory of proportional punishment may imply.
In the first place, it should be clear that the proportionate principle is a maximum, rather than a mandatory, punishment for the criminal. In the libertarian society, there are, as we have said, only two parties to a dispute or action at law: the victim, or plaintiff, and the alleged criminal, or defendant. It is the plaintiff that presses charges in the courts against the wrongdoer. In a libertarian world, there would be no crimes against an ill-defined "society," and therefore no such person as a "district attorney" who decides on a charge and then presses those charges against an alleged criminal. The proportionality rule tells us how much punishment a plaintiff may exact from a convicted wrongdoer, and no more; it imposes the maximum limit on punishment that may be inflicted before the punisher himself becomes a criminal aggressor.
Thus, it should be quite clear that, under libertarian law, capital punishment would have to be confined strictly to the crime of murder. For a criminal would only lose his right to life if he had first deprived some victim of that same right. It would not be permissible, then, for a merchant whose bubble gum had been stolen, to execute the convicted bubble gum thief. If he did so, then he, the merchant, would be an unjustifiable murderer, who could be brought to the bar of justice by the heirs or assigns of the bubble gum thief.
But, in libertarian law, there would be no compulsion on the plaintiff, or his heirs, to exact this maximum penalty. If the plaintiff or his heir, for example, did not believe in capital punishment, for whatever reason, he could voluntarily forgive the victim of part or all of his penalty. If he were a Tolstoyan, and was opposed to punishment altogether, he could simply forgive the criminal, and that would be that.
Or — and this has a long and honorable tradition in older Western law — the victim or his heir could allow the criminal to buy his way out of part or all of his punishment. Thus, if proportionality allowed the victim to send the criminal to jail for ten years, the criminal could, if the victim wished, pay the victim to reduce or eliminate this sentence. The proportionality theory only supplies the upper bound to punishment — since it tells us how much punishment a victim may rightfully impose.
A problem might arise in the case of murder — since a victim's heirs might prove less than diligent in pursuing the murderer, or be unduly inclined to let the murderer buy his way out of punishment. This problem could be taken care of simply by people stating in their wills what punishment they should like to inflict on their possible murderers. The believer in strict retribution, as well as the Tolstoyan opponent of all punishment, could then have their wishes precisely carried out. The deceased, indeed, could provide in his will for, say, a crime insurance company to which he subscribes to be the prosecutor of his possible murderer.
If, then, proportionality sets the upper bound to punishment, how may we establish proportionality itself? The first point is that the emphasis in punishment must be not on paying one's debt to "society," whatever that may mean, but in paying one's "debt" to the victim. Certainly, the initial part of that debt is restitution. This works clearly in cases of theft. If A has stolen $15,000 from B, then the first, or initial, part of A's punishment must be to restore that $15,000 to the hands of B (plus damages, judicial and police costs, and interest foregone).
Suppose that, as in most cases, the thief has already spent the money. In that case, the first step of proper libertarian punishment is to force the thief to work, and to allocate the ensuing income to the victim until the victim has been repaid. The ideal situation, then, puts the criminal frankly into a state of enslavement to his victim, the criminal continuing in that condition of just slavery until he has redressed the grievance of the man he has wronged.3
We must note that the emphasis of restitution-punishment is diametrically opposite to the current practice of punishment. What happens nowadays is the following absurdity: A steals $15,000 from B. The government tracks down, tries, and convicts A, all at the expense of B, as one of the numerous taxpayers victimized in this process. Then, the government, instead of forcing A to repay B or to work at forced labor until that debt is paid, forces B, the victim, to pay taxes to support the criminal in prison for ten or twenty years' time. Where in the world is the justice here? The victim not only loses his money, but pays more money besides for the dubious thrill of catching, convicting, and then supporting the criminal; and the criminal is still enslaved, but not to the good purpose of recompensing his victim.
The idea of primacy for restitution to the victim has great precedent in law; indeed, it is an ancient principle of law which has been allowed to wither away as the State has aggrandized and monopolized the institutions of justice. In medieval Ireland, for example, a king was not the head of State but rather a crime-insurer; if someone committed a crime, the first thing that happened was that the king paid the "insurance" benefit to the victim, and then proceeded to force the criminal to pay the king in turn (restitution to the victim's insurance company being completely derived from the idea of restitution to the victim).
In many parts of colonial America, which were too poor to afford the dubious luxury of prisons, the thief was indentured out by the courts to his victim, there to be forced to work for his victim until his "debt" was paid. This does not necessarily mean that prisons would disappear in the libertarian society, but they would undoubtedly change drastically, since their major goal would be to force the criminals to provide restitution to their victims.4
In fact, in the Middle Ages generally, restitution to the victim was the dominant concept of punishment; only as the State grew more powerful did the governmental authorities encroach ever more into the repayment process, increasingly confiscating a greater proportion of the criminal's property for themselves, and leaving less and less to the unfortunate victim. Indeed, as the emphasis shifted from restitution to the victim, from compensation by the criminal to his victim, to punishment for alleged crimes committed "against the State," the punishments exacted by the State became more and more severe. As the early twentieth-century criminologist William Tallack wrote,
It was chiefly owing to the violent greed of feudal barons and medieval ecclesiastical powers that the rights of the injured party were gradually infringed upon, and finally, to a large extent, appropriated by these authorities, who exacted a double vengeance, indeed, upon the offender, by forfeiting his property to themselves instead of to his victim, and then punishing him by the dungeon, the torture, the stake or the gibbet. But the original victim of wrong was practically ignored.
Or, as Professor Schafer has summed up: "As the state monopolized the institution of punishment, so the rights of the injured were slowly separated from penal law."5
But restitution, while the first consideration in punishment, can hardly serve as the complete and sufficient criterion. For one thing, if one man assaults another, and there is no theft of property, there is obviously no way for the criminal to make restitution. In ancient forms of law, there were often set schedules for monetary recompense that the criminal would have to pay the victim: so much money for an assault, so much more for mutilation, etc. But such schedules are clearly wholly arbitrary, and bear no relation to the nature of the crime itself. We must therefore fall back upon the view that the criterion must be: loss of rights by the criminal to the same extent as he has taken away.
But how are we to gauge the nature of the extent? Let us return to the theft of the $15,000. Even here, simple restitution of the $15,000 is scarcely sufficient to cover the crime (even if we add damages, costs, interest, etc.). For one thing, mere loss of the money stolen obviously fails to function in any sense as a deterrent to future such crime (although we will see below that deterrence itself is a faulty criterion for gauging punishment).
If, then, we are to say that the criminal loses rights to the extent that he deprives the victim, then we must say that the criminal should not only have to return the $15,000, but that he must be forced to pay the victim another $15,000, so that he, in turn, loses those rights (to $15,000 worth of property) which he had taken from the victim. In the case of theft, then, we may say that the criminal must pay double the extent of theft: once, for restitution of the amount stolen, and once again for loss of what he had deprived another.6
But we are still not finished with elaborating the extent of deprivation of rights involved in a crime. For A had not simply stolen $15,000 from B, which can be restored and an equivalent penalty imposed. He had also put B into a state of fear and uncertainty, of uncertainty as to the extent that B's deprivation would go. But the penalty levied on A is fixed and certain in advance, thus putting A in far better shape than was his original victim. So that for proportionate punishment to be levied we would also have to add more than double so as to compensate the victim in some way for the uncertain and fearful aspects of his particular ordeal.7 What this extra compensation should be it is impossible to say exactly, but that does not absolve any rational system of punishment — including the one that would apply in the libertarian society — from the problem of working it out as best one can.
In the question of bodily assault, where restitution does not even apply, we can again employ our criterion of proportionate punishment; so that if A has beaten up B in a certain way, then B has the right to beat up A (or have him beaten up by judicial employees) to rather more than the same extent.
Here allowing the criminal to buy his way out of this punishment could indeed enter in, but only as a voluntary contract with the plaintiff. For example, suppose that A has severely beaten B; B now has the right to beat up A as severely, or a bit more, or to hire someone or some organization to do the beating for him (who in a libertarian society, could be marshals hired by privately competitive courts). But A, of course, is free to try to buy his way out, to pay B for waiving his right to have his aggressor beaten up.
The victim, then, has the right to exact punishment up to the proportional amount as determined by the extent of the crime, but he is also free either to allow the aggressor to buy his way out of punishment, or to forgive the aggressor partially or altogether. The proportionate level of punishment sets the right of the victim, the permissible upper bound of punishment; but how much or whether the victim decides to exercise that right is up to him. As Professor Armstrong puts it:
[T]here should be a proportion between the severity of the crime and the severity of the punishment. It sets an upper limit to the punishment, suggests what is due. ... Justice gives the appropriate authority [in our view, the victim] the right to punish offenders up to some limit, but one is not necessarily and invariably obliged to punish to the limit of justice. Similarly, if I lend a man money I have a right, in justice, to have it returned, but if I choose not to take it back I have not done anything unjust. I cannot claim more than is owed to me but I am free to claim less, or even to claim nothing.8
Or, as Professor McCloskey states: "We do not act unjustly if, moved by benevolence, we impose less than is demanded by justice, but there is a grave injustice if the deserved punishment is exceeded."9
Many people, when confronted with the libertarian legal system, are concerned with this problem: would somebody be allowed to "take the law into his own hands"? Would the victim, or a friend of the victim, be allowed to exact justice personally on the criminal?
The answer is, of course, Yes, since all rights of punishment derive from the victim's right of self-defense.In the libertarian, purely free-market society, however, the victim will generally find it more convenient to entrust the task to the police and court agencies.10
Suppose, for example, that Hatfield1 murders McCoy1. McCoy2 then decides to seek out and execute Hatfield1 himself. This is fine, except that, just as in the case of the police coercion discussed in the previous section, McCoy2 may have to face the prospect of being charged with murder in the private courts by Hatfield2. The point is that if the courts find that Hatfield1 was indeed the murderer, then nothing happens to McCoy2 in our schema except public approbation for executing justice. But if it turns out that there was not enough evidence to convict Hatfield1 for the original murder, or if indeed some other Hatfield or some stranger committed the crime, then McCoy2 as in the case of the police invaders mentioned above, cannot plead any sort of immunity; he then becomes a murderer liable to be executed by the courts at the behest of the irate Hatfield heirs.
Hence, just as in the libertarian society, the police will be mighty careful to avoid invasion of the rights of any suspect unless they are absolutely convinced of his guilt and willing to put their bodies on the line for this belief, so also few people will "take the law into their own hands" unless they are similarly convinced. Furthermore, if Hatfield1 merely beat up McCoy1, and then McCoy kills him in return, this too would put McCoy up for punishment as a murderer. Thus, the almost universal inclination would be to leave the execution of justice to the courts, whose decisions based on rules of evidence, trial procedure, etc. similar to what may apply now, would be accepted by society as honest and as the best that could be achieved.11
It should be evident that our theory of proportional punishment — that people may be punished by losing their rights to the extent that they have invaded the rights of others — is frankly a retributive theory of punishment, a "tooth (or two teeth) for a tooth" theory.12 Retribution is in bad repute among philosophers, who generally dismiss the concept quickly as "primitive" or "barbaric" and then race on to a discussion of the two other major theories of punishment: deterrence and rehabilitation. But simply to dismiss a concept as "barbaric" can hardly suffice; after all, it is possible that in this case, the "barbarians" hit on a concept that was superior to the more modern creeds.
Professor H.L.A. Hart describes the "crudest form" of proportionality, such as we have advocated here (the lex talionis), as
the notion that what the criminal has done should be done to him, and wherever thinking about punishment is primitive, as it often is, this crude idea reasserts itself: the killer should be killed, the violent assailant should be flogged.13
But "primitive" is scarcely a valid criticism, and Hart himself admits that this "crude" form presents fewer difficulties than the more "refined" versions of the proportionality-retributivist thesis. His only reasoned criticism, which he seems to think dismisses the issue, is a quote from Blackstone:
There are very many crimes, that will in no shape admit of these penalties, without manifest absurdity and wickedness. Theft cannot be punished by theft, defamation by defamation, forgery by forgery, adultery by adultery.
But these are scarcely cogent criticisms. Theft and forgery constitute robbery, and the robber can certainly be made to provide restitution and proportional damages to the victim; there is no conceptual problem there. Adultery, in the libertarian view, is not a crime at all, and neither, as will be seen below, is "defamation."14
Let us then turn to the two major modern theories and see if they provide a criterion for punishment which truly meets our conceptions of justice, as retribution surely does.15 Deterrence was the principle put forth by utilitarianism, as part of its aggressive dismissal of principles of justice and natural law, and the replacement of these allegedly metaphysical principles by hard practicality. The practical goal of punishments was then supposed to be to deter further crime, either by the criminal himself or by other members of society. But this criterion of deterrence implies schemas of punishment which almost everyone would consider grossly unjust. For example, if there were no punishment for crime at all, a great number of people would commit petty theft, such as stealing fruit from a fruit-stand. On the other hand, most people have a far greater built-in inner objection to themselves committing murder than they have to petty shoplifting, and would be far less apt to commit the grosser crime. Therefore, if the object of punishment is to deter from crime, then a far greater punishment would be required for preventing shoplifting than for preventing murder, a system that goes against most people's ethical standards. As a result, with deterrence as the criterion there would have to be stringent capital punishment for petty thievery — for the theft of bubble gum — while murderers might only incur the penalty of a few months in jail.16
Similarly, a classic critique of the deterrence principle is that, if deterrence were our sole criterion, it would be perfectly proper for the police or courts to execute publicly for a crime someone whom they know to be innocent, but whom they had convinced the public was guilty. The knowing execution of an innocent man — provided, of course, that the knowledge can be kept secret — would exert a deterrence effect just as fully as the execution of the guilty. And yet, of course, such a policy, too, goes violently against almost everyone's standards of justice.
The fact that nearly everyone would consider such schemes of punishments grotesque, despite their fulfillment of the deterrence criterion, shows that people are interested in something more important than deterrence. What this may be is indicated by the overriding objection that these deterrent scales of punishment, or the killing of an innocent man, clearly invert our usual view of justice. Instead of the punishment "fitting the crime" it is now graded in inverse proportion to its severity or is meted out to the innocent rather than the guilty. In short, the deterrence principle implies a gross violation of the intuitive sense that justice connotes some form of fitting and proportionate punishment to the guilty party and to him alone.
The most recent, supposedly highly "humanitarian" criterion for punishment is to "rehabilitate" the criminal. Old-fashioned justice, the argument goes, concentrated on punishing the criminal, either in retribution or to deter future crime; the new criterion humanely attempts to reform and rehabilitate the criminal. But on further consideration, the "humanitarian" rehabilitation principle not only leads to arbitrary and gross injustice, it also places enormous and arbitrary power to decide men's fates in the hands of the dispensers of punishment. Thus, suppose that Smith is a mass murderer, while Jones stole some fruit from a stand. Instead of being sentenced in proportion to their crimes, their sentences are now indeterminate, with confinement ending upon their supposedly successful "rehabilitation."
But this gives the power to determine the prisoners' lives into the hands of an arbitrary group of supposed rehabilitators. It would mean that instead of equality under the law — an elementary criterion of justice — with equal crimes being punished equally, one man may go to prison for a few weeks, if he is quickly "rehabilitated," while another may remain in prison indefinitely. Thus, in our case of Smith and Jones, suppose that the mass murderer Smith is, according to our board of "experts," rapidly rehabilitated. He is released in three weeks, to the plaudits of the supposedly successful reformers. In the meanwhile, Jones, the fruit-stealer, persists in being incorrigible and clearly un-rehabilitated, at least in the eyes of the expert board. According to the logic of the principle, he must stay incarcerated indefinitely, perhaps for the rest of his life, for while the crime was negligible, he continued to remain outside the influence of his "humanitarian" mentors.
Thus, Professor K.G. Armstrong writes of the reform principle:
The logical pattern of penalties will be for each criminal to be given reformatory treatment until he is sufficiently changed for the experts to certify him as reformed. On this theory, every sentence ought to be indeterminate — "to be determined at the Psychologist's pleasure," perhaps — for there is no longer any basis for the principle of a definite limit to punishment. "You stole a loaf of bread? Well, we'll have to reform you, even if it takes the rest of your life." From the moment he is guilty the criminal loses his rights as a human being. ... This is not a form of humanitarianism I care for.17
Never has the tyranny and gross injustice of the "humanitarian" theory of punishment-as-reform been revealed in more scintillating fashion than by C.S. Lewis. Noting that the "reformers" call their proposed actions "healing" or "therapy" rather than "punishment," Lewis adds:
Lewis goes on to demonstrate the particularly harsh tyranny that is likely to be levied by "humanitarians" out to inflict their "reforms" and "cures" on the populace:
Furthermore, Lewis points out, the rulers can use the concept of "disease" as a means for terming any actions that they dislike as "crimes" and then to inflict a totalitarian rule in the name of therapy.
For if crime and disease are to be regarded as the same thing, it follows that any state of mind which our masters choose to call "disease" can be treated as crime; and compulsorily cured. It will be vain to plead that states of mind which displease government need not always involve moral turpitude and do not therefore always deserve forfeiture of liberty. For our masters will not be using concepts of Desert and Punishment but those of disease and cure. ... It will not be persecution. Even if the treatment is painful, even if it is life-long, even if it is fatal, that will be only a regrettable accident; the intention was purely therapeutic. Even in ordinary medicine there were painful operations and fatal operations; so in this. But because they are "treatment," not punishment, they can be criticized only by fellow-experts and on technical grounds, never by men as men and on grounds of justice.18
Thus, we see that the fashionable reform approach to punishment can be at least as grotesque and far more uncertain and arbitrary than the deterrence principle. Retribution remains as our only just and viable theory of punishment and equal treatment for equal crime is fundamental to such retributive punishment. The barbaric turns out to be the just while the "modern" and the "humanitarian" turn out to be grotesque parodies of justice.
Image source: iStockphoto.
• 1. This chapter appeared in substantially the same form in Murray N. Rothbard, "Punishment and Proportionality," in Assessing the Criminal: Restitution, Retribution, and the Legal Process, R. Barnett and J. Hagel, eds. (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Publishing, 1977), pp. 259–70.
• 2. It must be noted, however, that all legal systems, whether libertarian or not, must work out some theory of punishment, and that existing systems are in at least as unsatisfactory a state as punishment in libertarian theory.
• 3. Significantly, the only exception to the prohibition of involuntary servitude in the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution is the "enslavement" of criminals: "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction."
• 4. On the principles of restitution and "composition" (the criminal buying off the victim) in law, see Stephen Schafer, Restitution to Victims of Crime (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1960).
• 5. William Tallack, Reparation to the Injured and the Rights of the Victims of Crime to Compensation (London, 1900), pp. 11–12; Schafer, Restitution to Victims of Crime, pp. 7–8.
• 6. This principle of libertarian double punishment has been pithily described by Professor Walter Block as the principle of "two teeth for a tooth."
• 7. I am indebted to Professor Robert Nozick of Harvard University for pointing out this problem to me.
• 8. K.G. Armstrong, "The Retributivist Hits Back," Mind (1961), reprinted in Stanley E. Grupp, ed., Theories of Punishment (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1971), pp. 35–36.
• 9. We would add that the "we" here should mean the victim of the particular crime. H.J. McCloskey, "A Non-Utilitarian Approach to Punishment," Inquiry (1965), reprinted in Gertrude Ezorsky, ed., Philosophical Perspectives on Punishment (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1972), p. 132.
• 10. In our view, the libertarian system would not be compatible with monopoly State defense agencies, such as police and courts, which would instead be privately competitive. Since this is an ethical treatise, however, we cannot here go into the pragmatic question of precisely how such an "anarcho-capitalist" police and court system might work in practice. For a discussion of this question, see Murray N. Rothbard, For a New Liberty, rev. ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1978), pp. 215–41.
• 11. All this is reminiscent of the brilliant and witty system of punishment for government bureaucrats devised by the great libertarian, H.L. Mencken, In A Mencken Crestomathy (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1949), pp. 386–87, he proposed that any citizen, "having looked into the acts of a jobholder and found him delinquent may punish him instantly and on the spot, and in any manner that seems appropriate and convenient — and that in case this punishment involves physical damage to the jobholder, the ensuing inquiry by the grand jury or coroner shall confine itself strictly to the question whether the jobholder deserved what he got. In other words, I propose that it shall be no longer malum in se for a citizen to pummel, cowhide, kick, gouge, cut, wound, bruise, maim, burn, club, bastinado, flay or even lynch a jobholder, and that it shall be malum prohibitum only to the extent that the punishment exceeds the jobholder's deserts. The amount of this excess, if any, may be determined very conveniently by a petit jury, as other questions of guilt are now determined. The flogged judge, or Congressman, or other jobholder, on being discharged from the hospital — or his chief heir in case he has perished — goes before a grand jury and makes complaint, and, if a true bill is found, a petit jury is empanelled and all the evidence is put before it. If it decides that the jobholder deserves the punishment inflicted upon him, the citizen who inflicted it is acquitted with honor. If, on the contrary, it decides that this punishment was excessive, then the citizen is adjudged guilty of assault, mayhem, murder, or whatever it is, in a degree apportioned to the difference between what the jobholder deserved and what he got and punishment for that excess follows in the usual course."
• 12. Retribution has been interestingly termed "spiritual restitution." See Schafer, Restitution to Victims of Crime, pp. 120–21. Also see the defense of capital punishment for murder by Robert Gahringer, "Punishment as Language," Ethics (October 1960): 47–48: "An absolute offense requires an absolute negation; and one might well hold that in our present situation capital punishment is the only effective symbol of absolute negation. What else could express the enormity of murder in a manner accessible to men for whom murder is a possible act? Surely a lesser penalty would indicate a less significant crime." (Italics Gahringer's) On punishment in general as negating an offense against right, cf. also F.H. Bradley, Ethical Studies, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1927), reprinted in Ezorsky, ed., Philosophical Perspectives on Punishment, pp. 109–10: " Why … do I merit punishment? It is because I have been guilty. I have done "wrong" ... the negation of "right," the assertion of not-right. ... The destruction of guilt ... is still a good in itself; and this, not because a mere negation is a good, but because the denial of wrong is the assertion of right. ... Punishment is the denial of wrong by the assertion of right." An influential argument for retributivism is found in Herbert Morris, On Guilt and Innocence (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976), pp. 31–58.
• 13. For an attempt to construct a law code imposing proportionate punishments for crime — as well as restitution to the victim — see Thomas Jefferson, "A Bill for Proportioning Crimes and Punishments" in The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, A. Lipscomb and A. Bergh, eds. (Washington, D.C.: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Assn., 1904), vol. 1, pp. 218–39.
• 14. H.L.A. Hart, Punishment and Responsibility (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968), p. 161.
• 15. Thus, Webster's defines "retribution" as "the dispensing or receiving of reward or punishment according to the deserts of the individual."
• 16. In his critique of the deterrence principle of punishment, Professor Armstrong, in "The Retributivist Hits Back," pp. 32–33, asks: "[W]hy stop at the minimum, why not be on the safe side and penalize him [the criminal] in some pretty spectacular way — wouldn't that be more likely to deter others? Let him be whipped to death, publicly of course, for a parking offense; that would certainly deter me from parking on the spot reserved for the Vice-Chancellor!" Similarly, D.J.B. Hawkins, in "Punishment and Moral Responsibility," The Modem Law Review (November 1944), reprinted in Grupp, ed., Theories of Punishment, p. 14, writes: "If the motive of deterrence were alone taken into account, we should have to punish most heavily those offenses which there is considerable temptation to commit and which, as not carrying with them any great moral guilt, people commit fairly easily. Motoring offenses provide a familiar example."
• 17. Armstrong, "The Retributivist Hits Back," p. 33.
• 18. C.S. Lewis, "The Humanitarian Theory of Punishment," Twentieth Century (Autumn 1948–49), reprinted in Grupp, ed., Theories of Punishment, pp. 304–7. Also see Francis A. Allen, "Criminal Justice, Legal Values, and the Rehabilitative Ideal," in ibid., pp. 317–30.
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Ryan Hewitt's Mixing Tips and Tricks
This product is delivered as a permanent online STREAMING video. Only the Exercise files need to be downloaded.
Duration : 53min
GET ALL PUREMIX VIDEOS AND MORE VIA MONTHLY SUBSCRIPTIONS!
*Most Puremix videos also contain audio session files used in the tutorials for you to experiment with using your favourite DAW and plug-in effects.
We at DontCrack think these tutorials are the best available! Really clear videos that any professional or music recording enthusiast will find great new ideas on how to improve their recording and mixing skills.
Product Overview :
Grammy Award winner Ryan Hewitt walks you through his ingenious mixing template, showing you how he sets up every session to work with his unique hybrid mixing workflow that allows him to mix quickly and get incredible results every time.
Instead of having to search for plugins and IO settings that he needs for every mix, Ryan has developed a starting point that puts all of his favorite signal paths at his fingertips.
After stepping through his template track by track, Ryan demonstrates how he sets up a song and applies his mixing workflow to every track.
In this tutorial, Ryan will teach you how to:
- Use both analog summing and analog processing chains as hardware "plugins"
- Mix with multiple parallel processing tracks to create the perfect sonic color for a mix
- Keep sessions neat and organized with color coding, bussing, and printing stems
- Create super clean and perfectly synchronized drum trigger tracks
- Use stereo bus processing to simplify the entire mixing process
- Differentiate sections of the lead vocal performance with unique and shared processing tricks
- Stop looking at the meters and trust your ears to create excitement and energy in the mix
- Printing mixes both with and without analog tape and limiting his clients are expecting to hear
Learn how Ryan uses his mix template then download his original session file (with plugin settings!) as well as translated versions of his template using stock plugins as inspiration to create your own custom mixing template based on his trademark mixing style and tricks.
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ADK has an established presence in India, South Africa and Kenya.
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In this week’s episode, we try to keep things conservative and “PG-13” That didn’t last very long. We also talk about how rich we are and by the… Continue reading
“SMDFTB!!” –The Kid Mero We can never ever be down one person, ever again. Audio goes out the window. Trolls come out of hiding. It was the Brat-worst!… Continue reading
Mistakes were made when the first guest we invited was so into wrestling… –Marcus “MajorLinux” Summers Thanks to AninoXGaming for joining us tonight for our longest show to… Continue reading
Take a small tour of the Rode Podcaster setup! Rode Podcaster USB Dynamic Microphone Rode PSM 1 Shock Mount for Podcaster Rode PSA1 Swivel Mount Studio Microphone Boom… Continue reading
Everything about this episode is perfect! Don’t go check out Twitch for any flaws! Tonight’s topic is all about men’s fashion!
Please check out this dope podcast I was a guest on and give them a sub! These guys produce great content and is where I got my start… Continue reading
I haven’t owned a gaming headset since the PlayStation Gold Wireless Headset. Hadn’t been much of a fan of any others, but I think Plantronics might be on… Continue reading
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Can not make changes to settings
I get below messages when I try to make changes to my settings in Events Calendar
Warning: sprintf() [function.sprintf]: Too few arguments in /var/www/kreatuu.dk/public_html/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/admin-views/tribe-options-general.php on line 84
Warning: Cannot modify header information – headers already sent by (output started at /var/www/kreatuu.dk/public_html/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/admin-views/tribe-options-general.php:84) in /var/www/kreatuu.dk/public_html/wp-includes/pluggable.php on line 1216
Hope you can help
Thanks so much for reaching out!
As a first troubleshooting step, could you please provide us with your complete system information in a private reply using the instructions found in the following link?
In the meantime, let’s try to rule out if there is some type of conflict at play.
This is usually because of:
1. A conflict with another plugin
2. A conflict with your WordPress theme
3. A template customization for the Events Calendar that requires updating
When it comes to that type of issue, it is preferable to troubleshoot in a staging environment if you have one.
A first quick test is to simply temporarily revert back to a default WordPress theme such as twenty-sixteen to see if the issue persists.
The next step would be to go through our testing for conflicts procedure and let us know what you find out.
Basically the goal here is to revert back to a bare WordPress installation to see if the problem persists. It also allows us to pinpoint what the cause of the issue is.
But, before you do that, there are 2 things I would advise:
1. Make a backup of your database
2. Consider activating a “Maintenance Page” plugin if you are doing this on your live site (to minimize impact on your visitors)
Let me know how that goes!
Just chiming in here as I just saw and solved a similar issue with a German user.
Please check if you are still getting the same issue when you switch your WordPress language to English. (Settings > General)
If the issue is not there with English then there is a glitch in one of the translated strings. Let us know what you find and we will track it down.
Possible it is with this string
The current URL for your events page is %1$s. <br><br> You cannot edit the slug for your events page as you do not have pretty permalinks enabled. In order to edit the slug here, <a href="%2$s">enable pretty permalinks</a>.
Make sure that the pattern of the translation matches as close as possible, especially the “%x$y” parts.
The topic ‘Can not make changes to settings’ is closed to new replies.
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THE region which is now known as Pennsylvania was, prior to the coming of Europeans, a vast forest, inhabited by its native Indians. The uncertain traditions which these people have preserved of themselves have often been recorded, and their sad history since the advent of the white man is well known.
