Some records have","title":"Super Bowl XIV"},{"id":"3090349","text":"coached a perfect season and broke the record of longest shutout, this time with his team on the winning side, not giving up any points until 2:07 remained. The Dolphins repeated as Super Bowl champions the following season, as they defeated the Minnesota Vikings 24–7. He currently holds the NFL record for most career wins as a head coach, with 347. Shula was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1997. Shula was born in Grand River, Ohio, a small town along the Lake Erie shore in the northeastern part of the state. His parents, Dan and Mary,","title":"Don Shula"},{"id":"447885","text":"Vince Lombardi Vincent Thomas Lombardi (June 11, 1913 – September 3, 1970) was an American football player, coach, and executive in the National Football League (NFL). He is best known as the head coach of the Green Bay Packers during the 1960s, where he led the team to three straight and five total NFL Championships in seven years, in addition to winning the first two Super Bowls at the conclusion of the 1966 and 1967 NFL seasons. Following his sudden death from cancer in 1970, the NFL Super Bowl trophy was named in his honor. He was enshrined in the","title":"Vince Lombardi"},{"id":"2057360","text":"Bill Parcells Duane Charles \"Bill\" Parcells (born August 22, 1941), also known as The Big Tuna, is a former American football coach, best known as a head coach in the National Football League (NFL) for 19 seasons. He rose to prominence as the head coach of the New York Giants, whom he led to two Super Bowl titles. Parcells later served as the head coach of the New England Patriots, New York Jets, and Dallas Cowboys. Throughout his career, he coached teams that were in a period of decline and turned them into postseason contenders. He is the only coach","title":"Bill Parcells"},{"id":"16858043","text":"fifth, moving them into a three-way tie with the Dallas Cowboys and the San Francisco 49ers for second place on the all-time Super Bowl wins list, trailing only the Pittsburgh Steelers who have six victories. New England, after finishing the regular season with a league-best 14–2 record, advanced to their record-setting ninth Super Bowl appearance, their second in three years, and their seventh under the leadership of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady. The Falcons entered the game after completing an 11–5 regular season record, and were trying to win their first Super Bowl title, having lost their","title":"Super Bowl LI"},{"id":"4084574","text":"unit when he took over the Washington Redskins in the early 1970s. His first special teams coach, Dick Vermeil, won a Super Bowl as head coach of the St. Louis Rams. His second special teams coach, Marv Levy, led the Buffalo Bills to four consecutive Super Bowl appearances in the early 1990s. Levy came to his staff after being the first special teams coach in the NFL having been hired by Philadelphia Eagles coach Jerry Williams in 1969. Allen had the third best winning percentage in the NFL (.681), exceeded only by Vince Lombardi (.736) and John Madden (.731). He","title":"George Allen (American football coach)"},{"id":"7024303","text":"in the Super Bowl with 3 different teams. Pearson also holds the distinction of being one of the few, if not the only, players to have been led by Don Shula, Chuck Noll and Tom Landry — three of the greatest coaches in NFL history with eight Super Bowl titles among them. Not only were his coaches Hall of Famers, but also his quarterbacks (Johnny Unitas, Terry Bradshaw and Roger Staubach), fellow running backs (Lenny Moore, Franco Harris and Tony Dorsett) are also enshrined in Canton. In 1981, Pearson teamed with self-promoter Janie Tilford to form Pro-Style Associates. Pro-Style began","title":"Preston Pearson"},{"id":"4185113","text":"for the Bears. Tony Dungy is the third man to win the Super Bowl as a head coach as well as a player, following Tom Flores and Mike Ditka. For the Colts, Rhodes rushed for 113 yards and a touchdown, while also catching an 8-yard reception. Addai rushed for 77 yards and caught 10 passes for 66 yards. Wilkins returned four kickoffs for 89 yards and 3 punts for 42 yards. Adam Vinatieri became the first kicker ever to play in five Super Bowls and the first to win four Super Bowl rings. Vinatieri's three field goals and two extra","title":"Super Bowl XLI"},{"id":"3910812","text":"America, behind Darren Arbet of the San Jose Sabercats (Arena Football League) who won ArenaBowl XVI in 2002 and Pinball Clemons of the Toronto Argonauts (Canadian Football League) who won the 92nd Grey Cup in 2004. Dungy also became the sixth man to play in a Super Bowl and be the head coach of a Super Bowl team. He joins Dan Reeves, Sam Wyche, Mike Ditka, Forrest Gregg and Tom Flores. Ron Rivera also accomplished this feat with the Carolina Panthers in 2015. After the win in Super Bowl XLI, Dungy became the third man to win Super Bowls both","title":"Tony Dungy"},{"id":"286642","text":"the record for most Super Bowls reached (eight) and won (five) by a head coach–quarterback tandem, and most Super Bowl appearances overall (ten). Currently, the team is tied with the 49ers and Cowboys for the second most Super Bowl wins with five, after the Steelers, who have six. On November 16, 1959, Boston business executive Billy Sullivan was awarded the eighth and final franchise of the developing American Football League (AFL). The following winter, locals were allowed to submit ideas for the Boston football team's official name. The most popular choice – and the one that Sullivan selected – was","title":"New England Patriots"},{"id":"5732070","text":"The secondary was led by pro bowl safety Troy Polamalu, who won the NFL Defensive Player of the Year Award, tying his career-best seven interceptions and returning them for 101 yards and a touchdown. Coach Mike Tomlin, already the youngest coach to ever win a Super Bowl, became the youngest coach ever to make it to the Super Bowl twice at age 38. The Pittsburgh Steelers had also accomplished going to the Super Bowl in five different decades; and, in every decade since the post AFL-NFL merger. 1970s: 1975, 1976, and 1979. 1980s: 1980. 1990s: 1996. 2000s: 2006 and 2009.","title":"Super Bowl XLV"},{"id":"10582353","text":"the most wins in Raiders history. Madden's overall winning percentage including playoff games ranks second in league history. He won a Super Bowl and never had a losing season as a head coach. Madden had a winning record as a head coach against Tom Landry, Don Shula, Chuck Noll and Bud Grant, who are generally regarded as the top coaches of his era. From 1979 through 2008, Madden worked as a color commentator/analyst on NFL games for all four major American television networks. After working lower profile contests for CBS during his first two years, he was elevated to the","title":"John Madden"},{"id":"1944517","text":"Bowls (VIII, IX, and XI) under Grant and lose each one, but he was the first coach to lead a team to four Super Bowls. He retired after the 1983 NFL season and was succeeded by Les Steckel, who led the team to a 3-13 record the following season. Steckel was fired as head coach after the 1984 season and Grant returned as coach for the Vikings in 1985. After one season where he returned the club to a 7–9 record, he stepped down again. Grant retired as the eighth most successful coach in NFL history with an overall record","title":"Bud Grant"},{"id":"20044014","text":"Associated Press NFL Coach of the Year Award The Associated Press National Football League Coach of the Year Award is presented annually by the Associated Press (AP) to the National Football League (NFL) coach adjudged to have had the most outstanding season. It has been awarded since the 1957 season. Since 2011, the winner has been announced at the annual NFL Honors ceremony held the day before the Super Bowl. Don Shula has won the most AP NFL Coach of the Year awards, receiving four during his 33-year head coaching career: three with the Baltimore Colts and one with the","title":"Associated Press NFL Coach of the Year Award"},{"id":"394826","text":"win five Super Bowl championships, winning two with San Francisco (XXIII and XXIV) and two previously with Dallas (XXVII and XXVIII). Barry Switzer became the second head coach, after former Cowboys head coach Jimmy Johnson, to win a college football national championship (University of Oklahoma 1974, 1975, 1985) and a Super Bowl title. After a many-year long tradition of presenting the Vince Lombardi Trophy to the winning team in its locker room after the game, the NFL began the tradition of presenting the trophy on the field. The outcome of the game had rather large ramifications for two soon-to-be free","title":"Super Bowl XXX"},{"id":"10259943","text":"zone. Gibbs, who earned induction into the Pro Football Hall of Fame for his work as Redskins head coach, is also the first head coach in NFL history to win 3 Super Bowls with 3 different quarterbacks: Joe Theismann, Doug Williams, and Mark Rypien. Norv Turner, a former Washington Redskins and San Diego Chargers head coach, and offensive coordinator of the Dallas Cowboys, San Francisco 49ers and currently the Carolina Panthers, also implements a version of the Coryell style of offense. The Turner strain of Coryell offenses are still very reliant on a good receiving TE. Norv Turner strains sometimes","title":"Air Coryell"},{"id":"2024607","text":"assistant coach for the Cowboys in Super Bowl XII, and coaching the Bears to victory in Super Bowl XX. He was named to both the NFL's 50th and 75th Anniversary All-Time Team. As a coach for the Bears for 11 years he was twice both the AP and UPI NFL Coach of Year (1985 and 1988). He also coached the New Orleans Saints for three years. Ditka and Tom Flores are the only people to win an NFL title as a player, an assistant coach, and a head coach. Ditka, Flores, Gary Kubiak, and Doug Pederson are also the only","title":"Mike Ditka"},{"id":"4344240","text":"defeated by his former team, the Broncos. As a head coach, Reeves is only one of five to lead two different franchises to a Super Bowl appearance, and has the most Super Bowl appearances without a victory at four, along with Bud Grant and Marv Levy. He is also tied with Jeff Fisher for the NFL record of most regular-season losses as a head coach at 165, although both have overall winning records. Born in Rome, Georgia, Reeves grew up in Americus, Georgia. He attended Americus High School, where he participated in football, baseball and basketball. After he missed four","title":"Dan Reeves"},{"id":"5683097","text":"Harp, Herman Hickman, Stu Holcomb, Frank Lauterbur, Vince Lombardi, John Sauer, Richard Voris, Murray Warmath, Bob Woodruff, and Bill Yeoman. Legendary fighter pilot Colonel Robin Olds also served as an assistant coach to Blaik. Dietzel, while at LSU, and Murray Warmath, while at Minnesota, won national championships as head coaches. Gillman, while head coach of the San Diego Chargers won an AFL championship. Lombardi, as head coach of the Green Bay Packers, won five NFL titles and the first two Super Bowls. During Blaik's tenure, the Army team adopted the nicknames \"Black Knights\" and \"Black Knights of the Hudson\", which","title":"Earl Blaik"},{"id":"9862428","text":"defense created three lost fumbles and an interception and scored a defensive touchdown to power the team to a 24-10 victory, the third NFL title for the franchise. Von Miller, who had 2.5 sacks and two forced fumbles, was named the game's Most Valuable Player. Peyton Manning made history as the first quarterback to start and win a Super Bowl for two teams. Gary Kubiak became the fourth coach to win a Super Bowl in his first year with a new team. The Broncos' third championship tied them for seventh-most Super Bowl wins all-time, along with the Washington Redskins and","title":"History of the Denver Broncos"},{"id":"376012","text":"seasons. Nine players and three coaches and administrators on the team have been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Pittsburgh still remains the only team to win back-to-back Super Bowls twice and four Super Bowls in a six-year period. The Steelers' dynasty was interrupted only by the Oakland Raiders' Super Bowl XI win and the Cowboys winning their second Super Bowl of the decade. In the 1980s and 1990s, the tables turned for the AFC, as the NFC dominated the Super Bowls of the new decade and most of those in the 1990s. The NFC won 16 of","title":"Super Bowl"},{"id":"9002022","text":"York Giants), Ray Lewis (2000 and 2012 Baltimore Ravens), Peyton Manning (2006 Indianapolis Colts and 2015 Denver Broncos), and LeGarrette Blount (2016 New England Patriots and 2017 Philadelphia Eagles). Ernie Accorsi and Rich Dalrymple are the only non-players or coaches to be interviewed for the series—both were team administrators. Of the \"Blue Ribbon\" top 20 teams, the San Francisco 49ers and Dallas Cowboys are represented most often as a franchise with three championship teams each. The Green Bay Packers, Pittsburgh Steelers, and Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders are each represented twice. According to Steve Sabol, president of NFL Films, only 20 teams","title":"America's Game: The Super Bowl Champions"},{"id":"2527999","text":"part of Manning's career, \"his record-breaking stats were written off because of the Colts' postseason failures\"; conversely he posted poor statistics in the 2015 regular season and Super Bowl 50, which would be his final season, but nonetheless won his second Super Bowl thanks to his team's defense. Manning is also the only quarterback in NFL history to make the Super Bowl four times with four head coaches (Dungy, Caldwell, Fox and Kubiak). Despite concerns about his arm strength and mobility, Manning was selected first overall in the 1998 NFL Draft by the Indianapolis Colts. Although many considered Washington State","title":"Peyton Manning"},{"id":"2073148","text":"Mike McCarthy (American football) Michael John McCarthy (born November 10, 1963) is an American football coach. He is most well known for being the head coach of the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL) from 2006 to 2018, leading them to a win in Super Bowl XLV over his hometown team, the Pittsburgh Steelers. He was previously the offensive coordinator for the San Francisco 49ers and New Orleans Saints. McCarthy was born and raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. His father was a firefighter and Pittsburgh Police officer as well as a bar owner, who raised McCarthy as a","title":"Mike McCarthy (American football)"},{"id":"4236238","text":"Mike Holmgren Michael George Holmgren (born June 15, 1948) is a former American football coach and executive, most recently serving as president of the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL). Holmgren began his NFL career as a quarterbacks' coach and later as an offensive coordinator with the San Francisco 49ers, where they won Super Bowl XXIII and XXIV. He served as the head coach of the Green Bay Packers from 1992 to 1998, appearing in two Super Bowls, and of the Seattle Seahawks from 1999 to 2008. Prior to his career in the NFL, Holmgren coached football at","title":"Mike Holmgren"},{"id":"376010","text":"14–7 victory in Super Bowl VII, becoming the first and only team to finish an entire perfect regular and postseason. The Dolphins would repeat as league champions by winning Super Bowl VIII a year later. In the late 1970s, the Steelers became the first NFL dynasty of the post-merger era by winning four Super Bowls (IX, X, XIII, and XIV) in six years. They were led by head coach Chuck Noll, the play of offensive stars Terry Bradshaw, Franco Harris, Lynn Swann, John Stallworth, and Mike Webster, and their dominant \"Steel Curtain\" defense, led by \"Mean\" Joe Greene, L. C.","title":"Super Bowl"},{"id":"2158413","text":"season following three disappointing seasons. His 83 wins with the Raiders are the second-most in franchise history, behind only Madden. Flores left Pro Football with a lifetime coaching record of 97–87 (52.7%), as well as an 8–3 playoff record, with two Super Bowl victories. Flores, Jimmy Johnson, and George Seifert are the only eligible coaches with two such victories who have \"not\" been selected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame. From 1997 until his dismissal in 2018, Flores served as color commentator alongside play-by-play announcer Greg Papa for the Raiders Radio Network. Flores served as coach of the American","title":"Tom Flores"},{"id":"4777157","text":"week, he coached the Giants to a 20–17 overtime victory over the San Francisco 49ers in the NFC Championship game to set up a Super Bowl rematch with the New England Patriots. On February 5, 2012, Coughlin's Giants defeated the Patriots 21–17 in Super Bowl XLVI, thus making Coughlin the oldest head coach to win a Super Bowl. On June 6, 2012 it was announced he had signed a contract extension to keep him with the Giants until at least 2014. At the same time, Coughlin announced that he would like to coach into his seventies. In July 2012, Coughlin","title":"Tom Coughlin"},{"id":"313754","text":"Super Bowl, and he is only the second African-American coach to ever win the Super Bowl (Tony Dungy was the first). The 2010 season made Tomlin the only coach to reach the Super Bowl twice before the age of 40. Tomlin led the team to his second Super Bowl (Super Bowl XLV) on Feb. 6, 2011. However, the Steelers were defeated in their eighth Super Bowl appearance by the Green Bay Packers by the score of 31–25. The Steelers recorded their 400th victory in 2012 after defeating the Washington Redskins. Through the 2016 season, Tomlin's record is 111–63, including playoffs.","title":"Pittsburgh Steelers"},{"id":"9372830","text":"still, Joe Gibbs won 3 Super Bowls running his version of the Coryell offense when he was head coach of the Washington Redskins from 1981-1992 (He also served as Redskins head coach from 2004-2007). Gibbs, who earned induction into the Hall of Fame as a head coach, is the only coach to win 3 Super Bowls with 3 different quarterbacks (Joe Theismann, Doug Williams and Mark Rypien). Around 2011, Bill Belichick increasingly adopted an up-tempo, no-huddle offense for his team. The idea behind this strategy is for the offense to call plays rapidly without pause and without a huddle. The","title":"New England Patriots strategy"},{"id":"393931","text":"Football League. The Dolphins would not win another playoff game until 1982, and they have not won a Super Bowl since. They would appear in but lose two more, XVII and XIX. As of July 1, 2018, this is the earliest Super Bowl from which both head coaches are still living. Don Shula and Bud Grant are the only living coaches from any of the first ten Super Bowls. Jim Langer ended his career with the Vikings in 1981, allowing him to play for the franchise closest to his native South Dakota. Langer lost his starting center job in 1980","title":"Super Bowl VIII"},{"id":"374784","text":"engineered what some consider the greatest drive in Super Bowl history, as he drove the team 92 yards for the winning touchdown on a pass to John Taylor with only 34 seconds left, as they captured their third Super bowl championship with a score of 20–16. Jerry Rice was named Super Bowl MVP. After Super Bowl XXIII, Bill Walsh retired as head coach; his defensive coordinator and handpicked successor, George Seifert, took over as head coach. In the 1989 NFL season, Joe Montana threw for 3,521 yards and 26 touchdowns, with only 8 interceptions, giving him a 112.4 quarterback rating,","title":"San Francisco 49ers"},{"id":"2199979","text":"coach Bill Belichick have combined to form the most successful quarterback-head coach tandem in NFL history, winning more regular season games and postseason games than any other such duo as well as appearing in eight Super Bowls. All of these events set new NFL records. In his second season, Brady took over as the starting quarterback after Drew Bledsoe was injured. He led the Patriots to first place in the AFC East and a victory over the favored St. Louis Rams in Super Bowl XXXVI, winning his first Super Bowl MVP award. Despite the Patriots' missing the playoffs the following","title":"Tom Brady"},{"id":"376014","text":"Ronnie Lott. Under their leadership, the 49ers won four Super Bowls in the decade (XVI, XIX, XXIII, and XXIV) and made nine playoff appearances between 1981 and 1990, including eight division championships, becoming the second dynasty of the post-merger NFL. The 1980s also produced the 1985 Chicago Bears, who posted an 18–1 record under head coach Mike Ditka; quarterback Jim McMahon; and Hall of Fame running back Walter Payton. Their team won Super Bowl XX in dominant fashion. The Washington Redskins and New York Giants were also top teams of this period; the Redskins won Super Bowls XVII, XXII, and","title":"Super Bowl"},{"id":"19417790","text":"defensive coordinator for the Detroit Lions for the 1960-62 seasons. He was also the head coach for both the Baltimore Colts (1963-1969) and the Miami Dolphins (1970-1995). In his 32 seasons as a head coach, Shula won fourteen Division titles, five AFC Championships, two Super Bowls (VII, VIII) and the 1968 NFL Championship. He holds several NFL records including the record for most NFL regular season wins (328) and the Miami Dolphins' record for most career wins (257). The completion of Don Shula Stadium added new locker rooms and coaches' offices to the complex. It also replaced the old weight","title":"Don Shula Stadium"},{"id":"3090382","text":"investment banker Jackson Stephens. Shula has been deeply religious throughout his life. He said in 1974, at the peak of his coaching career, that he attended mass every morning. Shula once considered becoming a Catholic priest, but decided he could not commit to being both priest and coach. Shula set numerous records in his 33 seasons as a head coach. He is the all-time leader in victories with 347. He is first in most games coached (526), most consecutive seasons coached (33), and Super Bowl losses (four, tied with Bud Grant, Dan Reeves, and Marv Levy). His teams won seven","title":"Don Shula"},{"id":"3394631","text":"Bart Starr Bryan Bartlett \"Bart\" Starr (born January 9, 1934) is a former professional American football player and coach. He played quarterback for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL) from 1956 through 1971. Starr is the only quarterback in NFL history to lead a team to three consecutive league championships (1965–67). Starr and New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady are tied for total NFL championships, at five each. Starr led his team to victories in the first two Super Bowls: I and II. As the Packers' head coach, he was less successful, compiling a 52–76–3 ()","title":"Bart Starr"},{"id":"4346972","text":"Dom Capers Ernest Dominic \"Dom\" Capers (born August 7, 1950) is a former American football coach. Capers served as the head coach for the National Football League (NFL)'s Carolina Panthers from 1995 to 1998 and for the Houston Texans from 2002 to 2005 during both teams' first years in the league. He is the only individual to serve two different NFL expansion teams as their inaugural head coach. Capers has also served as an assistant coach, most prominently as the defensive coordinator of the Green Bay Packers from 2009 to 2017, with whom he helped win a Super Bowl title","title":"Dom Capers"},{"id":"3090347","text":"Don Shula Donald Francis Shula (born January 4, 1930) is a former professional American football coach and player who is best known as the head coach of the Miami Dolphins, the team he led to two Super Bowl victories, and to the only perfect season in the history of the National Football League (NFL). He was previously the head coach of the Baltimore Colts, with whom he won the 1968 NFL Championship. Shula was drafted out of John Carroll University in the 1951 NFL Draft, and he played professionally as a defensive back for the Cleveland Browns, Baltimore Colts, and","title":"Don Shula"},{"id":"2978641","text":"Pete Carroll Peter Clay Carroll (born September 15, 1951) is an American football coach who is the head coach and executive vice president of the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL). He is a former head coach of the New York Jets, New England Patriots, and the USC Trojans of the University of Southern California (USC). Carroll is one of only three football coaches who have won both a Super Bowl and a college football national championship. Carroll is the oldest head coach currently working in the NFL. Carroll was born in San Francisco, California, the son of","title":"Pete Carroll"},{"id":"17074603","text":"to own and operate the team. Former Pittsburgh Steelers head coach Chuck Noll died at age 82 on June 13. Noll was widely credited with building the Steelers' dynasty of the 1970s. He coached the team to four Super Bowl victories. When he was hired in 1969, the Steelers had not won a single title in nearly 40 years. He coached multiple Hall of Fame players including: Terry Bradshaw, \"Mean\" Joe Greene, Mike Webster, Jack Ham, Jack Lambert, Lynn Swann, John Stallworth, and Franco Harris. Noll was a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Earl Morrall died on","title":"2014 NFL season"},{"id":"393808","text":"didn't put us into any holes we couldn't get out of\". Colts defensive end Bubba Smith would later refuse to wear his Super Bowl V ring because of the \"sloppy\" play. Don McCafferty became the first rookie head coach to win a Super Bowl. The feat was not repeated until George Seifert led the San Francisco 49ers to victory in Super Bowl XXIV. McCafferty was also the first Super Bowl-winning coach who did not wear coat and tie, opting for a short-sleeved T-shirt with a mock turtleneck. Two rule changes that were adopted before the 1974 season were: These would","title":"Super Bowl V"},{"id":"3082472","text":"businesses in the United States, at one point controlling over 2 billion square feet of retail real estate space nationwide. In addition, DeBartolo was actively involved in franchise ownership and sports management, becoming one of the most successful and generous owners in professional sports. His ownership of the 49ers proved especially notable. During his twenty-three years owning the team, beginning in 1977, the 49ers won an unprecedented five Super Bowls under coaches Bill Walsh and George Seifert: Super Bowl XVI in 1982, XIX in 1985, XXIII in 1989, XXIV 1990, and XXIX in 1995. From the early 1980s through the","title":"Edward J. DeBartolo Jr."},{"id":"8886022","text":"the quiet Green Bay dressing room, Lombardi said he was \"happy for Buck\". \"Seeing he's going to retire, that's a nice note for him to go out on.\" Shaw was the oldest head coach to win an NFL championship for over 39 years, until Dick Vermeil's victory with the St. Louis Rams in Super Bowl XXXIV in early 2000. After retiring from coaching, Shaw returned to California to work for a paper products company, and spent the later years of his life in Menlo Park. He and his wife had two married daughters who also lived in California. In 1962,","title":"Buck Shaw"},{"id":"10956936","text":"1979 to 1999, he coached the San Francisco 49ers offensive line. During his 21 years with the 49ers, the team won five Super Bowls (Super Bowl XVI, Super Bowl XIX, Super Bowl XXIII, Super Bowl XXIV, and Super Bowl XXIX) and 13 NFC West championships. McKittrick is one of only four coaches, the others being George Seifert, Ray Rhodes and Bill McPherson, to be a part of all five of the 49ers' Super Bowl-winning teams. McKittrick's success derived from his ability to get the most effect out of unheralded talent. The 49ers' offensive line that won the various Super Bowls","title":"Bobb McKittrick"},{"id":"3090375","text":"all his success, the Dolphins' January, 1974 Super Bowl win over the Minnesota Vikings proved to be Shula's last championship. Despite consistent success in the regular season, Shula was unable to win in the postseason, failing in 12 trips to the playoffs—including two more Super Bowl appearances—before retiring after the 1995 season. His retirement following that regular season ended one of the greatest coaching legacies in NFL history. He set numerous records in his 33 seasons as a head coach. He is first in most games coached (526), most consecutive seasons coached (33), and Super Bowl Appearances—six, appearing once with","title":"Don Shula"},{"id":"8800171","text":"master's degree in physical education. Woicik began his coaching career as the track coach and weight room coordinator at Springfield from 1978 to 1980. He then was hired as a strength and conditioning coach by Syracuse University, where he stayed through 1989. Woicik earned his first NFL coaching job in 1990 with the Cowboys as their strength and conditioning coach. In his six-year stint, the team won three Super Bowls (Super Bowl XXVII, Super Bowl XXVIII, and Super Bowl XXX). He then served the New Orleans Saints in the same capacity from the 1997 season through the 1999 season. In","title":"Mike Woicik"},{"id":"11073007","text":"a warning. Teerlinck has coached on three Super Bowl winners: Denver Broncos: Super Bowl XXXII, Super Bowl XXXIII Indianapolis Colts: Super Bowl John Teerlinck John Teerlinck (born 1951) is a former American football player and coach. Teerlinck coached 32 National Football League playoff games, including six Championship games and four Super Bowls. Teerlinck earned three Super Bowl rings with two teams (Denver Broncos 1997, 1998 and Indianapolis Colts 2006). Regarded by some as the greatest defensive line coach of all time, Teerlinck established an NFL presence in the early 1990s. \"John Teerlinck is kind of like Mr. Miyagi\", John Randle","title":"John Teerlinck"},{"id":"7959123","text":"contract with the Giants was not renewed after the 1978 NFL season, most likely as the result of a famous loss to the Philadelphia Eagles on November 19, 1978. McVay moved on to an administrative position with the San Francisco 49ers in 1980. He collaborated with head coach Bill Walsh in one of the most successful dynasties in NFL history. As vice president/director of football operations, he presided over five Super Bowl-winning seasons. He was named NFL Executive of the Year in 1989. He retired from the 49ers in 1996. McVay's grandson, Sean, is the head coach for the Los","title":"John McVay"},{"id":"9869815","text":"49ers held on for a 38–28 victory after Dallas scored a late touchdown, qualifying them for their fifth Super Bowl, and the first to be played by two teams from California. The 49ers steamrolled the San Diego Chargers, becoming the first team to win a record five Super Bowls. With a record 6 touchdown passes, Steve Young was named the game's MVP. Their run of 5 Super Bowl wins in 14 seasons (1981–1994) solidified them as one of the all-time greatest NFL teams. The 49ers made the playoffs in 1995, 1996, and 1997, being eliminated each season by the Green","title":"History of the San Francisco 49ers"},{"id":"376011","text":"Greenwood, Ernie Holmes, Mel Blount, Jack Ham, and Jack Lambert. The coaches and administrators also were part of the dynasty's greatness as evidenced by the team's \"final pieces\" being part of the famous 1974 draft. The selections in that class have been considered the best by any pro franchise ever, as Pittsburgh selected four future Hall of Famers, the most for any team in any sport in a single draft. The Steelers were the first team to win three and then four Super Bowls and appeared in six AFC Championship Games during the decade, making the playoffs in eight straight","title":"Super Bowl"},{"id":"28987","text":"Bradshaw and Joe Greene, and ultimately winning four Super Bowls in the 1970s. Since the 1970 merger, the Steelers have the NFL's highest winning percentage, the most total victories, the most trips to either conference championship game, are tied for the second most trips to the Super Bowl (with the Dallas Cowboys and Denver Broncos, trailing only the New England Patriots), and have won an NFL-record six Super Bowl championships. Perhaps the greatest social legacy of the AFL was the domino effect of its policy of being more liberal than the entrenched NFL in offering opportunity for black players. While","title":"American Football League"},{"id":"9860104","text":"NFL record 25 rushing touchdowns. After crushing the Eagles 30-11 in the divisional playoffs, the Cowboys earned their 8th NFC Championship title by defeating the Green Bay Packers 38–27 at Texas Stadium. The Cowboys then topped the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XXX 27–17, avenging two four-point losses to Pittsburgh in Super Bowls X and XIII. Coach Switzer followed Johnson to become the second coach to claim a National Championship in college football and a Super Bowl victory in professional football. Only one other coach, Pete Carroll, has since accomplished this feat. The Cowboys have not been back to the","title":"History of the Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"4191781","text":"Shanahan attended the wedding of George W. Bush's daughter Jenna Bush, who was the former college roommate of Shanahan's daughter. In July 2016, Shanahan hosted a fundraiser for Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump. In October 2016, Shanahan spoke on Trump's behalf at a campaign rally in Loveland, Colorado. Mike Shanahan Michael Edward Shanahan (born August 24, 1952) is a American football coach for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL) from 1995 to 2008. During his 14 seasons with the Broncos, he led the team to consecutive Super Bowl victories in XXXII and XXXIII, as well as the","title":"Mike Shanahan"},{"id":"4236247","text":"the NFL. His years with the 49ers have led to later success mentoring other young assistants and Holmgren is one of the larger branches of the Sid Gillman coaching tree, from which Walsh and Seifert descended. Holmgren was head coach of the Green Bay Packers from 1992 to 1998, which became one of the most successful coaching stints in NFL history. As head coach of the Packers, Holmgren posted a 75–37–0 (67.0%) regular-season record, a 9–5 (64.3%) postseason mark, and two Super Bowl appearances, including a 35–21 victory over the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XXXI. By winning at","title":"Mike Holmgren"},{"id":"1491940","text":"as the only NFL players at that time to earn 5 Super Bowl rings (Haley was also with the 49ers for Super Bowls XXIII and XXIV, and later earned rings when the Dallas Cowboys won Super Bowls XXVII, XXVIII, and XXX). The Raiders became the first team to appear in Super Bowls under four head coaches. John Rauch coached them in Super Bowl II, John Madden (who himself called Super Bowl XXXVII on ABC), coached them in Super Bowl XI and Tom Flores coached them in Super Bowl XV and XVIII. The teams combined for the most second half points","title":"Super Bowl XXXVII"},{"id":"1581807","text":"the Cowboys in the 1970s. That gave Landry an edge in preparation, because he knew what to expect from his opponent based on down and distance. Now, every NFL team has a quality control coach, and most have two. Landry produced a very large coaching tree. In 1986, five NFL head coaches were former Landry assistants: Mike Ditka, Dan Reeves, John Mackovic, Gene Stallings, and Raymond Berry. While Tom Landry's Cowboys are known for their two Super Bowls against Chuck Noll and the Pittsburgh Steelers, Landry also led Dallas to three other Super Bowls, and they were a Bart Starr","title":"Tom Landry"},{"id":"394968","text":"intercepted 3 times. Dan Reeves became the fourth head coach to lose four Super Bowls, joining Bud Grant, Don Shula, and Marv Levy. Reeves lost Super Bowls XXI, XXII, and XXIV while coaching the Broncos. Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XXXIII, Super Bowl XXXIII Play Finder Den, Super Bowl XXXIII Play Finder Atl, USA Today Super Bowl XXXIII Play by Play Completions/attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted The following records were set in Super Bowl XXXIII, according to the official NFL.com boxscore, the 2017 NFL Record & Fact Book and the Pro-Football-Reference.com game summary.
Some records have to meet NFL minimum","title":"Super Bowl XXXIII"},{"id":"2085429","text":"was placed on probation by the NCAA. Over thirty of his former players have also become college or professional football coaches. Broyles is known for producing high quality coaches and the prestigious \"Broyles Award\", the annual award for best assistant coach, is named after him. Barry Switzer, Johnny Majors, Joe Gibbs, Hayden Fry, and Jimmy Johnson all served under Broyles and have combined to win five collegiate national championships and six Super Bowls. Broyles' assistants have won more than 40 conference titles. Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones played on Broyles' 1964 Championship team. Broyles' tenure as men's athletic director has","title":"Frank Broyles"},{"id":"376024","text":"of the nine Super Bowl winners hailed from the NFC, the other four from the AFC. Following up the Saints' win in Super Bowl XLIV, the 2010 season brought the Green Bay Packers their fourth Super Bowl (XLV) victory and record thirteenth NFL championship overall with the defeat of the Pittsburgh Steelers in February 2011. In Super Bowl XLVI, the New York Giants won another title by defeating the New England Patriots. In Super Bowl XLVII the Baltimore Ravens snapped the NFC's three-game winning streak in a 34–31 victory over the San Francisco 49ers. Super Bowl XLVIII, played at New","title":"Super Bowl"},{"id":"15206382","text":"Dan Quinn (American football) Daniel Patrick Quinn (born September 11, 1970) is an American football coach who is the current head coach of the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League (NFL). He previously served as the defensive coordinator of the Seattle Seahawks from 2013 to 2014, whose defense led the team to two consecutive Super Bowl appearances, winning Super Bowl XLVIII. Born in Morristown, New Jersey, Quinn grew up in nearby Morris Township and played high school football at Morristown High School in Morristown, from which he graduated in 1989. He attended Salisbury State University (now Salisbury University), an","title":"Dan Quinn (American football)"},{"id":"3910795","text":"Tony Dungy Anthony Kevin Dungy ( ; born October 6, 1955) is a former professional American football player and coach in the National Football League (NFL). Dungy was head coach of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers from 1996 to 2001, and head coach of the Indianapolis Colts from 2002 to 2008. Dungy became the first black head coach to win the Super Bowl when his Colts defeated the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XLI. Dungy set a new NFL record for consecutive playoff appearances by a head coach in 2008 after securing his tenth straight playoff appearance with a win against","title":"Tony Dungy"},{"id":"1944504","text":"the third most successful professional football coach overall (behind Don Shula and George Halas), with a combined 290 wins in the NFL and CFL. Grant was elected to the Canadian Football Hall of Fame in 1983 and to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1994. He was the first coach in the history of professional football to guide teams to the Grey Cup and the Super Bowl. Grant attended the University of Minnesota and was a three-sport athlete, in football, basketball, and baseball. After college, he played for the Minneapolis Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA), the Philadelphia","title":"Bud Grant"},{"id":"162700","text":"Packers have won 13 league championships, the most in NFL history, with nine pre–Super Bowl NFL titles and four Super Bowl victories. The Packers won the first two Super Bowls in 1967 and 1968 and were the only NFL team to defeat the American Football League (AFL) prior to the AFL–NFL merger. The Vince Lombardi Trophy is named after the Packers' coach of the same name, who guided them to their first two Super Bowls. Their two subsequent Super Bowl wins came in 1996 and 2010. The Packers are long-standing adversaries of the Chicago Bears, Minnesota Vikings, and Detroit Lions,","title":"Green Bay Packers"},{"id":"3114587","text":"champion Denver Broncos by a score of 20–18. In the 2016 season, Belichick's Patriots recorded a 14-2 record, which was good for the #1 seed for the AFC playoffs. They reached Super Bowl LI, where they defeated the Atlanta Falcons in a comeback victory by a score of 34–28 in overtime. The Patriots were down 28–3 at one point in the third quarter. With the victory, Belichick won his record fifth Super Bowl title as a head coach. In the 2017 season, Belichick's Patriots went 13-3, setting an NFL record 8th consecutive 12-or-more win seasons, capturing their 9th consecutive AFC","title":"Bill Belichick"},{"id":"7887585","text":"Ron Botchan Ronald Leslie Botchan (born February 15, 1935) is a retired American football official from the National Football League (NFL). Prior to that he was an American football linebacker in the American Football League from 1960 to 1962. As an official, Botchan worked as an umpire for nearly his entire NFL career and wore the number 110. Regarded as the \"NFL's best umpire\" by the media, Botchan was assigned to a record-number five Super Bowls: XX in 1986, XXVII in 1993, XXIX in 1995, XXXI in 1997, and XXXIV in 2000. He was also an alternate in Super Bowl","title":"Ron Botchan"},{"id":"7379666","text":"1922, 1923, and 1924 with the Bulldogs and in 1926 with the Yellow Jackets. He compiled a 58-16-7 record in six years as a head coach in the National Football League (NFL), the best win percentage () of any coach in NFL history with a minimum 50 wins. He is also the only coach to win NFL championships with three different clubs. Chamberlin was born in Blue Springs, Nebraska, in 1894. He was raised with five siblings on a family farm in Blue Springs. He graduated from Blue Springs High School in 1911. In the fall of 1911, Chamberlin enrolled","title":"Guy Chamberlin"},{"id":"106450","text":"17, 1993 the Cowboys went to Candlestick Park and defeated the 49ers 30–20 to clinch their first Super Bowl berth since 1978. Dallas defeated the Buffalo Bills 52–17 in Super Bowl XXVII, during which they forced a record nine turnovers. Johnson became the first coach to claim a national championship in college football and a Super Bowl victory in professional football. Despite starting the 1993 season 0–2, they again defeated the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXVIII, 30–13 (becoming the first team in NFL history to win a Super Bowl after starting 0–2). Dallas finished the regular season 12–4 as","title":"Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"4344238","text":"Dan Reeves Daniel Edward Reeves (born January 19, 1944) is a former American football running back and coach in the National Football League (NFL). Over the course of his 38 years in the NFL, Reeves participated in a combined nine Super Bowls as player and coach, the second-most in league history behind Bill Belichick's eleven. He served as a head coach for 23 seasons, primarily with the Denver Broncos and the Atlanta Falcons. As a player, he spent the entirety of his eight-season career with the Dallas Cowboys. Reeves made his first two Super Bowl appearances during his playing career,","title":"Dan Reeves"},{"id":"3344953","text":"head coach of the Pittsburgh Steelers on January 27, 1969, after Penn State coach Joe Paterno turned down an offer for the position. He was the youngest coach in NFL history at the time. Steelers owner Art Rooney would later credit Don Shula as the person who recommended Noll as a head coach. Noll implemented a defensive system in Pittsburgh that became the legendary \"Steel Curtain\" defense. His coaching style earned him the nickname of The Emperor Chaz by sports announcer Myron Cope. Noll was the first head coach to win four Super Bowls, coaching the Steelers to victory in","title":"Chuck Noll"},{"id":"2158412","text":"assistant with the Oakland Raiders in 1976, and as a head coach for the Raiders in 1980 and 1983. Flores was the NFL's first minority head coach to win a Super Bowl, winning twice – Super Bowl XV with the Oakland Raiders and Super Bowl XVIII with the Los Angeles Raiders. After a 5–10 finish to the 1987 season, Flores moved to the Raiders' front office, but left after just one year to become the president and general manager of the Seattle Seahawks. He returned to coaching as the Seahawks head coach in 1992, but was fired after the 1994","title":"Tom Flores"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"17562986\",\n \"text\": \"as a head coach). Vance Joseph, Doug Marrone, Sean McVay, Matt Nagy and Dirk Koetter are the only coaches who have never won or lost a Super Bowl having never made it to one. Six of the coaches have won a Super Bowl as head coach with their current teams, John Harbaugh, Bill Belichick, Sean Payton, Pete Carroll, Doug Pederson and Mike Tomlin. To group all wins or losses together, double left click on heading. Active NFL head coach career Super Bowl history There are 32 head coaches in the National Football League (NFL) for the 32 respective teams. Twenty-one\",\n \"title\": \"Active NFL head coach career Super Bowl history\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19118159\",\n \"text\": \"points. This would also be a record fifth Super Bowl victory for the Brady–Belichick quarterback-head coach combo. For Tom Brady, this would be his fifth. With the Super Bowl win, he broke his tie with hall of fame quarterbacks Joe Montana and Terry Bradshaw who both have four wins each. Moreover, head coach Bill Belichick's fifth Super Bowl meant he surpassed Hall of Fame coach Chuck Noll (4) for most wins in the Super Bowl by a head coach. Two-time Pro Bowl linebacker and 2008 AP NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year Jerod Mayo announced his retirement in February 2016.\",\n \"title\": \"2016 New England Patriots season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20917187\",\n \"text\": \"predictability of opposing teams, and meetings with Tom Brady that only covered how to beat Baltimore Ravens All-Pro safety Ed Reed. Belichick is third all-time for wins as a coach. He is the longest tenured active coach in the NFL, and has won the most postseason games, at 28. He is the only coach to win three Super Bowls in four years and the only head coach in NFL history to have won 5 Super Bowls. Brady attended college at University of Michigan, where he battled for the starting role. He would lead the Wolverines to the 1999 Rose Bowl,\",\n \"title\": \"Brady/Belichick Era\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17562985\",\n \"text\": \"Active NFL head coach career Super Bowl history There are 32 head coaches in the National Football League (NFL) for the 32 respective teams. Twenty-one of the current head coaches have won at least one Super Bowl as either a head coach, assistant coach, or as a player throughout their career in the NFL while all but 5 have participated in at least one. Bill Belichick has the most Super Bowl wins throughout his career among active head coaches with 7 (5 as a head coach and 2 as a defensive coordinator), as well the most losses with 4 (3\",\n \"title\": \"Active NFL head coach career Super Bowl history\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2158405\",\n \"text\": \"Tom Flores Thomas Raymond Flores (born March 21, 1937) is a Mexican-American former professional football coach and player. He and Mike Ditka are the only two people in National Football League history to win a Super Bowl as a player, assistant coach, and head coach (Super Bowl IV as a player for the Chiefs, Super Bowl XI as an assistant coach of the Raiders, and Super Bowl XV and Super Bowl XVIII as head coach of the Raiders). Flores was also the first Hispanic starting quarterback and the first minority head coach in professional football history to win a Super\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Flores\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3344941\",\n \"text\": \"moribund Steelers (which had played in only one post-season game in its previous 36 years, a 21–0 loss), and turned it into a perennial contender. As a head coach, Noll won four Super Bowls, four AFC titles, and nine Central Division championships, compiled a 209–156–1 overall record, a 16–8 post-season record, and had winning records in 15 of his final 20 seasons. His four Super Bowl victories rank 2nd behind Bill Belichick for the most of any head coach in NFL history. Between his playing and head coaching tenures, Noll won a total of six NFL Championships as well as\",\n \"title\": \"Chuck Noll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3114563\",\n \"text\": \"in Super Bowl LII was the Patriots' tenth, the most of any team. Belichick is the NFL's longest-tenured active head coach, and currently third all-time in regular season coaching wins in the NFL at 251, and first in playoff coaching wins with 28. He completed his 40th season as an NFL coach in 2014 and won his fifth Super Bowl as a head coach following the 2016 season, surpassing former Pittsburgh Steelers head coach Chuck Noll as the only head coach to win five Super Bowls. He is one of only five head coaches with four or more titles in\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Belichick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1581784\",\n \"text\": \"with his 20 consecutive winning seasons, which is considered to be his most impressive professional accomplishment. In addition to his record 20 consecutive winning seasons from 1966 to 1985, Landry won two Super Bowl titles in VI and XII, five NFC titles, and 13 Divisional titles. He compiled a 270–178–6 record, the fourth-most wins all-time for an NFL coach, and his 20 career playoff victories are the second most of any coach in NFL history. Landry was also named the NFL Coach of the Year in 1966 and the NFC Coach of the Year in 1975. From 1966 to 1982,\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Landry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3114562\",\n \"text\": \"appearances in the AFC Championship Game, and eight Super Bowl appearances. He was named the AP NFL Coach of the Year for the 2003, 2007, and 2010 seasons. His teams won Super Bowls XXXVI, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLIX, and LI and lost Super Bowls XLII, XLVI, and LII. Belichick's appearance in Super Bowl LII extended his record to eight Bowls as a head coach, as well as being a record eleventh participation in a Super Bowl in any capacity. This also tied him with Neal Dahlen for the most Super Bowl wins in any capacity with seven. In addition, their appearance\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Belichick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3114560\",\n \"text\": \"Bill Belichick William Stephen Belichick (; born April 16, 1952) is an American football coach who is the head coach of the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). Belichick has extensive authority over the Patriots' football operations, effectively making him the general manager of the team as well. He holds numerous coaching records, including winning a record five Super Bowls as a head coach. Belichick began his coaching career in 1975, and by 1985, was the defensive coordinator for New York Giants head coach Bill Parcells. Parcells and Belichick won two Super Bowls together (XXI and XXV),\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Belichick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19118262\",\n \"text\": \"touchdown, winning Super Bowl LI for the Patriots, 34–28. With the victory, the Patriots won their fifth Super Bowl, tying them with the Dallas Cowboys and San Francisco 49ers for the second most of all time. The win was also the fifth Super Bowl victory for Tom Brady and Bill Belichick, both setting records (Belichick surpassing Chuck Noll for most Super Bowl wins by a head coach, and Brady surpassing Joe Montana and Terry Bradshaw for most Super Bowl wins by a quarterback). Brady was named Super Bowl MVP for the fourth time, also setting a record. The following are\",\n \"title\": \"2016 New England Patriots season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2978682\",\n \"text\": \"Divisional Round of the playoffs by a score of 23-15. In the NFC Championship Game, cornerback Richard Sherman tipped a Colin Kaepernick pass into the waiting arms of Malcolm Smith to secure a 23-17 win over the 49ers. On February 2, 2014, Carroll led the Seattle Seahawks to their first Super Bowl win in franchise history after defeating the Denver Broncos, 43–8, in Super Bowl XLVIII. Carroll joined Barry Switzer and Jimmy Johnson as the only coaches to win both an NCAA championship and a Super Bowl. At age 62, Carroll was the third-oldest coach to win a Super Bowl.\",\n \"title\": \"Pete Carroll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8800172\",\n \"text\": \"2000, he was hired by the Patriots, where he won another three Super Bowls with the team (Super Bowl XXXVI, Super Bowl XXXVIII, and Super Bowl XXXIX). On February 11, 2011, Woicik finalized a deal to rejoin the Cowboys in the same position he had in New England. Mike Woicik Mike Woicik (born September 26, 1956) is an American football strength and conditioning coach for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL). He holds the record for second-most Super Bowl rings won by a coach (behind Bill Belichick) with six, winning three with the Cowboys and three with\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Woicik\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2158415\",\n \"text\": \"released in 1992. Flores also coauthored “Tales of the Oakland Raiders” (2002). Tom is still involved with the Raiders for various events. Tom Flores Thomas Raymond Flores (born March 21, 1937) is a Mexican-American former professional football coach and player. He and Mike Ditka are the only two people in National Football League history to win a Super Bowl as a player, assistant coach, and head coach (Super Bowl IV as a player for the Chiefs, Super Bowl XI as an assistant coach of the Raiders, and Super Bowl XV and Super Bowl XVIII as head coach of the Raiders).\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Flores\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2168631\",\n \"text\": \"Hank Stram Henry Louis \\\"Hank\\\" Stram (; January 3, 1923 – July 4, 2005) was an American football coach. He is best known for his 15-year tenure with the Dallas Texans/Kansas City Chiefs of the American Football League (AFL) and National Football League (NFL). Stram won three AFL championships, more than any other coach in the league's history. He then won Super Bowl IV with the Chiefs, thus earning the 1969 World Championship of Professional Football. He also coached the most victories (87), had the most post-season games (7) and the best post-season record in the AFL (5–2). Stram is\",\n \"title\": \"Hank Stram\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3114564\",\n \"text\": \"NFL history. He is also the only head coach in NFL history to win three Super Bowl championships in a four-year span. Belichick was born in Nashville, Tennessee, the son of Jeannette (Munn) and Steve Belichick. He was raised in Annapolis, Maryland, where his father was an assistant football coach at the United States Naval Academy. Belichick has cited his father as one of his most important football mentors, and Belichick often studied football with his father. He graduated from Annapolis High School in 1970 with classmate Sally Brice-O'Hara. While there, he played football and lacrosse, with the latter being\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Belichick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8800170\",\n \"text\": \"Mike Woicik Mike Woicik (born September 26, 1956) is an American football strength and conditioning coach for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL). He holds the record for second-most Super Bowl rings won by a coach (behind Bill Belichick) with six, winning three with the Cowboys and three with the New England Patriots. Woicik has also authored a book \\\"Total Conditioning for Football: The Syracuse Way\\\" (1985). Woicik graduated from Westwood High School in Westwood, Massachusetts before attending Boston College where he earned a bachelor's degree in history. He then went to Springfield College to receive his\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Woicik\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4817593\",\n \"text\": \"victory over the Oakland Raiders and a berth in Super Bowl V. Perkins went on to win a Super Bowl ring after the Colts beat the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowl V. Perkins coached in the NFL as an assistant for the New England Patriots (1974–1977) and San Diego Chargers (1978) before becoming head coach of the New York Giants from 1979 to 1982. Although he only had one winning season, he helped build the team that his successor, Bill Parcells, won two Super Bowls in 1986 and 1990. Perkins hired future NFL head coaches Parcells, Bill Belichick and Romeo\",\n \"title\": \"Ray Perkins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4236252\",\n \"text\": \"a Pro Bowl and Super Bowl quarterback in the 2005 NFL season (much as he did with Favre in the 1990s), and coached Shaun Alexander to the NFL's MVP, a 2005 rushing title, and an NFL record 28 touchdowns in a single season. With the 2005 NFC Championship win, Holmgren became the fifth member of a small coaching fraternity that has taken two different NFL franchises to the Super Bowl, joining Bill Parcells, Dan Reeves, Don Shula, Dick Vermeil, and John Fox. Had the Seahawks won Super Bowl XL, he would have become the first head coach in NFL history\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Holmgren\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394658\",\n \"text\": \"and dominate Dallas' young defense. Finally, Jimmy Johnson was looking to become the first head coach to win a college football national championship (University of Miami in 1987) and a Super Bowl. As of today, Johnson, Cowboys' successor Barry Switzer, and current Seattle Seahawks head coach Pete Carroll remain the only coaches ever to achieve this goal. This became last of five Super Bowl games played at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena. Two other Super Bowl games were played nearby at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. As previously mentioned, this would be the seventh and final (to date) Super Bowl\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXVII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14073394\",\n \"text\": \"former NFL guard and center who became an analyst for NFL Total Access after his retirement. He is also the host of Put Up Your Dukes. 2009- Tony Dungy was the first African-American coach to win a Super Bowl as he led the Indianapolis Colts in 2007. Dungy joined Mike Ditka and Tom Flores as the only individuals to win the Super Bowl as both a player and head coach. He is the author of 4 New York Times winning novels. His most recent book was titled \\\"Uncommon: Finding Your Path to Significance\\\". Dungy has been involved in numerous charitable\",\n \"title\": \"Jimmy Raye Youth Foundation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2160332\",\n \"text\": \"to find talent in the draft, make savvy trades (namely, the trade of Herschel Walker, which yielded six high draft picks and a number of players from the Minnesota Vikings), and by signing quality players as free agents in the age before the NFL had imposed a salary cap, such as Jay Novacek. Johnson served as head coach of the Cowboys from 1989 through 1993. He is one of only six men in NFL history (including Vince Lombardi, Don Shula, Chuck Noll, Mike Shanahan, and Bill Belichick) to coach consecutive Super Bowl winners, winning Super Bowl XXVII in 1992 and\",\n \"title\": \"Jimmy Johnson (American football coach)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11570025\",\n \"text\": \"team in American professional sports during that time frame. This approach has proven to be rewarding, given that the Steelers have won six Super Bowls in the post AFL–NFL merger era – with all three coaches (Chuck Noll, Bill Cowher, and Mike Tomlin) having won at least one Super Bowl and two AFC championships apiece – and the team being a playoff contender in most years. Dan Rooney's influence as chairman of the league's diversity committee made it a requirement for any team seeking a new head coach to include an interview with at least one minority candidate during that\",\n \"title\": \"Rooney family\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2024617\",\n \"text\": \"San Francisco. The following year, Ditka's coaching career hit its pinnacle on January 26, 1986, with a 46–10 win over the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XX at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana. Ditka has stated that one of his biggest regrets in life was not letting Walter Payton score a touchdown in the Super Bowl, instead opting for Jim McMahon to run it in twice and rookie defensive tackle William \\\"The Refrigerator\\\" Perry to run it in once. In 1985, Ditka led the Bears to a 15–1 record, and he was named NFL Coach of the\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Ditka\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3090386\",\n \"text\": \"(1995) , and \\\"The Little Black Book of Coaching: Motivating People to be Winners\\\" (2001); , both with Kendra Blanchard. Don Shula Donald Francis Shula (born January 4, 1930) is a former professional American football coach and player who is best known as the head coach of the Miami Dolphins, the team he led to two Super Bowl victories, and to the only perfect season in the history of the National Football League (NFL). He was previously the head coach of the Baltimore Colts, with whom he won the 1968 NFL Championship. Shula was drafted out of John Carroll University\",\n \"title\": \"Don Shula\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"376013\",\n \"text\": \"the 20 Super Bowls during these two decades, including 13 straight from Super Bowl XIX to Super Bowl XXXI. The NFC's winning streak was only interrupted when the Los Angeles Raiders routed the Washington Redskins, 38-9 in Super Bowl XVIII. The most successful team of the 1980s was the San Francisco 49ers, which featured the West Coast offense of Hall of Fame head coach Bill Walsh. This offense was led by three-time Super Bowl MVP and Hall of Fame quarterback Joe Montana, Super Bowl MVP and Hall of Fame wide receiver Jerry Rice, running back Roger Craig, and defensive safety/cornerback\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2489690\",\n \"text\": \"Weeb Ewbank Wilbur Charles \\\"Weeb\\\" Ewbank (May 6, 1907 – November 17, 1998) was an American professional football coach. He led the Baltimore Colts to NFL championships in 1958 and 1959 and the New York Jets to victory in Super Bowl III in 1969. He is the only coach to win a championship in both the National Football League (NFL) and American Football League (AFL). Ewbank grew up in Indiana and attended Miami University in Ohio, where he was a multi-sport star who led his baseball, basketball and football teams to state championships. He immediately began a coaching career after\",\n \"title\": \"Weeb Ewbank\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394830\",\n \"text\": \"NFL's all-time leading rusher in 2002 before he was released by the team after that season. 1995 was statistically the best season for the Cowboys' triplets, although all three have stated that the 1995 Super Bowl was easily the toughest of the three Super Bowl runs. The Cowboys also became the first team to win Super Bowls under three different head coaches (Tom Landry in Super Bowls VI and XII, Jimmy Johnson in Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII, and Switzer). Two other teams have since won Super Bowl championships under three different coaches, with the Green Bay Packers winning under\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"375992\",\n \"text\": \"conference champions to determine the NFL's league champion. Currently, the National Football Conference leads the league with 27 wins to 25 wins for the American Football Conference. The Pittsburgh Steelers have the most Super Bowl championship titles, with six. The New England Patriots have the most Super Bowl appearances, with ten. Charles Haley and Tom Brady both have five Super Bowl rings, which is the record for the most rings won by a single player. The day on which the Super Bowl is played, now considered by some as an unofficial American national holiday, is called \\\"Super Bowl Sunday\\\". It\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394178\",\n \"text\": \"of four Super Bowl titles. Chuck Noll, the last link to Pittsburgh's dynasty, retired from coaching following the 1991 season. Only Bill Belichick matched (and later surpassed) Noll's four Vince Lombardi Trophies as a head coach. The Steelers' record of four Super Bowls in six seasons has yet to be matched. Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XIV, Super Bowl XIV Play Finder Pit, Super Bowl XIV Play Finder LA Completions/attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted The following records were set in Super Bowl XIV, according to the official NFL.com box score and the ProFootball reference.com game summary.
