### Elasticsearch Version

main

### Installed Plugins

_No response_

### Java Version

_bundled_

### OS Version

MacOS

### Problem Description

Currently, transform state persistence failures are being retried with a constant interval (`60s`).
This is different to how other types of errors are retried (exponential backoff).
We should implement exponential backoff for state persistence failures too.

### Steps to Reproduce

n/a

### Logs (if relevant)

_No response_
x-pack/plugin/transform/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/xpack/transform/transforms/scheduling/TransformScheduledTask.java
/*
 * Copyright Elasticsearch B.V. and/or licensed to Elasticsearch B.V. under one
 * or more contributor license agreements. Licensed under the Elastic License
 * 2.0; you may not use this file except in compliance with the Elastic License
 * 2.0.
 */
package org.elasticsearch.xpack.transform.transforms.scheduling;
import org.elasticsearch.core.TimeValue;
import org.elasticsearch.xpack.transform.Transform;
import java.time.Duration;
import java.util.Objects;
/**
 * {@link TransformScheduledTask} is a structure describing the scheduled task in the queue.
 * <p>
 * This class is immutable.
 */
final class TransformScheduledTask {
    /**
     * Minimum delay that can be applied after a failure.
     */
    private static final long MIN_DELAY_MILLIS = Duration.ofSeconds(5).toMillis();
    /**