### Elasticsearch Version

main

### Installed Plugins

_No response_

### Java Version

_bundled_

### OS Version

MacOS

### Problem Description

Currently, transform state persistence failures are being retried with a constant interval (`60s`).
This is different to how other types of errors are retried (exponential backoff).
We should implement exponential backoff for state persistence failures too.

### Steps to Reproduce

n/a

### Logs (if relevant)

_No response_
x-pack/plugin/transform/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/xpack/transform/transforms/TransformIndexerFailureOnStatePersistenceTests.java
),
                    e -> {
                        assertThat(e, isA(exceptionToThrow.getClass()));
                        assertThat(state.get(), equalTo(TransformTaskState.STARTED));
                        assertThat(indexer.getStatePersistenceFailures(), equalTo(1));
                    }
                );
                
                this.<Void>assertAsync(
                    listener -> indexer.persistState(
                        new TransformState(TransformTaskState.STARTED, IndexerState.INDEXING, null, 42, null, null, null, false, null),
                        listener
                    ),
                    r -> {
                        assertThat(state.get(), equalTo(TransformTaskState.STARTED));
                        assertThat(indexer.getStatePersistenceFailures(), equalTo(0));
                    }
                );
                
                this.<Void>assertAsyncFailure(
                    listener -> indexer.persistState(
                        new TransformState(TransformTaskState.STARTED, IndexerState.INDEXING, null, 42, null, null, null, false, null),
                        listener
                    ),
                    e -> {
                        assertThat(e, isA(exceptionToThrow.getClass()));
                        assertThat(state.get(), equalTo(TransformTaskState.STARTED));
                        assertThat(indexer.getStatePersistenceFailures(), equalTo(1));
                    }
                );