### Elasticsearch Version

main

### Installed Plugins

_No response_

### Java Version

_bundled_

### OS Version

MacOS

### Problem Description

Currently, transform state persistence failures are being retried with a constant interval (`60s`).
This is different to how other types of errors are retried (exponential backoff).
We should implement exponential backoff for state persistence failures too.

### Steps to Reproduce

n/a

### Logs (if relevant)

_No response_
x-pack/plugin/transform/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/xpack/transform/transforms/TransformIndexerFailureOnStatePersistenceTests.java
this.<Void>assertAsyncFailure(
                    listener -> indexer.persistState(
                        new TransformState(TransformTaskState.STARTED, IndexerState.INDEXING, null, 42, null, null, null, false, null),
                        listener
                    ),
                    e -> {
                        assertThat(e, isA(exceptionToThrow.getClass()));
                        assertThat(state.get(), equalTo(TransformTaskState.FAILED));
                        assertThat(indexer.getStatePersistenceFailures(), equalTo(3));
                    }
                );
            }
        }
        
        {
            state.set(TransformTaskState.STARTED);
            TransformContext context = new TransformContext(state.get(), null, 0, contextListener);
            Exception exceptionToThrow = randomBoolean()
                ? new VersionConflictEngineException(new ShardId("index", "indexUUID", 42), "some_id", 45L, 44L, 43L, 42L)
                : new ElasticsearchTimeoutException("timeout");
            TransformConfigManager configManager = new FailingToPutStoredDocTransformConfigManager(Set.of(0, 2, 3, 4), exceptionToThrow);
            try (var threadPool = createThreadPool()) {
                final var client = new NoOpClient(threadPool);
                MockClientTransformIndexer indexer = new MockClientTransformIndexer(
                    mock(ThreadPool.class),
                    new TransformServices(
                        configManager,
                        mock(TransformCheckpointService.class),
                        mock(TransformAuditor.class),
                        new TransformScheduler(Clock.systemUTC(), mock(ThreadPool.class), Settings.EMPTY)