Early in the seventeenth century the region watered by the Delaware river was visited by Dutch traders. Such was their success that posts were established and trade was kept up during some years. They did not seek to establish colonies for the cultivation of the soil, but limited themselves to the profitable exchange of commodities with the natives. They were followed by the Swedes, who established settlements along the river and brought hither the habits of industry and thrift in which they had been reared at home. Between the Swedes and the Dutch arose conflicts of authority and hostilities which finally resulted in the subjugation of the former. The Dutch were in turn dispossessed by the diplomacy and arms of the aggressive English, who became masters of the territory along the Delaware in 1664.
William Penn became a trustee and finally a part owner of West New Jersey, which was colonized by Quakers in 1675. To his father, Admiral Penn, was due, at his death, the sum of 16,000 pounds for services rendered the English government. The son petitioned to Charles II to grant him, in liquidation of this debt, a tract of land in America lying north of Maryland, bounded east by the Delaware river, on the west limited as Maryland, and northward to extend as far as plantable.
The charter of King Charles II was dated April 2, 1681, and other grants to lands south from the territory originally conveyed were procured in 1682. Not being in readiness to go to his province during the first year, he dispatched three shiploads of settlers, and with them sent his cousin, William Markham, to take formal possession of the country and act as deputy- governor. It is hardly necessary to say that these settlers were of the then proscribed sect of Quakers. Having made the necessary preparations and settled his affairs in England, Penn embarked on the ship "Welcome," in August, 1682, in company with a hundred planters, and set his prow toward the new world. He arrived at New Castle in October, and on the site of Philadelphia in November of that year. The arrival of Markham and Penn, with their colonists, on the west bank of the Delaware was the inauguration of a new regime there; that of the people who had never before enjoyed such a measure of self government.
By reason of ignorance of the geography of this country the language of royal grants was often ambiguous, and sometimes the descriptions covered territory that had been previously granted. Conflicts of claims then arose that were sometimes difficult of settlement. Soon after his arrival Penn learned of such a conflict in the claims of himself and Lord Baltimore, and he visited the latter to adjust the matter, if possible. In this he was not successful. Subsequent attempts to negotiate also failed, and finally Penn proposed to pay Lord Baltimore for territory which he had already purchased from the crown. This Lord Baltimore refused, and soon afterward made forcible entry on the lands claimed, and drove off those who had purchased from Penn. The latter also learned that secret and ex- parte representations of the case had been made to the lords of the committee of plantations in England, and he decided to return and defend his imperiled interests.
He accordingly empowered the provincial council, of which Thomas Lloyd was president, to act in his stead; commissioned Nicholas Moore, William Welch, William Wood, Robert Turner and John Eckley provincial judges for two years; appointed Thomas Lloyd, James Claypole and Robert Turner to sign land patents and warrants; and William Clark as justice of the peace for all the counties, and on the 6th of June, 1684, sailed for England, where his efforts were successful, though the boundary line was not definitely fixed till 1766. In his absence the affairs of his province exhibited the great need of his strong guiding hand to check abuse, and direct the course of legislation in proper channels.
He had labored to place the government in the hands of the people, an idea most attractive in the abstract, and one which, were the entire population wise and just, would result fortunately; yet, in practice, he found to his sorrow the results most vexatious. The proprietor had not long been gone before troubles arose between the two houses of the legislature relative to promulgating the laws as not being in accordance with the requirements of the charter. Nicholas Moore, the chief justice, was impeached for irregularities in imposing fines and in other ways abusing his high trust. But though formally arraigned and directed to desist from exercising his functions, he successfully resisted the proceedings, and a final judgment was never obtained. Patrick Robinson, clerk of the court, for refusing to produce the records in the trial of Moore, was voted a public enemy. These troubles in the government were the occasion of much grief to Penn, who wrote naming a number of the most influential men in the colony, and beseeching them to unite in an endeavor to check further irregularities, declaring that they disgraced the province, "that their conduct had struck back hundreds, and was ten thousand pounds out of his way, and one hundred thousand pounds out of the country."
In the latter part of the year 1686, seeing that the whole council was too unwieldy a body to exercise executive power, Penn determined to contract the number, and accordingly appointed Thomas Lloyd, Nicholas Moore, James Claypole, Robert Turner and John Eckley, any three of whom should constitute a quorum, to be commissioners of State to act for the proprietor. In place of Moore and Claypole, Arthur Cook and John Simcock were appointed. They were to compel the attendance of the council; see that the two houses admit of no parley; to abrogate all laws except the fundamentals; to dismiss the assembly and call a new one; and finally he solemnly admonishes them: "Be most just, as in the sight of the all- seeing, all- searching God." In a letter to these commissioners he says: "Three things occur to me eminently: First, that you be watchful that none abuse the king, etc.; secondly, that you get the custom act revived as being the equalest and least offensive way to support the government; thirdly, that you retrieve the dignity of courts and sessions."
Thomas Lloyd acted as president of the council after the departure of Penn. At his own request he was relieved, and Samuel Carpenter was appointed in his place, with Thomas Ellis as alternate. July 27, 1688, Penn commissioned John Blackwell, who was at that time in New England, and who possessed his esteem and confidence, to be lieutenant- governor. With the commission the proprietor sent full instructions, chiefly by way of caution, the last one being: "Rule the meek meekly; and those that will not be ruled, rule with authority." Though Lloyd had been relieved of power, he still remained in the council, probably because neither of the persons designated was willing to serve. Having seen the evils of a many-headed executive, he had recommended the appointment of one person to exercise executive authority. It was in conformity with this advice that Blackwell was appointed. He met the assembly in March, 1689; but either his conceptions of business were arbitrary and imperious, or the assembly had become accustomed to great latitude and lax discipline, for the business had not proceeded far before the several branches of the government were at variance. Lloyd refused to give up the great seal, alleging that it had been given him for life. The governor, arbitrarily and without warrant of law, imprisoned officers of high rank, denied the validity of all laws passed by the assembly previous to his administration, and set on foot a project for organizing and equipping the militia under the plea of threatened hostility of France. The assembly attempted to arrest his proceedings, but he shrewdly evaded their intents by organizing a party among the members, who persistently absented themselves. His reign was short, for in January, 1690, he left the colony and sailed away for England; whereupon the government again devolved upon the council, Thomas Lloyd, president. Penn had a high estimation of the talents and integrity of Blackwell, and adds: "He is in England and Ireland of great repute for ability, integrity and virtue."
Penn's favor at court during the reign of James II caused him to be suspected of disloyalty to the government when William and Mary had come to the throne. He was three times arraigned before the lords of the council, but was each time acquitted. He organized a large party of settlers for his colony, but a great accusation compelled him to abandon the voyage, and induced him to go into retirement for two or three years. His personal grievances, in England were the least which he suffered. For lack of guiding influence, bitter dissensions had sprung up in his colony, which threatened the loss of all. Desiring to secure peace, he had commissioned Thomas Lloyd deputy- governor of the province, and William Markham deputy- governor of the lower counties, Penn's grief on account of this division is disclosed in a letter to a friend in the province: "I left it to them to choose either the government of the council, five commissioners, or a deputy. What could be tenderer? Now I perceive Thomas Lloyd is chosen by the three upper, but not the three lower, counties, and sits down with this broken choice. This has grieved and wounded me and mine, I fear, to the hazard of all!, for else the governor of- New York is like to have all, if he has it not already."
But the troubles of Penn in America were not confined to civil affairs. His religious society was torn with dissension. George Keith, a man of considerable power in argumentation, but of over- weaning self- conceit, attacked the Friends for the laxity of their discipline, and drew off some followers. So venomous did he become that on the 20th of April, 1692, a testimony of denial was drawn up against him at a meeting of ministers, wherein he and his conduct were publicly disowned. This was confirmed at the next yearly meeting. He drew off large numbers and set up an independent society, who termed themselves Christian Quakers. Keith appealed from this action of the American church to the yearly meeting in London, but was so intemperate in speech that the action of the American church was confirmed. Penn was silenced, and thrown into retirement in England. It can be readily seen what an excellent opportunity these troubles in America, the separation in the government and the schism in the church, gave his enemies to attack him. They represented that he had neglected his colony by remaining in England and meddling with matters in which he had no business; that the colony in consequence had fallen into great disorder, and that he should be deprived of his proprietary rights. These complaints had so much weight with William and Mary that on the 21st of October, 1692, they commissioned Benjamin Fletcher, governor of New York, to take the province and territories under his government. There was another motive operating at this time, more potent than those mentioned above, to induce the king and queen to put the government of Pennsylvania under the governor of New York. The French and Indians from the north were threatening the English. Already the expense for defense had become burdensome to New York. It was believed that to ask aid for the common defense from Penn, with his peace principles, would be fruitless, but that through the influence of Gov. Fletcher, as executive, an appropriation might be secured.
Through the kind offices of Lords Rochester, Ranelagh, Sidney and Somers, the Duke of Buckingham and Sir John Trenchard, the king was asked to hear the case of William Penn, against whom no charge was proven, and who would two years before have gone to his colony had he not supposed that he would have been thought to go in defiance of the government. King William answered that William. Penn was his old acquaintance as well as theirs, that he might follow his business as freely as ever, and that he had nothing to say to him. Penn was accordingly reinstated in his government by letters patent dated on the 20th of August, 1694, whereupon he commissioned William Markham lieutenant- governor.
Free from harassing persecutions at last, and in favor at court, Penn determined to remove with his family to Pennsylvania, and now with the expectation of living and dying here. Accordingly in July, 1699, he set sail, and, on account of adverse winds, was three months tossed about upon the ocean. Great joy was everywhere manifested throughout the province at the arrival of the proprietor and his family, fondly believing that he had now tome to stay. He met the assembly soon after landing, but, it being an inclement season, he only detained them long enough to pass two measures aimed against piracy and illicit trade, exaggerated reports of which having been spread broadcast through the kingdom had caused him great uneasiness and vexation. In February, 1701, he met the most renowned and powerful of the Indian chieftains from the Potomac to the Onondagas of the Five Nations, and entered into a formal treaty of active friendship with them.
Several sessions of the Legislature were held in which great harmony prevailed, and much attention was given to revising and recomposing the constitution. But in the midst of their labors for the improvement of the organic law, intelligence was brought to Penn that a bill had been introduced in the house of lords for reducing all the proprietary governments in America to regal ones, under pretense of advancing the prerogative of the crown, and the national advantage. Such of the owners of land in Pennsylvania as happened to be in England remonstrated against action upon the bill until Penn could return and be heard, and wrote to him urging his immediate coming hither. Though much to his disappointment and sorrow, he determined to go immediately thither. He promptly called a session of the assembly, and in his message to the two houses said: "review again your laws, propose new ones, and you will find me ready to comply with whatsoever may render us happy, by a nearer union of our interests." The assembly returned a suitable response, and then proceeded to draw up twenty-one articles. The first related to the appointment of a lieutenant- governor. Penn proposed that the assembly should choose one. But this they declined, preferring that he should appoint one. Little trouble was experienced in settling everything broached, except the union of the province and lower counties. Penn used his best endeavors to reconcile them to the union, but without avail. The new constitution was adopted on the 28th of October, 1701. The instrument provided for the union, but in a supplementary article, evidently granted with great reluctance, it was provided that the province and the territories might be separated at any time within three years. As his last act before leaving, he presented the city of Philadelphia, now grown to be a considerable place, and always an object of his affectionate regard, with a charter of privileges. As his deputy he appointed Andrew Hamilton, one of the proprietors of East, New Jersey, and sometime governor, of both East and West Jersey; and for secretary of the province and clerk of the council he selected James Logan, a man of singular urbanity and strength of mind, and withal a scholar. Penn set sail for Europe on the 1st of November, 1701. Soon after his arrival, on the 18th of January, 1702, King William died, and Anne of Denmark succeeded him.
Gov. Hamilton's administration continued only till December, 1702, when he died. He was earnest in his endeavors to induce the territories to unite with the province, they having as yet not accepted the new charter, alleging that they had three years in which to make their decision, but without success. He also organized a military force, of which George Lowther was commander, for the safety of the colony. The executive authority now devolved upon the council, of which Edward Shippen was president. Conflict of authority, and contention over the due interpretation of some provisions of the new charter, prevented the accomplishment of much, by way of legislation, in the assembly which convened in 1703; though in this body it was finally determined that the lower counties should thereafter act separately in a legislative capacity. The separation proved final, the two bodies never again meeting in common.
Though the bill to govern the American colonies by regal authority failed, yet the clamor of those opposed to the proprietary governors was so strong that an act was finally passed requiring the selection of deputies to have the royal assent. Hence, in choosing a successor to, Hamilton, he was obliged to consider the queen's wishes. John Evans, a man of parts, of Welsh extraction, only twenty- six years old, a member of the queen's household, and not a Quaker, nor even of exemplary morals, was appointed, who arrived in the colony in December, 1703. He was accompanied by William Penn, Jr., who was elected a member of the council, the number having been increased by authority of the governor, probably with a view to, his election. The first care of Evans was to unite the province and the lower counties; though the final separation had been agreed to. He presented the matter so well that the lower counties, from which the difficulty had always come, were willing to return to a firm union. But now the provincial assembly, having become impatient of the obstacles thrown in the way of legislation by the delegates from these counties, was unwilling to receive them. They henceforward remained separate in a legislative capacity, though still a part of Pennsylvania, under the claim of Penn, and ruled by the same governor; and thus they continued until the 20th of September, 1776, when a constitution was adopted, and they were proclaimed a separate State under the name of Delaware. During two years of the government of Evans, there was ceaseless discord between the council, headed by the governor and Secretary Logan on the one side, and the assembly led by David Lloyd, its speaker, on the other, and little legislation was effected.
In conjunction with the legislature of the lower counties, Evans was instrumental in having a law passed for the imposition of a tax on the tonnage of the river, and the erection of a fort near the town of New Castle for compelling obedience. This was in direct violation of the fundamental compact, and vexatious to commerce. It was at length forcibly resisted, and itsimposition abandoned. His administration was anything but efficient or peaceful, a series of contentions, of charges and counter- charges, having been kept up between the leaders of the two factions, Lloyd and Logan, which he was powerless to properly direct or control. He was relieved in 1709.
The experience with Gov. Evans led the proprietor to select a more sedate character in his successor. After considering the candidature of his son for a time, the founder finally selected Charles Gookin, who was reputed to be a man of wisdom and prudence, though, as was afterward learned to the sorrow of the colony, he was subject to fits of derangement, which toward the close of his term were exhibited in the most extravagant acts. He had scarcely arrived in the colony before charges were prepared against the late governor, and he was asked to institute criminal proceedings, which he declined. This was the occasion of a renewal of contentions between the governor and his council and the assembly, which continued during the greater part of his administration. In. the midst of them, Logan, who was at the head of the council, having demanded a trial of the charges against him, and failed to secure one, sailed for Europe, where he presented the difficulties experienced in administering the government so strongly, that Penn was seriously inclined to sell his interest in the colony. He had already greatly crippled his estate by expenses he had incurred in making costly presents to the natives and in settling his colony, for which he had received small return. In the year 1707 he had become involved in a suit in chancery with the executors of his former steward, in the course of which he was confined in the Old Bailey during this and a part of the following year, when he was obliged to mortgage his colony in the sum of 6,600 pounds to relieve himself. Foreseeing the great consequence it would be to the crown to buy the rights of the proprietors of the several English colonies in America before they would grow too powerful, negotiations had been entered into early in the reign of William and Mary for their purchase, especially the "fine province of Mr. Penn." Borne down by these troubles and by debts and litigations at home, Penn seriously entertained the proposition to sell in 1712, and offered it for 20,000 pounds. The sum of 12,000 pounds was offered on the part of the crown, which was agreed upon; but before the necessary papers were executed, he was stricken down with apoplexy, by which he was incapacitated for transacting any business, and a stay was put to further proceedings until the queen should order an act of parliament for consummating the purchase.
A year before the death of Penn, the lunacy of Gov. Gookin having become troublesome, he was succeeded in the government by Sir William Keith, a Scotchman, who had served as surveyor of customs to the English government, in which capacity he had visited Pennsylvania previously, and knew something of its condition. He was a man of dignified and commanding bearing, endowed with cunning, of an accommodating policy, full of faithful promises, and usually found upon the stronger side. Hence, upon his arrival in the colony, he did not summon the assembly immediately, assigning as a reason in his first message that he did not wish to inconvenience the country members by calling them in harvest time. The disposition thus manifested to favor the people, and his advocacy of popular rights on several occasions in opposition to the claims of the proprietor, gave great satisfaction to the popular branch of the legislature, which manifested its appreciation of his conduct by voting him liberal salaries, which had often been withheld from his less accommodating predecessors. By his artful and insinuating policy, he induced the assembly to pass two acts which had previously met with uncompromising opposition- one to establish a court of equity, with himself as chancellor (the want of which had been seriously felt), and another for organizing the militia. Though the soil was fruitful and produce was plentiful, yet, for lack of good markets, and on account of the meagerness of the circulating medium, prices were very low, the toil and sweat of the husbandman being little rewarded, and the taxes and payments on land were met with great difficulty. Accordingly, arrangements were made for the appointment of inspectors of provisions, who from a conscientious discharge of duty soon caused the Pennsylvania brands of best products to be much sought for, and to command ready sale at highest prices in the West Indies, whither most of the surplus produce was exported. A provision was also made for the issue of a limited amount of paper money, on the establishment of ample securities, which tended to raise the value of the products of the soil and of manufactures, and encourage industry.
Though Gov. Keith, during the early part of his term, pursued a pacific policy, yet the interminable quarrels which had been kept up between the assembly and council during previous administrations at length broke out with more virulence than ever, and he who in the first flush of power had declared that "he should pass no laws, nor transact anything of moment relating to the public affairs, without the advice and approbation of the council," took it upon himself finally to act independently of the council, and even went so far as to dismiss the able and trusted representative of the proprietary interests, James Logan, president of the council and secretary of the province, from the duties of his high office, and even refused the request of Hannah Penn, the real governor of the province, to reinstate him. This unwarrantable conduct cost him his dismissal from office in July, 1726.
Upon the recommendation of Springett Penn, who was now the prospective heir to Pennsylvania, Patrick Gordon was appointed and confirmed, lieutenant- governor in- place of Keith, and arrived in the colony and assumed authority in July, 1726. He had served in the army, and in his first address to the assembly, which he met in August, he said that as he had been a soldier he knew nothing of the crooked ways of professed politicians, and must rely on a straightforward manner of transacting the duties devolving upon him. George I died in June, 1727, and the assembly at its meeting in October prepared and forwarded a congratulatory address to his successor, George II. By the decision of the court in chancery in 1727, Hannah Penn's authority over the colony was at an end, the proprietary interest having descended to John, Richard and Thomas Penn, the only surviving sons of William Penn, Sr. This period, from the death of Penn in 1718 to 1727, one of the most prosperous in the history of the colony, was familiarly known as the "Reign of Hannah and the Boys."
In 1732 Thomas Penn, the youngest son, and two years later John Penn, the eldest, and the only American born, arrived in the province, and were received with every mark of respect and satisfaction. Soon, after the arrival of the latter, news was brought that Lord Baltimore had made application to have the provinces transferred to his colony. A vigorous protest was made against this by Quakers in England, headed by Richard Penn; but lest this protest might prove ineffectual, John Penn very soon went to England to defend the proprietary rights at court, and never again returned, he having died a bachelor in 1746. In August, 1736, Gov. Gordon died, deeply lamented as an honest, upright and straightforward executive, a character which he expressed the hope he would be able to maintain when he assumed authority. His term had been one of prosperity, and the colony had grown rapidly in numbers, trade, commerce and manufactures, ship- building especially having assumed extensive proportions.
James Logan was president of the council, and in effect governor during the two years which elapsed between the death, of Gordon and the arrival of his successor. During this period troubles broke out on the Maryland border, west of the Susquehanna. The question of boundary was involved in these difficulties, but the troubles were quelled by an order of the king and council.
George Thomas, a planter from the West Indies, was appointed governor in 1737, but did not arrive in the colony till the following year. His intercourse with the assembly was not at first harmonious, but became more so on his relinquishment of the coercive policy which he at first adopted. After the death of John Penn, the eldest of the proprietors, he retired from the duties of his office because of declining health.
Anthony Palmer was president of the council at the time of the withdrawal of Thomas, and became acting governor. He continued at the head of the government about two years. He was a wealthy retired merchant from the West Indies, and had come into the colony in 1708.
On the 23d of November, 1748, James Hamilton arrived in the colony from England, bearing the commission of lieutenant- governor. He was born in America, a son of Andrew Hamilton, who had for many years been speaker of the assembly. The Indians west of the Susquehanna had complained that settlers had come upon their best lands, and were acquiring titles to them, whereas the proprietors had never purchased these lands of them and had no claim to them. The first care of Hamilton was to settle these disputes, and allay the rising excitement of the natives. Richard Peters, secretary of the colony, a man of great prudence and ability, was sent in company with the Indian interpreter, Conrad Weiser, to remove the intruders. It was firmly and fearlessly done, the settlers giving up their tracts and the cabins which they had built, and accepting lands on the east side of the river. The hardship was, in many cases, great, but when they were in actual need the secretary gave money and placed them on lands of his own, having secured a tract of two millions of acres.
But these troubles were of small consequence compared with those that were threatening from the West. The French were determined to occupy the whole territory drained by the Mississippi, including that on the Ohio, by force of arms, and a body of one hundred and fifty men, of which Washington was second in command, was sent to the support of the settlers there; but the French having the Allegheny river at flood-tide on which to move, and Washington, without means of transportation, having a rugged and mountainous country to overcome, the former first reached the point of destination. Contracoeur, the French commander, with 1,000 men and field pieces on a fleet of sixty boats and 300 canoes, dropped down the Allegheny and easily seized the fort then being constructed by the Ohio Company at its mouth, and proceeded to erect there an elaborate work which he called. Fort Du Quesne, after the governor- general. Informed of this proceeding, Washington pushed forward, and finding that a detachment of the French was in his immediate neighborhood he made a forced march by night, and coming upon them unawares killed and captured the entire party save one. Ten of the French, including their commander, Jumonville, were killed, and twenty- one made prisoners. Col. Fry, the commander of the Americans, died at Will's creek, where the command devolved on Washington. Though reinforcements had been dispatched from the several colonies in response to the urgent appeals of Washington, none reached him but one company of 100 men under Capt. Mackay, from South Carolina. Knowing that he was confronting a vastly superior force of the French, well supplied with artillery, he threw up works at a point called the Great Meadows, which he characterizes as a "charming field for an encounter," naming his hastily built fortification Fort Necessity. Stung by the loss of their leader, the French came out in strong force and soon invested the place. Unfortunately one part of Washington's position was easily commanded by the artillery of the French, which they were not slow in taking advantage of. The action opened on the 3d of July, and was continued until late at night. A capitulation was proposed by the French commander, which Washington reluctantly accepted, seeing all hopes of reinforcements reaching him cut off, and on the 4th of July marched out with the honors of war and fell back to Fort Cumberland. Gov. Hamilton had strongly recommended, before hostilities opened, that the assembly should provide for defense and establish a line of block- houses along the frontier. But the assembly, while willing to vote money for buying peace from the Indians, and contributions to the British Crown, from which protection was claimed, was unwilling to contribute directly for even defensive warfare. In a single year 8,000 pounds were voted to Indian gratuities. The proprietors, were appealed to aid in bearing this burden. But, while they were willing to contribute liberally for defense, they would give nothing for Indian gratuities. They sent to the colony cannons to the value of 400 pounds.
In February, 1753, John Penn, grandson of the founder, son of Richard, arrived in the colony, and as a mark of respect was immediately chosen a member of the council, and made its president. In consequence of the defeat of Washington at Fort Necessity, Gov. Hamilton convened the assembly in extra session on the 6th of August, at which money was freely voted; but owing to the instructions given by the proprietors to their deputy- governor not to sign any money bill that did not place the whole of the interest at their disposal, the action of the assembly was abortive.
Finding himself in a false position by the repugnant instructions of the proprietors, Gov. Hamilton had given notice in 1753, that at the end of twelve months from its reception, he would resign. Accordingly, in October, 1754, he was succeeded by Robert Hunter Morris, son of Lewis Morris, chief justice of New York and New Jersey, and governor of New Jersey. The son was bred a lawyer, and was for twenty- six years a counselor, and for twenty chief justice of New Jersey. The assembly at its first session voted a money bill for 40,000 pounds, but not having the proviso required by the proprietors it was vetoed. Determined to push military operations, the British government had called early in the year for three thousand volunteers from Pennsylvania, with subsistence, camp equipage and transportation, and had sent two regiments of the line, under Gen. Braddock, from Cork, Ireland. Landing at Alexandria, Va., he marched to Frederick, Md., where, finding no supplies of transportation, he halted. The assembly of Pennsylvania had voted to borrow 5,000 pounds, on its own account, for the use of the crown in prosecuting the campaign, and had sent Franklin, who was then postmaster- general for the colonies, to Braddock to aid in prosecuting the expedition. Finding that the army was stopped for lack of transportation, Franklin returned into Pennsylvania, and by his commanding influence soon secured the necessary wagons and beasts of burden.
Braddock had formed extravagant plans for his campaign. He would march forward and reduce Fort Du Quesne, thence proceed against Fort Niagara, having conquered which he would close a season of triumphs by the capture of Fort Frontignac. But this is not the first time in warfare that the result of a campaign has failed to realize the promises of the manifesto. Accustomed to the discipline of military establishments in old, long settled countries, Braddock had little conception of making war in a wilderness with only Indian trails to move upon, and against wily savages. Washington had advised to push forward with pack- horses, and by rapidity of movement forestall ample preparation. But Braddock had but one way of soldiering, and where roads did not exist for wagons he stopped to fell the forest and construct bridges over streams. The French, who were kept advised of every movement, made ample preparations to receive him. In the meantime Washington fell sick; but intent on being up for the battle, he hastened forward as soon as sufficiently recovered, and only joined the army on the day before the fatal engagement. He had never seen much of the pomp and circumstance of war, and when on the morning of the 9th of July the army of Braddock marched on across the Monongahela, with gay colors flying and martial music awakening the echoes of the forest, he was accustomed in after years to speak of it as the "most magnificent spectacle" that he had ever beheld. But the gay pageant was destined to be of short duration; for the army had only marched a little distance before it fell into an ambuscade skillfully laid by the French and Indians, and the forest resounded with the unearthly whoop of the Indians and the continuous roar of musketry. The advance was checked and thrown into confusion by the French from their well- chosen position, and every tree upon the flanks of the long drawn outline concealed a murderous foe, who with unerring aim picked off the officers. A resolute defense was made and the battle raged with great fury for three hours; but the fire of the English was ineffectual because directed against an invisible foe. Finally, the mounted officers having all fallen, killed or wounded, except Washington, the survivors being left without leaders were seized with a panic, and "they ran," says Washington, "before the French and Indians like sheep before dogs."
Gov. Morris made an earnest appeal to the assembly for money to ward off the impending enemy and protect the settlers, in response to which the assembly voted 50,000 pounds; but having no exemption of the proprietor's estates it was rejected by the governor, in accordance with his original instructions. Expeditions undertaken against Nova Scotia and at Crown Point were more fortunate than that before Du Quesne, and the assembly voted 15,000 pounds in bills of credit to aid in defraying the expense. The proprietors sent 5,000 pounds as a gratuity, not as any part of expense that could of right be claimed of them. In this pressing emergency, while the governor and assembly were waging a fruitless war of words over money bills, the pen of Franklin was busy in infusing a wholesome sentiment in the minds of the people. In a pamphlet that he issued, which he put in the familiar form of a dialogue, he answered the objections which had been urged to a legalized militia, and willing to show his devotion by deeds as well as words, he accepted the command upon the frontier. By his exertions a respectable force was raised, and, though in the dead of winter, he commenced the erection of a line of forts and block- houses among the whole range of the Kittatinny hills, from the Delaware to the Potomac, and had them completed and garrisoned with a body sufficient to withstand any force not provided with artillery. In the spring he turned over the command to Col. Clapham, and returning to Philadelphia took his seat in the assembly. The governor now declared war against the Indians, who had established their headquarters thirty miles above Harris' Ferry, on the Susquehanna, and were busy in their work of robbery and devastation, having secured the greater portion of the crops of the previous season of the settlers whom they had killed or driven out. The peace party strongly objected to the course of the governor, and voluntarily going among the Indians induced them to bury the hatchet. The assembly which met in May, 1756, prepared a bill with the old clause for taxing the proprietors, as any other citizens, which the governor was forbidden to approve by his instructions, "and the two parties were sharpening their wits for another wrangle over it," when Gov. Morris was superseded by William Denny, who arrived in the colony and assumed authority on the 20th of August, 1756. He was joyfully and cordially received, escorted through the streets by the regiments of Franklin and Duche, and royally feasted at the State House.
But the promise of efficient legislation was broken by an exhibition of the new governor's instructions, which provided that every bill for the emission of money must place the proceeds at the joint disposal of the governor and assembly; paper currency could not be issued in excess of 40,000 pounds, nor could existing issues be confirmed unless proprietary rents were paid in sterling money; proprietary lands were permitted to be taxed which had been actually leased, provided that the taxes were paid out of the rents, but the tax could not become a lien upon the land. In the first assembly the contention became as acrimonious as ever.
