### Elasticsearch Version

main

### Installed Plugins

_No response_

### Java Version

_bundled_

### OS Version

MacOS

### Problem Description

Currently, transform state persistence failures are being retried with a constant interval (`60s`).
This is different to how other types of errors are retried (exponential backoff).
We should implement exponential backoff for state persistence failures too.

### Steps to Reproduce

n/a

### Logs (if relevant)

_No response_
x-pack/plugin/transform/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/xpack/transform/transforms/ClientTransformIndexer.java
listener.onFailure(e);
                    return;
                }
                
                
                if (unwrappedException instanceof ActionNotFoundTransportException) {
                    logger.warn(
                        "[{}] source does not support point in time reader, falling back to normal search (more resource intensive)",
                        getJobId()
                    );
                    auditor.warning(
                        getJobId(),
                        "Source does not support point in time reader, falling back to normal search (more resource intensive)"
                    );
                    disablePit = true;
                } else {
                    logger.warn(
                        () -> format("[%s] Failed to create a point in time reader, falling back to normal search.", getJobId()),
                        e
                    );
                }
                listener.onResponse(namedSearchRequest);
            })
        );
    }
    void doSearch(Tuple<String, SearchRequest> namedSearchRequest, ActionListener<SearchResponse> listener) {
        String name = namedSearchRequest.v1();
        SearchRequest searchRequest = namedSearchRequest.v2();
        
        if (searchRequest.indices().length == 0) {