Some records have\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3090349\",\n \"text\": \"coached a perfect season and broke the record of longest shutout, this time with his team on the winning side, not giving up any points until 2:07 remained. The Dolphins repeated as Super Bowl champions the following season, as they defeated the Minnesota Vikings 24–7. He currently holds the NFL record for most career wins as a head coach, with 347. Shula was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1997. Shula was born in Grand River, Ohio, a small town along the Lake Erie shore in the northeastern part of the state. His parents, Dan and Mary,\",\n \"title\": \"Don Shula\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"447885\",\n \"text\": \"Vince Lombardi Vincent Thomas Lombardi (June 11, 1913 – September 3, 1970) was an American football player, coach, and executive in the National Football League (NFL). He is best known as the head coach of the Green Bay Packers during the 1960s, where he led the team to three straight and five total NFL Championships in seven years, in addition to winning the first two Super Bowls at the conclusion of the 1966 and 1967 NFL seasons. Following his sudden death from cancer in 1970, the NFL Super Bowl trophy was named in his honor. He was enshrined in the\",\n \"title\": \"Vince Lombardi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2057360\",\n \"text\": \"Bill Parcells Duane Charles \\\"Bill\\\" Parcells (born August 22, 1941), also known as The Big Tuna, is a former American football coach, best known as a head coach in the National Football League (NFL) for 19 seasons. He rose to prominence as the head coach of the New York Giants, whom he led to two Super Bowl titles. Parcells later served as the head coach of the New England Patriots, New York Jets, and Dallas Cowboys. Throughout his career, he coached teams that were in a period of decline and turned them into postseason contenders. He is the only coach\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Parcells\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16858043\",\n \"text\": \"fifth, moving them into a three-way tie with the Dallas Cowboys and the San Francisco 49ers for second place on the all-time Super Bowl wins list, trailing only the Pittsburgh Steelers who have six victories. New England, after finishing the regular season with a league-best 14–2 record, advanced to their record-setting ninth Super Bowl appearance, their second in three years, and their seventh under the leadership of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady. The Falcons entered the game after completing an 11–5 regular season record, and were trying to win their first Super Bowl title, having lost their\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl LI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4084574\",\n \"text\": \"unit when he took over the Washington Redskins in the early 1970s. His first special teams coach, Dick Vermeil, won a Super Bowl as head coach of the St. Louis Rams. His second special teams coach, Marv Levy, led the Buffalo Bills to four consecutive Super Bowl appearances in the early 1990s. Levy came to his staff after being the first special teams coach in the NFL having been hired by Philadelphia Eagles coach Jerry Williams in 1969. Allen had the third best winning percentage in the NFL (.681), exceeded only by Vince Lombardi (.736) and John Madden (.731). He\",\n \"title\": \"George Allen (American football coach)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7024303\",\n \"text\": \"in the Super Bowl with 3 different teams. Pearson also holds the distinction of being one of the few, if not the only, players to have been led by Don Shula, Chuck Noll and Tom Landry — three of the greatest coaches in NFL history with eight Super Bowl titles among them. Not only were his coaches Hall of Famers, but also his quarterbacks (Johnny Unitas, Terry Bradshaw and Roger Staubach), fellow running backs (Lenny Moore, Franco Harris and Tony Dorsett) are also enshrined in Canton. In 1981, Pearson teamed with self-promoter Janie Tilford to form Pro-Style Associates. Pro-Style began\",\n \"title\": \"Preston Pearson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4185113\",\n \"text\": \"for the Bears. Tony Dungy is the third man to win the Super Bowl as a head coach as well as a player, following Tom Flores and Mike Ditka. For the Colts, Rhodes rushed for 113 yards and a touchdown, while also catching an 8-yard reception. Addai rushed for 77 yards and caught 10 passes for 66 yards. Wilkins returned four kickoffs for 89 yards and 3 punts for 42 yards. Adam Vinatieri became the first kicker ever to play in five Super Bowls and the first to win four Super Bowl rings. Vinatieri's three field goals and two extra\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3910812\",\n \"text\": \"America, behind Darren Arbet of the San Jose Sabercats (Arena Football League) who won ArenaBowl XVI in 2002 and Pinball Clemons of the Toronto Argonauts (Canadian Football League) who won the 92nd Grey Cup in 2004. Dungy also became the sixth man to play in a Super Bowl and be the head coach of a Super Bowl team. He joins Dan Reeves, Sam Wyche, Mike Ditka, Forrest Gregg and Tom Flores. Ron Rivera also accomplished this feat with the Carolina Panthers in 2015. After the win in Super Bowl XLI, Dungy became the third man to win Super Bowls both\",\n \"title\": \"Tony Dungy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"286642\",\n \"text\": \"the record for most Super Bowls reached (eight) and won (five) by a head coach–quarterback tandem, and most Super Bowl appearances overall (ten). Currently, the team is tied with the 49ers and Cowboys for the second most Super Bowl wins with five, after the Steelers, who have six. On November 16, 1959, Boston business executive Billy Sullivan was awarded the eighth and final franchise of the developing American Football League (AFL). The following winter, locals were allowed to submit ideas for the Boston football team's official name. The most popular choice – and the one that Sullivan selected – was\",\n \"title\": \"New England Patriots\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5732070\",\n \"text\": \"The secondary was led by pro bowl safety Troy Polamalu, who won the NFL Defensive Player of the Year Award, tying his career-best seven interceptions and returning them for 101 yards and a touchdown. Coach Mike Tomlin, already the youngest coach to ever win a Super Bowl, became the youngest coach ever to make it to the Super Bowl twice at age 38. The Pittsburgh Steelers had also accomplished going to the Super Bowl in five different decades; and, in every decade since the post AFL-NFL merger. 1970s: 1975, 1976, and 1979. 1980s: 1980. 1990s: 1996. 2000s: 2006 and 2009.\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10582353\",\n \"text\": \"the most wins in Raiders history. Madden's overall winning percentage including playoff games ranks second in league history. He won a Super Bowl and never had a losing season as a head coach. Madden had a winning record as a head coach against Tom Landry, Don Shula, Chuck Noll and Bud Grant, who are generally regarded as the top coaches of his era. From 1979 through 2008, Madden worked as a color commentator/analyst on NFL games for all four major American television networks. After working lower profile contests for CBS during his first two years, he was elevated to the\",\n \"title\": \"John Madden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1944517\",\n \"text\": \"Bowls (VIII, IX, and XI) under Grant and lose each one, but he was the first coach to lead a team to four Super Bowls. He retired after the 1983 NFL season and was succeeded by Les Steckel, who led the team to a 3-13 record the following season. Steckel was fired as head coach after the 1984 season and Grant returned as coach for the Vikings in 1985. After one season where he returned the club to a 7–9 record, he stepped down again. Grant retired as the eighth most successful coach in NFL history with an overall record\",\n \"title\": \"Bud Grant\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20044014\",\n \"text\": \"Associated Press NFL Coach of the Year Award The Associated Press National Football League Coach of the Year Award is presented annually by the Associated Press (AP) to the National Football League (NFL) coach adjudged to have had the most outstanding season. It has been awarded since the 1957 season. Since 2011, the winner has been announced at the annual NFL Honors ceremony held the day before the Super Bowl. Don Shula has won the most AP NFL Coach of the Year awards, receiving four during his 33-year head coaching career: three with the Baltimore Colts and one with the\",\n \"title\": \"Associated Press NFL Coach of the Year Award\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394826\",\n \"text\": \"win five Super Bowl championships, winning two with San Francisco (XXIII and XXIV) and two previously with Dallas (XXVII and XXVIII). Barry Switzer became the second head coach, after former Cowboys head coach Jimmy Johnson, to win a college football national championship (University of Oklahoma 1974, 1975, 1985) and a Super Bowl title. After a many-year long tradition of presenting the Vince Lombardi Trophy to the winning team in its locker room after the game, the NFL began the tradition of presenting the trophy on the field. The outcome of the game had rather large ramifications for two soon-to-be free\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10259943\",\n \"text\": \"zone. Gibbs, who earned induction into the Pro Football Hall of Fame for his work as Redskins head coach, is also the first head coach in NFL history to win 3 Super Bowls with 3 different quarterbacks: Joe Theismann, Doug Williams, and Mark Rypien. Norv Turner, a former Washington Redskins and San Diego Chargers head coach, and offensive coordinator of the Dallas Cowboys, San Francisco 49ers and currently the Carolina Panthers, also implements a version of the Coryell style of offense. The Turner strain of Coryell offenses are still very reliant on a good receiving TE. Norv Turner strains sometimes\",\n \"title\": \"Air Coryell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2024607\",\n \"text\": \"assistant coach for the Cowboys in Super Bowl XII, and coaching the Bears to victory in Super Bowl XX. He was named to both the NFL's 50th and 75th Anniversary All-Time Team. As a coach for the Bears for 11 years he was twice both the AP and UPI NFL Coach of Year (1985 and 1988). He also coached the New Orleans Saints for three years. Ditka and Tom Flores are the only people to win an NFL title as a player, an assistant coach, and a head coach. Ditka, Flores, Gary Kubiak, and Doug Pederson are also the only\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Ditka\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4344240\",\n \"text\": \"defeated by his former team, the Broncos. As a head coach, Reeves is only one of five to lead two different franchises to a Super Bowl appearance, and has the most Super Bowl appearances without a victory at four, along with Bud Grant and Marv Levy. He is also tied with Jeff Fisher for the NFL record of most regular-season losses as a head coach at 165, although both have overall winning records. Born in Rome, Georgia, Reeves grew up in Americus, Georgia. He attended Americus High School, where he participated in football, baseball and basketball. After he missed four\",\n \"title\": \"Dan Reeves\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5683097\",\n \"text\": \"Harp, Herman Hickman, Stu Holcomb, Frank Lauterbur, Vince Lombardi, John Sauer, Richard Voris, Murray Warmath, Bob Woodruff, and Bill Yeoman. Legendary fighter pilot Colonel Robin Olds also served as an assistant coach to Blaik. Dietzel, while at LSU, and Murray Warmath, while at Minnesota, won national championships as head coaches. Gillman, while head coach of the San Diego Chargers won an AFL championship. Lombardi, as head coach of the Green Bay Packers, won five NFL titles and the first two Super Bowls. During Blaik's tenure, the Army team adopted the nicknames \\\"Black Knights\\\" and \\\"Black Knights of the Hudson\\\", which\",\n \"title\": \"Earl Blaik\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9862428\",\n \"text\": \"defense created three lost fumbles and an interception and scored a defensive touchdown to power the team to a 24-10 victory, the third NFL title for the franchise. Von Miller, who had 2.5 sacks and two forced fumbles, was named the game's Most Valuable Player. Peyton Manning made history as the first quarterback to start and win a Super Bowl for two teams. Gary Kubiak became the fourth coach to win a Super Bowl in his first year with a new team. The Broncos' third championship tied them for seventh-most Super Bowl wins all-time, along with the Washington Redskins and\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Denver Broncos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"376012\",\n \"text\": \"seasons. Nine players and three coaches and administrators on the team have been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Pittsburgh still remains the only team to win back-to-back Super Bowls twice and four Super Bowls in a six-year period. The Steelers' dynasty was interrupted only by the Oakland Raiders' Super Bowl XI win and the Cowboys winning their second Super Bowl of the decade. In the 1980s and 1990s, the tables turned for the AFC, as the NFC dominated the Super Bowls of the new decade and most of those in the 1990s. The NFC won 16 of\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9002022\",\n \"text\": \"York Giants), Ray Lewis (2000 and 2012 Baltimore Ravens), Peyton Manning (2006 Indianapolis Colts and 2015 Denver Broncos), and LeGarrette Blount (2016 New England Patriots and 2017 Philadelphia Eagles). Ernie Accorsi and Rich Dalrymple are the only non-players or coaches to be interviewed for the series—both were team administrators. Of the \\\"Blue Ribbon\\\" top 20 teams, the San Francisco 49ers and Dallas Cowboys are represented most often as a franchise with three championship teams each. The Green Bay Packers, Pittsburgh Steelers, and Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders are each represented twice. According to Steve Sabol, president of NFL Films, only 20 teams\",\n \"title\": \"America's Game: The Super Bowl Champions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2527999\",\n \"text\": \"part of Manning's career, \\\"his record-breaking stats were written off because of the Colts' postseason failures\\\"; conversely he posted poor statistics in the 2015 regular season and Super Bowl 50, which would be his final season, but nonetheless won his second Super Bowl thanks to his team's defense. Manning is also the only quarterback in NFL history to make the Super Bowl four times with four head coaches (Dungy, Caldwell, Fox and Kubiak). Despite concerns about his arm strength and mobility, Manning was selected first overall in the 1998 NFL Draft by the Indianapolis Colts. Although many considered Washington State\",\n \"title\": \"Peyton Manning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2073148\",\n \"text\": \"Mike McCarthy (American football) Michael John McCarthy (born November 10, 1963) is an American football coach. He is most well known for being the head coach of the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL) from 2006 to 2018, leading them to a win in Super Bowl XLV over his hometown team, the Pittsburgh Steelers. He was previously the offensive coordinator for the San Francisco 49ers and New Orleans Saints. McCarthy was born and raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. His father was a firefighter and Pittsburgh Police officer as well as a bar owner, who raised McCarthy as a\",\n \"title\": \"Mike McCarthy (American football)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4236238\",\n \"text\": \"Mike Holmgren Michael George Holmgren (born June 15, 1948) is a former American football coach and executive, most recently serving as president of the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL). Holmgren began his NFL career as a quarterbacks' coach and later as an offensive coordinator with the San Francisco 49ers, where they won Super Bowl XXIII and XXIV. He served as the head coach of the Green Bay Packers from 1992 to 1998, appearing in two Super Bowls, and of the Seattle Seahawks from 1999 to 2008. Prior to his career in the NFL, Holmgren coached football at\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Holmgren\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"376010\",\n \"text\": \"14–7 victory in Super Bowl VII, becoming the first and only team to finish an entire perfect regular and postseason. The Dolphins would repeat as league champions by winning Super Bowl VIII a year later. In the late 1970s, the Steelers became the first NFL dynasty of the post-merger era by winning four Super Bowls (IX, X, XIII, and XIV) in six years. They were led by head coach Chuck Noll, the play of offensive stars Terry Bradshaw, Franco Harris, Lynn Swann, John Stallworth, and Mike Webster, and their dominant \\\"Steel Curtain\\\" defense, led by \\\"Mean\\\" Joe Greene, L. C.\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2158413\",\n \"text\": \"season following three disappointing seasons. His 83 wins with the Raiders are the second-most in franchise history, behind only Madden. Flores left Pro Football with a lifetime coaching record of 97–87 (52.7%), as well as an 8–3 playoff record, with two Super Bowl victories. Flores, Jimmy Johnson, and George Seifert are the only eligible coaches with two such victories who have \\\"not\\\" been selected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame. From 1997 until his dismissal in 2018, Flores served as color commentator alongside play-by-play announcer Greg Papa for the Raiders Radio Network. Flores served as coach of the American\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Flores\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4777157\",\n \"text\": \"week, he coached the Giants to a 20–17 overtime victory over the San Francisco 49ers in the NFC Championship game to set up a Super Bowl rematch with the New England Patriots. On February 5, 2012, Coughlin's Giants defeated the Patriots 21–17 in Super Bowl XLVI, thus making Coughlin the oldest head coach to win a Super Bowl. On June 6, 2012 it was announced he had signed a contract extension to keep him with the Giants until at least 2014. At the same time, Coughlin announced that he would like to coach into his seventies. In July 2012, Coughlin\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Coughlin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"313754\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl, and he is only the second African-American coach to ever win the Super Bowl (Tony Dungy was the first). The 2010 season made Tomlin the only coach to reach the Super Bowl twice before the age of 40. Tomlin led the team to his second Super Bowl (Super Bowl XLV) on Feb. 6, 2011. However, the Steelers were defeated in their eighth Super Bowl appearance by the Green Bay Packers by the score of 31–25. The Steelers recorded their 400th victory in 2012 after defeating the Washington Redskins. Through the 2016 season, Tomlin's record is 111–63, including playoffs.\",\n \"title\": \"Pittsburgh Steelers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9372830\",\n \"text\": \"still, Joe Gibbs won 3 Super Bowls running his version of the Coryell offense when he was head coach of the Washington Redskins from 1981-1992 (He also served as Redskins head coach from 2004-2007). Gibbs, who earned induction into the Hall of Fame as a head coach, is the only coach to win 3 Super Bowls with 3 different quarterbacks (Joe Theismann, Doug Williams and Mark Rypien). Around 2011, Bill Belichick increasingly adopted an up-tempo, no-huddle offense for his team. The idea behind this strategy is for the offense to call plays rapidly without pause and without a huddle. The\",\n \"title\": \"New England Patriots strategy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"393931\",\n \"text\": \"Football League. The Dolphins would not win another playoff game until 1982, and they have not won a Super Bowl since. They would appear in but lose two more, XVII and XIX. As of July 1, 2018, this is the earliest Super Bowl from which both head coaches are still living. Don Shula and Bud Grant are the only living coaches from any of the first ten Super Bowls. Jim Langer ended his career with the Vikings in 1981, allowing him to play for the franchise closest to his native South Dakota. Langer lost his starting center job in 1980\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl VIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"374784\",\n \"text\": \"engineered what some consider the greatest drive in Super Bowl history, as he drove the team 92 yards for the winning touchdown on a pass to John Taylor with only 34 seconds left, as they captured their third Super bowl championship with a score of 20–16. Jerry Rice was named Super Bowl MVP. After Super Bowl XXIII, Bill Walsh retired as head coach; his defensive coordinator and handpicked successor, George Seifert, took over as head coach. In the 1989 NFL season, Joe Montana threw for 3,521 yards and 26 touchdowns, with only 8 interceptions, giving him a 112.4 quarterback rating,\",\n \"title\": \"San Francisco 49ers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2199979\",\n \"text\": \"coach Bill Belichick have combined to form the most successful quarterback-head coach tandem in NFL history, winning more regular season games and postseason games than any other such duo as well as appearing in eight Super Bowls. All of these events set new NFL records. In his second season, Brady took over as the starting quarterback after Drew Bledsoe was injured. He led the Patriots to first place in the AFC East and a victory over the favored St. Louis Rams in Super Bowl XXXVI, winning his first Super Bowl MVP award. Despite the Patriots' missing the playoffs the following\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Brady\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"376014\",\n \"text\": \"Ronnie Lott. Under their leadership, the 49ers won four Super Bowls in the decade (XVI, XIX, XXIII, and XXIV) and made nine playoff appearances between 1981 and 1990, including eight division championships, becoming the second dynasty of the post-merger NFL. The 1980s also produced the 1985 Chicago Bears, who posted an 18–1 record under head coach Mike Ditka; quarterback Jim McMahon; and Hall of Fame running back Walter Payton. Their team won Super Bowl XX in dominant fashion. The Washington Redskins and New York Giants were also top teams of this period; the Redskins won Super Bowls XVII, XXII, and\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19417790\",\n \"text\": \"defensive coordinator for the Detroit Lions for the 1960-62 seasons. He was also the head coach for both the Baltimore Colts (1963-1969) and the Miami Dolphins (1970-1995). In his 32 seasons as a head coach, Shula won fourteen Division titles, five AFC Championships, two Super Bowls (VII, VIII) and the 1968 NFL Championship. He holds several NFL records including the record for most NFL regular season wins (328) and the Miami Dolphins' record for most career wins (257). The completion of Don Shula Stadium added new locker rooms and coaches' offices to the complex. It also replaced the old weight\",\n \"title\": \"Don Shula Stadium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3090382\",\n \"text\": \"investment banker Jackson Stephens. Shula has been deeply religious throughout his life. He said in 1974, at the peak of his coaching career, that he attended mass every morning. Shula once considered becoming a Catholic priest, but decided he could not commit to being both priest and coach. Shula set numerous records in his 33 seasons as a head coach. He is the all-time leader in victories with 347. He is first in most games coached (526), most consecutive seasons coached (33), and Super Bowl losses (four, tied with Bud Grant, Dan Reeves, and Marv Levy). His teams won seven\",\n \"title\": \"Don Shula\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3394631\",\n \"text\": \"Bart Starr Bryan Bartlett \\\"Bart\\\" Starr (born January 9, 1934) is a former professional American football player and coach. He played quarterback for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL) from 1956 through 1971. Starr is the only quarterback in NFL history to lead a team to three consecutive league championships (1965–67). Starr and New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady are tied for total NFL championships, at five each. Starr led his team to victories in the first two Super Bowls: I and II. As the Packers' head coach, he was less successful, compiling a 52–76–3 ()\",\n \"title\": \"Bart Starr\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4346972\",\n \"text\": \"Dom Capers Ernest Dominic \\\"Dom\\\" Capers (born August 7, 1950) is a former American football coach. Capers served as the head coach for the National Football League (NFL)'s Carolina Panthers from 1995 to 1998 and for the Houston Texans from 2002 to 2005 during both teams' first years in the league. He is the only individual to serve two different NFL expansion teams as their inaugural head coach. Capers has also served as an assistant coach, most prominently as the defensive coordinator of the Green Bay Packers from 2009 to 2017, with whom he helped win a Super Bowl title\",\n \"title\": \"Dom Capers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3090347\",\n \"text\": \"Don Shula Donald Francis Shula (born January 4, 1930) is a former professional American football coach and player who is best known as the head coach of the Miami Dolphins, the team he led to two Super Bowl victories, and to the only perfect season in the history of the National Football League (NFL). He was previously the head coach of the Baltimore Colts, with whom he won the 1968 NFL Championship. Shula was drafted out of John Carroll University in the 1951 NFL Draft, and he played professionally as a defensive back for the Cleveland Browns, Baltimore Colts, and\",\n \"title\": \"Don Shula\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2978641\",\n \"text\": \"Pete Carroll Peter Clay Carroll (born September 15, 1951) is an American football coach who is the head coach and executive vice president of the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL). He is a former head coach of the New York Jets, New England Patriots, and the USC Trojans of the University of Southern California (USC). Carroll is one of only three football coaches who have won both a Super Bowl and a college football national championship. Carroll is the oldest head coach currently working in the NFL. Carroll was born in San Francisco, California, the son of\",\n \"title\": \"Pete Carroll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17074603\",\n \"text\": \"to own and operate the team. Former Pittsburgh Steelers head coach Chuck Noll died at age 82 on June 13. Noll was widely credited with building the Steelers' dynasty of the 1970s. He coached the team to four Super Bowl victories. When he was hired in 1969, the Steelers had not won a single title in nearly 40 years. He coached multiple Hall of Fame players including: Terry Bradshaw, \\\"Mean\\\" Joe Greene, Mike Webster, Jack Ham, Jack Lambert, Lynn Swann, John Stallworth, and Franco Harris. Noll was a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Earl Morrall died on\",\n \"title\": \"2014 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"393808\",\n \"text\": \"didn't put us into any holes we couldn't get out of\\\". Colts defensive end Bubba Smith would later refuse to wear his Super Bowl V ring because of the \\\"sloppy\\\" play. Don McCafferty became the first rookie head coach to win a Super Bowl. The feat was not repeated until George Seifert led the San Francisco 49ers to victory in Super Bowl XXIV. McCafferty was also the first Super Bowl-winning coach who did not wear coat and tie, opting for a short-sleeved T-shirt with a mock turtleneck. Two rule changes that were adopted before the 1974 season were: These would\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl V\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3082472\",\n \"text\": \"businesses in the United States, at one point controlling over 2 billion square feet of retail real estate space nationwide. In addition, DeBartolo was actively involved in franchise ownership and sports management, becoming one of the most successful and generous owners in professional sports. His ownership of the 49ers proved especially notable. During his twenty-three years owning the team, beginning in 1977, the 49ers won an unprecedented five Super Bowls under coaches Bill Walsh and George Seifert: Super Bowl XVI in 1982, XIX in 1985, XXIII in 1989, XXIV 1990, and XXIX in 1995. From the early 1980s through the\",\n \"title\": \"Edward J. DeBartolo Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8886022\",\n \"text\": \"the quiet Green Bay dressing room, Lombardi said he was \\\"happy for Buck\\\". \\\"Seeing he's going to retire, that's a nice note for him to go out on.\\\" Shaw was the oldest head coach to win an NFL championship for over 39 years, until Dick Vermeil's victory with the St. Louis Rams in Super Bowl XXXIV in early 2000. After retiring from coaching, Shaw returned to California to work for a paper products company, and spent the later years of his life in Menlo Park. He and his wife had two married daughters who also lived in California. In 1962,\",\n \"title\": \"Buck Shaw\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10956936\",\n \"text\": \"1979 to 1999, he coached the San Francisco 49ers offensive line. During his 21 years with the 49ers, the team won five Super Bowls (Super Bowl XVI, Super Bowl XIX, Super Bowl XXIII, Super Bowl XXIV, and Super Bowl XXIX) and 13 NFC West championships. McKittrick is one of only four coaches, the others being George Seifert, Ray Rhodes and Bill McPherson, to be a part of all five of the 49ers' Super Bowl-winning teams. McKittrick's success derived from his ability to get the most effect out of unheralded talent. The 49ers' offensive line that won the various Super Bowls\",\n \"title\": \"Bobb McKittrick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3090375\",\n \"text\": \"all his success, the Dolphins' January, 1974 Super Bowl win over the Minnesota Vikings proved to be Shula's last championship. Despite consistent success in the regular season, Shula was unable to win in the postseason, failing in 12 trips to the playoffs—including two more Super Bowl appearances—before retiring after the 1995 season. His retirement following that regular season ended one of the greatest coaching legacies in NFL history. He set numerous records in his 33 seasons as a head coach. He is first in most games coached (526), most consecutive seasons coached (33), and Super Bowl Appearances—six, appearing once with\",\n \"title\": \"Don Shula\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8800171\",\n \"text\": \"master's degree in physical education. Woicik began his coaching career as the track coach and weight room coordinator at Springfield from 1978 to 1980. He then was hired as a strength and conditioning coach by Syracuse University, where he stayed through 1989. Woicik earned his first NFL coaching job in 1990 with the Cowboys as their strength and conditioning coach. In his six-year stint, the team won three Super Bowls (Super Bowl XXVII, Super Bowl XXVIII, and Super Bowl XXX). He then served the New Orleans Saints in the same capacity from the 1997 season through the 1999 season. In\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Woicik\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11073007\",\n \"text\": \"a warning. Teerlinck has coached on three Super Bowl winners: Denver Broncos: Super Bowl XXXII, Super Bowl XXXIII Indianapolis Colts: Super Bowl John Teerlinck John Teerlinck (born 1951) is a former American football player and coach. Teerlinck coached 32 National Football League playoff games, including six Championship games and four Super Bowls. Teerlinck earned three Super Bowl rings with two teams (Denver Broncos 1997, 1998 and Indianapolis Colts 2006). Regarded by some as the greatest defensive line coach of all time, Teerlinck established an NFL presence in the early 1990s. \\\"John Teerlinck is kind of like Mr. Miyagi\\\", John Randle\",\n \"title\": \"John Teerlinck\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7959123\",\n \"text\": \"contract with the Giants was not renewed after the 1978 NFL season, most likely as the result of a famous loss to the Philadelphia Eagles on November 19, 1978. McVay moved on to an administrative position with the San Francisco 49ers in 1980. He collaborated with head coach Bill Walsh in one of the most successful dynasties in NFL history. As vice president/director of football operations, he presided over five Super Bowl-winning seasons. He was named NFL Executive of the Year in 1989. He retired from the 49ers in 1996. McVay's grandson, Sean, is the head coach for the Los\",\n \"title\": \"John McVay\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9869815\",\n \"text\": \"49ers held on for a 38–28 victory after Dallas scored a late touchdown, qualifying them for their fifth Super Bowl, and the first to be played by two teams from California. The 49ers steamrolled the San Diego Chargers, becoming the first team to win a record five Super Bowls. With a record 6 touchdown passes, Steve Young was named the game's MVP. Their run of 5 Super Bowl wins in 14 seasons (1981–1994) solidified them as one of the all-time greatest NFL teams. The 49ers made the playoffs in 1995, 1996, and 1997, being eliminated each season by the Green\",\n \"title\": \"History of the San Francisco 49ers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"376011\",\n \"text\": \"Greenwood, Ernie Holmes, Mel Blount, Jack Ham, and Jack Lambert. The coaches and administrators also were part of the dynasty's greatness as evidenced by the team's \\\"final pieces\\\" being part of the famous 1974 draft. The selections in that class have been considered the best by any pro franchise ever, as Pittsburgh selected four future Hall of Famers, the most for any team in any sport in a single draft. The Steelers were the first team to win three and then four Super Bowls and appeared in six AFC Championship Games during the decade, making the playoffs in eight straight\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"28987\",\n \"text\": \"Bradshaw and Joe Greene, and ultimately winning four Super Bowls in the 1970s. Since the 1970 merger, the Steelers have the NFL's highest winning percentage, the most total victories, the most trips to either conference championship game, are tied for the second most trips to the Super Bowl (with the Dallas Cowboys and Denver Broncos, trailing only the New England Patriots), and have won an NFL-record six Super Bowl championships. Perhaps the greatest social legacy of the AFL was the domino effect of its policy of being more liberal than the entrenched NFL in offering opportunity for black players. While\",\n \"title\": \"American Football League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9860104\",\n \"text\": \"NFL record 25 rushing touchdowns. After crushing the Eagles 30-11 in the divisional playoffs, the Cowboys earned their 8th NFC Championship title by defeating the Green Bay Packers 38–27 at Texas Stadium. The Cowboys then topped the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XXX 27–17, avenging two four-point losses to Pittsburgh in Super Bowls X and XIII. Coach Switzer followed Johnson to become the second coach to claim a National Championship in college football and a Super Bowl victory in professional football. Only one other coach, Pete Carroll, has since accomplished this feat. The Cowboys have not been back to the\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4191781\",\n \"text\": \"Shanahan attended the wedding of George W. Bush's daughter Jenna Bush, who was the former college roommate of Shanahan's daughter. In July 2016, Shanahan hosted a fundraiser for Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump. In October 2016, Shanahan spoke on Trump's behalf at a campaign rally in Loveland, Colorado. Mike Shanahan Michael Edward Shanahan (born August 24, 1952) is a American football coach for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL) from 1995 to 2008. During his 14 seasons with the Broncos, he led the team to consecutive Super Bowl victories in XXXII and XXXIII, as well as the\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Shanahan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4236247\",\n \"text\": \"the NFL. His years with the 49ers have led to later success mentoring other young assistants and Holmgren is one of the larger branches of the Sid Gillman coaching tree, from which Walsh and Seifert descended. Holmgren was head coach of the Green Bay Packers from 1992 to 1998, which became one of the most successful coaching stints in NFL history. As head coach of the Packers, Holmgren posted a 75–37–0 (67.0%) regular-season record, a 9–5 (64.3%) postseason mark, and two Super Bowl appearances, including a 35–21 victory over the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XXXI. By winning at\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Holmgren\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1491940\",\n \"text\": \"as the only NFL players at that time to earn 5 Super Bowl rings (Haley was also with the 49ers for Super Bowls XXIII and XXIV, and later earned rings when the Dallas Cowboys won Super Bowls XXVII, XXVIII, and XXX). The Raiders became the first team to appear in Super Bowls under four head coaches. John Rauch coached them in Super Bowl II, John Madden (who himself called Super Bowl XXXVII on ABC), coached them in Super Bowl XI and Tom Flores coached them in Super Bowl XV and XVIII. The teams combined for the most second half points\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXXVII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1581807\",\n \"text\": \"the Cowboys in the 1970s. That gave Landry an edge in preparation, because he knew what to expect from his opponent based on down and distance. Now, every NFL team has a quality control coach, and most have two. Landry produced a very large coaching tree. In 1986, five NFL head coaches were former Landry assistants: Mike Ditka, Dan Reeves, John Mackovic, Gene Stallings, and Raymond Berry. While Tom Landry's Cowboys are known for their two Super Bowls against Chuck Noll and the Pittsburgh Steelers, Landry also led Dallas to three other Super Bowls, and they were a Bart Starr\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Landry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394968\",\n \"text\": \"intercepted 3 times. Dan Reeves became the fourth head coach to lose four Super Bowls, joining Bud Grant, Don Shula, and Marv Levy. Reeves lost Super Bowls XXI, XXII, and XXIV while coaching the Broncos. Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XXXIII, Super Bowl XXXIII Play Finder Den, Super Bowl XXXIII Play Finder Atl, USA Today Super Bowl XXXIII Play by Play Completions/attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted The following records were set in Super Bowl XXXIII, according to the official NFL.com boxscore, the 2017 NFL Record & Fact Book and the Pro-Football-Reference.com game summary.
Some records have to meet NFL minimum\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXXIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2085429\",\n \"text\": \"was placed on probation by the NCAA. Over thirty of his former players have also become college or professional football coaches. Broyles is known for producing high quality coaches and the prestigious \\\"Broyles Award\\\", the annual award for best assistant coach, is named after him. Barry Switzer, Johnny Majors, Joe Gibbs, Hayden Fry, and Jimmy Johnson all served under Broyles and have combined to win five collegiate national championships and six Super Bowls. Broyles' assistants have won more than 40 conference titles. Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones played on Broyles' 1964 Championship team. Broyles' tenure as men's athletic director has\",\n \"title\": \"Frank Broyles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"376024\",\n \"text\": \"of the nine Super Bowl winners hailed from the NFC, the other four from the AFC. Following up the Saints' win in Super Bowl XLIV, the 2010 season brought the Green Bay Packers their fourth Super Bowl (XLV) victory and record thirteenth NFL championship overall with the defeat of the Pittsburgh Steelers in February 2011. In Super Bowl XLVI, the New York Giants won another title by defeating the New England Patriots. In Super Bowl XLVII the Baltimore Ravens snapped the NFC's three-game winning streak in a 34–31 victory over the San Francisco 49ers. Super Bowl XLVIII, played at New\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15206382\",\n \"text\": \"Dan Quinn (American football) Daniel Patrick Quinn (born September 11, 1970) is an American football coach who is the current head coach of the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League (NFL). He previously served as the defensive coordinator of the Seattle Seahawks from 2013 to 2014, whose defense led the team to two consecutive Super Bowl appearances, winning Super Bowl XLVIII. Born in Morristown, New Jersey, Quinn grew up in nearby Morris Township and played high school football at Morristown High School in Morristown, from which he graduated in 1989. He attended Salisbury State University (now Salisbury University), an\",\n \"title\": \"Dan Quinn (American football)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3910795\",\n \"text\": \"Tony Dungy Anthony Kevin Dungy ( ; born October 6, 1955) is a former professional American football player and coach in the National Football League (NFL). Dungy was head coach of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers from 1996 to 2001, and head coach of the Indianapolis Colts from 2002 to 2008. Dungy became the first black head coach to win the Super Bowl when his Colts defeated the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XLI. Dungy set a new NFL record for consecutive playoff appearances by a head coach in 2008 after securing his tenth straight playoff appearance with a win against\",\n \"title\": \"Tony Dungy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1944504\",\n \"text\": \"the third most successful professional football coach overall (behind Don Shula and George Halas), with a combined 290 wins in the NFL and CFL. Grant was elected to the Canadian Football Hall of Fame in 1983 and to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1994. He was the first coach in the history of professional football to guide teams to the Grey Cup and the Super Bowl. Grant attended the University of Minnesota and was a three-sport athlete, in football, basketball, and baseball. After college, he played for the Minneapolis Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA), the Philadelphia\",\n \"title\": \"Bud Grant\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"162700\",\n \"text\": \"Packers have won 13 league championships, the most in NFL history, with nine pre–Super Bowl NFL titles and four Super Bowl victories. The Packers won the first two Super Bowls in 1967 and 1968 and were the only NFL team to defeat the American Football League (AFL) prior to the AFL–NFL merger. The Vince Lombardi Trophy is named after the Packers' coach of the same name, who guided them to their first two Super Bowls. Their two subsequent Super Bowl wins came in 1996 and 2010. The Packers are long-standing adversaries of the Chicago Bears, Minnesota Vikings, and Detroit Lions,\",\n \"title\": \"Green Bay Packers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3114587\",\n \"text\": \"champion Denver Broncos by a score of 20–18. In the 2016 season, Belichick's Patriots recorded a 14-2 record, which was good for the #1 seed for the AFC playoffs. They reached Super Bowl LI, where they defeated the Atlanta Falcons in a comeback victory by a score of 34–28 in overtime. The Patriots were down 28–3 at one point in the third quarter. With the victory, Belichick won his record fifth Super Bowl title as a head coach. In the 2017 season, Belichick's Patriots went 13-3, setting an NFL record 8th consecutive 12-or-more win seasons, capturing their 9th consecutive AFC\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Belichick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7887585\",\n \"text\": \"Ron Botchan Ronald Leslie Botchan (born February 15, 1935) is a retired American football official from the National Football League (NFL). Prior to that he was an American football linebacker in the American Football League from 1960 to 1962. As an official, Botchan worked as an umpire for nearly his entire NFL career and wore the number 110. Regarded as the \\\"NFL's best umpire\\\" by the media, Botchan was assigned to a record-number five Super Bowls: XX in 1986, XXVII in 1993, XXIX in 1995, XXXI in 1997, and XXXIV in 2000. He was also an alternate in Super Bowl\",\n \"title\": \"Ron Botchan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7379666\",\n \"text\": \"1922, 1923, and 1924 with the Bulldogs and in 1926 with the Yellow Jackets. He compiled a 58-16-7 record in six years as a head coach in the National Football League (NFL), the best win percentage () of any coach in NFL history with a minimum 50 wins. He is also the only coach to win NFL championships with three different clubs. Chamberlin was born in Blue Springs, Nebraska, in 1894. He was raised with five siblings on a family farm in Blue Springs. He graduated from Blue Springs High School in 1911. In the fall of 1911, Chamberlin enrolled\",\n \"title\": \"Guy Chamberlin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"106450\",\n \"text\": \"17, 1993 the Cowboys went to Candlestick Park and defeated the 49ers 30–20 to clinch their first Super Bowl berth since 1978. Dallas defeated the Buffalo Bills 52–17 in Super Bowl XXVII, during which they forced a record nine turnovers. Johnson became the first coach to claim a national championship in college football and a Super Bowl victory in professional football. Despite starting the 1993 season 0–2, they again defeated the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXVIII, 30–13 (becoming the first team in NFL history to win a Super Bowl after starting 0–2). Dallas finished the regular season 12–4 as\",\n \"title\": \"Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4344238\",\n \"text\": \"Dan Reeves Daniel Edward Reeves (born January 19, 1944) is a former American football running back and coach in the National Football League (NFL). Over the course of his 38 years in the NFL, Reeves participated in a combined nine Super Bowls as player and coach, the second-most in league history behind Bill Belichick's eleven. He served as a head coach for 23 seasons, primarily with the Denver Broncos and the Atlanta Falcons. As a player, he spent the entirety of his eight-season career with the Dallas Cowboys. Reeves made his first two Super Bowl appearances during his playing career,\",\n \"title\": \"Dan Reeves\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3344953\",\n \"text\": \"head coach of the Pittsburgh Steelers on January 27, 1969, after Penn State coach Joe Paterno turned down an offer for the position. He was the youngest coach in NFL history at the time. Steelers owner Art Rooney would later credit Don Shula as the person who recommended Noll as a head coach. Noll implemented a defensive system in Pittsburgh that became the legendary \\\"Steel Curtain\\\" defense. His coaching style earned him the nickname of The Emperor Chaz by sports announcer Myron Cope. Noll was the first head coach to win four Super Bowls, coaching the Steelers to victory in\",\n \"title\": \"Chuck Noll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2158412\",\n \"text\": \"assistant with the Oakland Raiders in 1976, and as a head coach for the Raiders in 1980 and 1983. Flores was the NFL's first minority head coach to win a Super Bowl, winning twice – Super Bowl XV with the Oakland Raiders and Super Bowl XVIII with the Los Angeles Raiders. After a 5–10 finish to the 1987 season, Flores moved to the Raiders' front office, but left after just one year to become the president and general manager of the Seattle Seahawks. He returned to coaching as the Seahawks head coach in 1992, but was fired after the 1994\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Flores\"\n }\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":79073,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":79073,"string":"79,073"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Dolly Parton"],"string":"[\n \"Dolly Parton\"\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who sang i'll always love you first"},"compressed_prompt":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Question:\\nPlease write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: I Will Always Love You context: I Will Always Love You \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" is a song originally written and recorded in 1973 by American singer-songwriter Dolly Parton. Her country version of the track was released in 1974 as a single and was written as a farewell to her one-time partner and mentor of seven years, Porter Wagoner, following Parton's decision to pursue a solo career. Parton's version of \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" was a commercial success. It reached number one on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Songs chart twice. It first reached number one in June 1974, and then in October 1982, with\\n\\nwho sang i'll always love you first\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 191,\n \"origin_tokens\": 191,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"5020216","text":"I Will Always Love You \"I Will Always Love You\" is a song originally written and recorded in 1973 by American singer-songwriter Dolly Parton. Her country version of the track was released in 1974 as a single and was written as a farewell to her one-time partner and mentor of seven years, Porter Wagoner, following Parton's decision to pursue a solo career. Parton's version of \"I Will Always Love You\" was a commercial success. It reached number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart twice. It first reached number one in June 1974, and then in October 1982, with","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"5020226","text":"Wagoner's split. In 1992, R&B singer Whitney Houston recorded a new arrangement of \"I Will Always Love You\" for the soundtrack to \"\", her film debut. The song has a saxophone solo by Kirk Whalum. She was originally to record Jimmy Ruffin's \"What Becomes of the Brokenhearted\" as the lead single from \"The Bodyguard\". However, when it was discovered the song was to be used for \"Fried Green Tomatoes\", Houston requested a different song. It was her co-star Kevin Costner who suggested \"I Will Always Love You\", playing her Linda Ronstadt's 1975 version from her album \"Prisoner in Disguise\". Producer","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"5020221","text":"that most people don't know that Dolly Parton wrote [the track]\". Several times (long before Whitney Houston recorded the song), Dolly Parton suggested to singer Patti Labelle that she record \"I Will Always Love You\" because she felt Patti could have sung it so well. However, Patti admitted she kept putting off the opportunity to do so and later deeply regretted it after she heard Whitney Houston's rendition. During its original release in 1974, \"I Will Always Love You\" reached number four in Canada on the Canadian \"RPM\" Country Tracks chart and peaked at number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"13971655","text":"I'll Always Love You (The Spinners song) \"I'll Always Love You\" is a song co-written by William \"Mickey\" Stevenson and Ivy Jo Hunter and produced by Stevenson and Hunter as a single for The Spinners on the Motown Records label. The single became the Detroit-reared group's first charting single on the Motown Records company since they had signed with the company in 1964 (and their third charting hit over all). The song was a top 40 pop single on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in the United States, on which it peaked at number 35. On the \"Billboard\" R&B singles chart,","title":"I'll Always Love You (The Spinners song)"},{"id":"13971656","text":"\"I'll Always Love You\" peaked at number 8. The song featured lead vocals by the group's main lead singer, Bobby Smith. I'll Always Love You (The Spinners song) \"I'll Always Love You\" is a song co-written by William \"Mickey\" Stevenson and Ivy Jo Hunter and produced by Stevenson and Hunter as a single for The Spinners on the Motown Records label. The single became the Detroit-reared group's first charting single on the Motown Records company since they had signed with the company in 1964 (and their third charting hit over all). The song was a top 40 pop single on","title":"I'll Always Love You (The Spinners song)"},{"id":"5020218","text":"in music history. Houston's version of \"I Will Always Love You\" re-entered the charts in 2012 after her death, making it the second single ever to reach the top three on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in separate chart runs. The song has been recorded by many other significant artists including Linda Ronstadt and John Doe. Country music singer-songwriter Dolly Parton wrote the song in 1973 for her one-time partner and mentor Porter Wagoner, from whom she was separating professionally after a seven-year partnership. She recorded it in RCA's Studio B in Nashville on June 13, 1973. \"I Will Always Love","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"15015485","text":"I'll Always Love You (Michael Johnson song) \"I'll Always Love You\" is a single by Michael Johnson, released in 1979 along with his fifth album, \"Dialogue\". Despite failing to chart in the Hot 100, this song is a big hit in the Philippines. In 1979, the song was covered by Canadian country singer Anne Murray from her album of the same title under Capitol Records. \"I'll Always Love You\" was covered by Filipino pop/R&B singer Nina in February 2006 under Warner Music Philippines. The song was recorded for the promotion of GMA Films' 2006 romantic movie \"I Will Always Love","title":"I'll Always Love You (Michael Johnson song)"},{"id":"5020249","text":"Tour, Beyoncé also sang the opening lines of \"I Will Always Love You\" prior to the performance of \"Halo\" as the final song of the tour. At the 2017 Commencement of the University of Southern California, Will Ferrell sang \"I Will Always Love You\" to the graduating class. See Washington Post commentary: I Will Always Love You \"I Will Always Love You\" is a song originally written and recorded in 1973 by American singer-songwriter Dolly Parton. Her country version of the track was released in 1974 as a single and was written as a farewell to her one-time partner and","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"5020223","text":"version of \"I Will Always Love You\" made the \"Billboard\" country chart and peaked at number 15. Parton and Gill were awarded the CMA's \"Vocal Event of the Year\" award in 1996 for their recording of the song. Another duet version of the song was released in 2017 with Michael Bolton from his album Songs of Cinema. When the 1974 recording of the song was reaching number one on the country charts, Elvis Presley indicated that he wanted to cover the song. Parton was interested until Presley's manager, Colonel Tom Parker, told her that it was standard procedure for the","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"9029823","text":"but I just have to tell you. I love your voice.\" This single was her first crossover hit, being her first song on the adult contemporary radio format and her only song to chart on the R&B chart. It reached number three on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 on September 24, 1988. I'll Always Love You (Taylor Dayne song) \"I'll Always Love You\" is a song by American singer Taylor Dayne and the third single from her debut album, \"Tell It to My Heart\". The song is a romantic ballad, showcasing Dayne's softer side—after the first two singles released were mainly","title":"I'll Always Love You (Taylor Dayne song)"},{"id":"5020248","text":"all the great music that she left behind. I will always have a very special piece of her in the song we shared together and had the good fortune to share with the world. Rest in peace, Whitney. Again, we will always love you. In 2012, following Whitney Houston's death, American singer Beyoncé performed a tribute to Houston during her revue in Atlantic City, New Jersey at the Revel resort. She began the performance of her song \"Halo\" singing the first verse of \"I Will Always Love You\" a cappella. Later, in 2013, during her The Mrs. Carter Show World","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"16275834","text":"I'll Still Love You \"I'll Still Love You\" is a song written by English musician George Harrison and first released in 1976 by his former Beatles bandmate Ringo Starr. Produced by Arif Mardin, the track appeared on Starr's debut album for Atlantic Records and Polydor, \"Ringo's Rotogravure\". The composition had a long recording history before then, having been written in 1970 as \"Whenever\", after which it was copyrighted with the title \"When Every Song Is Sung\". Harrison originally intended the song for Welsh singer Shirley Bassey, who had a hit in the summer of 1970 with a cover version of","title":"I'll Still Love You"},{"id":"5020229","text":"performance was included on the 1999 release \"Divas Live '99\", and on the 2014 CD/DVD release of \"\", a 1994 performance of the song was included as well. The single spent 14 weeks at the top of the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, which at the time was a record. It became Houston's longest run at number one, surpassing her previous record of three weeks with the \"Greatest Love of All\" in 1986. It is also the longest running number one single from a soundtrack album. It debuted at number 40 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, and became Houston's tenth number","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"16275843","text":"Harrison and Spector co-produced the sessions. Basic tracks for this and the other songs were taped at Abbey Road Studios with some of the musicians who had played on \"All Things Must Pass\" – including Jim Gordon, Klaus Voormann and Gary Wright – along with Leon Russell on piano. The recording was not completed, however, since Phil Spector's erratic behaviour led to the project being abandoned. Issued on Apple Records in April 1971, the single \"Try Some, Buy Some\" was the only official Ronnie Spector release from these sessions. Due to his commitment to the Bangladesh relief effort, Harrison's music-making","title":"I'll Still Love You"},{"id":"9029821","text":"I'll Always Love You (Taylor Dayne song) \"I'll Always Love You\" is a song by American singer Taylor Dayne and the third single from her debut album, \"Tell It to My Heart\". The song is a romantic ballad, showcasing Dayne's softer side—after the first two singles released were mainly freestyle, dance-pop tracks—paving her way to the adult contemporary charts. It features sensuous love lyrics accompanied by a saxophone instrumental performed by Richie Cannata, who has played for other mainstream acts, including the Billy Joel Band. Dayne was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal for her performance","title":"I'll Always Love You (Taylor Dayne song)"},{"id":"459659","text":"in the top 100 because of rising ticket prices since the time the film was released. The film's soundtrack also enjoyed success. Houston executive-produced and contributed six songs for the motion picture's . \"Rolling Stone\" said it is \"nothing more than pleasant, tasteful and urbane\". The soundtrack's lead single was \"I Will Always Love You\", written and originally recorded by Dolly Parton in 1974. Houston's version of the song was acclaimed by many critics, regarding it as her \"signature song\" or \"iconic performance\". \"Rolling Stone\" and \"USA Today\" called her rendition \"the tour-de-force\". The single peaked at number one on","title":"Whitney Houston"},{"id":"5020219","text":"You\" was issued on June 6, 1974, as the second single from Parton's thirteenth solo studio album, \"Jolene\" (1974). In 1982, Parton re-recorded the song, when it was included on the soundtrack to the film \"The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas\". In addition to the 1982 re-recording for the soundtrack album, Parton's original 1974 recording of the song also appeared in Martin Scorsese's film \"Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore\", and the 1996 film \"It's My Party.\" The song also won Parton Female Vocalist of the Year at the 1975 CMA Awards. Author Curtis W. Ellison stated that the song \"speaks","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"5020227","text":"David Foster re-arranged the song as a soul ballad. Her record company did not feel a song with an a cappella introduction would be as successful; however, Houston and Costner insisted on retaining it. When Parton heard that Houston was using Ronstadt's recording as a template, she called Foster to give him the final verse, which was missing from the Ronstadt recording, as she felt it was important to the song. The tenor saxophone solo was played by Kirk Whalum. Whitney Houston's recording is not the only version of the song featured in the movie. In a scene where she","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"15804079","text":"New Year's Rockin' Eve\" on December 31, 2011. A writer of \"Essence\" magazine noted that she performed a \"powerful rendition\" of the song further adding that she \"looked and sounded glorious\". In May 2012, during , a video montage of Beyoncé holding her child Blue Ivy Carter, drinking a pint of Guinness, and going whale-watching was shown while the song was played in the background, before she began singing the first verse of Whitney Houston's \"I Will Always Love You\". The live performance for \"I Was Here\" as part of 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé, where it served as the","title":"I Was Here (song)"},{"id":"2500105","text":"adult contemporary format. Whitney Houston's quiet storm hits included \"All the Man That I Need\" (1990) and \"I Will Always Love You\" (1992). Houston's \"I Will Always Love You\", a song from the 1992 hit film \"The Bodyguard\", spent 14 weeks on top of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 a record at the time, and sold over 40 million copies worldwide. It is the best selling single by a female act of all time. In the 1990s, Mariah Carey's career originated in quiet storm, with hit singles such as \"Vision of Love\" (1990) and \"Love Takes Time\" (1990). Her albums \"Music","title":"1990s in music"},{"id":"5020217","text":"her re-recording on the soundtrack of the movie version of \"The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas.\" Thus, she achieved the number one position twice with the same song, a rare feat that Chubby Checker had done previously with \"The Twist\" becoming number one in 1960 and again in 1962. Whitney Houston recorded her version of the song for the 1992 film \"The Bodyguard\". Her single spent 14 weeks at number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart making it one of the best-selling singles of all time. It also holds the record for being the best-selling single by a woman","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"8661669","text":"I Will Love You \"I Will Love You\" is a song written by Shelby Flint and Barry DeVorzon. Flint recorded it as a track on her eponymous debut album in 1961. In 1962, The Lettermen released their version of the song on their album \"Jim, Tony, and Bob\". In 1963, Richard Chamberlain released his version as the final single from his 1962 album \"Richard Chamberlain Sings\". This version met with moderate success, placing on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 at number 65. Another remake was released in 1971, when Paige Claire included her version as a track on her eponymous debut","title":"I Will Love You"},{"id":"12750730","text":"was written by Meredith Brothers, but in a maneuver that was typical of the music business at the time, store owner Azrael wound up listed as a co-writer. Their next session of songs, recorded on October 6, 1950, included their second single \"I’ll Always Love You\", another ballad that featuring Warren’s strong lead ably supported by the warbling Cardinals. They also recorded an R&B version of \"Wheel of Fortune\" later to be released as their 3rd single in February 1951. Between February and March 1951, various versions of the song were pop hits for Kay Starr (#1), Bobby Wayne (#6),","title":"The Cardinals"},{"id":"5020222","text":"Country Songs chart, becoming one of the best selling singles of 1974. When Parton re-recorded the song in 1982 for the soundtrack of the film \"The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas\", the track was issued as a single and once again charted at number one on Hot Country Songs — making her the first artist ever to earn a number one record twice with the same song., the 1982 version also reached #53 on Billboard's Hot 100 and #17 on its adult contemporary charts. After recording a duet with Vince Gill in 1995 for the album \"Something Special\", the duet","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"10117862","text":"the title cut \"Eyes That See in the Dark\" also charted on the UK Singles Chart, spending six weeks in the top 100. The song \"I Will Always Love You\" featured on this album was written by Barry and Maurice Gibb, and is not the same as the more famous song of the same name, which was written by Dolly Parton. Kenny Rogers would later record a rendition of the Dolly Parton song, for his 1996 covers album \"Vote for Love\". The song \"Buried Treasure\" is not to be confused with Rogers's 1978 song \"Buried Treasures\", which appears on his","title":"Eyes That See in the Dark"},{"id":"14964222","text":"The Original Spinners The Original Spinners (released in the UK as The Detroit Spinners) is the 1967 debut album by The Spinners for Motown Records. The LP includes the group's earliest singles on the label (such as Top 20 R&B hits \"I'll Always Love You\" and \"Truly Yours\"), as well as their first ever single \"That's What Girls Are Made For\" (which was released on the already defunct Tri-Phi Record label). None of the group's other material from Tri-Phi appear on this album. The lineup on the cover features Bobby Smith, Edgar \"Chico\" Edwards, Henry Fambrough, Billy Henderson, and Pervis","title":"The Original Spinners"},{"id":"459625","text":"All My Love for You\" in 1985 to \"Where Do Broken Hearts Go\" in 1988. Houston made her screen acting debut in the romantic thriller film \"The Bodyguard\" (1992). She recorded seven songs for the film's soundtrack, including \"I Will Always Love You\", which received the Grammy Award for Record of the Year and became the best-selling single by a woman in music history. The soundtrack album received the Grammy Award for Album of the Year and remains the world's best-selling soundtrack album of all time. Houston made other high-profile film appearances, including \"Waiting to Exhale\" (1995) and \"The Preacher's","title":"Whitney Houston"},{"id":"16275848","text":"their two albums together, titled \"Wedding Album\". Harrison participated in the session for \"When Every Song Is Sung\". According to Tom Petty, who was a Shelter artist at the time, recording took place at Russell's home studio in Encino, with Ringo Starr also at the session. As before, this attempt failed to produce a finished recording of the song. Starr was another admirer of the song, describing it in an \"NME\" interview as \"a big ballady thing\" and a track \"I've always loved\". In April 1976, John Lennon and Paul McCartney had each agreed to donate a song and participate","title":"I'll Still Love You"},{"id":"9267719","text":"I Love You Always Forever \"I Love You Always Forever\" is a song recorded by Welsh singer Donna Lewis from her debut album, \"Now in a Minute\" (1996). Written by Lewis, and produced by Lewis and Kevin Killen, it was released as the album's lead single in the US on 14 May 1996 and in the UK on 22 August 1996. Inspired by H. E. Bates' novel \"Love for Lydia\", \"I Love You Always Forever\" is a pop song in which the singer declares her endless love for her significant other. The song was a commercial hit, peaking at number","title":"I Love You Always Forever"},{"id":"16275835","text":"his Beatles composition \"Something\". Although Harrison recorded \"When Every Song Is Sung\" himself during the sessions for \"All Things Must Pass\" that year, it was not included on his album. He went on to produce recordings of the track by former Ronette Ronnie Spector in February 1971, and Cilla Black in August 1972, but neither version was completed for release. Mary Hopkin and Leon and Mary Russell also attempted the song during the first half of the 1970s, with Harrison participating in the Russells' recording. A later version by Black – produced by David Mackay and titled \"I'll Still Love","title":"I'll Still Love You"},{"id":"5020242","text":"Disc Awards in 1993 for International Song of the Year, and a 1994 International Song of the Year Special Award for Japanese sales of over one million units. In 2015, \"I Will Always Love You\" was named the #1 Song of the Rock Era in the book \"The Top 500 Songs of the Rock Era: 1955-2015\". After Whitney Houston's recording of the song became a hit in 1992, the tabloid press began reporting on a 'feud' between the two performers, stemming from Dolly Parton allegedly reneging on an agreement that she would not perform the song for a number of","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"8893533","text":"Lovin' You \"Lovin' You\" is a 1975 song originally performed by American singer Minnie Riperton from her second studio album \"Perfect Angel\" (1974). It was written by Riperton and Richard Rudolph, produced by Rudolph and Stevie Wonder, and released on January 13, 1975. It became a number one hit on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 on April 5, 1975. Additionally, it reached number two on the UK Singles chart, and number three on the \"Billboard\" R&B chart. In the US, \"Billboard\" ranked it as the number 13 song for 1975. The song is especially known for Riperton's use of the","title":"Lovin' You"},{"id":"5020231","text":"Contemporary, and R&B chart simultaneously for a record-equaling five weeks; Ray Charles' \"I Can't Stop Loving You\" in 1962 achieved the same feat on the same charts. The song stayed at number one in the United States throughout January and February 1993, making it the first time \"Billboard\" did not rank a new number one single until March of the new year. Houston's \"I Will Always Love You\" was also the year-end single of 1993 in the US. Similarly, in the UK, Houston's version was ranked the number one single of 1992, and then made the countdown again in 1993","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"110177","text":"Ricky Van Shelton, \"Rockin' Years\" (1991) reached number one, though Parton's greatest commercial fortune of the decade came when Whitney Houston recorded \"I Will Always Love You\" for the soundtrack of the feature film \"The Bodyguard\" (1992). Both the single and the album were massively successful. Parton's soundtrack album from the 1992 film, \"Straight Talk\", however, was less successful. But her 1993 album \"Slow Dancing with the Moon\" won critical acclaim and did well on the charts, reaching number four on the country albums chart, and number 16 on the \"Billboard\" 200 album chart. She recorded \"The Day I Fall","title":"Dolly Parton"},{"id":"8661670","text":"album. I Will Love You \"I Will Love You\" is a song written by Shelby Flint and Barry DeVorzon. Flint recorded it as a track on her eponymous debut album in 1961. In 1962, The Lettermen released their version of the song on their album \"Jim, Tony, and Bob\". In 1963, Richard Chamberlain released his version as the final single from his 1962 album \"Richard Chamberlain Sings\". This version met with moderate success, placing on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 at number 65. Another remake was released in 1971, when Paige Claire included her version as a track on her eponymous","title":"I Will Love You"},{"id":"6587880","text":"I'll Be Loving You (Forever) \"I'll Be Loving You (Forever)\" is a 1989 ballad song from New Kids on the Block. The lead vocals were sung by Jordan Knight. The third single from the group's second album, \"Hangin' Tough\", it peaked at number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, while peaking at number five in the UK. \"I'll Be Loving You (Forever)\" rose from #56 to #41 the week of April 15, 1989 as \"You Got It (The Right Stuff)\" was descending from the Top 40. The single proved to be a popular single in the early summer of 1989,","title":"I'll Be Loving You (Forever)"},{"id":"16275841","text":"Things Must Pass\" in 1970 but did not include it on the album. The sessions took place between late May and August that year, at London's Abbey Road and Trident studios. According to bootlegs subsequently compiled from the sessions, 44 takes of the song were taped. The recordings reveal a musical arrangement featuring acoustic guitars, piano, bass, drums and jazz-inflected horns. Along with other unreleased material from the \"All Things Must Pass\" sessions, Harrison's \"When Every Song Is Sung\" became available in the 1990s on unofficial outtake compilations such as \"Songs for Patti\", some of which list the track as","title":"I'll Still Love You"},{"id":"5020228","text":"dances with Kevin Costner, a version by John Doe can be heard playing on a jukebox. Houston's version appears at No. 9 on NME's Greatest No 1 Singles in History list. In 2004, Houston's version of \"I Will Always Love You\" finished at #65 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema. It was also ranked at number 22 on \"The Guardian's\" list of Britain's favorite 100 songs, published in May 2002. In February 2014, the song was placed at number six on \"Billboard\" list of the Top 50 'Love' Songs of All Time. A live","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"5678081","text":"million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling soundtrack album and one of the top 5 best-selling albums of all time. The lead single from the soundtrack, \"I Will Always Love You\", topped the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart for a then-record-breaking fourteen weeks and was certified 6× Platinum by the RIAA, peaked at number one on the charts in nearly every country and sold 20 million copies worldwide, becoming one of the best-selling singles of all time. Houston contributed three songs, including her 11th number-one single \"Exhale (Shoop Shoop)\" on the 7x platinum soundtrack album, \"Waiting to Exhale\" (November 1995). The following","title":"Whitney Houston albums discography"},{"id":"10151697","text":"Records in February 1967, their debut single, \"I'll Always Love You\" / \"Save Your Love\", produced by John Schroeder, was released. Following this, Henry returned to the United States; and Geoff Dean contracted tuberculosis to be replaced by Andy Petre (born Andrew Charles Malcolm Glywn Petre). That April, the instrumental single \"Soul Sauce\" / \"I Wish I Could Jerk Like My Uncle Cyril\" was released. Mike Patto then joined the band, and took on a prominent role as vocalist and songwriter. When Petre quit, the drum stool was filled by John Halsey (born 23 February 1945, Highgate, North London). They","title":"Timebox (band)"},{"id":"11833448","text":"Rump Shaker (song) \"Rump Shaker\" is a song by American hip-hop group Wreckx-N-Effect. It was released in August 1992 as the lead single from their second album \"Hard or Smooth\". It features production and guest vocals from Teddy Riley, brother of Wreckx member Markell Riley. Due to the massive success of Whitney Houston's version of \"I Will Always Love You,\" the song would advance to No. 2 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, and No. 2 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks. Nevertheless, it peaked at No. 1 on the Hot Rap Singles, and No. 9 on the Hot Dance","title":"Rump Shaker (song)"},{"id":"9029822","text":"on \"I'll Always Love You\" in 1989. The song was also nominated for Best R&B Song that year. In 1988, Filipina singer Sharon Cuneta covered her version and featured on her comedy movie, \"Jack & Jill Sa America\" released by VIVA Entertainment in the Philippines. In 1989, Tito Nieves Released a Salsa version which is on his album, \"Yo Quiero Cantar\". In 2012, Dayne performed this song live on \"This American Life\", using it to serenade comedian Tig Notaro, who, every time she had previously encountered Dayne, used to greet her by saying, \"Excuse me, I'm sorry to bother you,","title":"I'll Always Love You (Taylor Dayne song)"},{"id":"2788902","text":"a digital download in the US and the UK in July 2011. The song has reached number 23 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The third US single will be \"I Got This\". The non-single track \"Don't Look Down\" reached number 70 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Hudson played a nun in the Farrelly brothers film \"The Three Stooges\" (2012). The day after the death of Whitney Houston, Hudson paid tribute to her by singing Houston's iconic \"I Will Always Love You\" during the 54th Grammy Awards held on February 12, 2012 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles,","title":"Jennifer Hudson"},{"id":"5020238","text":"a foreign female artist at the time, despite not topping the charts. Houston's version was later called her \"signature song\". Stephen Holden of \"The New York Times\" said it was a \"magnificent rendition\", commentingHouston transforms a plaintive country ballad into a towering pop-gospel assertion of lasting devotion to a departing lover. Her voice breaking and tensing, she treats the song as a series of emotional bursts in a steady climb toward a final full-out declamation. Along the way, her virtuosic gospel embellishments enhance the emotion and never seem merely ornamental.Writing for \"USA Today\" on November 17, 1992, James T. Jones","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"14964224","text":"also leads all the remaining tracks on this album) and Henry Fambrough, Edwards does not have any other leads on this album. The Original Spinners The Original Spinners (released in the UK as The Detroit Spinners) is the 1967 debut album by The Spinners for Motown Records. The LP includes the group's earliest singles on the label (such as Top 20 R&B hits \"I'll Always Love You\" and \"Truly Yours\"), as well as their first ever single \"That's What Girls Are Made For\" (which was released on the already defunct Tri-Phi Record label). None of the group's other material from","title":"The Original Spinners"},{"id":"5214414","text":"Taylor Dayne Taylor Dayne (born Leslie Wunderman; March 7, 1962), is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. She rose to fame in 1987 after her debut single \"Tell It to My Heart\" reached number one across several international music charts. Dayne achieved three additional number one singles, including \"Love Will Lead You Back\", \"Prove Your Love\", and \"I'll Always Love You\". Taylor has sold over 75 million albums and singles worldwide, earned three Grammy Award nominations, an American Music Award, and multiple New York Music Awards. She has also received New York Hall of Fame honors and was ranked at","title":"Taylor Dayne"},{"id":"110165","text":"their final release being 1975's \"Say Forever You'll Be Mine\". In 1974, her song, \"I Will Always Love You\", written about her professional break from Wagoner, went to number one on the country chart. Around the same time, Elvis Presley indicated that he wanted to record the song. Parton was interested until Presley's wily manager, Colonel Tom Parker, told her that it was standard procedure for the songwriter to sign over half of the publishing rights to any song recorded by Presley. Parton refused. That decision has been credited with helping to make her many millions of dollars in royalties","title":"Dolly Parton"},{"id":"18509658","text":"Always Love You \"Always Love You\" () is a song by South Korean singer Kim Hyung-jun featuring Sunny Hill's Kota, released on August 13, 2013. The mid-tempo ballad song, which was made available during the time of summer, was co-produced by Kim himself. The accompanying music video was filmed by directors Kim Do Yeon and Park Jong Chul. \"Always Love You\" was written by composers Jang Young-wan (장영완) and Tae Bong-i (태봉이) with additional writing by lyricist Iyuna (이유나). The song was produced by Kim Hyung-jun, himself with the help of LOEN Entertainment and his label S-Plus Entertainment. On August","title":"Always Love You"},{"id":"5557196","text":"\"I Will Always Love You\", both #1 hits for Parton in 1974, both sung by Parton on the show. During the opening credits, Parton emerges from a swing and then comes out to sing an opening song (either a cover of a then-current hit, or occasionally one of her own hits). At the closing of the show, Parton speaks the recitation from \"I Will Always Love You\": \"And I hope life treats you kind, and I hope that you have all you ever dream of. I wish you joy and lots and lots of happiness, but above all this, I","title":"Dolly!"