Also seen in a local run of `./gradlew :server:test` but doesn't easily reproduce, even when running many iterations in a loop.

**Build scan:**
https://gradle-enterprise.elastic.co/s/kbbpmnbim32ck/tests/:server:test/org.elasticsearch.index.engine.InternalEngineTests/testMergeThreadLogging

**Reproduction line:**
`./gradlew ':server:test' --tests "org.elasticsearch.index.engine.InternalEngineTests.testMergeThreadLogging" -Dtests.seed=A7B12EB0B151C9B5 -Dtests.locale=es-PA -Dtests.timezone=Europe/Tiraspol -Druntime.java=17`

**Applicable branches:**
main

**Reproduces locally?:**
No

Edit to add: eventually this failed for me after a couple of thousand iterations on a machine that was concurrently running `stress-ng --timeout 0 --cpu 16`

**Failure history:**
https://gradle-enterprise.elastic.co/scans/tests?tests.container=org.elasticsearch.index.engine.InternalEngineTests&tests.test=testMergeThreadLogging

**Failure excerpt:**
```
java.lang.AssertionError: 
Expected: (an empty collection or iterable containing [a string starting with "JNDI lookup class is not available because this JRE does not support JNDI. JNDI string lookups will not be available, continuing configuration.", a string starting with "JMX runtime input lookup class is not available because this JRE does not support JMX. JMX lookups will not be available, continuing configuration. "] or iterable containing [a string starting with "JMX runtime input lookup class is not available because this JRE does not support JMX. JMX lookups will not be available, continuing configuration. "])
     but: was <[Attempted to append to non-started appender testMergeThreadLogging]>

  at __randomizedtesting.SeedInfo.seed([A7B12EB0B151C9B5:62EC5C98C993D8A4]:0)
  at org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat(MatcherAssert.java:18)
  at org.junit.Assert.assertThat(Assert.java:956)
  at org.junit.Assert.assertThat(Assert.java:923)
  at org.elasticsearch.test.ESTestCase.checkStaticState(ESTestCase.java:658)
  at org.elasticsearch.test.ESTestCase.after(ESTestCase.java:464)
  at jdk.internal.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor7.invoke(null:-1)
  at jdk.internal.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
  at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:568)
  at com.carrotsearch.randomizedtesting.RandomizedRunner.invoke(RandomizedRunner.java:1758)
  at com.carrotsearch.randomizedtesting.RandomizedRunner$10.evaluate(RandomizedRunner.java:1004)
  at com.carrotsearch.randomizedtesting.rules.StatementAdapter.evaluate(StatementAdapter.java:36)
  at org.apache.lucene.tests.util.TestRuleSetupTeardownChained$1.evaluate(TestRuleSetupTeardownChained.java:44)
  at org.apache.lucene.tests.util.AbstractBeforeAfterRule$1.evaluate(AbstractBeforeAfterRule.java:43)
  at org.apache.lucene.tests.util.TestRuleThreadAndTestName$1.evaluate(TestRuleThreadAndTestName.java:45)
  at org.apache.lucene.tests.util.TestRuleIgnoreAfterMaxFailures$1.evaluate(TestRuleIgnoreAfterMaxFailures.java:60)
  at org.apache.lucene.tests.util.TestRuleMarkFailure$1.evaluate(TestRuleMarkFailure.java:44)
  at com.carrotsearch.randomizedtesting.rules.StatementAdapter.evaluate(StatementAdapter.java:36)
  at com.carrotsearch.randomizedtesting.ThreadLeakControl$StatementRunner.run(ThreadLeakControl.java:390)
  at com.carrotsearch.randomizedtesting.ThreadLeakControl.forkTimeoutingTask(ThreadLeakControl.java:843)
  at com.carrotsearch.randomizedtesting.ThreadLeakControl$3.evaluate(ThreadLeakControl.java:490)
  at com.carrotsearch.randomizedtesting.RandomizedRunner.runSingleTest(RandomizedRunner.java:955)
  at com.carrotsearch.randomizedtesting.RandomizedRunner$5.evaluate(RandomizedRunner.java:840)
  at com.carrotsearch.randomizedtesting.RandomizedRunner$6.evaluate(RandomizedRunner.java:891)
  at com.carrotsearch.randomizedtesting.RandomizedRunner$7.evaluate(RandomizedRunner.java:902)
  at org.apache.lucene.tests.util.AbstractBeforeAfterRule$1.evaluate(AbstractBeforeAfterRule.java:43)
  at com.carrotsearch.randomizedtesting.rules.StatementAdapter.evaluate(StatementAdapter.java:36)
  at org.apache.lucene.tests.util.TestRuleStoreClassName$1.evaluate(TestRuleStoreClassName.java:38)
  at com.carrotsearch.randomizedtesting.rules.NoShadowingOrOverridesOnMethodsRule$1.evaluate(NoShadowingOrOverridesOnMethodsRule.java:40)
  at com.carrotsearch.randomizedtesting.rules.NoShadowingOrOverridesOnMethodsRule$1.evaluate(NoShadowingOrOverridesOnMethodsRule.java:40)
  at com.carrotsearch.randomizedtesting.rules.StatementAdapter.evaluate(StatementAdapter.java:36)
  at com.carrotsearch.randomizedtesting.rules.StatementAdapter.evaluate(StatementAdapter.java:36)
  at org.apache.lucene.tests.util.TestRuleAssertionsRequired$1.evaluate(TestRuleAssertionsRequired.java:53)
  at org.apache.lucene.tests.util.AbstractBeforeAfterRule$1.evaluate(AbstractBeforeAfterRule.java:43)
  at org.apache.lucene.tests.util.TestRuleMarkFailure$1.evaluate(TestRuleMarkFailure.java:44)
  at org.apache.lucene.tests.util.TestRuleIgnoreAfterMaxFailures$1.evaluate(TestRuleIgnoreAfterMaxFailures.java:60)
  at org.apache.lucene.tests.util.TestRuleIgnoreTestSuites$1.evaluate(TestRuleIgnoreTestSuites.java:47)
  at com.carrotsearch.randomizedtesting.rules.StatementAdapter.evaluate(StatementAdapter.java:36)
  at com.carrotsearch.randomizedtesting.ThreadLeakControl$StatementRunner.run(ThreadLeakControl.java:390)
  at com.carrotsearch.randomizedtesting.ThreadLeakControl.lambda$forkTimeoutingTask$0(ThreadLeakControl.java:850)
  at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:833)

