### Elasticsearch Version

main

### Installed Plugins

_No response_

### Java Version

_bundled_

### OS Version

MacOS

### Problem Description

Currently, transform state persistence failures are being retried with a constant interval (`60s`).
This is different to how other types of errors are retried (exponential backoff).
We should implement exponential backoff for state persistence failures too.

### Steps to Reproduce

n/a

### Logs (if relevant)

_No response_
x-pack/plugin/transform/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/xpack/transform/transforms/TransformFailureHandler.java
handleCircuitBreakingException(e, unattended);
        } else if (unwrappedException instanceof ScriptException e) {
            handleScriptException(e, unattended);
        } else if (unwrappedException instanceof BulkIndexingException e) {
            handleBulkIndexingException(e, unattended, getNumFailureRetries(settingsConfig));
        } else if (unwrappedException instanceof ClusterBlockException e) {
            
            retry(e, e.getDetailedMessage(), unattended, getNumFailureRetries(settingsConfig));
        } else if (unwrappedException instanceof SearchPhaseExecutionException e) {
            
            
            retry(e, e.getCause() != null ? e.getCause().getMessage() : null, unattended, getNumFailureRetries(settingsConfig));
        } else if (unwrappedException instanceof ElasticsearchException e) {
            handleElasticsearchException(e, unattended, getNumFailureRetries(settingsConfig));
        } else if (unwrappedException instanceof IllegalArgumentException e) {
            handleIllegalArgumentException(e, unattended);
        } else {
            retry(
                unwrappedException,
                ExceptionRootCauseFinder.getDetailedMessage(unwrappedException),
                unattended,
                getNumFailureRetries(settingsConfig)
            );
        }
    }
    /**
     * Handle failures persisting internal state
     *
     * @param e the exception caught
     * @param settingsConfig The settings