The finances of the colony, on account of the repeated failures of the money bills, were in a deplorable condition. Military operations could not be carried on, and vigorous campaigns prosecuted, without ready money. Accordingly, in the first meeting of the assembly after the arrival of the new governor, a bill was passed levying 100,000 pounds on all property alike, real and personal, private and proprietary. This Gov. Denny vetoed. Seeing that money must be had the assembly finally passed a bill exempting the proprietary estates, but determined to lay their grievances before the crown. To this end two commissioners, Isaac Norris and Benjamin Franklin, were appointed to proceed to England and beg the interference of the royal government in their behalf. Failing health and business engagements of Norris prevented his acceptance, and Franklin proceeded alone. He had so often defended the assembly in public, and in drawing remonstrances, that the whole subject was at his fingers ends. Franklin, upon his arrival in England, presented the grievances before the proprietors, and that he might get his case before the royal advisers and the British public, wrote frequent articles for the press, and issued a pamphlet entitled. "Historical Review of the Constitution and Government of Pennsylvania." The dispute was adroitly managed by Franklin before the privy council, and was finally decided substantially in the interest of the assembly. It was provided that the proprietors' estates should be taxed, but that their located uncultivated lands should be assessed as low as the lowest uncultivated lands of the settlers; that bills issued by the assembly should be receivable in payment of quit-rents, and that the deputy- governor should have a voice in disposing of the revenues. Thus was a vexed question of long standing finally put to rest. So successfully had Franklin managed this controversy that the colonies of Massachusetts, Maryland and Georgia, appointed him their agent in England.
In October, 1759, James Hamilton was again appointed governor, in place of Gov. Denny, who had by stress of circumstances transcended his instructions. The British government, considering that the colonies had borne more than their proportionate expense in carrying on the war against the French and Indians, voted 200,000 pounds for five years, to be divided among the colonies, the share falling to Pennsylvania being 26,000 pounds.
The boundary line between Maryland and Pennsylvania had long been in dispute, and had occasioned serious disturbances among the settlers in the lifetime of Penn, and repeatedly since. It was not definitely settled until 1760, when a beginning was made of a final adjustment, though so intricate were the conditions that the work was prosecuted for seven years by a large force of surveyors, as men and pioneers. Finally, the proprietors, Thomas .and Richard Penn, and Frederick, Lord Baltimore, entered into an agreement for the executing of the survey, and John Lukens and Archibald McLean on the part of the Penns, and Thomas Garnett and Jonathan Hall on the part of Lord Baltimore, were appointed with a suitable corps of assistants to lay off the lines. After these surveyors had been three years at work, the proprietors in England, thinking that there was not enough energy and practical and scientific knowledge manifested by these surveyors, appointed Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, two mathematicians and surveyors, to proceed to America to take charge of the work. They brought with them the most perfect and best constructed instruments known to science, arriving in Philadelphia on the 15th of November, 1763, and, assisted by some of the old surveyors, entered upon their work. By the 4th of June, 1766, they had reached the summit of the Little Allegheny, when the Indians began to be troublesome. They looked with an evil eye on the mathematical and astronomical instruments, and felt a secret dread and fear of the consequences of the frequent and long continued peering into the heavens. The Six Nations were understood to be inimical to the further progress of the survey. But through the influence of Sir William Johnson a treaty was concluded, providing for the prosecution of the work unmolested, and a number of chieftains was sent to accompany the surveying party. Mason and Dixon now had with them thirty surveyors, fifteen axmen, and fifteen Indians of consequence. Again the attitude of the Indians gave cause of fear, and, on the 29th of September, twenty- six of the surveyors abandoned the expedition and returned to Philadelphia. Having reached a point two, hundred and twenty- four miles from the Delaware, and within thirty- six miles of the western limit of the State, in the bottom of a deep, dark valley they came upon a well- worn Indian path, and here the Indians gave notice that it was the will of the Six Nations that this survey proceed no further. There was no questioning this authority, and no means at command for resisting, and accordingly the party broke up and returned to Philadelphia. And this was the end of the labors of Mason and Dixon upon this boundary. The line was marked by stones which were quarried and engraved in England, on one side having the arms of Penn, and on the opposite those of Lord Baltimore. These stones were firmly set every five miles. At the end of each intermediate mile a smaller stone was placed, having on one side engraved the letter P, and on the opposite the letter M. The remainder of the line was finished and marked in 1782- 84 by other surveyors. A vista was cut through the forest eight yards in width the whole distance. In 1849 the stone at the northeast corner of Maryland having been removed, a re-survey of the line was ordered, and surveyors were appointed by the three States of Pennsylvania, Delaware and Maryland, who called to their aid James D. Graham. Some few errors were discovered in the old survey, but in the main ft was found to be accurate.
John Penn, one son of Richard, and grandson of the founder, had come to the colony in 1753, and having acted as president of the council, was in 1763 commissioned governor in place of Hamilton.
A difference having arisen between the governor and assembly on the vexed question of levying money, the assembly passed a series of resolutions advocating that the "powers of government ought to be separated from the power attending the immense proprietary property, and lodged in the hands of the king." After an interval of fifty days- that time for reflection and discussion might be given- the assembly again convened, and adopted a petition praying the king to assume the direct government of the province, though this policy was strongly opposed by some of the ablest members, as Isaac Norris and John Dickinson. The Quaker element was generally in favor of the change.
The great struggle for the independence of the colonies of the British crown was now close at hand, and the first sounds of the controversy were beginning to be heard. Sir William Keith, that enterprising governor whose head seemed to have been full of new projects, as early as 1739 had proposed to lay a uniform tax on stamped paper in all the colonies, to realize funds for the common defense. Acting upon this hint, Grenville, the British minister, notified the colonists in 1763 of his purpose to impose such a tax. Against this they remonstrated. Instead of this, a tax on imports to be paid in coin was adopted. This was even more distasteful. The assembly of Rhode Island, in October, 1765, submitted a paper to all the colonial assemblies with a view to uniting in a common petition to the king against parliamentary taxation. This was favorably acted on by the assembly of Pennsylvania, and Franklin was appointed agent to represent their cause before the British parliament. The stamp act had been passed on the 22d of March, 1765. Its passage excited bitter opposition, and a resolution asserting that the colonial assemblies had the exclusive right to levy taxes was passed by the Virginia assembly, and concurred in by all the others. The Massachusetts assembly proposed a meeting of delegates in New York on the second Tuesday of October, 1765, to confer upon the subject. The Pennsylvania assembly adopted the suggestion, and appointed Messrs. Fox, Morton, Bryan and Dickinson as delegates. This congress met according to the call and adopted a respectful petition to the king, and a memorial to parliament, which were signed by all the members and forwarded for presentation by the colonial agents in England. The stamp act was to go into effect on the 1st of November. On the last day of October, the newspapers were dressed in mourning, and suspended publication. The publishers agreed not to use the stamped paper. The people, as with one mind, determined to dress in homespun, resolved not to use imported goods, and to stimulate the production of wool the colonists covenanted not to eat lamb for the space of one year. The result of this policy was soon felt by British manufacturers, who became clamorous for repeal of the obnoxious measure, and it was accordingly repealed on the 18th of March, 1766.
Determined in some form to draw a revenue from the colonies, an act was passed in 1767 to impose a duty on tea, paper, printers colors and glass. The assembly of Pennsylvania passed a resolution on the 20th of February, 1768, instructing its agent in London to urge its repeal, and at the session in May received and entered upon its minutes a circular letter from the Massachusetts assembly, setting forth the grounds on which objection to the act should be urged. This circular occasioned hostile feeling among the ministry, and the secretary for foreign affairs wrote to Gov. Penn to urge the assembly to take no notice of it; but if they approved its sentiments, to prorogue their sittings. This letter was transmitted to the assembly, and soon after one from the Virginia assembly was presented, urging union of all the colonies in opposing the several schemes of taxation. This recommendation was adopted, and committees appointed to draw a petition to the king and to each of the houses of parliament. To lead public sentiment, and have it well grounded in the arguments used against taxation, John Dickinson, one of the ablest of the Pennsylvania legislators, at this time published a number of articles purporting to come from a plain farmer, under the title of "Farmer's Letters," which became popular, the idea that they were the work of one in humble life helping to swell the tide of popularity. They were republished in all the colonies, and exerted a commanding influence. Alarmed at the unanimity of feelings against the proposed schemes, and supposing that it was the amount of the tax that gave offense, parliament reduced the rate of 1769 to one- sixth of the original sum, and in 1770 abolished it altogether, except three pence a pound on tea. But it was the principle and not the amount that was objected to, and at the next session of the assembly in Pennsylvania their agent in London was directed to urge its repeal altogether.
Richard Penn, son of the founder, died in 1771, whereupon Gov. John Penn returned to England, leaving the president of the council, James Hamilton, at the head of the government. John Penn, eldest son of Richard, succeeded to the proprietary interests of his father, which he held in conjunction with his uncle, Thomas, and in October of the same year, Richard, the second son, was commissioned governor. He held the office but about two years, and in that time won the confidence and esteem of the people; and so much attached was he to the popular cause that upon his return to England, in 1775, he was intrusted by congress with the last petition of the colonies ever presented to the king. In August, 1773, John Penn returned with the commission of governor, superseding his brother Richard.
To encourage the sale of tea in the colonies and establish the principle of taxation the export duty was removed. The colonies took the alarm. At a public meeting called in Philadelphia to consider the subject, on the 18th of October, 1773, resolutions were adopted in which it was declared: "That the disposal of their own property is the inherent right of freemen; that there can be no property in that which another can, of right, take from us without our consent; that the claim of parliament to tax America is, in other words, a claim of right to levy contributions on us at pleasure." The East India Company now made preparations for sending large importations of tea into the colonies. The ships destined for Philadelphia and New York, on approaching port and being advised of the exasperated state of public feeling, returned to England with their cargoes. Those sent to Boston came into the harbor; but at night a party disguised as Mohawk Indians boarded the vessels, and breaking open the packages emptied three hundred chests into the sea. The ministry, on being apprised of this act, closed the port of Boston, and subverted the colonial charter. Early in the year committees of correspondence had been established in all the Colonies by means of which the temper and feeling in each were well understood by the others, and concert of action was secured. The hard conditions imposed on the town of Boston and the colony of Massachusetts Bay aroused the sympathy of all; "for," they argued, "we know not how soon the heavy hand of oppression may be felt by any of us." At a meeting held in Philadelphia on the 18th of June, 1774, at which nearly eight thousand people were convened, it was decided that a continental congress ought to be held, and appointed a committee of correspondence to communicate with similar committees in the several counties of Pennsylvania and in the several colonies. On the 15th of July, 1774, delegates from all the counties, summoned by this committee, assembled in Philadelphia, and declared that there existed an absolute necessity for a colonial congress. They accordingly recommended that the assembly appoint delegates to such a congress to represent Pennsylvania, and Joseph Galloway, Samuel Rhoads, George Ross, Edward Biddle, John Dickinson, Charles Humphries and Thomas Mifflin were appointed.
On the 4th of September, 1774, the first continental congress assembled in Philadelphia. Peyton Randolph, of Virginia, was called to preside, and Charles Thomson, of Pennsylvania, was appointed secretary. It was resolved that no more goods be imported from England, and that unless a pacification was effected previously no more colonial produce of the soil be exported thither after September 10, 1775. A declaration of rights was adopted, and addresses to the king, the people of Great Britain and of British America were agreed to, after which the congress adjourned to meet again on the 10th of May, 1775. In January, same year, another meeting of the county delegates was held in Philadelphia, at which the action of the colonial congress was approved, and while a restoration of harmony with the mother country was desired, yet, if the arbitrary acts of parliament were persisted in, they would at every hazard defend the "rights and liberties of America." The delegates appointed to represent the colony in the second congress were Mifflin, Humphries, Biddle, Dickinson, Morton, Franklin, Wilson and Willing.
The government of Great Britain had determined with a strong hand to compel obedience to its behests. On the 19th of April, 1775, was fought the battle of Lexington, a blow that was felt alike through all the colonies. The cause of one was the cause of all. A public meeting was held in Philadelphia, at which it was resolved to organize military companies in all the counties. The assembly heartily seconded these views, and engaged to provide for the pay of the militia while in service. The second congress, which met in May, provided for organizing a Continental army, fixing the quota for Pennsylvania at 4,300 men. The assembly adopted the recommendation of congress, provided for arming, disciplining and paying the militia, recommended the organizing of minutemen for service in an emergency, made appropriations for the defense of the city, and offered a premium on the production of saltpeter. Complications hourly thickened. Ticonderoga was captured on the 10th of May, and the battle of Bunker Hill was fought on the 17th of June. On the 15th of June George Washington was appointed commander- in- chief of the continental army, supported by four major- generals and eight brigadiers.
The royal governors were now an incumbrance greatly in the way of the popular movement, as were also the assemblies where they refused to represent the popular will. Accordingly, congress recommended that the several colonies should adopt such government as should "best conduce to the happiness and safety of their constituents in particular and America in general." This meant that each colony should set up a government for itself, independent of the crown. Accordingly, a public meeting was held in Philadelphia, at which it was resolved that the present assembly is "not competent to the present exigencies of affairs," and that a new form of government ought to be adopted as recommended by congress. The city committee of correspondence called on the county committee to secure the election of delegates to a colonial meeting for the purpose of considering this subject. On the 18th of June the meeting was held in Philadelphia, and was organized by electing Thomas McKean president. It resolved to call a convention to frame a new constitution, provided the legal forms to be observed, and issued an address to the people. The convention for framing a new constitution for the colony met on the 15th of July, and was organized by electing Franklin president, and on the 23th of September completed its labors, having framed a new organic law and made all necessary provisions for putting it into operation. In the meantime the old proprietary assembly adjourned on the 14th of June to the 26th of August. But a quorum failed to appear, and an adjournment was had to the 23d of September, when some routine business was attended to, chiefly providing for the payment of salaries and necessary bills, and on the 28th of September, after a stormy existence of nearly a century, this assembly the creature of Penn, adjourned, never to meet again. With the ending of the assembly ended the power of Gov. Penn.
The titles of the proprietors to landed estates were suspended by the action of the convention, and on the 27th of November, 1779, the legislature passed an act vesting these estates in the commonwealth, but paying the proprietors a gratuity of 130,000 pounds, "in remembrance of the enterprising spirit of the founder." This act did not touch the private estates of the proprietors, nor the tenths of manors. The British government in 1790, in consideration of the fact that it had been unable to vindicate its authority over the colony and afford protection to the proprietors in the enjoyment of their chartered rights, voted an annuity of 4,000 pounds to the heirs and descendants of Penn. This annuity was regularly paid until within a few years, when, on the payment of a round sum to the heirs by the British government, the annuity was discontinued.
The convention which framed the constitution appointed a committee of safety, consisting of twenty- five members, to whom was intrusted the government of the colony until the proposed constitution should be framed and put in operation. Thomas Rittenhouse was chosen president of this body, who was consequently in effect governor. The new constitution, which was unanimously adopted on the 28th of September, was to take effect from its passage. It provided for an assembly to be elected annually; a supreme executive council of twelve members to be elected for a term of three years; assemblymen to be eligible but four- years out of seven, and councilmen but one term in seven years. Members of congress were chosen by the assembly. The constitution could not be changed for seven years. It provided for the election of censors every seven years, who were to decide whether there was a demand for its revision. If so, they were to call a convention for the purpose. On the 6th of August, 1776, Thomas Wharton, Jr., was chosen president of the council of safety.
The struggle of the parent country was now fully inaugurated. Parliament had resolved upon a vigorous campaign, to strike heavy and rapid blows, and quickly end the war.The first campaign had been conducted in Massachusetts and, by the efficient conduct of Washington, Gen. Howe, the leader of the British, was compelled to capitulate and withdraw to Halifax in March, 1776. On the 28th of June Sir Henry Clinton, with a strong detachment in conjunction with Sir Peter Parker of the navy, made a combined land and naval attack upon the defenses of Charleston harbor, where he was met by Gen. William Moultrie, with the Carolina militia, and after a severe battle, in which the British fleet was roughly handled, Clinton withdrew and returned to New York, whither the main body of the British army, under Gen. Howe, had come, and where Admiral Howe, with a large fleet directly from England, joined them. This formidable power, led by the best talent in the British army. Washington could muster no adequate force to oppose, and he was obliged to withdraw from Long Island, from New York, from Harlem, from White Plains, to cross into New Jersey, and abandon position after position until he had reached the right bank of the Delaware on Pennsylvania soil. A heavy detachment under Cornwallis followed, and would have crossed the Delaware in pursuit, but, advised to a cautious policy by Howe, he waited for ice to form on the waters of the Delaware before passing over. The fall of Philadelphia now seemed imminent. Washington had not sufficient force to face the whole power of the British army. On the 2d of December the supreme council ordered all places of business in the city to be closed, the schools dismissed, and advised preparation for removing the women and children and valuables. On the 12th the congress, which was in session here, adjourned to meet in Baltimore, taking with them all papers and public records, and leaving a committee, of which Robert Morris was chairman, to act in conjunction with Washington for the safety of the place. Gen. Putnam was dispatched on the same day with a detachment of soldiers to take command in the city.
Washington, who had from the opening of the campaign before New York been obliged for the most part to act upon the defensive, formed the plan to suddenly turn upon his pursuers and offer battle. Accordingly, on the night of the 25th of December, taking a picked body of men, he moved up several miles to Taylorsville, where he crossed the river, though at flood tide and filled with floating ice, and moving down to Trenton, where a detachment of the British army was posted, made a bold and, vigorous attack. Taken by surprise, though now after sunrise, the battle was soon decided in favor of the Americans. The victory had a great strategic value. The British had intended to push forward and occupy Philadelphia at once, which, being now virtually the capital Of the new nation, had it been captured at this juncture, would have given them the occasion for claiming a triumphal ending of the war. But this advantage, though gained by a detachment small in numbers yet great in courage, caused the commander of a powerful and well- appointed army to give up all intention of attempting to capture the Pennsylvania metropolis in this campaign, and retiring into winter cantonments upon the Raritan to await the settled weather of the spring for an entirely new cast of operations. Washington, emboldened by his success, led all his forces into New Jersey, and pushing past Trenton, where Cornwallis, the royal leader, had brought his main body by a forced march under cover of darkness, attacked the British reserves at Princeton. But now the enemy had become wary and vigilant, and, summoned by the booming of cannon, Cornwallis hastened back to the relief of his hard- pressed columns. Washington, finding that the enemy's whole army was within easy call, and knowing that he had no hope of success with his weak army, withdrew. He now went into winter quarters at Morristown, and by constant vigilance was able to gather marauding parties of the British who ventured far away from their works.
Putnam commenced fortifications at a point below Philadelphia upon the Delaware and at commanding positions upon the outskirts, and on being summoned to the army was succeeded by Gen. Irvine, and he by Gen. Gates. On the 4th of March, 1777, the two houses of the legislature, elected under the new constitution, assembled, and in. joint convention chose Thomas Wharton, Jr., president, and George Bryan, vice- president. Penn had expressed the idea that power was preserved the better by due formality and ceremony, and, accordingly, this event was celebrated with much pomp, the result being declared in a loud voice from the courthouse, amid the shouts of the gathered throngs and the booming of the captured cannon brought from the field of Trenton. The title bestowed upon the new chief officer of the State was fitted by its length and high sounding epithets to inspire the multitude with awe and reverence: "His Excellency, Thomas Wharton, Junior, Esquire, President of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania, Captain- General and Commander- in- Chief in and over the same."
Early in April great activity was observed among the shipping in New York harbor, and Washington communicated to congress his opinion that Philadelphia was the object against which the blow would be aimed. This announcement of probable peril induced the council to issue a proclamation urging enlistments, and congress ordered the opening of a camp for drilling recruits in Pennsylvania, and Benedict Arnold, who was at this time a trusted general, was appointed to the command of it. So many new vessels and transports of all classes had been discovered to have come into New York harbor, probably forwarded from England, that Washington sent Gen. Mifflin, on the 10th of June, to congress, bearing a letter in which he expressed the settled conviction that the enemy meditated an immediate descent upon some part of Pennsylvania. Gen. Mifflin proceeded to examine the defensive works of the city which had been begun on the previous advance of the British, and recommended such changes and new works as seemed best adapted for its protection. The preparations for defense were vigorously prosecuted. The militia were called out and placed in two camps, one at Chester and the other at Downington. Fire- ships were held in readiness to be used against vessels attempting the ascent of the river.
Lord Howe, being determined not to move until ample preparations were completed, allowed the greater part of the summer to wear away before he advanced. Finally, having embarked his force on a fleet of transports, he sailed southward. Washington promptly made a corresponding march overland, passing through Philadelphia on the 24th of August. Howe, suspecting that preparations would be made for impeding the passage of the Delaware, sailed past its mouth, and moving up the Chesapeake instead debarked fifty- four miles from Philadelphia, and commenced the march northward. Great activity was now manifested in the city. The water- spouts were melted to furnish bullets, fair hands were busied in rolling cartridges, powerful chevaux- de- frise were planted to impede the navigation of the river, and the last division of the militia of the city, which had been divided into three classes, was called out. Washington, who had crossed the Brandywine, soon confronted the advance of Howe, and brisk skirmishing at once opened. Seeing that he was likely to have the right of his position at Red Clay creek, where he had intended to give battle, turned by the largely superior force of the enemy, under cover of darkness on the night of the 8th of September, he withdrew across the Brandywine at Chad's Ford, and posting Armstrong with the militia upon the left, at Pyle's Ford, where the banks were rugged and precipitous, and Sullivan, who was second in command, upon the right at Brinton's Ford, under cover of forest, he himself took post with three divisions, Sterling's, Stephen's and his own, in front of the main avenue of approach at Chad's. Discovering the strong position which the American army occupied the British general began a maneuver to turn it by a flank movement. Washington, always on the alert, promptly divined the enemy's intentions, and ordered Gen. Sullivan to counteract the movement by flanking the flankers, while he held his immediate command ready to attack the main force while in confusion. The plan was ruined, however, by Sullivan's failure to obey orders, and Washington had no alternative but to remain in position and make the best disposition that time would permit. His main body with the force of Sullivan took position along the brow of the hill on which stands the Birmingham meetinghouse, and the battle opened and was pushed with vigor the whole day. Overborne by numbers, and weakened by losses, Washington was obliged to retire, leaving the enemy in possession of the field.
Congress remained in Philadelphia while these military operations were going on at its very doors, but on the 18th of September adjourned to meet at Lancaster, though subsequently, on the 30th, it removed across the Susquehanna to York, where it remained in session till after the evacuation in the following summer. The council remained until two days before the fall of the city, when, having dispatched the records of the loan office and the more valuable papers to Easton, it adjourned to Lancaster. On the 26th the British army entered the city. Deborah Logan in her memoir says: "The army marched in and took possession of the city in the morning. We were upstairs and saw them pass the State House. They looked well, clean and well clad, and the contrast between them and our own poor, bare- footed, ragged troops was very great, and caused a feeling of despair. Early in the afternoon Lord Cornwallis' suite arrived and took possession of my mother's house."
The army of Washington, after being recruited and put in light marching order, was led to Germantown, where on the morning of the 3d of October the enemy was met. A heavy fog that morning had obscured friend and foe alike, occasioning confusion in the ranks and, though the opening promised well and some progress was made, yet the enemy was too strong to be moved, and the American leader was forced to retire to his camp at White Marsh. Though the river had now been opened and the city was thoroughly fortified for resisting attack, yet Howe felt not quite easy in having the American army quart1ered in so close striking distance, and accordingly on the 4th of December, with nearly his entire army, moved out, intending to take Washington at White Marsh, sixteen miles away, by surprise, and by rapidity of action gain an easy victory. But by the heroism and fidelity of Lydia Darrah, who as she had often done before passed the guards to go to the mill for flour, the news of the coming of Howe was communicated to Washington who was prepared to receive him. Finding that he could effect nothing, Howe returned to the city, having had the wearisome march at this wintry season without effect. Washington now crossed the Schuylkill, and went into winter quarters at Valley Forge. The cold of that winter was intense; the troops, half- clad and indifferently fed, suffered severely, the prints of their naked feet in frost and snow being often tinted with patriot blood. Grown impatient of the small results from the immensely expensive campaigns carried on across the ocean, the ministry relieved Lord Howe and appointed Sir Henry Clinton to the chief command.
The commissioners whom congress had sent to France early in the fall of 1776- Franklin, Dean and Lee- had been busy in making interest for the united colonies at the French court, and so successful were they that arms and ammunition and loans of money were procured from time to time. Finally, a convention was concluded by which France agreed to use the royal army and navy as faithful allies of the Americans against the English. Accordingly, a fleet of four powerful frigates and twelve ships wore dispatched under command of the Count D'Estaing to shut up the British fleet in the Delaware. The plan was ingenious, particularly worthy of the long head of Franklin. But intelligence of the sailing of the French fleet reaching the English cabinet, they immediately ordered the evacuation of the Delaware, whereupon the admiral weighed anchor and sailed away with his entire fleet to New York, and D'Estaing, upon his arrival at the mouth of the Delaware, found that the bird had flown.
Clinton evacuated Philadelphia, and moved across New Jersey in the direction of New York. Washington closely followed, and came up with the enemy on the plains of Monmouth, on the 28th of June, 1778, where a sanguinary battle was fought which lasted the whole day, resulting in the triumph of the American arms, and Pennsylvania was rid of British troops. The enemy was no sooner well away from the city than congress returned from New York and resumed its sittings in its former quarters, June 24, 1778, and on the following day the colonial legislature returned from Lancaster. Gen. Arnold, who was disabled from field duty by a wound received at Saratoga, was given command in the city, and marched in with a regiment on the day following the evacuation. On the 23d of May, 1778, President Wharton died suddenly of quinsy, while in attendance upon the council at Lancaster, when George Bryan, the vice- president, became the acting president. Bryan was a philanthropist in deed as well as in word. Up to this time African slavery had been tolerated in the colony. In his message of the 9th of November, he said: "This or some better scheme would tend to abrogate slavery, the opprobrium of America, from among us. In divesting the State of slaves, you will equally serve the cause of humanity and policy, and offer to God one of the most proper and best returns of gratitude for His great deliverance of us and our posterity from thralldom; you will also set your character for justice and benevolence in. the true point of view to Europe, who are astonished to see a people eager for liberty holding negroes in bondage." He perfected a bill for the extinguishment of claims to slaves, which was passed by the assembly, March 1, 1780, by a vote of thirty- four to eighteen, providing that no child of slave parents born after that date should be a slave, but a servant till the age of twenty- eight years, when all claim for service should end. Thus by simple enactment, resolutely pressed by Bryan, was slavery forever rooted out of Pennsylvania.
At the election held for president, the choice fell upon Joseph Reed, with George Bryan, vice- president, subsequently Matthew Smith, and finally William Moore. Reed was an erudite lawyer, and had held the position of private secretary to Washington, and subsequently that of adjutant- general in the army. He was inaugurated on the 1st of December, 1778. William Moore was elected president to succeed Joseph Reed, from November 14, 1781, but held the office less than one year, the term of three years for which he had been a councilman having expired, which was the limit of service. James Potter was chosen vice- president. In the State election of 1782, contested with great violence, John Dickinson was chosen president, and James Ewing, vice- president. On the 12th of March, 1783, intelligence was first received of the signing of the preliminary treaty in which independence was acknowledged, and on the 11th of April congress sent forth the joyful proclamation ordering a cessation of hostilities. The soldiers of Burgoyne, who had been confined in the prison camp at Lancaster, were put upon the march for New York, passing through Philadelphia on the way. Everywhere was joy unspeakable. The obstructions were removed from the Delaware, and the white wings of commerce again came fluttering on every breeze.
In September, 1785, after a long absence in the service of his country abroad, perfecting treaties and otherwise establishing just relations with other nations, the venerable Benjamin. Franklin, then nearly eighty years old, feeling the infirmities of age coming upon him, asked to be relieved of the duties of minister at the court of France, and returned to Philadelphia. Soon after his arrival he was elected president of the council. Charles Biddle was elected vice- president. In May, 1787, a convention to frame a constitution for the United States met at Philadelphia. The delegates from Pennsylvania were Benjamin Franklin, Robert Morris, Thomas Mifflin, George Clymer, Thomas Fitzsimons, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson and Gouverneur Morris. Upon the completion of their work, the instrument was submitted to the several States for adoption. A convention was called in Pennsylvania, which met on the 21st of November, and though encountering resolute opposition it was finally adopted on the 12th of December. On the following day the convention, the supreme council and officers of the State and city government, moved in procession to the old courthouse, where the adoption of the constitution was formally proclaimed amidst the booming of cannon and the ringing of bells.
On the 5th of November, 1788, Thomas Mifflin was elected president, and George Ross, vice- president. The constitution of the State framed in and adapted to the exigencies of an emergency, was ill- suited to the needs of the state in its relations to the new nation. Accordingly a convention assembled for the purpose of preparing a new constitution in November, 1789, which was finally adopted on September 2, 1790. By the provisions of this instrument, the executive council was abolished, and the executive duties were vested in. the hands of a governor. Legislation was intrusted to an assembly and a senate. The judicial system was continued, and the terms of the judges extended through good behavior.