```
server/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/index/engine/InternalEngineTests.java
UNASSIGNED_SEQ_NO,
                UNASSIGNED_PRIMARY_TERM
            );
            addDocException.set(new IOException("simulated"));
            expectThrows(IOException.class, () -> engine.index(index));
            assertTrue(engine.isClosed.get());
            assertNotNull(engine.failedEngine.get());
        }
    }
    /**
     * We can trim translog on primary promotion and peer recovery based on the fact we add operations with either
     * REPLICA or PEER_RECOVERY origin to translog although they already exist in the engine (i.e. hasProcessed() == true).
     * If we decide not to add those already-processed operations to translog, we need to study carefully the consequence
     * of the translog trimming in these two places.
     */
    public void testAlwaysRecordReplicaOrPeerRecoveryOperationsToTranslog() throws Exception {
        List<Engine.Operation> operations = generateHistoryOnReplica(between(1, 100), randomBoolean(), randomBoolean(), randomBoolean());
        applyOperations(engine, operations);
        Set<Long> seqNos = operations.stream().map(Engine.Operation::seqNo).collect(Collectors.toSet());
        try (Translog.Snapshot snapshot = getTranslog(engine).newSnapshot()) {
            assertThat(snapshot.totalOperations(), equalTo(operations.size()));
            assertThat(
                TestTranslog.drainSnapshot(snapshot, false).stream().map(Translog.Operation::seqNo).collect(Collectors.toSet()),
                equalTo(seqNos)
            );
        }
        primaryTerm.set(randomLongBetween(primaryTerm.get(), Long.MAX_VALUE));
        engine.rollTranslogGeneration();
        engine.trimOperationsFromTranslog(primaryTerm.get(), NO_OPS_PERFORMED); 
        try (Translog.Snapshot snapshot = getTranslog(engine).newSnapshot()) {