### Elasticsearch Version

main

### Installed Plugins

_No response_

### Java Version

_bundled_

### OS Version

MacOS

### Problem Description

Currently, transform state persistence failures are being retried with a constant interval (`60s`).
This is different to how other types of errors are retried (exponential backoff).
We should implement exponential backoff for state persistence failures too.

### Steps to Reproduce

n/a

### Logs (if relevant)

_No response_
x-pack/plugin/transform/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/xpack/transform/transforms/TransformIndexerFailureOnStatePersistenceTests.java
),
                    mock(CheckpointProvider.class),
                    new AtomicReference<>(IndexerState.STOPPED),
                    null,
                    new ParentTaskAssigningClient(client, new TaskId("dummy-node:123456")),
                    mock(TransformIndexerStats.class),
                    config,
                    null,
                    new TransformCheckpoint(
                        "transform",
                        Instant.now().toEpochMilli(),
                        0L,
                        Collections.emptyMap(),
                        Instant.now().toEpochMilli()
                    ),
                    new TransformCheckpoint(
                        "transform",
                        Instant.now().toEpochMilli(),
                        2L,
                        Collections.emptyMap(),
                        Instant.now().toEpochMilli()
                    ),
                    new SeqNoPrimaryTermAndIndex(1, 1, TransformInternalIndexConstants.LATEST_INDEX_NAME),
                    context,
                    false
                );
                this.<Void>assertAsyncFailure(
                    listener -> indexer.persistState(
                        new TransformState(TransformTaskState.STARTED, IndexerState.INDEXING, null, 42, null, null, null, false, null),
                        listener