The whisky insurrection in some of the western counties of the State which occurred in 1794, excited by its lawlessness and wide extent general interest. An act of congress of March 3, 1791, laid a tax on distilled spirits of four pence per gallon. The then counties of Washington, Westmoreland, Allegheny and Fayette, comprising the southwestern quarter of the State, were almost exclusively engaged in the production of grain. Being far removed from any market, the 'product' of their farms brought them scarcely any returns. The consequence was that a large proportion of the surplus grain was turned into distilled spirits, and nearly every other farmer was a. distiller. This tax was seen to bear heavily upon them, from which a nonproducer of spirits was relieved. Arash determination was formed to resist its collection, and a belief entertained that, if all were united in resisting, it would be taken off. Frequent altercations occurred between the persons appointed United States collectors and these resisting citizens. As an example, on the 5th of September, 1791, a party in disguise set upon Robert Johnson, a collector for Allegheny and Washington, tarred and feathered him, cut off his hair, took away his horse, and left him in this plight to proceed. Writs for the arrest of the perpetrators were issued, but none dared to venture into the territory to serve them. On May 8, 1792, the law was modified, and the tax reduced. In September, 1792, President Washington issued his proclamation commanding all persons to submit to the law, and to forbear from further opposition. But these measures had no effect, and the insurgents began to organize for forcible resistance. Maj. Macfarlane, while in command of a party of insurrectionists, was killed in an encounter with United States soldiers at the house of Gen. Neville. The feeling now ran very high, and it was hardly safe for any person to breathe a whisper against the insurgents throughout all this district. One Bradford had, of his own notion, issued a circular letter to the colonels of regiments to assemble with their commands at Braddock's field on the 1st of August, where they appointed officers and moved on to Pittsburgh. After having burned a barn, and made some noisy demonstrations, they were induced by some cool heads to return. These turbulent proceedings coming to the ears of the State and national authorities at Philadelphia, measures were concerted to promptly and effectually check them. Gov. Mifflin appointed Chief Justice McKean and Gen. William Irvine to proceed to the disaffected district, ascertain the facts, and try to bring the leaders to justice. President Washington issued a proclamation commanding all persons in arms to disperse to their homes "on or before the 1st of September, proximo," and called out the militia of four States- Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland and Virginia- to the number of 13,000 men, to enforce his commands. The quota of Pennsylvania was 4,500 infantry, 500 cavalry, and 200 artillery, and Gov. Mifflin took command in person. Gov. Richard Howell, of New Jersey, Gov. Thomas S. Lee, of Maryland, and Gen. Daniel Morgan, of Virginia, commanded the forces from their States, and Gov. Henry Lee, of Virginia; was placed in chief command. President Washington, accompanied by Gen. Knox, secretary of war, Alexander Hamilton, secretary of the treasury, and Richard Peters, of the United States District Court, set out on the 1st of October for the seat of the disturbance. On Friday the President reached Harrisburg and on Saturday, Carlisle, whither the army had preceded him. In the meantime a committee, consisting of James Ross, Jasper Yeates and William Bradford, was appointed by President Washington to proceed to the disaffected district, and endeavor to persuade misguided citizens to return to their allegiance.
A meeting of 260 delegates from the four counties was held at Parkinson's Ferry on the 14th of August, at which the state of their cause was considered, resolutions adopted, and a committee of sixty, one from each county, was appointed, and a sub- committee of twelve was named to confer with the United States commissioners, McKean and Irvine. These conferences with the State and national committees were successful in arranging preliminary conditions of settlement. On the 2d of October the committee of safety of the insurgents met at Parkinson's Ferry, and having learned that a well- organized army, with Washington at its head, was marching westward to enforce obedience to the laws, appointed a committee of two, William Findley and David Reddick, to meet the President, and assure him that the disaffected were disposed to return to their duties. They met Washington at Carlisle, and several conferences were held, and assurances given of implicit obedience; but the President said that as the troops had been called out, the orders for the march would not be countermanded. The President proceeded forward on the 11th of October to Chambersburg, reached Williamsport on the 13th and Fort Cumberland on the 14th, where he reviewed the Virginia and Maryland forces, and arrived at Bedford on the 19th. Remaining a few days, and being satisfied that the sentiment of the people had changed, he returned to Philadelphia, arriving on the 28th, leaving Gen. Lee to meet the commissioners and make such conditions of pacification as should seem just. Another meeting of the committee of safety was held at Parkinson's Ferry on the 24th, at which assurances of abandonment of opposition to the laws were received, and the same committee, with the addition of Thomas Morton and Ephraim Douglass, was directed to return to headquarters and give assurance of this disposition. They did not reach Bedford until after the departure of Washington. But at Uniontown they met Gen. Lee, with whom it was agreed that the citizens of these four counties should subscribe to an oath to support the constitution and obey the laws. Justices of the peace issued notices that books were opened for subscribing to the oath, and Gen. Lee issued a judicious address urging ready obedience. Seeing that all requirements were being faithfully carried out, an order was issued the 17th of November for the return of the army and its disbandment. A number of arrests were made and trials and convictions were had, but all were ultimately pardoned.
With the exception of a slight ebullition at the prospect of a war with France in 1797, and a resistance to the operation of the "homestead tax" in Lehigh, Berks and Northampton counties, when the militia was called out, the remainder of the term of Gov. Mifflin passed in comparative quiet. By an act of the legislature of the 3d of April, 1799, the capital of the State was removed to Lancaster, and soon after the capital of the United States to Washington, the house on Ninth street, which had been built for the residence of the President of the United States, passing to the use of the University of Pennsylvania.
During the administrations of Thomas McKean, who was elected governor in 1799, and Simon Snyder, in 1808, little beyond heated political contests marked the even tenor of the government, until the breaking out of the troubles which eventuated in the war of 1812. Pennsylvania promptly seconded the national government, the message of Gov. Snyder on the occasion ringing like a silver clarion. The national call for 100,000 men required 14,000 from this State, but so great was the enthusiasm that several times this number tendered their services. The State force was organized in two divisions, to the command of the first of which Maj.- Gen. Isaac Morrell was appointed, and to the second Maj.- Gen. Adamson Tannehill. Gunboats and privateers were built in the harbor of Erie and on the Delaware, and the defenses upon the latter were put in order and suitable armaments provided. The act which created most alarm to Pennsylvania was one of vandalism scarcely matched in the annals of warfare. In August, 1814, Gen. Ross, with 6,000 men in a flotilla of sixty sail, moved up Chesapeake Bay, fired the capitol, the President's house and the various offices of cabinet ministers, and these costly and substantial buildings, the national library and all the records of the government from its foundation were utterly destroyed. Shortly afterward, Ross appeared before Baltimore with the design of multiplying his barbarisms, but he was met by a force hastily collected under Gen. Samuel Smith, a Pennsylvania veteran of the Revolution, and in the brief engagement which ensued Ross was killed. In the severe battle with the corps of Gen. Stricker, the British lost some 300 men. The fleet in the meantime commenced a fierce bombardment of Fort McHenry, and during the day and ensuing night 1,500 bombshells were thrown, but all to no purpose, the gallant defense of Maj. Armistead proving successful. It was during this awful night that Maj. Key, who was a prisoner on board the fleet, wrote the song of the Star Spangled Banner, which became the national lyric. It was in the administration of Gov. Snyder in February, 1810, that an act was passed making Harrisburg the seat of government, and a commission raised for erecting public buildings, the sessions of the legislature being held in the court-house at Harrisburg from 1812 to 1821.
The administrations of William Findley, elected in 1817, Joseph Heister, in 1820, and John Andrew Schulz, in 1823, followed, without marked events. Parties became very warm in their, discussions and in their management of political campaigns. The charters for the forty banks which had been passed in a fit of frenzy over the veto of Gov. Snyder set a flood of paper money afloat. The public improvements, principally in opening lines of, canal, were prosecuted, and vast debts incurred. These lines of conveyances were vitally needful to move the immense products and vast resources of the State.
Previous to the year 1820, little use was made of stone coal. Judge Obediah Gore, a blacksmith, used it upon his forge as early as 1769, and found the heats stronger and more enduring than that produced by charcoal. In 1791 Philip Ginter, of Carbon county, a hunter by profession, having on one occasion been out all day without discovering any game, was returning at night discouraged and worn out, across the Mauch Chunk mountain when, in the gathering shades he stumbled upon something which seemed to have a glistening appearance, that he was induced, to pick up and carry home. This specimen was taken to Philadelphia, where an analysis showed it to be a good quality of anthracite coal. But, though coal was known to exist, no one knew how to use it. In 1812 Col. George Shoemaker, of Schuylkill county, took nine wagon loads to Philadelphia. But he was looked upon as an imposter for attempting to sell worthless stone for coal. He finally sold two loads for the cost of transportation, the remaining seven proving a complete loss. In 1812 White & Hazard, manufacturers of wire at the Falls of Schuylkill, induced an application to be made to the legislature to incorporate a company f or the improvement of the Schuylkill, urging as an inducement the importance it would have for transporting coal; whereupon, the senator from that district, in his place, with an air of knowledge, asserted that "there was no coal there, that there was a kind of black stone which was called coal, but that it would not burn." White & Hazard procured a cart- load of Lehigh coal that cost them $1 a bushel, which was all wasted in a vain attempt to make it ignite. Another cart- load was obtained, and a whole night spent in endeavoring to make a fire in the furnace, when the hands shut the furnace door and left the mill in despair. "Fortunately one of them left his jacket in the mill, and returning for it in about half an hour, noticed that the door was red hot, and upon opening it, was surprised at finding the whole furnace at a glowing white heat. The other hands were summoned, and four separate parcels of iron were heated and rolled by the same fire before it required renewing. The furnace was replenished, and as letting it alone had succeeded so well, it was concluded to try it again, and the experiment was repeated with the same result. The Lehigh Navigation Company and the Lehigh Coal Company were incorporated in 1818, which companies became the basis of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, incorporated in 1822. In 1820 coal was sent to Philadelphia by artificial navigation, but 365 tons glutted the market." In 1825 there were brought by the Schuylkill 5,378 tons. In 1826 by the Schuylkill 16,205 tons, and by the Lehigh 31,280 tons. The stage of water being insufficient, dams and sluices were constructed near Mauch Chunk, in 1819, by which the navigation was improved. The coal boats used were great square arks, sixteen to eighteen feet wide, and twenty to twenty- five feet long. At first, two of these were joined together by hinges, to allow them to yield up and down in passing over the dams. Finally as the boatman became skilled in the navigation, several were joined, attaining a length of 180 feet. After reaching Philadelphia, these boats were taken to pieces, the plank sold and the hinges sent back for constructing others. Such were the crude methods adopted in the early days for bringing coal to a market. In 1827 a railroad was commenced, which was completed in three months, nine miles in length. This, with the exception of one at Quincy, Mass., of four miles, built in 1826, was the first constructed in the United States. The descent was one hundred feet per mile, the coal descending by gravity in a half hour, and the cars were drawn back by mules, which rode down with the coal. Bituminous coal was discovered and its qualities utilized not much earlier than the anthracite. A tract of coal land was taken up in Clearfield county in 1785, by Mr. S. Boyd, and in 1804 he sent an ark down the Susquehanna to Columbia.
During the administrations of George Wolf, elected in 1829, and Joseph Ritner, elected in 1835, a measure of great beneficence to the State was passed, and brought into a good degree of successful operation- nothing less than a broad system of public education. Schools had been early established in Philadelphia, and parochial schools in the more populous portions of the State from the time of early settlement. In 1749, through the influence of Dr. Franklin, a charter was obtained for a "college, academy, and charity school of Pennsylvania," and, from this time to the beginning of the present century, the friends of education were earnest in establishing colleges, the colonial government, and afterward the legislature, making liberal grants from the revenues accruing from the sale of lands for their support, the University of Pennsylvania being chartered in 1752, Dickinson College in 1783, Franklin and Marshall College in 1787, and Jefferson College in 1802. Commencing near the beginning of this century, and continuing for over a period of thirty years, vigorous exertions were put forth to establish county academies. Charters were granted for these institutions at the county seats of forty- one counties, and appropriations were made of money, varying from two thousand to six thousand dollars, and in several instances of quite extensive land grants. In 1809 an act was passed for the education of the "poor gratis." The assessors in their annual rounds were to make a record of all such as were indigent, and pay for their education in the most convenient schools. But few were found among the spirited inhabitants of the commonwealth willing to admit that they were so poor as to be objects of charity.
By the act of April 1, 1834, a general system of education by common schools was established. Unfortunately it was complex and unwieldy. At the next session an attempt was made to repeal the act, and substitute the old law of 1809 for educating the "poor gratis," the repeal having been carried in. the senate. But through the appeals of Thaddeus Stevens, a man always in the van in every movement for the elevation of mankind, this was defeated. At the next session, 1836, an entirely new bill, discarding the objectionable features of the old one, was prepared by Dr. George Smith, of Delaware county, and adopted, and from this time forward it has been in efficient operation. In 1854 the system was improved by engrafting upon it the feature of the county superintendency, and in 1859 by providing for the establishment of twelve normal schools in as many districts into which the State was divided for the professional training of teachers.
In 1837 a convention assembled in Harrisburg, and subsequently in Philadelphia, for revising the constitution, which revision was adopted by a vote of the people. One of the chief objects of the change was the breaking up of what was known as "omnibus legislation," each bill being required to have but one distinct subject, to be definitely stated in. the title. Much of the patronage of the governor was taken from him, and he was allowed but two terms of three years in any nine years. The senator's term was fixed at three years. The terms of supreme court judges were limited to fifteen years, common pleas judges to ten, and associate judges to five. A step backward was taken in limiting suffrage to white male citizens twenty- one years old, it having previously been extended to citizens irrespective of color. Amendments could be proposed once in five years, and if adopted by two successive legislatures, and approved by a vote of the people, they became a part of the organic law.
At the opening of the gubernatorial term of David R. Porter, who was chosen in October, 1838, a civil commotion occurred known as the "Buckshot War," which at one time threatened a sanguinary result. Fraud in the election returns was alleged, and finally the opposing factions armed for the maintenance of their claims. Some of them were supplied with buckshot cartridges, hence the name which was given to the contest. It ended without bloodshed.
Francis R. Shunk was chosen governor in 1845, and during his term of office the war with Mexico occurred. Two volunteer regiments, one under command of Col. Wynkoop, and the other under Col. Roberts, subsequently under Col. J.W. Geary, were sent to the field, while the services of a much larger number were offered, but could not be received. Toward the close of his first term, having been reduced by sickness, and feeling his end approaching, Gov. Shunk resigned, and was succeeded by the speaker of the senate, William F. Johnston, who was duly chosen at the next annual election. During the administrations of William Bigler, elected in 1851, James Pollock, in 11854, and William F. Packer, in 1857, little beyond the ordinary course of events marked the history of the State. The lines of public works undertaken at the expense of the State were completed. Their cost had been enormous, and a debt was piled up against it of over forty million dollars. These works, vastly expensive, were still to operate and keep in repair, and the revenues there from failing to meet expectations, it was determined in the administration of Gov. Pollock to sell them to the highest bidder, the Pennsylvania Railroad Company purchasing them for the sum of seven million five hundred thousand dollars.
In the administration of Gov. Packer petroleum was first discovered in quantities in this country by boring into the bowels of the earth. From the earliest settlement of the country it was known to exist, and it had been gathered in small quantities and utilized for various purposes. In 1859 Mr. E.L. Drake, at first representing a company in New York, commenced drilling near a spot where there were surface indications. When the company would give him no more money he strained his own resources and his credit with his friends almost to the breaking point, and when about to give up in despair finally struck a powerful current of pure oil. From this time forward the territory down the valley of Oil creek and up all its tributaries was rapidly acquired and developed for oil land. In some places the oil was sent up with immense force at the rate of thousands of barrels each day, and great trouble was experienced in bringing it under control and storing it. In some cases the force of the gas was so powerful on being accidentally fired as to defy all approach for many days; and lighted up the forests at night with billows of light. The oil has been found in paying quantities in McKean, Warren, Forest, Crawford, Venango, Clarion, Butler and Armstrong counties, chiefly along the upper waters of the Allegheny river and its tributary, the Oil creek. Its transportation has come to be effected by forcing it through great pipe lines, which extend to the great lakes and the seaboard. Its production has grown to be enormous. Since 1859 a grand total of more than three hundred millions of barrels have been produced in the Pennsylvania oil fields.
In the fall of 1860, Andrew G. Curtin was elected governor of Pennsylvania, and Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States. The war of the great rebellion followed, and in the spring of 1861 Pennsylvania was called on for sixteen regiments, her quota of the 75,000 volunteers that were summoned by proclamation of the President. Instead of sixteen, twenty- five regiments were organized for the three months' service from Pennsylvania. Judging from the threatening attitude assumed by the rebels across the Potomac that the southern frontier would be constantly menaced, Gov. Curtin sought permission to organize a select corps, to consist of thirteen regiments of infantry, one of cavalry, and one of artillery, and to be known as the Pennsylvania Reserve Corps, which the legislature, in special session, granted. This corps of, 15,000 men was speedily raised, and the intention of the State authorities was to keep this body permanently within the limits of the commonwealth for defense. But at the time of the first Bull Run disaster in July, 1861, the national government found itself without troops to even defend the capital, the time of the three months' men being now about to expire, and at its urgent call this fine body was sent forward and never again returned for the execution of the duty for which it was formed, having borne the brunt of the fighting on many a hard-fought field during the three years of its service.
In addition to the volunteer troops furnished in response to the several calls of the President, upon the occasion of the rebel invasion of Maryland in September, 1862, Gov. Curtin called 50,000 men for the emergency, and, though the time was very brief, 25,000 came, were organized under command of Gen. John F. Reynolds, and were marched to the border. But the battle of Antietam, fought on the 17th of September, caused the enemy to beat a hasty retreat, and the border was relieved, when the emergency troops were disbanded and returned to their homes. On the 19th of October Gen. J.E.B. Stewart, of the rebel army, with 1,800 horsemen under command of Hampton, Lee and Jones, crossed the Potomac and made directly for Chambersburg, arriving after dark. Not waiting for morning to attack, he sent in a flag of truce demanding the surrender of the town. There were 275 Union soldiers in hospital, whom he paroled. During the night the troopers were busy picking up horses- swapping horses perhaps it should be called- and the morning saw them early on the move. The rear guard gave notice before leaving to remove all families from the neighborhood of the public buildings, as they intended to fire them. There was a large amount of fixed ammunition in them, which had been captured from Longstreet's train, besides government stores of shoes, clothing and muskets. At 11 o'clock the station- house, round- house, railroad machine shops and warehouses were fired and consigned to destruction. The fire department was promptly out; but it was dangerous to approach the burning buildings on account of the ammunition, and all perished.
The year 1862 was one of intense excitement and activity. From about the 1st of May, 1861, to the end of 1862, there were recruited in the State of Pennsylvania 111 regiments, including eleven of cavalry and three of artillery, for three years service; twenty- five regiments for three months; seventeen for nine months; fifteen of drafted militia, and twenty- five called out for the emergency; an aggregate of 193 regiments- a grand total of over 200,000 men- a great army in itself.
In June, 1863, Gen. Robert, E. Lee, with his entire army of Northern Virginia, invaded Pennsylvania. The army of the Potomac, under Gen. Joseph Hooker, followed. The latter was superseded on the 28th of June by Gen. George G. Meade. The vanguards of the army met a mile or so out of Gettysburg on the Chambersburg pike on the morning of the 1st of July. Hill's corps of the rebel army was held in check by the sturdy fighting of a small division of cavalry under Gen. Buford until 10 o'clock, when Gen. Reynolds came to his relief with the first corps. While bringing his forces into action, Reynolds was killed, and the command devolved on Gen. Abner Doubleday, and the fighting became terrible, the Union forces being greatly outnumbered. At 2 o'clock in the afternoon the eleventh corps, Gen. O.O. Howard, came to the support of the first. But now the corps of Ewell had joined hands with Hill, and a full two- thirds of the entire rebel army was on the field, opposed by only the two weak Union corps, in an inferior: position. A sturdy fight was however maintained until 5 o'clock, when the Union forces withdrew through the town, and took position upon rising ground covering the Baltimore pike. During the night the entire Union army came up, with the exception of the sixth corps, and took position; and at 2 o'clock in the morning Gen. Meade and staff came on the field. During the morning hours, and until 4 o'clock in the afternoon, the two armies were getting into position for the desperate struggle. The third corps, Gen. Sickles, occupied the extreme left, his corps abutting on the Little Round Top at the Devil's Den, and reaching, en echelon, through the rugged ground to the Peach Orchard, and thence along the Emmittsbarg pike, where it joined the second corps, Gen. Hancock, reaching over Cemetery Hill, the eleventh corps, Gen. Howard, the first, Gen. Doubleday, and the twelfth, Gen. Slocum, reaching across Culp's Hill- the whole being crescent shaped. To this formation the rebel army conformed, Longstreet opposite the Union left, Hill opposite the center, and Ewell opposite the Union right. At 4 P.M. the battle was opened by Longstreet, on the extreme left of Sickles, and the fighting became terrific, the rebels making strenuous efforts to gain Little Round Top. But at the opportune moment a part of the fifth corps, Gen. Sykes, was brought upon that key position, and it was saved to the Union side. The slaughter in front of Round Top at the wheat field and the Peach Orchard was fearful. The third corps was driven back from its advanced position, and its commander, Gen. Sickles, was wounded, losing a leg. In a more contracted position, the Union line was made secure, where it rested for the night. Just at dusk the Louisiana Tigers, some 1,800 men, made a desperate charge on Cemetery Hill, emerging suddenly from a hillock just back of the town. The struggle was desperate, but the Tigers being weakened by the fire of the artillery, and by the infantry crouching behind the stone wall, the onset was checked, and Carroll's brigade, of the second corps, coming to the rescue, they were finally beaten back, terribly decimated. At about the same time a portion of Ewell's corps made an advance on the extreme Union right, at a point where the troops had been withdrawn to send to the support of Sickles, and unopposed gained the extremity of Culp's Hill, pushing through nearly to the Baltimore pike, in dangerous proximity to the reserve artillery and trains, and even the headquarters of the Union commander. But in their attempt to roll up the Union right they were met by Green's brigade of the twelfth corps, and by desperate fighting their further progress was stayed. Thus ended the battle of the second day. The Union left and right had been sorely jammed and pushed back.
At 4 o'clock on the morning of the 3d of July, Gen. Geary, who had been ordered away to the support of Sickles, having returned during the night and taken a position on the right of Green, opened the battle for the recovery of his lost breastworks on the right of Culp's Hill. Until 10 o'clock the battle raged with unabated fury. The heat was intolerable, and the sulphurous vapor hung like a pall over the combatants, shutting out the light of day. The fighting was in the midst of the forest, and the echoes resounded with fearful distinctness. The twelfth corps was supported by portions of the sixth, which had now come up. At length the enemy, weakened and finding themselves overborne on all sides, gave way, the Union breastworks were reoccupied and the Union right made entirely secure. Comparative quiet now reigned on either side until 2 o'clock in the afternoon, in the meantime both sides bringing up fresh troops and repairing damages. The rebel leader having brought his best available artillery in upon his right center, suddenly opened with 150 pieces a concentric fire upon the devoted Union left center, where stood the troops of Hancock, Doubleday and Sickles. The shock was terrible. Rarely had such a cannonade been known on any field. For nearly two hours it was continued. Thinking that the Union line had been broken and demoralized by this fire, Longstreet brought out a fresh corps of some 14,000 men, under Pickett, and charged full upon the point which had been the mark for the cannonade. As soon as this charging column came into view, the Union artillery opened upon it from right and left and center, and rent it with fearful effect. When arrived within musket range, the Union troops, who had been crouching behind slight pits and a low stone wall, poured in a most murderous fire. Still the rebels pushed forward with a bold face, and actually crossed the Union lines and had their hands on the Union guns. But the slaughter was too terrible to withstand. The killed and wounded lay scattered over all the plain. Many were gathered in as prisoners. Finally the remnant staggered back, and the battle of Gettysburg was at an end.
So soon as indications pointed to a possible invasion of the North by the rebel army under Gen. Lee, the State of Pennsylvania was organized into two military departments, that of the Susquehanna, to the command of which Darius N. Couch was assigned, with headquarters at Harrisburg, and that of the Monongahela, under W.T.H. Brooks, with headquarters at Pittsburgh. Urgent calls for the militia were made, and large numbers in regiments, in companies and in squadrons, came promptly at the call to the number of over 36,000 men, who were organized for a period of ninety days. Fortifications were thrown up to cover Harrisburg and Pittsburgh, and the troops were moved to threatened points. But before they could be brought into action, the great decisive conflict had been fought, and the enemy driven from northern soil. Four regiments under Gen. Brooks were moved into Ohio to aid in arresting a raid undertaken by John Morgan, who with 2,000 horse and four guns had crossed the Ohio river for a diversion in favor of Lee.
In the beginning of July, 1864, Gen. Early invaded Maryland, and made his way to the threshold of Washington. Fearing another invasion of the State, Gov. Curtin called for volunteers to serve for 100 days. Gen. Couch was still at the head of the department of the Susquehanna, and six regiments and six companies were organized, but as fast as organized they were called to the front, the last regiment leaving the State on the 29th of July. On the evening of this day, Gens. McCausland, Bradley Johnson and Harry Gilmore, with 3,000 mounted men and six guns, crossed the Potomac, and made their way to Chambersburg. Another column of 3,000 under Vaughn and Jackson advanced to Hagerstown, and a third to Leitersburg. Averell, with a small force, was at Hagerstown, but finding himself over-matched, withdrew through Greencastle to Mount Hope. Lieut. McLean, with fifty men in front of McCausland, gallantly kept his face to the foe, and checked the advance at every favorable point. On being apprised of their coming, the public stores at Chambersburg were moved northward. At 6 A.M. McCausland opened his batteries upon the town, but, finding it unprotected, took possession. Ringing the court-house bell to call the people together, Capt. Fitzhugh read an order to the assembly, signed by Gen. Jubal Early, directing the command to proceed to Chambersburg and demand one hundred thousand dollars in gold, or five hundred thousand dollars in greenbacks, and if not paid to burn the town. While this parley was in progress, hats, caps, boots, watches, clothing and valuables were unceremoniously appropriated, and purses demanded at the point of the bayonet. As money was not in hand to meet so unexpected a draft, the torch was lighted. In less than a quarter of an hour from the time the first match was applied, the whole business part of the town was in flames. Burning parties were sent into each quarter of the town, which made thorough work. With the exception of a few, houses upon the outskirts, the whole was laid in ruins. Retiring rapidly, the entire rebel army recrossed the Potomac.
The whole number of soldiers recruited under the various calls for troops from the State of Pennsylvania was 366,000. In May, 1861, the Society of the Cincinnati of Pennsylvania, an organization of the officers of the Revolutionary war and their descendants, donated $500 toward arming and equipping troops. By order of the legislature the sum was devoted to procuring flags for the regiments, and each organization that went forth was provided with one emblazoned with the arms of the commonwealth. These flags, seamed and battle- stained, were returned at the close of the war, and are now preserved in a room devoted to the purpose in the State Capitol. When the war was over, the State undertook the charge of providing for all soldiers' orphans in schools located in different parts of the territory, furnished food, clothing, instruction and care, until they should be grown to manhood and womanhood. The number thus gathered and cared for has been some 7,500 annually, at an average annual expense of some six hundred thousand dollars.
At the election in 1866, John W. Geary, a veteran general of the war, was chosen governor. During his administration, settlements were made with the general government, extraordinary debts incurred during the war were paid, and a large reduction of the old debt of forty million dollars inherited from the construction of the canals was made. A convention for a revision of the constitution was ordered by the act of April 11, 1872. This convention assembled in Harrisburg November 13, and adjourned to meet in. Philadelphia, where it convened on the 7th of January, 1873, and the instrument framed was adopted on the 18th of December, 1873. By its provisions the number of senators was increased from thirty-three to fifty, and representatives from 100 to 201, subject to further increase in proportion to increase of population; biennial in place of annual sessions, making the term of supreme court judges twenty- one in place of fifteen years, remanding a large class of legislation to the action of the courts, making the term of governor four years in place of three, and prohibiting special legislation, were some of the changes provided for.
In January, 1873, John F. Hartranft became governor, and at the election in 1878, Henry F. Hoyt was chosen governor, both soldiers of the war of the Rebellion. In the summer of 1877, by concert of action of the employees on the several lines of railway in the State, trains were stopped and travel and traffic were interrupted for several days together. At Pittsburgh conflicts occurred between the railroad men and the militia, and a vast amount of property was destroyed. The opposition to the local military was too powerful to be controlled, and the national government was appealed to for aid. A force of regulars was promptly ordered out, and the rioters finally quelled. Unfortunately, Gov. Hartranft was absent from the State at the time of the troubles.
