### Elasticsearch Version

main

### Installed Plugins

_No response_

### Java Version

_bundled_

### OS Version

MacOS

### Problem Description

Currently, transform state persistence failures are being retried with a constant interval (`60s`).
This is different to how other types of errors are retried (exponential backoff).
We should implement exponential backoff for state persistence failures too.

### Steps to Reproduce

n/a

### Logs (if relevant)

_No response_
x-pack/plugin/transform/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/xpack/transform/transforms/scheduling/TransformScheduledTaskTests.java
private static final String TRANSFORM_ID = "transform-id";
    private static final TimeValue FREQUENCY = TimeValue.timeValueSeconds(10);
    private static final TimeValue DEFAULT_FREQUENCY = TimeValue.timeValueSeconds(60);
    private static final long LAST_TRIGGERED_TIME_MILLIS = 100000L;
    private static final Listener LISTENER = event -> {};
    public void testBasics() {
        TransformScheduledTask task = new TransformScheduledTask(TRANSFORM_ID, FREQUENCY, LAST_TRIGGERED_TIME_MILLIS, 0, 123, LISTENER);
        assertThat(task.getTransformId(), is(equalTo(TRANSFORM_ID)));
        assertThat(task.getFrequency(), is(equalTo(FREQUENCY)));
        assertThat(task.getLastTriggeredTimeMillis(), is(equalTo(LAST_TRIGGERED_TIME_MILLIS)));
        assertThat(task.getFailureCount(), is(equalTo(0)));
        assertThat(task.getNextScheduledTimeMillis(), is(equalTo(123L)));
        assertThat(task.getListener(), is(equalTo(LISTENER)));
    }
    public void testDefaultFrequency() {
        TransformScheduledTask task = new TransformScheduledTask(TRANSFORM_ID, null, LAST_TRIGGERED_TIME_MILLIS, 0, 0, LISTENER);
        assertThat(task.getFrequency(), is(equalTo(DEFAULT_FREQUENCY)));
    }
    public void testNextScheduledTimeMillis() {
        {
            TransformScheduledTask task = new TransformScheduledTask(TRANSFORM_ID, FREQUENCY, LAST_TRIGGERED_TIME_MILLIS, 0, 123, LISTENER);
            
            assertThat(task.getNextScheduledTimeMillis(), is(equalTo(123L)));
        }
        {