},{"id":"3362563","text":"Motown Records. In 1964, the Spinners made their debut at the Apollo Theater and were received with high favor. \"I'll Always Love You\" hit number 35 in 1965. From 1966 to 1969, the group released one single a year, but only the 1966 single \"Truly Yours\" peaked on the \"Billboard 100\" R&B chart at number 16. With limited commercial success, Motown assigned the Spinners as road managers, chaperones, and chauffeurs for other groups, and even as shipping clerks. G. C. Cameron replaced Edgar \"Chico\" Edwards in 1967, and in 1969, the group switched to the Motown-owned V.I.P. imprint. In 1970,","title":"The Spinners (American R&B group)"},{"id":"16275842","text":"\"I'll Still Love You\". The available take is missing the start of the performance and its lyrics appear to be incomplete. AllMusic critic Richie Unterberger describes this early version of the song as \"haunting\" and \"a noteworthy find\" among outtakes from Harrison's 1970 triple album. \"When Every Song Is Sung\" was one of up to six Harrison compositions recorded in February 1971 for what was intended to be a debut solo album by Ronnie Spector. The latter was the former lead singer of the Ronettes and the wife of Harrison's \"All Things Must Pass\" co-producer, Phil Spector. As in 1970,","title":"I'll Still Love You"},{"id":"5020220","text":"about the breakup of a relationship between a man and a woman that does not descend into unremitting domestic turmoil, but instead envisions parting with respect – because of the initiative of the woman\". According to sheet music published at musicnotes.com by Hal Leonard Corporation, the country love track is set in a time signature of common time with a tempo of 66 beats per minute. (Larghetto/Adagio) Although Parton found much success with the song, many people are unaware of its origin; during an interview, Parton's manager Danny Nozel said that \"one thing we found out from \"American Idol\" is","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"4439226","text":"she was able to create tension and exercise control. She was masterful in her ability to produce warm, rich timbres. With innovative articulation, a deft control of dynamics, and a flair for dramatic performances, Holloway was a singer's singer. Later in 1964, Holloway won a spot on Dick Clark's \"Caravan of Stars\" tour on the condition that then-struggling Motown girl group The Supremes join them. During the tour, the Supremes' star rose following the release of \"Where Did Our Love Go\". Motown issued Holloway's debut album, \"Every Little Bit Hurts\", and released the modestly successful ballad, \"I'll Always Love You\",","title":"Brenda Holloway"},{"id":"5020234","text":"weeks. Only a few hours after Houston's death on February 11, 2012, \"I Will Always Love You\" topped the US iTunes charts. Also, in the week following her death, the single returned to the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 after almost 20 years, debuting at number 7, and becoming a posthumous top-ten single for Houston, the first one since 2001. The song eventually peaked at No. 3, two spots shy of becoming the first song to return to the No. 1 position after falling off the chart since \"The Twist\" by Chubby Checker. It debuted on the \"Billboard\" Hot Digital Singles Chart","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"12187822","text":"Broken Hearted Me \"Broken Hearted Me\" is a song written by Randy Goodrum, originally recorded by England Dan & John Ford Coley in 1978, and later covered by Canadian country and pop music singer Anne Murray. It was released in September 1979 as the first single from her album \"I'll Always Love You\". The song reached No. 1 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart in December, and was her third chart-topper for the year. She also recorded a version of the song in Spanish, which was released on vinyl, and later on CD. \"Broken Hearted Me\" was Murray's fourth","title":"Broken Hearted Me"},{"id":"5020232","text":"where it was ranked number nine, marking the first time any artist or group had the same single ranked in the top 10 of the year-end review two years in a row. In Australia, it was the number 17 single of 1992 and the number two song of 1993. Houston's single was also an international success, peaking at number one of the singles charts in almost all countries, including the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles, where it spent 13 weeks at the top. The single ruled the summit position for ten weeks in Australia, five weeks in Austria, seven weeks for","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"5020244","text":"In a statement to \"Billboard\" on the day of Houston's death in February 2012, Parton said:Mine is only one of the millions of hearts broken over the death of Whitney Houston. I will always be grateful and in awe of the wonderful performance she did on my song and I can truly say from the bottom of my heart, 'Whitney, I will always love you. You will be missed.' The single's music video, is credited to Alan Smithee (Nick Brandt removed his name due to the way Clive Davis re-edited the video), and produced by Rob Newman. It begins with","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"8893539","text":"re-recorded the song again for her 2006 album \"Every Woman Dreams\". Lovin' You \"Lovin' You\" is a 1975 song originally performed by American singer Minnie Riperton from her second studio album \"Perfect Angel\" (1974). It was written by Riperton and Richard Rudolph, produced by Rudolph and Stevie Wonder, and released on January 13, 1975. It became a number one hit on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 on April 5, 1975. Additionally, it reached number two on the UK Singles chart, and number three on the \"Billboard\" R&B chart. In the US, \"Billboard\" ranked it as the number 13 song for","title":"Lovin' You"},{"id":"4076465","text":"track and hit single from Hill's second album, is also included as a bonus track. \"Better Days\" was previously recorded by Bekka & Billy on their debut album. \"Love Will Always Win\" was later issued as a single by Garth Brooks and Trisha Yearwood from Brooks' album \"The Lost Sessions\". \"I Love You\" was originally recorded by Celine Dion for her album, \"Falling into You\". The album was released on April 21, 1998 and was certified six-times Platinum by the RIAA for shipments of over six million copies in the United States. North American version International version – \"Love Will","title":"Faith (Faith Hill album)"},{"id":"5732350","text":"on August 24, 1996. Houston sang the short-edited version of the song along with \"I Will Always Love You,\" which were followed by a standing ovation, at the 1st BET Awards on June 19, 2001, becoming the first artist ever to be given the Lifetime Achievement Award. Though \"I Have Nothing\" is one of Houston's notable hits during her career, the song was performed solely on The Bodyguard World Tour (1993–94) among her ten tours. Houston performed the song as the final part of a medley which included the aforementioned songs from Broadway shows on first North American leg of","title":"I Have Nothing"},{"id":"14221398","text":"I'll Still Be Loving You \"I'll Still Be Loving You\" is a song recorded by American country music group Restless Heart. It was released in January 1987 as the second single from the album \"Wheels\". The song was written by Todd Cerney, Pam Rose, Mary Ann Kennedy and Pat Bunch, and was Restless Heart's second number-one country single. It went to number 1 on Hot Country Songs for one week and spent 25 weeks on the chart. The single also was a hit on the Adult Contemporary chart and gave the band their first exposure on the pop charts, where","title":"I'll Still Be Loving You"},{"id":"2909578","text":"out in 1978. The first single, \"Bluer Than Blue\", became Johnson's first Top 40 hit, peaking at No. 12 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart in the summer of 1978; the song became a chart-topping single on the Adult Contemporary chart. \"Almost Like Being in Love\" went to No. 91 on the R&B chart while hitting the Top 5 on the AC chart and the Top 40 on the pop chart. His next EMI album, \"Dialogue\", provided his third big hit, \"This Night Won't Last Forever\" and a Gold Record for European sales of \"I'll Always Love You\". Johnson recorded","title":"Michael Johnson (singer)"},{"id":"16359860","text":"concert, in honor of those returning from the Gulf War. The concert was released in VHS that same year and was certified Gold for shipments of 50,000 units by the RIAA. \"I Will Always Love You\" was the music video for the lead single off for Houston's 1992 film debut \"The Bodyguard\". Having sold over 42 million copies worldwide, the soundtrack is the best-selling soundtrack album of all time. In 1995 and 1996, Houston starred in and contributed on the soundtracks for two films: \"Waiting to Exhale\" (1995), which generated the music video for the song \"Exhale (Shoop Shoop)\"; and","title":"Whitney Houston videography"},{"id":"1769247","text":"The use of melisma is a common feature of artists such as Deniece Williams, Stevie Wonder, Luther Vandross, Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey, Beyoncé, Christina Aguilera, among others. The use of melismatic vocals in pop music slowly grew in the 1980s. Deniece Williams topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart in May 1984, with Let's Hear It for the Boy with her melismatic vocals. Although other artists used melisma before, Houston, her rendition of Dolly Parton's love song \"I Will Always Love You\" pushed the technique into the mainstream in the '90s. The trend in R&B singers is considered to have been","title":"Melisma"},{"id":"16275856","text":"the \"makeweight bagatelles\" on side two of \"Rotogravure\". As listed in the musicians' credits on the \"Ringo's Rotogravure\" LP: I'll Still Love You \"I'll Still Love You\" is a song written by English musician George Harrison and first released in 1976 by his former Beatles bandmate Ringo Starr. Produced by Arif Mardin, the track appeared on Starr's debut album for Atlantic Records and Polydor, \"Ringo's Rotogravure\". The composition had a long recording history before then, having been written in 1970 as \"Whenever\", after which it was copyrighted with the title \"When Every Song Is Sung\". Harrison originally intended the song","title":"I'll Still Love You"},{"id":"5020247","text":"the song as a tribute during the 54th Grammy Awards, the day after Houston's death, alongside images of musicians who had died in 2011 and 2012, including Amy Winehouse and Etta James. The song was played at Houston's funeral as her casket was brought out of the church. Parton complimented Hudson on her performance, saying,I was brought to tears again last night, as I'm sure many were, when Jennifer Hudson sang \"I Will Always Love You\" on the Grammys in memory of Whitney. Like everybody else, I am still in shock. But I know that Whitney will live forever in","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"11833452","text":"Shelton, who used the clip to serve as the primary inspiration behind her 1998 film debut \"Ride\". Rump Shaker (song) \"Rump Shaker\" is a song by American hip-hop group Wreckx-N-Effect. It was released in August 1992 as the lead single from their second album \"Hard or Smooth\". It features production and guest vocals from Teddy Riley, brother of Wreckx member Markell Riley. Due to the massive success of Whitney Houston's version of \"I Will Always Love You,\" the song would advance to No. 2 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, and No. 2 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks. Nevertheless,","title":"Rump Shaker (song)"},{"id":"5214416","text":"Arista Records as Taylor Dayne, her first song to crack the top ten was the dance-pop hit \"Tell It to My Heart\" in late 1987. The song was an instant smash worldwide, peaking in the top five of most major markets worldwide, and achieving a peak of number one in many countries, including West Germany. Six more U.S. top-ten hits followed including \"Prove Your Love\", \"I'll Always Love You\", \"Don't Rush Me\", \"With Every Beat of My Heart\", \"Love Will Lead You Back\" and \"I'll Be Your Shelter\". These were followed by the No. 12 hit \"Heart of Stone\". In","title":"Taylor Dayne"},{"id":"8669590","text":"otherwise as she saw it as an opportunity to travel to Los Angeles. For her audition she sang Whitney Houston's version of \"I Will Always Love You\" and alongside Ana Maria Lombo, Maile Misajon, Ivette Sosa, and Rosanna Tavarez, established the girl group Eden's Crush. Their debut single, \"Get Over Yourself\", was released in March 2001 and debuted at number eight on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and became the first female act to debut at number one on the Hot 100 Singles Sales chart. Their debut studio album, \"Popstars\" (2001), debuted at number six on the \"Billboard\" 200 chart. They","title":"Nicole Scherzinger"},{"id":"10925925","text":"Kirk Whalum Kirk Whalum (born July 11, 1958) is an American jazz saxophonist and songwriter. He toured with Whitney Houston for more than seven years and soloed in her single \"I Will Always Love You\", the best-selling single by a female artist in music history. He was also featured on many Luther Vandross albums, most often playing on the singer's covers of older pop and R&B standards such as \"Anyone Who Had a Heart\", \"I (Who Have Nothing)\", and \"Love Won't Let Me Wait\". Whalum has recorded a series of well received solo albums and film soundtracks, with music ranging","title":"Kirk Whalum"},{"id":"10162876","text":"them to her Vee-Jay Records label, making their first recordings in mid 1954. After a string of unsuccessful singles, they recorded \"At My Front Door\" (also known as \"Crazy Little Mama\") in 1955, and it rose to # 1 on the US \"Billboard\" R&B chart, and # 17 on the US pop chart. Their follow-up, \"I’ll Be Forever Loving You\", also made the R&B top ten in early 1956. After Basset and Nickens left the group, they continued to record as a quartet. The original group split up in 1957. Moses stayed in Chicago and formed a new version of","title":"The El Dorados"},{"id":"5020230","text":"one entry two weeks later. It also dominated other \"Billboard\" charts, spending 14 weeks at the top of \"Billboard\" Hot 100 Single Sales chart, and 11 weeks at number one on its Hot 100 Airplay chart. The song also remained at number one for five weeks on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks, and for 11 weeks on the Hot R&B Singles chart becoming the longest running number one on the R&B charts at the time; it remained in the top 40 for 24 weeks. It became Arista Records' biggest hit. The song was number one on the Hot 100, Adult","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"5020243","text":"months while Houston's version was on the charts, so as not to compete with Houston's recording. However, both Parton and Houston dispelled any rumors, speaking glowingly of one another in interviews. Houston praised Parton for writing a beautiful song. In return, Parton thanked Houston for bringing her song to a wider audience and increasing the amount of royalties for her song in the process. Dolly Parton also gave a live interview, confirming this. When Houston won the Record of the Year award at the 1994 Grammy Awards for the recording, Parton (along with David Foster) presented her with the award.","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"11687884","text":"'80s and '90s, he played drums for Michael Jackson and Whitney Houston. He played on Whitney's famous hit, \"I Will Always Love You\". Lawson has a one note \"solo\" in the song, where he hits the toms before Whitney's dramatic vocal finale. He said that this was his favorite solo of his career. In addition to the artists listed above, Lawson collaborated with Quincy Jones, Bette Midler, Russell Ferrante, Toto, Al Jarreau, George Benson, Lionel Richie, and George Duke. He also co-authored The Pointer Sisters' hit \"Uh-Uh\", and co-produced their album \"Serious Slammin'\" and the Fattburger hit \"Good News\". He","title":"Ricky Lawson"},{"id":"4914624","text":"a remix of \"I’m Every Woman\". \"The Bodyguard\" remains the best-selling soundtrack album of all time, selling over 42 million copies worldwide. Houston served as executive producer (as she did on her previous release \"I'm Your Baby Tonight\"), giving her full control over the song selections for this album. Houston planned to record \"What Becomes of the Broken Hearted\" as the film's theme song, however, when they learned it would be used in the film \"Fried Green Tomatoes\", they searched for another song. Kevin Costner, the film's co-star, thought of recording \"I Will Always Love You\", originally released by Dolly","title":"The Bodyguard (soundtrack)"},{"id":"8099226","text":"the top-100 list was started by Billboard after the peak of the song's popularity). The song was nominated for the 1955 Academy Award for Best Original Song but lost to \"Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing\" from the film of the same name. I'll Never Stop Loving You (1955 song) \"I'll Never Stop Loving You\" is a popular music song, with music written by Nicholas Brodzsky and lyrics by Sammy Cahn for the 1955 film \"Love Me or Leave Me\". The song was published in 1955. The recording by Doris Day was released by Columbia Records as catalog number 40505. It","title":"I'll Never Stop Loving You (1955 song)"},{"id":"4785343","text":"Who's Lovin' You \"Who's Lovin' You\" is a Motown soul song, written in 1960 by William \"Smokey\" Robinson. The song has been recorded by many different artists including The Miracles, who recorded the 1960 original version, The Temptations, The Supremes, Terence Trent D'arby, Brenda and The Tabulations, John Farnham, Human Nature, En Vogue, Michael Bublé and Giorgia Todrani and Jessica Mauboy. The most famous version is attributed to The Jackson 5. Twelve-year-old singer Shaheen Jafargholi performed the song at Michael Jackson's public memorial service in July 2009. The song was written by Smokey Robinson for his group The Miracles, who","title":"Who's Lovin' You"},{"id":"5020224","text":"songwriter to sign over half of the publishing rights to any song Elvis recorded. Parton refused. She recalls:I said, 'I'm really sorry,' and I cried all night. I mean, it was like the worst thing. You know, it's like, Oh, my God … Elvis Presley.' And other people were saying, 'You're nuts. It's Elvis Presley.' ...I said, 'I can't do that. Something in my heart says, 'Don't do that. And I just didn't do it... He would have killed it. But anyway, so he didn't. Then when Whitney [Houston's version] came out, I made enough money to buy Graceland. In","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"5020240","text":"hip for the MOR songbird.\" Stewart Mason of AllMusic found Houston's cover \"repulsively overwrought... so boomingly bombastic and glutinous with self-approbation that the tenderness of Dolly Parton's song is lost in the mire\". \"I Will Always Love You\" won the 1994 Grammy Award for Record of the Year, and Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, her third award for this category after earlier awards in 1986 and 1988. During the Grammy Award telecast, the Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female was presented to Houston by composer Dolly Parton and David Foster. The single topped the 1993","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"18589902","text":"five years (1989–1994) when Houston was catapulted in the worldwide success of her film debut \"The Bodyguard\" and its subsequent soundtrack. Filming took 20 days to shoot and was primarily filmed in Los Angeles and Santa Clarita, California. Canadian R&B singer Deborah Cox performs all of Houston's vocals in the film, including \"I Will Always Love You\", \"I'm Your Baby Tonight\", \"I'm Every Woman\", \"Jesus Loves Me\" and \"The Greatest Love of All\". In addition, songwriting/production team The Jackie Boyz performed Brown's vocals for \"Every Little Step\" in the Soul Train Awards scene. In 1989, Whitney Houston (Yaya DaCosta) is","title":"Whitney (2015 film)"},{"id":"5020237","text":"2009, the single had sold 4,591,000 copies, and had become the second best-selling physical single in US alone, only behind Elton John's single in 1997. In the United Kingdom, the single sold over 1,550,000 copies, becoming the tenth best-selling single of the 1990s, and was certified two times Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) on January 1, 1993. It was certified Platinum for shipments of over 500,000 copies by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie (BVMI) in Germany. In Japan, \"I Will Always Love You\" sold over 810,000 copies, staying for 27 weeks on the chart, and became the best-selling single by","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"15648913","text":"her solo hits regularly appeared in the top 10, as did her duets with Wagoner. Her first chart-topper, 1970's \"Joshua\", followed by 1971's \"Coat of Many Colors\", 1972's \"Touch Your Woman\", and \"Traveling Man\" and \"Jolene\", both from 1973, all reached the top 10 on the U.S. country singles charts, with \"Jolene\" becoming her second No. 1 single in February 1974. In mid-1974, Parton split with Wagoner and his show in order to expand her career as a solo artist, writing and recording the No. 1 hit, \"I Will Always Love You\" as a tribute to Wagoner. Following her departure","title":"Dolly Parton singles discography"},{"id":"8721895","text":"on Philippines' \"FHM\" 100 Sexiest Women in the World. In the same year, she collaborated with American singer Joe Pizzulo in his album, \"All the Best\". In 2006, she dated long-time friend and fellow acoustic singer Nyoy Volante, but the two broke up a year later. In February 2006, she was chosen to sing the theme song for \"I Will Always Love You\", which eventually became the highest-grossing movie of GMA Films. In June of the same year, Goldilocks Bakeshop chose her as spokesperson for their 40th anniversary (40 Thoughtful Years), where she recorded the promotional song \"Araw Mo\". In","title":"Nina Girado"},{"id":"5712972","text":"most known for being the first single that Simpson professionally recorded with Lachey. (The couple recorded several other duets, including, \"A Whole New World\" and \"Baby, It's Cold Outside\".) Simpson developed and nurtured her talent in her local Baptist church, where her father worked as the congregation's youth minister. At age twelve, she unsuccessfully auditioned for \"The Mickey Mouse Club\". While attending a church camp, at the age of 13, Simpson sang Whitney Houston's \"I Will Always Love You\" and an arrangement of \"Amazing Grace\". One of the camp's visitors was launching a Gospel music record label and saw great","title":"Where You Are (Jessica Simpson song)"},{"id":"5020258","text":"end credits and is referred on the soundtrack as \"\"Aladdin\"'s Theme\". The version peaked at number one on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart on March 6, 1993, replacing Whitney Houston's \"I Will Always Love You\", which had spent a then-record 14 weeks at the top of the chart. It went gold and sold 600,000 copies domestically. The track peaked at number 12 in the UK Singles Chart in 1992. The song is the first and so far only song from a Disney animated film to top the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The single version was later included on Belle's","title":"A Whole New World"},{"id":"11156444","text":"I Will Always Love You (film) I Will Always Love You is a Philippine movie starring Richard Gutierrez and Angel Locsin. The theme song of the film, \"I'll Always Love You\", was performed by Nina. Justin (Richard Gutierrez) is a rich, smart, confident mestizo from a private school in Manila while Cecille (Angel Locsin) is a simple scholar from a rural public school. The two fall for each other against the wishes of his parents, (Jean Garcia and Lloyd Samartino). They want him to marry Donna (Bianca King), their business partner’s daughter. His parents order Justin to study in the","title":"I Will Always Love You (film)"},{"id":"5020246","text":"scenes. 'UK / Europe 12\" vinyl single UK / Europe / US 7\" vinyl single US / Europe Maxi-CD single Maxi-CD singles (1999 Remixes) !scope=\"col\" colspan=\"3\"| Digital Jennifer Hudson performed the song in front of Houston, who received The BET Honors Award for Entertainer Lifetime Achievement spanning over 25 years in the industry. The 2010 BET Honors Awards was held at the Warner Theatre in Washington, D.C. and aired on February 1, 2010. Since Houston's death in 2012, many other artists have performed tributes to the late singer's version of the song, including on February 12, 2012, when Hudson performed","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"5419710","text":"I'll Make Love to You \"I'll Make Love to You\" is a 1994 number-one hit single by R&B group Boyz II Men for the Motown label. The song, which was written by Babyface, was the lead single from their second album \"II\". The single was a massive commercial success. It held the number one position on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 for 14 weeks, from August 27 to November 26, 1994. At the time, the song tied a record for the most weeks at number one that had been set by Whitney Houston's \"I Will Always Love You\" in late 1992","title":"I'll Make Love to You"},{"id":"5214417","text":"the United States, she achieved three gold singles, with \"Tell It to My Heart\", \"I'll Always Love You,\" and \"Love Will Lead You Back.\" \"I'll Always Love You,\" a change-of-pace ballad compared to Dayne's earlier releases, was her breakout hit on the Adult Contemporary charts in 1988 and paved the way for future uptempo dance tracks such as \"Don't Rush Me\" (1988) and \"With Every Beat Of My Heart\" (1989) to gain acceptance at Adult Contemporary radio. In 1990, \"Love Will Lead You Back\", a Diane Warren composition, peaked at No. 1 on both the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and the","title":"Taylor Dayne"},{"id":"16285545","text":"released on January 6. The music video features MBLAQ's Lee Joon. \"Singing Got Better\" reached number one on Korea's major charts: Mnet, Bugs, Olleh, Soribada, Naver Music, Daum Music, and Genie. Ailee again made an appearance on an episode of on April 12, 2014. The theme for the episode was \"American Songs Famous in South Korea\", and Ailee was chosen first to which she performed a rousing and emotional rendition of Whitney Houston's \"I Will Always Love You\", a song originally written and recorded by country singer Dolly Parton released in 1974. She received 409 points for her performance, despite","title":"Ailee"},{"id":"16275844","text":"was limited for much of 1971 and the following year. In early August 1972, shortly after the UK release of the \"Concert for Bangladesh\" film, he resumed his role as a record producer with a session for a new Cilla Black single, the A-side of which was to be \"When Every Song Is Sung\". The recording took place at Apple Studio in London, during Black's day off from her summer variety season in Blackpool. Among the support musicians were Voormann, Ringo Starr and Eric Clapton. A second Harrison composition, \"You Got to Stay With Me\", was also attempted at the","title":"I'll Still Love You"},{"id":"4153008","text":"Love Me Do \"Love Me Do\" is the debut single by the English rock band the Beatles, backed by \"P.S. I Love You\". When the single was originally released in the United Kingdom on 5 October 1962, it peaked at No. 17; in 1982 it was re-promoted (not re-issued, retaining the same catalogue number) and reached No. 4. In the United States the single was a No. 1 hit in 1964. In 2013, recordings of the song that were released in 1962 entered the public domain in Europe. The song was written several years before it was recorded, and prior","title":"Love Me Do"},{"id":"2070966","text":"one #1 Billboard Hot 100 hit with \"Strangers in the Night\" in 1966. Frankie Valli (who was portrayed in the play Jersey Boys) had 7 #1 Hot 100 hits in the 1960s and 1970s, including \"December 1963 (Oh, What a Night)\". Kool & the Gang had a #1 Hot 100 hit with \"Celebration\" in 1981. Bon Jovi had 4 #1 Hot 100 hits, including \"Living on a Prayer\" in 1987. Whitney Houston (d. 2012) had 11 #1 Hot 100 hits in the 1980s and 1990s, including \"I Will Always Love You\" in 1992. P.M. Dawn had one #1 hit with","title":"Music of New Jersey"},{"id":"17027735","text":"song is the 1992 Whitney Houston version of \"I Will Always Love You\", which sold over 20 million copies. The song had originally been written and recorded in 1973 by American singer-songwriter, Dolly Parton, and topped the country charts in 1974. It was written as a farewell to her one-time partner and mentor of seven years, Porter Wagoner, following Parton's decision to pursue a solo career. Other high-selling breakup songs include \"I Will Survive\" (14 million copies), \"Un-Break My Heart\" by Toni Braxton in 1996 (10 million copies), \"Believe\" by Cher in 1998 (10 million copies) and \"Careless Whisper\" by","title":"Breakup song"},{"id":"6439162","text":"a major hit on radio stations nationwide and became their first top-ten single in \"Billboard\" Hot 100, peaking at number ten. The second single was \"You Got It (The Right Stuff)\", a worldwide hit which peaked at number three on the Billboard charts. \"I'll Be Loving You (Forever)\", a ballad, was the third single released and became their first number-one in \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The title track was released next and also reached number one. \"Cover Girl\" was the fifth released; it peaked at number two. \"My Favorite Girl\" was released in January 1990 as a promotional single sent to","title":"Hangin' Tough"},{"id":"3916279","text":"Man\", Lady Gaga's \"Born This Way\" and Ariana Grande's \"Break Free\" are considered as gay anthems for the new generation. Famous soundtracks as \"I Will Always Love You\" by Whitney Houston from \"The Bodyguard\", \"There You'll Be\" by Faith Hill from \"Pearl Harbor\", \"Can't Fight the Moonlight\" by LeAnn Rimes from \"Coyote Ugly\", \"It's Raining Men\" by Geri Halliwell from \"Bridget Jones's Diary\", \"Lady Marmalade\" by Christina Aguilera, Mýa, Lil' Kim and Pink from \"Moulin Rouge!\" and \"We Can\" by LeAnn Rimes from \"\" are beloved by gay community and are considered as gay anthems. The main single of I","title":"Gay anthem"},{"id":"4826757","text":"Andrews planned on dancing in her school's talent show, but her sister convinced her to sing Dolly Parton's \"I Will Always Love You\" instead. At 11, she put her first band together. Meanwhile, after someone sent a song of her singing to producer Byron Gallimore, Andrews signed with DreamWorks Records Nashville and soon began working on her first album. Prior to its release, she began opening for Faith Hill on her Fall 1998 tour, as well as for Tim McGraw (also produced by Gallimore) for his New Year's Eve concert. At the age of 15, Andrews released her debut album,","title":"Jessica Andrews"},{"id":"17288705","text":"I'll Always Love My Mama \"I'll Always Love My Mama\" is a 1973 single by the Philly soul group The Intruders. Released from their album \"Save the Children\", it is a song commonly played on Mother's Day. Written by Gamble & Huff and co-written by McFadden & Whitehead, the song reached #36 on the pop chart and #6 on the R&B charts in the summer of 1973. It was recorded as a long LP track, which was broken down into Parts 1 and 2 for the single release. The song was inspired by Kenny Gamble's mother, Ruby, who died in","title":"I'll Always Love My Mama"},{"id":"5020225","text":"Curtis W. Ellison's book, \"Country Music Culture: From Hard Times to Heaven\" (1995), he stated: \"In the early 1990s, when ambiguity in romantic relationships accompanies changing expectations for both men and women, this song demonstrates Dolly Parton's appeal as a songwriter in the pop music market.\" Ken Knight, author of \"The Midnight Show: Late Night Cable-TV \"Guy-Flicks\" of the '80s\" (2008), commented that Parton is the only singer who can sing \"I Will Always Love You\" and \"make it memorable\". Writer Paul Simpson criticized the singer, stating that the track was only written to \"soften the blow\" of Parton and","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"11726831","text":"The Spinners first hit record in 1961, \"That's What Girls Are Made For\" (which has been inaccurately credited to the group's mentor and former Moonglows lead singer, the late Harvey Fuqua). Smith also sang lead on most of their Motown material during the 1960s, such as the charting singles like \"Truly Yours\" (1966) and \"I'll Always Love You\" (1965); almost all of the group's pre-Motown material on Fuqua's Tri-Phi Records label, and also on The Spinners' biggest Atlantic Records hits. These included \"I'll Be Around\", \"Could It Be I'm Falling in Love\", \"They Just Can't Stop It the (Games People","title":"Bobby Smith (rhythm and blues singer)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"5020216\",\n \"text\": \"I Will Always Love You \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" is a song originally written and recorded in 1973 by American singer-songwriter Dolly Parton. Her country version of the track was released in 1974 as a single and was written as a farewell to her one-time partner and mentor of seven years, Porter Wagoner, following Parton's decision to pursue a solo career. Parton's version of \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" was a commercial success. It reached number one on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Songs chart twice. It first reached number one in June 1974, and then in October 1982, with\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020226\",\n \"text\": \"Wagoner's split. In 1992, R&B singer Whitney Houston recorded a new arrangement of \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" for the soundtrack to \\\"\\\", her film debut. The song has a saxophone solo by Kirk Whalum. She was originally to record Jimmy Ruffin's \\\"What Becomes of the Brokenhearted\\\" as the lead single from \\\"The Bodyguard\\\". However, when it was discovered the song was to be used for \\\"Fried Green Tomatoes\\\", Houston requested a different song. It was her co-star Kevin Costner who suggested \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\", playing her Linda Ronstadt's 1975 version from her album \\\"Prisoner in Disguise\\\". Producer\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020221\",\n \"text\": \"that most people don't know that Dolly Parton wrote [the track]\\\". Several times (long before Whitney Houston recorded the song), Dolly Parton suggested to singer Patti Labelle that she record \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" because she felt Patti could have sung it so well. However, Patti admitted she kept putting off the opportunity to do so and later deeply regretted it after she heard Whitney Houston's rendition. During its original release in 1974, \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" reached number four in Canada on the Canadian \\\"RPM\\\" Country Tracks chart and peaked at number one on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13971655\",\n \"text\": \"I'll Always Love You (The Spinners song) \\\"I'll Always Love You\\\" is a song co-written by William \\\"Mickey\\\" Stevenson and Ivy Jo Hunter and produced by Stevenson and Hunter as a single for The Spinners on the Motown Records label. The single became the Detroit-reared group's first charting single on the Motown Records company since they had signed with the company in 1964 (and their third charting hit over all). The song was a top 40 pop single on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 in the United States, on which it peaked at number 35. On the \\\"Billboard\\\" R&B singles chart,\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Always Love You (The Spinners song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13971656\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"I'll Always Love You\\\" peaked at number 8. The song featured lead vocals by the group's main lead singer, Bobby Smith. I'll Always Love You (The Spinners song) \\\"I'll Always Love You\\\" is a song co-written by William \\\"Mickey\\\" Stevenson and Ivy Jo Hunter and produced by Stevenson and Hunter as a single for The Spinners on the Motown Records label. The single became the Detroit-reared group's first charting single on the Motown Records company since they had signed with the company in 1964 (and their third charting hit over all). The song was a top 40 pop single on\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Always Love You (The Spinners song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020218\",\n \"text\": \"in music history. Houston's version of \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" re-entered the charts in 2012 after her death, making it the second single ever to reach the top three on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 in separate chart runs. The song has been recorded by many other significant artists including Linda Ronstadt and John Doe. Country music singer-songwriter Dolly Parton wrote the song in 1973 for her one-time partner and mentor Porter Wagoner, from whom she was separating professionally after a seven-year partnership. She recorded it in RCA's Studio B in Nashville on June 13, 1973. \\\"I Will Always Love\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15015485\",\n \"text\": \"I'll Always Love You (Michael Johnson song) \\\"I'll Always Love You\\\" is a single by Michael Johnson, released in 1979 along with his fifth album, \\\"Dialogue\\\". Despite failing to chart in the Hot 100, this song is a big hit in the Philippines. In 1979, the song was covered by Canadian country singer Anne Murray from her album of the same title under Capitol Records. \\\"I'll Always Love You\\\" was covered by Filipino pop/R&B singer Nina in February 2006 under Warner Music Philippines. The song was recorded for the promotion of GMA Films' 2006 romantic movie \\\"I Will Always Love\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Always Love You (Michael Johnson song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020249\",\n \"text\": \"Tour, Beyoncé also sang the opening lines of \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" prior to the performance of \\\"Halo\\\" as the final song of the tour. At the 2017 Commencement of the University of Southern California, Will Ferrell sang \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" to the graduating class. See Washington Post commentary: I Will Always Love You \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" is a song originally written and recorded in 1973 by American singer-songwriter Dolly Parton. Her country version of the track was released in 1974 as a single and was written as a farewell to her one-time partner and\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020223\",\n \"text\": \"version of \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" made the \\\"Billboard\\\" country chart and peaked at number 15. Parton and Gill were awarded the CMA's \\\"Vocal Event of the Year\\\" award in 1996 for their recording of the song. Another duet version of the song was released in 2017 with Michael Bolton from his album Songs of Cinema. When the 1974 recording of the song was reaching number one on the country charts, Elvis Presley indicated that he wanted to cover the song. Parton was interested until Presley's manager, Colonel Tom Parker, told her that it was standard procedure for the\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9029823\",\n \"text\": \"but I just have to tell you. I love your voice.\\\" This single was her first crossover hit, being her first song on the adult contemporary radio format and her only song to chart on the R&B chart. It reached number three on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 on September 24, 1988. I'll Always Love You (Taylor Dayne song) \\\"I'll Always Love You\\\" is a song by American singer Taylor Dayne and the third single from her debut album, \\\"Tell It to My Heart\\\". The song is a romantic ballad, showcasing Dayne's softer side—after the first two singles released were mainly\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Always Love You (Taylor Dayne song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020248\",\n \"text\": \"all the great music that she left behind. I will always have a very special piece of her in the song we shared together and had the good fortune to share with the world. Rest in peace, Whitney. Again, we will always love you. In 2012, following Whitney Houston's death, American singer Beyoncé performed a tribute to Houston during her revue in Atlantic City, New Jersey at the Revel resort. She began the performance of her song \\\"Halo\\\" singing the first verse of \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" a cappella. Later, in 2013, during her The Mrs. Carter Show World\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16275834\",\n \"text\": \"I'll Still Love You \\\"I'll Still Love You\\\" is a song written by English musician George Harrison and first released in 1976 by his former Beatles bandmate Ringo Starr. Produced by Arif Mardin, the track appeared on Starr's debut album for Atlantic Records and Polydor, \\\"Ringo's Rotogravure\\\". The composition had a long recording history before then, having been written in 1970 as \\\"Whenever\\\", after which it was copyrighted with the title \\\"When Every Song Is Sung\\\". Harrison originally intended the song for Welsh singer Shirley Bassey, who had a hit in the summer of 1970 with a cover version of\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Still Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020229\",\n \"text\": \"performance was included on the 1999 release \\\"Divas Live '99\\\", and on the 2014 CD/DVD release of \\\"\\\", a 1994 performance of the song was included as well. The single spent 14 weeks at the top of the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, which at the time was a record. It became Houston's longest run at number one, surpassing her previous record of three weeks with the \\\"Greatest Love of All\\\" in 1986. It is also the longest running number one single from a soundtrack album. It debuted at number 40 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, and became Houston's tenth number\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16275843\",\n \"text\": \"Harrison and Spector co-produced the sessions. Basic tracks for this and the other songs were taped at Abbey Road Studios with some of the musicians who had played on \\\"All Things Must Pass\\\" – including Jim Gordon, Klaus Voormann and Gary Wright – along with Leon Russell on piano. The recording was not completed, however, since Phil Spector's erratic behaviour led to the project being abandoned. Issued on Apple Records in April 1971, the single \\\"Try Some, Buy Some\\\" was the only official Ronnie Spector release from these sessions. Due to his commitment to the Bangladesh relief effort, Harrison's music-making\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Still Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9029821\",\n \"text\": \"I'll Always Love You (Taylor Dayne song) \\\"I'll Always Love You\\\" is a song by American singer Taylor Dayne and the third single from her debut album, \\\"Tell It to My Heart\\\". The song is a romantic ballad, showcasing Dayne's softer side—after the first two singles released were mainly freestyle, dance-pop tracks—paving her way to the adult contemporary charts. It features sensuous love lyrics accompanied by a saxophone instrumental performed by Richie Cannata, who has played for other mainstream acts, including the Billy Joel Band. Dayne was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal for her performance\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Always Love You (Taylor Dayne song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"459659\",\n \"text\": \"in the top 100 because of rising ticket prices since the time the film was released. The film's soundtrack also enjoyed success. Houston executive-produced and contributed six songs for the motion picture's . \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" said it is \\\"nothing more than pleasant, tasteful and urbane\\\". The soundtrack's lead single was \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\", written and originally recorded by Dolly Parton in 1974. Houston's version of the song was acclaimed by many critics, regarding it as her \\\"signature song\\\" or \\\"iconic performance\\\". \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" and \\\"USA Today\\\" called her rendition \\\"the tour-de-force\\\". The single peaked at number one on\",\n \"title\": \"Whitney Houston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020219\",\n \"text\": \"You\\\" was issued on June 6, 1974, as the second single from Parton's thirteenth solo studio album, \\\"Jolene\\\" (1974). In 1982, Parton re-recorded the song, when it was included on the soundtrack to the film \\\"The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas\\\". In addition to the 1982 re-recording for the soundtrack album, Parton's original 1974 recording of the song also appeared in Martin Scorsese's film \\\"Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore\\\", and the 1996 film \\\"It's My Party.\\\" The song also won Parton Female Vocalist of the Year at the 1975 CMA Awards. Author Curtis W. Ellison stated that the song \\\"speaks\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020227\",\n \"text\": \"David Foster re-arranged the song as a soul ballad. Her record company did not feel a song with an a cappella introduction would be as successful; however, Houston and Costner insisted on retaining it. When Parton heard that Houston was using Ronstadt's recording as a template, she called Foster to give him the final verse, which was missing from the Ronstadt recording, as she felt it was important to the song. The tenor saxophone solo was played by Kirk Whalum. Whitney Houston's recording is not the only version of the song featured in the movie. In a scene where she\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15804079\",\n \"text\": \"New Year's Rockin' Eve\\\" on December 31, 2011. A writer of \\\"Essence\\\" magazine noted that she performed a \\\"powerful rendition\\\" of the song further adding that she \\\"looked and sounded glorious\\\". In May 2012, during , a video montage of Beyoncé holding her child Blue Ivy Carter, drinking a pint of Guinness, and going whale-watching was shown while the song was played in the background, before she began singing the first verse of Whitney Houston's \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\". The live performance for \\\"I Was Here\\\" as part of 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé, where it served as the\",\n \"title\": \"I Was Here (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2500105\",\n \"text\": \"adult contemporary format. Whitney Houston's quiet storm hits included \\\"All the Man That I Need\\\" (1990) and \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" (1992). Houston's \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\", a song from the 1992 hit film \\\"The Bodyguard\\\", spent 14 weeks on top of the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 a record at the time, and sold over 40 million copies worldwide. It is the best selling single by a female act of all time. In the 1990s, Mariah Carey's career originated in quiet storm, with hit singles such as \\\"Vision of Love\\\" (1990) and \\\"Love Takes Time\\\" (1990). Her albums \\\"Music\",\n \"title\": \"1990s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020217\",\n \"text\": \"her re-recording on the soundtrack of the movie version of \\\"The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas.\\\" Thus, she achieved the number one position twice with the same song, a rare feat that Chubby Checker had done previously with \\\"The Twist\\\" becoming number one in 1960 and again in 1962. Whitney Houston recorded her version of the song for the 1992 film \\\"The Bodyguard\\\". Her single spent 14 weeks at number one on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart making it one of the best-selling singles of all time. It also holds the record for being the best-selling single by a woman\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8661669\",\n \"text\": \"I Will Love You \\\"I Will Love You\\\" is a song written by Shelby Flint and Barry DeVorzon. Flint recorded it as a track on her eponymous debut album in 1961. In 1962, The Lettermen released their version of the song on their album \\\"Jim, Tony, and Bob\\\". In 1963, Richard Chamberlain released his version as the final single from his 1962 album \\\"Richard Chamberlain Sings\\\". This version met with moderate success, placing on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 at number 65. Another remake was released in 1971, when Paige Claire included her version as a track on her eponymous debut\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12750730\",\n \"text\": \"was written by Meredith Brothers, but in a maneuver that was typical of the music business at the time, store owner Azrael wound up listed as a co-writer. Their next session of songs, recorded on October 6, 1950, included their second single \\\"I’ll Always Love You\\\", another ballad that featuring Warren’s strong lead ably supported by the warbling Cardinals. They also recorded an R&B version of \\\"Wheel of Fortune\\\" later to be released as their 3rd single in February 1951. Between February and March 1951, various versions of the song were pop hits for Kay Starr (#1), Bobby Wayne (#6),\",\n \"title\": \"The Cardinals\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020222\",\n \"text\": \"Country Songs chart, becoming one of the best selling singles of 1974. When Parton re-recorded the song in 1982 for the soundtrack of the film \\\"The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas\\\", the track was issued as a single and once again charted at number one on Hot Country Songs — making her the first artist ever to earn a number one record twice with the same song., the 1982 version also reached #53 on Billboard's Hot 100 and #17 on its adult contemporary charts. After recording a duet with Vince Gill in 1995 for the album \\\"Something Special\\\", the duet\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10117862\",\n \"text\": \"the title cut \\\"Eyes That See in the Dark\\\" also charted on the UK Singles Chart, spending six weeks in the top 100. The song \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" featured on this album was written by Barry and Maurice Gibb, and is not the same as the more famous song of the same name, which was written by Dolly Parton. Kenny Rogers would later record a rendition of the Dolly Parton song, for his 1996 covers album \\\"Vote for Love\\\". The song \\\"Buried Treasure\\\" is not to be confused with Rogers's 1978 song \\\"Buried Treasures\\\", which appears on his\",\n \"title\": \"Eyes That See in the Dark\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14964222\",\n \"text\": \"The Original Spinners The Original Spinners (released in the UK as The Detroit Spinners) is the 1967 debut album by The Spinners for Motown Records. The LP includes the group's earliest singles on the label (such as Top 20 R&B hits \\\"I'll Always Love You\\\" and \\\"Truly Yours\\\"), as well as their first ever single \\\"That's What Girls Are Made For\\\" (which was released on the already defunct Tri-Phi Record label). None of the group's other material from Tri-Phi appear on this album. The lineup on the cover features Bobby Smith, Edgar \\\"Chico\\\" Edwards, Henry Fambrough, Billy Henderson, and Pervis\",\n \"title\": \"The Original Spinners\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"459625\",\n \"text\": \"All My Love for You\\\" in 1985 to \\\"Where Do Broken Hearts Go\\\" in 1988. Houston made her screen acting debut in the romantic thriller film \\\"The Bodyguard\\\" (1992). She recorded seven songs for the film's soundtrack, including \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\", which received the Grammy Award for Record of the Year and became the best-selling single by a woman in music history. The soundtrack album received the Grammy Award for Album of the Year and remains the world's best-selling soundtrack album of all time. Houston made other high-profile film appearances, including \\\"Waiting to Exhale\\\" (1995) and \\\"The Preacher's\",\n \"title\": \"Whitney Houston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16275848\",\n \"text\": \"their two albums together, titled \\\"Wedding Album\\\". Harrison participated in the session for \\\"When Every Song Is Sung\\\". According to Tom Petty, who was a Shelter artist at the time, recording took place at Russell's home studio in Encino, with Ringo Starr also at the session. As before, this attempt failed to produce a finished recording of the song. Starr was another admirer of the song, describing it in an \\\"NME\\\" interview as \\\"a big ballady thing\\\" and a track \\\"I've always loved\\\". In April 1976, John Lennon and Paul McCartney had each agreed to donate a song and participate\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Still Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9267719\",\n \"text\": \"I Love You Always Forever \\\"I Love You Always Forever\\\" is a song recorded by Welsh singer Donna Lewis from her debut album, \\\"Now in a Minute\\\" (1996). Written by Lewis, and produced by Lewis and Kevin Killen, it was released as the album's lead single in the US on 14 May 1996 and in the UK on 22 August 1996. Inspired by H. E. Bates' novel \\\"Love for Lydia\\\", \\\"I Love You Always Forever\\\" is a pop song in which the singer declares her endless love for her significant other. The song was a commercial hit, peaking at number\",\n \"title\": \"I Love You Always Forever\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16275835\",\n \"text\": \"his Beatles composition \\\"Something\\\". Although Harrison recorded \\\"When Every Song Is Sung\\\" himself during the sessions for \\\"All Things Must Pass\\\" that year, it was not included on his album. He went on to produce recordings of the track by former Ronette Ronnie Spector in February 1971, and Cilla Black in August 1972, but neither version was completed for release. Mary Hopkin and Leon and Mary Russell also attempted the song during the first half of the 1970s, with Harrison participating in the Russells' recording. A later version by Black – produced by David Mackay and titled \\\"I'll Still Love\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Still Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020242\",\n \"text\": \"Disc Awards in 1993 for International Song of the Year, and a 1994 International Song of the Year Special Award for Japanese sales of over one million units. In 2015, \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" was named the #1 Song of the Rock Era in the book \\\"The Top 500 Songs of the Rock Era: 1955-2015\\\". After Whitney Houston's recording of the song became a hit in 1992, the tabloid press began reporting on a 'feud' between the two performers, stemming from Dolly Parton allegedly reneging on an agreement that she would not perform the song for a number of\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8893533\",\n \"text\": \"Lovin' You \\\"Lovin' You\\\" is a 1975 song originally performed by American singer Minnie Riperton from her second studio album \\\"Perfect Angel\\\" (1974). It was written by Riperton and Richard Rudolph, produced by Rudolph and Stevie Wonder, and released on January 13, 1975. It became a number one hit on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 on April 5, 1975. Additionally, it reached number two on the UK Singles chart, and number three on the \\\"Billboard\\\" R&B chart. In the US, \\\"Billboard\\\" ranked it as the number 13 song for 1975. The song is especially known for Riperton's use of the\",\n \"title\": \"Lovin' You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020231\",\n \"text\": \"Contemporary, and R&B chart simultaneously for a record-equaling five weeks; Ray Charles' \\\"I Can't Stop Loving You\\\" in 1962 achieved the same feat on the same charts. The song stayed at number one in the United States throughout January and February 1993, making it the first time \\\"Billboard\\\" did not rank a new number one single until March of the new year. Houston's \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" was also the year-end single of 1993 in the US. Similarly, in the UK, Houston's version was ranked the number one single of 1992, and then made the countdown again in 1993\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"110177\",\n \"text\": \"Ricky Van Shelton, \\\"Rockin' Years\\\" (1991) reached number one, though Parton's greatest commercial fortune of the decade came when Whitney Houston recorded \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" for the soundtrack of the feature film \\\"The Bodyguard\\\" (1992). Both the single and the album were massively successful. Parton's soundtrack album from the 1992 film, \\\"Straight Talk\\\", however, was less successful. But her 1993 album \\\"Slow Dancing with the Moon\\\" won critical acclaim and did well on the charts, reaching number four on the country albums chart, and number 16 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" 200 album chart. She recorded \\\"The Day I Fall\",\n \"title\": \"Dolly Parton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8661670\",\n \"text\": \"album. I Will Love You \\\"I Will Love You\\\" is a song written by Shelby Flint and Barry DeVorzon. Flint recorded it as a track on her eponymous debut album in 1961. In 1962, The Lettermen released their version of the song on their album \\\"Jim, Tony, and Bob\\\". In 1963, Richard Chamberlain released his version as the final single from his 1962 album \\\"Richard Chamberlain Sings\\\". This version met with moderate success, placing on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 at number 65. Another remake was released in 1971, when Paige Claire included her version as a track on her eponymous\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6587880\",\n \"text\": \"I'll Be Loving You (Forever) \\\"I'll Be Loving You (Forever)\\\" is a 1989 ballad song from New Kids on the Block. The lead vocals were sung by Jordan Knight. The third single from the group's second album, \\\"Hangin' Tough\\\", it peaked at number one on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, while peaking at number five in the UK. \\\"I'll Be Loving You (Forever)\\\" rose from #56 to #41 the week of April 15, 1989 as \\\"You Got It (The Right Stuff)\\\" was descending from the Top 40. The single proved to be a popular single in the early summer of 1989,\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Be Loving You (Forever)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16275841\",\n \"text\": \"Things Must Pass\\\" in 1970 but did not include it on the album. The sessions took place between late May and August that year, at London's Abbey Road and Trident studios. According to bootlegs subsequently compiled from the sessions, 44 takes of the song were taped. The recordings reveal a musical arrangement featuring acoustic guitars, piano, bass, drums and jazz-inflected horns. Along with other unreleased material from the \\\"All Things Must Pass\\\" sessions, Harrison's \\\"When Every Song Is Sung\\\" became available in the 1990s on unofficial outtake compilations such as \\\"Songs for Patti\\\", some of which list the track as\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Still Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020228\",\n \"text\": \"dances with Kevin Costner, a version by John Doe can be heard playing on a jukebox. Houston's version appears at No. 9 on NME's Greatest No 1 Singles in History list. In 2004, Houston's version of \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" finished at #65 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema. It was also ranked at number 22 on \\\"The Guardian's\\\" list of Britain's favorite 100 songs, published in May 2002. In February 2014, the song was placed at number six on \\\"Billboard\\\" list of the Top 50 'Love' Songs of All Time. A live\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5678081\",\n \"text\": \"million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling soundtrack album and one of the top 5 best-selling albums of all time. The lead single from the soundtrack, \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\", topped the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart for a then-record-breaking fourteen weeks and was certified 6× Platinum by the RIAA, peaked at number one on the charts in nearly every country and sold 20 million copies worldwide, becoming one of the best-selling singles of all time. Houston contributed three songs, including her 11th number-one single \\\"Exhale (Shoop Shoop)\\\" on the 7x platinum soundtrack album, \\\"Waiting to Exhale\\\" (November 1995). The following\",\n \"title\": \"Whitney Houston albums discography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10151697\",\n \"text\": \"Records in February 1967, their debut single, \\\"I'll Always Love You\\\" / \\\"Save Your Love\\\", produced by John Schroeder, was released. Following this, Henry returned to the United States; and Geoff Dean contracted tuberculosis to be replaced by Andy Petre (born Andrew Charles Malcolm Glywn Petre). That April, the instrumental single \\\"Soul Sauce\\\" / \\\"I Wish I Could Jerk Like My Uncle Cyril\\\" was released. Mike Patto then joined the band, and took on a prominent role as vocalist and songwriter. When Petre quit, the drum stool was filled by John Halsey (born 23 February 1945, Highgate, North London). They\",\n \"title\": \"Timebox (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11833448\",\n \"text\": \"Rump Shaker (song) \\\"Rump Shaker\\\" is a song by American hip-hop group Wreckx-N-Effect. It was released in August 1992 as the lead single from their second album \\\"Hard or Smooth\\\". It features production and guest vocals from Teddy Riley, brother of Wreckx member Markell Riley. Due to the massive success of Whitney Houston's version of \\\"I Will Always Love You,\\\" the song would advance to No. 2 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, and No. 2 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks. Nevertheless, it peaked at No. 1 on the Hot Rap Singles, and No. 9 on the Hot Dance\",\n \"title\": \"Rump Shaker (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9029822\",\n \"text\": \"on \\\"I'll Always Love You\\\" in 1989. The song was also nominated for Best R&B Song that year. In 1988, Filipina singer Sharon Cuneta covered her version and featured on her comedy movie, \\\"Jack & Jill Sa America\\\" released by VIVA Entertainment in the Philippines. In 1989, Tito Nieves Released a Salsa version which is on his album, \\\"Yo Quiero Cantar\\\". In 2012, Dayne performed this song live on \\\"This American Life\\\", using it to serenade comedian Tig Notaro, who, every time she had previously encountered Dayne, used to greet her by saying, \\\"Excuse me, I'm sorry to bother you,\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Always Love You (Taylor Dayne song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2788902\",\n \"text\": \"a digital download in the US and the UK in July 2011. The song has reached number 23 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The third US single will be \\\"I Got This\\\". The non-single track \\\"Don't Look Down\\\" reached number 70 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Hudson played a nun in the Farrelly brothers film \\\"The Three Stooges\\\" (2012). The day after the death of Whitney Houston, Hudson paid tribute to her by singing Houston's iconic \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" during the 54th Grammy Awards held on February 12, 2012 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles,\",\n \"title\": \"Jennifer Hudson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020238\",\n \"text\": \"a foreign female artist at the time, despite not topping the charts. Houston's version was later called her \\\"signature song\\\". Stephen Holden of \\\"The New York Times\\\" said it was a \\\"magnificent rendition\\\", commentingHouston transforms a plaintive country ballad into a towering pop-gospel assertion of lasting devotion to a departing lover. Her voice breaking and tensing, she treats the song as a series of emotional bursts in a steady climb toward a final full-out declamation. Along the way, her virtuosic gospel embellishments enhance the emotion and never seem merely ornamental.Writing for \\\"USA Today\\\" on November 17, 1992, James T. Jones\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14964224\",\n \"text\": \"also leads all the remaining tracks on this album) and Henry Fambrough, Edwards does not have any other leads on this album. The Original Spinners The Original Spinners (released in the UK as The Detroit Spinners) is the 1967 debut album by The Spinners for Motown Records. The LP includes the group's earliest singles on the label (such as Top 20 R&B hits \\\"I'll Always Love You\\\" and \\\"Truly Yours\\\"), as well as their first ever single \\\"That's What Girls Are Made For\\\" (which was released on the already defunct Tri-Phi Record label). None of the group's other material from\",\n \"title\": \"The Original Spinners\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5214414\",\n \"text\": \"Taylor Dayne Taylor Dayne (born Leslie Wunderman; March 7, 1962), is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. She rose to fame in 1987 after her debut single \\\"Tell It to My Heart\\\" reached number one across several international music charts. Dayne achieved three additional number one singles, including \\\"Love Will Lead You Back\\\", \\\"Prove Your Love\\\", and \\\"I'll Always Love You\\\". Taylor has sold over 75 million albums and singles worldwide, earned three Grammy Award nominations, an American Music Award, and multiple New York Music Awards. She has also received New York Hall of Fame honors and was ranked at\",\n \"title\": \"Taylor Dayne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"110165\",\n \"text\": \"their final release being 1975's \\\"Say Forever You'll Be Mine\\\". In 1974, her song, \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\", written about her professional break from Wagoner, went to number one on the country chart. Around the same time, Elvis Presley indicated that he wanted to record the song. Parton was interested until Presley's wily manager, Colonel Tom Parker, told her that it was standard procedure for the songwriter to sign over half of the publishing rights to any song recorded by Presley. Parton refused. That decision has been credited with helping to make her many millions of dollars in royalties\",\n \"title\": \"Dolly Parton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18509658\",\n \"text\": \"Always Love You \\\"Always Love You\\\" () is a song by South Korean singer Kim Hyung-jun featuring Sunny Hill's Kota, released on August 13, 2013. The mid-tempo ballad song, which was made available during the time of summer, was co-produced by Kim himself. The accompanying music video was filmed by directors Kim Do Yeon and Park Jong Chul. \\\"Always Love You\\\" was written by composers Jang Young-wan (장영완) and Tae Bong-i (태봉이) with additional writing by lyricist Iyuna (이유나). The song was produced by Kim Hyung-jun, himself with the help of LOEN Entertainment and his label S-Plus Entertainment. On August\",\n \"title\": \"Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5557196\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"I Will Always Love You\\\", both #1 hits for Parton in 1974, both sung by Parton on the show. During the opening credits, Parton emerges from a swing and then comes out to sing an opening song (either a cover of a then-current hit, or occasionally one of her own hits). At the closing of the show, Parton speaks the recitation from \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\": \\\"And I hope life treats you kind, and I hope that you have all you ever dream of. I wish you joy and lots and lots of happiness, but above all this, I\",\n \"title\": \"Dolly!