### Elasticsearch Version

main

### Installed Plugins

_No response_

### Java Version

_bundled_

### OS Version

MacOS

### Problem Description

Currently, transform state persistence failures are being retried with a constant interval (`60s`).
This is different to how other types of errors are retried (exponential backoff).
We should implement exponential backoff for state persistence failures too.

### Steps to Reproduce

n/a

### Logs (if relevant)

_No response_
x-pack/plugin/transform/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/xpack/transform/transforms/TransformIndexerFailureOnStatePersistenceTests.java
randomBoolean(),
                randomBoolean(),
                randomBoolean(),
                randomBoolean(),
                2,
                false
            )
        );
        AtomicReference<TransformTaskState> state = new AtomicReference<>(TransformTaskState.STARTED);
        TransformContext.Listener contextListener = new TransformContext.Listener() {
            @Override
            public void shutdown() {}
            @Override
            public void failureCountChanged() {}
            @Override
            public void fail(Throwable exception, String failureMessage, ActionListener<Void> listener) {
                state.set(TransformTaskState.FAILED);
            }
        };
        TransformContext context = new TransformContext(state.get(), null, 0, contextListener);
        TransformConfigManager configManager = new SeqNoCheckingTransformConfigManager();
        try (var threadPool = createThreadPool()) {
            final var client = new NoOpClient(threadPool);
            MockClientTransformIndexer indexer = new MockClientTransformIndexer(
                mock(ThreadPool.class),
                new TransformServices(
                    configManager,
                    mock(TransformCheckpointService.class),
                    mock(TransformAuditor.class),
                    new TransformScheduler(Clock.systemUTC(), mock(ThreadPool.class), Settings.EMPTY)