### Elasticsearch Version

main

### Installed Plugins

_No response_

### Java Version

_bundled_

### OS Version

MacOS

### Problem Description

Currently, transform state persistence failures are being retried with a constant interval (`60s`).
This is different to how other types of errors are retried (exponential backoff).
We should implement exponential backoff for state persistence failures too.

### Steps to Reproduce

n/a

### Logs (if relevant)

_No response_
x-pack/plugin/transform/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/xpack/transform/transforms/scheduling/TransformScheduledTaskTests.java
TransformScheduledTask task = new TransformScheduledTask(TRANSFORM_ID, FREQUENCY, LAST_TRIGGERED_TIME_MILLIS, 1, 123, LISTENER);
            
            assertThat(task.getNextScheduledTimeMillis(), is(equalTo(123L)));
        }
        {
            TransformScheduledTask task = new TransformScheduledTask(TRANSFORM_ID, FREQUENCY, LAST_TRIGGERED_TIME_MILLIS, 0, LISTENER);
            
            assertThat(task.getNextScheduledTimeMillis(), is(equalTo(110000L)));
        }
        {
            TransformScheduledTask task = new TransformScheduledTask(TRANSFORM_ID, FREQUENCY, LAST_TRIGGERED_TIME_MILLIS, 1, LISTENER);
            
            assertThat(task.getNextScheduledTimeMillis(), is(equalTo(105000L)));
        }
    }
    public void testCalculateNextScheduledTimeExponentialBackoff() {
        long lastTriggeredTimeMillis = Instant.now().toEpochMilli();
        long[] expectedDelayMillis = {
            Transform.DEFAULT_TRANSFORM_FREQUENCY.millis(),    
            5000,    
            5000,    
            8000,    
            16000,   
            32000,   
            64000,   
            128000,  
            256000,  
            512000,  
            1024000, 
            2048000,