### Elasticsearch Version

main

### Installed Plugins

_No response_

### Java Version

_bundled_

### OS Version

MacOS

### Problem Description

Currently, transform state persistence failures are being retried with a constant interval (`60s`).
This is different to how other types of errors are retried (exponential backoff).
We should implement exponential backoff for state persistence failures too.

### Steps to Reproduce

n/a

### Logs (if relevant)

_No response_
x-pack/plugin/transform/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/xpack/transform/transforms/TransformIndexerFailureOnStatePersistenceTests.java
private final Set<Integer> failAt;
        private final Exception exception;
        private int persistenceCallCount = 0;
        FailingToPutStoredDocTransformConfigManager(Set<Integer> failAt, Exception exception) {
            this.failAt = failAt;
            this.exception = exception;
        }
        @Override
        public void putOrUpdateTransformStoredDoc(
            TransformStoredDoc storedDoc,
            SeqNoPrimaryTermAndIndex seqNoPrimaryTermAndIndex,
            ActionListener<SeqNoPrimaryTermAndIndex> listener
        ) {
            if (failAt.contains(persistenceCallCount++)) {
                listener.onFailure(exception);
            } else {
                super.putOrUpdateTransformStoredDoc(storedDoc, seqNoPrimaryTermAndIndex, listener);
            }
        }
    }
    private static class SeqNoCheckingTransformConfigManager extends InMemoryTransformConfigManager {
        private long seqNo = -1;
        private long primaryTerm = 0;
        SeqNoCheckingTransformConfigManager() {}
        @Override
        public void putOrUpdateTransformStoredDoc(
            TransformStoredDoc storedDoc,
            SeqNoPrimaryTermAndIndex seqNoPrimaryTermAndIndex,
            ActionListener<SeqNoPrimaryTermAndIndex> listener