### Elasticsearch Version

main

### Installed Plugins

_No response_

### Java Version

_bundled_

### OS Version

MacOS

### Problem Description

Currently, transform state persistence failures are being retried with a constant interval (`60s`).
This is different to how other types of errors are retried (exponential backoff).
We should implement exponential backoff for state persistence failures too.

### Steps to Reproduce

n/a

### Logs (if relevant)

_No response_
x-pack/plugin/transform/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/xpack/transform/transforms/ClientTransformIndexer.java
TransformCheckpoint lastCheckpoint,
        TransformCheckpoint nextCheckpoint,
        SeqNoPrimaryTermAndIndex seqNoPrimaryTermAndIndex,
        TransformContext context,
        boolean shouldStopAtCheckpoint
    ) {
        super(
            ExceptionsHelper.requireNonNull(threadPool, "threadPool"),
            transformServices,
            checkpointProvider,
            transformConfig,
            ExceptionsHelper.requireNonNull(initialState, "initialState"),
            initialPosition,
            initialStats == null ? new TransformIndexerStats() : initialStats,
            transformProgress,
            lastCheckpoint,
            nextCheckpoint,
            context
        );
        this.client = ExceptionsHelper.requireNonNull(client, "client");
        this.seqNoPrimaryTermAndIndexHolder = new AtomicReference<>(seqNoPrimaryTermAndIndex);
        
        context.setShouldStopAtCheckpoint(shouldStopAtCheckpoint);
        if (transformConfig.getSettings().getUsePit() != null) {
            disablePit = transformConfig.getSettings().getUsePit() == false;
        }
    }
    @Override
    public void applyNewSettings(SettingsConfig newSettings) {
        if (newSettings.getUsePit() != null) {