At the election in 1882 Robert E. Pattison was chosen governor. The legislature which met at the opening of 1883, having adjourned after a session of 156 days, without passing a congressional apportionment bill, as was required, was immediately reconvened in extra session, by the governor, and remained in session until near the close of the year, from June 1 to December 5, without coming to an agreement upon, a bill, and finally adjourned without having passed one,
James A. Beaver was elected governor of Pennsylvania in November, 1886, and is the present incumbent. He is a native of Perry county, Penn., and a. graduate of Jefferson College. He read law, and was admitted to practice in. 1859. In April, 1861, he went into the army as a first lieutenant, and served with distinction, being mustered out in December, 1864, with the rank of brigadier- general. The most prominent law enacted during his administration is the Brooks license law, passed in 1887. The proposed amendment to the constitution, prohibiting the manufacture or sale of intoxicants within the State, was voted on in the spring of 1889, and was defeated by a large majority.
Source: Page(s) 17-47, History of Counties of McKean, Elk and Forest, Pennsylvania. Chicago, J.H. Beers & Co., 1890.
Transcribed June 2007 by Nathan Zipfel, Published 2007 by PA-Roots
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P is for Practical
comment on
I have to write a script that can take a file that is in the format:
TRU-01(A),07Jul2008 03:00:01,ECG X/X,SAO2 X/X,NBP 115/59 77 02:41,CO2 +X/X/X,ST X/X/X,ST X/X/X,ST X/X/X,ST X/X/X
Most of the time, the file is missing certain statistics, such as SAO2, RESP, etc.
I need to be able to create a standardized formatting each time, so the log file will always have name1 data1, name 2 data2, etc.
However, the problem is that the data is often arranged differently, so NBP and its data might come before ECG and its data.
I think the easiest way would simply be to read the file for all the different names, sort those alphabetically, and use that to create a standard order for the data to appear in.
If anyone could suggest a way to do that, i would greatly appreciate it.
In reply to Sort log file alphabetically by Anonymous Monk
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Where in the world are shares set to soar? With Trump in the White House and Brexit on the way, we pick the top investment hotspots around the globe
- Some experts think that after an eight-year bull run US shares may be set to fall
- In the UK the weak pound could tempt foreign firms to make takeover offers
- Many European economies are struggling - Spain, Greece and Italy, in particular
Waiting for the perfect moment to invest in the stock market is a mug's game.
Just before the Brexit referendum last year, many experts said the market would crash if Britain voted out.
But if that put you off investing, you'd have missed out on a cracking return.
After a brief dip, the FTSE 100 — a list of Britain's 100 biggest firms — has soared, hitting a record high of 7,382 this month. So someone who had £10,000 invested just before the vote is now sitting on £11,700.
Your luck can just as easily turn, though — as investors you who lost money on tech stocks in the dotcom crash in 2000 know all too well.
Global ambitions: With Britain leaving the EU and reality TV star Donald Trump now President of America, where in the world should you invest?
That's why experts say the best tactic is to find top funds in regions that you think are on the up — and then drip-feed in your money over time. That way, you ride out the bumps in the market.
So, with Britain leaving the EU and reality TV star Donald Trump now President of America, where in the world should you invest now?
Always try to invest inside an Isa. That means all your returns and payouts will be tax-free.
Your allowance is £15,240 this year, rising to £20,000 a year from April 6.
HOW TO START A SHARES ISA
If you're new to investing, open an Isa with a fund supermarket.
These websites offer thousands of funds to choose from. Many also let you buy shares.
You'll pay 0.2 per cent to 0.6 per cent a year on top of the cost of the fund and any dealing fee.
On a £10,000 pot that's £20 to £60 annually.
Britain's best-known stock broker, Hargreaves Lansdown, charges 0.45 per cent.
It's one of the more expensive, but offers the best tools and information to help you invest.
If you're buying shares it typically costs £11.95 to trade.
Fidelity charges 0.35 per cent a year. It doesn't allow you to buy shares.
Barclays Direct Investing charges 0.2 per cent, but there's a £3 cost to buy or sell funds, plus a £6 fee for shares.
AJ Bell charges 0.25 per cent and £1.50 to buy a fund and £9.95 to trade shares.
By opening an account with a fund supermarket such as Hargreaves Lansdown, AJ Bell, Tilney or Interactive Investor, you can buy any number of investments.
Many savers stick close to home and invest in the FTSE 100. Yet these days that actually means investing all over the world.
The FTSE 100 is dominated by large international companies that generate huge profits overseas, such as mobile giant Vodafone, and mining company Anglo American.
Laith Khalaf, senior analyst at Hargreaves Lansdown says: 'The pound has fallen recently and that's helped these global giants because it means their overseas earnings are worth more when turned back into British currency.'
He says the weak pound could tempt foreign firms to make takeover offers, resulting in bumper payouts.
Last month Unilever — which owns Marmite and Persil — rebuffed an approach from U.S. firm Kraft Heinz. The boost from the pound hasn't helped smaller companies as much, though, as they tend to be more UK-focused.
However, with Britain's economy growing, fund managers say small and medium firms in the FTSE 250 could be the big winners.
Darius McDermott, a director of broker Chelsea Financial Services, recommends Neptune UK Mid Cap and Liontrust UK Smaller Companies fund.
Neptune invests a large chunk in over-50s insurer Saga, conference organiser ITE Group and online payments firm PayPoint. A £10,000 investment has grown to £20,740 in five years.
The Liontrust UK Smaller Companies fund, which invests in telephone systems provider Gamma Communications, has turned £10,000 into £24,200 in five years.
For funds backing larger and smaller companies, Mr McDermott tips Axa Framlington UK Select Opportunities.
Its share picks range from magazine firm Auto Trader Group, founded by Reading Football Club chairman Sir John Madejski, to ITV. £10,000 invested five years ago would now be worth £15,040.
Jason Hollands, a director of wealth managers Tilney, says one of the main advantages of investing in the UK is the culture of hefty dividends. His tip is Artemis Income, which has turned £10,000 into £16,090 in five years. Its top share is oil giant BP.
INVEST IN COMPANY BONDS
Savers hunting for income should also consider so-called retail bonds.
These are essentially IOUs from a big company: you lend the firm money for a fixed period and it gives you a regular payout at a fixed rate of interest.
At the end of the term — typically three, five or seven years — your cash is returned in full.
Tesco, Barclays and Vodafone are some of the companies to have issued these deals, paying 5 per cent or more. It's a handy way for them to raise extra cash.
Top-paying retail bonds at the moment include Lloyds Bank (9.6 per cent, bond matures in April 2023), Intermediate Capital Group (7 pc, matures December 2018) and BT (8.6 per cent, until March 2020).
Tesco pays 6 per cent until December 2029, Barclays 5.75 per cent until September 2026 and Vodafone 5.9 per cent until November 2032.
The downside is that your money is only as safe as the company you invest in.
If it goes out of business you could lose all your cash.
This is because retail bonds are not covered by the Financial Service Compensation Scheme, which protects up to £85,000 in a savings account if a bank goes under.
The U.S. market is the biggest in the world, home to giants such Microsoft, Apple, Johnson & Johnson, Alphabet (owners of Google) and PepsiCo.
But some experts think that after an eight-year bull run (i.e. share prices have continued to rise), share prices may be ripe for a fall.
Others say the U.S. economy has been motoring ahead and will be helped by Trump's promises to cut taxes and increase spending on roads and energy production.
Unpredictable: Some experts think that after an eight-year bull run US share prices may be ripe for a fall. But Donald Trump's policies may keep the market bubbling
McDermott points out that the pay of many American company bosses is linked to share price.
That means companies will use surplus cash to buy back shares — which helps drive prices up — rather than paying dividends.
Something to bear in mind when investing in the U.S. is that few fund managers ever beat the average return of the stock market.
Even legendary investor Warren Buffett says tracker funds, which blindly follow the market up and down, are best. Mr Khalaf tips the L&G U.S. Tracker, which has turned £10,000 into £24,180 in five years.
Many of Europe's economies are struggling. Spain, Greece and Italy, in particular, are up to their necks in debt and unemployment is rife.
There are also concerns about the impact Brexit will have on trade. But Mr Hollands, from Tilney, points out that most European funds don't just invest in EU-based stock markets.
In fact, the three largest companies in Europe — chocolate-maker Nestle and drugs giants Novartis and Roche — are all based in Switzerland, a non-EU country that makes up almost 20 per cent of the main European index of shares.
TOP TIP: TAKE IT SLOW
Always try to drip-feed your money into a stocks and shares Isa slowly.
It protects you against the risk of investing all your money just as the market is about to fall.
Plagued by concern over the economy, many European shares are undervalued by investors, the experts say.
Tom Stevenson, investment director at Fidelity, says that while the unpredictable elections in France, Germany, the Netherlands and possibly Italy this year may cause share prices to wobble, they could rally if results are better than expected.
Mr McDermott, from Chelsea FS, tips T. Rowe Price European Smaller Companies fund, which has turned £10,000 into £21,970 in five years by investing in firms such as betting software provider Playtech.
Mr Stevenson tips Invesco Perpetual European Equity Income fund, which has turned £10,000 into £20,790 in five years via undervalued stocks. Its top holding is Novartis, which has been working with Google on 'smart' contact lenses that track blood sugar and can auto-focus.
WATCH OUT FOR BINARY SCAMS
You may know to put the phone down on fraudsters who call up about Spanish holiday homes, plots in the Midlands or fine wine.
But scammers are getting craftier. The latest danger is a type of investment known as binary options trading.
With this type of investing you simply bet on whether a share price will rise or fall.
Caution: The latest scam is a type of investment known as binary options trading. With this type of investing you simply bet on whether a share price will rise or fall
If you win, you can get double-digit returns.
But it's incredibly risky because you lose all your money if you bet the wrong way.
Many firms offering binary options trading are not only risky but have been found to be fraudulent.
Investors have put in tens of thousands and then been unable to withdraw a penny.
If you're concerned that you have been contacted by a fraudulent company then you can check to see if it is regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority. Visit fca.org.uk/consumers
Japan is one of the largest industrialised economies in the world, and home to global firms Nissan, Sony and Nintendo, the company behind the Wii games console.
The economy has spent decades in the doldrums — so is now the time for it to turn around?
The Japanese government has taken steps to boost economic growth by spending on infrastructure projects, and imposing negative interest rates to encourage companies to borrow to invest.
KEEP YOUR COSTS DOWN
Investing isn't free. Nearly all funds charge you an annual fee for managing the money.
If you're paying a professional to pick stocks for you, it will cost around 0.75 per cent. That's £75 a year on a £10,000 investment, which is deducted from your savings.
If you invest in a tracker fund, which work like robots following the market up and down, you'll pay as little as 0.1 per cent, or £10 on a £10,000 investment.
There is no right or wrong answer to which is best.
But with a cheaper tracker fund you know fees aren't chipping away at your returns.
So check whether you're getting value for money.
It's also trying to stop Japanese companies stockpiling cash, and pay dividends to investors or buy back shares instead. If successful, these measures could result in better stock market returns.
But it's a big 'if'. Over the past ten years there have been numerous false dawns in Japan, when investment returns have picked up before stagnating again.
Mr Khalaf tips Man GLG Japan Core Alpha, which has turned £10,000 into £19,710 in five years.
He says manager Stephen Harker has a 'good track record of sniffing out top stocks in out of favour areas'. Its top holding is Toyota.
IF you're adventurous, you could try emerging market funds investing in Asia, Eastern Europe, South Africa and Latin America.
Most emerging nations have young populations — 70 per cent of India's population is aged under 35 — and a growing 'consumer class' eager to spend.
But it's not all good news. Mr Stevenson says Donald Trump's presidency could damage emerging markets because he wants firms to trade within the U.S. and rely less on cheap labour in China.
Emerging market countries can also have fragile or draconian political and legal systems, making it hard to predict how companies will grow.
Mr McDermott also warns falls in the price of oil, gold, and other commodities, hit economies such as Brazil and Russia hard, as they're rich in natural resources. They benefit from rising demand, however.
Bustle: Most emerging nations have young populations — 70 per cent of India's population is aged under 35 — and a growing 'consumer class' eager to spend
Experts also fear China's economic boom could be fizzling out. After years of stellar growth, driven by cheap exports to the West, rising wage costs are causing a slowdown.
You can invest in Chinese companies without buying into a China fund, as some of its biggest firms such as Baidu — the 'Chinese Google' — and Alibaba, the world's largest retailer, are listed in the U.S.
In the long term, emerging markets should prosper — but investors need to be patient and prepare for ups and down along the way.
A good option is the BlackRock Emerging Markets Equity Tracker fund. It spreads your money across China, Brazil, South Korea, India, Taiwan, Russia, Mexico, Indonesia and South Africa and has turned £10,000 into £12,850 in five years.
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- Ford Europe teases the release of new Ford Focus in latest clip
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- Mercedes-Benz teases its new Ultimate Luxury SUV concept
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Re-purposed! Tyres Urban Furniture
Recycled tyres are given a new lease of life as seats, tables and playground props. This is all about using design to bring delight at minimum waste.
OneMakerGroup & Designed
One Maker Group (OMG) aims to become the leading hub in Singapore that better serve and cultivate designers, engineers, entrepreneurs, students, and the Maker community. We are proud to support these innovators by offering a welcoming Makerspace, comprehensive Maker course, as well as Product Development Programs which unify Making and Entrepreneurship.
At Designed, we translate and design your ideas into notional entities. We believe in sculpturing your rawest and wildest ideas into tangible art pieces; providing constructive advice along the way and thus formulating your preferred solution. Looking to form your ideas into reality, contact us personally and we will try our best to see whether we can be of any help to you.
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Digital Currency Moves Closer to the Mainstream
July 7, 2014
Internet MoneySeveral recent events illustrate that digital currencies such as Bitcoin are becoming increasingly visible and popular for consumer transactions. Although not yet a mass market payment system, these recent events show that digital currencies already have significant international impact and that they have the potential to play a key role in the marketplace of the future.
Digital currencies provide electronic payment systems. They facilitate the convenient exchange of economic value through use of networked computing resources. Bitcoin and other digital currencies provide convenient global, computer-based platforms for transactions.
Recently, federal law enforcement authorities conducted an auction sale of Bitcoins that were seized as illegal assets. The U.S. Marshals sold nearly 30,000 Bitcoins which were taken by authorities as part of legal action against the operators of the Silk Road website. It’s now being reported that venture capitalist Tim Draper bought all of the nearly 30,000 Bitcoin auctioned by the Marshals. Details about the prices Draper paid are not yet available, however, based on information released by some of the unsuccessful bidders, it appears that the winning bids were likely in the range of the current market value for Bitcoins, approximately six hundred dollars per Bitcoin. The proceeds from the auction provide funds for use by the U.S. government.
This digital currency auction conducted by the U.S. government is significant as it adds to the legitimacy of digital currencies as a medium of commercial exchange. It demonstrates that the U.S. government recognizes digital currencies as valuable assets which can be legally bought and sold. It also illustrates U.S. government recognition that units of digital currencies are “fungible” and should all be treated equally. Through the auction, the U.S. government became a major participant in the emerging digital currency marketplace.
Another important recent milestone in the expansion of digital currency use involves the introduction of oversight for consumer protection. The U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) formally requested this year that the U.S. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) examine the impact of digital currencies on consumer finances. The GAO asked the CFPB to look for ways to reduce the risk of fraud and abuse associated with consumer use of digital currencies. This action could pave the way for specific regulatory oversight of digital currencies, thus potentially increasing their popularity among mass market consumers.
Recent legislative action in the state of California also provides a significant digital currency milestone. California enacted legislation granting digital currencies the status of “legal money” in that state. The legislation does not provide a regulatory framework specifically directed toward digital currencies. Instead, it includes digital currencies with coupons, reward points, and other alternative forms of value used by consumers. The new law recognizes all of those diverse alternative forms of value as legal money, thus making them legitimate forms of economic value exchange in the state.
Increasingly, governments in the United States and nations around the world are recognizing that digital currencies are gaining in popularity and have the potential to exert profound influence on commerce. New efforts by governments to create a legal and regulatory environment appropriate for safe and efficient use of digital currencies emerge on a daily basis. Successful development of a regulatory framework to foster widespread consumer use of digital currencies is an important goal for governments everywhere.
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In 2012 our very first Sprint Triathlon at Chestnut Forks Tennis and Fitness Club was launched raising money for a local cause. The purpose for creating our sprint triathlon was to give individuals a fitness goal while having fun and to raise money for local non-profit organizations. Since our grass roots beginning, the event has expanded to include more participants, sponsors and volunteers!
Registration Pick up at Event 7:00 am
Pool Opens for practice 7:30 am
Event starts at 8:00 am
DISTANCES OF RACE
SWIM: 300 meter swim at Chestnut Forks Pool
BIKE: 12.8 miles of cycling through Warrenton’s beautiful countryside
RUN: Finishing strong with a 5k Run winding through Warrenton Lakes Community
Individual, Two person team, Three person team
A portion of the proceeds are donated to Fauquier SPCA.
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In a year of sweeping post office closures and service cutbacks, one local branch is being celebrated with a much-anticipated transformation. The historic mail center in Beverly Hills, after a 10-year conversion, is finally re-opening as the grand Wallis Annenberg Center for the Performing Arts.
In architect Zoltan Palti's design, the movement and imagery of mail service -- stacks of paper, flying envelopes, square stamps -- are reflected in abstract details. The layered, underlit walls of the corridor that lead to the 150 seat Lovelace Studio Theater refer to layers of square stamps, while the theater itself occupies the former mail sorting room. The former clerk windows are put to new use as box office windows, and the old loading docks are now repurposed as marley-floored classrooms.
Rather than gutting the old post office to incorporate a state of the art theater, Pali decided to work within the constraints of the historical building, leaving it mostly intact and simply re-imagining its available space. He therefore built an additional building in the back -- the 500-seat Bram Goldsmith Theater, with its walnut interior inspired by the movement of performers. Wood screens wrap the space in arching bowed trusses, slatted to both conceal and reveal modular acoustic systems, and to interplay with the theater's lighting capabilities -- highlighting, once again, the layers of space and the inner workings not of postal work this time, but theater.
The lobby of the theater flows into a sunken garden walled off from South Santa Monica Boulevard. Terraced landscaping leads toward the upper Jamie Tisch Sculpture Garden, from which you'll get a grand view of the skyline of Century City, and, more immediately, the shopping district of Beverly Hills. As you stand in the garden, you might notice the juxtaposition of the new architecture against the old, and once again, you'll observe postal imagery in the new: the copper-colored cement plates that adorn the exterior of the Bram Goldsmith Theater mimic the pattern of envelopes of various thicknesses moving through sorting machinery, and mirror the original terra cotta roof tiles of the adjacent post office.
In perhaps the most impressive design detail of the center, old and new merge via a public walkway that leads from City Hall to the east, between the old post office and the new theater building, into the sculpture garden, and out to Canon Drive. Patrons and non-ticket holders alike can wander this path. Just as the government mail service of this 1933 public work-era building was available for all, the architectural experience of the Wallis Annenberg Center, despite its 90210 zip code, is designed to be accessible by all.
The Wallis Annenberg Center for the Performing Arts (nicknamed the Wallis) officially opened its doors to the public last week with a series of galas. Programming begins Nov. 8 with the Martha Graham Dance Company. The performance calendar includes dance, world theater, film, and opera. In 2014, the Annenberg Foundation will begin a year-round program of professional theater classes for kids age 8 to 18.
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Auto accidents are prevalent especially in highly urbanized areas in the United States such as Los Angeles. These are also covered by intricate provisions of the law that cause the victims a hard time in filing their respective claim cases. It is definitely vital then, for the injured victims to understand their rights along with
If you are among those who have been injured in a road or an auto accident due to third party negligence, you are going to want to be compensated for lost wages, medical bills and various other related expenses. If you are planning to file a compensation claim, the below mentioned steps will help you
Powered By Impressive Business WordPress Theme.
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Enjoy the best of the good life at Fountains Country Club
For active and retired families, the Fountains Country Club is a convenient and welcoming private club with 36 holes of top-notch golf designed to test the game’s best players, superior recreation facilities, dining options and a social calendar catering to the whole family.
Become a Member
Inside the Fountains Gates or outside, our menu of membership options is sure to have something that appeals to everyone. Resident, non-resident and even rental memberships will allow you to create memories for a lifetime!
Explore the Course
The heart and hallmark of Fountains Country Club is our 36-holes of championship golf, providing two uniquely challenging rounds. Superb practice facilities and an expansive driving range are additional features that offer a superior experience for golfers of all skill levels.
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Tuesday, July 15, 2014
What Does The Future Hold For Book Publishing?
I enjoyed a section The Wall Street Journal had included in a recent edition, where it celebrated its 125th birthday by exploring and contemplating what the future may bring us—in medicine, science, business, technology, and entertainment. But after reading about the possibilities I realized that there are so many unknown, even inconceivable factors that are or will be at play, that it’s very hard to in any way to predict, anticipate or even dream of the future.
When it comes to the book industry it’s hard to see far ahead. In looking back, we see books have been around for centuries, so it seems like something that is here to stay. On the other hand, we see grave challenges to books.
First, look at the financial model. As books become cheap or free, they will not be seen as valuable, thus fewer people will write them. If authors can’t make money, the task of writing will fall to robots!
Second, look at the time model. Too many things compete with books for time. Music, movies, email, websites, blogs, newspapers, magazines are some of the many, forms of entertainment and information that take time away from reading a book.
Third, we need to improve literacy rates and reading skills in this country and globally—otherwise we will lose our ability for creating new readers.
Fourth, technology threatens our need to read books. As technology improves and the Internet continues to grow, people may see less and less of a need for books to solve their problems, fulfill their curiosities, or further their dreams. Instead, new gadgets and discoveries will capture our imaginations.
On the other hand, books will always be needed and desired. Nothing quite compares to what they offer. A book informs, inspires, enlightens and entertains. It records life and teaches us—or it imagines a new life and allows you to live it out. Books are everything, unlike anything.
The future of books won’t depend on trees or technology or anything but the value society places on them. Books are the currency to a free society and should the book become devalued, commoditized or ignored, it shall mean that humanity is collapsing. Call it a book apocalypse.
What a book that would make!
1. Traditional books are in jepordy because traditional publishers were Imperialistic robber barons who made millions while paying authors peanuts...especially new authors who they treated like chattel. Now they are beginning to reap what they have sown. There will always be paper books, but they will be produced by publishers who recognize the folly of killing the fatted calf.
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dclm_edu
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public class MaxMin {
int arr[] = {23, 12, 43, 6, 21};
public static void max() {
int arr[] = {23, 12, 43, 6, 21};
int max = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
if (arr[i] > max) {
max = arr[i];
}
}
System.out.println(max);
}
public static void min() {
int arr[] = {23, 12, 43, 6, 21};
int min = arr[0];
for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
if (arr[i] < min) {
min = arr[i];
}
}
System.out.println(min);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
int arr[] = {23, 12, 43, 6, 21};
max();
min();
}
}
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stack_edu
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Northeastern Maryland Kennel Club
Obedience and Rally Trials
The Northeastern Maryland Kennel Club will hold TWO Rally Trials on Saturday, September 15, 2018 and TWO Obedience Trials on Saturday, September 15, 2018. This event will be indoors with air conditioning at the Oriole Dog Training Club. The facility is located at 9 Azar Court, Halethorpe, MD 21227. For directions see:
The building opening and judging start time will be announced. Morning coffee or tea and lunch will be available to volunteers and judges only. Water will be sold to exhibitors.
|Obedience Regular Classes:||Rally Regular Classes:|
|Novice A & B||Novice A & B|
|Open A & B||Intermediate|
|Utility A & B||Advanced A & B|
|Excellent A & B|
|Alternate Titling Classes:||Master|
|Optional Titling Classes:|
Click on the link below for online entry, copies of premium list, judging program and results:
Regular Canine Good Citizen Testing will be offered at lunch time. Advanced registration (see the premium) is strongly recommended. Walk-in appointments will be taken only if time allows and at a higher fee.
Thank you for your support and we’ll see you at the trials!
NEMKC Trial Chairperson
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Martin Holdgate: reconciling the economy to the environment has been a huge achievement since WW2
Former green government adviser and ecologist Martin Holdgate has been at the forefront of the environmental movement for decades. He speaks to John Vidal about the history of the movement, and how he has seen it find its feet in the UK's political and economic spheres during the Queen's reign
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require 'pry'
module Players
class Computer < Player
def move(board)
move = rand(1..9)
#binding.pry
if !board.taken?(move)
return move.to_s
end
end
end
end
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Cryptorchidism in Horses
Cryptorchidism is a congenital condition (i.e., the individual is born with it) in which one (unilateral) or both (bilateral) of the testes fail to descend into the scrotum. A number of common terms have been used to describe cryptorchids, including "rig," "false rig," and "ridgling." Embryologically, the testes develop high in the abdomen near the kidneys. During fetal development they migrate down through the abdomen, passing through the inguinal rings, and eventually reside in the scrotum, usually by the 9th to 11th month of gestation.
When the testis and epididymis (the duct that stores sperm as it matures) are retained within the abdomen, the term abdominal cryptorchid is used. When the tail of the epididymis and/or variable amounts of the deferent duct (runs from the epididymis to the urethra) extend into the inguinal canal (allows passage of the spermatic cord), it's termed an abdominal or abdomino-inguinal cryptorchid. When the testis is in the inguinal canal, the term inguinal cryptorchid or the more vernacular "high flanker" is used.
The testes are maintained in the scrotum at a lower temperature than the rest of the body's organs. This is important because in order for normal spermatogenesis to occur, the testes must be 4-6°C (5-9°F) below core body temperature. Therefore, cryptorchid testes cannot produce sperm normally, and a bilateral abdominal cryptorchid would be sterile.
Diagnosis of cryptorchidism begins with reviewing the horse's history and performing a physical examination that includes attempts to locate and identify the retained testis using palpation (while under sedation), transrectal palpation, and ultrasonography. Identification of the retained testis by palpation can be difficult because these testes are often smaller and softer than normal testes, and they can be confused with other structures.
The most definitive method of determining if a cryptorchid testis is present is via hormonal assay. It is usually beneficial to perform an hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin, a hormone that will stimulate any testicular tissue to release androgens) stimulation test in addition. A blood sample for baseline testosterone is obtained, then the horse is administered hCG, and a second blood sample is obtained within 24 hours for comparison; a twofold to threefold increase in testosterone can indicate a cryptorchid. Another hormone, estrone sulfate, can be similarly assayed for this purpose.
Retained testes should be removed, not only because this helps eliminate objectionable behavior, but also because retained testes are more prone to spermatic cord torsion and have a higher incidence of developing tumors. The surgical approach used to remove the cryptorchid testis depends on its location and the surgeon's preference. Laparoscopic surgery to remove abdominally retained testes can minimize the required recovery time.
While there are anecdotal reports of success of hormonal treatments for inducing the descent of retained testes, there are no controlled studies documenting the efficacy of these treatments. Some cryptorchid colts have a testis that was inguinally retained miraculously appear in the scrotum after two to three years without any treatment. It is virtually impossible for abdominally retained testes to accomplish this, however. After birth, the internal inguinal ring reduces in size so that if the testis has not passed through it and out of the abdomen by two weeks of age, it will be permanently retained in the abdomen.
While most veterinarians and researchers agree there is a genetic component to the condition, the mode of transmission has not been established. Just because a stallion is a cryptorchid doesn't mean that his male offspring will necessarily be cryptorchids, nor does the absence of cryptorchidism in the sire guarantee that all of his male offspring will be free of the condition.
The relative risk of cryptorchidism appears to be breed-dependent. In one study of 5,009 cryptorchidism cases, Thoroughbreds, Standardbreds, Morgans, Tennessee Walking Horses, and Arabians had cryptorchidism diagnosed less frequently than expected, whereas Percherons, American Saddle Horses, Quarter Horses, and ponies as a group were overrepresented. Veterinarians hope that with advancements in equine genomics, the heritability of cryptorchidism will be more clearly elucidated.
About the Author
Steven Brinsko, DVM, PhD, Dipl. ACT
Steven P. Brinsko, DVM, MS, PhD, Dipl. ACT, an Associate Professor and Chief of Theriogenology at Texas A&M University, received his DVM from the University of Florida, MS from Texas A&M University, and PhD from Cornell University; he is also a board certified specialist in the American College of Theriogenologists (Veterinary Reproduction). His interests include all areas of equine reproduction with emphasis on the stallion. Dr. Brinsko has given numerous presentations at national and international meetings and has authored or co-authored over 100 scientific publications as well as 11 book chapters related to the field of reproduction.
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This tutorial shows you on how you convert video files to a different video file using Toast (Particularly for Toast 12 but same tutorial applies for older versions).
1. Run Toast program and Select Convert Tab – then select Video files
2. Import the videos that you want to convert. Import it manually by selecting the videos or by dragging the video files directly to the Toast Convert window. Click on the Convert video when ready.
3. Select the desired output file format and proceed to convert your video. Take note of the default location where the converted videos will be saved so you can easily locate it.
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Guitar Lessons in Solihull – Tom Harrison
After studying music for 3 years at university achieving a BMus (Hons) in Popular Music Performance I now have over 5 years of teaching experience. I play in a signed touring band (‘TIGRESS’ – Lab Records, previously ‘The Hype Theory’ – Small Town Records) and so have extensive knowledge of how the music industry works. I have been fortunate enough to tour in countries as far wide as Japan with my band and even play at some of the UK’s biggest festivals including Download, Sonisphere, T In The Park & Vans Warped Tour UK. I am an accomplished songwriter with my own modest home studio. I can help students attain Grades 1 – 8 with Rockschool and I currently have a 100% pass rate. I specialise in Rock, Blues and Acoustic styles but can confidently cover most other styles. I am also DBS/CRB checked.
