### Elasticsearch Version

main

### Installed Plugins

_No response_

### Java Version

_bundled_

### OS Version

MacOS

### Problem Description

Currently, transform state persistence failures are being retried with a constant interval (`60s`).
This is different to how other types of errors are retried (exponential backoff).
We should implement exponential backoff for state persistence failures too.

### Steps to Reproduce

n/a

### Logs (if relevant)

_No response_
x-pack/plugin/transform/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/xpack/transform/transforms/ClientTransformIndexer.java
deduplicatedFailures.values()
        );
        if (irrecoverableException == null) {
            String failureMessage = getBulkIndexDetailedFailureMessage("Significant failures: ", deduplicatedFailures);
            logger.debug("[{}] Bulk index experienced [{}] failures. {}", getJobId(), failureCount, failureMessage);
            Exception firstException = deduplicatedFailures.values().iterator().next().getFailure().getCause();
            nextPhase.onFailure(
                new BulkIndexingException("Bulk index experienced [{}] failures. {}", firstException, false, failureCount, failureMessage)
            );
        } else {
            deduplicatedFailures.remove(irrecoverableException.getClass().getSimpleName());
            String failureMessage = getBulkIndexDetailedFailureMessage("Other failures: ", deduplicatedFailures);
            irrecoverableException = decorateBulkIndexException(irrecoverableException);
            logger.debug(
                "[{}] Bulk index experienced [{}] failures and at least 1 irrecoverable [{}]. {}",
                getJobId(),
                failureCount,
                ExceptionRootCauseFinder.getDetailedMessage(irrecoverableException),
                failureMessage
            );
            nextPhase.onFailure(
                new BulkIndexingException(
                    "Bulk index experienced [{}] failures and at least 1 irrecoverable [{}]. {}",
                    irrecoverableException,
                    true,
                    failureCount,
                    ExceptionRootCauseFinder.getDetailedMessage(irrecoverableException),
                    failureMessage
                )
            );