\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3362563\",\n \"text\": \"Motown Records. In 1964, the Spinners made their debut at the Apollo Theater and were received with high favor. \\\"I'll Always Love You\\\" hit number 35 in 1965. From 1966 to 1969, the group released one single a year, but only the 1966 single \\\"Truly Yours\\\" peaked on the \\\"Billboard 100\\\" R&B chart at number 16. With limited commercial success, Motown assigned the Spinners as road managers, chaperones, and chauffeurs for other groups, and even as shipping clerks. G. C. Cameron replaced Edgar \\\"Chico\\\" Edwards in 1967, and in 1969, the group switched to the Motown-owned V.I.P. imprint. In 1970,\",\n \"title\": \"The Spinners (American R&B group)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16275842\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"I'll Still Love You\\\". The available take is missing the start of the performance and its lyrics appear to be incomplete. AllMusic critic Richie Unterberger describes this early version of the song as \\\"haunting\\\" and \\\"a noteworthy find\\\" among outtakes from Harrison's 1970 triple album. \\\"When Every Song Is Sung\\\" was one of up to six Harrison compositions recorded in February 1971 for what was intended to be a debut solo album by Ronnie Spector. The latter was the former lead singer of the Ronettes and the wife of Harrison's \\\"All Things Must Pass\\\" co-producer, Phil Spector. As in 1970,\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Still Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020220\",\n \"text\": \"about the breakup of a relationship between a man and a woman that does not descend into unremitting domestic turmoil, but instead envisions parting with respect – because of the initiative of the woman\\\". According to sheet music published at musicnotes.com by Hal Leonard Corporation, the country love track is set in a time signature of common time with a tempo of 66 beats per minute. (Larghetto/Adagio) Although Parton found much success with the song, many people are unaware of its origin; during an interview, Parton's manager Danny Nozel said that \\\"one thing we found out from \\\"American Idol\\\" is\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4439226\",\n \"text\": \"she was able to create tension and exercise control. She was masterful in her ability to produce warm, rich timbres. With innovative articulation, a deft control of dynamics, and a flair for dramatic performances, Holloway was a singer's singer. Later in 1964, Holloway won a spot on Dick Clark's \\\"Caravan of Stars\\\" tour on the condition that then-struggling Motown girl group The Supremes join them. During the tour, the Supremes' star rose following the release of \\\"Where Did Our Love Go\\\". Motown issued Holloway's debut album, \\\"Every Little Bit Hurts\\\", and released the modestly successful ballad, \\\"I'll Always Love You\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Brenda Holloway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020234\",\n \"text\": \"weeks. Only a few hours after Houston's death on February 11, 2012, \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" topped the US iTunes charts. Also, in the week following her death, the single returned to the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 after almost 20 years, debuting at number 7, and becoming a posthumous top-ten single for Houston, the first one since 2001. The song eventually peaked at No. 3, two spots shy of becoming the first song to return to the No. 1 position after falling off the chart since \\\"The Twist\\\" by Chubby Checker. It debuted on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Digital Singles Chart\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12187822\",\n \"text\": \"Broken Hearted Me \\\"Broken Hearted Me\\\" is a song written by Randy Goodrum, originally recorded by England Dan & John Ford Coley in 1978, and later covered by Canadian country and pop music singer Anne Murray. It was released in September 1979 as the first single from her album \\\"I'll Always Love You\\\". The song reached No. 1 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles chart in December, and was her third chart-topper for the year. She also recorded a version of the song in Spanish, which was released on vinyl, and later on CD. \\\"Broken Hearted Me\\\" was Murray's fourth\",\n \"title\": \"Broken Hearted Me\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020232\",\n \"text\": \"where it was ranked number nine, marking the first time any artist or group had the same single ranked in the top 10 of the year-end review two years in a row. In Australia, it was the number 17 single of 1992 and the number two song of 1993. Houston's single was also an international success, peaking at number one of the singles charts in almost all countries, including the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles, where it spent 13 weeks at the top. The single ruled the summit position for ten weeks in Australia, five weeks in Austria, seven weeks for\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020244\",\n \"text\": \"In a statement to \\\"Billboard\\\" on the day of Houston's death in February 2012, Parton said:Mine is only one of the millions of hearts broken over the death of Whitney Houston. I will always be grateful and in awe of the wonderful performance she did on my song and I can truly say from the bottom of my heart, 'Whitney, I will always love you. You will be missed.' The single's music video, is credited to Alan Smithee (Nick Brandt removed his name due to the way Clive Davis re-edited the video), and produced by Rob Newman. It begins with\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8893539\",\n \"text\": \"re-recorded the song again for her 2006 album \\\"Every Woman Dreams\\\". Lovin' You \\\"Lovin' You\\\" is a 1975 song originally performed by American singer Minnie Riperton from her second studio album \\\"Perfect Angel\\\" (1974). It was written by Riperton and Richard Rudolph, produced by Rudolph and Stevie Wonder, and released on January 13, 1975. It became a number one hit on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 on April 5, 1975. Additionally, it reached number two on the UK Singles chart, and number three on the \\\"Billboard\\\" R&B chart. In the US, \\\"Billboard\\\" ranked it as the number 13 song for\",\n \"title\": \"Lovin' You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4076465\",\n \"text\": \"track and hit single from Hill's second album, is also included as a bonus track. \\\"Better Days\\\" was previously recorded by Bekka & Billy on their debut album. \\\"Love Will Always Win\\\" was later issued as a single by Garth Brooks and Trisha Yearwood from Brooks' album \\\"The Lost Sessions\\\". \\\"I Love You\\\" was originally recorded by Celine Dion for her album, \\\"Falling into You\\\". The album was released on April 21, 1998 and was certified six-times Platinum by the RIAA for shipments of over six million copies in the United States. North American version International version – \\\"Love Will\",\n \"title\": \"Faith (Faith Hill album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5732350\",\n \"text\": \"on August 24, 1996. Houston sang the short-edited version of the song along with \\\"I Will Always Love You,\\\" which were followed by a standing ovation, at the 1st BET Awards on June 19, 2001, becoming the first artist ever to be given the Lifetime Achievement Award. Though \\\"I Have Nothing\\\" is one of Houston's notable hits during her career, the song was performed solely on The Bodyguard World Tour (1993–94) among her ten tours. Houston performed the song as the final part of a medley which included the aforementioned songs from Broadway shows on first North American leg of\",\n \"title\": \"I Have Nothing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14221398\",\n \"text\": \"I'll Still Be Loving You \\\"I'll Still Be Loving You\\\" is a song recorded by American country music group Restless Heart. It was released in January 1987 as the second single from the album \\\"Wheels\\\". The song was written by Todd Cerney, Pam Rose, Mary Ann Kennedy and Pat Bunch, and was Restless Heart's second number-one country single. It went to number 1 on Hot Country Songs for one week and spent 25 weeks on the chart. The single also was a hit on the Adult Contemporary chart and gave the band their first exposure on the pop charts, where\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Still Be Loving You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2909578\",\n \"text\": \"out in 1978. The first single, \\\"Bluer Than Blue\\\", became Johnson's first Top 40 hit, peaking at No. 12 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart in the summer of 1978; the song became a chart-topping single on the Adult Contemporary chart. \\\"Almost Like Being in Love\\\" went to No. 91 on the R&B chart while hitting the Top 5 on the AC chart and the Top 40 on the pop chart. His next EMI album, \\\"Dialogue\\\", provided his third big hit, \\\"This Night Won't Last Forever\\\" and a Gold Record for European sales of \\\"I'll Always Love You\\\". Johnson recorded\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Johnson (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16359860\",\n \"text\": \"concert, in honor of those returning from the Gulf War. The concert was released in VHS that same year and was certified Gold for shipments of 50,000 units by the RIAA. \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" was the music video for the lead single off for Houston's 1992 film debut \\\"The Bodyguard\\\". Having sold over 42 million copies worldwide, the soundtrack is the best-selling soundtrack album of all time. In 1995 and 1996, Houston starred in and contributed on the soundtracks for two films: \\\"Waiting to Exhale\\\" (1995), which generated the music video for the song \\\"Exhale (Shoop Shoop)\\\"; and\",\n \"title\": \"Whitney Houston videography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1769247\",\n \"text\": \"The use of melisma is a common feature of artists such as Deniece Williams, Stevie Wonder, Luther Vandross, Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey, Beyoncé, Christina Aguilera, among others. The use of melismatic vocals in pop music slowly grew in the 1980s. Deniece Williams topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart in May 1984, with Let's Hear It for the Boy with her melismatic vocals. Although other artists used melisma before, Houston, her rendition of Dolly Parton's love song \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" pushed the technique into the mainstream in the '90s. The trend in R&B singers is considered to have been\",\n \"title\": \"Melisma\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16275856\",\n \"text\": \"the \\\"makeweight bagatelles\\\" on side two of \\\"Rotogravure\\\". As listed in the musicians' credits on the \\\"Ringo's Rotogravure\\\" LP: I'll Still Love You \\\"I'll Still Love You\\\" is a song written by English musician George Harrison and first released in 1976 by his former Beatles bandmate Ringo Starr. Produced by Arif Mardin, the track appeared on Starr's debut album for Atlantic Records and Polydor, \\\"Ringo's Rotogravure\\\". The composition had a long recording history before then, having been written in 1970 as \\\"Whenever\\\", after which it was copyrighted with the title \\\"When Every Song Is Sung\\\". Harrison originally intended the song\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Still Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020247\",\n \"text\": \"the song as a tribute during the 54th Grammy Awards, the day after Houston's death, alongside images of musicians who had died in 2011 and 2012, including Amy Winehouse and Etta James. The song was played at Houston's funeral as her casket was brought out of the church. Parton complimented Hudson on her performance, saying,I was brought to tears again last night, as I'm sure many were, when Jennifer Hudson sang \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" on the Grammys in memory of Whitney. Like everybody else, I am still in shock. But I know that Whitney will live forever in\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11833452\",\n \"text\": \"Shelton, who used the clip to serve as the primary inspiration behind her 1998 film debut \\\"Ride\\\". Rump Shaker (song) \\\"Rump Shaker\\\" is a song by American hip-hop group Wreckx-N-Effect. It was released in August 1992 as the lead single from their second album \\\"Hard or Smooth\\\". It features production and guest vocals from Teddy Riley, brother of Wreckx member Markell Riley. Due to the massive success of Whitney Houston's version of \\\"I Will Always Love You,\\\" the song would advance to No. 2 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, and No. 2 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks. Nevertheless,\",\n \"title\": \"Rump Shaker (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5214416\",\n \"text\": \"Arista Records as Taylor Dayne, her first song to crack the top ten was the dance-pop hit \\\"Tell It to My Heart\\\" in late 1987. The song was an instant smash worldwide, peaking in the top five of most major markets worldwide, and achieving a peak of number one in many countries, including West Germany. Six more U.S. top-ten hits followed including \\\"Prove Your Love\\\", \\\"I'll Always Love You\\\", \\\"Don't Rush Me\\\", \\\"With Every Beat of My Heart\\\", \\\"Love Will Lead You Back\\\" and \\\"I'll Be Your Shelter\\\". These were followed by the No. 12 hit \\\"Heart of Stone\\\". In\",\n \"title\": \"Taylor Dayne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8669590\",\n \"text\": \"otherwise as she saw it as an opportunity to travel to Los Angeles. For her audition she sang Whitney Houston's version of \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" and alongside Ana Maria Lombo, Maile Misajon, Ivette Sosa, and Rosanna Tavarez, established the girl group Eden's Crush. Their debut single, \\\"Get Over Yourself\\\", was released in March 2001 and debuted at number eight on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 and became the first female act to debut at number one on the Hot 100 Singles Sales chart. Their debut studio album, \\\"Popstars\\\" (2001), debuted at number six on the \\\"Billboard\\\" 200 chart. They\",\n \"title\": \"Nicole Scherzinger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10925925\",\n \"text\": \"Kirk Whalum Kirk Whalum (born July 11, 1958) is an American jazz saxophonist and songwriter. He toured with Whitney Houston for more than seven years and soloed in her single \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\", the best-selling single by a female artist in music history. He was also featured on many Luther Vandross albums, most often playing on the singer's covers of older pop and R&B standards such as \\\"Anyone Who Had a Heart\\\", \\\"I (Who Have Nothing)\\\", and \\\"Love Won't Let Me Wait\\\". Whalum has recorded a series of well received solo albums and film soundtracks, with music ranging\",\n \"title\": \"Kirk Whalum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10162876\",\n \"text\": \"them to her Vee-Jay Records label, making their first recordings in mid 1954. After a string of unsuccessful singles, they recorded \\\"At My Front Door\\\" (also known as \\\"Crazy Little Mama\\\") in 1955, and it rose to # 1 on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" R&B chart, and # 17 on the US pop chart. Their follow-up, \\\"I’ll Be Forever Loving You\\\", also made the R&B top ten in early 1956. After Basset and Nickens left the group, they continued to record as a quartet. The original group split up in 1957. Moses stayed in Chicago and formed a new version of\",\n \"title\": \"The El Dorados\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020230\",\n \"text\": \"one entry two weeks later. It also dominated other \\\"Billboard\\\" charts, spending 14 weeks at the top of \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 Single Sales chart, and 11 weeks at number one on its Hot 100 Airplay chart. The song also remained at number one for five weeks on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks, and for 11 weeks on the Hot R&B Singles chart becoming the longest running number one on the R&B charts at the time; it remained in the top 40 for 24 weeks. It became Arista Records' biggest hit. The song was number one on the Hot 100, Adult\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020243\",\n \"text\": \"months while Houston's version was on the charts, so as not to compete with Houston's recording. However, both Parton and Houston dispelled any rumors, speaking glowingly of one another in interviews. Houston praised Parton for writing a beautiful song. In return, Parton thanked Houston for bringing her song to a wider audience and increasing the amount of royalties for her song in the process. Dolly Parton also gave a live interview, confirming this. When Houston won the Record of the Year award at the 1994 Grammy Awards for the recording, Parton (along with David Foster) presented her with the award.\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11687884\",\n \"text\": \"'80s and '90s, he played drums for Michael Jackson and Whitney Houston. He played on Whitney's famous hit, \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\". Lawson has a one note \\\"solo\\\" in the song, where he hits the toms before Whitney's dramatic vocal finale. He said that this was his favorite solo of his career. In addition to the artists listed above, Lawson collaborated with Quincy Jones, Bette Midler, Russell Ferrante, Toto, Al Jarreau, George Benson, Lionel Richie, and George Duke. He also co-authored The Pointer Sisters' hit \\\"Uh-Uh\\\", and co-produced their album \\\"Serious Slammin'\\\" and the Fattburger hit \\\"Good News\\\". He\",\n \"title\": \"Ricky Lawson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4914624\",\n \"text\": \"a remix of \\\"I’m Every Woman\\\". \\\"The Bodyguard\\\" remains the best-selling soundtrack album of all time, selling over 42 million copies worldwide. Houston served as executive producer (as she did on her previous release \\\"I'm Your Baby Tonight\\\"), giving her full control over the song selections for this album. Houston planned to record \\\"What Becomes of the Broken Hearted\\\" as the film's theme song, however, when they learned it would be used in the film \\\"Fried Green Tomatoes\\\", they searched for another song. Kevin Costner, the film's co-star, thought of recording \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\", originally released by Dolly\",\n \"title\": \"The Bodyguard (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8099226\",\n \"text\": \"the top-100 list was started by Billboard after the peak of the song's popularity). The song was nominated for the 1955 Academy Award for Best Original Song but lost to \\\"Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing\\\" from the film of the same name. I'll Never Stop Loving You (1955 song) \\\"I'll Never Stop Loving You\\\" is a popular music song, with music written by Nicholas Brodzsky and lyrics by Sammy Cahn for the 1955 film \\\"Love Me or Leave Me\\\". The song was published in 1955. The recording by Doris Day was released by Columbia Records as catalog number 40505. It\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Never Stop Loving You (1955 song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4785343\",\n \"text\": \"Who's Lovin' You \\\"Who's Lovin' You\\\" is a Motown soul song, written in 1960 by William \\\"Smokey\\\" Robinson. The song has been recorded by many different artists including The Miracles, who recorded the 1960 original version, The Temptations, The Supremes, Terence Trent D'arby, Brenda and The Tabulations, John Farnham, Human Nature, En Vogue, Michael Bublé and Giorgia Todrani and Jessica Mauboy. The most famous version is attributed to The Jackson 5. Twelve-year-old singer Shaheen Jafargholi performed the song at Michael Jackson's public memorial service in July 2009. The song was written by Smokey Robinson for his group The Miracles, who\",\n \"title\": \"Who's Lovin' You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020224\",\n \"text\": \"songwriter to sign over half of the publishing rights to any song Elvis recorded. Parton refused. She recalls:I said, 'I'm really sorry,' and I cried all night. I mean, it was like the worst thing. You know, it's like, Oh, my God … Elvis Presley.' And other people were saying, 'You're nuts. It's Elvis Presley.' ...I said, 'I can't do that. Something in my heart says, 'Don't do that. And I just didn't do it... He would have killed it. But anyway, so he didn't. Then when Whitney [Houston's version] came out, I made enough money to buy Graceland. In\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020240\",\n \"text\": \"hip for the MOR songbird.\\\" Stewart Mason of AllMusic found Houston's cover \\\"repulsively overwrought... so boomingly bombastic and glutinous with self-approbation that the tenderness of Dolly Parton's song is lost in the mire\\\". \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" won the 1994 Grammy Award for Record of the Year, and Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, her third award for this category after earlier awards in 1986 and 1988. During the Grammy Award telecast, the Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female was presented to Houston by composer Dolly Parton and David Foster. The single topped the 1993\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18589902\",\n \"text\": \"five years (1989–1994) when Houston was catapulted in the worldwide success of her film debut \\\"The Bodyguard\\\" and its subsequent soundtrack. Filming took 20 days to shoot and was primarily filmed in Los Angeles and Santa Clarita, California. Canadian R&B singer Deborah Cox performs all of Houston's vocals in the film, including \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\", \\\"I'm Your Baby Tonight\\\", \\\"I'm Every Woman\\\", \\\"Jesus Loves Me\\\" and \\\"The Greatest Love of All\\\". In addition, songwriting/production team The Jackie Boyz performed Brown's vocals for \\\"Every Little Step\\\" in the Soul Train Awards scene. In 1989, Whitney Houston (Yaya DaCosta) is\",\n \"title\": \"Whitney (2015 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020237\",\n \"text\": \"2009, the single had sold 4,591,000 copies, and had become the second best-selling physical single in US alone, only behind Elton John's single in 1997. In the United Kingdom, the single sold over 1,550,000 copies, becoming the tenth best-selling single of the 1990s, and was certified two times Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) on January 1, 1993. It was certified Platinum for shipments of over 500,000 copies by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie (BVMI) in Germany. In Japan, \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" sold over 810,000 copies, staying for 27 weeks on the chart, and became the best-selling single by\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15648913\",\n \"text\": \"her solo hits regularly appeared in the top 10, as did her duets with Wagoner. Her first chart-topper, 1970's \\\"Joshua\\\", followed by 1971's \\\"Coat of Many Colors\\\", 1972's \\\"Touch Your Woman\\\", and \\\"Traveling Man\\\" and \\\"Jolene\\\", both from 1973, all reached the top 10 on the U.S. country singles charts, with \\\"Jolene\\\" becoming her second No. 1 single in February 1974. In mid-1974, Parton split with Wagoner and his show in order to expand her career as a solo artist, writing and recording the No. 1 hit, \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" as a tribute to Wagoner. Following her departure\",\n \"title\": \"Dolly Parton singles discography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8721895\",\n \"text\": \"on Philippines' \\\"FHM\\\" 100 Sexiest Women in the World. In the same year, she collaborated with American singer Joe Pizzulo in his album, \\\"All the Best\\\". In 2006, she dated long-time friend and fellow acoustic singer Nyoy Volante, but the two broke up a year later. In February 2006, she was chosen to sing the theme song for \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\", which eventually became the highest-grossing movie of GMA Films. In June of the same year, Goldilocks Bakeshop chose her as spokesperson for their 40th anniversary (40 Thoughtful Years), where she recorded the promotional song \\\"Araw Mo\\\". In\",\n \"title\": \"Nina Girado\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5712972\",\n \"text\": \"most known for being the first single that Simpson professionally recorded with Lachey. (The couple recorded several other duets, including, \\\"A Whole New World\\\" and \\\"Baby, It's Cold Outside\\\".) Simpson developed and nurtured her talent in her local Baptist church, where her father worked as the congregation's youth minister. At age twelve, she unsuccessfully auditioned for \\\"The Mickey Mouse Club\\\". While attending a church camp, at the age of 13, Simpson sang Whitney Houston's \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" and an arrangement of \\\"Amazing Grace\\\". One of the camp's visitors was launching a Gospel music record label and saw great\",\n \"title\": \"Where You Are (Jessica Simpson song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020258\",\n \"text\": \"end credits and is referred on the soundtrack as \\\"\\\"Aladdin\\\"'s Theme\\\". The version peaked at number one on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart on March 6, 1993, replacing Whitney Houston's \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\", which had spent a then-record 14 weeks at the top of the chart. It went gold and sold 600,000 copies domestically. The track peaked at number 12 in the UK Singles Chart in 1992. The song is the first and so far only song from a Disney animated film to top the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. The single version was later included on Belle's\",\n \"title\": \"A Whole New World\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11156444\",\n \"text\": \"I Will Always Love You (film) I Will Always Love You is a Philippine movie starring Richard Gutierrez and Angel Locsin. The theme song of the film, \\\"I'll Always Love You\\\", was performed by Nina. Justin (Richard Gutierrez) is a rich, smart, confident mestizo from a private school in Manila while Cecille (Angel Locsin) is a simple scholar from a rural public school. The two fall for each other against the wishes of his parents, (Jean Garcia and Lloyd Samartino). They want him to marry Donna (Bianca King), their business partner’s daughter. His parents order Justin to study in the\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020246\",\n \"text\": \"scenes. 'UK / Europe 12\\\" vinyl single UK / Europe / US 7\\\" vinyl single US / Europe Maxi-CD single Maxi-CD singles (1999 Remixes) !scope=\\\"col\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\"| Digital Jennifer Hudson performed the song in front of Houston, who received The BET Honors Award for Entertainer Lifetime Achievement spanning over 25 years in the industry. The 2010 BET Honors Awards was held at the Warner Theatre in Washington, D.C. and aired on February 1, 2010. Since Houston's death in 2012, many other artists have performed tributes to the late singer's version of the song, including on February 12, 2012, when Hudson performed\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5419710\",\n \"text\": \"I'll Make Love to You \\\"I'll Make Love to You\\\" is a 1994 number-one hit single by R&B group Boyz II Men for the Motown label. The song, which was written by Babyface, was the lead single from their second album \\\"II\\\". The single was a massive commercial success. It held the number one position on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 for 14 weeks, from August 27 to November 26, 1994. At the time, the song tied a record for the most weeks at number one that had been set by Whitney Houston's \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" in late 1992\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Make Love to You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5214417\",\n \"text\": \"the United States, she achieved three gold singles, with \\\"Tell It to My Heart\\\", \\\"I'll Always Love You,\\\" and \\\"Love Will Lead You Back.\\\" \\\"I'll Always Love You,\\\" a change-of-pace ballad compared to Dayne's earlier releases, was her breakout hit on the Adult Contemporary charts in 1988 and paved the way for future uptempo dance tracks such as \\\"Don't Rush Me\\\" (1988) and \\\"With Every Beat Of My Heart\\\" (1989) to gain acceptance at Adult Contemporary radio. In 1990, \\\"Love Will Lead You Back\\\", a Diane Warren composition, peaked at No. 1 on both the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 and the\",\n \"title\": \"Taylor Dayne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16285545\",\n \"text\": \"released on January 6. The music video features MBLAQ's Lee Joon. \\\"Singing Got Better\\\" reached number one on Korea's major charts: Mnet, Bugs, Olleh, Soribada, Naver Music, Daum Music, and Genie. Ailee again made an appearance on an episode of on April 12, 2014. The theme for the episode was \\\"American Songs Famous in South Korea\\\", and Ailee was chosen first to which she performed a rousing and emotional rendition of Whitney Houston's \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\", a song originally written and recorded by country singer Dolly Parton released in 1974. She received 409 points for her performance, despite\",\n \"title\": \"Ailee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16275844\",\n \"text\": \"was limited for much of 1971 and the following year. In early August 1972, shortly after the UK release of the \\\"Concert for Bangladesh\\\" film, he resumed his role as a record producer with a session for a new Cilla Black single, the A-side of which was to be \\\"When Every Song Is Sung\\\". The recording took place at Apple Studio in London, during Black's day off from her summer variety season in Blackpool. Among the support musicians were Voormann, Ringo Starr and Eric Clapton. A second Harrison composition, \\\"You Got to Stay With Me\\\", was also attempted at the\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Still Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4153008\",\n \"text\": \"Love Me Do \\\"Love Me Do\\\" is the debut single by the English rock band the Beatles, backed by \\\"P.S. I Love You\\\". When the single was originally released in the United Kingdom on 5 October 1962, it peaked at No. 17; in 1982 it was re-promoted (not re-issued, retaining the same catalogue number) and reached No. 4. In the United States the single was a No. 1 hit in 1964. In 2013, recordings of the song that were released in 1962 entered the public domain in Europe. The song was written several years before it was recorded, and prior\",\n \"title\": \"Love Me Do\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2070966\",\n \"text\": \"one #1 Billboard Hot 100 hit with \\\"Strangers in the Night\\\" in 1966. Frankie Valli (who was portrayed in the play Jersey Boys) had 7 #1 Hot 100 hits in the 1960s and 1970s, including \\\"December 1963 (Oh, What a Night)\\\". Kool & the Gang had a #1 Hot 100 hit with \\\"Celebration\\\" in 1981. Bon Jovi had 4 #1 Hot 100 hits, including \\\"Living on a Prayer\\\" in 1987. Whitney Houston (d. 2012) had 11 #1 Hot 100 hits in the 1980s and 1990s, including \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" in 1992. P.M. Dawn had one #1 hit with\",\n \"title\": \"Music of New Jersey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17027735\",\n \"text\": \"song is the 1992 Whitney Houston version of \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\", which sold over 20 million copies. The song had originally been written and recorded in 1973 by American singer-songwriter, Dolly Parton, and topped the country charts in 1974. It was written as a farewell to her one-time partner and mentor of seven years, Porter Wagoner, following Parton's decision to pursue a solo career. Other high-selling breakup songs include \\\"I Will Survive\\\" (14 million copies), \\\"Un-Break My Heart\\\" by Toni Braxton in 1996 (10 million copies), \\\"Believe\\\" by Cher in 1998 (10 million copies) and \\\"Careless Whisper\\\" by\",\n \"title\": \"Breakup song\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6439162\",\n \"text\": \"a major hit on radio stations nationwide and became their first top-ten single in \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, peaking at number ten. The second single was \\\"You Got It (The Right Stuff)\\\", a worldwide hit which peaked at number three on the Billboard charts. \\\"I'll Be Loving You (Forever)\\\", a ballad, was the third single released and became their first number-one in \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. The title track was released next and also reached number one. \\\"Cover Girl\\\" was the fifth released; it peaked at number two. \\\"My Favorite Girl\\\" was released in January 1990 as a promotional single sent to\",\n \"title\": \"Hangin' Tough\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3916279\",\n \"text\": \"Man\\\", Lady Gaga's \\\"Born This Way\\\" and Ariana Grande's \\\"Break Free\\\" are considered as gay anthems for the new generation. Famous soundtracks as \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" by Whitney Houston from \\\"The Bodyguard\\\", \\\"There You'll Be\\\" by Faith Hill from \\\"Pearl Harbor\\\", \\\"Can't Fight the Moonlight\\\" by LeAnn Rimes from \\\"Coyote Ugly\\\", \\\"It's Raining Men\\\" by Geri Halliwell from \\\"Bridget Jones's Diary\\\", \\\"Lady Marmalade\\\" by Christina Aguilera, Mýa, Lil' Kim and Pink from \\\"Moulin Rouge!\\\" and \\\"We Can\\\" by LeAnn Rimes from \\\"\\\" are beloved by gay community and are considered as gay anthems. The main single of I\",\n \"title\": \"Gay anthem\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4826757\",\n \"text\": \"Andrews planned on dancing in her school's talent show, but her sister convinced her to sing Dolly Parton's \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" instead. At 11, she put her first band together. Meanwhile, after someone sent a song of her singing to producer Byron Gallimore, Andrews signed with DreamWorks Records Nashville and soon began working on her first album. Prior to its release, she began opening for Faith Hill on her Fall 1998 tour, as well as for Tim McGraw (also produced by Gallimore) for his New Year's Eve concert. At the age of 15, Andrews released her debut album,\",\n \"title\": \"Jessica Andrews\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17288705\",\n \"text\": \"I'll Always Love My Mama \\\"I'll Always Love My Mama\\\" is a 1973 single by the Philly soul group The Intruders. Released from their album \\\"Save the Children\\\", it is a song commonly played on Mother's Day. Written by Gamble & Huff and co-written by McFadden & Whitehead, the song reached #36 on the pop chart and #6 on the R&B charts in the summer of 1973. It was recorded as a long LP track, which was broken down into Parts 1 and 2 for the single release. The song was inspired by Kenny Gamble's mother, Ruby, who died in\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Always Love My Mama\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020225\",\n \"text\": \"Curtis W. Ellison's book, \\\"Country Music Culture: From Hard Times to Heaven\\\" (1995), he stated: \\\"In the early 1990s, when ambiguity in romantic relationships accompanies changing expectations for both men and women, this song demonstrates Dolly Parton's appeal as a songwriter in the pop music market.\\\" Ken Knight, author of \\\"The Midnight Show: Late Night Cable-TV \\\"Guy-Flicks\\\" of the '80s\\\" (2008), commented that Parton is the only singer who can sing \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" and \\\"make it memorable\\\". Writer Paul Simpson criticized the singer, stating that the track was only written to \\\"soften the blow\\\" of Parton and\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11726831\",\n \"text\": \"The Spinners first hit record in 1961, \\\"That's What Girls Are Made For\\\" (which has been inaccurately credited to the group's mentor and former Moonglows lead singer, the late Harvey Fuqua). Smith also sang lead on most of their Motown material during the 1960s, such as the charting singles like \\\"Truly Yours\\\" (1966) and \\\"I'll Always Love You\\\" (1965); almost all of the group's pre-Motown material on Fuqua's Tri-Phi Records label, and also on The Spinners' biggest Atlantic Records hits. These included \\\"I'll Be Around\\\", \\\"Could It Be I'm Falling in Love\\\", \\\"They Just Can't Stop It the (Games People\",\n \"title\": \"Bobby Smith (rhythm and blues singer)\"\n }\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":79074,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":79074,"string":"79,074"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["10.3.4"],"string":"[\n \"10.3.4\"\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"what is the most recent version of final cut pro"},"compressed_prompt":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Question:\\nPlease write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Final Cut Pro context: Final Cut Pro Final Cut Pro is a series of non-linear video editing software programs first developed by Macromedia Inc. and later Apple Inc. The most recent version, Final Cut Pro X 10.4.4, runs on Intel-based Mac computers powered by macOS High Sierra or later. The software allows users to log and transfer video onto a hard drive (internal or external), where it can be edited, processed, and output to a wide variety of formats. The fully rewritten Final Cut Pro X was introduced by Apple in 2011, with the last version of the legacy Final Cut Pro being version\\n\\nwhat is the most recent version of final cut pro\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 179,\n \"origin_tokens\": 179,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"2623003","text":"Final Cut Pro Final Cut Pro is a series of non-linear video editing software programs first developed by Macromedia Inc. and later Apple Inc. The most recent version, Final Cut Pro X 10.4.4, runs on Intel-based Mac computers powered by macOS High Sierra or later. The software allows users to log and transfer video onto a hard drive (internal or external), where it can be edited, processed, and output to a wide variety of formats. The fully rewritten Final Cut Pro X was introduced by Apple in 2011, with the last version of the legacy Final Cut Pro being version","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"2623033","text":"audio waveform display, filter effects, etc. Final Cut Pro Final Cut Pro is a series of non-linear video editing software programs first developed by Macromedia Inc. and later Apple Inc. The most recent version, Final Cut Pro X 10.4.4, runs on Intel-based Mac computers powered by macOS High Sierra or later. The software allows users to log and transfer video onto a hard drive (internal or external), where it can be edited, processed, and output to a wide variety of formats. The fully rewritten Final Cut Pro X was introduced by Apple in 2011, with the last version of the","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"2623027","text":"July 23, 2009, Final Cut Pro 7/Final Cut Studio 3 (not officially designated as such by Apple but adopted by most users to describe the 2009 changes) was released, but it was not yet a 64-bit application. Final Cut Pro X was announced on April 12, 2011 and released on June 21. It is a 64-bit application completely rebuilt with a new interface, workflow enhancements and automation, and new features such as ColorSync integration, resolution-independent playback system, system scaling with Core Animation, and more. The three Final Cut Studio apps, Color, Soundtrack Pro, and DVD Studio Pro were dropped, while","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"2623029","text":"or its sale to a third party by January 1, 2012. The initiator of the petition was banned from the Apple discussion forums. By January 2014, the petition had received well over 9,000 signatures. On October 27, 2016, Apple unveiled Final Cut Pro 10.3, which included a redesigned interface, enhanced window resizing, extended multiple display support, support for the Touch Bar on the new MacBook Pro, and an updated version of the Magnetic Timeline. In December 2017, Apple updated Final Cut Pro X to version 10.4, which included enhanced color editing tools, 360º video editing support and support for HDR.","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"16279229","text":"allowing the user an uninterrupted experience. Final Cut Pro X was developed for macOS and is not supported on the Windows Platform. Training and Certification is available by Apple for Final Cut Pro X. Final Cut Pro X was made available for purchase and download on the Mac App Store on June 21, 2011 along with new versions of Motion and Compressor. Since then the application has been updated a few times each year with new features, bug fixes, native codec support, and overall improvements with stability. Many features found in Final Cut Pro 7 that were missing in Final","title":"Final Cut Pro X"},{"id":"5244009","text":"Final Cut Studio Final Cut Studio is a discontinued professional video and audio production suite for Mac OS X from Apple Inc., and a direct competitor to Avid Media Composer in the high-end movie production industry. It was developed from 2005 to 2011. Three of its primary applications - Final Cut Pro X (not compatible with previous versions of Final Cut), Motion, and Compressor - continue to be developed and are published as separate applications on the Mac App Store. The legacy boxed version of Final Cut Studio was last made available only through Apple's phone sales, and therefore not","title":"Final Cut Studio"},{"id":"16279234","text":"Range (HDR) video, During the NAB Show 2018 Apple released version 10.4.1. Closed Captioning was introduced as well as support for ProRes RAW. Version 10.4.1 requires Mac OS version 10.13.2 High Sierra. For a complete overview of the changes made, see Apple's release notes. Final Cut Pro X was announced in April 2011 simultaneously at the Los Angeles Final Cut Pro Users Group held at Bally's Las Vegas and at the NAB Show in the Las Vegas Convention Center and released in June 2011. The reaction was extremely mixed, with veteran filmmaker Walter Murch initially saying, \"I can't use this,\"","title":"Final Cut Pro X"},{"id":"4582174","text":"Final Cut Express Final Cut Express is a discontinued video editing software suite created by Apple Inc. It was the consumer version of Final Cut Pro and was designed for advanced editing of digital video as well as high-definition video, which was used by many amateur and professional videographers. Final Cut Express was considered a step above iMovie in terms of capabilities, but a step underneath Final Cut Pro and its suite of applications. As of June 21, 2011, Final Cut Express was discontinued, in favor of Final Cut Pro X. Final Cut Express 1.0, based on Final Cut Pro","title":"Final Cut Express"},{"id":"5244010","text":"online or in Apple Stores. As of 2017, Final Cut Pro 7 is no longer supported and will not run on macOS High Sierra. Final Cut Studio version 3, the final release upon discontinuation of the suite, contains six main applications and several smaller applications used in content creation. The applications are designed to integrate as a suite, to form a workflow. In particular: Final Cut Pro and Motion also integrate directly with Apple's discontinued Shake, a digital compositing package. Production Suite is a software compilation by Apple used for digital video editing. Production Suite contains Final Cut Pro HD,","title":"Final Cut Studio"},{"id":"5244011","text":"DVD Studio Pro 3, and Apple Motion. The compilation's component applications were announced at the National Association of Broadcasters in April 2004, and the compilation was released in August 2004. Final Cut Studio was introduced at the National Association of Broadcasters in April 2005, as the successor to Production Suite. It added new versions of all the Production Suite applications: Final Cut Pro, DVD Studio Pro and Motion. It also introduces a new application, Soundtrack Pro, which is a new version of Soundtrack, formerly included with Final Cut Pro. In January 2006, Final Cut Studio became the only way to","title":"Final Cut Studio"},{"id":"16279227","text":"Final Cut Pro X Final Cut Pro X (pronounced \"Final Cut Pro Ten\") is a professional non-linear video editing application published by Apple Inc. as part of their Pro Apps family of software programs. It was released on June 21, 2011 for sale in the Mac App Store. It is the controversial successor to Final Cut Pro and both editors are incompatible and have quite different approaches to editing. Final Cut Pro X shares some of both its code and interface design philosophy with Apple’s consumer video editing software, iMovie. While inheriting the name from its predecessor, Final Cut Pro,","title":"Final Cut Pro X"},{"id":"2623025","text":"and high speed storage.) Final Cut Pro 5 was announced at a pre-NAB event in April, and shipped in May 2005. Final Cut Pro 5 added support for the burgeoning HDV format for compressed HD, which had previously been supported in Final Cut Pro's \"scaled-down\" cousin, Final Cut Express. Final Cut Pro 5 also added support for Panasonic's P2 format for the recording of DVCPRO HD video to memory cards rather than tape. In January 2006, Apple stopped selling Final Cut Pro as a stand-alone product. In March 2006 the Universal Binary 5.1 version was released as part of Final","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"4582175","text":"3, was released at Macworld Conference and Expo in San Francisco in 2003. The second version, based on Final Cut Pro 4, was released at Macworld San Francisco in 2004. The third version, capable of editing high definition video, was also announced at Macworld San Francisco a year later, and was released as Final Cut Express HD in February 2005. It was based on Final Cut Pro HD (version 4.5) and included LiveType 1.2 and Soundtrack 1.2. Final Cut Express version 3.5 was released with little fanfare in May 2006 as a Universal Binary. In addition to improving real-time rendering","title":"Final Cut Express"},{"id":"2623028","text":"Motion 5 and Compressor 4 were released onto the Mac App Store. In its initial release, Final Cut Pro X was met with mixed reviews as many video editors eschewed its dramatic departure from the traditional editing interface and the dropping of many legacy (and some non-legacy) features. At the time of the initial release, a significant number of long-time Final Cut Pro users considered the new product to be an unsatisfactory product undeserving to be part of Final Cut Pro product line. An online petition was started demanding either the continued development of the legacy Final Cut Pro product","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"2623023","text":"It included three new applications: Compressor, used for the transcoding between video formats; LiveType for advanced titling (such as the creation of animated lower thirds); and Soundtrack, for royalty-free music soundtrack creation. It also bundled Cinema Tools, which was previously sold separately for filmmakers working with telecine. Also in 2003, Apple launched Final Cut Express, a less expensive version of Final Cut Pro. It uses the same interface as Final Cut Pro, but it lacks some of the film-specific tools and other advanced options, limiting the feature set for non-professional editors. In January 2005, Soundtrack and LiveType, previously only available","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"2623024","text":"with Final Cut Pro, were added to Express, and features were added to edit HDV. Soundtrack was subsequently removed with Final Cut Express 4. In June 2011, Final Cut Express was officially discontinued, in favor of Final Cut Pro X. In April 2004, version 4.5 of Final Cut Pro was introduced and branded by Apple as \"Final Cut Pro HD\" due to its native support for Panasonic's tape-based DVCPRO HD format for compressed 720p and 1080i HD over FireWire. (The software had been capable of uncompressed HD editing since version 3.0, but at the time had required expensive video cards","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"5244012","text":"purchase any of the individual major applications. In March 2006, Apple released the Universal Binary version as Final Cut Studio 1.1. Final Cut Studio has been positioned as an all-in-one production workflow system because of its integration of film, motion graphics and audio post-production tools in one suite. It is analogous to the iLife suite, which is aimed at consumers, insomuch as iMovie is the consumer counterpart of Final Cut Pro; GarageBand 3 is a consumer version of Logic Pro; and iDVD is the cut-down version of DVD Studio Pro. Like Motion, iMovie includes Core Image effects that can be","title":"Final Cut Studio"},{"id":"2623026","text":"Cut Studio. Upgrades were achieved by sending the original installation discs back to Apple with a fee. One noticeable difference is that the Intel versions of Final Cut and Motion no longer recognize After Effects plug-ins. Instead, Apple released its own universal plug-in architecture FxPlug. On April 15, 2007, Apple revealed Final Cut Pro 6.0, as the cornerstone of the Final Cut Studio 2 bundle. Once again, Apple did not have a booth at NAB 2009, however the product was well represented on the show floor in various booths. The RED Camera team relied heavily on FCP during development. On","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"4582181","text":"the highly regarded noise removal tool. Soundtrack was removed from Final Cut Express 4, which lowered its price and may have encouraged people to buy Logic Express. Final Cut Express Final Cut Express is a discontinued video editing software suite created by Apple Inc. It was the consumer version of Final Cut Pro and was designed for advanced editing of digital video as well as high-definition video, which was used by many amateur and professional videographers. Final Cut Express was considered a step above iMovie in terms of capabilities, but a step underneath Final Cut Pro and its suite of","title":"Final Cut Express"},{"id":"2623005","text":"some kind. Final Cut Pro provides non-linear, non-destructive editing of any QuickTime-compatible video format including DV, HDV, P2 MXF (DVCProHD), XDCAM (via plug-in), 2K, 4K and 5K film formats and can import projects directly from iMovie for iOS. It supports a number of simultaneously composited video tracks (limited mainly by video form capability); unlimited audio tracks; multi-camera editing for combining video from multiple camera sources; 360º video editing support; as well as the standard ripple, roll, slip, slide, scrub, razor blade and time remapping edit functions. It comes with a range of video transitions and a range of video and","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"4768375","text":"Final Cut Studio suite. The 4.0.3 update, released in the same month, upgrades the program to the finalized HD DVD 1.0 specification. It also supports the native H.264 specification. The 4.2 update, which shipped with the Final Cut Studio 2 release, was simply a compatibility update and did not add any major new features. See also a release history in context with the rest of Final Cut Studio. DVD Studio Pro has a graphical \"map\" view, which shows all the menus, tracks and scripts in the project as color-coded tiles, with the connections between them as arrows. New menus, layered","title":"DVD Studio Pro"},{"id":"16279233","text":"Final Cut Pro X as well as its companion application, Motion. The Color Board merged with a new Color Correction effect to allow for more flexibility in stacking layers of effects. The ability to apply a Keying or Shape Mask directly to any effect was also introduced. Version 10.3 introduced an entirely new interface and an improved magnetic timeline. Support for iXML metadata when importing audio. Audio editing vastly improved. Audio roles can be shown in lanes. REC 2020 color import, edit and export. MXF support. Version 10.4.0 introduced color wheels and color curves, 360º video editing and High Dynamic","title":"Final Cut Pro X"},{"id":"16279231","text":"third-party app X2Pro which uses FCPXML. Another method is to use Logic Pro X to make an AAF. With version 10.0.6 released on October 23, 2012 Apple introduced native Redcode Raw support as well as MXF support through a third party plugin. MXF was eventually natively supported by version 10.1.4. Prior to the introduction of version 10.1.0 Project and Event Libraries were separate folders. Events contained all the original media and Project Libraries contained the actual edited Projects on timelines. The Project and Event Libraries were stored in a user’s Movie folder or on the root level of an external","title":"Final Cut Pro X"},{"id":"2623032","text":"file extension codice_1. The latest version of Final Cut Pro, Final Cut Pro X, uses a new file extension; codice_2. Apple has come under some criticism for not supporting the older codice_1 project files, when it does support importing iMovie projects (codice_4 files). This concern has been addressed through the use of third party software, allowing for the migration of legacy FCP file formats into working FCPX libraries and projects. The software is called 7toX and was developed by Philip Hodgetts. Either captured from tape or loaded/imported from the file system. Files which are generated by Final Cut Pro, i.e.","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"4582177","text":"for the movies they created in Final Cut. The price was dropped from $299 for version 3.5 to $199 for version 4.0. In June 2011, Final Cut Express was officially discontinued, in favor of Final Cut Pro X. Final Cut Express' interface was identical to that of Final Cut Pro, but lacks some film-specific features, including Cinema Tools, multi-cam editing, batch capture, and a time code view. The program performed 32 undo operations, while Final Cut Pro did 99 . Features the program did include were: One feature of Final Cut Express that was not available in Final Cut Pro","title":"Final Cut Express"},{"id":"19017846","text":"which was announced on March 21, 2016, and released on March 31 that same year. On June 5, 2017, a second generation of iPad Pro was announced, which features A10X Fusion processors, with basic storage of 64 GB, and optional 512 GB. Upgraded displays include a new 10.5-inch version to replace the 9.7-inch model, while the 12.9-inch version was refreshed. Following this announcement, the first generation iPad Pros, both 9.7 and 12.9 inch, were discontinued. The third generation of iPad Pro was announced on October 30, 2018. It is available in two screen sizes: and . They feature full screen","title":"IPad Pro"},{"id":"16279236","text":"within the first six months of the product's life. EDL export, a product of the early days of videotape editing, is now supported through third-party software and creating an AAF (a newer version of OMF) for passing projects to ProTools through X2Pro. Since then, in some people's opinions, some of Final Cut Pro X's initial shortcomings have been fixed. Apple announced in April 2018 that there are more than 2.5 Million users of Final Cut Pro X.. Since its release, FCP X has supported the construction of Effect, Title, Transition, and Title plugins by publishing custom built effects from Apple","title":"Final Cut Pro X"},{"id":"2623030","text":"The new version also supports the HEVC video format and HEIF photo format. Final Cut Pro X 10.4 has also gained the ability to import projects from iMovie for iOS, and now supported enhanced performance on the iMac Pro. A Final Cut Pro Project technically consists of separate files: The location of the Media and the Render/Cache Files is not standardised. Final Cut Pro can be configured where to store them. Some users have a central directory where they store all their Source/Render/Cache files, some set those file paths to their specific project directory, so that they have all project","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"2286702","text":"to an every other year release of major number installments. CS5.5 was presented on April 12, 2011, as an in-between program until CS6. The update helped developers optimize websites for a variety of tablets, smart phones, and other devices. At the same time, Adobe announced a subscription-based pay service as an alternative to full purchase. On July 1, 2011, Adobe Systems announced its Switcher Program, which will allow people who had purchased any version of Apple's Final Cut Pro (or Avid Media Composer) to receive a 50 percent discount on Creative Suite CS5.5 Production Premium or Premiere Pro CS5.5. Not","title":"Adobe Creative Suite"},{"id":"10068382","text":"for purchase on April 8, 2008. On July 23, 2009 Final Cut Server was upgraded from v1.1.1 to v1.5. The release corresponded to the release of a new version of Final Cut Studio. The upgrade changed the pricing structure by eliminating the original 10-client license and reducing the cost of the unlimited client to $999. Upgrades from v1.1.1 to v1.5 for both the unlimited license and the older 10-client license were $299. With the purchase of the upgrade, the 10-client license was converted into an unlimited client license. Notable features upgraded in version 1.5 include the addition of global searches","title":"Final Cut Server"},{"id":"16279228","text":"Final Cut Pro X is a completely re-written application. As a native 64-bit application it takes advantage of more than 4GB of RAM. It utilizes all CPU cores with Grand Central Dispatch. Open CL support allows GPU accelerated processing for improved performance for playback, rendering, and transcoding. It is resolution-independent, supporting images sizes from SD to beyond 4K. Final Cut Pro X supports playback of many native camera and audio formats. It can also transcode video clips to the Apple ProRes codec for improved performance. Many tasks are performed in the background such as auto-saving, rendering, transcoding, and media management,","title":"Final Cut Pro X"},{"id":"16279230","text":"Cut Pro X on its initial release have subsequently been added such as: XML import and export, server support, multicam editing, chapter markers, and broadcast monitor support. Because Final Cut Pro X abandoned a track-based timeline in favor of the Magnetic Timeline initially there were limitations in exporting audio stems for Broadcast and Distribution needs. On September 9, 2011 version 10.0.1 was released with a new solution to this problem, the introduction of Video and Audio Roles. Clips are assigned Roles and upon Sharing a Project the user could export Multitrack Quicktime Files or Stems. AAF export is done with","title":"Final Cut Pro X"},{"id":"16279237","text":"Motion. This has led to a third-party ecosystem of developers building effects from simple color corrections to complex templates. Third-party plug-ins can also be created through Apple's FxPlug SDK. As Projects, Events, and Libraries are stored in a database format, this has allowed many third party developers to build workflow tools by utilizing FCPXML. Final Cut Pro X Final Cut Pro X (pronounced \"Final Cut Pro Ten\") is a professional non-linear video editing application published by Apple Inc. as part of their Pro Apps family of software programs. It was released on June 21, 2011 for sale in the Mac","title":"Final Cut Pro X"},{"id":"4607089","text":"Logic Pro Studio 9 no longer allows users to access any microtunings in Scala format other than those provided with the software by Apple. Released as successor to Logic Pro 9 on July 16, 2013, \"Logic Pro X\" (10.0.0) included a new, single-window customizable interface, with a design in line with Final Cut Pro X, as well as new features. New tools in this release are \"Drummer\", a virtual session player that automatically plays along with your song in a wide variety of drumming styles and techniques, and \"Flex Pitch\", a Flex Time equivalent for pitch editing in audio recordings.","title":"Logic Pro"},{"id":"7069265","text":"Compressor (software) Compressor is a video and audio media compression and encoding application for use with Final Cut Studio and Logic Studio on macOS. It can be used with Qmaster for clustering. The application used to be available as part of Final Cut Pro, Soundtrack Pro, Motion, and DVD Studio Pro, but after those stand-alone products were discontinued, it became available as part of Final Cut Studio and Logic Studio. With the release of Final Cut Pro X and Motion 5, Compressor was upgraded to version 4 and is available to purchase separately on the Mac App Store for $49.99.","title":"Compressor (software)"},{"id":"2592621","text":"Soundtrack Pro Soundtrack Pro is a discontinued music composing and audio editing application made by Apple Inc. featured in Logic Studio and Final Cut Studio that included a collection of just over 5,000 royalty free professional instrument loops and sound effects. It was discontinued with the release of Final Cut Pro X, Motion 5, and Compressor 4. An earlier incarnation of the package, Soundtrack, was first sold as part of Apple's Final Cut Pro 4 video editor, released in April 2003. It was then released as a stand-alone product, but due to low demand it was discontinued. The main concept","title":"Soundtrack Pro"},{"id":"1989288","text":"and is no longer available in iMovie or Final Cut Pro X. iMovie 10.0 was released on October 22, 2013 by Apple Inc. This version of iMovie was a complete redesign with more options to share a movie, more movie and trailer theme options from iMovie for iOS, easier to make picture-in-pictures, cutaways, side-by-sides etc., more realistic green-screen effects and easier refinements. iMovie 10.1 was released on October 13, 2015. It allowed for 4K video editing and included a major user interface overhaul, as well as the removal of some peripheral features. On June 7, 2010, Steve Jobs announced in","title":"IMovie"},{"id":"16876123","text":"PDZK-LT2 for Apples Final Cut Pro X downloadable at http://www.sonycreativesoftware.com. Version 10.2 of Final Cut Pro X supports XAVC-S natively. For XAVC S, CyberLink PowerDirector, Adobe Premiere Elements, Apple's iMovie 10, Pinnacle Studio 18 Ultimate and Sony Movie Studio Platinum support it for editing and production. XAVC XAVC is a recording format that was introduced by Sony on October 30, 2012. XAVC is a format that will be licensed to companies that want to make XAVC products. XAVC uses level 5.2 of H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, which is the highest level supported by that video standard. XAVC can support 4K resolution (4096","title":"XAVC"},{"id":"4582176","text":"with Dynamic RT, version 3.5 upgraded LiveType to version 2.0 and Soundtrack to version 1.5. In November 2007, Apple released Final Cut Express 4, which although it did not support real-time editing in the AVCHD format (it only allowed for transcoding AVCHD to Apple Intermediate Codec (AIC) provided that the camera was actually attached to the computer - it did not convert AVCHD files stored elsewhere and is currently for Intel processors only), imported iMovie '08 projects and included 50 new filters. It did not include Soundtrack 1.5, but it still included LiveType which enables users to create advanced text","title":"Final Cut Express"},{"id":"11097592","text":"released. On 7 March 2017, Visual Studio 2017 was released for general availability. On 14 March 2017, first fix was released for Visual Studio 2017 due to failures during installation or opening solutions in the first release. On 5 April 2017, Visual Studio 2017 15.1 was released and added support for targeting the .NET Framework 4.7. On 10 May 2017, Visual Studio 2017 15.2 was released and added a new workload, \"Data Science and Analytical Applications Workload\". An update to fix the dark color theme was released on 12 May 2017. On 14 August 2017, Visual Studio 2017 15.3 was","title":"Microsoft Visual Studio"},{"id":"2623018","text":"of the main show floor. At the demonstration, both Mac and Windows versions were shown. The Mac version was working with a Truevision RTX dual stream real time card with limited real time effects. When no purchaser could be found, Apple purchased the team as a defensive move. When Apple could not find a buyer in turn, it continued development work, focusing on adding FireWire/DV support and introduced Final Cut Pro at NAB 1999. In order that Final Cut Pro would be supported from the beginning with third-party self-paced and instructor-led training, Apple worked with DVcreators.net, who released a training","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"7895672","text":"4K resolution video in Final Cut Pro X. Drive performance, connected via PCIe, is also widely mentioned as a strong point. Technical reviewers praised the OpenCL API under which the machine's powerful twin GPUs and its multi-core CPU can be treated as a single pool of computing power. However, in late 2013 through early 2014, some reviewers have noted the lack of internal expandability, second CPU, serviceability, and questioned the then-limited offerings via Thunderbolt 2 ports. By 2016, reviewers started to agree that the Mac Pro was lacking in functionality and power, and should be updated by Apple. Apple later","title":"Mac Pro"},{"id":"11097593","text":"released and added support for targeting .NET Core 2.0. An update (15.3.1) was released four days later to address a Git vulnerability with submodules (CVE 2017-1000117). On October 10, 2017, Visual Studio 15.4 was released. On December 4, 2017, Visual Studio 15.5 was released. This update contained major performance improvements, new features, as well as bug fixes. On March 6, 2018, Visual Studio 15.6 was released. It includes updates to unit testing and performance. On May 7, 2018, Visual Studio 15.7 was released. It included updates across the board including, the installer, editor, debugger among others. Almost all point releases,","title":"Microsoft Visual Studio"},{"id":"3632622","text":"directly to version 10. Like with Mac OS X, the products were not upgrades to previous versions, but brand new programs, branded as QuickTime X and Final Cut Pro X, but unlike Apple's desktop operating systems, there were no major versions 8 or 9. As with , however, minor releases are denoted using a third digit, rather than a second digit. Consequently, major releases for these programs also employ the second digit, as Apple does with OS X. In WWDC 2016, they announced that Mac OS X will now onwards be called macOS. Sun's Java has at times had a","title":"Software versioning"},{"id":"2623006","text":"audio filters such as keying tools, mattes and vocal de-poppers and de-essers. It also has multiple color correction tools including color wheels, sliders and curves, video scopes and a selection of generators, such as slugs, test cards, and noise. The legacy (v. 7.0.3 and earlier) Final Cut (Pro and Express) interface was designed around non-computerized editing work-flows, with four main windows that replicate tried-and-trusted methods of organising, viewing and editing physical tape or film media. The browser, where source media files (or clips) are listed, replicates the editor's traditional film \"bins\" or stacks of videotapes. The Viewer, where individual media","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"2623031","text":"files at one place. After having finished a project, one can erase everything but the project file, to save disk space, and at a later time Final Cut Pro can re-capture/re-link all source data and recalculate all render and cache data, provided it can access all linked sources. The first versions of Final Cut Pro and Final Cut Express used a binary file which contained all montage information such as timecode information, clip's in/out-points, size/crop/position, composition nesting, filter settings, automation data, etc. More recent editions of Final Cut Pro and Final Cut Express, before Final Cut Pro X, used the","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"9811147","text":"Medien had released an exclusive retail PC version of the game in Germany in 2014, containing Book One and a Steam season pass key. After the release of the fifth and final episode, Red Thread Games started working on the updated and final version of the entire game. This version was released on 5 May 2017 for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One by the publisher Deep Silver, and on 21 July for Windows, OS X, and Linux, where it was subtitled \"The Final Cut\". A number of limited boxed editions were additionally offered as incentives to the supporters on Kickstarter,","title":"Dreamfall Chapters"},{"id":"16492720","text":"and bluetooth 4.0, where the original PS4 only supports 2.4GHz Wi-Fi and outdated 2.1 bluetooth connection. It was released on September 15, 2016, with a 500 GB model at the same price as the original version of the PlayStation 4. On April 18, 2017, Sony announced that it had replaced the 500 GB base model with a new 1 TB version, with no change in pricing. PlayStation 4 Pro (codenamed Neo) was announced on September 7, 2016, and launched worldwide on November 10, 2016. Its model number is CUH-7000. It is an upgraded version of the PlayStation 4 with improved","title":"PlayStation 4"},{"id":"15785823","text":"2018. The new model offers some similar features and functionality to the HERO5 and HERO6, like a touchscreen and built in timelapse video mode, but with slightly lower resolution and framerate, and lacking the GPS functionality and exposure control. The HERO7 White, HERO7 Silver and HERO7 Black are the latest GoPro cameras, released on September 30, 2018. HERO7 Black offers new \"HyperSmooth\" video stabilization, improved timelapse video capabilities, and livestreaming. Karma Drone became available October 23, 2016. The drone is compatible with the HERO5 and HERO4 Black and Silver. The Drone has 20 minutes of battery life. The stabilizer can","title":"GoPro"},{"id":"12490870","text":"for performance and stability. RawTherapee 4.1 was released on 21 May, 2014. RawTherapee 4.2 was released on 24 October, 2014. RawTherapee 5.0 was released on 22 January 2017. There are two variants tagged as 5.0: one uses GTK2, and the other GTK3. Both variants are identical in every way except for the graphical toolkit. RawTherapee 5.0-r1 was released on 2 February, 2017. This revision is functionally the same, but includes a few bug fixes which came to light after the 5.0 release. RawTherapee 5.1 was released on 15 May 2017. Major new features include Pentax Pixel Shift support, the Dynamic","title":"RawTherapee"},{"id":"7895673","text":"revealed in 2017 that the thermal core design had limited the ability to upgrade the Mac Pro's GPUs and that a new design was under development, to be released sometime after 2017. On September 18, 2018, the Mac Pro surpassed the Macintosh Plus's production life record for an unchanged Mac model, with the Plus having remained on sale unchanged for 1,734 days. In April 2018, Apple confirmed that a new redesigned Mac Pro will be released in 2019 to replace the 2nd generation Mac Pro. The iMac Pro, released in December 2017, serves as a stopgap release between the two","title":"Mac Pro"},{"id":"19548122","text":"CarPlay, the update added a quick-access multitasking screen with the three most recently used apps, and added functionality for the Maps app to find electric vehicle charging stations. iOS 10.3.1 was released on April 3, 2017, with bug fixes and security improvements, including a fix for a Wi-Fi vulnerability discovered by Google's Project Zero team of security researchers. iOS 10.3.2 was released on May 15, 2017, with bug fixes and security improvements. iOS 10.3.3 was released on July 19, 2017, with new wallpapers for the 12.9-inch iPad Pro, along with bug fixes and security improvements, including a fix for a","title":"IOS 10"},{"id":"5244013","text":"applied in real time. In the Macworld Conference and Expo 2005, Steve Jobs, former CEO of Apple, declared 2005 to be the \"Year of HD\". To this end, the HD features of Final Cut Studio were emphasized, such that a little HD logo was placed on the box for each individual Studio application, as well as the Final Cut Studio box. Final Cut Pro supports nearly all High Definition formats (HDV, DVCPRO HD, AVCHD, and uncompressed HD) and Soundtrack Pro and Motion can import these formats too, where they can be played back on an external monitor. DVD Studio Pro","title":"Final Cut Studio"},{"id":"19123432","text":"almost 400 TV models have support for HLG which includes TV models from Finlux, Hisense, Hitachi, LG, Panasonic, Philips, Samsung, Sony, and Toshiba. On December 6, 2017, Qualcomm announced the Qualcomm Snapdragon 845 which includes support for HLG. On December 14, 2017, Apple released a firmware update for Final Cut Pro X which includes support for HLG. On December 14, 2017, DirecTV began broadcasting HLG HDR on their 4K Channels 104 and 106. On April 12, 2018, Vizio announced HLG support for their 2018 models. Hybrid Log-Gamma Hybrid Log-Gamma (HLG) is a high dynamic range (HDR) standard that was jointly","title":"Hybrid Log-Gamma"},{"id":"18547308","text":"as a manual, one-time update from the Microsoft Office website. All versions following 15.25 will be 64-bit only. Office for Mac received Touch Bar support in an update on February 16, 2017, following the launch of the 2016 MacBook Pro models. As with previous versions, Office 2016 is made available in several distinct editions aimed towards different markets. All traditional editions of Microsoft Office 2016 contain Word, Excel, PowerPoint and OneNote and are licensed for use on one computer. Five traditional editions of Office 2016 were released for Windows: Three traditional editions of Office 2016 were released for Mac: The","title":"Microsoft Office 2016"},{"id":"2592630","text":"(to the same file). The program also allows multitrack projects to be exported directly with Compressor settings. Soundtrack Pro Soundtrack Pro is a discontinued music composing and audio editing application made by Apple Inc. featured in Logic Studio and Final Cut Studio that included a collection of just over 5,000 royalty free professional instrument loops and sound effects. It was discontinued with the release of Final Cut Pro X, Motion 5, and Compressor 4. An earlier incarnation of the package, Soundtrack, was first sold as part of Apple's Final Cut Pro 4 video editor, released in April 2003. It was","title":"Soundtrack Pro"},{"id":"11097590","text":"first Community Technology Preview (CTP) was released on 3 June 2014 and the Release Candidate was released on 29 April 2015; Visual Studio 2015 was officially announced as the final name on 12 November 2014. Visual Studio 2015 RTM was released on 20 July 2015. Visual Studio 2015 Update 1 was released on 30 November 2015. Visual Studio 2015 Update 2 was released on 30 March 2016. Visual Studio 2015 Update 3 was released on 27 June 2016. Initially referred to as Visual Studio \"15\", it was released on 7 March 2017. The first Preview was released on 30 March","title":"Microsoft Visual Studio"},{"id":"9246413","text":"PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 on November 7, 2007. Download and retail versions for Mac OS X were released by Aspyr in September 2008. As of May 2009, \"Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare\" has sold over 13 million copies. \"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered\" is a remastered version of \"\" that was released alongside the Legacy Edition, Legacy Pro Edition and Digital Deluxe Edition of \"\" on November 4, 2016, for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and PC. It was later released standalone on June 27, 2017, for PS4, and July 27, 2017, for Xbox One and PC. The","title":"Call of Duty"},{"id":"2592623","text":"stand-alone product has been dropped again. Soundtrack Pro adds features for professional audio engineers and sound designers, and focuses more on sound editing than the original Soundtrack. Since September 2007 Soundtrack Pro also comes as part of the Logic Studio bundle, Apple's own audio and midi sequencing software. But it was removed from Logic Studio when Logic Pro was moved to the App Store on December 8, 2011. Soundtrack Pro 2 is included in Final Cut Studio 2 (2008). Also see a release history in context with the rest of Final Cut Studio. Soundtrack Pro has two main modes: multitrack","title":"Soundtrack Pro"},{"id":"2623016","text":"that digital editing, provides Final Cut Pro users with several editing options. Users can also set their own customisable keyboard preferences. Randy Ubillos created the first three versions of Adobe Premiere, the first popular digital video editing application. Before version 5 was released, Ubillos' group was hired by Macromedia to create KeyGrip, built from the ground up as a more professional video-editing program based on Apple QuickTime. Macromedia could not release the product without causing its partner Truevision some issues with Microsoft, as KeyGrip was, in part, based on technology from Microsoft licensed to Truevision and then in turn to","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"18820946","text":"issue for iPhone SE. However, iOS 9.3.2 bricked some 9.7-inch iPad Pros, preventing them from being used. Apple pulled the update for iPad Pro on May 20, 2016, and re-released 9.3.2 for the device on June 2, 2016, fixing the issue. iOS 9.3.3 was released on July 18, 2016, with bug fixes and performance improvements. iOS 9.3.4 was released on August 4, 2016, with a fix for a memory corruption issue that could enable an app \"to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges\". The update consequently patched an iOS jailbreaking method used by the Chinese programming group Pangu Team. iOS","title":"IOS 9"},{"id":"14238943","text":"and hardware, but also includes Touch ID and available in gold color. In September, 2015, the iPad Pro was announced, which included a 12.9-inch screen, and a 9.7-inch version was announced in March 2016, with the addition of 256 GB option for both iPad Pro models. On March 21, 2017, a new iPad was announced. The hardware includes an A9 processor and is designed to be a budget version of the iPad. In June 2017, the iPad Pro's second generation hardware was announced to have 12.9 and 10.5-inch screens. On March 28, 2018, the new iPad 9.7-inch 2018 model (6th","title":"IPad"},{"id":"2623015","text":"a clip is changed by control-clicking or right-clicking on the clip and selecting it from the cascading contextual menu, or by selecting the mode from the application's 'modify' menu. For either matte modes, the clip that will perform the key is placed overneath the fill clip on the Timeline. For more advanced compositing Final Cut Pro is compatible with Apple's Shake (discontinued) and Apple Motion software. Final Cut Pro uses a set of hot-keys to select the tools. There are almost 400 keyboard commands that allow the user to increase the speed of edits. This combined with the nonlinear approach","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"8138696","text":"Pro theme Pro Theme is a GUI style used by Apple Inc. for its Mac OS X operating system. It is reserved for Apple's high-end video, music and image editing products, such as Final Cut Pro HD, Soundtrack Pro and Aperture. The most notable difference between Pro and Apple's other GUI styles is the abandonment of white and vibrantly coloured icons. Pro applications also use a much smaller typeface than the other themes. The Pro theme is based on a private Framework called ProKit.framework, which is stored in the computer's /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/ folder. It is not available for use in non-Apple","title":"Pro theme"},{"id":"10071317","text":"Color (software) Color was a professional color grading software application produced by Apple Inc. for their Mac OS X operating system. It is one of the major applications included as part of Apple's Final Cut Studio 3 video production suite. It was discontinued with the release of Final Cut Pro X, Motion 5, and Compressor 4. The application was originally called FinalTouch and was developed by Silicon Color, until the company was acquired by Apple in October 2006. Motion picture images often look whitewashed or grayed out when scanned directly off of the negative during telecine. One basic purpose of","title":"Color (software)"},{"id":"1410605","text":"2012\". macOS Sierra was announced on June 13, 2016, during the WWDC keynote speech. It was released publicly on September 20, 2016. macOS High Sierra was announced on June 5, 2017, during the WWDC keynote speech. It was released on September 25, 2017. The release includes many under-the-hood improvements, including a switch to Apple File System (APFS), the introduction of Metal 2, support for HEVC video, and improvements to VR support. In addition, numerous changes were made to standard applications including Photos, Safari, Notes, and Spotlight. macOS Mojave was announced on June 4, 2018, during the WWDC keynote speech. It","title":"MacOS version history"},{"id":"11097589","text":"was released on 20 January 2014. Visual Studio 2013.1 is a targeted update that addresses some key areas of customer feedback. \"Visual Studio 2013 Update 2\" (Visual Studio 2013.2) was released on 12 May 2014. Visual Studio 2013 Update 3 was released on 4 August 2014. With this update, Visual Studio provides an option to disable the all-caps menus, which was introduced in VS2012. \"Visual Studio 2013 Update 4\" (Visual Studio 2013.4) was released on 12 November 2014. \"Visual Studio 2013 Update 5\" (Visual Studio 2013.5) was released on 20 July 2015. Initially referred to as Visual Studio \"14\", the","title":"Microsoft Visual Studio"},{"id":"10068383","text":"accessible to your workgroup, integration of Active Directory permission sets, improved search engine performance, and an expanded line of proxy settings. On June 21, 2011, Apple announced the end-of-life of the Final Cut Server product, in favor of Final Cut Pro X. Final Cut Server Final Cut Server was Apple's server-based backend for managing Final Cut Studio files (in particular Final Cut Pro) and workflow automation, based on Proximity's artbox package. Final Cut Server can catalogue any file type and allows for the addition of custom metadata to make those files searchable. Final Cut Server runs on Apple hardware but","title":"Final Cut Server"},{"id":"19017847","text":"displays, with the 11 inch model replacing the 10.5 inch model of the previous generation. They also feature up to 1 TB of storage and Face ID. The 12.9-inch version of the iPad Pro was announced during an Apple Special Event on September 9, 2015. It was released on November 11, 2015 with gold, silver, and space gray color options. Prices ranging from US$799.99 to $1,229.99 based on storage size and cellular connectivity. On March 21, 2016, the 9.7 inch version of the iPad Pro was announced at an Apple keynote with an additional rose gold color option. The 9.7","title":"IPad Pro"},{"id":"10071318","text":"\"Color\" is to add the vibrancy and richness of color back to the video once it is transferred to a digital format, normally for further editing. Color 1.5 was introduced on July 23, 2009 along with the new Final Cut Studio 2009. Color (software) Color was a professional color grading software application produced by Apple Inc. for their Mac OS X operating system. It is one of the major applications included as part of Apple's Final Cut Studio 3 video production suite. It was discontinued with the release of Final Cut Pro X, Motion 5, and Compressor 4. The application","title":"Color (software)"},{"id":"20193346","text":"IMac Pro iMac Pro is an all-in-one personal computer and workstation designed, manufactured, and sold by Apple Inc. starting December 14, 2017. Unlike the Mac Pro, Apple claims the iMac Pro is the most powerful Mac ever made. The iMac Pro comes with a custom Apple T2 chip (which stores encrypted keys) and a custom version of macOS High Sierra which allows the user to lock down the booting process (using the Startup Security Utility). The iMac Pro was introduced at WWDC on June 5, 2017 and was released in December 2017, with a starting price of US$4999. Some of","title":"IMac Pro"},{"id":"335593","text":"XP is 13.0.1. Adobe also announced that CS6 will be the last suite sold with perpetual licenses in favor of the new Creative Cloud subscriptions, though they will continue to provide OS compatibility support as well as bug fixes and security updates as necessary. Photoshop CC (14.0) was launched on June 18, 2013. As the next major version after CS6, it is only available as part of a Creative Cloud subscription, the full version of which costs $49 every month. Major features in this version include All-new Smart Sharpen, Intelligent Upsampling, and Camera Shake Reduction for reducing blur caused by","title":"Adobe Photoshop"},{"id":"11097591","text":"2016. Visual Studio \"15\" Preview 2 was released 10 May 2016. Visual Studio \"15\" Preview 3 was released on 7 July 2016. Visual Studio \"15\" Preview 4 was released on 22 August 2016. Visual Studio \"15\" Preview 5 was released on 5 October 2016. , Visual Studio is making the Ethereum Solidity language available to developers. On 14 November 2016, for a brief period of time, Microsoft released a blog post revealing Visual Studio 2017 product name version alongside upcoming features. On 16 November 2016, \"Visual Studio 2017\" was announced as the final name, and Visual Studio 2017 RC was","title":"Microsoft Visual Studio"},{"id":"18547303","text":"Microsoft Office 2016 Microsoft Office 2016 (codenamed Office 16) is a version of the Microsoft Office productivity suite, succeeding both Office 2013 and Office for Mac 2011, and preceding Office 2019 for both platforms. It was released on macOS on July 9, 2015 and on Microsoft Windows on September 22, 2015 for Office 365 subscribers. Mainstream support ends on October 13, 2020, and extended support ends on October 14, 2025. The perpetually licensed version on macOS and Windows was released on September 22, 2015. Since its successor Office 2019 only supports Windows 10 or Windows Server 2016, this is the","title":"Microsoft Office 2016"},{"id":"4768372","text":"DVD Studio Pro DVD Studio Pro is a discontinued high-end software tool published by Apple Inc. to allow users to create DVD masters to be sent out for replication at production houses. Its tight integration with other Apple applications allowed users to take Final Cut Pro and Motion projects and render them into the DVD format without encoding to intermediary formats. This streamlined the production workflow and reduces overhead. It was discontinued with the release of Final Cut Pro X, Motion 5, and Compressor 4. Apple bought Astarte's DVDirector in 2000, re-releasing it as DVD Studio Pro in 2001. Version","title":"DVD Studio Pro"},{"id":"795156","text":"various companies made offers, Keygrip was purchased by Apple as Steve Jobs wanted a product to compete with Adobe Premiere in the desktop video market. At around the same time, Avid—now with Windows versions of its editing software—was considering abandoning the Macintosh platform. Apple released Final Cut Pro in 1999, and despite not being taken seriously at first by professionals, it has evolved into a serious competitor to entry level's Avid's systems. Another leap came in the late 1990s with the launch of DV-based video formats for consumer and professional use. With DV came IEEE 1394 (FireWire/iLink), a simple and","title":"Non-linear editing system"},{"id":"16279232","text":"hard drive. These Libraries automatically opened in Final Cut Pro X depending on which hard drives were mounted. That all changed on December 19, 2013 when Project and Event Libraries were merged into a new Library model. Libraries contained Events which in turn contained Projects. And unlike before Libraries could be opened and closed by the user. Media could be stored internally in the Library or kept outside the Library. On June 27, 2014 media management was further refined with the release of version 10.1.2. During the NAB Show 2015 Apple released version 10.2.0. 