### Elasticsearch Version

main

### Installed Plugins

_No response_

### Java Version

_bundled_

### OS Version

MacOS

### Problem Description

Currently, transform state persistence failures are being retried with a constant interval (`60s`).
This is different to how other types of errors are retried (exponential backoff).
We should implement exponential backoff for state persistence failures too.

### Steps to Reproduce

n/a

### Logs (if relevant)

_No response_
x-pack/plugin/transform/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/xpack/transform/transforms/TransformIndexerFailureOnStatePersistenceTests.java
private static class MockClientTransformIndexer extends ClientTransformIndexer {
        MockClientTransformIndexer(
            ThreadPool threadPool,
            TransformServices transformServices,
            CheckpointProvider checkpointProvider,
            AtomicReference<IndexerState> initialState,
            TransformIndexerPosition initialPosition,
            ParentTaskAssigningClient client,
            TransformIndexerStats initialStats,
            TransformConfig transformConfig,
            TransformProgress transformProgress,
            TransformCheckpoint lastCheckpoint,
            TransformCheckpoint nextCheckpoint,