Lessons are tailored to the students needs, but I will mainly cover:
- Learning different guitar techniques on either an electric or a acoustic guitar (beginner to advanced techniques).
- Learning your favourite songs whether its something from the charts or an old classic. The best way to learn new guitar techniques is through a song, and it keeps learning the guitar fresh!
- I have software that can slow down tracks so you can play along at your own pace & gradually build up your speed.
- Music theory including scales, chords, arpeggios, and how to apply that to your playing
- How to read guitar notation.
- I can record your playing or even record a demo for a song idea that you have.
- Help with music coursework. If you’re studying Music I can help you through any challenging tasks.
- All lessons will include hand outs so you can take what you learn back home with you for practice.
You can contact Tom for a guitar lesson here: http://www.tomharrisonguitar.co.uk
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Can’t find your pet above? Try our search, or call 0345 982 5505
- Degu - Lump - £413
- Dwarf Lop Rabbit - Glaucoma - £766
- Polecat Ferret - Anorexia and Lethargy - £522
- Bearded Dragon - Respiratory Infection - £668
- Blue & Gold Macaw - Aspergillosis - £1135
- Hermanns Tortoise - Post Hibernation Anorexia - £1405
- Corn Snake - Peritonitis - £350
Interest Free Direct Debit
You can easily spread the cost of your policy over 10 months with our interest free (0% APR) Direct Debit Scheme. We also offer a choice of 3 payment dates, so that you can pick which is best for you.
We don’t believe in one size fits all policies, as these aren’t best for your pet or your budget. Our policy cover is designed to be suitable for your pet type. All you need to do is decide the level of cover you require.
Peace of mind
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What our customers say
Everything was dealt with between the insurance company and the vets. We did not have to worry about anything We would definitely recommend this insurance company and would not have a healthy Hermione without them.Insure your Tortoise
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Ground Water Source (Open Loop) Heat Pump Systems
An open-loop, ground-water heat pump, uses a surface or underground water source (such as a lake, river, or well) as the heat source and sink. Well water designs are the most common and seem to be the most cost effective. The well supplies both domestic water and water for the heat pump. Approximately three gallons per minute of well water are needed per ton of cooling capacity.
Ground water source open-loop heat pumps use the same concept as the ground coupled units - for example, in the Midwest the temperature of the earth near the surface and the water in it (aquifer) is typically around 55°F. Water is taken from the ground or surface water (pond, lake, etc.), circulated to the individual heat pumps and the returned to the ground via a disposal well, returned to the lake or pond, or where permitted discharged into a stream or river.
When more units are heating than cooling the circulating water temperature drops prior to disposal. Conversely, when more units are cooling than heating, the circulating water is warmed prior to disposal.
In both commercial and residential installations, geothermal heat pump systems typically have lower maintenance costs than conventional systems as all equipment is installed inside the building or underground. This means that there is no outside equipment exposed to weather and vandalism. All refrigerant systems are sealed, similar to household refrigerators.
- Open loop systems have less loss in heat transfer
- Open loop systems have lower heat pump energy costs
In commercial installations, systems can save money by recovering excess heat from building interior zones and moving it to the perimeter of the building. They can also save money by allowing management to isolate and shut down unoccupied areas of the building.
- Problems associated with disposal of the water after once-through the heat pump, disposal wells can be costly,
- Water which has suitable qualities could change with time to poor quality that causes problems of corrosion later in time,
- Costs associated with the drilling of the water well can be high and unknown at the outset,
- Water tables and well output can change over time and cause future problems,
- Permitting and its costs are usually required,
- Open-loop systems have more potential problems than either conventional systems or closed-loop geothermal systems because they bring outside water into the unit. This can lead to clogging, mineral deposits, and corrosion in the system.
- Open-loop systems require a large supply of clean water in order to be cost effective. This often limits their use to coastal areas, and areas adjacent to lakes, rivers, streams, etc. In addition, there must be an acceptable method of returning the used water to the environment. This may be limited not only by environmental factors (such as no place to dump that much water), but also by local and state regulations.
- Since accessibility to terminal units is important in geothermal systems, architects and mechanical and structural designers must carefully coordinate their work.
- Each unit requires both electrical and plumbing service.
- Duct systems must be installed to bring outside air to each space.
- Secondary or backup heat sources are required in cooler climates.
Open loop heat pumps can be applies wherever there is an ample source of good quality water is available along with an adequate and permitted disposal method.
Best Applications Where water supply and quality is known and water use is not now, or expected to be, regulated; and where a closed loop system may not be applicable.
Technology types (resource)
Manufacturers of products certified by the Air-conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI) Standard 325 for ground water-source heat pump equipment publish a capacity rating for each model catalogued at the standard entering water rating conditions of both 70 and 50°F for cooling and heating. The cooling EER, heating COP and water flow for both is also published. In calculating the cooling Standard Energy Efficiency Rating (EER) and the heating Coefficient of Performance (COP), a water pump penalty effect is added to the measured power input.
You should not confuse the ARI Standard Energy Efficiency Rating with the expression SEER. The latter stands for Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio. SEER is a measure of seasonal cooling efficiency under a range of weather conditions, assumed to be typical for a location, and of performance losses due to cycling under part load conditions.
Most manufacturers publish performance ratings on their various models. These ratings are usually specified by a model number at a fixed air flow in cubic feet per minute (cfm) with the following variables:
- Several fluid flow rates in gallons per minute,
- Entering water temperatures from 35 to 100°F,
- Entering air temperatures at 80°F dry bulb and 67°F wet bulb for cooling, and
- Entering air at 70°F dry bulb for heating.
The following rating values are given for cooling for each of the above variables:
- Total capacity in Btu per hour,
- Sensible capacity in Btu per hour,
- Heat rejection to the water in Btu per hour,
- Power input in watts, and
- Energy efficiency rating (EER), which is the total capacity divided by the power input, or Btu per watt.
Also, for each of these variables, the following rating values are given for heating:
- Total capacity in Btu per hour,
- Heat absorption from the water in Btu per hour,
- Power input in watts,
- Coefficient of Performance (COP), which is the total capacity divided by the power input converted to Btu per hour, and multiplied by 3.412 Btu per hour per watt.
Other published data typically includes:
- Correction factors given for various other entering air conditions, dry and wet bulb, and other air flow ratings,
- The unit water pressure drop is also published for each flow rate, in either feet of water or pounds per square inch (psi),
- Blower performance including fan motor brake horsepower (bhp), and external static pressure capability,
- Electrical data on voltages and current draw,
- Physical data including operating weight and refrigerant charge, and Hot water generating capacity.
In general, efficiency is defined as the Useful Work or Energy Delivered divided by the energy supplied to do that work. In heating and cooling with heat pumps, the definition is changed somewhat. For cooling the efficiency is expressed as the Energy Efficiency Ratio - EER.
If the unit cooling capacity and EER is known, the kW power input can be calculated. For example, a unit having a total cooling capacity of 26,000 BTUH at an EER of 11.4, the cooling unit power input is:
26,000 BTUH / 11.4 x 1000 watts/kW = 2.28 kW
For heating, the efficiency is expressed as the Coefficient of Performance or COP. If the unit heating capacity and COP is known, the kW power input can be calculated. For example, a unit having a heating capacity of 33,500 BTUH at a COP of 3.9, the heating unit power input is:
33,500 BTUH / 3.9 COP x 3,413 BTUH/kW = 2.51 kW
Keep in mind the unit EER and COP are dependent on the entering ground water temperature, water flow rate through the unit, airflow rate and the entering air temperature. High efficiency equipment comes with a higher price tag. It is difficult to state a general rule about selecting equipment on the basis of efficiency because of the economic considerations and the merits of each system and the equipment used with it.
Air flow is typically selected to be between 300 and 525 cfm per ton of cooling capacity. 400 cfm per ton is typical. The final selection will be governed by the sensible to total load ratio.
Water flow through each unit should be designed to simplify water balancing. To do this, the system should be designed to keep unit water pressure drops as close as possible to each other. Though the target water temperature rise is usually 12°F. or 2.0 gpm per ton, they can range from 8 to 15°F, equal to 3 to 1.6 gpm per nominal ton of cooling capacity.
The gpm per ton can be derived from the following formula: 12,000 divided by the result of the temperature rise, times 500. In this formula, 500 equals water at 8.33 pounds per gallon times 60 minutes per hour.
Contact us for a detailed list of manufacturers for this equipment.
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Bible: Matt 21:18-21
The Withered Fig Tree
21:18 Now early in the morning, as he returned to the city, he was hungry. 21:19 After noticing a fig tree 1 by the road he went to it, but found nothing on it except leaves. He said to it, “Never again will there be fruit from you!” And the fig tree withered at once. 21:20 When the disciples saw it they were amazed, saying, “How did the fig tree wither so quickly? 21:21 Jesus 2 answered them, “I tell you the truth, 3 if you have faith and do not doubt, not only will you do what was done to the fig tree, but even if you say to this mountain, ‘Be lifted up and thrown into the sea,’ it will happen.
NET Bible Study Environment
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Once in a while, technology appears to lap itself and develop much faster than we are able to make use of it. Athletes have witnessed a dazzling pace of technological innovation that has yet to be consolidated to become a meaningful, cohesive picture beyond the ability to measure and display data. Here's what you should expect from the next generation of fitness technology.
Back in 1997, SaeHan Information Systems (SIS) had a crazy idea. Its engineers imagined that we would abandon CD players, and store our music on a memory chip instead. The first commercially-available MP3 player, the SIS MPMan F10, had a capacity of 32 MB, barely enough to hold seven or eight songs. The sound that came out of it was flat, and for what it was able to do, it was insanely expensive.
Yet we all were fascinated by what the MPMan was able to do, even if couldn't quite comprehend their use at the time; it was complex technology that needed someone who would be able to simplify it and understand the appeal to the mass market. The MPMan preceded Apple's first iPod, the first device that made people really want a MP3 player, by about 3 years.
I can’t help but feel the same way when I am using fitness technology today. There are many products in the fitness tech market now that remind me of the MPMan. Let’s take Polar’s V650 bicycle computer as an example: The V650 is, more than two years after its initial release, still one of the most capable bicycling computers you can buy today. It’s also a showcase of what today's fitness tech cannot do, as the leading fitness tech vendors (Polar, Garmin, and Fitbit) struggle with the opportunity to pioneer a huge new segment of the technology market.
A Fragmented, Siloed Industry
Finding the right technology to assist your individual training needs requires tons of research, and even then, you aren't guaranteed to get what you're looking for. Especially in the smartwatch segment, there is no single device that covers all functionality and conveniences an athlete may be looking for. The choice for or against a device often depends on the tradeoff you're willing to make. Besides basic features, your consideration could include the software platform, interoperability with other devices and third-party applications, the ability to extend a feature set, upgradeability, and much more. Chances are, your purchase decision will end up a compromise.
Of course, the V650 isn't a smartwatch, but it represents this conundrum very well. Polar got many things right with the V650, and given its peers in the market in 2014, the device was a stunning achievement. The V650 is visually gorgeous, and looks and feels much more expensive than its $300 price tag suggests. Even if it did nothing, I would keep it on my bike simply because of its sleek looks. Thanks to several software updates over its lifetime, Polar has extended its capabilities. Its fitness reporting remains very much in line with other high-end Polar devices, and tightly integrated with a chest strap heart rate monitor, which works beautifully.
Polar V650
The Polar V650 does very well as a cycling computer, but it's not part of an overal user experience.
For those who focus on heart rate training, the V650 is about as good as it gets. However, if you're looking for a device that is focused on performance training, I’ve found better choices, including clever smartphone apps that are available for the iPhone and Android phones.
So despite the updates, the V650 has its shortcomings—and they are representative of the industry as a whole. It suffers from a proprietary platform that, in today's connected world, feels pretty limiting. There’s Bluetooth connectivity, but the software doesn’t allow connections to any more than just a few devices. There are user interface limitations, and there’s a very rough GPS navigation feature based on user-generated content via OpenStreetMap that just doesn’t cut it anymore.
Lots of Data, Little Actionable Advice
These limitations are just one part of what keeps devices such as the V650 from being considered "smart." Besides the plain availability of data that is populated by countless devices and services, there’s also the challenge to help us understand this data. In the case of the V650, it can connect to Strava for social ride sharing, as well as TrainingPeaks for event prep via Polar's "Flow" web service. As capable as these products are, the user will always end up with numbers and charts that may be impressive and pretty, but they’re complex and don’t “talk” to the user.
There are beginnings of interpretation of data, such as recovery status reporting. However, actionable advice is, despite a mountain of data, still scarce. Imagine: What if we used all that data in a more collaborative and cohesive way, not just to visualize our training in numbers, but to calculate meaningful results that help us better understand our physical abilities? What if your device could provide your health status updates in the same way Google reports traffic updates on your smartphone?
For this to happen would require today's fitness technology to transform from being a data reporting tool, to a guide that interprets complex relationships of data sets, both those measured in real time and those calculated from measurements. Such an approach would enable simple, useful, and timely advice to end users in the same way services on our smartphones learn our habits over time, and inform us about traffic jams on our way to work—before we're actually starting to drive.
Building an Ecosystem and Experience
When Steve Jobs returned to Apple in 1997, he introduced a critical concept in how Apple would develop new products. Eventually, that concept saved the company from bankruptcy and laid the foundation for every new product from the iPod to the iPad.
Unlike a typical technology company, Jobs wasn't excited about technology for its own sake. He zeroed in on the user experience, and considered technology simply a way to enable that experience. While product innovation often had focused on hardware and software capabilities and was defined by specifications, Apple began creating the experience first and then thought about the technology it would need to support the experience.
The MPMan was celebrated as a technology achievement in 1998, not an experience achievement. It was defined by its ability to store music, rather than an ability to enable a convenient way to acquire and consume music. In contrast, Jobs surrounded the iPod with an experience that was based on iTunes, as well as an interface and connectivity that enabled consumers to naturally interact with the iTunes platform.
SIS MPman F10
The MPman was a device built for the sake of technology, not to enhance the buyer's life.
Likewise, fitness tech vendors are behaving like the tech companies of the 1990s, focusing on technology first, and experience second. So far, they are largely ignoring the fact that the experience is the key to success. If we're using Apple's approach as the model; if we consider how Google has replicated the model as a successful variation, it doesn't take much to see that there's a door that is waiting to be opened by the fitness tech industry.
Consolidation is probably a necessary mechanism to make even more data available and build much more comprehensive and complete data sets. We've seen first acquisitions, such as Intel's purchase of Recon, and that trend is likely to continue. However, the bigger opportunity lies in products that leverage the data to create "smart" services based on platforms that are not just open to third-party developers, but are actively nurtured by their owners.
What This Means for You
There is no fitness tracking product available today at any price point that can combine all the hardware and software features available today. Separate (and often incompatible) devices are required to access all the data that’s out there, from basic activity data such as speed and distance, to physical data such as heart rate, nutrition information, and oxygen and glucose levels, to neighboring data sets such as location and meteorological information.
The technology advancements that will signify the next generation in fitness technology won’t be simply new hardware and software. Integration and connectivity will become increasingly important in the near future, as it will allow us to use technology in very specific ways, tailored to individual needs, and without the need to make compromises.
Vendors such as Polar and Garmin have very specific advantages in this game to leverage their technology to create complete customer experiences. Figuring out how to combine the data that can be obtained via a multitude of hardware and software services into a single platform is still too complex for the average user. The true benefit of technology lies in the ability to connect and combine all data sets, interpret the information and provide actionable advice based on the user's training progress and fitness status—far beyond the limited analysis reporting that is available today.
For us customers, it is an exciting time to witness an industry with quickly evolving products that enhance our ability to improve our health and help us become better athletes. Your next fitness tech devices will add more and more abilities of a sports and medical coach. As a natural progression, the software and hardware driving this trend will continue to evolve and support much more intuitive user interfaces.
This also means that we will be changing our criteria for how we will choose our next fitness device. In the not too distant future, we will be choosing a product not so much because of what it can do today. We will purchase a new device because of its ability integrate into the ecosystem of our existing devices, and leverage that data to create an intuitive, useful user experience that will bring us tangibly closer to our goals.
A step in toward the wearable tech future:
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Bangkok is the main touristic attraction of Thailand. Lately, Thailand has become one of the most visited countries on this planet. The reason being that it is tourist friendly, beautiful & full of energy. I went to Bangkok on my longest trip outside India till date & this was not some on-sight job, but a proper backpack holidays for around 2 weeks.
Thailand is a fantastic place to be in. A true backpackers paradise, on the out-sight it is vibrant, colorful & fun loving. Crowded through the year with travelers, this place is surely on the list of everyone. I stayed for 4 days in Bangkok & Pattaya. It was a great trip, I loved the culture, the ambiance, the energy & the feel of the city. This place needs to be visited at least once in a lifetime.
So, What are the things to do in Bangkok?
Here is my take on world’s backpackers capital & my guide of things to do in Bangkok.
*) Khao San Road: No matter from which place you come, this place is a must visit place in Bangkok. The road is famous for its roadside cafes, bars & never ending party nights. This place is vibrant & lively. From roadside eateries to decent restaurants everything can be found here. The place is decent until 11 pm in the night. But after that, it is just a mad house. By 12 this place is jam packed with peoples. High music & vibrant environment is hard to be ignored & if you are YOUNG, WILD & FREE; this is THE PLACE FOR YOU. Scorpion are available like a Kabab’s 😛
*) Nana Plaza: Nana Plaza is another prime attraction of Bangkok. A red light area. The place gives a glimpse of everything :D. There are different types of outlets depending upon interests. It is visited by almost every tourist. The nights are lively & eventful.
*) China Town: Chinese have made a place for themselves in most of the cities. The place to find cheap & affordable collectibles. Known for shopping, one can find good products here. One way to cover this place is through the cycle, but I did it on foot.Food is also one of the specialties of this place. Try street food here; it’s amazing.
*) Floating Market: One of the most promoted activities in Bangkok. It is astonishing to see all the selling done on the boat; it is good for the first time. I did not found it interesting enough. However, it is very famous among western tourists. The cost of the boat is higher comparatively, but it is expected considering the hype of the place & amount of tourism it attracts.
*) Temples: Bangkok is mainly a Buddhist country. Every place there is temples of Buddha. I am from India, hence had a little interest for the temples. However, for western travelers, it is a good attraction. The Grand Palace is one of the main temples in Bangkok. The place can be reached through waterways as well as through road.
After roaming around the places, one is always up for some refereshments & in Bangkok there are plenty of Spa & Massage centers. Nothing best than ending your day with a perfect spa & massage. There is a service provider named Riwigo; which offer best services at discounted rates. When in Bangkok book an apointment through Riwigo & enjoy some leisure time.
This is my view on things to do in Bangkok. However, Bangkok is not all about all these; there are many other attraction like MBK (A shopping paradise for Bangkok peoples) , Wax Museum, Ayuthaya Ruins ( A city of ruins), Tiger Safari ( A place to get photo with big Cats, I chose to skip this after seeing one documentary about how owner teased big cats; It saddened my heart hence chose to skip this), Elephant Safari ( Elephant is respected in whole of a Thailand, There is safari of the same).
So, It depends on what you like, there are so many things to do in Bangkok. I stayed for 4 days but should have stayed more. But, it is the beauty of traveling, it is difficult to cover everything at a single point in time. However, I loved the experience of the city & would definitely visit it again.
Other than places, there is a factor which adds to the flavor of Bangkok is the COST. South East Asia is considered as one of the cheapest places for a holiday. On average, per day cost works out to be INR 500 (less than $10). So, no doubt why this place is topping the chart in tourism.
This is my suggestions on top things to do in Bangkok.
In case you have any queries, you can write to me. My co-ordinates are mentioned in Contact Me page. Also, SUBSCRIBE to my page for staying up to date.
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How to sum up this year at Crufts: What a Fabulous Atmosphere, camera, action, cakes, fun and friendships and a day full of laughter, add to that 166 Wolfhounds and it's true to say it was a delightful and memorable day for all.
On a more solemn note, our thoughts and prayers are with you Chris and your family at this sorrowful time. Despite the recent and sad loss of a family member, our breed specialist Chris Amoo put on a brave face indeed. Drawing a very well deserved huge entry from both UK and the continent including 9 Bonaforte Wolfhounds and although it wasn't our day in the ring all our owners who exhibited said how very kind and gentle he was with all the hounds.
Our beautiful Creamy (Ice Cream von der Oelmühle) came out in veteran for her last showing with Neil. We were so proud to see her powering around that big ring- the matriarch of the kennel. She had 2 of her sons showing on the day Anthony and Penny's Harker (Bonaforte's Amadeus) and our very own Bertie, (Bonaforte's Earl Grey) Our thanks to Maggie Holder for handling Bertie to 3rd place in a very strong limit class. These two have such a unique bond, and Bertie instantly recognises Maggie's empathy.
Continuing the family theme and to our delight two of Creamy's grandsons, Norris (Bonaforte's Odyssey) and Rupert ( Bonaforte's Opulence with Claddaghwolf) and her granddaughter Bonaforte's Ophelia was having her first outing, handled by Linda and what a fab pair they made. Julie and Arthur (Bonaforte's Meldrew) deserve special mention as despite only starting showing last summer they proudly took their place and it was great to see them confidently powering around the ring.
The Show Stopper is always Phil's Jacket, as we all waited with a sense of excitement for the unveiling of the show jacket and he didn't let us down. A particular eye-catching green shamrock themed jacket and tie meant that he and Stan (Bonaforte's Justice) caught everyone's attention in the ring. It is to Phil's credit that not only does he show Stan to perfection he does it with his sense of style and fun!
Then came the girls -Kenzie (Bonaforte's Kensies Kisses) who just adores Dave and this shines through at every moment. She is like a pocket rocket and puts Dave through his paces and Bonaforte's Luna giving Robin a real workout!
We are so so proud of all of our hounds. They all moved out and looked powerful strong yet graceful, and as a kennel, they represented us so well.
A very special mention too, for Ava (Bonaforte's Enchanted at Ravencrag and her delightful daughter Elsie (Ravencrag Helter Skelter) who both not only qualified for Crufts in their own right but also went the extra mile and qualified for the Good Citizen's Class - Helen Bligh you are amazing!
Of course, the ring is just one aspect of Crufts. While we are there to show the hounds, it is just as important to show the public our special breed with their excellent temperament. We couldn't be happier with the Bonaforte hounds. They were mobbed by the public all day long who don't get to see our breed up close these days. It was beautiful to see such significant and loving interactions. Everyone who came to say hello was greeted like old friends by the hounds, and it bodes well for the breed to have such great ambassadors
To say there was a party atmosphere is to put it lightly -the Bonaforte Cake Ladies brought with them delicious delights. SkyeBear and Amy were dispatched ringside with trays heaving with cakes there was the pop of a cork or two to celebrate the fact that we all made it there and survived.
Many thanks to our very own Bonaforte photographer, Hugh, for our lovely photos. Of course the group photo, a feat in itself to get all hounds and owners outside in the same place at the same time with some "guidance" from Amanda we now have a beautiful photo reminder of an exceptional day.
A very special thank you to our Show Team leader Amanda Brown, Master of Roles (aka Julie Andrews) who skipped around the ring helping Helen with the girls, organised us all, including drafting this fab to write up. Thank you.
Lastly a HUGE THANK YOU to the Family von Bonaforte ( following on in the Julie Andrews theme here) you are all very dear to my heart, exceptional owners and friends, united by our love of Irish Wolfhounds.
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fineweb_edu
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The Confederate flag is a garbage flag that represents garbage ideas. But in an effort to purge the world of those garbage ideas, some companies are too quick to pull out the banhammer. Here’s one recent example: Apple has begun banning some games that feature the Confederate flag–even if that game is about the Civil War.
Just to get the usual caveats out of the way, this isn’t “censorship” in the legal sense of the word. Private companies can choose to sell or not sell whatever products they like. Amazon, eBay, Walmart, Etsy, and other retailers have all decided that they will no longer sell products that feature the Confederate flag. And Apple doesn’t have to sell any games that it finds objectionable. But Apple’s decision is a worrying precedent for those of us concerned with how history is taught and interpreted in this country. Getting rid of the Confederate flag in art is a ridiculously unnecessary move.
I whole-heartedly support the decision of states like Alabama and South Carolina, where they’re taking down the Confederate flags that fly outside their government buildings. But those flags represented a state-sanctioned endorsement of everything the Confederacy stood for: Slavery, oppression, and yes, fucking treason. Getting rid of the Confederate flag in the context of some proud display at a state capitol building has been long overdue.
But selling art and historical materials are clearly different from an official endorsement of a hateful symbol. Historical items featuring Confederate imagery on eBay or a video game that depicts the American Civil War on Apple’s App Store must be understood in a different context when it comes to private citizens.
It’s really as simple as the difference between the country’s endorsement of a bad idea and Joe Blow’s bad idea down the street. South Carolina probably shouldn’t have a pair of Truck Nutz hanging from its capitol building. But I fully support my neighbor’s right to have them on his Toyota Corolla.
Apple controls an enormous amount of the media that runs through our internet pipes everyday. At the risk of playing Slippery Slope Roulette, what might Apple ban next? Podcasts that discuss Civil War history? TV shows about the Alamo? And what about another obvious example: World War II media. Sure, the counterpoint might be that there aren’t weekend warriors proudly dressing up as Nazi soldiers to re-enact the Battle of Stalingrad. But even if they were, you can’t eliminate poisonous ideas by banning art. Personally I prefer to fight bad speech with more speech.
I own books and magazines with terribly offensive material. Most of those offensive books and magazines have come from eBay, where I’ve been collecting anything to do with past visions of the future for nearly a decade. I have 1920s technology magazines that have racist cartoons inside. And 1930s radio magazines with racist covers. I’m sure there’s even a representation or two of the Confederate flag in some of them. And don’t even get me started on the rampant sexism. But I own these things to understand another era, not to celebrate everything that they represent.
The long and the short of it is that history is horrendous. We’re moving forward as a society when we reject the racist symbols of our past, as the Confederate flag so clearly is. But instituting a blanket ban on certain symbols and flags in books, magazines and video games doesn’t help anybody.
The Confederate flag may be garbage, but we can’t start to pretend like it’s garbage that never existed.
Photo: Confederate flags via the Associated Press
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dclm_edu
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Quantitative approaches to
information recovery from black holes
Vijay Balasubramanian111email:, Bartłomiej Czech222email:
David Rittenhouse Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania,
209 South 33 Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia,
6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
The evaporation of black holes into apparently thermal radiation poses a serious conundrum for theoretical physics: at face value, it appears that in the presence of a black hole quantum evolution is non-unitary and destroys information. This information loss paradox has its seed in the presence of a horizon causally separating the interior and asymptotic regions in a black hole spacetime. A quantitative resolution of the paradox could take several forms: (a) a precise argument that the underlying quantum theory is unitary, and that information loss must be an artifact of approximations in the derivation of black hole evaporation, (b) an explicit construction showing how information can be recovered by the asymptotic observer, (c) a demonstration that the causal disconnection of the black hole interior from infinity is an artifact of the semiclassical approximation. This review summarizes progress on all these fronts.
1 Introduction
In 1974 Hawking analyzed quantum mechanical fields propagating in the background of matter collapsing to form a black hole [1, 2]. He found that the incipient horizon affects field modes by mixing positive and negative frequencies in such a manner that at late times thermal radiation emerges from the black hole. At least in the semiclassical approximation in which these calculations are done, the radiation at each time is in an exactly thermal density matrix, and leads to slow evaporation of the black hole. Eventually, the black hole disappears, its energy dissipated to infinity by the radiation. This leads to a puzzle. We could have formed the black hole initially from a pure state of matter. But the final state created by radiation in a thermal density matrix appears to be oblivious to all details of the initial state, except for its mass, angular momentum, and global charges. Thus it is not possible for the asymptotic observer to determine the state of the matter that originally formed the black hole. If this conclusion is correct, then quantum mechanics in the presence of a black hole is non-unitary [3], threatening its consistency as a physical theory.
There is a related puzzle arising from the large entropy associated to a black hole. Consider, for example, an eternal black hole that exists for all of time in equilibrium with a bath of radiation [4] or a very large black hole that is evaporating very slowly. Such a black hole is thought to have an entropy proportional to its horizon area: [5]. In any consistent quantum theory of gravity we expect this entropy to be explained by the existence of microstates that are commensurate with the macroscopic parameters of the black hole (mass, angular momentum, and global charges). Microcanonically, the black hole can be in any one of these microstates. However, the classical observer outside the black hole has no way of determining this microstate, and thus should interact with the black hole as if it were in a density matrix over the underlying states. Indeed, correlation functions computed by an asymptotic observer in the presence of a classical black hole horizon decay at late times as they would in a thermal background [6]. Is there any method, even in principle, of “detecting a black hole microstate”, or is that information always lost to the asymptotic observer?