3D Titles were introduced directly in","title":"Final Cut Pro X"},{"id":"2623020","text":"2003, Apple announced a program for Premiere users to trade in their discs for a free copy of Final Cut Express or a $500 discount on Final Cut Pro. Final Cut Pro benefited from the relative maturity of QuickTime and its native support for then-new DV cameras connected with FireWire (IEEE1394). The first fully Broadcast quality, Worldwide Distributed TV show produced on Final Cut Pro was 2000's WOW! Women of Wrestling, using the Pinnacle CinéWave uncompressed video card. The Oxygen Network was a beta site for Final Cut Pro in late 1999 through network launch in early 2000. Shows like","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"2623004","text":"7.0.3. Since the early 2000´s, Final Cut Pro has developed a large and expanding user base, mainly video hobbyists and independent filmmakers. It had also made inroads with film and television editors who have traditionally used Avid Technology's Media Composer. According to a 2007 SCRI study, Final Cut Pro made up 49% of the United States professional editing market, with Avid at 22%. A published survey in 2008 by the American Cinema Editors Guild placed their users at 21% Final Cut Pro (and growing from previous surveys of this group), while all others were still on an Avid system of","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"6689962","text":"in the following year; this version was then included in Final Cut Express HD in 2005. Version 2 of LiveType was then released with version 5 of Final Cut Pro, and this was included in version 3.5 of Final Cut Express in May 2006. The program was packaged with Final Cut Studio until version 3. It is still packaged with Final Cut Express; it is not available to purchase separately. See also a release history in context with the rest of Final Cut Studio. LiveType 2 includes over 11GB of content - including fonts, textures, objects, templates and effects. It","title":"LiveType"},{"id":"13425185","text":"This version included some new apps and extension APIs, some changes to improve stability and performance and 43 security fixes. The remainder of the Chromium releases for the year were just bug and security fix updates, with no other significant changes. Chromium 50.0, released on 18 January 2016, added support for Brotli compression via the codice_3 Accept-encoding header. Chrome 54, released on 12 October 2016 and based upon Chromium 54, introduced support for HTML Custom Elements. The remainder of the Chromium releases for 2016 were only bug and security fix updates, with no other significant changes. Chromium 59.0, released on","title":"Chromium (web browser)"},{"id":"2760476","text":"III or AMD Athlon XP. MPC-HC 1.7.13 is also the final version and the program has been officially discontinued as of July 16, 2017, due to a shortage of active developers with C/C++ experience. Its source code on GitHub was last updated on August 27, 2017, a month and a half after the official final version.. Unofficial versions from the same developer responsible for MPC 6.4.9.1 started appearing in January 2018. These builds contain small fixes/improvements, updated internal codecs (LAV Filters), AV1 support, and updates to some other external components. Binary releases are available, as well as source code. \"Media","title":"Media Player Classic"},{"id":"7069267","text":"well as the ability to use Compressor to produce a compliant package to submit video content for distribution to the iTunes Store. Compressor (software) Compressor is a video and audio media compression and encoding application for use with Final Cut Studio and Logic Studio on macOS. It can be used with Qmaster for clustering. The application used to be available as part of Final Cut Pro, Soundtrack Pro, Motion, and DVD Studio Pro, but after those stand-alone products were discontinued, it became available as part of Final Cut Studio and Logic Studio. With the release of Final Cut Pro X","title":"Compressor (software)"},{"id":"335594","text":"camera shake. Editable Rounded Rectangles and an update to Adobe Camera Raw (8.0) were also included. Since the initial launch, Adobe has released two additional feature-bearing updates. The first, version 14.1, was launched on September 9, 2013. The major features in this version were Adobe Generator, a Node.js-based platform for creating plug-ins for Photoshop. Photoshop 14.1 shipped with two plug-ins, one to automatically generate image assets based on an extension in the layer name, and another to automatically generate assets for Adobe Edge Reflow. Version 14.2 was released on January 15, 2014. Major features include Perspective Warp, Linked Smart Objects,","title":"Adobe Photoshop"},{"id":"17351285","text":"these discs on a 4K capable USB 3.0 external disc drive. The decision not to upgrade was predicated primarily on cost. A limited translucent case-version of the PS4 Pro was released in August 2018, which include minor hardware updates. This new system, model number CUH-7100, besides offering a larger hard drive, used a quieter fan that helped to reduce the noise levels. It also drew power at a consistent rate compared to the CUH-7000, though ran slightly hotter than the launch system. A second minor hardware refresh, with model number CUH-7200, was first released in bundles with \"Red Dead Redemption","title":"PlayStation 4 technical specifications"},{"id":"2623017","text":"Macromedia. The terms of the IP licensing deal stated that it was not to be used in conjunction with QuickTime. Thus, Macromedia was forced to keep the product off the market until a solution could be found. At the same time, the company decided to focus more on applications that would support the web, so they sought to find a buyer for their non-web applications, including KeyGrip, which by 1998 was renamed Final Cut. Final Cut was shown in private room demonstrations as a 0.9 alpha at the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) exposition in 1998 after Macromedia pulled out","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"20968439","text":"seconds of 8-bit uncompressed digital video. A few years later, in 1991, Adobe released its first version of Premiere for the Mac, a program that has since become an industry standard for editing and is now commonly used for video manipulation. In 1999, Apple released Final Cut Pro, which competed with Adobe Premiere and was used in the production major films such as \"The Rules of Attraction\" and \"No Country for Old Men\". Face detection became a major research subject in the early 2000s that has continued to be studied in the present. In 2017, an amateur coder named “DeepFakes”","title":"Video manipulation"},{"id":"11381374","text":"Portrait Professional Portrait Professional or Portrait Pro is a Windows and Mac based portrait imaging enhancement software targeted at professional and keen amateur photographers. Developed by Anthropics Technology Ltd and first released in July 2006, it has been in continuous development ever since. The current software, version 17, was released October 11, 2017, the previous version, 15, was released in September 2015. PortraitPro, PortraitPro Studio, and PortraitPro Studio Max are image editors for Windows and Mac OS X, specifically targeted at editing portrait photographs. Rather than using brushes alone as a traditional image editor does, the user of Portrait Professional","title":"Portrait Professional"},{"id":"16492676","text":"been shipped worldwide, surpassing lifetime sales of its predecessor, the PlayStation 3. On September 7, 2016, Sony unveiled the PlayStation 4 Pro, a high-end version of the console with an upgraded GPU and higher CPU clock rate to support enhanced performance and 4K resolution on supported titles. The company also released a variant of the original model with a smaller form factor, and the release of a patch to add HDR support to all existing consoles. According to lead architect Mark Cerny, development of Sony's fourth video game console began as early as 2008. Less than two years earlier, the","title":"PlayStation 4"},{"id":"2970637","text":"the title of the new album, \"Thank You for Today\", and shared the lead single from the album, \"Gold Rush.\". Following this, on July 19, 2018, \"I Dreamt We Spoke Again\" was released. \"Autumn Love\" was the last single to be released on August 1, 2018. The album was released on August 17, 2018. It is the band's first album without Chris Walla, and the first album to feature Depper and Rae. Lauren Mayberry was also featured on the album, contributing vocals on \"Northern Lights\". On August 28, 2018, the album ranked No. 1 on the Billboard Top Rock Albums","title":"Death Cab for Cutie"},{"id":"13425186","text":"4 March 2017, added support for the Animated Portable Network Graphics (APNG) file format. The remainder of the Chromium releases for 2017 were only bug and security fix updates, with no other significant changes. Chromium 66.0, first released on 20 January 2018, introduced audio muting for all autoplaying video content by default. Chromium 69.0, first released on 19 July 2018 and stable version on 04 September 2018, introduced new material theme as part of 10 years project anniversary. Chromium 71, was first released on 1 September 2018 and resulted in Chrome 71, released on 4 December 2018. This version incorporated","title":"Chromium (web browser)"},{"id":"16615252","text":"Microsoft Office 2013 Microsoft Office 2013 (codenamed Office 15) is a version of Microsoft Office, a productivity suite for Microsoft Windows. It is the successor to Microsoft Office 2010 and the predecessor to Microsoft Office 2016. It includes extended file format support, user interface updates and support for touch among its new features. Office 2013 is suitable for IA-32 and x64 systems and requires Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 R2 or a later version of either. A version of Office 2013 comes included on Windows RT devices. Mainstream support ended on April 10, 2018. Extended support ends on April 11,","title":"Microsoft Office 2013"},{"id":"13024163","text":"5K resolution allowing 4K video to be played at its native resolution in Final Cut Pro, with room for toolbars on the side. On June 6, 2017, Apple’s 21.5-inch iMac, which has a full HD resolution display and the latest Intel 7th generation i5 processor, was announced. The iMac has Turbo Boost up to 3.6GHz supported, and 1 TB hard drive. Apple’s iMac with 4K display has Intel Core i5 quad-core processor with 3GHz or 3.4GHz clock speed. The RAM on board is 8GB, and it will support Turbo boost of up to 3.8GHz. This iMac has options of 1TB","title":"IMac"},{"id":"15785822","text":"to cloud and voice controls. The HERO6 Black was introduced on September 28, 2017. The camera is waterproof up to 10 m, supports 4K HEVC video recording at up to 60 fps and 1080p at up to 240 fps, automatic upload of footage to cloud, voice controls and 5 GHz Wi-Fi. It will be the first GoPro with its own custom system on a chip (SoC) the GP1. The high-end Fusion was released November 24, 2017. It has two cameras and can record 360° Panorama video. The HERO (2018 edition) is a new entry level camera, introduced on March 29,","title":"GoPro"},{"id":"335588","text":"technologies under development, including three-dimensional brushes and warping tools. In May 2011, Adobe Creative Suite 5.5 (CS5.5) was released, with new versions of some of the applications. Its version of Photoshop, 12.1, is identical to the concurrently released update for Photoshop CS5, version 12.0.4, except for support for the new subscription pricing that was introduced with CS5.5. CS5 introduces new tools such as the Content-Aware Fill, Refine Edge, Mixer Brush, Bristle Tips and Puppet Warp. The community also had a hand in the additions made to CS5 as 30 new features and improvements were included by request. These include automatic","title":"Adobe Photoshop"},{"id":"2623022","text":"motion picture \"The Rules of Attraction\" was edited on beta versions of Final Cut Pro 3, proving to the film industry that successful matchback to 24fps could be achieved with a \"consumer\" off-the-shelf product. Roger Avary, the film's director became the spokesperson for Final Cut Pro, appearing in print advertisements worldwide. His advocacy of the product gave confidence to mainstream editors such as Walter Murch, that the product was ready for \"prime time.\" In August 2002, the application won a Primetime Emmy Engineering Award for its impact on the television industry. Final Cut Pro 4 was announced in April 2003.","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"19487011","text":"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered is a first-person shooter video game developed by Raven Software and published by Activision. A remastered version of \"\", it was initially only made available as part of the special editions of \"\", which was released worldwide on November 4, 2016, for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Microsoft Windows. A standalone version of \"Modern Warfare Remastered\" was released on June 27, 2017, for the PlayStation 4, and the Xbox One and Microsoft Windows the following month. \"Modern Warfare Remastered\" began as a result of a fan-made online","title":"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered"},{"id":"2623007","text":"files can be previewed and trimmed, replicates the source monitor of older tape-based systems. The Canvas replicates the \"program\" monitor in such systems, where the edited material is viewed. The Timeline, where media are assembled into a sequence, replicates the physically edited film or master tape of earlier systems. There is also a small Toolbox window and two audio-level indicators for the left and right audio channels. Both the Viewer and Canvas have a shuttle interface (for variable-speed scanning, forwards or backwards through a clip) and a jogging interface for frame-by-frame advancing. As in most digital non-linear editing applications, the","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"2800690","text":"and image stabilisation), Final Cut Pro 5 integration and extensions to their open, extensible scripting language and SDK. Shake 4 had no IRIX version. At the NAB event in April 2006, Apple announced that Shake 4.1 would be a Universal Binary version and would ship in May that year. It was actually released on June 20, 2006 and was rebranded as a companion for Final Cut Studio; as such, its price was dropped from $2999 to $499 for Mac OS X (but remained the same for Linux). At the same time, Apple also announced that they would end support for","title":"Shake (software)"},{"id":"2623014","text":"it obscures whatever is below it. The size of a video clip can be altered, and the clips can be cropped, among many other settings that can be changed. Opacity levels can also be altered, as well as animated over the course of the clip using keyframes, defined either on a graphical overlay, or in the Viewer's 'motion' tab, where precise percentage opacity values can be entered. Final Cut also has more than a dozen common compositing modes that can be applied to clips, such as Add, Subtract, Difference, Screen, Multiply, Overlay, and Travel Matte Luma/Alpha. The compositing mode for","title":"Final Cut Pro"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"2623003\",\n \"text\": \"Final Cut Pro Final Cut Pro is a series of non-linear video editing software programs first developed by Macromedia Inc. and later Apple Inc. The most recent version, Final Cut Pro X 10.4.4, runs on Intel-based Mac computers powered by macOS High Sierra or later. The software allows users to log and transfer video onto a hard drive (internal or external), where it can be edited, processed, and output to a wide variety of formats. The fully rewritten Final Cut Pro X was introduced by Apple in 2011, with the last version of the legacy Final Cut Pro being version\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623033\",\n \"text\": \"audio waveform display, filter effects, etc. Final Cut Pro Final Cut Pro is a series of non-linear video editing software programs first developed by Macromedia Inc. and later Apple Inc. The most recent version, Final Cut Pro X 10.4.4, runs on Intel-based Mac computers powered by macOS High Sierra or later. The software allows users to log and transfer video onto a hard drive (internal or external), where it can be edited, processed, and output to a wide variety of formats. The fully rewritten Final Cut Pro X was introduced by Apple in 2011, with the last version of the\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623027\",\n \"text\": \"July 23, 2009, Final Cut Pro 7/Final Cut Studio 3 (not officially designated as such by Apple but adopted by most users to describe the 2009 changes) was released, but it was not yet a 64-bit application. Final Cut Pro X was announced on April 12, 2011 and released on June 21. It is a 64-bit application completely rebuilt with a new interface, workflow enhancements and automation, and new features such as ColorSync integration, resolution-independent playback system, system scaling with Core Animation, and more. The three Final Cut Studio apps, Color, Soundtrack Pro, and DVD Studio Pro were dropped, while\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623029\",\n \"text\": \"or its sale to a third party by January 1, 2012. The initiator of the petition was banned from the Apple discussion forums. By January 2014, the petition had received well over 9,000 signatures. On October 27, 2016, Apple unveiled Final Cut Pro 10.3, which included a redesigned interface, enhanced window resizing, extended multiple display support, support for the Touch Bar on the new MacBook Pro, and an updated version of the Magnetic Timeline. In December 2017, Apple updated Final Cut Pro X to version 10.4, which included enhanced color editing tools, 360º video editing support and support for HDR.\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16279229\",\n \"text\": \"allowing the user an uninterrupted experience. Final Cut Pro X was developed for macOS and is not supported on the Windows Platform. Training and Certification is available by Apple for Final Cut Pro X. Final Cut Pro X was made available for purchase and download on the Mac App Store on June 21, 2011 along with new versions of Motion and Compressor. Since then the application has been updated a few times each year with new features, bug fixes, native codec support, and overall improvements with stability. Many features found in Final Cut Pro 7 that were missing in Final\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro X\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5244009\",\n \"text\": \"Final Cut Studio Final Cut Studio is a discontinued professional video and audio production suite for Mac OS X from Apple Inc., and a direct competitor to Avid Media Composer in the high-end movie production industry. It was developed from 2005 to 2011. Three of its primary applications - Final Cut Pro X (not compatible with previous versions of Final Cut), Motion, and Compressor - continue to be developed and are published as separate applications on the Mac App Store. The legacy boxed version of Final Cut Studio was last made available only through Apple's phone sales, and therefore not\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16279234\",\n \"text\": \"Range (HDR) video, During the NAB Show 2018 Apple released version 10.4.1. Closed Captioning was introduced as well as support for ProRes RAW. Version 10.4.1 requires Mac OS version 10.13.2 High Sierra. For a complete overview of the changes made, see Apple's release notes. Final Cut Pro X was announced in April 2011 simultaneously at the Los Angeles Final Cut Pro Users Group held at Bally's Las Vegas and at the NAB Show in the Las Vegas Convention Center and released in June 2011. The reaction was extremely mixed, with veteran filmmaker Walter Murch initially saying, \\\"I can't use this,\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro X\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4582174\",\n \"text\": \"Final Cut Express Final Cut Express is a discontinued video editing software suite created by Apple Inc. It was the consumer version of Final Cut Pro and was designed for advanced editing of digital video as well as high-definition video, which was used by many amateur and professional videographers. Final Cut Express was considered a step above iMovie in terms of capabilities, but a step underneath Final Cut Pro and its suite of applications. As of June 21, 2011, Final Cut Express was discontinued, in favor of Final Cut Pro X. Final Cut Express 1.0, based on Final Cut Pro\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Express\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5244010\",\n \"text\": \"online or in Apple Stores. As of 2017, Final Cut Pro 7 is no longer supported and will not run on macOS High Sierra. Final Cut Studio version 3, the final release upon discontinuation of the suite, contains six main applications and several smaller applications used in content creation. The applications are designed to integrate as a suite, to form a workflow. In particular: Final Cut Pro and Motion also integrate directly with Apple's discontinued Shake, a digital compositing package. Production Suite is a software compilation by Apple used for digital video editing. Production Suite contains Final Cut Pro HD,\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5244011\",\n \"text\": \"DVD Studio Pro 3, and Apple Motion. The compilation's component applications were announced at the National Association of Broadcasters in April 2004, and the compilation was released in August 2004. Final Cut Studio was introduced at the National Association of Broadcasters in April 2005, as the successor to Production Suite. It added new versions of all the Production Suite applications: Final Cut Pro, DVD Studio Pro and Motion. It also introduces a new application, Soundtrack Pro, which is a new version of Soundtrack, formerly included with Final Cut Pro. In January 2006, Final Cut Studio became the only way to\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16279227\",\n \"text\": \"Final Cut Pro X Final Cut Pro X (pronounced \\\"Final Cut Pro Ten\\\") is a professional non-linear video editing application published by Apple Inc. as part of their Pro Apps family of software programs. It was released on June 21, 2011 for sale in the Mac App Store. It is the controversial successor to Final Cut Pro and both editors are incompatible and have quite different approaches to editing. Final Cut Pro X shares some of both its code and interface design philosophy with Apple’s consumer video editing software, iMovie. While inheriting the name from its predecessor, Final Cut Pro,\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro X\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623025\",\n \"text\": \"and high speed storage.) Final Cut Pro 5 was announced at a pre-NAB event in April, and shipped in May 2005. Final Cut Pro 5 added support for the burgeoning HDV format for compressed HD, which had previously been supported in Final Cut Pro's \\\"scaled-down\\\" cousin, Final Cut Express. Final Cut Pro 5 also added support for Panasonic's P2 format for the recording of DVCPRO HD video to memory cards rather than tape. In January 2006, Apple stopped selling Final Cut Pro as a stand-alone product. In March 2006 the Universal Binary 5.1 version was released as part of Final\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4582175\",\n \"text\": \"3, was released at Macworld Conference and Expo in San Francisco in 2003. The second version, based on Final Cut Pro 4, was released at Macworld San Francisco in 2004. The third version, capable of editing high definition video, was also announced at Macworld San Francisco a year later, and was released as Final Cut Express HD in February 2005. It was based on Final Cut Pro HD (version 4.5) and included LiveType 1.2 and Soundtrack 1.2. Final Cut Express version 3.5 was released with little fanfare in May 2006 as a Universal Binary. In addition to improving real-time rendering\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Express\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623028\",\n \"text\": \"Motion 5 and Compressor 4 were released onto the Mac App Store. In its initial release, Final Cut Pro X was met with mixed reviews as many video editors eschewed its dramatic departure from the traditional editing interface and the dropping of many legacy (and some non-legacy) features. At the time of the initial release, a significant number of long-time Final Cut Pro users considered the new product to be an unsatisfactory product undeserving to be part of Final Cut Pro product line. An online petition was started demanding either the continued development of the legacy Final Cut Pro product\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623023\",\n \"text\": \"It included three new applications: Compressor, used for the transcoding between video formats; LiveType for advanced titling (such as the creation of animated lower thirds); and Soundtrack, for royalty-free music soundtrack creation. It also bundled Cinema Tools, which was previously sold separately for filmmakers working with telecine. Also in 2003, Apple launched Final Cut Express, a less expensive version of Final Cut Pro. It uses the same interface as Final Cut Pro, but it lacks some of the film-specific tools and other advanced options, limiting the feature set for non-professional editors. In January 2005, Soundtrack and LiveType, previously only available\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623024\",\n \"text\": \"with Final Cut Pro, were added to Express, and features were added to edit HDV. Soundtrack was subsequently removed with Final Cut Express 4. In June 2011, Final Cut Express was officially discontinued, in favor of Final Cut Pro X. In April 2004, version 4.5 of Final Cut Pro was introduced and branded by Apple as \\\"Final Cut Pro HD\\\" due to its native support for Panasonic's tape-based DVCPRO HD format for compressed 720p and 1080i HD over FireWire. (The software had been capable of uncompressed HD editing since version 3.0, but at the time had required expensive video cards\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5244012\",\n \"text\": \"purchase any of the individual major applications. In March 2006, Apple released the Universal Binary version as Final Cut Studio 1.1. Final Cut Studio has been positioned as an all-in-one production workflow system because of its integration of film, motion graphics and audio post-production tools in one suite. It is analogous to the iLife suite, which is aimed at consumers, insomuch as iMovie is the consumer counterpart of Final Cut Pro; GarageBand 3 is a consumer version of Logic Pro; and iDVD is the cut-down version of DVD Studio Pro. Like Motion, iMovie includes Core Image effects that can be\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623026\",\n \"text\": \"Cut Studio. Upgrades were achieved by sending the original installation discs back to Apple with a fee. One noticeable difference is that the Intel versions of Final Cut and Motion no longer recognize After Effects plug-ins. Instead, Apple released its own universal plug-in architecture FxPlug. On April 15, 2007, Apple revealed Final Cut Pro 6.0, as the cornerstone of the Final Cut Studio 2 bundle. Once again, Apple did not have a booth at NAB 2009, however the product was well represented on the show floor in various booths. The RED Camera team relied heavily on FCP during development. On\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4582181\",\n \"text\": \"the highly regarded noise removal tool. Soundtrack was removed from Final Cut Express 4, which lowered its price and may have encouraged people to buy Logic Express. Final Cut Express Final Cut Express is a discontinued video editing software suite created by Apple Inc. It was the consumer version of Final Cut Pro and was designed for advanced editing of digital video as well as high-definition video, which was used by many amateur and professional videographers. Final Cut Express was considered a step above iMovie in terms of capabilities, but a step underneath Final Cut Pro and its suite of\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Express\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623005\",\n \"text\": \"some kind. Final Cut Pro provides non-linear, non-destructive editing of any QuickTime-compatible video format including DV, HDV, P2 MXF (DVCProHD), XDCAM (via plug-in), 2K, 4K and 5K film formats and can import projects directly from iMovie for iOS. It supports a number of simultaneously composited video tracks (limited mainly by video form capability); unlimited audio tracks; multi-camera editing for combining video from multiple camera sources; 360º video editing support; as well as the standard ripple, roll, slip, slide, scrub, razor blade and time remapping edit functions. It comes with a range of video transitions and a range of video and\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4768375\",\n \"text\": \"Final Cut Studio suite. The 4.0.3 update, released in the same month, upgrades the program to the finalized HD DVD 1.0 specification. It also supports the native H.264 specification. The 4.2 update, which shipped with the Final Cut Studio 2 release, was simply a compatibility update and did not add any major new features. See also a release history in context with the rest of Final Cut Studio. DVD Studio Pro has a graphical \\\"map\\\" view, which shows all the menus, tracks and scripts in the project as color-coded tiles, with the connections between them as arrows. New menus, layered\",\n \"title\": \"DVD Studio Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16279233\",\n \"text\": \"Final Cut Pro X as well as its companion application, Motion. The Color Board merged with a new Color Correction effect to allow for more flexibility in stacking layers of effects. The ability to apply a Keying or Shape Mask directly to any effect was also introduced. Version 10.3 introduced an entirely new interface and an improved magnetic timeline. Support for iXML metadata when importing audio. Audio editing vastly improved. Audio roles can be shown in lanes. REC 2020 color import, edit and export. MXF support. Version 10.4.0 introduced color wheels and color curves, 360º video editing and High Dynamic\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro X\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16279231\",\n \"text\": \"third-party app X2Pro which uses FCPXML. Another method is to use Logic Pro X to make an AAF. With version 10.0.6 released on October 23, 2012 Apple introduced native Redcode Raw support as well as MXF support through a third party plugin. MXF was eventually natively supported by version 10.1.4. Prior to the introduction of version 10.1.0 Project and Event Libraries were separate folders. Events contained all the original media and Project Libraries contained the actual edited Projects on timelines. The Project and Event Libraries were stored in a user’s Movie folder or on the root level of an external\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro X\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623032\",\n \"text\": \"file extension codice_1. The latest version of Final Cut Pro, Final Cut Pro X, uses a new file extension; codice_2. Apple has come under some criticism for not supporting the older codice_1 project files, when it does support importing iMovie projects (codice_4 files). This concern has been addressed through the use of third party software, allowing for the migration of legacy FCP file formats into working FCPX libraries and projects. The software is called 7toX and was developed by Philip Hodgetts. Either captured from tape or loaded/imported from the file system. Files which are generated by Final Cut Pro, i.e.\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4582177\",\n \"text\": \"for the movies they created in Final Cut. The price was dropped from $299 for version 3.5 to $199 for version 4.0. In June 2011, Final Cut Express was officially discontinued, in favor of Final Cut Pro X. Final Cut Express' interface was identical to that of Final Cut Pro, but lacks some film-specific features, including Cinema Tools, multi-cam editing, batch capture, and a time code view. The program performed 32 undo operations, while Final Cut Pro did 99 . Features the program did include were: One feature of Final Cut Express that was not available in Final Cut Pro\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Express\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19017846\",\n \"text\": \"which was announced on March 21, 2016, and released on March 31 that same year. On June 5, 2017, a second generation of iPad Pro was announced, which features A10X Fusion processors, with basic storage of 64 GB, and optional 512 GB. Upgraded displays include a new 10.5-inch version to replace the 9.7-inch model, while the 12.9-inch version was refreshed. Following this announcement, the first generation iPad Pros, both 9.7 and 12.9 inch, were discontinued. The third generation of iPad Pro was announced on October 30, 2018. It is available in two screen sizes: and . They feature full screen\",\n \"title\": \"IPad Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16279236\",\n \"text\": \"within the first six months of the product's life. EDL export, a product of the early days of videotape editing, is now supported through third-party software and creating an AAF (a newer version of OMF) for passing projects to ProTools through X2Pro. Since then, in some people's opinions, some of Final Cut Pro X's initial shortcomings have been fixed. Apple announced in April 2018 that there are more than 2.5 Million users of Final Cut Pro X.. Since its release, FCP X has supported the construction of Effect, Title, Transition, and Title plugins by publishing custom built effects from Apple\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro X\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623030\",\n \"text\": \"The new version also supports the HEVC video format and HEIF photo format. Final Cut Pro X 10.4 has also gained the ability to import projects from iMovie for iOS, and now supported enhanced performance on the iMac Pro. A Final Cut Pro Project technically consists of separate files: The location of the Media and the Render/Cache Files is not standardised. Final Cut Pro can be configured where to store them. Some users have a central directory where they store all their Source/Render/Cache files, some set those file paths to their specific project directory, so that they have all project\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2286702\",\n \"text\": \"to an every other year release of major number installments. CS5.5 was presented on April 12, 2011, as an in-between program until CS6. The update helped developers optimize websites for a variety of tablets, smart phones, and other devices. At the same time, Adobe announced a subscription-based pay service as an alternative to full purchase. On July 1, 2011, Adobe Systems announced its Switcher Program, which will allow people who had purchased any version of Apple's Final Cut Pro (or Avid Media Composer) to receive a 50 percent discount on Creative Suite CS5.5 Production Premium or Premiere Pro CS5.5. Not\",\n \"title\": \"Adobe Creative Suite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10068382\",\n \"text\": \"for purchase on April 8, 2008. On July 23, 2009 Final Cut Server was upgraded from v1.1.1 to v1.5. The release corresponded to the release of a new version of Final Cut Studio. The upgrade changed the pricing structure by eliminating the original 10-client license and reducing the cost of the unlimited client to $999. Upgrades from v1.1.1 to v1.5 for both the unlimited license and the older 10-client license were $299. With the purchase of the upgrade, the 10-client license was converted into an unlimited client license. Notable features upgraded in version 1.5 include the addition of global searches\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Server\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16279228\",\n \"text\": \"Final Cut Pro X is a completely re-written application. As a native 64-bit application it takes advantage of more than 4GB of RAM. It utilizes all CPU cores with Grand Central Dispatch. Open CL support allows GPU accelerated processing for improved performance for playback, rendering, and transcoding. It is resolution-independent, supporting images sizes from SD to beyond 4K. Final Cut Pro X supports playback of many native camera and audio formats. It can also transcode video clips to the Apple ProRes codec for improved performance. Many tasks are performed in the background such as auto-saving, rendering, transcoding, and media management,\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro X\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16279230\",\n \"text\": \"Cut Pro X on its initial release have subsequently been added such as: XML import and export, server support, multicam editing, chapter markers, and broadcast monitor support. Because Final Cut Pro X abandoned a track-based timeline in favor of the Magnetic Timeline initially there were limitations in exporting audio stems for Broadcast and Distribution needs. On September 9, 2011 version 10.0.1 was released with a new solution to this problem, the introduction of Video and Audio Roles. Clips are assigned Roles and upon Sharing a Project the user could export Multitrack Quicktime Files or Stems. AAF export is done with\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro X\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16279237\",\n \"text\": \"Motion. This has led to a third-party ecosystem of developers building effects from simple color corrections to complex templates. Third-party plug-ins can also be created through Apple's FxPlug SDK. As Projects, Events, and Libraries are stored in a database format, this has allowed many third party developers to build workflow tools by utilizing FCPXML. Final Cut Pro X Final Cut Pro X (pronounced \\\"Final Cut Pro Ten\\\") is a professional non-linear video editing application published by Apple Inc. as part of their Pro Apps family of software programs. It was released on June 21, 2011 for sale in the Mac\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro X\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4607089\",\n \"text\": \"Logic Pro Studio 9 no longer allows users to access any microtunings in Scala format other than those provided with the software by Apple. Released as successor to Logic Pro 9 on July 16, 2013, \\\"Logic Pro X\\\" (10.0.0) included a new, single-window customizable interface, with a design in line with Final Cut Pro X, as well as new features. New tools in this release are \\\"Drummer\\\", a virtual session player that automatically plays along with your song in a wide variety of drumming styles and techniques, and \\\"Flex Pitch\\\", a Flex Time equivalent for pitch editing in audio recordings.\",\n \"title\": \"Logic Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7069265\",\n \"text\": \"Compressor (software) Compressor is a video and audio media compression and encoding application for use with Final Cut Studio and Logic Studio on macOS. It can be used with Qmaster for clustering. The application used to be available as part of Final Cut Pro, Soundtrack Pro, Motion, and DVD Studio Pro, but after those stand-alone products were discontinued, it became available as part of Final Cut Studio and Logic Studio. With the release of Final Cut Pro X and Motion 5, Compressor was upgraded to version 4 and is available to purchase separately on the Mac App Store for $49.99.\",\n \"title\": \"Compressor (software)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2592621\",\n \"text\": \"Soundtrack Pro Soundtrack Pro is a discontinued music composing and audio editing application made by Apple Inc. featured in Logic Studio and Final Cut Studio that included a collection of just over 5,000 royalty free professional instrument loops and sound effects. It was discontinued with the release of Final Cut Pro X, Motion 5, and Compressor 4. An earlier incarnation of the package, Soundtrack, was first sold as part of Apple's Final Cut Pro 4 video editor, released in April 2003. It was then released as a stand-alone product, but due to low demand it was discontinued. The main concept\",\n \"title\": \"Soundtrack Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1989288\",\n \"text\": \"and is no longer available in iMovie or Final Cut Pro X. iMovie 10.0 was released on October 22, 2013 by Apple Inc. This version of iMovie was a complete redesign with more options to share a movie, more movie and trailer theme options from iMovie for iOS, easier to make picture-in-pictures, cutaways, side-by-sides etc., more realistic green-screen effects and easier refinements. iMovie 10.1 was released on October 13, 2015. It allowed for 4K video editing and included a major user interface overhaul, as well as the removal of some peripheral features. On June 7, 2010, Steve Jobs announced in\",\n \"title\": \"IMovie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16876123\",\n \"text\": \"PDZK-LT2 for Apples Final Cut Pro X downloadable at http://www.sonycreativesoftware.com. Version 10.2 of Final Cut Pro X supports XAVC-S natively. For XAVC S, CyberLink PowerDirector, Adobe Premiere Elements, Apple's iMovie 10, Pinnacle Studio 18 Ultimate and Sony Movie Studio Platinum support it for editing and production. XAVC XAVC is a recording format that was introduced by Sony on October 30, 2012. XAVC is a format that will be licensed to companies that want to make XAVC products. XAVC uses level 5.2 of H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, which is the highest level supported by that video standard. XAVC can support 4K resolution (4096\",\n \"title\": \"XAVC\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4582176\",\n \"text\": \"with Dynamic RT, version 3.5 upgraded LiveType to version 2.0 and Soundtrack to version 1.5. In November 2007, Apple released Final Cut Express 4, which although it did not support real-time editing in the AVCHD format (it only allowed for transcoding AVCHD to Apple Intermediate Codec (AIC) provided that the camera was actually attached to the computer - it did not convert AVCHD files stored elsewhere and is currently for Intel processors only), imported iMovie '08 projects and included 50 new filters. It did not include Soundtrack 1.5, but it still included LiveType which enables users to create advanced text\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Express\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11097592\",\n \"text\": \"released. On 7 March 2017, Visual Studio 2017 was released for general availability. On 14 March 2017, first fix was released for Visual Studio 2017 due to failures during installation or opening solutions in the first release. On 5 April 2017, Visual Studio 2017 15.1 was released and added support for targeting the .NET Framework 4.7. On 10 May 2017, Visual Studio 2017 15.2 was released and added a new workload, \\\"Data Science and Analytical Applications Workload\\\". An update to fix the dark color theme was released on 12 May 2017. On 14 August 2017, Visual Studio 2017 15.3 was\",\n \"title\": \"Microsoft Visual Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623018\",\n \"text\": \"of the main show floor. At the demonstration, both Mac and Windows versions were shown. The Mac version was working with a Truevision RTX dual stream real time card with limited real time effects. When no purchaser could be found, Apple purchased the team as a defensive move. When Apple could not find a buyer in turn, it continued development work, focusing on adding FireWire/DV support and introduced Final Cut Pro at NAB 1999. In order that Final Cut Pro would be supported from the beginning with third-party self-paced and instructor-led training, Apple worked with DVcreators.net, who released a training\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7895672\",\n \"text\": \"4K resolution video in Final Cut Pro X. Drive performance, connected via PCIe, is also widely mentioned as a strong point. Technical reviewers praised the OpenCL API under which the machine's powerful twin GPUs and its multi-core CPU can be treated as a single pool of computing power. However, in late 2013 through early 2014, some reviewers have noted the lack of internal expandability, second CPU, serviceability, and questioned the then-limited offerings via Thunderbolt 2 ports. By 2016, reviewers started to agree that the Mac Pro was lacking in functionality and power, and should be updated by Apple. Apple later\",\n \"title\": \"Mac Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11097593\",\n \"text\": \"released and added support for targeting .NET Core 2.0. An update (15.3.1) was released four days later to address a Git vulnerability with submodules (CVE 2017-1000117). On October 10, 2017, Visual Studio 15.4 was released. On December 4, 2017, Visual Studio 15.5 was released. This update contained major performance improvements, new features, as well as bug fixes. On March 6, 2018, Visual Studio 15.6 was released. It includes updates to unit testing and performance. On May 7, 2018, Visual Studio 15.7 was released. It included updates across the board including, the installer, editor, debugger among others. Almost all point releases,\",\n \"title\": \"Microsoft Visual Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3632622\",\n \"text\": \"directly to version 10. Like with Mac OS X, the products were not upgrades to previous versions, but brand new programs, branded as QuickTime X and Final Cut Pro X, but unlike Apple's desktop operating systems, there were no major versions 8 or 9. As with , however, minor releases are denoted using a third digit, rather than a second digit. Consequently, major releases for these programs also employ the second digit, as Apple does with OS X. In WWDC 2016, they announced that Mac OS X will now onwards be called macOS. Sun's Java has at times had a\",\n \"title\": \"Software versioning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623006\",\n \"text\": \"audio filters such as keying tools, mattes and vocal de-poppers and de-essers. It also has multiple color correction tools including color wheels, sliders and curves, video scopes and a selection of generators, such as slugs, test cards, and noise. The legacy (v. 7.0.3 and earlier) Final Cut (Pro and Express) interface was designed around non-computerized editing work-flows, with four main windows that replicate tried-and-trusted methods of organising, viewing and editing physical tape or film media. The browser, where source media files (or clips) are listed, replicates the editor's traditional film \\\"bins\\\" or stacks of videotapes. The Viewer, where individual media\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623031\",\n \"text\": \"files at one place. After having finished a project, one can erase everything but the project file, to save disk space, and at a later time Final Cut Pro can re-capture/re-link all source data and recalculate all render and cache data, provided it can access all linked sources. The first versions of Final Cut Pro and Final Cut Express used a binary file which contained all montage information such as timecode information, clip's in/out-points, size/crop/position, composition nesting, filter settings, automation data, etc. More recent editions of Final Cut Pro and Final Cut Express, before Final Cut Pro X, used the\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9811147\",\n \"text\": \"Medien had released an exclusive retail PC version of the game in Germany in 2014, containing Book One and a Steam season pass key. After the release of the fifth and final episode, Red Thread Games started working on the updated and final version of the entire game. This version was released on 5 May 2017 for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One by the publisher Deep Silver, and on 21 July for Windows, OS X, and Linux, where it was subtitled \\\"The Final Cut\\\". A number of limited boxed editions were additionally offered as incentives to the supporters on Kickstarter,\",\n \"title\": \"Dreamfall Chapters\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16492720\",\n \"text\": \"and bluetooth 4.0, where the original PS4 only supports 2.4GHz Wi-Fi and outdated 2.1 bluetooth connection. It was released on September 15, 2016, with a 500 GB model at the same price as the original version of the PlayStation 4. On April 18, 2017, Sony announced that it had replaced the 500 GB base model with a new 1 TB version, with no change in pricing. PlayStation 4 Pro (codenamed Neo) was announced on September 7, 2016, and launched worldwide on November 10, 2016. Its model number is CUH-7000. It is an upgraded version of the PlayStation 4 with improved\",\n \"title\": \"PlayStation 4\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15785823\",\n \"text\": \"2018. The new model offers some similar features and functionality to the HERO5 and HERO6, like a touchscreen and built in timelapse video mode, but with slightly lower resolution and framerate, and lacking the GPS functionality and exposure control. The HERO7 White, HERO7 Silver and HERO7 Black are the latest GoPro cameras, released on September 30, 2018. HERO7 Black offers new \\\"HyperSmooth\\\" video stabilization, improved timelapse video capabilities, and livestreaming. Karma Drone became available October 23, 2016. The drone is compatible with the HERO5 and HERO4 Black and Silver. The Drone has 20 minutes of battery life. The stabilizer can\",\n \"title\": \"GoPro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12490870\",\n \"text\": \"for performance and stability. RawTherapee 4.1 was released on 21 May, 2014. RawTherapee 4.2 was released on 24 October, 2014. RawTherapee 5.0 was released on 22 January 2017. There are two variants tagged as 5.0: one uses GTK2, and the other GTK3. Both variants are identical in every way except for the graphical toolkit. RawTherapee 5.0-r1 was released on 2 February, 2017. This revision is functionally the same, but includes a few bug fixes which came to light after the 5.0 release. RawTherapee 5.1 was released on 15 May 2017. Major new features include Pentax Pixel Shift support, the Dynamic\",\n \"title\": \"RawTherapee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7895673\",\n \"text\": \"revealed in 2017 that the thermal core design had limited the ability to upgrade the Mac Pro's GPUs and that a new design was under development, to be released sometime after 2017. On September 18, 2018, the Mac Pro surpassed the Macintosh Plus's production life record for an unchanged Mac model, with the Plus having remained on sale unchanged for 1,734 days. In April 2018, Apple confirmed that a new redesigned Mac Pro will be released in 2019 to replace the 2nd generation Mac Pro. The iMac Pro, released in December 2017, serves as a stopgap release between the two\",\n \"title\": \"Mac Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19548122\",\n \"text\": \"CarPlay, the update added a quick-access multitasking screen with the three most recently used apps, and added functionality for the Maps app to find electric vehicle charging stations. iOS 10.3.1 was released on April 3, 2017, with bug fixes and security improvements, including a fix for a Wi-Fi vulnerability discovered by Google's Project Zero team of security researchers. iOS 10.3.2 was released on May 15, 2017, with bug fixes and security improvements. iOS 10.3.3 was released on July 19, 2017, with new wallpapers for the 12.9-inch iPad Pro, along with bug fixes and security improvements, including a fix for a\",\n \"title\": \"IOS 10\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5244013\",\n \"text\": \"applied in real time. In the Macworld Conference and Expo 2005, Steve Jobs, former CEO of Apple, declared 2005 to be the \\\"Year of HD\\\". To this end, the HD features of Final Cut Studio were emphasized, such that a little HD logo was placed on the box for each individual Studio application, as well as the Final Cut Studio box. Final Cut Pro supports nearly all High Definition formats (HDV, DVCPRO HD, AVCHD, and uncompressed HD) and Soundtrack Pro and Motion can import these formats too, where they can be played back on an external monitor. DVD Studio Pro\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19123432\",\n \"text\": \"almost 400 TV models have support for HLG which includes TV models from Finlux, Hisense, Hitachi, LG, Panasonic, Philips, Samsung, Sony, and Toshiba. On December 6, 2017, Qualcomm announced the Qualcomm Snapdragon 845 which includes support for HLG. On December 14, 2017, Apple released a firmware update for Final Cut Pro X which includes support for HLG. On December 14, 2017, DirecTV began broadcasting HLG HDR on their 4K Channels 104 and 106. On April 12, 2018, Vizio announced HLG support for their 2018 models. Hybrid Log-Gamma Hybrid Log-Gamma (HLG) is a high dynamic range (HDR) standard that was jointly\",\n \"title\": \"Hybrid Log-Gamma\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18547308\",\n \"text\": \"as a manual, one-time update from the Microsoft Office website. All versions following 15.25 will be 64-bit only. Office for Mac received Touch Bar support in an update on February 16, 2017, following the launch of the 2016 MacBook Pro models. As with previous versions, Office 2016 is made available in several distinct editions aimed towards different markets. All traditional editions of Microsoft Office 2016 contain Word, Excel, PowerPoint and OneNote and are licensed for use on one computer. Five traditional editions of Office 2016 were released for Windows: Three traditional editions of Office 2016 were released for Mac: The\",\n \"title\": \"Microsoft Office 2016\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2592630\",\n \"text\": \"(to the same file). The program also allows multitrack projects to be exported directly with Compressor settings. Soundtrack Pro Soundtrack Pro is a discontinued music composing and audio editing application made by Apple Inc. featured in Logic Studio and Final Cut Studio that included a collection of just over 5,000 royalty free professional instrument loops and sound effects. It was discontinued with the release of Final Cut Pro X, Motion 5, and Compressor 4. An earlier incarnation of the package, Soundtrack, was first sold as part of Apple's Final Cut Pro 4 video editor, released in April 2003. It was\",\n \"title\": \"Soundtrack Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11097590\",\n \"text\": \"first Community Technology Preview (CTP) was released on 3 June 2014 and the Release Candidate was released on 29 April 2015; Visual Studio 2015 was officially announced as the final name on 12 November 2014. Visual Studio 2015 RTM was released on 20 July 2015. Visual Studio 2015 Update 1 was released on 30 November 2015. Visual Studio 2015 Update 2 was released on 30 March 2016. Visual Studio 2015 Update 3 was released on 27 June 2016. Initially referred to as Visual Studio \\\"15\\\", it was released on 7 March 2017. The first Preview was released on 30 March\",\n \"title\": \"Microsoft Visual Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9246413\",\n \"text\": \"PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 on November 7, 2007. Download and retail versions for Mac OS X were released by Aspyr in September 2008. As of May 2009, \\\"Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare\\\" has sold over 13 million copies. \\\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered\\\" is a remastered version of \\\"\\\" that was released alongside the Legacy Edition, Legacy Pro Edition and Digital Deluxe Edition of \\\"\\\" on November 4, 2016, for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and PC. It was later released standalone on June 27, 2017, for PS4, and July 27, 2017, for Xbox One and PC. The\",\n \"title\": \"Call of Duty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2592623\",\n \"text\": \"stand-alone product has been dropped again. Soundtrack Pro adds features for professional audio engineers and sound designers, and focuses more on sound editing than the original Soundtrack. Since September 2007 Soundtrack Pro also comes as part of the Logic Studio bundle, Apple's own audio and midi sequencing software. But it was removed from Logic Studio when Logic Pro was moved to the App Store on December 8, 2011. Soundtrack Pro 2 is included in Final Cut Studio 2 (2008). Also see a release history in context with the rest of Final Cut Studio. Soundtrack Pro has two main modes: multitrack\",\n \"title\": \"Soundtrack Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623016\",\n \"text\": \"that digital editing, provides Final Cut Pro users with several editing options. Users can also set their own customisable keyboard preferences. Randy Ubillos created the first three versions of Adobe Premiere, the first popular digital video editing application. Before version 5 was released, Ubillos' group was hired by Macromedia to create KeyGrip, built from the ground up as a more professional video-editing program based on Apple QuickTime. Macromedia could not release the product without causing its partner Truevision some issues with Microsoft, as KeyGrip was, in part, based on technology from Microsoft licensed to Truevision and then in turn to\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18820946\",\n \"text\": \"issue for iPhone SE. However, iOS 9.3.2 bricked some 9.7-inch iPad Pros, preventing them from being used. Apple pulled the update for iPad Pro on May 20, 2016, and re-released 9.3.2 for the device on June 2, 2016, fixing the issue. iOS 9.3.3 was released on July 18, 2016, with bug fixes and performance improvements. iOS 9.3.4 was released on August 4, 2016, with a fix for a memory corruption issue that could enable an app \\\"to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges\\\". The update consequently patched an iOS jailbreaking method used by the Chinese programming group Pangu Team. iOS\",\n \"title\": \"IOS 9\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14238943\",\n \"text\": \"and hardware, but also includes Touch ID and available in gold color. In September, 2015, the iPad Pro was announced, which included a 12.9-inch screen, and a 9.7-inch version was announced in March 2016, with the addition of 256 GB option for both iPad Pro models. On March 21, 2017, a new iPad was announced. The hardware includes an A9 processor and is designed to be a budget version of the iPad. In June 2017, the iPad Pro's second generation hardware was announced to have 12.9 and 10.5-inch screens. On March 28, 2018, the new iPad 9.7-inch 2018 model (6th\",\n \"title\": \"IPad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623015\",\n \"text\": \"a clip is changed by control-clicking or right-clicking on the clip and selecting it from the cascading contextual menu, or by selecting the mode from the application's 'modify' menu. For either matte modes, the clip that will perform the key is placed overneath the fill clip on the Timeline. For more advanced compositing Final Cut Pro is compatible with Apple's Shake (discontinued) and Apple Motion software. Final Cut Pro uses a set of hot-keys to select the tools. There are almost 400 keyboard commands that allow the user to increase the speed of edits. This combined with the nonlinear approach\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8138696\",\n \"text\": \"Pro theme Pro Theme is a GUI style used by Apple Inc. for its Mac OS X operating system. It is reserved for Apple's high-end video, music and image editing products, such as Final Cut Pro HD, Soundtrack Pro and Aperture. The most notable difference between Pro and Apple's other GUI styles is the abandonment of white and vibrantly coloured icons. Pro applications also use a much smaller typeface than the other themes. The Pro theme is based on a private Framework called ProKit.framework, which is stored in the computer's /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/ folder. It is not available for use in non-Apple\",\n \"title\": \"Pro theme\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10071317\",\n \"text\": \"Color (software) Color was a professional color grading software application produced by Apple Inc. for their Mac OS X operating system. It is one of the major applications included as part of Apple's Final Cut Studio 3 video production suite. It was discontinued with the release of Final Cut Pro X, Motion 5, and Compressor 4. The application was originally called FinalTouch and was developed by Silicon Color, until the company was acquired by Apple in October 2006. Motion picture images often look whitewashed or grayed out when scanned directly off of the negative during telecine. One basic purpose of\",\n \"title\": \"Color (software)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1410605\",\n \"text\": \"2012\\\". macOS Sierra was announced on June 13, 2016, during the WWDC keynote speech. It was released publicly on September 20, 2016. macOS High Sierra was announced on June 5, 2017, during the WWDC keynote speech. It was released on September 25, 2017. The release includes many under-the-hood improvements, including a switch to Apple File System (APFS), the introduction of Metal 2, support for HEVC video, and improvements to VR support. In addition, numerous changes were made to standard applications including Photos, Safari, Notes, and Spotlight. macOS Mojave was announced on June 4, 2018, during the WWDC keynote speech. It\",\n \"title\": \"MacOS version history\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11097589\",\n \"text\": \"was released on 20 January 2014. Visual Studio 2013.1 is a targeted update that addresses some key areas of customer feedback. \\\"Visual Studio 2013 Update 2\\\" (Visual Studio 2013.2) was released on 12 May 2014. Visual Studio 2013 Update 3 was released on 4 August 2014. With this update, Visual Studio provides an option to disable the all-caps menus, which was introduced in VS2012. \\\"Visual Studio 2013 Update 4\\\" (Visual Studio 2013.4) was released on 12 November 2014. \\\"Visual Studio 2013 Update 5\\\" (Visual Studio 2013.5) was released on 20 July 2015. Initially referred to as Visual Studio \\\"14\\\", the\",\n \"title\": \"Microsoft Visual Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10068383\",\n \"text\": \"accessible to your workgroup, integration of Active Directory permission sets, improved search engine performance, and an expanded line of proxy settings. On June 21, 2011, Apple announced the end-of-life of the Final Cut Server product, in favor of Final Cut Pro X. Final Cut Server Final Cut Server was Apple's server-based backend for managing Final Cut Studio files (in particular Final Cut Pro) and workflow automation, based on Proximity's artbox package. Final Cut Server can catalogue any file type and allows for the addition of custom metadata to make those files searchable. Final Cut Server runs on Apple hardware but\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Server\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19017847\",\n \"text\": \"displays, with the 11 inch model replacing the 10.5 inch model of the previous generation. They also feature up to 1 TB of storage and Face ID. The 12.9-inch version of the iPad Pro was announced during an Apple Special Event on September 9, 2015. It was released on November 11, 2015 with gold, silver, and space gray color options. Prices ranging from US$799.99 to $1,229.99 based on storage size and cellular connectivity. On March 21, 2016, the 9.7 inch version of the iPad Pro was announced at an Apple keynote with an additional rose gold color option. The 9.7\",\n \"title\": \"IPad Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10071318\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Color\\\" is to add the vibrancy and richness of color back to the video once it is transferred to a digital format, normally for further editing. Color 1.5 was introduced on July 23, 2009 along with the new Final Cut Studio 2009. Color (software) Color was a professional color grading software application produced by Apple Inc. for their Mac OS X operating system. It is one of the major applications included as part of Apple's Final Cut Studio 3 video production suite. It was discontinued with the release of Final Cut Pro X, Motion 5, and Compressor 4. The application\",\n \"title\": \"Color (software)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20193346\",\n \"text\": \"IMac Pro iMac Pro is an all-in-one personal computer and workstation designed, manufactured, and sold by Apple Inc. starting December 14, 2017. Unlike the Mac Pro, Apple claims the iMac Pro is the most powerful Mac ever made. The iMac Pro comes with a custom Apple T2 chip (which stores encrypted keys) and a custom version of macOS High Sierra which allows the user to lock down the booting process (using the Startup Security Utility). The iMac Pro was introduced at WWDC on June 5, 2017 and was released in December 2017, with a starting price of US$4999. Some of\",\n \"title\": \"IMac Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"335593\",\n \"text\": \"XP is 13.0.1. Adobe also announced that CS6 will be the last suite sold with perpetual licenses in favor of the new Creative Cloud subscriptions, though they will continue to provide OS compatibility support as well as bug fixes and security updates as necessary. Photoshop CC (14.0) was launched on June 18, 2013. As the next major version after CS6, it is only available as part of a Creative Cloud subscription, the full version of which costs $49 every month. Major features in this version include All-new Smart Sharpen, Intelligent Upsampling, and Camera Shake Reduction for reducing blur caused by\",\n \"title\": \"Adobe Photoshop\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11097591\",\n \"text\": \"2016. Visual Studio \\\"15\\\" Preview 2 was released 10 May 2016. Visual Studio \\\"15\\\" Preview 3 was released on 7 July 2016. Visual Studio \\\"15\\\" Preview 4 was released on 22 August 2016. Visual Studio \\\"15\\\" Preview 5 was released on 5 October 2016. , Visual Studio is making the Ethereum Solidity language available to developers. On 14 November 2016, for a brief period of time, Microsoft released a blog post revealing Visual Studio 2017 product name version alongside upcoming features. On 16 November 2016, \\\"Visual Studio 2017\\\" was announced as the final name, and Visual Studio 2017 RC was\",\n \"title\": \"Microsoft Visual Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18547303\",\n \"text\": \"Microsoft Office 2016 Microsoft Office 2016 (codenamed Office 16) is a version of the Microsoft Office productivity suite, succeeding both Office 2013 and Office for Mac 2011, and preceding Office 2019 for both platforms. It was released on macOS on July 9, 2015 and on Microsoft Windows on September 22, 2015 for Office 365 subscribers. Mainstream support ends on October 13, 2020, and extended support ends on October 14, 2025. The perpetually licensed version on macOS and Windows was released on September 22, 2015. Since its successor Office 2019 only supports Windows 10 or Windows Server 2016, this is the\",\n \"title\": \"Microsoft Office 2016\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4768372\",\n \"text\": \"DVD Studio Pro DVD Studio Pro is a discontinued high-end software tool published by Apple Inc. to allow users to create DVD masters to be sent out for replication at production houses. Its tight integration with other Apple applications allowed users to take Final Cut Pro and Motion projects and render them into the DVD format without encoding to intermediary formats. This streamlined the production workflow and reduces overhead. It was discontinued with the release of Final Cut Pro X, Motion 5, and Compressor 4. Apple bought Astarte's DVDirector in 2000, re-releasing it as DVD Studio Pro in 2001. Version\",\n \"title\": \"DVD Studio Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"795156\",\n \"text\": \"various companies made offers, Keygrip was purchased by Apple as Steve Jobs wanted a product to compete with Adobe Premiere in the desktop video market. At around the same time, Avid—now with Windows versions of its editing software—was considering abandoning the Macintosh platform. Apple released Final Cut Pro in 1999, and despite not being taken seriously at first by professionals, it has evolved into a serious competitor to entry level's Avid's systems. Another leap came in the late 1990s with the launch of DV-based video formats for consumer and professional use. With DV came IEEE 1394 (FireWire/iLink), a simple and\",\n \"title\": \"Non-linear editing system\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16279232\",\n \"text\": \"hard drive. These Libraries automatically opened in Final Cut Pro X depending on which hard drives were mounted. That all changed on December 19, 2013 when Project and Event Libraries were merged into a new Library model. Libraries contained Events which in turn contained Projects. And unlike before Libraries could be opened and closed by the user. Media could be stored internally in the Library or kept outside the Library. On June 27, 2014 media management was further refined with the release of version 10.1.2. During the NAB Show 2015 Apple released version 10.2.0. 