### Elasticsearch Version

main

### Installed Plugins

_No response_

### Java Version

_bundled_

### OS Version

MacOS

### Problem Description

Currently, transform state persistence failures are being retried with a constant interval (`60s`).
This is different to how other types of errors are retried (exponential backoff).
We should implement exponential backoff for state persistence failures too.

### Steps to Reproduce

n/a

### Logs (if relevant)

_No response_
x-pack/plugin/transform/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/xpack/transform/transforms/scheduling/TransformScheduledTaskTests.java
3600000, 
            3600000, 
            3600000, 
            3600000  
        };
        for (int failureCount = 0; failureCount < 1000; ++failureCount) {
            assertThat(
                "failureCount = " + failureCount,
                TransformScheduledTask.calculateNextScheduledTime(lastTriggeredTimeMillis, null, failureCount),
                is(equalTo(lastTriggeredTimeMillis + expectedDelayMillis[Math.min(failureCount, expectedDelayMillis.length - 1)]))
            );
        }
    }
    public void testCalculateNextScheduledTime() {
        long now = Instant.now().toEpochMilli();
        assertThat(
            TransformScheduledTask.calculateNextScheduledTime(null, TimeValue.timeValueSeconds(10), 0),
            is(greaterThanOrEqualTo(now + 10_000))
        );
        assertThat(
            TransformScheduledTask.calculateNextScheduledTime(now, null, 0),
            is(equalTo(now + Transform.DEFAULT_TRANSFORM_FREQUENCY.millis()))
        );
        assertThat(
            TransformScheduledTask.calculateNextScheduledTime(null, null, 0),
            is(greaterThanOrEqualTo(now + Transform.DEFAULT_TRANSFORM_FREQUENCY.millis()))
        );
    }
}