### Elasticsearch Version

main

### Installed Plugins

_No response_

### Java Version

_bundled_

### OS Version

MacOS

### Problem Description

Currently, transform state persistence failures are being retried with a constant interval (`60s`).
This is different to how other types of errors are retried (exponential backoff).
We should implement exponential backoff for state persistence failures too.

### Steps to Reproduce

n/a

### Logs (if relevant)

_No response_
x-pack/plugin/transform/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/xpack/transform/transforms/scheduling/TransformScheduledTask.java
return transformId;
    }
    TimeValue getFrequency() {
        return frequency;
    }
    Long getLastTriggeredTimeMillis() {
        return lastTriggeredTimeMillis;
    }
    int getFailureCount() {
        return failureCount;
    }
    long getNextScheduledTimeMillis() {
        return nextScheduledTimeMillis;
    }
    TransformScheduler.Listener getListener() {
        return listener;
    }
    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object other) {
        if (this == other) return true;
        if (other == null || getClass() != other.getClass()) return false;
        TransformScheduledTask that = (TransformScheduledTask) other;
        return Objects.equals(this.transformId, that.transformId)
            && Objects.equals(this.frequency, that.frequency)
            && Objects.equals(this.lastTriggeredTimeMillis, that.lastTriggeredTimeMillis)
            && this.failureCount == that.failureCount
            && this.nextScheduledTimeMillis == that.nextScheduledTimeMillis
            && this.listener == that.listener;  
    }
    @Override