3D Titles were introduced directly in\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro X\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623020\",\n \"text\": \"2003, Apple announced a program for Premiere users to trade in their discs for a free copy of Final Cut Express or a $500 discount on Final Cut Pro. Final Cut Pro benefited from the relative maturity of QuickTime and its native support for then-new DV cameras connected with FireWire (IEEE1394). The first fully Broadcast quality, Worldwide Distributed TV show produced on Final Cut Pro was 2000's WOW! Women of Wrestling, using the Pinnacle CinéWave uncompressed video card. The Oxygen Network was a beta site for Final Cut Pro in late 1999 through network launch in early 2000. Shows like\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623004\",\n \"text\": \"7.0.3. Since the early 2000´s, Final Cut Pro has developed a large and expanding user base, mainly video hobbyists and independent filmmakers. It had also made inroads with film and television editors who have traditionally used Avid Technology's Media Composer. According to a 2007 SCRI study, Final Cut Pro made up 49% of the United States professional editing market, with Avid at 22%. A published survey in 2008 by the American Cinema Editors Guild placed their users at 21% Final Cut Pro (and growing from previous surveys of this group), while all others were still on an Avid system of\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6689962\",\n \"text\": \"in the following year; this version was then included in Final Cut Express HD in 2005. Version 2 of LiveType was then released with version 5 of Final Cut Pro, and this was included in version 3.5 of Final Cut Express in May 2006. The program was packaged with Final Cut Studio until version 3. It is still packaged with Final Cut Express; it is not available to purchase separately. See also a release history in context with the rest of Final Cut Studio. LiveType 2 includes over 11GB of content - including fonts, textures, objects, templates and effects. It\",\n \"title\": \"LiveType\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13425185\",\n \"text\": \"This version included some new apps and extension APIs, some changes to improve stability and performance and 43 security fixes. The remainder of the Chromium releases for the year were just bug and security fix updates, with no other significant changes. Chromium 50.0, released on 18 January 2016, added support for Brotli compression via the codice_3 Accept-encoding header. Chrome 54, released on 12 October 2016 and based upon Chromium 54, introduced support for HTML Custom Elements. The remainder of the Chromium releases for 2016 were only bug and security fix updates, with no other significant changes. Chromium 59.0, released on\",\n \"title\": \"Chromium (web browser)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2760476\",\n \"text\": \"III or AMD Athlon XP. MPC-HC 1.7.13 is also the final version and the program has been officially discontinued as of July 16, 2017, due to a shortage of active developers with C/C++ experience. Its source code on GitHub was last updated on August 27, 2017, a month and a half after the official final version.. Unofficial versions from the same developer responsible for MPC 6.4.9.1 started appearing in January 2018. These builds contain small fixes/improvements, updated internal codecs (LAV Filters), AV1 support, and updates to some other external components. Binary releases are available, as well as source code. \\\"Media\",\n \"title\": \"Media Player Classic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7069267\",\n \"text\": \"well as the ability to use Compressor to produce a compliant package to submit video content for distribution to the iTunes Store. Compressor (software) Compressor is a video and audio media compression and encoding application for use with Final Cut Studio and Logic Studio on macOS. It can be used with Qmaster for clustering. The application used to be available as part of Final Cut Pro, Soundtrack Pro, Motion, and DVD Studio Pro, but after those stand-alone products were discontinued, it became available as part of Final Cut Studio and Logic Studio. With the release of Final Cut Pro X\",\n \"title\": \"Compressor (software)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"335594\",\n \"text\": \"camera shake. Editable Rounded Rectangles and an update to Adobe Camera Raw (8.0) were also included. Since the initial launch, Adobe has released two additional feature-bearing updates. The first, version 14.1, was launched on September 9, 2013. The major features in this version were Adobe Generator, a Node.js-based platform for creating plug-ins for Photoshop. Photoshop 14.1 shipped with two plug-ins, one to automatically generate image assets based on an extension in the layer name, and another to automatically generate assets for Adobe Edge Reflow. Version 14.2 was released on January 15, 2014. Major features include Perspective Warp, Linked Smart Objects,\",\n \"title\": \"Adobe Photoshop\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17351285\",\n \"text\": \"these discs on a 4K capable USB 3.0 external disc drive. The decision not to upgrade was predicated primarily on cost. A limited translucent case-version of the PS4 Pro was released in August 2018, which include minor hardware updates. This new system, model number CUH-7100, besides offering a larger hard drive, used a quieter fan that helped to reduce the noise levels. It also drew power at a consistent rate compared to the CUH-7000, though ran slightly hotter than the launch system. A second minor hardware refresh, with model number CUH-7200, was first released in bundles with \\\"Red Dead Redemption\",\n \"title\": \"PlayStation 4 technical specifications\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623017\",\n \"text\": \"Macromedia. The terms of the IP licensing deal stated that it was not to be used in conjunction with QuickTime. Thus, Macromedia was forced to keep the product off the market until a solution could be found. At the same time, the company decided to focus more on applications that would support the web, so they sought to find a buyer for their non-web applications, including KeyGrip, which by 1998 was renamed Final Cut. Final Cut was shown in private room demonstrations as a 0.9 alpha at the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) exposition in 1998 after Macromedia pulled out\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20968439\",\n \"text\": \"seconds of 8-bit uncompressed digital video. A few years later, in 1991, Adobe released its first version of Premiere for the Mac, a program that has since become an industry standard for editing and is now commonly used for video manipulation. In 1999, Apple released Final Cut Pro, which competed with Adobe Premiere and was used in the production major films such as \\\"The Rules of Attraction\\\" and \\\"No Country for Old Men\\\". Face detection became a major research subject in the early 2000s that has continued to be studied in the present. In 2017, an amateur coder named “DeepFakes”\",\n \"title\": \"Video manipulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11381374\",\n \"text\": \"Portrait Professional Portrait Professional or Portrait Pro is a Windows and Mac based portrait imaging enhancement software targeted at professional and keen amateur photographers. Developed by Anthropics Technology Ltd and first released in July 2006, it has been in continuous development ever since. The current software, version 17, was released October 11, 2017, the previous version, 15, was released in September 2015. PortraitPro, PortraitPro Studio, and PortraitPro Studio Max are image editors for Windows and Mac OS X, specifically targeted at editing portrait photographs. Rather than using brushes alone as a traditional image editor does, the user of Portrait Professional\",\n \"title\": \"Portrait Professional\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16492676\",\n \"text\": \"been shipped worldwide, surpassing lifetime sales of its predecessor, the PlayStation 3. On September 7, 2016, Sony unveiled the PlayStation 4 Pro, a high-end version of the console with an upgraded GPU and higher CPU clock rate to support enhanced performance and 4K resolution on supported titles. The company also released a variant of the original model with a smaller form factor, and the release of a patch to add HDR support to all existing consoles. According to lead architect Mark Cerny, development of Sony's fourth video game console began as early as 2008. Less than two years earlier, the\",\n \"title\": \"PlayStation 4\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2970637\",\n \"text\": \"the title of the new album, \\\"Thank You for Today\\\", and shared the lead single from the album, \\\"Gold Rush.\\\". Following this, on July 19, 2018, \\\"I Dreamt We Spoke Again\\\" was released. \\\"Autumn Love\\\" was the last single to be released on August 1, 2018. The album was released on August 17, 2018. It is the band's first album without Chris Walla, and the first album to feature Depper and Rae. Lauren Mayberry was also featured on the album, contributing vocals on \\\"Northern Lights\\\". On August 28, 2018, the album ranked No. 1 on the Billboard Top Rock Albums\",\n \"title\": \"Death Cab for Cutie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13425186\",\n \"text\": \"4 March 2017, added support for the Animated Portable Network Graphics (APNG) file format. The remainder of the Chromium releases for 2017 were only bug and security fix updates, with no other significant changes. Chromium 66.0, first released on 20 January 2018, introduced audio muting for all autoplaying video content by default. Chromium 69.0, first released on 19 July 2018 and stable version on 04 September 2018, introduced new material theme as part of 10 years project anniversary. Chromium 71, was first released on 1 September 2018 and resulted in Chrome 71, released on 4 December 2018. This version incorporated\",\n \"title\": \"Chromium (web browser)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16615252\",\n \"text\": \"Microsoft Office 2013 Microsoft Office 2013 (codenamed Office 15) is a version of Microsoft Office, a productivity suite for Microsoft Windows. It is the successor to Microsoft Office 2010 and the predecessor to Microsoft Office 2016. It includes extended file format support, user interface updates and support for touch among its new features. Office 2013 is suitable for IA-32 and x64 systems and requires Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 R2 or a later version of either. A version of Office 2013 comes included on Windows RT devices. Mainstream support ended on April 10, 2018. Extended support ends on April 11,\",\n \"title\": \"Microsoft Office 2013\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13024163\",\n \"text\": \"5K resolution allowing 4K video to be played at its native resolution in Final Cut Pro, with room for toolbars on the side. On June 6, 2017, Apple’s 21.5-inch iMac, which has a full HD resolution display and the latest Intel 7th generation i5 processor, was announced. The iMac has Turbo Boost up to 3.6GHz supported, and 1 TB hard drive. Apple’s iMac with 4K display has Intel Core i5 quad-core processor with 3GHz or 3.4GHz clock speed. The RAM on board is 8GB, and it will support Turbo boost of up to 3.8GHz. This iMac has options of 1TB\",\n \"title\": \"IMac\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15785822\",\n \"text\": \"to cloud and voice controls. The HERO6 Black was introduced on September 28, 2017. The camera is waterproof up to 10 m, supports 4K HEVC video recording at up to 60 fps and 1080p at up to 240 fps, automatic upload of footage to cloud, voice controls and 5 GHz Wi-Fi. It will be the first GoPro with its own custom system on a chip (SoC) the GP1. The high-end Fusion was released November 24, 2017. It has two cameras and can record 360° Panorama video. The HERO (2018 edition) is a new entry level camera, introduced on March 29,\",\n \"title\": \"GoPro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"335588\",\n \"text\": \"technologies under development, including three-dimensional brushes and warping tools. In May 2011, Adobe Creative Suite 5.5 (CS5.5) was released, with new versions of some of the applications. Its version of Photoshop, 12.1, is identical to the concurrently released update for Photoshop CS5, version 12.0.4, except for support for the new subscription pricing that was introduced with CS5.5. CS5 introduces new tools such as the Content-Aware Fill, Refine Edge, Mixer Brush, Bristle Tips and Puppet Warp. The community also had a hand in the additions made to CS5 as 30 new features and improvements were included by request. These include automatic\",\n \"title\": \"Adobe Photoshop\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623022\",\n \"text\": \"motion picture \\\"The Rules of Attraction\\\" was edited on beta versions of Final Cut Pro 3, proving to the film industry that successful matchback to 24fps could be achieved with a \\\"consumer\\\" off-the-shelf product. Roger Avary, the film's director became the spokesperson for Final Cut Pro, appearing in print advertisements worldwide. His advocacy of the product gave confidence to mainstream editors such as Walter Murch, that the product was ready for \\\"prime time.\\\" In August 2002, the application won a Primetime Emmy Engineering Award for its impact on the television industry. Final Cut Pro 4 was announced in April 2003.\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19487011\",\n \"text\": \"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered is a first-person shooter video game developed by Raven Software and published by Activision. A remastered version of \\\"\\\", it was initially only made available as part of the special editions of \\\"\\\", which was released worldwide on November 4, 2016, for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Microsoft Windows. A standalone version of \\\"Modern Warfare Remastered\\\" was released on June 27, 2017, for the PlayStation 4, and the Xbox One and Microsoft Windows the following month. \\\"Modern Warfare Remastered\\\" began as a result of a fan-made online\",\n \"title\": \"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623007\",\n \"text\": \"files can be previewed and trimmed, replicates the source monitor of older tape-based systems. The Canvas replicates the \\\"program\\\" monitor in such systems, where the edited material is viewed. The Timeline, where media are assembled into a sequence, replicates the physically edited film or master tape of earlier systems. There is also a small Toolbox window and two audio-level indicators for the left and right audio channels. Both the Viewer and Canvas have a shuttle interface (for variable-speed scanning, forwards or backwards through a clip) and a jogging interface for frame-by-frame advancing. As in most digital non-linear editing applications, the\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2800690\",\n \"text\": \"and image stabilisation), Final Cut Pro 5 integration and extensions to their open, extensible scripting language and SDK. Shake 4 had no IRIX version. At the NAB event in April 2006, Apple announced that Shake 4.1 would be a Universal Binary version and would ship in May that year. It was actually released on June 20, 2006 and was rebranded as a companion for Final Cut Studio; as such, its price was dropped from $2999 to $499 for Mac OS X (but remained the same for Linux). At the same time, Apple also announced that they would end support for\",\n \"title\": \"Shake (software)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623014\",\n \"text\": \"it obscures whatever is below it. The size of a video clip can be altered, and the clips can be cropped, among many other settings that can be changed. Opacity levels can also be altered, as well as animated over the course of the clip using keyframes, defined either on a graphical overlay, or in the Viewer's 'motion' tab, where precise percentage opacity values can be entered. Final Cut also has more than a dozen common compositing modes that can be applied to clips, such as Add, Subtract, Difference, Screen, Multiply, Overlay, and Travel Matte Luma/Alpha. The compositing mode for\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n }\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":79075,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":79075,"string":"79,075"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Dan Castellaneta"],"string":"[\n \"Dan Castellaneta\"\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who does the voice of the genie in aladdin 2"},"compressed_prompt":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Question:\\nPlease write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Genie (Disney) context: his own copy of the Keyblade (excluding the Limit Form in \\\"Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix\\\"). The Genie also appears briefly in \\\"Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days\\\", interacting with Xion and Roxas as they make their way back to Agrabah. Genie (Disney) The Genie is a fictional jinni appearing in Walt Disney Pictures' animated feature film \\\"Aladdin\\\" (1992). He was voiced by Robin Williams in the first film. Following a contract dispute between Williams and the Walt Disney Company, Dan Castellaneta voiced the Genie throughout the direct-to-video feature \\\"The Return of Jafar\\\", as well as the television series, before Williams reprised\\n\\nwho does the voice of the genie in aladdin 2\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 204,\n \"origin_tokens\": 204,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"19250991","text":"his own copy of the Keyblade (excluding the Limit Form in \"Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix\"). The Genie also appears briefly in \"Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days\", interacting with Xion and Roxas as they make their way back to Agrabah. Genie (Disney) The Genie is a fictional jinni appearing in Walt Disney Pictures' animated feature film \"Aladdin\" (1992). He was voiced by Robin Williams in the first film. Following a contract dispute between Williams and the Walt Disney Company, Dan Castellaneta voiced the Genie throughout the direct-to-video feature \"The Return of Jafar\", as well as the television series, before Williams reprised","title":"Genie (Disney)"},{"id":"19250974","text":"Genie (Disney) The Genie is a fictional jinni appearing in Walt Disney Pictures' animated feature film \"Aladdin\" (1992). He was voiced by Robin Williams in the first film. Following a contract dispute between Williams and the Walt Disney Company, Dan Castellaneta voiced the Genie throughout the direct-to-video feature \"The Return of Jafar\", as well as the television series, before Williams reprised the role for the final installment, \"Aladdin and the King of Thieves\", as well as for the character's own mini-series, \"Great Minds Think for Themselves\". Castellaneta voiced the Genie in \"Aladdin in Nasira's Revenge\" and later the \"Kingdom Hearts\"","title":"Genie (Disney)"},{"id":"714900","text":"\"Desperate Housewives\". He appeared as the Genie in the \"Aladdin\" sequel \"The Return of Jafar\" and on the 1994 \"Aladdin\" television series. The Genie had been voiced by Robin Williams in \"Aladdin\", and Castellaneta described replacing him as \"sort of like stepping into \"Hamlet\" after Laurence Olivier did it, how can you win?\" He also provided Genie's voice in the \"Kingdom Hearts\" video game series for both Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II (with archived audio used for and its remake as well as for the later HD collections HD 1.5 Remix and HD 2.5 Remix). Castellaneta portrayed Aaron Spelling","title":"Dan Castellaneta"},{"id":"12605297","text":"dubbed it \"Act II’s standout\". This song is playable in the video game \"Just Dance 2014\". Prince Ali (song) \"Prince Ali\" and its reprise are two musical numbers from the 1992 Disney animated film \"Aladdin\". The first part was performed by Robin Williams in his role as the Genie and the reprise is performed by Jonathan Freeman in his role as Jafar. The song performed by Williams was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 50th Golden Globe Awards in 1993. After Williams' death in 2014, the first part of the song received extensive airplay","title":"Prince Ali (song)"},{"id":"12605294","text":"Prince Ali (song) \"Prince Ali\" and its reprise are two musical numbers from the 1992 Disney animated film \"Aladdin\". The first part was performed by Robin Williams in his role as the Genie and the reprise is performed by Jonathan Freeman in his role as Jafar. The song performed by Williams was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 50th Golden Globe Awards in 1993. After Williams' death in 2014, the first part of the song received extensive airplay on UK National Radio. The film version cut a conceived intro for the song and two","title":"Prince Ali (song)"},{"id":"20267437","text":"2016, Disney announced Guy Ritchie would direct a live-action \"Aladdin\" remake. Smith was the first member of the cast to join, signing on to voice Genie in July 2017, and later that month Massoud and Scott were confirmed for the two lead roles. Principal photography began that September at Longcross Studios in Surrey, England, also filming in the Wadi Rum Desert in Jordan, and lasted until January 2018. \"Aladdin\" is scheduled to be released in the United States on May 24, 2019. On October 10, 2016, it was announced that Guy Ritchie would direct a live-action \"Aladdin\" film with John","title":"Aladdin (2019 film)"},{"id":"6561979","text":"Jim Meskimen James Ross Meskimen (born September 10, 1959) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, voice actor and impressionist. He is also known for his voice-over work in video games. Meskimen was born in Los Angeles, California, the son of Freeman Meskimen and Marion Ross. Meskimen portrayed the father of Mary-Kate Olsen and Ashley Olsen's characters in \"Our Lips Are Sealed\". He portrayed Officer Wholihan in \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas\". He voices Thom Cat, Neighbor John, and Stumpy in the \"Thom Cat\" short film on \"Random! Cartoons\". Meskimen provided the voice of the Genie in the \"Aladdin\" franchise (which","title":"Jim Meskimen"},{"id":"2274168","text":"announced in January 1995 that a third film was in production, and later in June, that it was scheduled for a home video release in 1996. In September 1995, it was confirmed that Robin Williams would reprise the role of the Genie reportedly for a $1 million salary after he received an apology from Joe Roth for Disney breaching an agreement not to use his voice to merchandise products inspired by \"Aladdin\". With Williams on board, all recordings and animation footage of Dan Castellaneta as the Genie was scrapped, and all of the Genie's scenes were rewritten to fit Williams'","title":"Aladdin and the King of Thieves"},{"id":"815120","text":"which apparently really \"clashed\" with the Williams' wilder home decor. Williams refused to sign on for \"The Return of Jafar\" so it was Dan Castellaneta that voiced the Genie. When Jeffrey Katzenberg was replaced by Joe Roth as Walt Disney Studios chairman, Roth organized a public apology to Williams. Williams would, in turn, reprise the role in the 1996 direct-to-video sequel \"Aladdin and the King of Thieves\". Composer Alan Menken and songwriters Howard Ashman and Tim Rice were praised for creating a soundtrack that is \"consistently good, rivaling the best of Disney's other animated musicals from the '90s.\" Menken and","title":"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)"},{"id":"5398729","text":"of such animation halved the production time. Most of the film's $24 million budget was spent on the animation and the soundtrack. The film marked Robin Williams's first animation role, with the character Batty Koda being created specifically for him. Williams provided 14 hours worth of improvised lines for the part which had been originally conceived as an 8-minute role. Director Bill Kroyer was so impressed with the voice work he ended up tripling the screen time given to the character. Williams went on to provide the critically applauded voice of the Genie in Disney's \"Aladdin\" later the same year.","title":"FernGully: The Last Rainforest"},{"id":"2274150","text":"fall-out over the use of his voice in the marketing campaign for \"Aladdin\", Robin Williams refused to reprise the role of the Genie, and was instead replaced by Dan Castellaneta (best known for voicing Homer Simpson). Stones also claimed that Williams participated in selecting Castellaneta to voice the Genie. It was also the first \"Aladdin\" full-length production without the original voice of Sultan, Douglas Seale. He was replaced by Val Bettin, who reprised his role in the franchise's animated series and \"Aladdin and the King of Thieves\". Instead of the film receiving a theatrical release, Steve Feldstein, director of public","title":"The Return of Jafar"},{"id":"1361376","text":"January 18, 2019. Next, Smith will portray The Genie (originally played by Robin Williams) in a live-action film adaptation of Disney's \"Aladdin\", directed by Guy Ritchie, which is scheduled to be released on May 24, 2019. Lastly, Smith will appear as an assassin who faces off against himself, a clone who is younger and in his prime in Ang Lee's \"Gemini Man\", scheduled for release on October 4, 2019. Smith married Sheree Zampino in 1992. Their son Willard Carroll \"Trey\" Smith III was born on November 11, 1992. Smith married actress Jada Koren Pinkett in 1997. Together they have two","title":"Will Smith"},{"id":"17785467","text":"to direct the film. Filming began in July 2017 and continued through January 2018. On July 15, at the D23 Expo it was announced that Naomi Scott and Will Smith were cast as Princess Jasmine and Genie, respectively, along with newcomer Mena Massoud being cast as Aladdin. The film is scheduled to be released on May 24, 2019. Shortly after \"The Return of Jafar\", an animated series was produced. The episodes focused on Aladdin's adventures after the events of the second film. The \"Aladdin\" characters later made a crossover with \"Hercules: The Animated Series\", and were featured as guests in","title":"Aladdin (franchise)"},{"id":"16565845","text":"Mantra (actor) Mantra (born Puranjit Dasgupta, 21 August 1982) is a Mumbai-based actor, director and producer. Apart from this, Mantra, the owner of Mantramugdh Productions is also known for having received several accolades as a theatre actor, television presenter, radio jockey, model and voice over artist. Currently, he is playing the iconic character of “Genie” in an Indian version of globally popular Disney India's broadway style musical “ALADDIN”. He can also be seen as one of the leading roles in Bollywood's most talked about stoner comedy film “High Jack” bannered under Phantom Films and OTT video service Viu India, a","title":"Mantra (actor)"},{"id":"17189982","text":"and The Jungle Book 2 and also for Genie from Disney's Aladdin, that was dubbed and aired on Disney Channel India in 2005. Shashital has also dubbed for Bollywood actors. He is considered to be official dubbing artist for Bollywood actor, Amitabh Bachchan, as well as for such other Bollywood actors as Salman Khan, Sunny Deol, Sanjay Dutt and Dharmendra. Chetan Shashital Chetan Shashital (Konkani: चेतन शाशितल \"Cētana Śāśitala\", born 1968 in Mumbai, also known as Chetan Sashital or The Big C for his expertise in the voice-acting industry) is an Indian actor, voice actor and singer, who is mostly","title":"Chetan Shashital"},{"id":"4612416","text":"TV counterparts, with the notable exceptions of Dan Castellaneta filling in for Robin Williams in the Genie role (like in \"The Return of Jafar\"), and Val Bettin as the Sultan (who replaced Douglas Seale after the original film). Unlike \"The Little Mermaid\", the series does not feature any musical numbers. The series originally aired as a preview on The Disney Channel in early 1994, and in September of that year it began airing concurrently on the syndicated The Disney Afternoon block and on Saturday mornings on CBS (prior to Disney's purchase of rival ABC). Disney Channel reran the series from","title":"Aladdin (animated TV series)"},{"id":"10922343","text":"De Niro, Sean Connery, Sylvester Stallone, Richard Burton, Richard Harris, Dustin Hoffman, Charlton Heston and Marlon Brando. His credits include the role of the Genie in the Italian version of the \"Aladdin\" film series and the Dragon in \"Dragonheart\". Gigi Proietti Luigi \"Gigi\" Proietti (born November 2, 1940) is an Italian actor, voice actor, comedian, director, musician and singer. He was born in Rome to Romano Proietti, a man from Umbria, and Giovanna Ceci, a housewife. During his youth he was keen on singing and on playing guitar, piano, accordion and double bass in several Roman night clubs. He enrolled","title":"Gigi Proietti"},{"id":"16257667","text":"\"The Phantom of the Opera\". Max Bialystok in Mel Brooks' musical comedy The Producers. In 1979 he created the musical and comedy group Linie 3 together with Thomas Eje and Anders Bircow. He has performed with the best Symphony orchestras in Denmark. Kristensen is the localized Danish voice of \"Lumiere\" in Disney's \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"Genie\" in Disney's \"Aladdin\", Berkeley Beetle in Don Bluth's Thumbelina (1994 film), and \"Woody\" in \"Toy Story\" 1, 2, and 3. Ramon in Happy Feet and Happy Feet Two On Television Kristensen was one of the main characters in season two of The Killing","title":"Preben Kristensen"},{"id":"639863","text":"writer was \"struck by the breadth\" and radical diversity of most roles Williams portrayed. Terry Gilliam, who co-founded \"Monty Python\" and directed Williams in two of his films, \"The Fisher King\" and \"The Adventures of Baron Munchausen\" (1988), said in 1992 that Williams had the ability to \"go from manic to mad to tender and vulnerable ... [Williams had] the most unique mind on the planet. There's nobody like him out there.\" Williams voiced characters in several animated films. His voice role as the Genie in the animated musical \"Aladdin\" (1992) was written for him. The film's directors stated that","title":"Robin Williams"},{"id":"815117","text":"based on Disney workers. Beast, Sebastian from \"The Little Mermaid\", and Pinocchio make brief appearances, and the wardrobe of the Genie at the end of the film—Goofy hat, Hawaiian shirt, and sandals—are a reference to a short film that Robin Williams did for the Disney-MGM Studios tour in the late 1980s. In gratitude for his success with Touchstone Pictures' \"Good Morning, Vietnam\", Robin Williams voiced the Genie for SAG scale pay ($75,000) instead of his asking fee of $8 million, on condition that his name or image not be used for marketing, and his (supporting) character not take more than","title":"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)"},{"id":"20267439","text":"Princess Jasmine commenced in March 2017, with principal production set to begin in the UK in July 2017 until January 2018. On April 19, 2017, it was reported that either Gabriel Iglesias or Will Smith was in talks for the role of Genie, for which the latter was confirmed in July. In May 2017, it was revealed that Jade Thirlwall was in talks for the part of Princess Jasmine. On July 11, 2017, it was revealed that principal production on \"Aladdin\" had been pushed back by a month, to August 2017, due to struggles in finding the right actor to","title":"Aladdin (2019 film)"},{"id":"17785471","text":"storyline of the original film. In \"Kingdom Hearts II\", it is a mixture of \"Aladdin\" and \"The Return of Jafar\". Genie is also a recurring summon in the series. Aladdin, Jasmine, and the Genie appeared in the 2011 motion-controlled game, \"\", as meet-and-greet characters. \"Aladdin\" was also referenced throughout the \"Disney Infinity\" series via power discs and in-game toys, with Aladdin and Jasmine being added to the series as playable characters in the series' second game, \"\". \"Disney's Aladdin\" was developed for the Mega Drive by Virgin Interactive's studio of Virgin Games USA and published by Sega in 1993. This","title":"Aladdin (franchise)"},{"id":"9317302","text":"in his street rat clothes. Aladdin, Jasmine, Carpet, Abu and Genie make cameo appearances in the Hong Kong Disneyland version of It's a Small World. In the Broadway musical adaptation, Aladdin is played by actor Adam Jacobs. Aladdin (Disney character) Aladdin is a fictional character and the titular protagonist of Walt Disney Pictures's 31st animated feature film \"Aladdin\" (1992) based on Aladdin, a folk tale of Middle Eastern origin. He is voiced by American actor Scott Weinger, while his singing voice is provided by Brad Kane. He also stars in the two direct-to-video sequels \"The Return of Jafar\" (1994) and","title":"Aladdin (Disney character)"},{"id":"815142","text":"in July, but was delayed due to Disney having trouble finding the right people to play Aladdin and Jasmine. British actress Naomi Scott and Indian actress Tara Sutaria were being considered to play Jasmine. For the role of Aladdin, British actors Riz Ahmed and Dev Patel were initially considered, but it was later decided that a newcomer should be cast in the role. In July 2017, it was announced that Egyptian-Canadian actor Mena Massoud had been cast as Aladdin, Scott as Jasmine, and Smith as the Genie. At the 2017 D23 Expo, Menken announced that he would be co-writing new","title":"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)"},{"id":"14851404","text":"the voice of Genie in the Hebrew version of the Disney animated film \"Aladdin\" and its two sequels. In 1999, he played the titular character of the straight to video fairy tale medley, \"Pim Pam Po\". Since the 2000s Tzafir mainly participates in Israeli children's stage shows and children video stories on DVD and video. In 2008 Tzafir participated in the Israeli drama series \"Danny Hollywood\" alongside Gila Almagor. In the 1960s Tzafir married Yael, who also produces Tzafir's entertainment shows. From this marriage Tzafir has three children, including the successful Israeli film actor and TV director Yoav Tzafir. In","title":"Tuvia Tzafir"},{"id":"18028224","text":"James Monroe Iglehart James Monroe Iglehart (born September 4, 1974) is an American stage actor and singer. Iglehart is perhaps best known for his Tony Award-winning performance as the Genie in the original Broadway production of \"Aladdin\". Iglehart assumed the role of Marquis de Lafayette/Thomas Jefferson in the Broadway company of \"Hamilton\" in April 2017. Iglehart attended Cal State Hayward and started his career in California, performing in \"Bat Boy\" at TheatreWorks, Palo Alto, California and as Teen Angel in \"Grease\" at the American Musical Theatre, San Jose, California. In 2005, he directed \"Bat Boy the Musical\" at Ray of","title":"James Monroe Iglehart"},{"id":"18028227","text":"in the Mt. Eden High School show choir and married her in 2002. James Monroe Iglehart James Monroe Iglehart (born September 4, 1974) is an American stage actor and singer. Iglehart is perhaps best known for his Tony Award-winning performance as the Genie in the original Broadway production of \"Aladdin\". Iglehart assumed the role of Marquis de Lafayette/Thomas Jefferson in the Broadway company of \"Hamilton\" in April 2017. Iglehart attended Cal State Hayward and started his career in California, performing in \"Bat Boy\" at TheatreWorks, Palo Alto, California and as Teen Angel in \"Grease\" at the American Musical Theatre, San","title":"James Monroe Iglehart"},{"id":"815141","text":"death. In October 2016, it was reported that Disney was developing a live-action adaptation of \"Aladdin\" with Guy Ritchie signed on to direct the film. John August is writing the script, which will reportedly retain the musical elements of the original film, while Dan Lin is attached as producer. Lin revealed that they were looking for a diverse cast. In April 2017, Will Smith entered talks to play the Genie. The following month, Jade Thirlwall entered talks to portray the role of Jasmine. Alan Menken said filming was slated to begin August 2017. Production had originally been scheduled to begin","title":"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)"},{"id":"19250975","text":"series of video games by Square Enix and Disney Interactive Studios for both \"Kingdom Hearts\" and \"Kingdom Hearts II\" (with archived audio used in other Kingdom Hearts games). Jim Meskimen took over the role in \"Disney Think Fast\" (2008) and \"Kinect Disneyland Adventures\" (2011) and currently voices him, after Williams' death in 2014. Will Smith is set to play a live-action version of the character in a 2019 live-action adaptation of the 1992 film. As well as largely driving the plot in the first film, the Genie serves as comic relief in each of his appearances. He is shown to","title":"Genie (Disney)"},{"id":"12463733","text":"screen is a reference to the \"1984\" Apple commercial. The scene where Homer is on a flying carpet is a parody of the film \"Aladdin\"; the Genie also makes an appearance. \"The Simpsons\" regular Dan Castellaneta does the voice of the Genie in this episode. He had previously voiced the Genie in the \"Aladdin\" television series, \"The Return of Jafar\", and the \"Kingdom Hearts\" video game series. Steve Mobbs operating a series of holographic screens with his hands is a reference to the 2002 film \"Minority Report\". The episode features Minnie Riperton's song \"Lovin' You\" and Miles Davis' \"Moon Dreams\",","title":"MyPods and Boomsticks"},{"id":"12499881","text":"An official music video is available online. Friend Like Me \"Friend Like Me\" is a song from the 1992 Disney film \"Aladdin\". It was performed by Robin Williams in his role as the Genie. The song was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 65th Academy Awards and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 50th Golden Globe Awards in 1993. The song was originally designed as a Cab Calloway-style big band number. After Robin Williams was cast, it was retooled as a more comedic, pop-culture-filled song. ScreenCrush explains that remnants of the","title":"Friend Like Me"},{"id":"19250990","text":"Aladdin wishes the Genie free from his lamp. He then becomes a summon for Sora. The Genie has much less screen time and much less to do with the plot in \"Kingdom Hearts II\". Like in \"The Return of Jafar\", he goes off to see the world along with Carpet. He misses most of the action, but arrives near the end of Sora's first visit and disturbs Pete when he is about to free Jafar from his lamp. Also, the Genie once again becomes a summon partner for Sora, but his newest feature is copying Sora's Drive forms and wielding","title":"Genie (Disney)"},{"id":"17785466","text":"came to fruition. On July 15, 2015, it was reported that a live-action prequel to \"Aladdin\" is currently in development under the title \"Genies\". The new film will reportedly focus on genies and their realm and reveal how Aladdin's genie ended up in the lamp. The film is being written by Damian Shannon and Mark Swift. Tripp Vinson will serve as a producer through Vinson Films. On October 10, 2016, Deadline reported that Disney is developing a live-action Aladdin movie, with John August writing the script and Dan Lin producing. The site also reported that Guy Ritchie is in talks","title":"Aladdin (franchise)"},{"id":"17192549","text":"as Iago, Irvine Iqbal as the Sultan, Nathan Amzi as Babkak, Stephen Rahman-Hughes as Kassim and Rachid Sabitri as Omar. As previously announced, Trevor Dion Nicholas made his London stage debut as Genie. The special effects are created by Jim Steinmeyer, the master illusionist who helped David Copperfield. It will run until 31 August 2019, to make way for a revival of \"Mary Poppins\". \"Aladdin\" had its Australian premiere in Sydney at the Capitol Theatre on August 11, 2016, where it played until February 19, 2017. Following performances in Sydney, \"Aladdin\" transferred to Melbourne in April 2017. Following the Melbourne","title":"Aladdin (2011 musical)"},{"id":"11813783","text":"similar in their protectable elements as a matter of law\". In November 2010, Owen Wilson, Larry the Cable Guy, Michael Caine, Emily Mortimer, Jason Isaacs, Joe Mantegna, Peter Jacobson, Bonnie Hunt, Tony Shalhoub, Cheech Marin, and Thomas Kretschmann were confirmed as the voice talent featured in the film. From November 2010 until May 2011, Disney released information about the other voice talent, including Jenifer Lewis, Katherine Helmond, Michael Wallis, Darrell Waltrip, Franco Nero, Vanessa Redgrave, Bruce Campbell, Sig Hansen, Michel Michelis, Jeff Gordon, Lewis Hamilton, Brent Musburger, David Hobbs, John Turturro, and Eddie Izzard. The \"Cars 2\" soundtrack was released","title":"Cars 2"},{"id":"12499877","text":"Friend Like Me \"Friend Like Me\" is a song from the 1992 Disney film \"Aladdin\". It was performed by Robin Williams in his role as the Genie. The song was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 65th Academy Awards and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 50th Golden Globe Awards in 1993. The song was originally designed as a Cab Calloway-style big band number. After Robin Williams was cast, it was retooled as a more comedic, pop-culture-filled song. ScreenCrush explains that remnants of the previous version of the film can be","title":"Friend Like Me"},{"id":"16044711","text":"not transformed, as he mimicked Williams, and at the end of the scene he is shown on the roof suggesting that Disney did not let the show portray Williams' role as the Genie from \"Aladdin\". The audience sees the world through Stewie's eyes as Lois changes him, Meg wishes him to keep her ring (Stewie stating this is a \"Red Flag\"), and his friends ask him to go down the slide at the playground (doing a reference to the film \"National Lampoon's Vacation\" in the process). Later, Stewie secures a Twinkie to stuff in Brian's tail pipe on his car","title":"Family Guy Viewer Mail 2"},{"id":"309606","text":"December 2009, Anderson guest-starred as \"Genie of the Lamp\" in the pantomime \"Aladdin\" at the New Wimbledon Theatre in Wimbledon, south-west London, UK. Anderson took over the role from comedian Ruby Wax, with former EastEnders actress Anita Dobson and comedian Paul O'Grady also booked for the role. In 2010, she appeared in the short film \"The Commuter\" directed by the McHenry Brothers and shot entirely on the Nokia N8 smartphone as promotion for the phone in the UK. Anderson was featured in a beach-themed editorial, shot by Mario Testino for Brazilian \"Vogue\"s June 2013 \"Body Issue\". In November 2010, Anderson","title":"Pamela Anderson"},{"id":"11002745","text":"Aladdin (1958 film) Aladdin is a 1958 musical fantasy written especially for television with a book by S.J. Perelman and music and lyrics by Cole Porter, telecast in color on the \"DuPont Show of the Month\" by CBS. It was Porter's very last musical score. Columbia Records issued both monophonic and stereophonic LP's of the songs with members of the original TV cast, which included Cyril Ritchard, Dennis King, Basil Rathbone, Anna Maria Alberghetti, Geoffrey Holder (as the Genie), Sal Mineo (as Aladdin,) and Una Merkel (as Aladdin's mother). Sony Records has digitally remastered the stereo recording for release on","title":"Aladdin (1958 film)"},{"id":"17192544","text":"Theatre from July 7 to 31, 2011. Jonathan Freeman, who voiced Jafar in the film, played the role in the stage adaptation. Adam Jacobs and Courtney Reed played Aladdin and Jasmine, despite the characters being Middle Eastern. Additional cast included James Monroe Iglehart as Genie; Clifton Davis as the Sultan; Don Darryl Rivera as Iago; and, playing Omar, Kassim and Babkak, a trio of characters originally conceived by the film's creators but ultimately replaced by Abu, were Andrew Keenan-Bolger, Brian Gonzales and Brandon O'Neill, respectively. Disney’s colourblind casting policy meant ethnicity was not considered in the casting process which sparked","title":"Aladdin (2011 musical)"},{"id":"18028225","text":"Light Theatre. He has played Mitch Mahoney in \"The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee\" on Broadway as a replacement starting in April 2007. He originated the role of Bobby in \"Memphis\" on Broadway in October 2009. Iglehart performed the role of the Genie in \"Aladdin\" on Broadway, a performance for which he won the 2014 Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Musical and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical for this role. When asked about the role, he said, \"It's not as exhausting as you think. I'm kind of an energetic guy","title":"James Monroe Iglehart"},{"id":"20267436","text":"Aladdin (2019 film) Aladdin is an upcoming American musical romantic fantasy adventure film directed by Guy Ritchie, from the screenplay co-written with John August and Vanessa Taylor, and produced by Walt Disney Pictures. It is a live-action adaptation of Disney's 1992 animated film of the same name, which is in turn based on the Arabic folktale of the same name from \"One Thousand and One Nights\" and the French interpretation by Antoine Galland. The film stars Mena Massoud as the title character alongside Will Smith, Naomi Scott, Marwan Kenzari, Navid Negahban, Nasim Pedrad, Billy Magnussen, and Numan Acar. In October","title":"Aladdin (2019 film)"},{"id":"14191508","text":"Avatar 2 Avatar 2 is an upcoming American epic science fiction film directed, produced, and co-written by James Cameron, and is the second film in the \"Avatar\" franchise. Cameron is producing the film with Jon Landau, with Josh Friedman originally announced as his co-writer; it was later announced that Cameron, Friedman, Rick Jaffa, Amanda Silver, and Shane Salerno took a part in the writing process of all sequels before being attributed separate scripts, making the eventual writing credits unclear. Cast members Sam Worthington, Zoe Saldana, Stephen Lang, Giovanni Ribisi, Joel David Moore, Dileep Rao, CCH Pounder, and Matt Gerald are","title":"Avatar 2"},{"id":"13275156","text":"being delayed until March 2011 \"due to huge international interest and some exciting overseas opportunities\", but to date they have never been released. In 2014 Jafargholi performed as 'The Genie' in The New Victoria Theatre's pantomime, 'Aladdin'. In May 2016, Jafargholi joined the cast of the BBC soap opera, \"EastEnders\", portraying Shakil Kazemi. His character was killed off two years later in May 2018 in a controversial knife-crime storyline where Shakil was stabbed and killed by a gang. On 1 August 2018, it was announced that Jafargholi had joined the cast of \"Casualty\" as nurse Marty Kirkby. Shaheen Jafargholi Shaheen","title":"Shaheen Jafargholi"},{"id":"20267443","text":"Navid Negahban as the Sultan. When asked about Ritchie's take on the film, Pasek & Paul described it as \"very muscular and action-packed\". Despite initial reports, the animal characters Abu the monkey, Iago the parrot, and Rajah the tiger from the original film will be appearing in some capacity. Principal photography commenced on September 6, 2017, at Longcross Studios in Longcross, Surrey, England, and concluded on January 24, 2018. Part of the film was shot in Wadi Rum Desert, Jordan. Reshoots took place during the month of August 2018. At the 2017 D23 Expo, Alan Menken announced that he will","title":"Aladdin (2019 film)"},{"id":"18178082","text":"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 is a 2017 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team Guardians of the Galaxy, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to 2014's \"Guardians of the Galaxy\" and the fifteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Written and directed by James Gunn, the film stars an ensemble cast featuring Chris Pratt, Zoe Saldana, Dave Bautista, Vin Diesel, Bradley Cooper, Michael Rooker, Karen Gillan, Pom Klementieff, Elizabeth Debicki, Chris Sullivan, Sean Gunn, Sylvester Stallone, and Kurt","title":"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2"},{"id":"8735381","text":"scored his biggest hit with Rubens's song \"Everybody's Awfully Good to Me.\" He then played in \"The School Girl\" (1903) and subsequently toured America in the piece, but he mostly remained at the Gaiety for the next dozen years, starring in a number of hits and becoming one of the biggest stars of the Edwardian era. His roles in these hits included The Hon. Guy Scrymgeour in \"The Orchid\" (1903), Gustave Babori in \"The Spring Chicken\" (1905), Genie of The Lamp in \"The New Aladdin\" (1906), Otto, the prince, in \"The Girls of Gottenberg\" (1907), Hughie in \"Our Miss Gibbs\"","title":"George Grossmith Jr."},{"id":"15352884","text":"actually archival recordings by his original voice actor, Clarence Nash. Tony Anselmo, Donald's current voice actor, recorded only five new lines for the character in this attraction (such as the scene where Donald Duck hums to the tune of the song \"Be Our Guest\" from Disney's \"Beauty and the Beast\"). The theater doors open. Mickey Mouse is performing with his PhilharMagic Orchestra at the Fantasyland Concert Hall. Inside, there are posters advertising the Concert Hall's past productions and performers, such as Hades from \"Hercules\", Ariel from \"The Little Mermaid\", Genie from \"Aladdin\", Wheezy from \"Toy Story 2\", Willie the Whale","title":"Mickey's PhilharMagic"},{"id":"19250978","text":"his 2014 death, with critics considering the Genie to have been his most memorable performance. \"Aladdin\" composer Alan Menken lamented that Williams was a \"a brilliant, adorable, hilarious, compassionate, vulnerable manifestation of the human condition.\" The Genie first appears in \"Aladdin\", where he is released from a magical oil lamp by the titular character in the collapsed Cave of Wonders. After he explains that he can grant three wishes, Aladdin, knowing that Genie would only grant his wish to get out of the cave if he used one of his wishes, dupes him into freeing Aladdin and Abu from the","title":"Genie (Disney)"},{"id":"10466809","text":"Jordan Metcalfe Jordan Metcalfe (born 24 May 1986) is an English actor best known for his role as Adil the Genie in the children's comedy \"Genie in the House\", screened in the UK and the Netherlands on Nickelodeon, in Germany on Nick Germany, in France on Canal J and Spain on Antena 3 (.NEOX). He finished recording a second series of \"Genie in the House\" in September 2007, for broadcast from November 2008. Metcalfe has appeared as Jake in \"The Queen's Nose\" in 2003. He has played the roles of Chris Travis in \"Heartbeat\", Andy Murphy in \"Casualty\", and Kieran","title":"Jordan Metcalfe"},{"id":"1441330","text":"him, Aladdin finds himself trapped in the cave. Aladdin is still wearing a magic ring the sorcerer has lent him. When he rubs his hands in despair, he inadvertently rubs the ring and a jinnī (or \"genie\") appears who releases him from the cave so that he can return to his mother—still carrying the lamp. When his mother tries to clean the lamp, so they can sell it to buy food for their supper, a second far more powerful genie appears who is bound to do the bidding of the person holding the lamp. With the aid of the genie","title":"Aladdin"},{"id":"3672408","text":"video, directed by Patterson and Candace Reckinger, was completed in January 1992 and appears on Patterson + Reckinger's Vimeo channel. The original animation was done by Chris Bailey, Tom Sito and Eric Goldberg, who at the time was the lead animator of the Genie character in Disney's \"Aladdin\" feature film. According to producer John Kafka, nobody was sure what to do with Skat after the videos were finished. Virgin Music and Universal Pictures talked of a live-action/animation hybrid feature film, but nothing ever materialized. MC Skat Kat also appeared in \"Yakety Yak, Take It Back\", an all-star public service music","title":"MC Skat Kat"},{"id":"5628075","text":"2010 Drama Desk Award, Unique Theatrical Experience. He performed in Los Angeles at The Blank Theatre Company production of \"The Temperamentals\", running from April 9-May 22, 2011 at the 2nd Stage Theatre. He played the role of Genie in the production of \"Aladdin\" in St. Louis at the Muny from July 5–13, 2012. In 2011, Tartaglia was named a \"Givenik Ambassador\" from the Broadway / charity site Givenik. Tartaglia hosts a radio show on Sirius XM On Broadway called \"Sunday Funday with John Tartaglia\". In 2016, he created the series \"Splash and Bubbles\" for PBS Kids, where he voices Splash","title":"John Tartaglia"},{"id":"815140","text":"the Cobbler\" being labeled a rip-off of \"Aladdin\". On July 15, 2015, the studio announced the development of a live-action comedy adventure prequel called \"Genies\". The film was being written by Mark Swift and Damian Shannon, while Tripp Vinson was on board to produce via his Vinson Films banner. It was intended to serve as a lead to the live-action \"Aladdin\" film. On November 8, Disney revealed it had originally planned to use Robin Williams' unused lines from the 1991–92 recording sessions for the film, but his will prohibited the studio from using his likeness for twenty-five years after his","title":"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)"},{"id":"815118","text":"25% of space on advertising artwork, since Williams' film \"Toys\" was scheduled for release one month after \"Aladdin\"s debut. For financial reasons, the studio went back on the deal on both counts, especially in poster art by having the Genie in 25% of the image, but having other major and supporting characters portrayed considerably smaller. The Disney Hyperion book \"Aladdin: The Making of an Animated Film\" listed both of Williams' characters \"The Peddler\" and \"The Genie\" ahead of main characters, but was forced to refer to him only as \"the actor signed to play the Genie\". Disney, while not using","title":"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)"},{"id":"13717036","text":"L. Jackson reprise their roles as War Machine and Nick Fury, respectively. Cheadle and Jackson are the only actors from the film to return to voice their video game counterparts. Veteran voice actors Steven Blum and Phil LaMarr also lend their talent, with Steven Blum voicing the characters Mauler and Ghost, while Phil LaMarr provides additional dialogue for War Machine. Veteran animator Eric Goldberg voiced A.I.M. soldiers. John Eric Bentley also provided additional dialogue for Nick Fury. The game has received generally unfavorable reviews, with Metacritic scores of 44 and 45 out of 100 for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox","title":"Iron Man 2 (video game)"},{"id":"815119","text":"Williams's name in commercials as per the contract, used his voice for the Genie in the commercials and used the Genie character to sell toys and fast food tie-ins, without having to pay Williams additional money; Williams unhappily quipped at the time: \"The only reason Mickey Mouse has three fingers is because he can't pick up a check.\" Disney attempted to assuage Williams by sending him a Pablo Picasso painting worth more than $1 million at the time, but this move failed to repair the damaged relationship, as the painting was a self-portrait of the artist as Vincent van Gogh","title":"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)"},{"id":"19250980","text":"he can legally court Princess Jasmine. Genie goes into hiding after leading a parade to the Agrabah palace. Genie is released again when Aladdin is shackled, gagged, and thrown off a cliff into the ocean by Jafar's guards. He rescues Aladdin as the second wish upon liberally interpreting Aladdin's nodding head. Later, Genie has a falling out with Aladdin when he starts to think he may have to break his promise to use the third wish, out of fear of what will happen should someone find out he is not royalty. Iago the parrot soon steals Genie's lamp and delivers","title":"Genie (Disney)"},{"id":"1477160","text":"by his designs, and Hirschfeld became an artistic consultant for the segment; the segment's director, Eric Goldberg, is a longtime fan of his work. Further evidence of Goldberg's admiration for Hirschfeld can be found in Goldberg's character design and animation of the genie in \"Aladdin\" (1992). He was the subject of the Oscar-nominated documentary film, \"\" (1996). In 1943, Hirschfeld married one of Europe's most famous actresses, Dolly Haas. They were married for more than 50 years, and had a daughter, Nina. Hirschfeld is known for hiding Nina's name, written in capital letters (\"NINA\"), in most of the drawings he","title":"Al Hirschfeld"},{"id":"17192548","text":"Productions and Tim Rice officially announced that the show would open in the summer 2016 in the West End and that auditions would be held from August through September 2015. In October 2015, it was announced that the show would officially open on June 9, 2016, with previews beginning May 27, and that Trevor Dion Nicholas would be playing the Genie. The official opening was later delayed till June 15, 2016. In November 2015 full cast was announced. Dean John-Wilson would play the role of Aladdin alongside Jade Ewen as Jasmine. Don Gallagher would play Jafar, Peter Howe would join","title":"Aladdin (2011 musical)"},{"id":"8166906","text":"Val Bettin Valentine John \"Val\" Bettin (born August 1, 1923) is a retired American actor and voice actor, known for using an English accent in all of his roles. He is perhaps best known for voicing Dr. David Q. Dawson in the 1986 Disney animated film \"The Great Mouse Detective\" and the Sultan in \"The Return of Jafar\" and \"Aladdin and the King of Thieves\", the two direct-to-video sequels to Disney's \"Aladdin\" as well as the TV show, taking over for Douglas Seale. Bettin also hosted \"The Storyteller\", a children's show on Chicago television in the late 1950s. He was","title":"Val Bettin"},{"id":"12893285","text":"and starred as the genie, reprising the role originally played by Burl Ives. The film also took inspiration from the folk tale of Aladdin. The soundtrack album was composed by R. Govardhanam and the lyrics were written by Kannadasan. Kannadasan, who wanted to join the Indian National Congress was waiting for the acceptance from the then Congress President K. Kamaraj, which made him to write the lines \"Antha Sivagami maganidam seithi cholladi, ennai serum naal parka cholladi, veru yeverodum naan pesa vaarthai yethadi\" (Tell Sivagami's son to fix the date to enrol me), indirectly referring to Kamaraj (whose mother's name","title":"Pattanathil Bhootham"},{"id":"8362194","text":"often changed to reflect current events in the news and popular culture. The musical replaced the venue's previous show, \"The Power of Blast\", which played from 2001 to 2002. Alan Menken composed and wrote lyrics for a new song for this production, called \"To Be Free\". Buena Vista Records released an official soundtrack to the production in 2003. This is an original cast recording, and includes almost every piece of music used in the show. The main cast on the recording is Miles Wesley (Aladdin), Deedee Magno (Jasmine), Nick Santa Maria (Genie), Lance Roberts (Jafar) and Jamila Ajibade (Narrator). Orchestrations","title":"Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular"},{"id":"13470905","text":"Kung Fu Panda 2 Kung Fu Panda 2 is a 2011 American computer-animated comedy-drama martial arts film produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Paramount Pictures. The sequel to 2008's \"Kung Fu Panda\", it is the second installment in the \"Kung Fu Panda\" franchise, and was directed by Jennifer Yuh Nelson in her directorial debut. The film stars Jack Black, Angelina Jolie, Dustin Hoffman, Seth Rogen, Lucy Liu, David Cross, James Hong, and Jackie Chan reprising their character roles from the first film, with Gary Oldman, Michelle Yeoh, Danny McBride, Dennis Haysbert, Jean-Claude Van Damme and Victor Garber voicing new","title":"Kung Fu Panda 2"},{"id":"18178125","text":"including one for \"Doctor Strange,\" to limit the amount of travel Lee had to do. Additional filming for \"Vol. 2\" took place in Cartersville, Georgia, a state park north of Portland, Oregon, and in St. Charles, Missouri. The Georgia International Convention Center served as additional soundstage space after pre-production on \"\" (2017) began at several Pinewood Atlanta soundstages. Principal photography wrapped on June 16, 2016. At San Diego Comic-Con 2016, Russell and Debicki were revealed to be playing Ego, Quill's father, and Ayesha, respectively. Sylvester Stallone was also revealed to be in the film, with his role later revealed as","title":"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2"},{"id":"17785465","text":"However, this time, with Iago on Aladdin's side, Abis Mal becomes Jafar's new henchman. Now, Aladdin and co. must find a way to thwart Jafar, with his limitless genie power. In 1996, the second sequel to \"Aladdin\", \"Aladdin and the King of Thieves\" was released on video. The story concludes as Aladdin and Jasmine are about to have their wedding and Aladdin discovers that his father is still alive, but is the king of all thieves in Agrabah. In 2005, screenwriter Robert Reece, who co-wrote \"\" and \"\", pitched a fourth \"Aladdin\" feature to DisneyToon Studios execs, although it never","title":"Aladdin (franchise)"},{"id":"815143","text":"songs for the film with Academy Award winners Pasek and Paul (\"La La Land\") while Vanessa Taylor (\"Game of Thrones\", \"The Shape of Water\") would re-write the script. In August 2017, Marwan Kenzari, Nasim Pedrad, and Numan Acar joined the cast as Jafar, Dalia, and Hakim, respectively. The following month, Billy Magnussen and Navid Negahban were cast as Prince Anders and the Sultan, respectively. Filming began on September 6, 2017 at Longcross Studios and concluded on January 24, 2018. The film is scheduled for release on May 24, 2019. Aladdin (1992 Disney film) Aladdin is a 1992 American animated musical","title":"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)"},{"id":"8521460","text":"by Allen Maldonado, Choice Skinner (as James Choice Skinner), Adesegun Shofu Produced by Darkan & Luji \"The Genie\" Performed by Poc Dawone Additional Vocals by Mahogany & Shawn Walker Vocal Production by Darkan, Poc Dawone & Luji \"The Genie\" Engineered and Mixed by Darkan & Luji \"The Genie\" Courtesy of Da Truth Records. 27. \"Friggin' In The Riggin'\" Performed by Salty Dick Arranged by Jerry Bryant (BMI) Published by Old Fashioned Music (BMI) Courtesy of NOMA Music. 28. \"You're Gay\" Performed by Denise Nolin Words and Music by Bill Solly (ASCAP) Courtesy of Bill Solly Music (ASCAP) Courtesy of NOMA","title":"National Lampoon's Dorm Daze 2"},{"id":"19250988","text":"\"Aladdin and the King of Thieves\", the Genie appears to be just as powerful as he was in the first film, as he has no problem with anything he tries, something that implies that his reduction of power was merely temporary. The Genie cameos in the \"\" crossover episode \"Hercules and the Arabian Night\", in which he punches Pain and Panic back to the Underworld when they are tricked into looking into the lamp by Aladdin. The Genie also is a guest in \"Disney's House of Mouse\", and acts as host in the video game \"\". The Genie appears in","title":"Genie (Disney)"},{"id":"17570087","text":"called \"Dinosaur\". There, he also helped design Genie from \"Aladdin\" to be put as an attraction in Disneyland Tokyo. He also worked for DreamWorks where he was an animator for and worked in Warner Brothers Studio to animate \"Scooby-Doo\". The same years he worked a Sony Pictures Entertainment where he worked on such sequels as Men in Black 2 and Stuart Little 2. Later on he got employed to work in EA Games where he was a lead animator in the \"Medal of Honor\" series. In 2006, he left EA and moved to the Blue Ridge Mountains outside of Asheville,","title":"Christopher Oakley (animator)"},{"id":"19417303","text":"Chennai 600028 II Chennai 600028 II: Second Innings is a 2016 Indian Tamil-language sports comedy film co-produced, written and directed by Venkat Prabhu, who also produces the film along with S. P. B. Charan under Black Ticket Company and Capital Film Works. The film, which is a sequel to \"Chennai 600028\" (2007), features several cast members from the earlier film including Jai, Shiva, Premji, Aravind Akash and Nithin Sathya. The film's score and soundtrack is composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja. The film was released on 9 December 2016 to positive reviews and performed well at the box office. The film","title":"Chennai 600028 II"},{"id":"815115","text":"the antagonists darker ones such as red and black, and Agrabah and its palace use the neutral color yellow. Computer animation was used for some elements of the film, such as the tiger entrance of the Cave of Wonders and the scene where Aladdin tries to escape the collapsing cave. Musker and Clements created the Genie with Robin Williams in mind; even though Katzenberg suggested actors such as John Candy, Steve Martin, and Eddie Murphy, Williams was approached and eventually accepted the role. Williams came for voice recording sessions during breaks in the shooting of two other films he was","title":"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)"},{"id":"3172412","text":"Scott Weinger Scott Weinger (born October 5, 1975) is an American actor, voice actor, writer and producer, best known as the voice of the title character in Disney's \"Aladdin\". Weinger reprised the role in the two direct-to-video sequels, the television series of the same name, and the \"Kingdom Hearts\" and \"Disney Infinity\" video game series. He is also known for playing Steve Hale on the ABC sitcom \"Full House\" and its Netflix sequel \"Fuller House\". He is also a writer and producer for television, including for ABC's \"Galavant\" and \"Black-ish\". He was a co-executive producer of ABC's \"The Muppets\". Weinger","title":"Scott Weinger"},{"id":"2049286","text":"in which the two feuded on the set of \"MADtv\" and in World Championship Wrestling; this culminated in a grudge match on \"WCW Monday Nitro\", where Hart decisively defeated Sasso. Hart donned his \"Hit Man\" singlet, along with additional costume, and executed wrestling maneuvers on villain characters, as part of his performance as the Genie in a 2004 stage production of \"Aladdin\". He reprised the role in 2006. Hart was the subject of the 1998 documentary, \"\", which chronicled many of the events in Hart's personal and professional life from September 1996 to November 1997, including the Montreal Screwjob and","title":"Bret Hart"},{"id":"20322850","text":"Thomas Doherty (actor) Thomas Doherty (born 21 April 1995) is a Scottish actor, best known for his roles as Harry Hook in Disney Channel's \"Descendants 2\" and as Sean in the British musical comedy-drama, \"The Lodge\". Doherty was born and raised in Edinburgh, Scotland. He has an older brother and younger sister, and his parents were both in the banking business. Doherty began acting at the age of 5 and also played football. Doherty joined Lothian Youth Arts and Musicals Company and played a variety of roles, including his debut as Disney's Aladdin. Doherty attended Royal High School in Edinburgh.","title":"Thomas Doherty (actor)"},{"id":"13258718","text":"Tony Maudsley Tony Maudsley (born 30 January 1968) is an English actor, best known for playing Kenneth DuBeke in the ITV comedy series \"Benidorm\". He also played Graham in \" The Job Lot\". Maudsley made his panto debut in 2016 as Dame Trott in Jack and the Beanstalk, at the Theatre Royal, Nottingham. He returned to pantomime the year after, playing a completely different part - the Genie of the Lamp, in Aladdin, at the Swansea Grand Theatre. His career started when he landed a role in the film, \"A Life for a Life\", in 1998 where he played the","title":"Tony Maudsley"},{"id":"17192564","text":"is top grade. It will become a classic.\" \"The Globe and Mail\" reviewer gave the show 2.5 stars out of 4, however, saying that it was \"strictly for the kiddies\". The \"Toronto Star\" gave the musical the same rating, and said \"You’re likely to hear the sound of deafening applause [during the] show-stopping staging of 'A Friend Like Me' and James Monroe Iglehart’s blessedly bravura performance as the Genie. It’s the kind of exhilarating moment we go to the theatre for. But ... nothing before or after it in Aladdin lives up to those six sublime minutes.\" \"The Vancouver Sun\"","title":"Aladdin (2011 musical)"},{"id":"17326211","text":"actors John and Euphemia \"Effie\" (née Murray) Ellsler. She first appeared on stage at the age of three in Cleveland, Ohio at the Academy of Music; by then under the management of her father. Ellsler's first role was the Genie of the Ring in a production called, \"Aladdin; or, The Wonderful Lamp \". At age four she was cast as Little Eva in an adaptation of Harriet Beecher Stowe's \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\". As a young girl Ellsler would often be asked to play juvenile roles with her father’s stock company while attending school at the local Ursuline Convent and, with","title":"Effie Ellsler"},{"id":"16659559","text":"Avengers: Age of Ultron Avengers: Age of Ultron is a 2015 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to 2012's \"The Avengers\" and the eleventh film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film was written and directed by Joss Whedon and features an ensemble cast that includes Robert Downey Jr., Chris Hemsworth, Mark Ruffalo, Chris Evans, Scarlett Johansson, Jeremy Renner, Don Cheadle, Aaron Taylor-Johnson, Elizabeth Olsen, Paul Bettany, Cobie Smulders, Anthony Mackie, Hayley Atwell, Idris Elba, Stellan Skarsgård,","title":"Avengers: Age of Ultron"},{"id":"1631946","text":"Paul Bettany Paul Bettany (born 27 May 1971) is an English actor. He is known for his voice role as J.A.R.V.I.S. and as the Vision in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, specifically the films \"Iron Man\" (2008), \"Iron Man 2\" (2010), \"The Avengers\" (2012), \"Iron Man 3\" (2013), \"\" (2015), \"\" (2016), \"\" (2018), and \"\" (2019). He first came to the attention of mainstream audiences when he appeared in the British film \"Gangster No. 1\" (2000), and director Brian Helgeland's film \"A Knight's Tale\" (2001). He has gone on to appear in a wide variety of films, including \"A Beautiful","title":"Paul Bettany"},{"id":"13275146","text":"playing Danny – the child of a crazed gun-wielding father and took part in an episode of the medical drama series \"Casualty\" playing Christy Skinner, a patient with incurable hiccups. Jafargholi has also toured on stage as a young Michael Jackson in \"Thriller – Live\". Minor work includes UK touring productions of \"Macbeth\" (character – Son of Macduff), \"The King and I\" and \"Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat\" (choir). He has also performed as the genie of the lamp in Aladdin. He appeared, un-credited, in \"Mine All Mine\", \"A Way of Life\" and a short film called \"Day at","title":"Shaheen Jafargholi"},{"id":"10466811","text":"the Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith in 2004. He has also worked in theatre playing the roles of the Artful Dodger in \"Oliver Twist\", Nibs in \"Peter Pan\", Jack in \"The Dreaming\", and Young Katurian in \"The Pillowman\". Metcalfe lives in Highbury, London. in 2014 Metcalfe toured in the production The Hyperchondriac alongside Sir Tony Robinson and Imogen Stubbs Jordan Metcalfe Jordan Metcalfe (born 24 May 1986) is an English actor best known for his role as Adil the Genie in the children's comedy \"Genie in the House\", screened in the UK and the Netherlands on Nickelodeon, in Germany on Nick Germany,","title":"Jordan Metcalfe"},{"id":"17192550","text":"engagement, the production will transfer to Brisbane and Perth. Australian native, Ainsley Melham, played the role of Aladdin, American actress, Arielle Jacobs, played the role of Princess Jasmine, and American actor, Michael James Scott, played the role of Genie in the original Australian production. The Sydney and Melbourne production also performed an autism-friendly adaptation of the show which had the \"removal of strobe lighting and pyrotechnics, reduction of any jarring sounds and house lights being dimmed (instead of off)\" in order to provide a more supportive environment for autistic patrons. Disney Theatrical launched a North American tour at Chicago's Palace","title":"Aladdin (2011 musical)"},{"id":"5705669","text":"to his flute. He finished last in a field of 19 participating countries. During his career, Loiri has sold over 730,000 certified records in Finland and is currently the fifth-best-selling soloist and ninth-best-selling artist of all time in the country. He was the voice of the Genie in the Finnish dub of Disney's Aladdin, even performing the musical number \"Friend Like Me\". Loiri appeared in the premiere of Aulis Sallinen's opera \"Kullervo\" in Los Angeles in 1992, creating the role of the blind singer. Loiri has also had a lifelong interest in sports. He held the office of Chairman of","title":"Vesa-Matti Loiri"},{"id":"2805274","text":"Shrek 2 Shrek 2 is a 2004 American computer-animated, comedy film directed by Andrew Adamson, Kelly Asbury and Conrad Vernon. It is the sequel to 2001's \"Shrek\" and the second installment in the \"Shrek\" film franchise. The film stars Mike Myers, Eddie Murphy and Cameron Diaz, who reprise their respective voice roles of Shrek, Donkey, and Fiona. They are joined by new characters voiced by Antonio Banderas, Julie Andrews, John Cleese, Rupert Everett, and Jennifer Saunders. \"Shrek 2\" takes place following the events of the first film, with Shrek and Donkey meeting Fiona's parents as her zealous Fairy Godmother, who","title":"Shrek 2"},{"id":"13189893","text":"Iron Man 2 Iron Man 2 is a 2010 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Iron Man, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures. It is the sequel to 2008's \"Iron Man\", and is the third film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Directed by Jon Favreau and written by Justin Theroux, the film stars Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man, alongside Gwyneth Paltrow, Don Cheadle, Scarlett Johansson, Sam Rockwell, Mickey Rourke, and Samuel L. Jackson. Six months after the events of \"Iron Man\", Tony Stark is resisting calls by the United","title":"Iron Man 2"},{"id":"1342076","text":"his last stage performances was as Malvolio in \"Twelfth Night\" at the Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park (1990), where he demonstrated the fine line between pathos and comedy to perfection. He also played the genie in the lamp in \"Aladdin\" at the Theatre Royal, Newcastle, in the 1990s. He also played the genie on the \"Sooty Show\". He also voiced Gorilla on \"The Giddy Game Show\". He played Mephistopheles, alongside James Warwick in the title role of an Oxford Stage Company regional touring production of \"Doctor Faustus\" in 1987. He was a member of the oldest theatrical fraternity in the","title":"Bernard Bresslaw"},{"id":"9317296","text":"Wonders, where he meets a sentient magic carpet and is commanded to only get a magic lamp. He gets it, but Abu's grabbing of a giant gem causes the cave to collapse. Aladdin, Abu, and the carpet are left in the cave. Abu delivers the lamp to Aladdin, and when he rubs it, a giant blue Genie appears, telling Aladdin he will fulfill three wishes. After leaving the collapsed cave with the Genie's help, he decides to become a prince in order to win Jasmine's heart. In the first direct-to-video sequel, \"The Return of Jafar\" (1994), Jasmine begins to question","title":"Aladdin (Disney character)"},{"id":"19250741","text":"Drago, son of Ivan Drago, the powerful athlete who killed Adonis' father Apollo Creed. A \"Creed\" sequel was confirmed in January 2016, although due to both Coogler and Jordan's involvement in \"Black Panther\", the film was delayed, with Coogler ultimately being replaced by Caple. Stallone completed the script in July 2017 and announced Lundgren would be reprising his role as Drago, and filming began in Philadelphia in March 2018, lasting through July. \"Creed II\" was released in the United States by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures on November 21, 2018. The film has grossed over $133 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews","title":"Creed II"},{"id":"18178092","text":"destroy the Guardians, naming him Adam; and a group of uninterested Watchers abandon their informant, who is discussing his experiences on Earth. Additionally, reprising their roles from the first film are Laura Haddock as Meredith Quill, Gregg Henry as her father, Seth Green as the voice of Howard the Duck, and canine actor Fred as Cosmo. Members of Yondu's Ravager crew appearing in the film include Evan Jones as Retch, Jimmy Urine as Half-Nut, Stephen Blackehart as Brahl, Steve Agee as Gef, Mike Escamilla as Scrote, Joe Fria as Oblo, Terence Rosemore as Narblik, and Tommy Flanagan as Tullk, as","title":"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2"},{"id":"16651286","text":"\"poor subtitle translation not only spoiled the fun of watching it, but also made it difficult to understand its humor.