The most mysterious property of a black hole, and the one that gives it its name, is the fact that the metric can be smoothly continued past the horizon giving a geometric region that extends all the way to a spacetime singularity. The interior region is causally disconnected from infinity – observers following inertial trajectories can fall in unmolested, but cannot make their way back out because all causal trajectories in the interior point towards the singularity. Thus the doings of the infalling observer, and other events that occur inside the horizon, seem to be inaccessible to the outside. Tracing over the interior degrees of freedom again leads the outside observer to lose information about the quantum state of the universe. There is a subtle point that the initial conditions for all infalling modes can be set outside the horizon, and hence one could imagine that all the information is somehow also represented outside the black hole. To make matters even more confusing, in the time coordinates of an observer who remains outside the black hole, nothing ever falls behind the horizon – all infalling matter gets redshifted and piles up at the horizon. While this raises the question of whether the interior “exists” in a meaningful sense for external observers, naïvely tracing over the interior will cause the external observer to represent the black hole as a density matrix.
The preceding paragraphs relate the information loss problem to three questions: (a) what are the properties of the vacuum state in the presence of a horizon? (b) can an asymptotic observer identify a black hole microstate? (c) can the fate of infalling observers be detected at infinity? These questions highlight an important conceptual point, which suggests an avenue for reconciling black holes with unitarity. If the area of the black hole horizon is related to its entropy, how should we think of a black hole that is in a pure microstate, a single member of the underlying statistical ensemble? After all, a pure state has no microscropic entropy except in a coarse grained description. Thus, the relation between horizon area and entropy mandates that a universe in a pure black hole microstate must not have a wavefunction localized on a geometry with a finite area horizon. The latter might emerge after some coarse-graining, but the microscopic picture must be fundamentally different. Perhaps it does not even make sense to talk about the interior of a black hole except, at best, for some kinds of coarse grained observers. In this picture, the causally disconnected black hole interior would be an artifact of the semiclassical approximation and there would simply be no room for information loss.
This might sound like an unacceptably drastic departure from the conventional perspective. On the other hand, all approaches to avoiding information loss have to invoke some exotic escape from naïve semiclassical reasoning. For example, it has been argued [7] that interactions between the enormously blueshifted infalling quanta and the enormously redshifted quanta climbing out of a black hole involve very high center of mass energies, which suggests that low energy effective field theory cannot be used near the horizon. This claim has engendered two approaches to the black hole information problem. The idea of complementarity [8] states that since the temporal redshift at the horizon prevents asymptotic observers from witnessing anything fall into a black hole, asymptotic and infalling observers give equivalent descriptions of the same physics. Meanwhile, Maldacena proposed that quantum gravity enjoys a dual “holographic” description in terms of degrees of freedom of a lower dimensional field theory [9], which is manifestly unitary. The approach championed in this paper makes extensive use of holographic techniques. These examples illustrate that solving the information problem requires one to be skeptical about semiclassical intuitions. Perhaps the least radical detour from the traditional picture would be to restore unitarity with subtle correlations in Hawking radiation, but as we discuss in the text, it is difficult to produce the requisite correlations sufficiently quickly.
This review article emphasizes that the restoration of unitarity involves resolving corrections to the classical results which are of magnitude . In terms of scaling with and the corrections are evidently not perturbative and become immeasurably small as , explaining the loss of information in the semiclassical limit. We will further argue that the scale arises from statistics, not dynamics, and that quantum gravity mainly enters the problem in determining the non-perturbatively tiny gap in the spectrum that is necessary to account for the enormous entropy of black holes. In making these arguments, it will frequently be convenient to talk about extremal black holes, and especially those where the horizon is of zero size and coincides with the singularity. These objects are not the conventional black holes that result from gravitational collapse, but they provide a useful laboratory. They are stable, because their temperature vanishes, and they often have a substantial degeneracy, though not generally enough to result in a finite horizon. External probes of these black holes shed light on the conceptual foundations of information recovery from black holes. It will also be convenient to consider black holes in Anti-de Sitter (AdS) space, because in this case we can expect to describe the physics of spacetime using the dual conformal field theory [9, 10]. In these settings, there is simply no room for information loss, because the dual field theory is manifestly unitary. This allows us to concentrate on a more precise question: what is the mechanism for the recovery of information from black holes?
2 General remarks
2.1 Virtues and features of a laboratory in AdS space
Much of the progress in thinking about black holes and information has been in the context of asymptotically AdS spacetimes. Below we will describe such black holes and explain why they are such a useful laboratory. Any resolution of the information paradox that works in AdS backgrounds should in principle carry over to all black holes. This is because Hawking’s argument for information loss arose from the structure of local quantum field theory in the vicinity of the horizon and does not depend in an essential way on the asymptotics of the spacetime. On the other hand, the global properties of AdS make it a particularly advantageous laboratory for studying the information paradox. This section reviews the many virtues of AdS: it is convenient for calculations and it affords a sharper definition of the information paradox, in which its structure (as well as its resolution) become more apparent. These advantages are traced to the AdS/CFT duality [9, 10], which posits that gravity in a spacetime asymptotic to AdS space enjoys an equivalent formulation in terms of a conformal field theory on the boundary of AdS. For a review of AdS/CFT, the reader is referred to [11].
Black holes in AdS fall into two classes, small and large [4]. Small black holes have horizon radii, which are small compared to the AdS curvature radius and as a result of that their physics is qualitatively similar to black holes in flat space. Large AdS black holes, on the other hand, are qualitatively different. First, their specific heat is positive, so they are stable minima in the canonical ensemble. Second, because AdS acts effectively as a box, large black holes can be eternal, that is they can attain thermal equilibrium with their own, reflected Hawking radiation.
These features are convenient for studying the information problem. Consider dropping a quantum into an eternal black hole. There are two sharply defined scenarios for the subsequent evolution of the system:
1. Deviations from the thermal description of the black hole decay to zero and information is lost.
2. Deviations from the thermal description initially decay as the black hole churns the fallen information, but eventually they hover around some small finite value and information is preserved.
The facts that large AdS black holes are stationary and well-described in the canonical ensemble are essential for defining and contrasting the two scenarios.
In fact, the AdS/CFT correspondence [9] automatically eliminates the non-unitary scenario, because the dual conformal field theory is manifestly unitary. (The only subtlety is that it may be necessary to include separate components of the conformal field theory on causally disconnected segments of the AdS boundary.) This explains away the information paradox in its basic form, but it does not make clear the precise way in which Hawking’s original argument fails. Before declaring victory over the information paradox, one must first provide a satisfactory account of where and how Hawking’s derivation breaks down. This is the essence of the AdS/CFT-motivated version of the information problem.
Before launching an attack on the information paradox in AdS, it is useful to contrast the ingredients of holographic duality with those of Hawking’s argument. The AdS/CFT correspondence, which from the viewpoint of string theory is a manifestation of open-closed string duality, arises when we consider the near-horizon limit of a large stack of parallel D-branes. In the low energy regime the asymptotic and near-horizon regions decouple, and one identifies the low energy dynamics of the D-branes with string theory on the near-horizon geometry, which always contains an AdS factor. The duality is of the weak-strong type: weakly coupled gravity in AdS maps into strongly coupled world-volume field theory. Furthermore, the duality interchanges the IR with the UV: local disturbances in the field theory correspond to gravity deformations on a very large scale and near the boundary of spacetime [12]. Thus, though the dual CFT provides in principle a complete definition of quantum gravity of AdS, its manifest unitarity comes at the expense of having a simple description of local physics in spacetime. In particular, it is difficult to use the CFT description to track how information falls into and leaks out of a black hole.
On the other hand, Hawking’s derivation uses methods of local effective field theory, with local quantum fields propagating on a fixed classical spacetime containing a horizon. Naïvely, this argument should be valid so long as the Schwarzschild radius of the black hole is large in Planck units, because in that regime the calculation is safe from effects of quantum fluctuations. At least some of the approaches presented in this review challenge the assumption that the concept of a fixed, classical black hole spacetime remains valid in the vicinity of the horizon.
The information paradox depends on another important problem in quantum gravity – that of explaining the entropy of a black hole. Information can only be preserved if the internal state (microstate) of a black hole changes uniquely after any specific external state falls in. If one could detect differences between internal states, there would be no information paradox. Conversely, to resolve the information paradox is tantamount to demonstrating that there exist microstates, which are in principle distinguishable, though not necessarily to semiclassical observers. In addition, there should be some microscopic sense in which each microstate is horizonless because a pure state has zero entropy. From this perspective, the causal disconnection of the black hole interior, which results in the thermality of black hole radiation, should be demonstrably a semiclassical arifact.
The AdS/CFT correspondence provides a framework in which these words may be translated into actual computations. Different states in asymptotically AdS spacetime map into different states in the dual field theory: empty AdS corresponds to its ground state, AdS with some particles corresponds to a low energy excited state, and a black hole corresponds to a thermal state. If the arguments of the previous paragraph are correct, then the black hole geometry with a horizon could be seen to arise as an effective, thermodynamic description of many (microscopically horizonless) microstates. In gravity it is not clear how to define such microstates and how to enact a thermodynamic averaging over them, but in field theory this is natural. The dual CFT contains a notion of an inner product on its Hilbert space, so one can work with an orthonormal basis of states. This basis is discrete, because the curvature of AdS breaks translational invariance and produces a gap in the spectrum. We shall see explicit examples of such orthonormal, discrete bases in Sec. 3.1. Furthermore, the CFT is a background independent description of gravity in the interior of : it is defined over the conformal boundary of the spacetime, , where parameterizes time. (The compactness of reflects the discrete nature of gravity states.) Importantly, the interior geometry does not enter the definition of the dual CFT and although the geometry of the boundary does, this is not an impediment because a quantum fluctuation altering the boundary would be suppressed by an infinite action. As a result, it becomes meaningful to compare responses to probes in various microstates and to average over them, something which would be difficult to define in gravity alone. In short, with holographic duality we gain access to the toolkit of statistical mechanics.
Consider a large black hole in AdS, which is characterized by some set of commuting charges, including a mass . In the dual field theory this black hole is represented in the canonical ensemble by a thermal density matrix:
The response of the black hole to a probe is computed in the field theory as a thermal correlator
where the operator is dual to the gravity probe according to the standard AdS/CFT dictionary. An intuitive example of could be
with being the stress tensor, which emulates dropping a graviton from near the boundary of AdS at time 0 and detecting its return after a time . However, we do not wish to limit attention to probes of the type , so the operator should be considered general.
Consider instead the microcanonical ensemble. From this perspective, the thermal density matrix (and hence the spacetime description as a conventional black hole) should simply be an effective, slightly coarse-grained description of most of the microstates. In the dual field theory a microstate is created by acting on the vacuum with a heavy operator . A natural object of interest is an analogue of (2.2), evaluated in a microstate:
The key question is how (2.4) varies between microstates.
We will argue that the standard properties of black holes – the existence of a horizon and apparent loss of information – are artifacts of an effective, semiclassical treatment, which averages over black hole microstates. The individual microstates are states in quantum gravity and may not have classical descriptions in terms of a metric. In the exceptional situation that a microstate has a description in classical gravity, the metric is necessarily horizonless because the entropy of one microstate is zero. On the other hand coarse-grained observables should be unable to tell the microstates apart and thus will effectively see a substantial entropy. In this way, a horizon will be seen as an artifact of our (semiclassical) inability to distinguish gravitational microstates.
To verify this picture, our strategy will be to compare expressions (2.2) with (2.4). We expect that the thermal correlator (2.2), which corresponds to the semiclassical black hole, is an ensemble average of the correlators (2.4) evaluated in individual microstates111Here we ignore the subtleties arising if does not commute with the Hamiltonian, and assume that satisfies the usual conditions for canonical ensemble treatment.:
The key in preserving information is that microstates differ from one another and their plurality has the capacity of preserving information. The differences among microstates, which encode the information fallen into a black hole, are quantified by the variance of the correlators, . A properly normalized quantity is the ratio of the standard deviation in to the mean, . When this is of order unity, information is preserved and readily available and conversely, when it vanishes, information is lost. Based on the argument of the previous subsection, we expect that:
This is the statement that information is lost in the semiclassical limit. A significant part of this review is devoted to studying when (2.6) holds.
It is useful to spell out the ingredients which are necessary for the proposed resolution of the information paradox:
1. There must exist a set of quantum gravity states (microstates), which are responsible for the entropy of the black hole. When a CFT dual is available, these are best defined and studied in the dual field theory.
2. The behavior of the black hole must be recovered as an average over the ensemble of microstates, as in eq. (2.5).
3. The microstates must be capable of encoding information fallen into a black hole: .
4. Information must be lost in the semiclassical limit, so we may speak of the black hole as a universal description of all microstates as they appear to semiclassical observers. This is the content of eq. (2.6).
2.2 The scale : distinguishing basis microstates
Point 3 above required that information be preserved and encoded in the different responses of individual microstates to probes. We now present two independent arguments, which show that in order to take advantage of the non-zero variance to recover information from black holes, one must be able to perform measurements with a resolution of order . This vanishes very rapidly in the limit . Consequently, in the strict semiclassical limit an observer can recover information from a black hole only if she can muster infinite precision or patience, which is in agreement with Point 4.
Gravity argument:
Consider an orthonormal basis of microstates, which are eigenstates of a complete set of commuting observables. In the absence of symmetries other than time translation invariance, this becomes a basis of non-degenerate Hamiltonian eigenstates. In order to account for a degeneracy of the energy gaps in the spectrum must be . Evidently, all one has to do in order to identify a basis microstate is to measure its energy (and other conserved charges). Now, in any theory of gravity the mass (total energy) can be measured at infinity. Thus an asymptotic observer will be able to distinguish microstates by measuring their mass and need not experience information loss! However, this requires access to energy resolutions of the order . To see this, note that an apparatus with a resolution interacts with
states [13] and thereby effectively interacting with a system which has entropy:
Up to logarithmic corrections, this is equal to the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of the underlying black hole unless can be arranged to fall exponentially with . The quantity will only vanish, signaling a detection of an individual microstate, if
Such a measurement would necessarily extend over a time scale exceeding the Poincaré recurrence time:
A more complete version of this argument, which applies to quantum superposition microstates, is given in [13]. Thus, while for a generic black hole in AdS space all information about the microstates is present at infinity in the mass of the system thereby avoiding any fundamental information loss, a semiclassical observer with finite energy resolution simply cannot access this information.
CFT argument:
Suppose you drop something into a thermal black hole and wait for a time before attempting to recover it. In the dual CFT, the thermal black hole is described as a density matrix over the accessible microstates. However, the probe is in a pure state and we can ask what it would take to distinguish the small deviations from a thermal density matrix that must be present at late times. In CFT, the result of the experiment we are describing is quantified by a thermal expectation value:
Information is lost if vanishes at late times. Thus, the scale at which information is conserved can be read off from the late time behavior of (2.11). By general arguments in statistical physics, the function initially decays as the contributions of different ensemble states decohere, but eventually it begins to hover around some limiting non-zero value. This happens when the phases in
become randomized, that is after the interval exceeds the reciprocal of the minimal level spacing
where denotes the overall energy spread among the microstates. Assuming that so all the Boltzmann factors are comparable, and further, assuming that the matrix elements of are of order unity, at the late times satisfying (2.13) reduces to an average of random phases, viz. eq. (2.12). We conclude that information is preserved on scales
Thus, again, unitarity of the theory is preserved in corrections of which cannot be accessed by semiclassical observers.
The point that restoration of unitarity arises in AdS/CFT at was emphasized in [14] via consideration of the contributions of different saddlepoints of the Euclidean action (see further discussion in Sec. 4.5).
2.3 The scale : distinguishing superposition microstates
The arguments of Sec. 2.2 explain why identifying a black hole microstate (decoding information) can only happen by measurement on scales of . However, both arguments implicitly assumed that the black hole was in an ensemble of Hamiltonian eigenstates. In particular, the gravity argument posits that an exact measurement of energy at infinity singles out a microstate while on the gauge theory side, eq. (2.12) computes the magnitude of the unitarity-preserving signal from the decoherence behavior of a family of Hamiltonian eigenstates. But there is no reason to assume that a black hole must always be found in a Hamiltonian eigenstate. We shall now see that as a result of considering black hole superposition microstates, information recovery is made more difficult by an additional factor of .
Consider first that a general microstate of spacetime could have a wavefunction with support on regions of configuration space with many different geometries and topologies, or even without any geometric interpretation all. Thus in general to talk about about the microstate of a black hole spacetime we have to take a quantum cosmological perspective and think in terms of a wavefunction of the universe with appropriate boundary asymptotic boundary conditions. It is only sensible to speak of a semiclassical geometry when the wavefunction is sharply peaked [15] on an appropriate set of configurations.
Let us imagine a spacetime which is in a generic superposition of microstates which have the quantum numbers of a black hole. This superposition is to be interpreted in the sense of quantum cosmology – the universe is repeatedly prepared in an identical microstate, which is then repeatedly probed by operators . A superposition wavefunction is then experimentally characterized by the expected outcome of probe experiments:
where is the microstate wavefuction. Thus, in quantum cosmological settings, the usefulness of a probe for recovering information is properly characterized by the variance in the expectation values (2.15), that is .
It turns out that the variance in expectation values computed over all superposition states is suppressed relative to the variance over the Hamiltonian eigenbasis [16], and that the suppression factor is again :
It is easiest to see this in the case, where commutes with the Hamiltonian and where the microcanonical ensemble techniques apply (). Expand the superposition state in the Hamiltonian eigenbasis
and write down the variance in expectation values as the integral over the space of wavefunctions:
The two integrals on the right hand side are independent of the detailed dynamics and depend only on the dimensionality of the Hilbert space, which is by definition :
Plugging these into eq. (2.18), we obtain
which confirms eq. (2.16) since the variance in Hamiltonian eigenstates is simply:
Ref. [16] presents a more complete derivation, which shows that (2.16) applies so long as is a finitely local observable.
The relation (2.16) represents a limitation of the semiclassical observer’s ability to decode the information held by a black hole that goes beyond the very high precision required to detect specific operator eigenstates as different from the thermal density matrix (Sec. 2.2). Here we see that the statistical “de-phasing” that occurs in a generic state in the Hilbert space will further suppress the variance of any observable by .
2.4 The scale : a summary
In order for a gravitational system to be effectively described by a black hole, it must have an exponentially large degeneracy and an exponentially small level spacing , where and diverges in the semiclassical limit, precipitating semiclassical information loss. In particular, recovering information from a black hole requires an observer with access to:
• resolution of order ,
• time scales of order ,
We arrived at these observations entirely by applying statistical arguments to gravitational states. The AdS/CFT correspondence provides a sharp definition of such states and guarantees that they may be studied using statistical mechanics. However, one may worry that the argument does not use any features unique to black holes and may therefore be applied to any thermal object in gravity, like thermal AdS space. That is indeed correct – it appears that, at least on the CFT side of the AdS/CFT correspondence, black holes are simply conventional thermal enembles and may be treated statistically in exactly the same way. The only exotic thing about the black hole ensemble is the very large density of microscopic states. This is where the dynamics of quantum gravity (or the dual strongly coupled gauge theory) comes into the problem, by setting the nonperturbatively tiny () energy gaps that are required to account for the entropy.
But in classical gravity the sine qua non of a black hole is its horizon which certainly makes it seem very different from a thermal gas. While the statistical arguments that we have outlined explain how semiclassical information loss can be consistent with microscopic information recovery, they do not suffice to explain why black hole entropy is proportional to a geometric quantity – the area of the horizon. Neither do our arguments explain how we should understand the causally disconnected black hole interior that is present in the semiclassical description or the observations of infalling observers traversing this interior region. The problem of understanding horizon formation and the semiclassical black hole interior in the dual CFT, though not logically necessary for resolving the information paradox, is very interesting in its own right. It is difficult, because it is set in the realm of strongly coupled gauge theory, of which little is known quantitatively. Some material related to this question is reviewed in Sec. 3.2.3.
2.5 Black holes as mirrors
The consequences of the holographic argument for unitarity may be even more profound: it has been argued [17] that if black holes are not information sinks, they must be information mirrors! Specifically, Ref. [17] posits that, as a matter of principle, any bits of information may be recovered from a black hole whose size (entropy) is bits after observing bits expelled from it as Hawking radiation. This implies that from an information theoretic standpoint, the lifeline of a black hole is divided into two stages:
1. Before the black hole has radiated away half of its information content, any additional infalling information gets temporarily trapped.
2. The black hole evaporation process reaches its half-way point, whereafter any additional infalling and all previously infallen information becomes accessible, one bit at a time, with each bit of Hawking radiation released by the black hole.
To wit, a black hole past its information theoretic halflife is an information mirror.
It is best to first describe the procedure by which an outside observer may recover the black hole-reflected information and then discuss the underlying assumptions. For the sake of clarity, we present the argument in its classical form. The quantum analogue, with the usual substitutions of “bit” with “qubit”, “knows” with “holds a system perfectly entangled with”, and “typical permutation” with “a unitary transformation chosen uniformly with respect to the Haar measure”, is given in Ref. [17].
Think of the internal state of a black hole as a classical bit string of length , and model black hole dynamics as a typical (Assumption 3), deterministic permutation of the bit strings (not of the bits). An outside observer has been collecting information about the black hole since its formation and now knows (Assumption 1) both the internal state of the black hole (one of the strings) and the dynamical permutation (one of the such permutations). Now unknown bits are dropped into the black hole and appended to its internal state to form a new string of length . The black hole dynamically processes its information content by applying one of permutations (known to the outside observer by Assumption 1) before releasing one bit of Hawking radiation (Assumption 2). The black hole repeats the permutation-release cycle indefinitely.
In this model, the observer will decode the fallen bits of information after detecting quanta of Hawking radiation, with probability of false detection bounded by . To see this, note that after releasing quanta of information, the black hole’s internal state is one of bit strings of length . Because the black hole dynamical permutation is assumed typical, each of the current internal state strings is equally likely to have been produced by the dynamics of permutation from each the original black hole internal state strings. Thus, a false positive identification of the infallen quanta will randomly occur on a
fraction of trials. Mechanically, the identification procedure involves selecting the possible precursor internal states consistent with the bits of detected Hawking radiation, and then weeding out those which do not agree with the previously known bits with which the black hole started out. That this procedure can be algorithmically carried out in times parametrically shorter than the black hole evaporation time is the content of Assumption 4. We now comment on the four assumptions.
Assumption 1
Fundamentally, the argument assumes that one can identify the internal state of a black hole after recording its Hawking radiation for a sufficiently long time. This assumption agrees with the holographic intuition of Sec. 2.1, though as seen in Sec. 2.2-2.3 the requisite measurements would of necessity probe the scale . In addition, the argument requires that the internal dynamics of black holes be knowable and computable, but this is in principle no different from invoking the deterministic nature of physical laws in other contexts. Indeed, there is no reason to doubt that black hole physics and quantum gravity are deterministic and amenable to scientific enquiry, regardless of how little we may understand of these areas at present.
Hayden and Preskill state in [17] that Assumption 1 begins to hold after the black hole has radiated away half of its original entropy. This is a consequence of a calculation by Page [18], who computed the entanglement entropy seen by an observer with access to a subset of the degrees of freedom of a total system found in a random pure state. If the total system is divided into two parts, the one visible to the observer () and the one hidden from her (), the result is that the observed entanglement entropy is generically almost equal to the maximal entropy of the smaller subsystem. In particular, an observer with access to more than half the degrees of freedom of the total system () can generically read off the hidden information from her experiments, which is the statement that the state of is perfectly entangled with a subsystem of . As pointed out in [19], this finding is directly relevant to black hole physics, in which outside observers have access to only those quanta of the system that have been radiated out by the black hole. Page’s result states that the internal state of the black hole becomes identifiable after grows to contain at least half the quanta of the total system, that is after the mid-point of the black hole’s evaporation.
Assumption 2
The second assumption is that the black hole’s thermalization time must not exceed the time between the emissions of two successive radiation quanta . The claim that all information dropped into a black hole is immediately encoded in the subsequent Hawking radiation needs this assumption so that the internal black hole dynamics may incorporate the infalling information in its computation of the next radiation quantum to be emitted. From the viewpoint of the dual CFT, one may expect that and are both given by , since the temperature of the black hole is the only scale in the theory. With reference to the black hole membrane paradigm [20] and the complementarity hypothesis (see Sec. 4.2), the authors of Ref. [17] arrive at different estimates. In either case, an upper bound on is only necessary for the hypothesis that black holes are information mirrors (reflect information without delay). The statement that information is accessible after half a black hole’s entropy has been radiated away holds independently of Assumption 2.
Assumption 3
The third assumption is that the black hole dynamics acts as a randomizer. Said differently, the effect of black hole dynamics should be typical in its class: for classical bit strings – a random permutation, for quantum memory – a unitary transformation chosen uniformly with respect to the Haar measure. The assumption is needed to ensure that the infalling bits (qubits) of information get uniformly jumbled up with the rest of the black hole’s memory, so that any bits (qubits) of the future Hawking radiation are equally good for decoding the dropped message. If Assumption 3 failed, a black hole may expel sudden bursts of specific information as opposed to leaking it at a uniform pace in a maximally scrambled form222This is related to the view of black holes as efficient scramblers [21]; see Sec. 4.2.. For this reason, Assumption 3 is heuristically appealing, though it is difficult to evaluate its plausibility rigorously without a deeper understanding of quantum gravity.
Assumption 4
The last assumption is that the complexity of the computational problem faced by an outside observer attempting to retrieve information from a black hole does not somehow invalidate the rest of the argument. Indeed, there may be a tension between Assumption 3 and Assumption 4, because a typical permutation (or a typical unitary transformation) acting on a string of length takes steps to implement, a number commensurate with the Poincare recurrence time of the model black hole. Without belaboring the philosophical points, we point out that one cannot a priori exclude the possibility that the computational complexity of the decoding procedure may form an integral part of the black hole information puzzle. If so, it would be a manifestation of an exciting interplay between physics and complexity theory.
The authors of Ref. [17] attempted to resolve the tension between Assumptions 3 and 4 by conjecturing that black holes dynamics may make preferential use of special classes of transformations, which avoid a conflict with Assumption 4. A less speculative resolution of this problem would be interesting.
3 Quantitative approaches
This section reviews several context in which it has been demonstrated quantitatively that an exponentially large density of gravity states is necessary and sufficient for resolving the information paradox. Specifically, we examine families of heavy, exponentially dense gravity states and report dual field theory calculations, which show that their mutual differences vanish in the semiclassical limit as in eq. (2.6).
3.1 Extremal black holes in
Black holes asymptotic to have vanishing horizon areas if they preserve more than of the supersymmetries. In the following we concentrate on the half-BPS, extremal black holes. These objects are stable and we have complete control over the microstates in gravity and in the dual field theory. While this allows powerful, precise calculations, there is a price to be paid – in this case the horizon coincides with the singularity and has vanishing area, because the statistical degeneracy is not large enough to produce a macroscopic horizon. However, any small excess of energy beyond the extremal limit leads to a finite area horizon, making the 1/2-BPS black holes of AdS an extremely useful model system.
3.1.1 Background information
The field theory dual to gravity asymptotic to is super-Yang-Mills theory on . In the half-BPS sector, [22] developed a complete map between non-singular type IIB supergravity solutions on and heavy field theory states.
Heavy states in field theory
super-Yang-Mills theory contains three scalar fields, which are matrices. In the half-BPS sector, highest weight representatives in each BPS multiplet are created by operators that are gauge invariant polynomials in the zero-modes of a single adjoint scalar field. The s-wave reduction leads to a Lagrangian describing fermions in a harmonic potential [23]. A basis of highest weight half-BPS states is specified by sets of increasing integers related to excitation numbers of individual fermions via , . In the following, we shall make use of three other ways of representing 1/2-BPS basis states:
1. Individual fermions’ excitations above the vacuum:
A basis state is graphically represented as a Young diagram with at most rows, whose row lengths are given by .
2. The numbers of columns of length in the Young diagram:
where we use the convention .
3. The moments
These contain equivalent information, because one may recover the numbers from the set of ’s. This is done by finding the roots of the characteristic polynomial
after rewriting its coefficients in terms of the moments using the Newton-Girard formula
A set of fermions in a harmonic well is integrable and the moments form the tower of commuting, integrable charges.
Half-BPS supergravity solutions asymptotic to
They have symmetry, a 5-form flux and a constant dilaton, and were found in [22]:
The coefficients are given in terms of a function
and the one form is
Thus, the solution is entirely specified in terms of , which in turn satisfies a harmonic equation in and, consequently, is fully determined by its boundary condition on the plane:
The last equation uses polar coordinates for the plane. The expression for the 5-form field strength is given in [22].
The metrics (3.7) are regular if and only if the function is restricted to take the values . Functions that fall strictly between and anywhere on the plane, when plugged into (3.7), give rise to singular geometries. When falls outside the range , the metric (3.7) develops closed timelike curves [24].
A dictionary between these solutions and the field theory states has been established in [22]. The plane at is identified with the single particle oscillator phase space in the dual gauge theory while the function – with a phase space distribution :
The most well-known phase space distributions to be used on the right hand side are the Wigner [25] and the Husimi [26, 27, 28] distributions, but the choice is immaterial in the semiclassical limit, because it corresponds to the operator ordering prescription on the field theory side. The semiclassical limit is implemented by sending
3.1.2 Information loss in an integrable theory
In the usual form of the black hole information paradox one must explain the apparent loss of information, such as when a black hole has swallowed an elephant and emits thermal radiation. The half-BPS geometries asymptotic to present one with the opposite challenge: because the half-BPS sector is integrable, one expects that information is trivially preserved and the problem is instead to explain apparent information loss. This was accomplished in Refs. [29, 30].
