### Elasticsearch Version

main

### Installed Plugins

_No response_

### Java Version

_bundled_

### OS Version

MacOS

### Problem Description

Currently, transform state persistence failures are being retried with a constant interval (`60s`).
This is different to how other types of errors are retried (exponential backoff).
We should implement exponential backoff for state persistence failures too.

### Steps to Reproduce

n/a

### Logs (if relevant)

_No response_
x-pack/plugin/transform/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/xpack/transform/transforms/TransformIndexerFailureOnStatePersistenceTests.java
this.<Void>assertAsyncFailure(
                    listener -> indexer.persistState(
                        new TransformState(TransformTaskState.STARTED, IndexerState.INDEXING, null, 42, null, null, null, false, null),
                        listener
                    ),
                    e -> {
                        assertThat(e, isA(exceptionToThrow.getClass()));
                        assertThat(state.get(), equalTo(TransformTaskState.STARTED));
                        assertThat(indexer.getStatePersistenceFailures(), equalTo(2));
                    }
                );
                this.<Void>assertAsyncFailure(
                    listener -> indexer.persistState(
                        new TransformState(TransformTaskState.STARTED, IndexerState.INDEXING, null, 42, null, null, null, false, null),
                        listener
                    ),
                    e -> {
                        assertThat(e, isA(exceptionToThrow.getClass()));
                        assertThat(state.get(), equalTo(TransformTaskState.FAILED));
                        assertThat(indexer.getStatePersistenceFailures(), equalTo(3));
                    }
                );
            }
        }
    }
    public void testStatePersistenceRecovery() throws InterruptedException {
        TransformConfig config = TransformConfigTests.randomTransformConfigWithSettings(
            new SettingsConfig(
                randomBoolean() ? null : randomIntBetween(10, 10_000),
                randomBoolean() ? null : randomFloat(),