\" \"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2\" was released on May 5, 2017, again written and directed by James Gunn. Pratt, Saldana, Bautista, Diesel, Cooper, Rooker, Gillan, and Sean Gunn all reprise their roles in the film, and are joined by Pom Klementieff as Mantis, Elizabeth Debicki as Ayesha, Chris Sullivan as Taserface, and Kurt Russell as Quill's father Ego. In April 2017, Gunn announced he would return to write and direct \"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3\". However, in July","title":"Guardians of the Galaxy (film)"},{"id":"815097","text":"and Douglas Seale. The film follows Aladdin, an Arabian street urchin, who finds a magic lamp containing a genie. In order to hide the lamp from the Grand vizier, he disguises himself as a wealthy prince, and tries to impress the Sultan and his daughter. Lyricist Howard Ashman first pitched the idea, and the screenplay went through three drafts before then-Walt Disney Studios president Jeffrey Katzenberg agreed to its production. The animators based their designs on the work of caricaturist Al Hirschfeld, and computers were used for finishing the artwork and creating some animated elements. The musical score was written","title":"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)"},{"id":"18714641","text":"scattershot rehash of a script.\" On Metacritic, the film has a score of 34 out of 100 based on 42 critics, indicating \"generally unfavorable reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"C+\" on an A+ to F scale, the same grade earned by its predecessor. Zoolander 2 Zoolander 2 is a 2016 American action-comedy film directed by Ben Stiller and written by John Hamburg, Justin Theroux, Stiller and Nicholas Stoller. It is the sequel to the 2001 film \"Zoolander\" and stars Stiller, Owen Wilson, Will Ferrell, Penélope Cruz and Kristen Wiig. Filming took place from","title":"Zoolander 2"},{"id":"2295431","text":"album has sold an estimated 1.5 million copies worldwide. The album also reached number 37 on the ARIA charts in Australia, her highest peak in the country to date. The album's second single, \"Crush\", was released on August 28, 2001; it peaked at number 35 on the \"Billboard\" Pop Songs chart, and it climbed to number 25 on the ARIA Charts. Moore made her feature film debut in 2001, where she voiced a Girl Bear Cub in the comedy \"Dr. Dolittle 2,\" which starred Eddie Murphy. Later that year, Moore co-starred with Anne Hathaway in the comedy \"The Princess Diaries,\"","title":"Mandy Moore"},{"id":"815126","text":"a sample of 69 reviews, with an average rating of 8.1/10. The site's consensus reads, \"A highly entertaining entry in Disney's renaissance era, \"Aladdin\" is beautifully drawn, with near-classic songs and a cast of scene-stealing characters.\" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 86 out of 100 based on 25 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\". Most critics' praise went to Robin Williams' performance as Genie, with Janet Maslin of \"The New York Times\" declaring that children \"needn't know precisely what Mr. Williams is evoking to understand how funny he is.\" Warner Bros. Cartoons director Chuck Jones even called","title":"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)"},{"id":"5100323","text":"James D'Arcy James D'Arcy (born Simon Richard D'Arcy; 24 August 1975) is an English actor. He is best known for his portrayals of Howard Stark's butler, Edwin Jarvis, in the Marvel Entertainment and ABC series, \"Agent Carter\", and murder suspect Lee Ashworth in the second series of the ITV series \"Broadchurch\". D'Arcy also co-starred as Colonel Winnant in Christopher Nolan's action-thriller \"Dunkirk\" (2017). D'Arcy was born on 24 August 1975 in Amersham, Buckinghamshire, and was raised in Fulham, London with his younger sister, Charlotte, by their mother, Caroline, a nurse. His father died when he was young. He has family","title":"James D'Arcy"},{"id":"8166908","text":"wife died in 2007 at age 82. Val Bettin Valentine John \"Val\" Bettin (born August 1, 1923) is a retired American actor and voice actor, known for using an English accent in all of his roles. He is perhaps best known for voicing Dr. David Q. Dawson in the 1986 Disney animated film \"The Great Mouse Detective\" and the Sultan in \"The Return of Jafar\" and \"Aladdin and the King of Thieves\", the two direct-to-video sequels to Disney's \"Aladdin\" as well as the TV show, taking over for Douglas Seale. Bettin also hosted \"The Storyteller\", a children's show on Chicago","title":"Val Bettin"},{"id":"2182758","text":"Lee Ermey, John Morris and Laurie Metcalf all reprise their character roles from the original film. They are joined by Joan Cusack, Jodi Benson, Kelsey Grammer, Estelle Harris and Wayne Knight who voice some of the new characters introduced. Disney initially envisioned \"Toy Story 2\" as a direct-to-video sequel. The film began production in a building separated from Pixar, on a small scale, as most of the main Pixar staff were busy working on \"A Bug's Life\" (1998). When story reels proved promising, Disney upgraded the film to theatrical release, but Pixar was unhappy with the film's quality. Lasseter and","title":"Toy Story 2"},{"id":"16142451","text":"Quinn in Update 2 and Poison Ivy in Update 3). Each of these updates also added more skins and achievements, and raised the level cap. The voice cast includes: Kevin Conroy (Batman), Mark Hamill (The Joker), Tara Strong (Harley Quinn), Fred Tatasciore (Solomon Grundy, Mr. Hammer), Troy Baker (Two-Face, Robin), Corey Burton (Hugo Strange), Larry Grimm (Deathstroke), Amy Carle (Poison Ivy) instead of Tasia Valenza. Eurogamer called it addictive. Gamezebo summarized it \"too easy, too short, and completely devoid of a story – but \"Batman Arkham City Lockdown\" is also a fast-paced, finger-swiping good time that looks stunning, keeps you","title":"Batman: Arkham City Lockdown"},{"id":"20298503","text":"is a memorial for Adam West, who portrayed Batman. It also stated \"Rest Well, Bright Knight\". In a scene exclusive to the Blu-Ray edition, Dr. Quinzel busts Joker out of prison dressed as her new persona of Harley Quinn. A sequel to \"\", entitled \"Batman vs. Two-Face\", was planned to be released in 2017 with William Shatner voicing Two-Face as the main antagonist. On June 9, 2017, Batman's voice actor Adam West died from leukemia. Despite this, according to Bleeding Cool, West and Shatner recorded their lines separately with West finishing his lines by October 2016. Burt Ward and Julie","title":"Batman vs. Two-Face"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"19250991\",\n \"text\": \"his own copy of the Keyblade (excluding the Limit Form in \\\"Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix\\\"). The Genie also appears briefly in \\\"Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days\\\", interacting with Xion and Roxas as they make their way back to Agrabah. Genie (Disney) The Genie is a fictional jinni appearing in Walt Disney Pictures' animated feature film \\\"Aladdin\\\" (1992). He was voiced by Robin Williams in the first film. Following a contract dispute between Williams and the Walt Disney Company, Dan Castellaneta voiced the Genie throughout the direct-to-video feature \\\"The Return of Jafar\\\", as well as the television series, before Williams reprised\",\n \"title\": \"Genie (Disney)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19250974\",\n \"text\": \"Genie (Disney) The Genie is a fictional jinni appearing in Walt Disney Pictures' animated feature film \\\"Aladdin\\\" (1992). He was voiced by Robin Williams in the first film. Following a contract dispute between Williams and the Walt Disney Company, Dan Castellaneta voiced the Genie throughout the direct-to-video feature \\\"The Return of Jafar\\\", as well as the television series, before Williams reprised the role for the final installment, \\\"Aladdin and the King of Thieves\\\", as well as for the character's own mini-series, \\\"Great Minds Think for Themselves\\\". Castellaneta voiced the Genie in \\\"Aladdin in Nasira's Revenge\\\" and later the \\\"Kingdom Hearts\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Genie (Disney)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"714900\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Desperate Housewives\\\". He appeared as the Genie in the \\\"Aladdin\\\" sequel \\\"The Return of Jafar\\\" and on the 1994 \\\"Aladdin\\\" television series. The Genie had been voiced by Robin Williams in \\\"Aladdin\\\", and Castellaneta described replacing him as \\\"sort of like stepping into \\\"Hamlet\\\" after Laurence Olivier did it, how can you win?\\\" He also provided Genie's voice in the \\\"Kingdom Hearts\\\" video game series for both Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II (with archived audio used for and its remake as well as for the later HD collections HD 1.5 Remix and HD 2.5 Remix). Castellaneta portrayed Aaron Spelling\",\n \"title\": \"Dan Castellaneta\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12605297\",\n \"text\": \"dubbed it \\\"Act II’s standout\\\". This song is playable in the video game \\\"Just Dance 2014\\\". Prince Ali (song) \\\"Prince Ali\\\" and its reprise are two musical numbers from the 1992 Disney animated film \\\"Aladdin\\\". The first part was performed by Robin Williams in his role as the Genie and the reprise is performed by Jonathan Freeman in his role as Jafar. The song performed by Williams was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 50th Golden Globe Awards in 1993. After Williams' death in 2014, the first part of the song received extensive airplay\",\n \"title\": \"Prince Ali (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12605294\",\n \"text\": \"Prince Ali (song) \\\"Prince Ali\\\" and its reprise are two musical numbers from the 1992 Disney animated film \\\"Aladdin\\\". The first part was performed by Robin Williams in his role as the Genie and the reprise is performed by Jonathan Freeman in his role as Jafar. The song performed by Williams was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 50th Golden Globe Awards in 1993. After Williams' death in 2014, the first part of the song received extensive airplay on UK National Radio. The film version cut a conceived intro for the song and two\",\n \"title\": \"Prince Ali (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20267437\",\n \"text\": \"2016, Disney announced Guy Ritchie would direct a live-action \\\"Aladdin\\\" remake. Smith was the first member of the cast to join, signing on to voice Genie in July 2017, and later that month Massoud and Scott were confirmed for the two lead roles. Principal photography began that September at Longcross Studios in Surrey, England, also filming in the Wadi Rum Desert in Jordan, and lasted until January 2018. \\\"Aladdin\\\" is scheduled to be released in the United States on May 24, 2019. On October 10, 2016, it was announced that Guy Ritchie would direct a live-action \\\"Aladdin\\\" film with John\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (2019 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6561979\",\n \"text\": \"Jim Meskimen James Ross Meskimen (born September 10, 1959) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, voice actor and impressionist. He is also known for his voice-over work in video games. Meskimen was born in Los Angeles, California, the son of Freeman Meskimen and Marion Ross. Meskimen portrayed the father of Mary-Kate Olsen and Ashley Olsen's characters in \\\"Our Lips Are Sealed\\\". He portrayed Officer Wholihan in \\\"How the Grinch Stole Christmas\\\". He voices Thom Cat, Neighbor John, and Stumpy in the \\\"Thom Cat\\\" short film on \\\"Random! Cartoons\\\". Meskimen provided the voice of the Genie in the \\\"Aladdin\\\" franchise (which\",\n \"title\": \"Jim Meskimen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2274168\",\n \"text\": \"announced in January 1995 that a third film was in production, and later in June, that it was scheduled for a home video release in 1996. In September 1995, it was confirmed that Robin Williams would reprise the role of the Genie reportedly for a $1 million salary after he received an apology from Joe Roth for Disney breaching an agreement not to use his voice to merchandise products inspired by \\\"Aladdin\\\". With Williams on board, all recordings and animation footage of Dan Castellaneta as the Genie was scrapped, and all of the Genie's scenes were rewritten to fit Williams'\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin and the King of Thieves\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"815120\",\n \"text\": \"which apparently really \\\"clashed\\\" with the Williams' wilder home decor. Williams refused to sign on for \\\"The Return of Jafar\\\" so it was Dan Castellaneta that voiced the Genie. When Jeffrey Katzenberg was replaced by Joe Roth as Walt Disney Studios chairman, Roth organized a public apology to Williams. Williams would, in turn, reprise the role in the 1996 direct-to-video sequel \\\"Aladdin and the King of Thieves\\\". Composer Alan Menken and songwriters Howard Ashman and Tim Rice were praised for creating a soundtrack that is \\\"consistently good, rivaling the best of Disney's other animated musicals from the '90s.\\\" Menken and\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5398729\",\n \"text\": \"of such animation halved the production time. Most of the film's $24 million budget was spent on the animation and the soundtrack. The film marked Robin Williams's first animation role, with the character Batty Koda being created specifically for him. Williams provided 14 hours worth of improvised lines for the part which had been originally conceived as an 8-minute role. Director Bill Kroyer was so impressed with the voice work he ended up tripling the screen time given to the character. Williams went on to provide the critically applauded voice of the Genie in Disney's \\\"Aladdin\\\" later the same year.\",\n \"title\": \"FernGully: The Last Rainforest\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2274150\",\n \"text\": \"fall-out over the use of his voice in the marketing campaign for \\\"Aladdin\\\", Robin Williams refused to reprise the role of the Genie, and was instead replaced by Dan Castellaneta (best known for voicing Homer Simpson). Stones also claimed that Williams participated in selecting Castellaneta to voice the Genie. It was also the first \\\"Aladdin\\\" full-length production without the original voice of Sultan, Douglas Seale. He was replaced by Val Bettin, who reprised his role in the franchise's animated series and \\\"Aladdin and the King of Thieves\\\". Instead of the film receiving a theatrical release, Steve Feldstein, director of public\",\n \"title\": \"The Return of Jafar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1361376\",\n \"text\": \"January 18, 2019. Next, Smith will portray The Genie (originally played by Robin Williams) in a live-action film adaptation of Disney's \\\"Aladdin\\\", directed by Guy Ritchie, which is scheduled to be released on May 24, 2019. Lastly, Smith will appear as an assassin who faces off against himself, a clone who is younger and in his prime in Ang Lee's \\\"Gemini Man\\\", scheduled for release on October 4, 2019. Smith married Sheree Zampino in 1992. Their son Willard Carroll \\\"Trey\\\" Smith III was born on November 11, 1992. Smith married actress Jada Koren Pinkett in 1997. Together they have two\",\n \"title\": \"Will Smith\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17785467\",\n \"text\": \"to direct the film. Filming began in July 2017 and continued through January 2018. On July 15, at the D23 Expo it was announced that Naomi Scott and Will Smith were cast as Princess Jasmine and Genie, respectively, along with newcomer Mena Massoud being cast as Aladdin. The film is scheduled to be released on May 24, 2019. Shortly after \\\"The Return of Jafar\\\", an animated series was produced. The episodes focused on Aladdin's adventures after the events of the second film. The \\\"Aladdin\\\" characters later made a crossover with \\\"Hercules: The Animated Series\\\", and were featured as guests in\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (franchise)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16565845\",\n \"text\": \"Mantra (actor) Mantra (born Puranjit Dasgupta, 21 August 1982) is a Mumbai-based actor, director and producer. Apart from this, Mantra, the owner of Mantramugdh Productions is also known for having received several accolades as a theatre actor, television presenter, radio jockey, model and voice over artist. Currently, he is playing the iconic character of “Genie” in an Indian version of globally popular Disney India's broadway style musical “ALADDIN”. He can also be seen as one of the leading roles in Bollywood's most talked about stoner comedy film “High Jack” bannered under Phantom Films and OTT video service Viu India, a\",\n \"title\": \"Mantra (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17189982\",\n \"text\": \"and The Jungle Book 2 and also for Genie from Disney's Aladdin, that was dubbed and aired on Disney Channel India in 2005. Shashital has also dubbed for Bollywood actors. He is considered to be official dubbing artist for Bollywood actor, Amitabh Bachchan, as well as for such other Bollywood actors as Salman Khan, Sunny Deol, Sanjay Dutt and Dharmendra. Chetan Shashital Chetan Shashital (Konkani: चेतन शाशितल \\\"Cētana Śāśitala\\\", born 1968 in Mumbai, also known as Chetan Sashital or The Big C for his expertise in the voice-acting industry) is an Indian actor, voice actor and singer, who is mostly\",\n \"title\": \"Chetan Shashital\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4612416\",\n \"text\": \"TV counterparts, with the notable exceptions of Dan Castellaneta filling in for Robin Williams in the Genie role (like in \\\"The Return of Jafar\\\"), and Val Bettin as the Sultan (who replaced Douglas Seale after the original film). Unlike \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", the series does not feature any musical numbers. The series originally aired as a preview on The Disney Channel in early 1994, and in September of that year it began airing concurrently on the syndicated The Disney Afternoon block and on Saturday mornings on CBS (prior to Disney's purchase of rival ABC). Disney Channel reran the series from\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (animated TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10922343\",\n \"text\": \"De Niro, Sean Connery, Sylvester Stallone, Richard Burton, Richard Harris, Dustin Hoffman, Charlton Heston and Marlon Brando. His credits include the role of the Genie in the Italian version of the \\\"Aladdin\\\" film series and the Dragon in \\\"Dragonheart\\\". Gigi Proietti Luigi \\\"Gigi\\\" Proietti (born November 2, 1940) is an Italian actor, voice actor, comedian, director, musician and singer. He was born in Rome to Romano Proietti, a man from Umbria, and Giovanna Ceci, a housewife. During his youth he was keen on singing and on playing guitar, piano, accordion and double bass in several Roman night clubs. He enrolled\",\n \"title\": \"Gigi Proietti\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16257667\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Phantom of the Opera\\\". Max Bialystok in Mel Brooks' musical comedy The Producers. In 1979 he created the musical and comedy group Linie 3 together with Thomas Eje and Anders Bircow. He has performed with the best Symphony orchestras in Denmark. Kristensen is the localized Danish voice of \\\"Lumiere\\\" in Disney's \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", \\\"Genie\\\" in Disney's \\\"Aladdin\\\", Berkeley Beetle in Don Bluth's Thumbelina (1994 film), and \\\"Woody\\\" in \\\"Toy Story\\\" 1, 2, and 3. Ramon in Happy Feet and Happy Feet Two On Television Kristensen was one of the main characters in season two of The Killing\",\n \"title\": \"Preben Kristensen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"639863\",\n \"text\": \"writer was \\\"struck by the breadth\\\" and radical diversity of most roles Williams portrayed. Terry Gilliam, who co-founded \\\"Monty Python\\\" and directed Williams in two of his films, \\\"The Fisher King\\\" and \\\"The Adventures of Baron Munchausen\\\" (1988), said in 1992 that Williams had the ability to \\\"go from manic to mad to tender and vulnerable ... [Williams had] the most unique mind on the planet. There's nobody like him out there.\\\" Williams voiced characters in several animated films. His voice role as the Genie in the animated musical \\\"Aladdin\\\" (1992) was written for him. The film's directors stated that\",\n \"title\": \"Robin Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"815117\",\n \"text\": \"based on Disney workers. Beast, Sebastian from \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", and Pinocchio make brief appearances, and the wardrobe of the Genie at the end of the film—Goofy hat, Hawaiian shirt, and sandals—are a reference to a short film that Robin Williams did for the Disney-MGM Studios tour in the late 1980s. In gratitude for his success with Touchstone Pictures' \\\"Good Morning, Vietnam\\\", Robin Williams voiced the Genie for SAG scale pay ($75,000) instead of his asking fee of $8 million, on condition that his name or image not be used for marketing, and his (supporting) character not take more than\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20267439\",\n \"text\": \"Princess Jasmine commenced in March 2017, with principal production set to begin in the UK in July 2017 until January 2018. On April 19, 2017, it was reported that either Gabriel Iglesias or Will Smith was in talks for the role of Genie, for which the latter was confirmed in July. In May 2017, it was revealed that Jade Thirlwall was in talks for the part of Princess Jasmine. On July 11, 2017, it was revealed that principal production on \\\"Aladdin\\\" had been pushed back by a month, to August 2017, due to struggles in finding the right actor to\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (2019 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17785471\",\n \"text\": \"storyline of the original film. In \\\"Kingdom Hearts II\\\", it is a mixture of \\\"Aladdin\\\" and \\\"The Return of Jafar\\\". Genie is also a recurring summon in the series. Aladdin, Jasmine, and the Genie appeared in the 2011 motion-controlled game, \\\"\\\", as meet-and-greet characters. \\\"Aladdin\\\" was also referenced throughout the \\\"Disney Infinity\\\" series via power discs and in-game toys, with Aladdin and Jasmine being added to the series as playable characters in the series' second game, \\\"\\\". \\\"Disney's Aladdin\\\" was developed for the Mega Drive by Virgin Interactive's studio of Virgin Games USA and published by Sega in 1993. This\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (franchise)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9317302\",\n \"text\": \"in his street rat clothes. Aladdin, Jasmine, Carpet, Abu and Genie make cameo appearances in the Hong Kong Disneyland version of It's a Small World. In the Broadway musical adaptation, Aladdin is played by actor Adam Jacobs. Aladdin (Disney character) Aladdin is a fictional character and the titular protagonist of Walt Disney Pictures's 31st animated feature film \\\"Aladdin\\\" (1992) based on Aladdin, a folk tale of Middle Eastern origin. He is voiced by American actor Scott Weinger, while his singing voice is provided by Brad Kane. He also stars in the two direct-to-video sequels \\\"The Return of Jafar\\\" (1994) and\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (Disney character)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"815142\",\n \"text\": \"in July, but was delayed due to Disney having trouble finding the right people to play Aladdin and Jasmine. British actress Naomi Scott and Indian actress Tara Sutaria were being considered to play Jasmine. For the role of Aladdin, British actors Riz Ahmed and Dev Patel were initially considered, but it was later decided that a newcomer should be cast in the role. In July 2017, it was announced that Egyptian-Canadian actor Mena Massoud had been cast as Aladdin, Scott as Jasmine, and Smith as the Genie. At the 2017 D23 Expo, Menken announced that he would be co-writing new\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14851404\",\n \"text\": \"the voice of Genie in the Hebrew version of the Disney animated film \\\"Aladdin\\\" and its two sequels. In 1999, he played the titular character of the straight to video fairy tale medley, \\\"Pim Pam Po\\\". Since the 2000s Tzafir mainly participates in Israeli children's stage shows and children video stories on DVD and video. In 2008 Tzafir participated in the Israeli drama series \\\"Danny Hollywood\\\" alongside Gila Almagor. In the 1960s Tzafir married Yael, who also produces Tzafir's entertainment shows. From this marriage Tzafir has three children, including the successful Israeli film actor and TV director Yoav Tzafir. In\",\n \"title\": \"Tuvia Tzafir\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18028224\",\n \"text\": \"James Monroe Iglehart James Monroe Iglehart (born September 4, 1974) is an American stage actor and singer. Iglehart is perhaps best known for his Tony Award-winning performance as the Genie in the original Broadway production of \\\"Aladdin\\\". Iglehart assumed the role of Marquis de Lafayette/Thomas Jefferson in the Broadway company of \\\"Hamilton\\\" in April 2017. Iglehart attended Cal State Hayward and started his career in California, performing in \\\"Bat Boy\\\" at TheatreWorks, Palo Alto, California and as Teen Angel in \\\"Grease\\\" at the American Musical Theatre, San Jose, California. In 2005, he directed \\\"Bat Boy the Musical\\\" at Ray of\",\n \"title\": \"James Monroe Iglehart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18028227\",\n \"text\": \"in the Mt. Eden High School show choir and married her in 2002. James Monroe Iglehart James Monroe Iglehart (born September 4, 1974) is an American stage actor and singer. Iglehart is perhaps best known for his Tony Award-winning performance as the Genie in the original Broadway production of \\\"Aladdin\\\". Iglehart assumed the role of Marquis de Lafayette/Thomas Jefferson in the Broadway company of \\\"Hamilton\\\" in April 2017. Iglehart attended Cal State Hayward and started his career in California, performing in \\\"Bat Boy\\\" at TheatreWorks, Palo Alto, California and as Teen Angel in \\\"Grease\\\" at the American Musical Theatre, San\",\n \"title\": \"James Monroe Iglehart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"815141\",\n \"text\": \"death. In October 2016, it was reported that Disney was developing a live-action adaptation of \\\"Aladdin\\\" with Guy Ritchie signed on to direct the film. John August is writing the script, which will reportedly retain the musical elements of the original film, while Dan Lin is attached as producer. Lin revealed that they were looking for a diverse cast. In April 2017, Will Smith entered talks to play the Genie. The following month, Jade Thirlwall entered talks to portray the role of Jasmine. Alan Menken said filming was slated to begin August 2017. Production had originally been scheduled to begin\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19250975\",\n \"text\": \"series of video games by Square Enix and Disney Interactive Studios for both \\\"Kingdom Hearts\\\" and \\\"Kingdom Hearts II\\\" (with archived audio used in other Kingdom Hearts games). Jim Meskimen took over the role in \\\"Disney Think Fast\\\" (2008) and \\\"Kinect Disneyland Adventures\\\" (2011) and currently voices him, after Williams' death in 2014. Will Smith is set to play a live-action version of the character in a 2019 live-action adaptation of the 1992 film. As well as largely driving the plot in the first film, the Genie serves as comic relief in each of his appearances. He is shown to\",\n \"title\": \"Genie (Disney)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12463733\",\n \"text\": \"screen is a reference to the \\\"1984\\\" Apple commercial. The scene where Homer is on a flying carpet is a parody of the film \\\"Aladdin\\\"; the Genie also makes an appearance. \\\"The Simpsons\\\" regular Dan Castellaneta does the voice of the Genie in this episode. He had previously voiced the Genie in the \\\"Aladdin\\\" television series, \\\"The Return of Jafar\\\", and the \\\"Kingdom Hearts\\\" video game series. Steve Mobbs operating a series of holographic screens with his hands is a reference to the 2002 film \\\"Minority Report\\\". The episode features Minnie Riperton's song \\\"Lovin' You\\\" and Miles Davis' \\\"Moon Dreams\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"MyPods and Boomsticks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12499881\",\n \"text\": \"An official music video is available online. Friend Like Me \\\"Friend Like Me\\\" is a song from the 1992 Disney film \\\"Aladdin\\\". It was performed by Robin Williams in his role as the Genie. The song was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 65th Academy Awards and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 50th Golden Globe Awards in 1993. The song was originally designed as a Cab Calloway-style big band number. After Robin Williams was cast, it was retooled as a more comedic, pop-culture-filled song. ScreenCrush explains that remnants of the\",\n \"title\": \"Friend Like Me\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19250990\",\n \"text\": \"Aladdin wishes the Genie free from his lamp. He then becomes a summon for Sora. The Genie has much less screen time and much less to do with the plot in \\\"Kingdom Hearts II\\\". Like in \\\"The Return of Jafar\\\", he goes off to see the world along with Carpet. He misses most of the action, but arrives near the end of Sora's first visit and disturbs Pete when he is about to free Jafar from his lamp. Also, the Genie once again becomes a summon partner for Sora, but his newest feature is copying Sora's Drive forms and wielding\",\n \"title\": \"Genie (Disney)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17785466\",\n \"text\": \"came to fruition. On July 15, 2015, it was reported that a live-action prequel to \\\"Aladdin\\\" is currently in development under the title \\\"Genies\\\". The new film will reportedly focus on genies and their realm and reveal how Aladdin's genie ended up in the lamp. The film is being written by Damian Shannon and Mark Swift. Tripp Vinson will serve as a producer through Vinson Films. On October 10, 2016, Deadline reported that Disney is developing a live-action Aladdin movie, with John August writing the script and Dan Lin producing. The site also reported that Guy Ritchie is in talks\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (franchise)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17192549\",\n \"text\": \"as Iago, Irvine Iqbal as the Sultan, Nathan Amzi as Babkak, Stephen Rahman-Hughes as Kassim and Rachid Sabitri as Omar. As previously announced, Trevor Dion Nicholas made his London stage debut as Genie. The special effects are created by Jim Steinmeyer, the master illusionist who helped David Copperfield. It will run until 31 August 2019, to make way for a revival of \\\"Mary Poppins\\\". \\\"Aladdin\\\" had its Australian premiere in Sydney at the Capitol Theatre on August 11, 2016, where it played until February 19, 2017. Following performances in Sydney, \\\"Aladdin\\\" transferred to Melbourne in April 2017. Following the Melbourne\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (2011 musical)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11813783\",\n \"text\": \"similar in their protectable elements as a matter of law\\\". In November 2010, Owen Wilson, Larry the Cable Guy, Michael Caine, Emily Mortimer, Jason Isaacs, Joe Mantegna, Peter Jacobson, Bonnie Hunt, Tony Shalhoub, Cheech Marin, and Thomas Kretschmann were confirmed as the voice talent featured in the film. From November 2010 until May 2011, Disney released information about the other voice talent, including Jenifer Lewis, Katherine Helmond, Michael Wallis, Darrell Waltrip, Franco Nero, Vanessa Redgrave, Bruce Campbell, Sig Hansen, Michel Michelis, Jeff Gordon, Lewis Hamilton, Brent Musburger, David Hobbs, John Turturro, and Eddie Izzard. The \\\"Cars 2\\\" soundtrack was released\",\n \"title\": \"Cars 2\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12499877\",\n \"text\": \"Friend Like Me \\\"Friend Like Me\\\" is a song from the 1992 Disney film \\\"Aladdin\\\". It was performed by Robin Williams in his role as the Genie. The song was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 65th Academy Awards and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 50th Golden Globe Awards in 1993. The song was originally designed as a Cab Calloway-style big band number. After Robin Williams was cast, it was retooled as a more comedic, pop-culture-filled song. ScreenCrush explains that remnants of the previous version of the film can be\",\n \"title\": \"Friend Like Me\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16044711\",\n \"text\": \"not transformed, as he mimicked Williams, and at the end of the scene he is shown on the roof suggesting that Disney did not let the show portray Williams' role as the Genie from \\\"Aladdin\\\". The audience sees the world through Stewie's eyes as Lois changes him, Meg wishes him to keep her ring (Stewie stating this is a \\\"Red Flag\\\"), and his friends ask him to go down the slide at the playground (doing a reference to the film \\\"National Lampoon's Vacation\\\" in the process). Later, Stewie secures a Twinkie to stuff in Brian's tail pipe on his car\",\n \"title\": \"Family Guy Viewer Mail 2\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"309606\",\n \"text\": \"December 2009, Anderson guest-starred as \\\"Genie of the Lamp\\\" in the pantomime \\\"Aladdin\\\" at the New Wimbledon Theatre in Wimbledon, south-west London, UK. Anderson took over the role from comedian Ruby Wax, with former EastEnders actress Anita Dobson and comedian Paul O'Grady also booked for the role. In 2010, she appeared in the short film \\\"The Commuter\\\" directed by the McHenry Brothers and shot entirely on the Nokia N8 smartphone as promotion for the phone in the UK. Anderson was featured in a beach-themed editorial, shot by Mario Testino for Brazilian \\\"Vogue\\\"s June 2013 \\\"Body Issue\\\". In November 2010, Anderson\",\n \"title\": \"Pamela Anderson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11002745\",\n \"text\": \"Aladdin (1958 film) Aladdin is a 1958 musical fantasy written especially for television with a book by S.J. Perelman and music and lyrics by Cole Porter, telecast in color on the \\\"DuPont Show of the Month\\\" by CBS. It was Porter's very last musical score. Columbia Records issued both monophonic and stereophonic LP's of the songs with members of the original TV cast, which included Cyril Ritchard, Dennis King, Basil Rathbone, Anna Maria Alberghetti, Geoffrey Holder (as the Genie), Sal Mineo (as Aladdin,) and Una Merkel (as Aladdin's mother). Sony Records has digitally remastered the stereo recording for release on\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (1958 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17192544\",\n \"text\": \"Theatre from July 7 to 31, 2011. Jonathan Freeman, who voiced Jafar in the film, played the role in the stage adaptation. Adam Jacobs and Courtney Reed played Aladdin and Jasmine, despite the characters being Middle Eastern. Additional cast included James Monroe Iglehart as Genie; Clifton Davis as the Sultan; Don Darryl Rivera as Iago; and, playing Omar, Kassim and Babkak, a trio of characters originally conceived by the film's creators but ultimately replaced by Abu, were Andrew Keenan-Bolger, Brian Gonzales and Brandon O'Neill, respectively. Disney’s colourblind casting policy meant ethnicity was not considered in the casting process which sparked\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (2011 musical)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18028225\",\n \"text\": \"Light Theatre. He has played Mitch Mahoney in \\\"The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee\\\" on Broadway as a replacement starting in April 2007. He originated the role of Bobby in \\\"Memphis\\\" on Broadway in October 2009. Iglehart performed the role of the Genie in \\\"Aladdin\\\" on Broadway, a performance for which he won the 2014 Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Musical and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical for this role. When asked about the role, he said, \\\"It's not as exhausting as you think. I'm kind of an energetic guy\",\n \"title\": \"James Monroe Iglehart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20267436\",\n \"text\": \"Aladdin (2019 film) Aladdin is an upcoming American musical romantic fantasy adventure film directed by Guy Ritchie, from the screenplay co-written with John August and Vanessa Taylor, and produced by Walt Disney Pictures. It is a live-action adaptation of Disney's 1992 animated film of the same name, which is in turn based on the Arabic folktale of the same name from \\\"One Thousand and One Nights\\\" and the French interpretation by Antoine Galland. The film stars Mena Massoud as the title character alongside Will Smith, Naomi Scott, Marwan Kenzari, Navid Negahban, Nasim Pedrad, Billy Magnussen, and Numan Acar. In October\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (2019 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14191508\",\n \"text\": \"Avatar 2 Avatar 2 is an upcoming American epic science fiction film directed, produced, and co-written by James Cameron, and is the second film in the \\\"Avatar\\\" franchise. Cameron is producing the film with Jon Landau, with Josh Friedman originally announced as his co-writer; it was later announced that Cameron, Friedman, Rick Jaffa, Amanda Silver, and Shane Salerno took a part in the writing process of all sequels before being attributed separate scripts, making the eventual writing credits unclear. Cast members Sam Worthington, Zoe Saldana, Stephen Lang, Giovanni Ribisi, Joel David Moore, Dileep Rao, CCH Pounder, and Matt Gerald are\",\n \"title\": \"Avatar 2\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13275156\",\n \"text\": \"being delayed until March 2011 \\\"due to huge international interest and some exciting overseas opportunities\\\", but to date they have never been released. In 2014 Jafargholi performed as 'The Genie' in The New Victoria Theatre's pantomime, 'Aladdin'. In May 2016, Jafargholi joined the cast of the BBC soap opera, \\\"EastEnders\\\", portraying Shakil Kazemi. His character was killed off two years later in May 2018 in a controversial knife-crime storyline where Shakil was stabbed and killed by a gang. On 1 August 2018, it was announced that Jafargholi had joined the cast of \\\"Casualty\\\" as nurse Marty Kirkby. Shaheen Jafargholi Shaheen\",\n \"title\": \"Shaheen Jafargholi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20267443\",\n \"text\": \"Navid Negahban as the Sultan. When asked about Ritchie's take on the film, Pasek & Paul described it as \\\"very muscular and action-packed\\\". Despite initial reports, the animal characters Abu the monkey, Iago the parrot, and Rajah the tiger from the original film will be appearing in some capacity. Principal photography commenced on September 6, 2017, at Longcross Studios in Longcross, Surrey, England, and concluded on January 24, 2018. Part of the film was shot in Wadi Rum Desert, Jordan. Reshoots took place during the month of August 2018. At the 2017 D23 Expo, Alan Menken announced that he will\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (2019 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18178082\",\n \"text\": \"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 is a 2017 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team Guardians of the Galaxy, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to 2014's \\\"Guardians of the Galaxy\\\" and the fifteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Written and directed by James Gunn, the film stars an ensemble cast featuring Chris Pratt, Zoe Saldana, Dave Bautista, Vin Diesel, Bradley Cooper, Michael Rooker, Karen Gillan, Pom Klementieff, Elizabeth Debicki, Chris Sullivan, Sean Gunn, Sylvester Stallone, and Kurt\",\n \"title\": \"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8735381\",\n \"text\": \"scored his biggest hit with Rubens's song \\\"Everybody's Awfully Good to Me.\\\" He then played in \\\"The School Girl\\\" (1903) and subsequently toured America in the piece, but he mostly remained at the Gaiety for the next dozen years, starring in a number of hits and becoming one of the biggest stars of the Edwardian era. His roles in these hits included The Hon. Guy Scrymgeour in \\\"The Orchid\\\" (1903), Gustave Babori in \\\"The Spring Chicken\\\" (1905), Genie of The Lamp in \\\"The New Aladdin\\\" (1906), Otto, the prince, in \\\"The Girls of Gottenberg\\\" (1907), Hughie in \\\"Our Miss Gibbs\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"George Grossmith Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15352884\",\n \"text\": \"actually archival recordings by his original voice actor, Clarence Nash. Tony Anselmo, Donald's current voice actor, recorded only five new lines for the character in this attraction (such as the scene where Donald Duck hums to the tune of the song \\\"Be Our Guest\\\" from Disney's \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\"). The theater doors open. Mickey Mouse is performing with his PhilharMagic Orchestra at the Fantasyland Concert Hall. Inside, there are posters advertising the Concert Hall's past productions and performers, such as Hades from \\\"Hercules\\\", Ariel from \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", Genie from \\\"Aladdin\\\", Wheezy from \\\"Toy Story 2\\\", Willie the Whale\",\n \"title\": \"Mickey's PhilharMagic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19250978\",\n \"text\": \"his 2014 death, with critics considering the Genie to have been his most memorable performance. \\\"Aladdin\\\" composer Alan Menken lamented that Williams was a \\\"a brilliant, adorable, hilarious, compassionate, vulnerable manifestation of the human condition.\\\" The Genie first appears in \\\"Aladdin\\\", where he is released from a magical oil lamp by the titular character in the collapsed Cave of Wonders. After he explains that he can grant three wishes, Aladdin, knowing that Genie would only grant his wish to get out of the cave if he used one of his wishes, dupes him into freeing Aladdin and Abu from the\",\n \"title\": \"Genie (Disney)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10466809\",\n \"text\": \"Jordan Metcalfe Jordan Metcalfe (born 24 May 1986) is an English actor best known for his role as Adil the Genie in the children's comedy \\\"Genie in the House\\\", screened in the UK and the Netherlands on Nickelodeon, in Germany on Nick Germany, in France on Canal J and Spain on Antena 3 (.NEOX). He finished recording a second series of \\\"Genie in the House\\\" in September 2007, for broadcast from November 2008. Metcalfe has appeared as Jake in \\\"The Queen's Nose\\\" in 2003. He has played the roles of Chris Travis in \\\"Heartbeat\\\", Andy Murphy in \\\"Casualty\\\", and Kieran\",\n \"title\": \"Jordan Metcalfe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1441330\",\n \"text\": \"him, Aladdin finds himself trapped in the cave. Aladdin is still wearing a magic ring the sorcerer has lent him. When he rubs his hands in despair, he inadvertently rubs the ring and a jinnī (or \\\"genie\\\") appears who releases him from the cave so that he can return to his mother—still carrying the lamp. When his mother tries to clean the lamp, so they can sell it to buy food for their supper, a second far more powerful genie appears who is bound to do the bidding of the person holding the lamp. With the aid of the genie\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3672408\",\n \"text\": \"video, directed by Patterson and Candace Reckinger, was completed in January 1992 and appears on Patterson + Reckinger's Vimeo channel. The original animation was done by Chris Bailey, Tom Sito and Eric Goldberg, who at the time was the lead animator of the Genie character in Disney's \\\"Aladdin\\\" feature film. According to producer John Kafka, nobody was sure what to do with Skat after the videos were finished. Virgin Music and Universal Pictures talked of a live-action/animation hybrid feature film, but nothing ever materialized. MC Skat Kat also appeared in \\\"Yakety Yak, Take It Back\\\", an all-star public service music\",\n \"title\": \"MC Skat Kat\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5628075\",\n \"text\": \"2010 Drama Desk Award, Unique Theatrical Experience. He performed in Los Angeles at The Blank Theatre Company production of \\\"The Temperamentals\\\", running from April 9-May 22, 2011 at the 2nd Stage Theatre. He played the role of Genie in the production of \\\"Aladdin\\\" in St. Louis at the Muny from July 5–13, 2012. In 2011, Tartaglia was named a \\\"Givenik Ambassador\\\" from the Broadway / charity site Givenik. Tartaglia hosts a radio show on Sirius XM On Broadway called \\\"Sunday Funday with John Tartaglia\\\". In 2016, he created the series \\\"Splash and Bubbles\\\" for PBS Kids, where he voices Splash\",\n \"title\": \"John Tartaglia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"815140\",\n \"text\": \"the Cobbler\\\" being labeled a rip-off of \\\"Aladdin\\\". On July 15, 2015, the studio announced the development of a live-action comedy adventure prequel called \\\"Genies\\\". The film was being written by Mark Swift and Damian Shannon, while Tripp Vinson was on board to produce via his Vinson Films banner. It was intended to serve as a lead to the live-action \\\"Aladdin\\\" film. On November 8, Disney revealed it had originally planned to use Robin Williams' unused lines from the 1991–92 recording sessions for the film, but his will prohibited the studio from using his likeness for twenty-five years after his\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"815118\",\n \"text\": \"25% of space on advertising artwork, since Williams' film \\\"Toys\\\" was scheduled for release one month after \\\"Aladdin\\\"s debut. For financial reasons, the studio went back on the deal on both counts, especially in poster art by having the Genie in 25% of the image, but having other major and supporting characters portrayed considerably smaller. The Disney Hyperion book \\\"Aladdin: The Making of an Animated Film\\\" listed both of Williams' characters \\\"The Peddler\\\" and \\\"The Genie\\\" ahead of main characters, but was forced to refer to him only as \\\"the actor signed to play the Genie\\\". Disney, while not using\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13717036\",\n \"text\": \"L. Jackson reprise their roles as War Machine and Nick Fury, respectively. Cheadle and Jackson are the only actors from the film to return to voice their video game counterparts. Veteran voice actors Steven Blum and Phil LaMarr also lend their talent, with Steven Blum voicing the characters Mauler and Ghost, while Phil LaMarr provides additional dialogue for War Machine. Veteran animator Eric Goldberg voiced A.I.M. soldiers. John Eric Bentley also provided additional dialogue for Nick Fury. The game has received generally unfavorable reviews, with Metacritic scores of 44 and 45 out of 100 for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox\",\n \"title\": \"Iron Man 2 (video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"815119\",\n \"text\": \"Williams's name in commercials as per the contract, used his voice for the Genie in the commercials and used the Genie character to sell toys and fast food tie-ins, without having to pay Williams additional money; Williams unhappily quipped at the time: \\\"The only reason Mickey Mouse has three fingers is because he can't pick up a check.\\\" Disney attempted to assuage Williams by sending him a Pablo Picasso painting worth more than $1 million at the time, but this move failed to repair the damaged relationship, as the painting was a self-portrait of the artist as Vincent van Gogh\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19250980\",\n \"text\": \"he can legally court Princess Jasmine. Genie goes into hiding after leading a parade to the Agrabah palace. Genie is released again when Aladdin is shackled, gagged, and thrown off a cliff into the ocean by Jafar's guards. He rescues Aladdin as the second wish upon liberally interpreting Aladdin's nodding head. Later, Genie has a falling out with Aladdin when he starts to think he may have to break his promise to use the third wish, out of fear of what will happen should someone find out he is not royalty. Iago the parrot soon steals Genie's lamp and delivers\",\n \"title\": \"Genie (Disney)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1477160\",\n \"text\": \"by his designs, and Hirschfeld became an artistic consultant for the segment; the segment's director, Eric Goldberg, is a longtime fan of his work. Further evidence of Goldberg's admiration for Hirschfeld can be found in Goldberg's character design and animation of the genie in \\\"Aladdin\\\" (1992). He was the subject of the Oscar-nominated documentary film, \\\"\\\" (1996). In 1943, Hirschfeld married one of Europe's most famous actresses, Dolly Haas. They were married for more than 50 years, and had a daughter, Nina. Hirschfeld is known for hiding Nina's name, written in capital letters (\\\"NINA\\\"), in most of the drawings he\",\n \"title\": \"Al Hirschfeld\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17192548\",\n \"text\": \"Productions and Tim Rice officially announced that the show would open in the summer 2016 in the West End and that auditions would be held from August through September 2015. In October 2015, it was announced that the show would officially open on June 9, 2016, with previews beginning May 27, and that Trevor Dion Nicholas would be playing the Genie. The official opening was later delayed till June 15, 2016. In November 2015 full cast was announced. Dean John-Wilson would play the role of Aladdin alongside Jade Ewen as Jasmine. Don Gallagher would play Jafar, Peter Howe would join\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (2011 musical)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8166906\",\n \"text\": \"Val Bettin Valentine John \\\"Val\\\" Bettin (born August 1, 1923) is a retired American actor and voice actor, known for using an English accent in all of his roles. He is perhaps best known for voicing Dr. David Q. Dawson in the 1986 Disney animated film \\\"The Great Mouse Detective\\\" and the Sultan in \\\"The Return of Jafar\\\" and \\\"Aladdin and the King of Thieves\\\", the two direct-to-video sequels to Disney's \\\"Aladdin\\\" as well as the TV show, taking over for Douglas Seale. Bettin also hosted \\\"The Storyteller\\\", a children's show on Chicago television in the late 1950s. He was\",\n \"title\": \"Val Bettin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12893285\",\n \"text\": \"and starred as the genie, reprising the role originally played by Burl Ives. The film also took inspiration from the folk tale of Aladdin. The soundtrack album was composed by R. Govardhanam and the lyrics were written by Kannadasan. Kannadasan, who wanted to join the Indian National Congress was waiting for the acceptance from the then Congress President K. Kamaraj, which made him to write the lines \\\"Antha Sivagami maganidam seithi cholladi, ennai serum naal parka cholladi, veru yeverodum naan pesa vaarthai yethadi\\\" (Tell Sivagami's son to fix the date to enrol me), indirectly referring to Kamaraj (whose mother's name\",\n \"title\": \"Pattanathil Bhootham\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8362194\",\n \"text\": \"often changed to reflect current events in the news and popular culture. The musical replaced the venue's previous show, \\\"The Power of Blast\\\", which played from 2001 to 2002. Alan Menken composed and wrote lyrics for a new song for this production, called \\\"To Be Free\\\". Buena Vista Records released an official soundtrack to the production in 2003. This is an original cast recording, and includes almost every piece of music used in the show. The main cast on the recording is Miles Wesley (Aladdin), Deedee Magno (Jasmine), Nick Santa Maria (Genie), Lance Roberts (Jafar) and Jamila Ajibade (Narrator). Orchestrations\",\n \"title\": \"Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13470905\",\n \"text\": \"Kung Fu Panda 2 Kung Fu Panda 2 is a 2011 American computer-animated comedy-drama martial arts film produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Paramount Pictures. The sequel to 2008's \\\"Kung Fu Panda\\\", it is the second installment in the \\\"Kung Fu Panda\\\" franchise, and was directed by Jennifer Yuh Nelson in her directorial debut. The film stars Jack Black, Angelina Jolie, Dustin Hoffman, Seth Rogen, Lucy Liu, David Cross, James Hong, and Jackie Chan reprising their character roles from the first film, with Gary Oldman, Michelle Yeoh, Danny McBride, Dennis Haysbert, Jean-Claude Van Damme and Victor Garber voicing new\",\n \"title\": \"Kung Fu Panda 2\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18178125\",\n \"text\": \"including one for \\\"Doctor Strange,\\\" to limit the amount of travel Lee had to do. Additional filming for \\\"Vol. 2\\\" took place in Cartersville, Georgia, a state park north of Portland, Oregon, and in St. Charles, Missouri. The Georgia International Convention Center served as additional soundstage space after pre-production on \\\"\\\" (2017) began at several Pinewood Atlanta soundstages. Principal photography wrapped on June 16, 2016. At San Diego Comic-Con 2016, Russell and Debicki were revealed to be playing Ego, Quill's father, and Ayesha, respectively. Sylvester Stallone was also revealed to be in the film, with his role later revealed as\",\n \"title\": \"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17785465\",\n \"text\": \"However, this time, with Iago on Aladdin's side, Abis Mal becomes Jafar's new henchman. Now, Aladdin and co. must find a way to thwart Jafar, with his limitless genie power. In 1996, the second sequel to \\\"Aladdin\\\", \\\"Aladdin and the King of Thieves\\\" was released on video. The story concludes as Aladdin and Jasmine are about to have their wedding and Aladdin discovers that his father is still alive, but is the king of all thieves in Agrabah. In 2005, screenwriter Robert Reece, who co-wrote \\\"\\\" and \\\"\\\", pitched a fourth \\\"Aladdin\\\" feature to DisneyToon Studios execs, although it never\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (franchise)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"815143\",\n \"text\": \"songs for the film with Academy Award winners Pasek and Paul (\\\"La La Land\\\") while Vanessa Taylor (\\\"Game of Thrones\\\", \\\"The Shape of Water\\\") would re-write the script. In August 2017, Marwan Kenzari, Nasim Pedrad, and Numan Acar joined the cast as Jafar, Dalia, and Hakim, respectively. The following month, Billy Magnussen and Navid Negahban were cast as Prince Anders and the Sultan, respectively. Filming began on September 6, 2017 at Longcross Studios and concluded on January 24, 2018. The film is scheduled for release on May 24, 2019. Aladdin (1992 Disney film) Aladdin is a 1992 American animated musical\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8521460\",\n \"text\": \"by Allen Maldonado, Choice Skinner (as James Choice Skinner), Adesegun Shofu Produced by Darkan & Luji \\\"The Genie\\\" Performed by Poc Dawone Additional Vocals by Mahogany & Shawn Walker Vocal Production by Darkan, Poc Dawone & Luji \\\"The Genie\\\" Engineered and Mixed by Darkan & Luji \\\"The Genie\\\" Courtesy of Da Truth Records. 27. \\\"Friggin' In The Riggin'\\\" Performed by Salty Dick Arranged by Jerry Bryant (BMI) Published by Old Fashioned Music (BMI) Courtesy of NOMA Music. 28. \\\"You're Gay\\\" Performed by Denise Nolin Words and Music by Bill Solly (ASCAP) Courtesy of Bill Solly Music (ASCAP) Courtesy of NOMA\",\n \"title\": \"National Lampoon's Dorm Daze 2\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19250988\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Aladdin and the King of Thieves\\\", the Genie appears to be just as powerful as he was in the first film, as he has no problem with anything he tries, something that implies that his reduction of power was merely temporary. The Genie cameos in the \\\"\\\" crossover episode \\\"Hercules and the Arabian Night\\\", in which he punches Pain and Panic back to the Underworld when they are tricked into looking into the lamp by Aladdin. The Genie also is a guest in \\\"Disney's House of Mouse\\\", and acts as host in the video game \\\"\\\". The Genie appears in\",\n \"title\": \"Genie (Disney)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17570087\",\n \"text\": \"called \\\"Dinosaur\\\". There, he also helped design Genie from \\\"Aladdin\\\" to be put as an attraction in Disneyland Tokyo. He also worked for DreamWorks where he was an animator for and worked in Warner Brothers Studio to animate \\\"Scooby-Doo\\\". The same years he worked a Sony Pictures Entertainment where he worked on such sequels as Men in Black 2 and Stuart Little 2. Later on he got employed to work in EA Games where he was a lead animator in the \\\"Medal of Honor\\\" series. In 2006, he left EA and moved to the Blue Ridge Mountains outside of Asheville,\",\n \"title\": \"Christopher Oakley (animator)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19417303\",\n \"text\": \"Chennai 600028 II Chennai 600028 II: Second Innings is a 2016 Indian Tamil-language sports comedy film co-produced, written and directed by Venkat Prabhu, who also produces the film along with S. P. B. Charan under Black Ticket Company and Capital Film Works. The film, which is a sequel to \\\"Chennai 600028\\\" (2007), features several cast members from the earlier film including Jai, Shiva, Premji, Aravind Akash and Nithin Sathya. The film's score and soundtrack is composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja. The film was released on 9 December 2016 to positive reviews and performed well at the box office. The film\",\n \"title\": \"Chennai 600028 II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"815115\",\n \"text\": \"the antagonists darker ones such as red and black, and Agrabah and its palace use the neutral color yellow. Computer animation was used for some elements of the film, such as the tiger entrance of the Cave of Wonders and the scene where Aladdin tries to escape the collapsing cave. Musker and Clements created the Genie with Robin Williams in mind; even though Katzenberg suggested actors such as John Candy, Steve Martin, and Eddie Murphy, Williams was approached and eventually accepted the role. Williams came for voice recording sessions during breaks in the shooting of two other films he was\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3172412\",\n \"text\": \"Scott Weinger Scott Weinger (born October 5, 1975) is an American actor, voice actor, writer and producer, best known as the voice of the title character in Disney's \\\"Aladdin\\\". Weinger reprised the role in the two direct-to-video sequels, the television series of the same name, and the \\\"Kingdom Hearts\\\" and \\\"Disney Infinity\\\" video game series. He is also known for playing Steve Hale on the ABC sitcom \\\"Full House\\\" and its Netflix sequel \\\"Fuller House\\\". He is also a writer and producer for television, including for ABC's \\\"Galavant\\\" and \\\"Black-ish\\\". He was a co-executive producer of ABC's \\\"The Muppets\\\". Weinger\",\n \"title\": \"Scott Weinger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2049286\",\n \"text\": \"in which the two feuded on the set of \\\"MADtv\\\" and in World Championship Wrestling; this culminated in a grudge match on \\\"WCW Monday Nitro\\\", where Hart decisively defeated Sasso. Hart donned his \\\"Hit Man\\\" singlet, along with additional costume, and executed wrestling maneuvers on villain characters, as part of his performance as the Genie in a 2004 stage production of \\\"Aladdin\\\". He reprised the role in 2006. Hart was the subject of the 1998 documentary, \\\"\\\", which chronicled many of the events in Hart's personal and professional life from September 1996 to November 1997, including the Montreal Screwjob and\",\n \"title\": \"Bret Hart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20322850\",\n \"text\": \"Thomas Doherty (actor) Thomas Doherty (born 21 April 1995) is a Scottish actor, best known for his roles as Harry Hook in Disney Channel's \\\"Descendants 2\\\" and as Sean in the British musical comedy-drama, \\\"The Lodge\\\". Doherty was born and raised in Edinburgh, Scotland. He has an older brother and younger sister, and his parents were both in the banking business. Doherty began acting at the age of 5 and also played football. Doherty joined Lothian Youth Arts and Musicals Company and played a variety of roles, including his debut as Disney's Aladdin. Doherty attended Royal High School in Edinburgh.\",\n \"title\": \"Thomas Doherty (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13258718\",\n \"text\": \"Tony Maudsley Tony Maudsley (born 30 January 1968) is an English actor, best known for playing Kenneth DuBeke in the ITV comedy series \\\"Benidorm\\\". He also played Graham in \\\" The Job Lot\\\". Maudsley made his panto debut in 2016 as Dame Trott in Jack and the Beanstalk, at the Theatre Royal, Nottingham. He returned to pantomime the year after, playing a completely different part - the Genie of the Lamp, in Aladdin, at the Swansea Grand Theatre. His career started when he landed a role in the film, \\\"A Life for a Life\\\", in 1998 where he played the\",\n \"title\": \"Tony Maudsley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17192564\",\n \"text\": \"is top grade. It will become a classic.\\\" \\\"The Globe and Mail\\\" reviewer gave the show 2.5 stars out of 4, however, saying that it was \\\"strictly for the kiddies\\\". The \\\"Toronto Star\\\" gave the musical the same rating, and said \\\"You’re likely to hear the sound of deafening applause [during the] show-stopping staging of 'A Friend Like Me' and James Monroe Iglehart’s blessedly bravura performance as the Genie. It’s the kind of exhilarating moment we go to the theatre for. But ... nothing before or after it in Aladdin lives up to those six sublime minutes.\\\" \\\"The Vancouver Sun\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (2011 musical)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17326211\",\n \"text\": \"actors John and Euphemia \\\"Effie\\\" (née Murray) Ellsler. She first appeared on stage at the age of three in Cleveland, Ohio at the Academy of Music; by then under the management of her father. Ellsler's first role was the Genie of the Ring in a production called, \\\"Aladdin; or, The Wonderful Lamp \\\". At age four she was cast as Little Eva in an adaptation of Harriet Beecher Stowe's \\\"Uncle Tom's Cabin\\\". As a young girl Ellsler would often be asked to play juvenile roles with her father’s stock company while attending school at the local Ursuline Convent and, with\",\n \"title\": \"Effie Ellsler\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16659559\",\n \"text\": \"Avengers: Age of Ultron Avengers: Age of Ultron is a 2015 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to 2012's \\\"The Avengers\\\" and the eleventh film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film was written and directed by Joss Whedon and features an ensemble cast that includes Robert Downey Jr., Chris Hemsworth, Mark Ruffalo, Chris Evans, Scarlett Johansson, Jeremy Renner, Don Cheadle, Aaron Taylor-Johnson, Elizabeth Olsen, Paul Bettany, Cobie Smulders, Anthony Mackie, Hayley Atwell, Idris Elba, Stellan Skarsgård,\",\n \"title\": \"Avengers: Age of Ultron\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1631946\",\n \"text\": \"Paul Bettany Paul Bettany (born 27 May 1971) is an English actor. He is known for his voice role as J.A.R.V.I.S. and as the Vision in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, specifically the films \\\"Iron Man\\\" (2008), \\\"Iron Man 2\\\" (2010), \\\"The Avengers\\\" (2012), \\\"Iron Man 3\\\" (2013), \\\"\\\" (2015), \\\"\\\" (2016), \\\"\\\" (2018), and \\\"\\\" (2019). He first came to the attention of mainstream audiences when he appeared in the British film \\\"Gangster No. 1\\\" (2000), and director Brian Helgeland's film \\\"A Knight's Tale\\\" (2001). He has gone on to appear in a wide variety of films, including \\\"A Beautiful\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Bettany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13275146\",\n \"text\": \"playing Danny – the child of a crazed gun-wielding father and took part in an episode of the medical drama series \\\"Casualty\\\" playing Christy Skinner, a patient with incurable hiccups. Jafargholi has also toured on stage as a young Michael Jackson in \\\"Thriller – Live\\\". Minor work includes UK touring productions of \\\"Macbeth\\\" (character – Son of Macduff), \\\"The King and I\\\" and \\\"Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat\\\" (choir). He has also performed as the genie of the lamp in Aladdin. He appeared, un-credited, in \\\"Mine All Mine\\\", \\\"A Way of Life\\\" and a short film called \\\"Day at\",\n \"title\": \"Shaheen Jafargholi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10466811\",\n \"text\": \"the Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith in 2004. He has also worked in theatre playing the roles of the Artful Dodger in \\\"Oliver Twist\\\", Nibs in \\\"Peter Pan\\\", Jack in \\\"The Dreaming\\\", and Young Katurian in \\\"The Pillowman\\\". Metcalfe lives in Highbury, London. in 2014 Metcalfe toured in the production The Hyperchondriac alongside Sir Tony Robinson and Imogen Stubbs Jordan Metcalfe Jordan Metcalfe (born 24 May 1986) is an English actor best known for his role as Adil the Genie in the children's comedy \\\"Genie in the House\\\", screened in the UK and the Netherlands on Nickelodeon, in Germany on Nick Germany,\",\n \"title\": \"Jordan Metcalfe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17192550\",\n \"text\": \"engagement, the production will transfer to Brisbane and Perth. Australian native, Ainsley Melham, played the role of Aladdin, American actress, Arielle Jacobs, played the role of Princess Jasmine, and American actor, Michael James Scott, played the role of Genie in the original Australian production. The Sydney and Melbourne production also performed an autism-friendly adaptation of the show which had the \\\"removal of strobe lighting and pyrotechnics, reduction of any jarring sounds and house lights being dimmed (instead of off)\\\" in order to provide a more supportive environment for autistic patrons. Disney Theatrical launched a North American tour at Chicago's Palace\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (2011 musical)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5705669\",\n \"text\": \"to his flute. He finished last in a field of 19 participating countries. During his career, Loiri has sold over 730,000 certified records in Finland and is currently the fifth-best-selling soloist and ninth-best-selling artist of all time in the country. He was the voice of the Genie in the Finnish dub of Disney's Aladdin, even performing the musical number \\\"Friend Like Me\\\". Loiri appeared in the premiere of Aulis Sallinen's opera \\\"Kullervo\\\" in Los Angeles in 1992, creating the role of the blind singer. Loiri has also had a lifelong interest in sports. He held the office of Chairman of\",\n \"title\": \"Vesa-Matti Loiri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2805274\",\n \"text\": \"Shrek 2 Shrek 2 is a 2004 American computer-animated, comedy film directed by Andrew Adamson, Kelly Asbury and Conrad Vernon. It is the sequel to 2001's \\\"Shrek\\\" and the second installment in the \\\"Shrek\\\" film franchise. The film stars Mike Myers, Eddie Murphy and Cameron Diaz, who reprise their respective voice roles of Shrek, Donkey, and Fiona. They are joined by new characters voiced by Antonio Banderas, Julie Andrews, John Cleese, Rupert Everett, and Jennifer Saunders. \\\"Shrek 2\\\" takes place following the events of the first film, with Shrek and Donkey meeting Fiona's parents as her zealous Fairy Godmother, who\",\n \"title\": \"Shrek 2\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13189893\",\n \"text\": \"Iron Man 2 Iron Man 2 is a 2010 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Iron Man, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures. It is the sequel to 2008's \\\"Iron Man\\\", and is the third film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Directed by Jon Favreau and written by Justin Theroux, the film stars Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man, alongside Gwyneth Paltrow, Don Cheadle, Scarlett Johansson, Sam Rockwell, Mickey Rourke, and Samuel L. Jackson. Six months after the events of \\\"Iron Man\\\", Tony Stark is resisting calls by the United\",\n \"title\": \"Iron Man 2\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1342076\",\n \"text\": \"his last stage performances was as Malvolio in \\\"Twelfth Night\\\" at the Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park (1990), where he demonstrated the fine line between pathos and comedy to perfection. He also played the genie in the lamp in \\\"Aladdin\\\" at the Theatre Royal, Newcastle, in the 1990s. He also played the genie on the \\\"Sooty Show\\\". He also voiced Gorilla on \\\"The Giddy Game Show\\\". He played Mephistopheles, alongside James Warwick in the title role of an Oxford Stage Company regional touring production of \\\"Doctor Faustus\\\" in 1987. He was a member of the oldest theatrical fraternity in the\",\n \"title\": \"Bernard Bresslaw\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9317296\",\n \"text\": \"Wonders, where he meets a sentient magic carpet and is commanded to only get a magic lamp. He gets it, but Abu's grabbing of a giant gem causes the cave to collapse. Aladdin, Abu, and the carpet are left in the cave. Abu delivers the lamp to Aladdin, and when he rubs it, a giant blue Genie appears, telling Aladdin he will fulfill three wishes. After leaving the collapsed cave with the Genie's help, he decides to become a prince in order to win Jasmine's heart. In the first direct-to-video sequel, \\\"The Return of Jafar\\\" (1994), Jasmine begins to question\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (Disney character)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19250741\",\n \"text\": \"Drago, son of Ivan Drago, the powerful athlete who killed Adonis' father Apollo Creed. A \\\"Creed\\\" sequel was confirmed in January 2016, although due to both Coogler and Jordan's involvement in \\\"Black Panther\\\", the film was delayed, with Coogler ultimately being replaced by Caple. Stallone completed the script in July 2017 and announced Lundgren would be reprising his role as Drago, and filming began in Philadelphia in March 2018, lasting through July. \\\"Creed II\\\" was released in the United States by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures on November 21, 2018. The film has grossed over $133 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews\",\n \"title\": \"Creed II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18178092\",\n \"text\": \"destroy the Guardians, naming him Adam; and a group of uninterested Watchers abandon their informant, who is discussing his experiences on Earth. Additionally, reprising their roles from the first film are Laura Haddock as Meredith Quill, Gregg Henry as her father, Seth Green as the voice of Howard the Duck, and canine actor Fred as Cosmo. Members of Yondu's Ravager crew appearing in the film include Evan Jones as Retch, Jimmy Urine as Half-Nut, Stephen Blackehart as Brahl, Steve Agee as Gef, Mike Escamilla as Scrote, Joe Fria as Oblo, Terence Rosemore as Narblik, and Tommy Flanagan as Tullk, as\",\n \"title\": \"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16651286\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"poor subtitle translation not only spoiled the fun of watching it, but also made it difficult to understand its humor.