Recall that half-BPS states of super-Yang-Mills are in one-to-one correspondence with Young diagrams with at most rows. We are interested in heavy states, whose conformal dimensions (or masses, or the numbers of boxes in their Young diagrams) scale as . This is because in the dual gravity this is the largest possible mass compatible with the asymptotics, so these operators create the heaviest objects in . Indeed, the scale agrees with the masses of all known black holes in this background.
Almost all heavy states look alike
Ref. [31] used canonical ensemble techniques to show rigorously that in the limit of large number of boxes, almost all Young diagrams approach a certain limiting shape described by the so-called limit curve. The authors of [29] extended this analysis to studying Young diagrams with boxes and at most rows. When expressed in terms of the variables of Sec. 3.1.1, the partition function factorizes:
A choice of sets the expected conformal dimension. When the latter is , is and consequently the entropy is of order . This growth rate is insufficient to produce a macroscopic horizon area in the semiclassical limit, which echoes the statement that half-BPS black holes in are horizonless.
From eq. (3.15) one easily calculates the expectations of the numbers of -height columns:
For the occupancies are large since . The values (3.16) define a “typical state” represented with a smooth “limit curve”. The significance of the limit curve is that the Young diagrams of almost all states lie close to it. In particular, deviations from (3.16) are exponentially suppressed; for further details, see [29].
The typical state represents a black hole
Compute the phase space distribution of a Young diagram state and plug it into the metric (3.7) as in (3.12). The resulting geometry is, up to corrections in , smooth. However, applying the same procedure to the typical state produces a singular geometry. On the field theory side, the emergence of a singularity may be traced to the fact that a Young diagram with its discrete steps of row-length approaches and, in the semiclassical limit, is effectively being replaced with, a smooth curve (see [29] for details). The loss of information in going from the precise microscopic description of a state to the coarse-grained summary represented by the limit curve translates in gravity into semiclassical information loss, and the appearance of a singularity. In summary, almost all field theory states, each of which can have a good, non-singular gravity dual (up to -corrections), share a common semiclassical description, whose gravity dual is singular. At least in this case the gravitational singularity is an artifact of imposing an effective, semiclassical description on quantum gravity states.
Integrable charges are encoded in metric multipoles
We have reviewed the argument showing that almost all half-BPS states look identical in the semiclassical limit, and argued that this leads to semiclassical information loss in the gravity theory. It is instructive to see how exactly information loss comes about. This is all the more interesting since, naïvely, the integrable structure of the theory should guarantee that information is preserved.
The first step is to see where the integrable charges are encoded in gravity. A calculation carried out in [30] showed that they are in one-to-one correspondence with multipole moments of metric components. As an illustration, the function that specifies the metric (3.7) via eqs. (3.8) admits the multipole expansion
where we have used spherical coordinates. Thus, the charges may be systematically extracted in gravity from the multipole moments of the metric. Now take the semiclassical limit (3.13-3.14) of expression (3.17). On dimensional grounds alone, one easily sees that the charges generically scale as . Writing
eq. (3.17) reduces in the limit to:
Thus, the conserved charges may be directly read off in gravity from the multipole expansion of the metric components.
Semiclassically the multipoles are universal
However, a semiclassical observer will not be able to distinguish microstates or extract information from a black hole. The reason is that , the leading order piece of that alone survives the semiclassical limit, is the same for almost all states. The differences among microstates, which are responsible for preserving unitarity, are subleading in and are not accessible to semiclassical observers. Thus information is preserved in the full theory, but not in the semiclassical regime.
Heuristically, one confirms this by noting that in terms of the excitation numbers states differ from one another at , which the definition (3.4) of translates into subleading, corrections. A more rigorous argument considers two regimes separately. For , it is possible to rigorously show that
which is a version of eq. (2.6). Meanwhile, a measurement of multipoles beyond requires either probing sub-Planckian scales or scales that diverge in the semiclassical limit. The reason is that the multipole may be isolated from a derivative of some metric component, but measuring that involves partitioning the measurement span into sub-segments. Using the relation
which states that even the largest scale in can only fit at most Planck length segments, one concludes that the higher multipoles are semiclassically unobservable. For more details, consult [30]. Overall, a semiclassical observer interacts with an effective, singular geometry and observes information loss even though the fundamental theory is unitary and even integrable.
3.1.3 Generalizations with less supersymmetry
In the preceding subsection we looked at heavy states in super-Yang-Mills theory. This is the most symmetric theory in the class of toric quiver gauge theories [32], which have supersymmetry in four dimensions. Toric quiver gauge theories are dual to type IIB string theory on [33, 34, 35, 36], where is a compact five-dimensional manifold satisfying certain stringent conditions. One may apply the methods of Sec. 3.1.2 to study heavy half-BPS operators in a general quiver gauge theory. This generalization extends the previous analysis to other theories and to the -BPS sector of super-Yang-Mills. The relevant calculations were published in [37].
The result is that certain generalizations of (3.20) apply and heavy operators in quiver gauge theories exhibit typicality, too. Consequently, we expect that the corresponding geometries give rise to singularities and information loss when treated semiclassically. However, a detailed map between field theory states and supergravity solutions such as [22] has not been developed, so at present it is not possible to verify this claim. In the meantime, a family of candidate black hole solutions has been written down [38] as progress towards a map between field theory states and supergravity solutions continues [39].
3.2 Massless BTZ black hole
We now turn to black holes in – the BTZ spacetimes [40]. To apply our methodology we examine cases in which a known conformal field theory is dual to an asymptotically AdS theory of gravity. One such example involves the worldvolume theory of D1-branes wrapped on and D5-branes wrapped on , whose dual is with the radius scaling as
As in the previous subsection, the semiclassical limit is . While we could have wrapped the D5-branes on , choosing is convenient because the field theory is simple. Specifically, it is the supersymmetric sigma model on , deformed by a set of marginal operators [41, 42, 43, 44]. In the following we consider this theory at the so-called orbifold point, with all the marginal deformations turned off. (Recent papers aimed at extending the material presented in this section away from the orbifold point include [45, 46].) This is convenient, because the field theory at the orbifold point is free. For the sector of BPS states moving away from the orbifold point of the field theory will not change counting tasks such as evaluating the degeneracy or checking whether there is a typical state.
3.2.1 Background information
The BTZ family of black holes [40] is parameterized by the mass . In the following we concentrate on the BPS, massless solution:
According to the AdS/CFT dictionary, one can recover a CFT two-point function of an operator by considering the bulk-boundary propagator of the dual spacetime field and sending the bulk point to the boundary. For a field of conformal weights this yields [6]:
In the above, we expressed the separation between the operator insertions in terms of:
Eq. (3.24) represents the massless BTZ black hole in the natural parlance of the dual CFT, that is in terms of correlation functions.
The BTZ black hole has the boundary conditions and quantum numbers of a ground state in the Ramond sector of the D1-D5 CFT [47]. Such ground states are built of bosonic () and fermionic () twist operators, which create winding sectors of the worldsheet that wrap copies of the . The superscripts correspond to global symmetries of and range from 1 to 8. Physical states are required to carry total twist . Overall, the Ramond ground states are created by composite twist operators
which in turn correspond to partitions of of the following type:
Canonical ensemble techniques analogous to those used in Sec. 3.1.2 reveal that in the thermodynamic limit , there are such partitions. A finite horizon area would require (the volume of contributes a factor of ), so this is consistent with the fact that the massless BTZ black hole is horizonless.
3.2.2 The typical state reproduces the massless BTZ black hole
In the canonical ensemble the occupation numbers are independent and therefore their expectations are given by the usual Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac values
where condition (3.27) sets . As in the case of super-Yang-Mills, these values define a typical Ramond ground state, which represents the common structure of almost all Ramond ground states (3.26).
Can one distinguish the states ? For a non-twist bosonic probe of conformal weights the two-point function takes the form [48]
where the numbers define . Ref. [16] analyzed the variance in this expression and showed that eq. (2.6) holds. Consequently, almost all states respond in the same way to the probe in the limit of large and there is semiclassical information loss. Furthermore, at time scales , the universal response of almost all probes reproduces the behavior of the massless BTZ black hole (3.24). To see this, note that the form of implies that the summation over is dominated by terms of order , but for those summands the summation over is a good approximation of eq. (3.24). Ref. [48] contains a similar set of arguments for fermionic probes.
At larger times the correlator (3.29) hovers around a non-zero value, in contrast to the BTZ correlator (3.24). This is in agreement with the intuition spelled out in Sec. 2.2. In that section we also anticipated that the non-zero long-time average of (3.29) would be approximately , but this is not the case. One explanation is that the non-twist probes evaluated in the orbifold CFT are insufficient to explore the full set of BTZ microstates [48].
3.2.3 Spacetime microstates?
The D1-D5 system has been widely used in the literature to support and illustrate the fuzzball proposal [49], which states that black hole microstates have spacetime realizations in terms of horizonless bound states of D-branes that have an extended spacetime structure. The proposal further suggests that the transverse size of the underlying bound state is responsible for the apparent presence of a horizon, and that the region behind this apparent horizon is in a topologically complex or perhaps even non-geometric configuration arising from the underlying bound state. This complexity, which is not resolvable by a semiclassical observer, is then responsible for apparent information loss. In this sense the fuzzball proposal is conceptually similar to the point of view described in Sec. 2, although the statistical arguments presented there make no specific claims about the structure of the spacetime microstate at or behind the horizon. Below we briefly review the ideas leading to the fuzzball proposal; for a more complete exposition see [49].
Before delving into the details, we recall a general argument in support of a spacetime realization of microstates given in [50]. Its authors argue that under the assumption that the equivalence principle extends to a classical horizon it is impossible to salvage unitarity by including small corrections to Hawking radiation. If one attempts to do so, one instead finds that the entanglement between the interior and the exterior of the black hole always increases, which implies that the end result of a unitary black hole evaporation process would have to be a remnant (see Sec. 4.7). The best way to motivate this finding is to highlight the difference between black hole evaporation and ordinary phenomena such as burning paper [51]. In the latter case, the entanglement between the exterior (photons expelled by burning paper) and the interior (the remaining, unburnt paper) is bounded by the size of either subsystem and decreases as the remainder of the paper burns up. In contrast, the process of Hawking radiation proceeds by forming entangled pairs of positive energy particles that escape to the outside and negative energy particles that fall into the interior of the black hole. These negative energy messengers increase the entanglement while decreasing the mass of the black hole, which forces the black hole to eventually form a small mass / high entropy object otherwise known as a remnant. Note that this argument directly contradicts Assumption 1 of [17] (see Sec. 2.5), which applies to black holes the result that the entropy of a subsystem is bounded by its size [18]. In summary, Ref. [50] claims that if we exclude remnants, the only way to salvage unitarity is to introduce large corrections at the location of a putative horizon, for instance those effected by fuzzballs.
The Lunin-Mathur geometries
To each Ramond ground state (3.26) corresponds a spacetime geometry without horizons [52]. After a U-duality, the D1-D5 system maps to the fundamental string carrying units of momentum and winding times around an . One may then U-dualize back the metric of the fundamental string, which is known from the null chiral model [53] for an arbitrary classical string profile . The resulting metric is smooth and horizonless and asymptotes to coordinatized by . In the string frame it takes the form:
The classical profile has periodicity . For bosonic ground states it is the shape of the fundamental string to which the momentum mode was applied times; when fermionic modes are turned on, the expression for becomes more complicated [54]. The near-horizon limit of the metric (3.2.3) removes the terms from the definitions of and the resulting geometries are asymptotic to .
We already know that there are geometries (3.2.3), because they correspond to the ground states counted in eq. (3.27). It has been shown on very general grounds [41, 55] (see [49] for a more pedestrian account) that bound states of D-branes carrying three different charges, such as the D1-D5-P system, carry entropy that in the large limit scales appropriately to account for finite horizon areas of black holes.
The emergence of the BTZ black hole
Let be the radial coordinate in the parameterized by . For most states is so complex that is effectively random and as a result for the 1-forms vanish. Consequently, in that regime the metric (3.2.3) reduces directly to
This is the product space of and the BTZ black hole (3.23) with . A simple argument [48] confirms that so the regime extends down to scales that are parametrically smaller than the radius. We conclude that outside a small core region the Lunin-Mathur geometries mimic the BTZ black hole. This is a geometric dual of the conclusion of Sec. 3.2.2.
The emergence of an apparent horizon
How can bound states of D-branes wrapped on compact dimensions give rise to an apparent horizon? They must develop a transverse size. A transverse size can act as an effective horizon, because it sets the radial scale at which (a) microstates become readily distinguishable and (b) incident particles get absorbed by the D-branes, which from afar looks like falling behind a horizon.
To test this conjecture let us estimate of the size of a bound state. In the fundamental string picture the transverse size of a bound state can be retrieved from the typical oscillation of the string. The typical mode has wavenumber and wavelength ; to estimate the amplitude one multiplies the wavelength by the mean value of . Observe that the effective length of the string is , the mean profile slope is from eq. (3.32) and the typical wavenumber is proportional to . The radial size of the bound state is therefore independent of and it remains so after U-dualizing back to the D1-D5 system. We could have anticipated this result from the fact that the BTZ black hole is a naked singularity; the microstates of a black hole with a finite horizon area should have transverse sizes that grow with the charges. Nevertheless, we can perform a non-trivial check of the claim that the size of a fuzzball matches the horizon. Looking at eq. (3.2.3), the surface area of the eight-dimensional hypersurface enclosing the bound state is
where the successive terms denote volumes of the , and and the factor of that takes us to the Einstein frame. Thus, the area enclosing the bound state reproduces the microscopic count of microstates. In fact, for some 2-charge black holes one may obtain a finite horizon by including higher derivative terms in the supergravity Lagrangian [56, 57]; in such cases the horizon size also matches the microscopic count. For a recent review of the fuzzball proposal, consult [58].
Ref. [59] argued on general grounds that the transverse size of a 3-charge bound state should match the finite horizon area of the corresponding black hole, which is known to agree with the number of string theory states [41, 55]. There is an extensive literature on constructing candidate spacetime realizations of such microstates; early works include [63, 62, 61, 60] while Sec. 5 of [64] contains a review. Interestingly, for some of these one can explicitly see how the transverse size grows from 0 to a finite value as one increases the string coupling [65, 62]. Another interesting class of geometries, called the scaling solutions [66, 67], has a classical moduli space, which naïvely includes geometries with arbitrarily deep AdS throats. Such solutions are problematic, because in the cases with holographic duals their existence should imply that the spectrum of the CFT is continuous [68]. However, as shown in [69], quantization effectively caps the throats at a finite depth, because an infinite throat requires a localization in phase space that is forbidden by the uncertainty principle. This is another example of how quantum effects can cure a distressing aspect of classical geometries.
A geometric mechanism of information loss
Consider a graviton falling towards the throat of a microstate geometry. In the CFT picture, it is absorbed into the bound state and creates one left and one right mover on a component string. The two excitations will collide again and possibly re-emit the graviton after a time that is . On the gravity side, the graviton enters the (topologically) complex interior of a fuzzball, bounces and escapes. For certain candidate microstate geometries with extra symmetry the return time has been calculated [70] and found to agree precisely with the CFT calculation, including the coefficient. In this way the fuzzball proposal seems to explain the appearance of information loss: a quantum that seems to have disappeared behind a horizon wanders about the labyrinthine interior of a fuzzball. Information is preserved because it will eventually find an exit.
3.3 Towards dynamics – Matrix models
In the preceding sections we have illustrated the idea that the information paradox is an artifact of the semiclassical description of a quantum system, each of whose microstates evolves without violating unitarity. The examples we looked at involved one parameter , which controlled the size of the system and the relative magnitude of quantum effects. In particular, the examples of Secs. 3.1-3.2 were free theories at . (Note that when we used an inverse “effective temperature” in eqs. (3.15, 3.28), it was only as a calculational shortcut to obtaining an effective description of heavy states.)
We now turn to calculations that track the effect of a non-zero coupling constant and temperature. To do this, we look at the evolution of a disturbance in a thermal background and ask whether the disturbance remains detectable at late times. In these settings, information loss may still arise from a growing density of states, but now there is an alternative mechanism – the dynamics. Below we present some toy models in which information loss requires the large limit and non-trivial dynamics.
The systems of choice are matrix models. They arise frequently as subsectors of field theories with gravitational duals, but for our purposes it suffices to demand from a matrix model that it suffer information loss in the limit. Any matrix model with this key property is a potential laboratory for studying how information is preserved and why it appears lost.
3.3.1 Festuccia and Liu’s model
Ref. [71] considers matrix quantum mechanics with the action:
Here are matrices, is a covariant derivative, the frequencies are all positive and is a linear combination of single trace operators determined by the ’t Hooft coupling , which is kept fixed in the large limit. This class of theories is well motivated, because it contains the bosonic sector of super-Yang-Mills theory on and, as we shall see momentarily, it suffers the expected information loss in the large limit. We follow [71] and concentrate on the specific model
but the results presented below apply generally to the class (3.34).
The regime relevant to black hole physics is where energy scales as . This is no different from the half-BPS sector of super-Yang-Mills considered in Sec. 3.1, whose Lagrangian is also of the form (3.34). However, we now require that , which can be enforced by considering systems with at least two matrices as in eq. (3.35). We deviate here from Sec. 3.1, where entropy scaled as as a consequence of the Lagrangian containing only a single matrix with its off-diagonal entries gauged away.
A convenient object to study is the connected Wightman function
where subtracts the contributions of the diagonal part of , which we take to be a multi-trace operator with insertions of . We keep fixed in the limit of large ; in the models (3.34) that have holographic duals, this makes dual to a string probe. The quantity (3.36) is useful because
is a signature of information loss. Looking at the Fourier transform , we expect that all its singularities are poles, of which the one closest to the real axis controls the decay rate of at large times [72] (see also Sec. 4.4).
Begin with the free theory . Not surprisingly, at finite takes the form [72]
and there is no information loss. However, even in the large limit remains a weighted sum of delta functions [71] and the system, once disturbed, does not thermalize. Evidently this theory needs interactions to forget information.
In fact, for a naïve planar calculation of continues to yield a discrete spectrum. The caveat is that planar perturbation theory breaks down in the limit of large time. Heuristically, a non-zero perturbation breaks the degeneracy of energy eigenstates, reducing the level spacing to some -dependent value that vanishes in the large limit. When the level spacing vanishes at infinite , becomes continuous, decays at large times and information is lost.
The models (3.34) carry several lessons. As discussed throughout this paper, the semiclassical limit (which is here a large limit) is an essential ingredient in information loss, and arises from the inability for the semiclassical observer to resolve physical data such as energy gaps with a precision of . The matrix models of [71] require a non-zero coupling to produce such tiny gaps. Indeed the planar perturbative calculation of in [71], which reveals no information loss, is valid for . Thus, as the coupling increases and the gap in the theory decreases, information becomes ever harder to recover.
3.3.2 Iizuka and Polchinski’s model
Another matrix model demonstrates the importance of temperature [73] in information loss. Consider the following Hamiltonian:
Here is a Hermitian matrix with canonical conjugate momentum and () are creation and annihilation operators for a complex vector particle (and its conjugate ). The field transforms in the adjoint and () in the fundamental (antifundamental) representation of , so the indices range from 1 to . The Hamiltonian commutes with the number operators and , so the spectrum decomposes into independent sectors of definite . While the model (3.39) has no ground state, each sector does. In the following we restrict attention to the sector. One can accomplish that without modifying the dynamics by deforming the Hamiltonian with a quadratic term
with a sufficiently high pre-factor .
Several considerations motivate (3.39). In comparison with the theory (3.35), it substitutes a trilinear fundamental-adjoint-fundamental interaction for a quartic interaction of adjoints. Thus, in terms of the double-line notation for Feynman diagrams, eq. (3.39) effectively halves the basic interaction of (3.35), which leads to computational simplifications. The model is also closely related to a previously studied description of the fundamental string stretched between a probe D0-brane and a D0-brane black hole [74]. In addition, further studies of information loss in (3.39) give hints of an emergent bulk description [75], though we shall not pursue this here. Last but not least, it suffers information loss in the limit of large , so it is a useful setting for examining resolutions of the information paradox. Interestingly, as we will see, information loss occurs in the model (3.39) only at large temperature. We concentrate on the observable
The Schwinger-Dyson equation for the Fourier transform reads:
The above expression involves the free -propagator
because in the
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OK so since I added Kristian's Panini, of course my Nicky wanted his own. So here it is and if I must say so myself, it is very scrumptious!!! You go Nicky!!
4 slices of toasted or grilled Italian Bread
Olive Oil to brush on bread before grilling on both sides
8 slices Fresh honey roasted Turkey Breast
4 slices Fresh American cheese sliced
handful Wrinkled Potato Chips
4-6 Roasted Peppers (Previous Recipe Blogged)
Small handful Fresh Basil Chopped
Low Fat Mayo or Honey Mustard ( His favorite is Inglehoffre Honey Mustard)
4 Sliced Mini Pickles
A sprinkle of salt and pepper to grill and taste
Slice 4 pieces of fresh thick Italian bread. Brush each piece with Olive Oil and salt and pepper on both sides. I like my panini grilled, so I would grill them in a grill pan (George Foreman) and get them nice and toasted with grill lines. After they are grilled be ready to build panini and mangata!! Add the Mayo or Mustard (your choice) , Pickles, Turkey, Cheese, Chips, Peppers, and chopped Basil. In that order. Then Sit down with a glass of white wine or Iced Tea and Eat!! Enjoy!!!
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Anti Narcoleptics Drugs > Anti Narcoleptic Articles > Modalert as a fighter against sleepiness
Modalert as a fighter against sleepiness
What is Modalert and why is it useful?
Modern medicine is developing faster and faster. More and more of the new drugs are created, and they are becoming more effective, because they cause no side effects or any harm to people who use them. The latest innovation in medical sphere is a popular drug and psycho stimulant called Modalert (also known under such brand names as Modafinil or Provigil) which regulates the process of waking of the person, without interfering with their sleep. And it is very useful for the modern pace of life.
The first such drug was created in about 1970. So after a few years of different surveys and improvements of the drug, it was sold under the name Generic Modalert. The drug acts increasing allocation of dopamine in the central nervous system. Also, it operates in a gamma-aminobutyric acid. In most countries, this drug is approved by all the requirements for safety and efficacy. It is also a remedy for such diseases like narcolepsy, by which there is a symptom of not controlled attacks of daytime sleepiness.
How does the medication act and what are positive results?
The main action of the drug is suppressing the desire to sleep, increasing physical stamina of healthy people, and improving visual intellect and other options of mental activity of a person. The pharmacological properties of the drug have no resemblance to cocaine, amphetamines or Ritalin. One of the unique features of this preparation is that it has not got any side effects and is effective only when it is quite necessary. Also, unlike other groups of similar drugs that have such properties, it is not addictive, so preparation is recommended for the stimulation of clear thinking at long period of time without sleep.
Modalert is one of the best options people choose for stimulating mental activity, reducing the urgent need for sleep and treatment of depression and sleep disorders. An important and positive feature of the substance is the lack of side effects which often appear by reception of similar medications (there can be addiction, overexcitement and responsibility reduction). For people practicing polyphasic sleep, under the control of lucid dreaming, the usage of the drug helps to get a clear timetable for a controlled sleep. This is explained by strictly regulated time of its action (depending on the dosage).
Possible side effects if you do not follow the recommendations.
You do not have to use the given drug or you should at least take more precaution while using it if you do suffer from any of the mentioned diseases: allergy to this substance or similar substances, kidney disease cirrhosis, angina, different liver diseases, heart or muscle disorders. You should consult a medical expert in case you suffer from any of the mentioned above ailments as the drug might adversely make an effect on those conditions and make them much worse. As the medication is often used off label, you can buy Modalert without a prescription of your doctor at the nearest drugstore around the US, Australia and Europe. You can also order Modalert at reliable online pharmacies in a most convenient for you way.
How to use the drug right?
The only way to use the given drug right is to do exactly those things that are mentioned on the label of the pack or in your personal prescription. According to its effects, medicine is usually received early in the morning, in order to provide more beneficial effects during the whole day. If you have any questions that might arise about how to use the drug right or about the dosage, ask your pharmacist or a doctor. This medication works even better if it is received at the same time every day and if you do it regularly.
If you miss a reception of Modalert (usually it is 200mg in one dosage), do not compensate it by using a double dose of the medication because later you might suffer from an overdose. You should also know that it affects the central nervous system of a person, so it is possible that you will experience reduction of reasoning and reactions of your body. In case it happens with you, you should stop taking part in any activities that might be dangerous, for example, driving, for the time when you use the drug. You also need to stop drinking alcohol while you are taking this medication.
Modalert is a new popular psycho stimulant which was created in order to help different people fight the attacks of unreasonable daytime sleepiness.
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On Air Now
Capital XTRA In The Morning With Yinka 6am - 10am
14 February 2017, 10:14
Drizzy treated his whole crew.
Drake reportedly spent over £1500 at Dominos Pizza after his recent show in Manchester, treating his whole tour crew to a late night snack.
The ‘One Dance’ singer performed at the Manchester Arena on 11th February before splashing out on the huge meal, which required three cars and 10 people to deliver it to his room.
According to Metro, once the meal was delivered one of the drivers refused to move his vehicle until he got the receipt and all of his heat-proof bags back.
Meanwhile, Drake also splashed out on a huge fast-food meal in Leeds last week.
Drizzy reportedly spent over £500 on chicken and sides at Nando's, ensuring that nothing was spicier than medium heat.
An employee took a picture of Drake's astonishing receipt, which totalled £534.55.
The Canadian rapper was also recently spotted on video at Manchester’s San Carlo restaurant.
Shocked fans saw Drake arriving at the high-end Italian diner alongside an entourage of 10.
The ‘Views’ rapper will arrive back in London this week on his current The Boy Meets World Tour to perform at The O2 Arena on 14th and 15th February.
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Brrr… it’s a bit chilly out there. To quote a certain king, winter is coming – and that means it’s time to slip into your snuggly pyjamas, chuck some popcorn in the microwave, and get cozy with a loved one on the sofa…
It’s binge-watching season, folks.
And we’ve got the perfect antidote to the winter blues: Starz Play.
Starz Play is the streaming service from Starz, creator of such iconic original shows as Golden Globe® nominated Outlander, swashbuckling pirate adventure Black Sails, and the blood-spattered Roman drama Spartacus.
Having joined the streaming set fairly late in the game, Starz has already outdone Netflix with some of the most critically-acclaimed shows around. According to this report from Cut Cable Today, Starz original content is among the highest rated on Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic – beating even that of its euphemism-spawning rival – making it a solid choice for an evening’s entertainment.
Starz has a long history of showing the best movies. It started in 1994 with Scent of a Woman and the harrowing, multi-award winning drama, The Crying Game. Today, it shows hundreds of box office hits such as Inferno, Passengers, and Don’t Breathe, as well as classics like Ghostbusters, Top Gun, and Mrs Doubtfire.
And let’s face it: going to the cinema is pretty expensive nowadays – especially once you’ve bought that stale popcorn and a litre of soda you’ll need to pee out halfway through the film. Not to mention the queues, noisy patrons, and ads at the beginning (what the heck happened to just showing movie trailers?).
Why brave all that (and the rain) when Starz provides your own stockpile of awesome movies and TV shows for just $8.99 a month? That’s less than the cost of a movie ticket.
There are over 1,000 TV shows and movies to enjoy, with new content every week, so you’ll always have something fun and exciting to watch, whatever mood you’re in. Starz covers all genres – from horror to romantic comedy – so you’re guaranteed to find something your friends will love for your next movie night.
And that price gives you unlimited streaming, anywhere. The Starz Play app lets you download movies and TV shows so you can take them with you wherever you go – meaning your morning commute just got a helluva lot more fun.
Better yet, Starz are offering a 7-day free trial. That’s a whole week to decide if you want to subscribe, or just go on a marathon binge for free – either way, you win. So as the nights draw in and the weather changes, invite your friends and family over to enjoy the best movies and TV shows from Starz.
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Discover Casa Zeila in Havana, Cuba; and enjoy the benefits of a casa particular: Useful advice, sympathy and low prices. Casa Zeila is located at Centro Havana.
The Casa Zeila owners are wonderful people and will give you the best tips to enjoy your stay in Centro Havana. Do not miss the unforgettable breakfast and dinner prepared by the hosts.
The bedrooms are comfortable and clean, with modern and new bathrooms. Each room with private bathroom.
At this house travelers will have an unforgettable experience of a Cuban home on this beautiful island. The safety and pleasant stay in Centro Havana, will be garantice by Casa Zeila owners.
Room serviceTowelsAir conditioningLinen
|Address:||Calle Concordia #255. Apt 301 e/ Campanario y Perseverancia. Centro Havana. Cuba|
|Price from:||25.00 CUC (per Night/Room)|
|Score:||Nº 62 of 106 B&B in Havana Centro, Cuba | 0.0/5 - 0 Reviews|
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