\\\" \\\"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2\\\" was released on May 5, 2017, again written and directed by James Gunn. Pratt, Saldana, Bautista, Diesel, Cooper, Rooker, Gillan, and Sean Gunn all reprise their roles in the film, and are joined by Pom Klementieff as Mantis, Elizabeth Debicki as Ayesha, Chris Sullivan as Taserface, and Kurt Russell as Quill's father Ego. In April 2017, Gunn announced he would return to write and direct \\\"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3\\\". However, in July\",\n \"title\": \"Guardians of the Galaxy (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"815097\",\n \"text\": \"and Douglas Seale. The film follows Aladdin, an Arabian street urchin, who finds a magic lamp containing a genie. In order to hide the lamp from the Grand vizier, he disguises himself as a wealthy prince, and tries to impress the Sultan and his daughter. Lyricist Howard Ashman first pitched the idea, and the screenplay went through three drafts before then-Walt Disney Studios president Jeffrey Katzenberg agreed to its production. The animators based their designs on the work of caricaturist Al Hirschfeld, and computers were used for finishing the artwork and creating some animated elements. The musical score was written\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18714641\",\n \"text\": \"scattershot rehash of a script.\\\" On Metacritic, the film has a score of 34 out of 100 based on 42 critics, indicating \\\"generally unfavorable reviews\\\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \\\"C+\\\" on an A+ to F scale, the same grade earned by its predecessor. Zoolander 2 Zoolander 2 is a 2016 American action-comedy film directed by Ben Stiller and written by John Hamburg, Justin Theroux, Stiller and Nicholas Stoller. It is the sequel to the 2001 film \\\"Zoolander\\\" and stars Stiller, Owen Wilson, Will Ferrell, Penélope Cruz and Kristen Wiig. Filming took place from\",\n \"title\": \"Zoolander 2\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2295431\",\n \"text\": \"album has sold an estimated 1.5 million copies worldwide. The album also reached number 37 on the ARIA charts in Australia, her highest peak in the country to date. The album's second single, \\\"Crush\\\", was released on August 28, 2001; it peaked at number 35 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Pop Songs chart, and it climbed to number 25 on the ARIA Charts. Moore made her feature film debut in 2001, where she voiced a Girl Bear Cub in the comedy \\\"Dr. Dolittle 2,\\\" which starred Eddie Murphy. Later that year, Moore co-starred with Anne Hathaway in the comedy \\\"The Princess Diaries,\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Mandy Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"815126\",\n \"text\": \"a sample of 69 reviews, with an average rating of 8.1/10. The site's consensus reads, \\\"A highly entertaining entry in Disney's renaissance era, \\\"Aladdin\\\" is beautifully drawn, with near-classic songs and a cast of scene-stealing characters.\\\" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 86 out of 100 based on 25 critics, indicating \\\"universal acclaim\\\". Most critics' praise went to Robin Williams' performance as Genie, with Janet Maslin of \\\"The New York Times\\\" declaring that children \\\"needn't know precisely what Mr. Williams is evoking to understand how funny he is.\\\" Warner Bros. Cartoons director Chuck Jones even called\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5100323\",\n \"text\": \"James D'Arcy James D'Arcy (born Simon Richard D'Arcy; 24 August 1975) is an English actor. He is best known for his portrayals of Howard Stark's butler, Edwin Jarvis, in the Marvel Entertainment and ABC series, \\\"Agent Carter\\\", and murder suspect Lee Ashworth in the second series of the ITV series \\\"Broadchurch\\\". D'Arcy also co-starred as Colonel Winnant in Christopher Nolan's action-thriller \\\"Dunkirk\\\" (2017). D'Arcy was born on 24 August 1975 in Amersham, Buckinghamshire, and was raised in Fulham, London with his younger sister, Charlotte, by their mother, Caroline, a nurse. His father died when he was young. He has family\",\n \"title\": \"James D'Arcy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8166908\",\n \"text\": \"wife died in 2007 at age 82. Val Bettin Valentine John \\\"Val\\\" Bettin (born August 1, 1923) is a retired American actor and voice actor, known for using an English accent in all of his roles. He is perhaps best known for voicing Dr. David Q. Dawson in the 1986 Disney animated film \\\"The Great Mouse Detective\\\" and the Sultan in \\\"The Return of Jafar\\\" and \\\"Aladdin and the King of Thieves\\\", the two direct-to-video sequels to Disney's \\\"Aladdin\\\" as well as the TV show, taking over for Douglas Seale. Bettin also hosted \\\"The Storyteller\\\", a children's show on Chicago\",\n \"title\": \"Val Bettin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2182758\",\n \"text\": \"Lee Ermey, John Morris and Laurie Metcalf all reprise their character roles from the original film. They are joined by Joan Cusack, Jodi Benson, Kelsey Grammer, Estelle Harris and Wayne Knight who voice some of the new characters introduced. Disney initially envisioned \\\"Toy Story 2\\\" as a direct-to-video sequel. The film began production in a building separated from Pixar, on a small scale, as most of the main Pixar staff were busy working on \\\"A Bug's Life\\\" (1998). When story reels proved promising, Disney upgraded the film to theatrical release, but Pixar was unhappy with the film's quality. Lasseter and\",\n \"title\": \"Toy Story 2\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16142451\",\n \"text\": \"Quinn in Update 2 and Poison Ivy in Update 3). Each of these updates also added more skins and achievements, and raised the level cap. The voice cast includes: Kevin Conroy (Batman), Mark Hamill (The Joker), Tara Strong (Harley Quinn), Fred Tatasciore (Solomon Grundy, Mr. Hammer), Troy Baker (Two-Face, Robin), Corey Burton (Hugo Strange), Larry Grimm (Deathstroke), Amy Carle (Poison Ivy) instead of Tasia Valenza. Eurogamer called it addictive. Gamezebo summarized it \\\"too easy, too short, and completely devoid of a story – but \\\"Batman Arkham City Lockdown\\\" is also a fast-paced, finger-swiping good time that looks stunning, keeps you\",\n \"title\": \"Batman: Arkham City Lockdown\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20298503\",\n \"text\": \"is a memorial for Adam West, who portrayed Batman. It also stated \\\"Rest Well, Bright Knight\\\". In a scene exclusive to the Blu-Ray edition, Dr. Quinzel busts Joker out of prison dressed as her new persona of Harley Quinn. A sequel to \\\"\\\", entitled \\\"Batman vs. Two-Face\\\", was planned to be released in 2017 with William Shatner voicing Two-Face as the main antagonist. On June 9, 2017, Batman's voice actor Adam West died from leukemia. Despite this, according to Bleeding Cool, West and Shatner recorded their lines separately with West finishing his lines by October 2016. Burt Ward and Julie\",\n \"title\": \"Batman vs. Two-Face\"\n }\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":79076,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":79076,"string":"79,076"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["1972"],"string":"[\n \"1972\"\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"why did friars shave the top of their heads"},"compressed_prompt":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Question:\\nPlease write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Tonsure context: Tonsure Tonsure () is the practice of cutting or shaving some or all of the hair on the scalp, as a sign of religious devotion or humility. The term originates from the Latin word \\\"\\\" (meaning \\\"clipping\\\" or \\\"shearing\\\") and referred to a specific practice in medieval Catholicism, abandoned by papal order in 1972. Tonsure can also refer to the secular practice of shaving all or part of the scalp to show support or sympathy, or to designate mourning. Current usage more generally refers to cutting or shaving for monks, devotees, or mystics of any religion as a symbol of\\n\\nwhy did friars shave the top of their heads\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 184,\n \"origin_tokens\": 184,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1298723","text":"Tonsure Tonsure () is the practice of cutting or shaving some or all of the hair on the scalp, as a sign of religious devotion or humility. The term originates from the Latin word \"\" (meaning \"clipping\" or \"shearing\") and referred to a specific practice in medieval Catholicism, abandoned by papal order in 1972. Tonsure can also refer to the secular practice of shaving all or part of the scalp to show support or sympathy, or to designate mourning. Current usage more generally refers to cutting or shaving for monks, devotees, or mystics of any religion as a symbol of","title":"Tonsure"},{"id":"1298742","text":"of Pippin of Landen, and Dagobert II's guardian, seized the throne for his own son and had Dagobert tonsured, thus marking him unfit for kingship, and exiled. The practice of tonsure, coupled with castration, was common for deposed emperors and their sons in Byzantium from around the 8th century, prior to which disfigurement, usually by blinding, was the normal practice. Tonsure Tonsure () is the practice of cutting or shaving some or all of the hair on the scalp, as a sign of religious devotion or humility. The term originates from the Latin word \"\" (meaning \"clipping\" or \"shearing\") and","title":"Tonsure"},{"id":"1298730","text":"in the teaching and preaching of the Lord, his head was shaved by those who did not believe his word, as if in mockery. The Teacher Christ blessed this head, changed dishonor into honor, ridicule into praise. He placed on it a crown made not out of precious stones, but one which shines more than gold, topaz, or precious stone – with the stone and rock of faith. In the Eastern Orthodox Church today, priests, deacons, readers, and other tonsured offices do not have their heads shaved. Rather, four locks of hair are clipped from the top of the head","title":"Tonsure"},{"id":"738542","text":"minorites or greyfriars because of their habit. In Poland and Lithuania they are known as Bernardines, after Bernardino of Siena, although the term elsewhere refers to Cistercians instead. The name of original order, (Friars Minor, literally 'Order of Lesser Brothers') stems from Francis of Assisi's rejection of extravagance. Francis was the son of a wealthy cloth merchant, but gave up his wealth to pursue his faith more fully. He had cut all ties that remained with his family, and pursued a life living in solidarity with his fellow brothers in Christ. Francis adopted the simple tunic worn by peasants as","title":"Franciscans"},{"id":"1298727","text":"child. This ritual is regionally found in India among male mourners, who shave their heads as a sign of bereavement. Until a few decades ago, many Hindu communities, especially the upper castes, forced widows to undergo the ritual of tonsure and shun good clothes and ornaments, in order to make them unattractive to men. According to Jamanadas, tonsure was originally a Buddhist custom and was adopted by Hinduism. However, Pandey and others trace the practice to Sanskrit texts dated to have been composed before the birth of Buddha, which mention tonsure as a rite of passage. In Buddhism, tonsure is","title":"Tonsure"},{"id":"976695","text":"form the Federation of Our Lady of the Angels. The Capuchins are unique for a Catholic religious order in that the growing of natural, untrimmed beards by members features as part of its first Constitution, which states as the reason, the beard is \"manly, austere, natural, an imitation of Christ and the saints of our Order, and despised.\" This makes the Capuchin friars stand out in particular from the secular clergy of the Latin Church who follow the Roman practice of being clean shaven. In more recent times, since the Second Vatican Council, the beard has no longer been mandatory","title":"Order of Friars Minor Capuchin"},{"id":"8191092","text":"is little record of them prior to 1100. It is not known when the \"Fratres Cruciferi\" came to Italy, but they were certainly there in the 12th century, for in 1169 Pope Alexander III gave them constitutions and a rule of life similar to that of Augustinian canons. Their habit was originally brown or black, but later on Pope Pius II prescribed for them a blue habit and substituted a small silver cross for the larger wooden one they had hitherto been accustomed to carry in their hands. It was from this custom that they obtained their name. They also","title":"Crutched Friars"},{"id":"628141","text":"also plays an important role since both women and men when deciding to dedicate their life to fait should change their haircut: Catholic nuns often cut their hair very short, and men who joined Catholic monastic orders in the eighth century adopted what was known as the tonsure, which involved shaving the tops of their heads and leaving a ring of hair around the bald crown. Many Buddhists, Hajj pilgrims and Vaisnavas, especially members of the Hare Krishna movement who are \"brahmacharis\" or \"sannyasis\", shave their heads. Some Hindu and most Buddhist monks and nuns shave their heads upon entering","title":"Hairstyle"},{"id":"265308","text":"viewed as a symbol of foreign arrogance by the Chinese (see Cao'an.) Even those that were allowed to remain open did not for long. The Manichaean temples were attacked by Chinese people who burned the images and idols of these temples. Manichaean priests were ordered to wear hanfu instead of their traditional clothing, which was viewed as un-Chinese. In 843, Emperor Wuzong of Tang gave the order to kill all Manichaean clerics as part of his Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution, and over half died. They were made to look like Buddhists by the authorities, their heads were shaved, they were made","title":"Manichaeism"},{"id":"18188760","text":"which exended into the altar (which was hollow). The image was said to be effective in the cure of headaches. To quote Dr London (via the Victoria County History) Thither resorted such as had headache or had any 'slottich widow locks, viz., hair grown together in a tuft:\" They put a peck of oats into the trough, and when they were once slid under the altar the friars stole them out from behind, and the sick must pay a penny for a pint of these Maiden Cutbroghe oats, and ' then their heads should ache no more till the next","title":"Thelsford Priory"},{"id":"3669969","text":"surgical patients and offered consulting, but otherwise often chose academia, working in universities, or chose residence in castles where they treated the wealthy. Due to religious and sanitary monastic regulations, monks had to maintain their tonsure (the traditional baldness on the top of the head of Catholic monks). This created a market for barbers, because each monastery had to train or hire a barber. They would perform bloodletting and other minor surgeries like pulling teeth or creating ointments. The first barber surgeons to be recognized as such worked in monasteries around 1000 A.D. Because physicians performed surgery so rarely, the","title":"Barber surgeon"},{"id":"12531445","text":"out. The violence includes several citizens burned alive in their homes, the hanging of women from branches, with their children then hanged from their feet, and another instance of hanging virgins simply for their beauty. While de Landa does not go into details of what the Mayans did to the Spaniards, he certainly graphically explains the Spanish retribution: \"the Spaniards pacified them… [by] cutting off noses, arms and legs, and the breasts of women; throwing them into deep lagoons with gourds tied to their feet; stabbing the little children because they did not walk as fast as their mothers.\" An","title":"Franciscan missions to the Maya"},{"id":"10688036","text":"New York Friars Club The Friars Club is a private club in New York City, founded in 1904 that hosts risqué celebrity roasts. The club's membership is composed mostly of comedians and other celebrities. It is located at 57 East 55th Street, between Park Avenue and Madison Avenue, in a building known as the Monastery. The organization traces its roots to 1904, when representatives of the Broadway theatres working with New York publicists organized the Press Agents' Association to exchange lists of people who were fraudulently receiving complimentary passes to shows. The group regularly met at Browne's Chop House. Shortly","title":"New York Friars Club"},{"id":"1298729","text":"shave the corners of their beards or scalps with straight blades, as described in Leviticus 19:27. Tonsure was not widely known in antiquity. Tradition states that it originated with the disciples of Jesus, who observed the Torah command not to shave the hair around the sides of one's head (Leviticus 19:27). There were three forms of tonsure known in the 7th and 8th centuries: St. Germanus I, Patriarch of Constantinople from 715 to 730, writes \"The double crown inscribed on the head of the priest through tonsure represents the precious head of the chief-apostle Peter. When he was sent out","title":"Tonsure"},{"id":"1407627","text":"noblemen and knights were bearded, the Catholic clergy were generally required to be clean-shaven. This was understood as a symbol of their celibacy. In pre-Islamic Arabia men would apparently keep mustaches but shave the hair on their chins. The prophet Muhammad encouraged his followers to do the opposite, long chin hair but trimmed mustaches, to signify their break with the old religion. This style of beard subsequently spread along with Islam during the Muslim expansion in the Middle Ages. Most Chinese emperors of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) appear with beards or mustaches in portraits. In the 15th century, most European","title":"Beard"},{"id":"19549588","text":"Franciscan movement. Francis began preaching around 1207 and traveled to Rome to seek approval of his order from Pope Innocent III in 1209. The original Rule of Saint Francis approved by the pope disallowed ownership of property, requiring members of the order to beg for food while preaching. The austerity was meant to emulate the life and ministry of Jesus Christ. Franciscans traveled and preached in the streets, while boarding in church properties. The extreme poverty required of members was relaxed in final revision of the Rule in 1223. The degree of observance required of members remained a major source","title":"Order of Friars Minor"},{"id":"16550313","text":"they remain today – however, there is a lack of evidence supporting this. In 1523, John III formed a chapter of the Order giving Fra António (also known as Antonius of Lisbon) a Spanish-born Jerome friar, the authority and responsibility to reform the Order. The new statutes were approved in 1529 by the Friars. The Grand Prior was removed from office and all the priests and religious of the Order were required to resume convent life at Tomar, and to wear the habit and cross of the Order. Several religious friars were persuaded to abandon the Order and others were","title":"History of the Order of Christ"},{"id":"10642321","text":"Bell of Huesca The Bell of Huesca is a legend describing how Ramiro II of Aragon, the Monk, cut off the heads of twelve nobles who did not obey him. The legend is told in the 13th-century anonymous Aragonese work the \"Cantar de la campana de Huesca\". After Alfonso I of Aragon died in 1134 leaving no descendants, his brother Ramiro, bishop of \"Roda de Isábena\", inherited the Kingdom of Aragón, one of the states of the Iberian Peninsula. At that time the kingdom had serious domestic and foreign problems. The \"Chronicle of San Juan de la Peña\" from the","title":"Bell of Huesca"},{"id":"738593","text":"Bassi, Matteo da Bascio), an Observant friar, who felt himself called to an even stricter observance of Franciscan austerity to be closer to the original intentions of St. Francis. Thanks to the support of the Papal Court the new branch received early recognition and grew fast, first in Italy and after 1574 all over Europe and throughout the world. After many tribulations, the Capuchins became a separate order in 1619. The name Capuchins refers to the particular shape of the long hood or ; originally a popular nickname, it has become a part of the official name of the Order,","title":"Franciscans"},{"id":"738551","text":"he revised and had approved in 1223. After about 1223, the day-to-day running of the Order was in the hands of Brother Elias of Cortona, an able friar who would be elected as leader of the friars a few years after Francis's death (1226) but who aroused much opposition because of his autocratic leadership style. He planned and built the Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi in which Saint Francis is buried, a building which includes the friary Sacro Convento, still today the spiritual centre of the Order. In the external successes of the brothers, as they were reported at the","title":"Franciscans"},{"id":"12892288","text":"Onychotillomania Onychotillomania is a compulsive neurosis in which a person picks constantly at the nails or tries to tear them off. It is not the same as onychophagia, where the nails are bitten or chewed or dermatillomania, where skin is bitten or scratched. It is commonly associated with psychiatric disorders such as depressive neurosis, delusions of infestation and hypochondriasis. It was named by Professor Jan Alkiewicz, a Polish dermatologist. The constant destruction of the nail bed leads to onychodystrophy, paronychia and darkening of the nail. Some cases have been treated successfully with antipsychotics. One cheap solution suggested by researchers is","title":"Onychotillomania"},{"id":"10688041","text":"\"A Serious Man\". Frederick F. Schrader is credited with suggesting \"Friars\" as the organization's name. Following the theme, their monthly newsletter is the \"Epistle\". Officers of the Club (as distinct from the Friars Foundation) are given monastic titles: Larry King is the current dean, Freddie Roman is the Dean Emeritus. Jerry Lewis was the Abbot, named in 2006 during a roast in New York City. Previous abbots have included Alan King, Frank Sinatra, Ed Sullivan and George M. Cohan. In the 1960s, the Friars Club, the Lambs Club, and the Players Club were often confused. The columnist Earl Wilson put","title":"New York Friars Club"},{"id":"976696","text":"but is still common. Like other Franciscans, the friars wear a plain brown tunic with a hood, a cord fastened around the waist and sandals (or shoes). Order of Friars Minor Capuchin The Order of Friars Minor Capuchin (; postnominal abbr. O.F.M.Cap.) is an order of friars within the Catholic Church, among the chief offshoots of the Franciscans. The worldwide head of the Order, called the Minister General, is currently Roberto Genuin. The Order arose in 1525 when Matteo da Bascio, an Observant Franciscan friar native to the Italian region of Marche, said he had been inspired by God with","title":"Order of Friars Minor Capuchin"},{"id":"5349451","text":"Hi-top fade A hi-top fade is a style of haircut where hair on the sides is cut off or kept very short while hair on the top of the head is very long. The hi-top was a trend symbolizing the golden age of hip hop and urban contemporary music during the 1980s and the early 1990s. It was common among young black people between 1986 and 1993 and to a lesser extent in the mid-1990s (1994–1996). The hi-top fade is commonly called a punk , due to the great likeness of the two styles. In fact, the hi-top fade could","title":"Hi-top fade"},{"id":"11518044","text":"into a hole, itself often filled with excrement at the bottom. Typically, a cut would be made in the forehead in order to let blood pressure decrease in the area around the head. Christians were let go after apostatizing, and in this way the Shogunate practically purged it from Japan. A notable victim of this method of torture was Saint Lorenzo Ruiz, the first Filipino martyr to be canonized by the Roman Catholic Church. The Tsurushi or 'pit' was made famous in the novel \"Silence\" by Shusaku Endo. Tsurushi Tsurushi (), or \"reverse hanging\", was a Japanese torture technique used","title":"Tsurushi"},{"id":"6484956","text":"Xeroderma Xeroderma or xerodermia (also known as xerosis cutis), derived from the Greek words for \"dry skin\", is a condition involving the integumentary system, which in most cases can safely be treated with emollients or moisturizers. Xeroderma occurs most commonly on the scalp, lower legs, arms, hands, the knuckles, the sides of the abdomen, and thighs. Symptoms most associated with xeroderma are scaling (the visible peeling of the outer skin layer), itching, and skin cracking. Xeroderma is a very common condition. It happens more often in the winter when the cold air outside and the hot air inside creates a","title":"Xeroderma"},{"id":"19549587","text":"Order of Friars Minor The Order of Friars Minor (also called the Franciscans, the Franciscan Order, or the Seraphic Order; postnominal abbreviation O.F.M.) is a mendicant Catholic religious order, founded in 1209 by Francis of Assisi. The order adheres to the teachings and spiritual disciplines of the founder and of his main associates and followers, such as Clare of Assisi, Anthony of Padua, and Elizabeth of Hungary, among many others. The Order of Friars Minor is considered to the successor to the original Franciscan Order within the Catholic Church, and is the largest of the contemporary First Orders within the","title":"Order of Friars Minor"},{"id":"12376129","text":"it was because he saw the political advantage in doing so. The 1547 injunctions against images were a more tightly drawn version of those of 1538, but they were more fiercely enforced, at first informally, and then by instruction. All images in churches were to be dismantled. Stained glass, shrines and statues were defaced or destroyed. Roods, and often their lofts and screens, were cut down and bells were taken down. Vestments were prohibited and either burned or sold. Chalices were melted down or sold. The requirement of the clergy to be celibate was lifted. Processions were banned and ashes","title":"English Reformation"},{"id":"18129448","text":"Bear's grease Bear's grease was a popular treatment for men with hair loss from at least as early as 1653 until about the First World War. The myth of its effectiveness is based on a belief that as bears are very hairy, their fat would assist hair growth in others. Nicholas Culpeper, the English botanist and herbalist wrote in 1653, in his \"The Physician's Library\", \"Bears Grease staies [stops] the falling off of the hair.\" Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179), Benedictine mystic, composer and woman of letters, also recommended the use of the substance in her \"Physica\" (repeated in her \"Causae","title":"Bear's grease"},{"id":"19148520","text":"Jaccoud arthropathy Jaccoud arthropathy (JA), Jaccoud deformity or Jaccoud's arthopathy is a chronic non-erosive reversible joint disorder that may occur after repeated bouts of arthritis. It is caused by inflammation of the joint capsule and subsequent fibrotic retraction, causing ulnar deviation of the fingers, through metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) subluxation, primarily of the ring and little-finger. Joints in the feet, knees and shoulders may also get affected. It is commonly associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and occurs in roughly 5% of all cases. When associated with rheumatic fever it is also called chronic post–RF arthropathy. Originally thought to be associated","title":"Jaccoud arthropathy"},{"id":"19549596","text":"Lateran Council, had once more declared the impossibility of reunion. Leo X summoned On 11 July, 1516, a capitulum generalissimum to meet at Rome on the feast of Pentecost (31 May), 1517. This chapter first suppressed all the reformed congregations and annexed them to the Observants; declared the Observants an independent order, and separated them completely from the Conventuals. The less strict principles of the Conventuals, permitting the possession of real estate and the enjoyment of fixed revenues, were recognized as tolerable, while the Observants, in contrast to this \"usus moderatus\", were held strictly to their own \"usus arctus\" or","title":"Order of Friars Minor"},{"id":"1363563","text":"by removing the exterior layer of skin along with the body hair. Some professional soccer players also shave their legs. One of the reasons is that they are required to wear shin guards and in case of a skin rash the affected area can be treated more efficiently. In some situations, people's hair is shaved as a punishment or a form of humiliation. After World War II, head-shaving was a common punishment in France, the Netherlands, and Norway for women who had collaborated with the Nazis during the occupation, and, in particular, for women who had sexual relations with an","title":"Hair removal"},{"id":"3700593","text":"Head shaving Head shaving is the practice of shaving the hair from a person's head. At different times and places people have shaved all or part of their heads for very diverse reasons including practicality, convenience, low maintenance, fashion, style, religion, culture, and aesthetics. The earliest historical records describing head shaving originated in ancient Mediterranean cultures, such as Egypt, Greece, and Rome. The Egyptian priest class ritualistically removed all body hair by plucking. This included hair on the head, eyebrows, and beard. The practice of shaving heads has been used in the military. Although sometimes explained as being for hygiene","title":"Head shaving"},{"id":"5693631","text":"practice a variety of rituals from birth to death. Collectively these are known as \"saṃskāras\", meaning rites of purification, and are believed to make the body pure and fit for worship. A boy's first haircut, known as \"choula\", is one such samskara and is considered an event of great auspiciousness. The lawbooks or \"smritis\" prescribe that a boy must have his haircut in his first or third year. While complete tonsure is common, some Hindus prefer to leave some hair on the head, distinguishing this rite from the inauspicious tonsure that occurs upon the death of a parent. Those that","title":"First haircut"},{"id":"738587","text":"orders, but by this very fact lost the favor of the Observants and failed in his plans for reunion. Julius II succeeded in reducing some of the smaller branches, but left the division of the two great parties untouched. This division was finally legalized by Leo X, after a general chapter held in Rome in 1517, in connection with the reform-movement of the Fifth Lateran Council, had once more declared the impossibility of reunion. The less strict principles of the Conventuals, permitting the possession of real estate and the enjoyment of fixed revenues, were recognized as tolerable, while the Observants,","title":"Franciscans"},{"id":"8191100","text":"this is a military order of Catholic Knights dedicated to the protection and care of the sick, and was made an independent hospitaller order by Pope Gregory IX in 1237. They spread into Moravia, Silesia, Hungary, and Poland. It is believed they had three houses in Scotland, but floundered when they tried to grow in England in 1260, where they had a house in Guilford, partially due to the confusion that ensued from so many 'Orders of the Cross' in England. Their Provincial House in Vienna is located just behind the Karlskirche. In their home territory, the order moved in","title":"Crutched Friars"},{"id":"5660809","text":"the friars. Most of the charges against the friars are familiar from other works such as \"Jack Upland\", the \"Vae Octuplex\" or Wyclif's \"Trialogus\", and most are ultimately derived from William of Saint-Amour's \"De Periculis Novissimorum Temporum\" (1256). As in all Wycliffite satire, the friars are lecherous, covetous, greedy, vengeful, demanding extravagant donations for even the most elementary services. They seek out only the fattest corpses to bury, and live in ostentatious houses that are more like palaces than places of worship. They are the children of Lucifer rather than Saint Dominic or St Francis, and follow in the footsteps","title":"Pierce the Ploughman's Crede"},{"id":"10688045","text":"George Burns, Johnny Carson, Billy Crystal, Sammy Davis, Jr., Judy Garland, Bob Hope, Al Jolson, Jerry Lewis, Dean Martin, Stan Lee, the Marx Brothers, and Frank Sinatra, among many others. Like the New York club, for many years the Friars Club of Beverly Hills was known for its celebrity members and \"roasts\". From the summer of 1962 to the summer of 1966, John Roselli, Maurice Friedman, Manuel Jacobs, and others rigged high stake gin rummy games at the Friars Club. Over that period, the conspirators earned an estimated $400,000 in profits, and six defendants were ultimately convicted on various charges.","title":"Friars Club of Beverly Hills"},{"id":"1298725","text":"also known as \"choulam\", \"caula\", \"chudakarma\", or \"mundana\", marks the child's first haircut, typically the shaving of the head. The mother dresses up, sometimes in her wedding sari, and with the father present, the baby's head is shaved and nails trimmed, washed and dressed in new clothes. Sometimes, a tuft of hair is left to cover the soft spot near the top of the baby's head. Both boys and girls typically go through this ceremony, sometimes near a temple or a river, but it is not mandatory in Hinduism. The significance of Chudakarana rite of passage is the baby's cyclical","title":"Tonsure"},{"id":"976676","text":"He sought to return to the primitive way of life of solitude and penance, as practiced by the founder of their Order. His religious superiors tried to suppress these innovations, and Friar Matteo and his first companions were forced into hiding from Church authorities, who sought to arrest them for having abandoned their religious duties. They were given refuge by the Camaldolese monks, in gratitude for which they later adopted the hood (or \"cappuccio\") worn by that Order—which was the mark of a hermit in that region of Italy—and the practice of wearing a beard. The popular name of their","title":"Order of Friars Minor Capuchin"},{"id":"19836782","text":"Marrakesh ruler had him imprisoned and tortured in 1631 - the other two friars were murdered - and was burned to death after having his head struck. He was imprisoned in chains and his hands and feet were shackled; the king had him scourged and himself struck him on the head with a sword before ordering him to be burnt to death. Pope Benedict XIII confirmed - on 24 May 1728 - that the late Franciscan had been killed \"in odium fidei\" (in hatred of the faith) and used this confirmation for the approval of the formal beatification. Juan de","title":"Juan de Prado"},{"id":"14122647","text":"Humphrey with the Beard Humphrey with the Beard (died before 1113) was a Norman soldier and nobleman, the earliest known ancestor of the de Bohun family, later prominent in England as Earls of Hereford and Earls of Essex. His epithet, \"with the beard\" (\"cum barba\"), was a distinguishing one in eleventh-century Normandy, where the custom was to shave the face and back of the head. It is first recorded in a later chronicle of Llanthony Prima, edited by William Dugdale in the \"Monasticon Anglicanum\" (VI.134): As is stated by Wace in the \"Roman de Rou\", Humphrey derived from \"Bohun\" in","title":"Humphrey with the Beard"},{"id":"976683","text":"was restored. The movement at once began to multiply rapidly, and by the end of the 16th century the Capuchins had spread all over the Catholic parts of Europe, so that in 1619 they were freed from their dependence on the Conventual Franciscans and became an independent Order. They are said to have had at that time 1500 houses divided into fifty provinces. They were one of the chief tools in the Catholic Counter-reformation, the aim of the order being to work among the poor, impressing the minds of the common people by the poverty and austerity of their life,","title":"Order of Friars Minor Capuchin"},{"id":"3115610","text":"gave them to a poor woman. His fellow Franciscans had to watch him closely, and strictly forbade him from giving away his clothes. While such behaviors were embarrassing to his brothers, he was also recognized as a pure example of the Franciscan order and thus esteemed. \"The Little Flowers of Saint Francis of Assisi\", which documents the oral traditions of the Franciscans, told several stories of \"Brother Juniper\". The most famous of these is the story of how Brother Juniper cut off the foot of a pig to give it to a sick brother. Upon the sick brother's request for","title":"Foolishness for Christ"},{"id":"1593089","text":"address accessibility issues involved with cutting toenails. Prior to the invention of the modern nail clipper, people would use small knives to trim or pare their nails. Descriptions of nail trimming in literature date as far back as the 8th century BC. The Book of Deuteronomy exhorts in 21:12 that a man, should he wish to take a captive as a wife, \"shall bring her home to [his] house, and she shall shave her head and trim her nails\". A reference is made in Horace's \"Epistles\", written circa 20 BC, to \"A close-shaven man, it's said, in an empty barber's","title":"Nail clipper"},{"id":"5854561","text":"healing practices and cultural rituals retained from their shamanistic past. They usually perform minor rites like \"aqiqah\" (cutting the hair of the firstborn) and \"ruqqiya\" (exorcism). A version of the traditional massage therapy conducted by folk healers also exist, known as \"agud\" or \"agod\" among the Maranao and Maguindanao people. The most strongly affected by this religious shift to Abrahamic religions were the feminized male \"asog\" shamans. During the 17th to 18th centuries, Spanish administrators in the Philippines burned people convicted of homosexual relations at the stake and confiscated their possessions, in accordance to a decree by the president of","title":"Babaylan"},{"id":"10688042","text":"it this way in 1964: \"Long ago a New Yorker asked the difference between the Lambs, Friars, and Players, since the membership was, at the time, predominantly from Broadway.\" It was left to \"a wit believed to have been George S. Kaufman\" to draw the distinction: \"The Players are gentlemen trying to be actors, the Lambs are actors trying to be gentlemen, and the Friars are neither trying to be both.\" Michael Gyure is the executive director of the Friars Club and of its charitable arm, the Friars Foundation. In its debut year, the festival featured the US premiere of","title":"New York Friars Club"},{"id":"976675","text":"Order of Friars Minor Capuchin The Order of Friars Minor Capuchin (; postnominal abbr. O.F.M.Cap.) is an order of friars within the Catholic Church, among the chief offshoots of the Franciscans. The worldwide head of the Order, called the Minister General, is currently Roberto Genuin. The Order arose in 1525 when Matteo da Bascio, an Observant Franciscan friar native to the Italian region of Marche, said he had been inspired by God with the idea that the manner of life led by the friars of his day was not the one which their founder, St. Francis of Assisi, had envisaged.","title":"Order of Friars Minor Capuchin"},{"id":"2739602","text":"cum knyvys goth about and txxkxzv nfookt xxzxkt.\" With the last three words decoded in the same way as \"svvivyt mennis vvyvis,\" it may be translated as \"Friars with knives go about and swive (have sex with) men's wives.\" The poem is found in British Library, Harley MS 3362, and was first edited in T. Wright & J. O. Halliwell, \"Reliquiæ Antiquæ\" (1841) 1.91. The \"Oxford English Dictionary\" (online edition) cites \"Flen flyys\" in square brackets, since the form \"fuccant\" is Anglo-Latin and not strictly speaking English. Flen flyys Flen flyys is the colloquial name and first words of an","title":"Flen flyys"},{"id":"7953130","text":"contemporary images of clothing, and many mentions of names for clothing in contemporary documents, but definitively matching the names to the styles in the images is rarely possible. In Italian the word was cappuccio [kap'put:ʃo], or its diminutive \"cappuccino\", from which come the Capuchin friars, whose distinctive white hood and brown robe led to the monkey and the type of coffee being named after them (it also means the cap of a pen in Italian). \"Little Red Riding Hood\" is \"Le Petit Chaperon rouge\" in the earliest published version, by Charles Perrault, and French depictions of the story naturally favour","title":"Chaperon (headgear)"},{"id":"3219205","text":"present the heads to their king to claim their share of the plunder. Then, the warrior would skin the head “by making a circular cut round the ears and shaking out the skull; he then scrapes the flesh off the skin with the rib of an ox, and when it is clean works it with his fingers until it is supple, and fit to be used as a sort of handkerchief. He hangs these handkerchiefs on the bridle of his horse, and is very proud of them. The best man is the man who has the greatest number.” Ammianus Marcellinus","title":"Scalping"},{"id":"540727","text":"demanded too much of the friars. The main clauses modified concerned fasting and remaining within individual cells: the bull allowed them to eat meat three days a week and to perambulate in the cloisters of their convents. This reform brought the Carmelites closer into line with other mendicant orders, but it was also the source of much subsequent tension, as others refused to accept this change in the nature of the Order, seeing it as a loss of Carmel's original vision and spirit. Such tension erupted almost immediately. Shortly before 1433 three priories in Valais, Tuscany, and Mantua were reformed","title":"Carmelites"},{"id":"738544","text":"some of whom trace their origin to Francis of Assisi. Their official Latin name is the . St. Francis thus referred to his followers as \"Fraticelli\", meaning \"Little Brothers\". Franciscan brothers are informally called friars or the Minorites. The modern organization of the Friars Minor comprises three separate families or groups, each considered a religious order in its own right under its own minister General and particular type of governance. They all live according to a body of regulations known as the Rule of St Francis. These are The Second Order, most commonly called Poor Clares in English-speaking countries, consists","title":"Franciscans"},{"id":"12174289","text":"most of the newly discovered lands to Spain and Portugal. Under the \"patronato\" system, state authorities controlled clerical appointments and no direct contact was allowed with the Vatican. On December 1511, the Dominican friar Antonio de Montesinos openly rebuked the Spanish authorities governing Hispaniola for their mistreatment of the American natives, telling them \"... you are in mortal sin ... for the cruelty and tyranny you use in dealing with these innocent people\". King Ferdinand enacted the \"Laws of Burgos\" and \"Valladolid\" in response. Enforcement was lax, and while some blame the Church for not doing enough to liberate the","title":"History of the Catholic Church"},{"id":"14704367","text":"for six years. The character of the friars is recalled in these lines - Another version expands the details of the friars way of life - In 1459 King James II and his Queen, Mary of Gueldress submitted a petition to suppress the order of Trinitarian Friars and to pass their churches and revenues to the Trinity Collegiate Church and Hospital in Edinburgh. The given reason was that \"thw friars were evil, unclean, and unfit to continue observance of their rule. The public outcry was such that the petition was refused, however an echo of substance in the allegations is","title":"Fail Monastery"},{"id":"738547","text":"lived in the deserted leper colony of Rivo Torto near Assisi; but they spent much of their time traveling through the mountainous districts of Umbria, always cheerful and full of songs, yet making a deep impression on their hearers by their earnest exhortations. Their life was extremely ascetic, though such practices were apparently not prescribed by the first rule which Francis gave them (probably as early as 1209) which seems to have been nothing more than a collection of Scriptural passages emphasizing the duty of poverty. In spite of some similarities between this principle and some of the fundamental ideas","title":"Franciscans"},{"id":"16797586","text":"buy and sell copies of the English New Testament, a work banned at the time as heretical. Thomas Cromwell was a leading supporter of the English Reformation, indeed one of its principal masterminds, and found his neighbour the Prior to be sympathetic to his cause. The Prior, George Brown, preached sermons in support of the King's unpopular divorce from Catherine of Aragon and subsequent marriage to Anne Boleyn. Brown was later rewarded by Cromwell with work as a commissioner, whose job it was to visit all the monastic houses in the kingdom to assess them for piety and wealth before","title":"Austin Friars, London"},{"id":"14865182","text":"Bacon, and several other Dartmouth burgesses of depriving her of a house and half an acre of land at Clifton. As a result of this case the land was restored to her, reducing the chapel's landholding by half. By 1344 Bishop Grandisson and the Arches court of Canterbury had ordered the friars to demolish their chapel on the grounds that it had been built on a site \"belonging to the Abbot and Convent of Torre\". The friars appealed to the Pope in Avignon against this decision, but the pope's court eventually decided against them too, holding that papal privilege meant","title":"Dartmouth Friary"},{"id":"15025496","text":"hard shell of a pumpkin, which being put on the head every Saturday, the hair is cut by the shell all round the head…….. and fourthly, such persons as have lost their ears for heresy, and other wickedness, cannot conceal their misfortune and disgrace.” In Rhode Island, cropping was a punishment for crimes such as counterfeiting money, perjury, and \"burning houses, barns, and outbuildings\" (but not amounting to arson). Cropping (along with the pillory and stocks) was abolished in Tennessee in 1829, with abolition further afield starting from approximately 1839. Cropping (punishment) Cropping is the removal of a person's ears","title":"Cropping (punishment)"},{"id":"1363649","text":"to grow coarser and in more places on the face and body. For example, teenagers may start shaving their face or legs at around 16, but as they age hair will start to grow more abundantly and thicker, leading some to believe this was due to the shaving, but in reality is just part of the maturation process. Tonsure is the practice of some Christian churches and some Hindu, Jain and Buddhist (usually only monks or nuns) temples of shaving or plucking the hair from the scalp of priests and nuns as a symbol of their renunciation of worldly fashion","title":"Shaving"},{"id":"581532","text":"the two knights immunity, but Margaret gainsaid him and ordered their executions by decapitation. It is alleged that she put the men on trial at which her son presided. \"Fair son\", she allegedly asked, \"what death shall these knights die?\" Prince Edward replied that their heads should be cut off, despite the king's pleas for mercy. The Lancastrian army was beaten at the Battle of Towton on 29 March 1461 by the son of the late Duke of York, the future Edward IV of England, who deposed King Henry and proclaimed himself king. Margaret was determined to win back her","title":"Margaret of Anjou"},{"id":"566715","text":"the results of the procedure. Lobotomies have been featured in several literary and cinematic presentations that both reflected society's attitude towards the procedure and, at times, changed it. Writers and film-makers have played a pivotal role in forming a negative public sentiment towards the procedure. Print Sources Online sources Lobotomy A lobotomy, or leucotomy, is a form of psychosurgery, a neurosurgical treatment of a mental disorder that involves severing connections in the brain's prefrontal cortex. Most of the connections to and from the prefrontal cortex, the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain are severed. It was used","title":"Lobotomy"},{"id":"4469818","text":"off each of its heads he found that two grew back, an expression of the hopelessness of such a struggle for any but the hero. Additionally, one of the hydra's heads was immortal. The details of the struggle are explicit in the \"Bibliotheca\" (2.5.2): realizing that he could not defeat the Hydra in this way, Hercules called on his nephew Iolaus for help. His nephew then came upon the idea (possibly inspired by Athena) of using a firebrand to scorch the neck stumps after each decapitation. Hercules cut off each head and Iolaus cauterized the open stumps. Seeing that Hercules","title":"Labours of Hercules"},{"id":"14122649","text":"indicates he had been married three times, but the names of his wives are unknown. He had three sons and two daughters, including: Humphrey with the Beard Humphrey with the Beard (died before 1113) was a Norman soldier and nobleman, the earliest known ancestor of the de Bohun family, later prominent in England as Earls of Hereford and Earls of Essex. His epithet, \"with the beard\" (\"cum barba\"), was a distinguishing one in eleventh-century Normandy, where the custom was to shave the face and back of the head. It is first recorded in a later chronicle of Llanthony Prima, edited","title":"Humphrey with the Beard"},{"id":"6484960","text":"common allergens such as fragrances, parabens, and lanolin. Xeroderma Xeroderma or xerodermia (also known as xerosis cutis), derived from the Greek words for \"dry skin\", is a condition involving the integumentary system, which in most cases can safely be treated with emollients or moisturizers. Xeroderma occurs most commonly on the scalp, lower legs, arms, hands, the knuckles, the sides of the abdomen, and thighs. Symptoms most associated with xeroderma are scaling (the visible peeling of the outer skin layer), itching, and skin cracking. Xeroderma is a very common condition. It happens more often in the winter when the cold air","title":"Xeroderma"},{"id":"19549599","text":"neck and over the shoulders hangs the cowl. Order of Friars Minor The Order of Friars Minor (also called the Franciscans, the Franciscan Order, or the Seraphic Order; postnominal abbreviation O.F.M.) is a mendicant Catholic religious order, founded in 1209 by Francis of Assisi. The order adheres to the teachings and spiritual disciplines of the founder and of his main associates and followers, such as Clare of Assisi, Anthony of Padua, and Elizabeth of Hungary, among many others. The Order of Friars Minor is considered to the successor to the original Franciscan Order within the Catholic Church, and is the","title":"Order of Friars Minor"},{"id":"5854556","text":"seen by native Filipinos as another type of \"anito\". The Spanish missionaries exploited this misconception in their successful conversion and occupation of most of the islands with minimal military support. Spanish friars were seen as \"shamans\" whose souls and spirit guides were apparently more powerful than the native ones. They desecrated religious objects, sacred trees, and sacred areas with impunity, earning the awe of the natives. They could also cure various diseases that the native shamans could not. By the late 16th century, Christian symbols and paraphernalia (like rosaries, crucifixes, and holy water) became fetish objects, and Latin prayers and","title":"Babaylan"},{"id":"967709","text":"verb: \"pollarding\". Pollarding has now largely replaced polling as the verb in the forestry sense. Pollard can also be used as an adjective: \"pollard tree\". Pollarding Pollarding, a pruning system involving the removal of the upper branches of a tree, promotes a dense head of foliage and branches. In ancient Rome, Propertius mentioned pollarding during the 1st century BCE. The practice has occurred commonly in Europe since medieval times and takes place today in urban areas worldwide, primarily to maintain trees at a predetermined height. Traditionally, people pollarded trees for one of two reasons: for fodder to feed livestock or","title":"Pollarding"},{"id":"19148522","text":"is also a possibility, with osteotomy or stabilization with Kirschner intramedullary wire. Tendon relocation, however, has been shown to only work in 30% of cases. The condition is named after the French 19th century physician Sigismond Jaccoud. Jaccoud arthropathy Jaccoud arthropathy (JA), Jaccoud deformity or Jaccoud's arthopathy is a chronic non-erosive reversible joint disorder that may occur after repeated bouts of arthritis. It is caused by inflammation of the joint capsule and subsequent fibrotic retraction, causing ulnar deviation of the fingers, through metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) subluxation, primarily of the ring and little-finger. Joints in the feet, knees and shoulders may","title":"Jaccoud arthropathy"},{"id":"738573","text":"had drawn it from the fountainhead itself, distributed it through the channels of their teaching and life to those wishing to live perfectly.\" Although \"Exiit qui seminat\" banned disputing about its contents, the decades that followed saw increasingly bitter disputes about the form of poverty to be observed by Franciscans, with the Spirituals (so called because associated with the Age of the Spirit that Joachim of Fiore had said would begin in 1260) pitched against the Conventual Franciscans. Pope Clement V's bull of 20 November 1312 failed to effect a compromise between the two factions. Clement V's successor, Pope John","title":"Franciscans"},{"id":"3669968","text":"Barber surgeon The barber surgeon, one of the most common European medical practitioners of the Middle Ages, was generally charged with caring for soldiers during and after battle. In this era, surgery was seldom conducted by physicians, but instead by barbers, who, in having razors indispensable to their trade, were called upon for numerous tasks ranging from cutting hair to amputating limbs. In this period, surgical mortality was very high, due to blood loss and infection. Yet since doctors thought that blood letting treated illness, barbers also applied leeches. Meanwhile, physicians considered themselves to be above surgery. Physicians mostly observed","title":"Barber surgeon"},{"id":"7489202","text":"to a return to the authentic Capuchin way of life and the renewal of the Catholic Church. In addition, the friars are known for their fidelity to the pope. The Community characterizes itself as Catholic, Franciscan, Capuchin, contemplative, prophetic, apostolic, fraternal and pro-life. Sudano told a reporter about the motive behind forming the community \"We were concerned about the effects of secularism on religious life [among the Capuchins] and a lack of clear and explicit fidelity to the Church. That secularism is less prevalent today, thank God, but was very much the case in the 1970s and 80s. What we","title":"Franciscan Friars of the Renewal"},{"id":"13979469","text":"Dorsal slit A dorsal slit (often referred to in anthropology as superincision) is a single incision along the upper length of the foreskin from the tip to the corona, exposing the glans without removing any tissue. An ancient practice, it has been a traditional custom among a number of peoples, particularly Filipinos and Pacific Islanders, probably for thousands of years. In Western medicine it was used as an alternative to circumcision to relieve conditions such as failure of the foreskin to retract (phimosis) or failure to cover the glans penis (paraphimosis), although a perception of poor appearance limited its popularity.","title":"Dorsal slit"},{"id":"3620450","text":"not afraid of doing so. Confronted by Metropolitan Calinic himself, Creangă allegedly argued that he could think of no other way to eliminate rooks, being eventually pardoned by the prelate when it was ruled that he had not infringed on canon law. Creangă eventually moved out of the monastery, but refused to relinquish his key to the church basement, and, in what was probably a modernizing intent, chopped off his long hair, one of the traditional marks of an Orthodox priest. The latter gesture scandalized his superiors, particularly since Creangă explained himself using an ancient provision of canon law, which","title":"Ion Creangă"},{"id":"12892289","text":"to cover the proximal nail fold with a Cyanoacrylate glue. \"The mechanism of action for improvement is probably related to the presence of an obstacle to picking.\" Onychotillomania Onychotillomania is a compulsive neurosis in which a person picks constantly at the nails or tries to tear them off. It is not the same as onychophagia, where the nails are bitten or chewed or dermatillomania, where skin is bitten or scratched. It is commonly associated with psychiatric disorders such as depressive neurosis, delusions of infestation and hypochondriasis. It was named by Professor Jan Alkiewicz, a Polish dermatologist. The constant destruction of","title":"Onychotillomania"},{"id":"20849572","text":"fear of being charged for perjury, as opposed to fear of religious punishment. Legal punishment for perjury was not required historically because gods in both monotheistic and polytheistic religions were believed to punish those who lied under oath. For example, in Ancient Greece and Rome, individuals killed by lightning strikes were prohibited from receiving a proper burial, since that was thought to be Zeus’ punishment for perjury. A Statute was first created outlawing perjury in 1563. Raising hands Raising hands is a gesture involving lifting either one or both arms above one's head, which has a number of possible meanings,","title":"Raising hands"},{"id":"7683909","text":"King of Cars King of Cars was an American reality television series, centering on the Towbin Dodge car dealership, in Henderson, Nevada, south of Las Vegas, Nevada. Managed by Josh Towbin a.k.a. \"Chop\" a.k.a. the \"King of Cars\", famous for the cult hit infomercial, \"The Chopper Show\", in which his salesmen dress up as various characters, as he \"chops\" the prices of his cars. Recorded on video in HDTV Widescreen Letterbox Format. Many of the salesman are referred to by their nicknames from the informercial. The Blue Genie (Prem Singh) is known for not working too hard. Started off as","title":"King of Cars"},{"id":"6261050","text":"\"fuero eclesiástico\", or clerical immunity, granted clergy members immunity from the royal courts. According to this \"fuero\", any civil crime or criminal offense will be heard in front of the ecclesiastical instead of the royal or local court. This privilege was then extended to all clerics, nuns, priests, monks, and friars. This \"fuero\" extended to the land owned by the individuals and institutions which means the Spanish Crown could not exercise justice physically nor collect taxes. Missionizing in maroon societies in Spanish America became essential for the nature of politics of African resistance in the Iberian Atlantic world. The Maroons","title":"Bourbon Reforms"},{"id":"1891825","text":"considered God's viceregent on Earth, and as such the physical wholeness of his person was an essential complement to the perfection of Heaven. For this reason, many deposed emperors were blinded, had their noses cut off, or their tongue split by their successors, as these permanent disfigurements disqualified them from ever reclaiming the throne. A case of voluntary disfigurement is that of St. Æbbe the Younger and the nuns of Coldingham Monastery in Scotland. When the monastery was attacked by Vikings and they feared being raped, she and the nuns cut off their own noses and upper lips. In revenge,","title":"Disfigurement"},{"id":"4199023","text":"to practice religious rituals. He did not perform tonsure (cutting the hair off the head) upon the death of his father. He would eat food during a solar eclipse to demonstrate that it does not cause indigestion, as Hindus believed to be so and would fast. He did inaugurate the procession at Dasera, a festival with homage to Goddess Chamundeshwari, in 2004. But he explained that it was out of respect of \"tradition and culture\". His famous quote is: A poor teacher complains, an average teacher explains, a good teacher teaches, a great teacher inspires. Narasimhaiah was conferred the Padma","title":"Hosur Narasimhaiah"},{"id":"12531443","text":"Fray Diego de Landa in his book \"Relación de las cosas de Yucatán\", this program was quite successful, and an “admirable thing to see.\" The early success through peaceful teaching and quiet example of the Franciscan missionaries, however, was short lived. Within the first few years it became apparent that verbal teaching would not be enough, as the Mayans remained overall unmoved of the lessons of Christianity. In 1539 the heads of the three religious orders operating in Mexico met with the Franciscan bishop Juan de Zumárraga and concluded that the friars of the missionaries could legally inflict “light punishment”","title":"Franciscan missions to the Maya"},{"id":"10688038","text":"for \"My Blue Heaven\" one afternoon while waiting in the club for his turn at the billiard table. In 1950 Sam Levenson and fellow comedian Joe E. Lewis were the first members of the New York Friars Club to be roasted. The club has roasted a member every year since the inaugural roasting. Between 1998 and 2002, the club's roasts were aired on Comedy Central, which then began organizing its own annual roasts. The Friars Club moved into its current headquarters in 1957, an English Renaissance mansion built for Speyer & Company investment banker Martin Erdman by architects Alfredo S.","title":"New York Friars Club"},{"id":"6762587","text":"Francisco de Quiñones Francisco de Quiñones, O.F.M., (Latin: Franciscus Cardinal Quignonius) (also Francisco de los Angeles) (ca. 1482 in Kingdom of León – November 5, 1540 in Veroli, Papal States) was a Spanish Franciscan friar and later cardinal who was responsible for some reforms in the Catholic Church in Spain. He was the son of Diego Fernandez de Quiñones, Count of Luna, was educated as a page of Cardinal Ximenes, and at the age of sixteen entered the Order of Friars Minor in the friary of St. Mary of the Angels in Alcalá de Henares, taking the name of Francis","title":"Francisco de Quiñones"},{"id":"771304","text":"infection, exsanguination, or permanent damage are major concerns. A dorsal slit (also known as superincision) is an incision made along the upper length of the foreskin with the intention to expose the glans penis without removing skin or tissue. The practice appears to have occurred in Ancient Egypt, though not commonly: It may be performed as a part of traditional customs, such as those in the Pacific Islands and the Philippines. In the medical field, it may be performed for as an alternative to circumcision when circumcision is undesired or impractical. It remains a rare surgery and practice overall. Genital","title":"Genital modification and mutilation"},{"id":"566654","text":"Lobotomy A lobotomy, or leucotomy, is a form of psychosurgery, a neurosurgical treatment of a mental disorder that involves severing connections in the brain's prefrontal cortex. Most of the connections to and from the prefrontal cortex, the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain are severed. It was used for psychiatric and occasionally other conditions as a mainstream procedure in some Western countries for more than two decades. This was despite general recognition of frequent and serious side effects. While some people experienced symptomatic improvement with the operation, the improvements were achieved at the cost of creating other","title":"Lobotomy"},{"id":"1298732","text":"of attempting to abandon one's clerical state, and in the 1917 Code of Canon Law, any cleric in minor orders (or simply tonsured) who did not resume the tonsure within a month after being warned by his Ordinary, lost the clerical state. Over time, the appearance of tonsure varied, ending up for non-monastic clergy as generally consisting of a symbolic cutting of a few tufts of hair at first tonsure in the Sign of the Cross and in wearing a bare spot on the back of the head which varied according to the degree of orders. It was not supposed","title":"Tonsure"},{"id":"738564","text":"the friars in the Mendicant Controversy, when the secular Masters of the university of Paris and the Bishops of France combined to attack the mendicant orders. It was due to the action of Alexander IV's envoys, who were obliged to threaten the university authorities with excommunication, that the degree of doctor of theology was finally conceded to the Dominican Thomas Aquinas and the Franciscan Bonaventure (1257), who had previously been able to lecture only as licentiates. The Franciscan Gerard of Borgo San Donnino at this time issued a Joachimite tract and John of Parma was seen as favoring the condemned","title":"Franciscans"},{"id":"4328603","text":"its collapse due to a lateral eruption to the northeast (around 200,000 years ago) and subsequent glacial erosion, the San Francisco Peaks fully matured elevation is estimated to have been around 16,000 feet. In 1629, 147 years before San Francisco, California, received that name, Spanish friars founded a mission at a Hopi Indian village in honor of St. Francis, 65 miles from the peaks. Seventeenth century Franciscans at Oraibi village gave the name San Francisco to the peaks to honor St. Francis of Assisi, the founder of their order. The mountain man Antoine Leroux visited the San Francisco Peaks in","title":"San Francisco Peaks"},{"id":"3517439","text":"Maschalismos Maschalismos (μασχαλισμός) is the practice of physically rendering the dead incapable of rising or haunting the living in undead form. It comes from the Ancient Greek word and was also the term for procedural rules on such matters in later Greek customary law. Such acts considered \"maschalismos\" were not limited to folkloric physical risings but also meant to escape the ill will of those wrongfully slain by a murderer after death. One common method was the cutting off of the feet, hands, ears, nose, et cetera, tying them under the armpits of the corpse all strung together. The piercing","title":"Maschalismos"},{"id":"976680","text":"the most simple form, i.e. only of a tunic, with the distinctive large, pointed hood reaching to the waist attached to it, girdled by the traditional woolen cord with three knots. By visual analogy, the Capuchin monkey and the cappuccino style of coffee are both named after the shade of brown used for their habit. Besides the canonical choral celebration of the Divine Office, a portion of which was recited at midnight, there were two hours of private prayer daily. The fasts and disciplines were rigorous and frequent. The great external work was preaching and spiritual ministrations among the poor.","title":"Order of Friars Minor Capuchin"},{"id":"10688046","text":"In the wake of the resulting scandal, the Friars Club formed an ethics committee and removed some members, while others resigned. In 1992, Irwin Schaeffer became president of the Friars Club of California. By 2004, after years of declining membership, the club's assets were sold to a for-profit corporation owned by Schaeffer's son, Darren Schaeffer. After the sale, the club was renamed \"The Friars of Beverly Hills\" and continued to operate under that name until 2007. However, in 2005, the New York Friars' Club commenced a lawsuit claiming trademark infringement under the Lanham Act, among other claims; in September 2007,","title":"Friars Club of Beverly Hills"},{"id":"14848905","text":"flooding made it difficult to attend lectures and acquire provisions, the friars obtained permission from Edward I to move to land on Milne Street within Cambridge. They remained there from 1292 until 1538, when, as a result of the dissolution of the monasteries under Henry VIII, their property was handed over to Queens' College, who demolished the monastic buildings. The site is now occupied by Walnut Tree Court and the college chapel. The only surviving remains can be seen in the well-preserved north wall of the Fellows' Garden, which formed the north wall of the Carmelite church. The locations of","title":"Cambridge Whitefriars"},{"id":"738567","text":"council with the renunciation of allegiance. Attempts were made, however, to satisfy the reasonable demands of the Spiritual party, as in the bull of Pope Nicholas III (1279), which pronounced the principle of complete poverty meritorious and holy, but interpreted it in the way of a somewhat sophistical distinction between possession and usufruct. The bull was received respectfully by Bonagratia and the next two generals, Arlotto of Prato (1285–87) and Matthew of Aqua Sparta (1287–89); but the Spiritual party under the leadership of the Bonaventuran pupil and apocalyptic Pierre Jean Olivi regarded its provisions for the dependence of the friars","title":"Franciscans"},{"id":"16314496","text":"Marley’s strict adherence to the religion. Rastafari doctor, Carleton Fraser, states that “doctors recommended amputation of the hip and removing the entire leg.” Chris Blackwell gives conflicting information and insists that they just needed to amputate Marley’s big toe for him to survive. Later, when Marley started losing his hair in the course of chemotherapy treatment for his cancer, family members also state that Marley had much displeasure in cutting off his dreadlocks, an aspect of Rastafarism, which was unfortunately necessitated by the physical pain their heavy weight was causing him. The film ends with Marley saying a quote that","title":"Marley (film)"},{"id":"2092538","text":"Cauterization Cauterization (or cauterisation, or cautery) is a medical practice or technique of burning a part of a body to remove or close off a part of it. It destroys some tissue in an attempt to mitigate bleeding and damage, remove an undesired growth, or minimize other potential medical harm, such as infections when antibiotics are unavailable. The practice was once widespread for treatment of wounds. Its utility before the advent of antibiotics was said to be effective at more than one level: Cautery was historically believed to prevent infection, but current research shows that cautery actually increases the risk","title":"Cauterization"},{"id":"976679","text":"loopholes for evading this law. No large provision against temporal wants should be made, and the supplies in the house should never exceed what was necessary for a few days. Everything was to be obtained by begging, and the friars were not allowed even to touch money. The communities were to be small, eight being fixed as the normal number and twelve as the limit. In furniture and clothing extreme simplicity was enjoined and the friars were discalced, required to go bare-footed—without even sandals. Like the Observants, the Capuchins wore a brown habit. Their form, however, was to be of","title":"Order of Friars Minor Capuchin"},{"id":"5693630","text":"First haircut The first haircut for a human has special significance in certain cultures and religions. It can be considered a rite of passage or a milestone. In Hindu tradition, the hair from birth is associated with undesirable traits from past lives. Thus at the time of the mundan, the child is freshly shaven to signify freedom from the past and moving into the future. It is also said that the shaving of the hair stimulates proper growth of the brain and nerves, and that the sikha, a tuft at the crown of the head, protects the memory. hours Hindus","title":"First haircut"},{"id":"6549813","text":"Primary hypertrophic osteoathropathy Pachydermoperiostosis (PDP) or primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (PHO) is a rare genetic disorder that affects both bones and skin. Other names are idiopathic hypertrophic osteoarthropathy or Touraine-Solente-Golé syndrome. It is mainly characterized by pachydermia (thickening of the skin), periostosis (excessive bone formation) and finger clubbing (swelling of tissue with loss of normal angle between nail and nail bed). This disease affects relatively more men than women. After onset, the disease stabilizes after about 5–20 years. Life of PDP patients can be severely impaired. Currently, symptomatic treatments are NSAIDs and steroids or surgical procedures. In 1868, PDP was first","title":"Primary hypertrophic osteoathropathy"},{"id":"15327012","text":"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head \"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head\" is a song written by Hal David and Burt Bacharach for the 1969 film \"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid\". It won an Academy Award for Best Original Song. David and Bacharach also won Best Original Score. The song was recorded by B. J. Thomas in seven takes, after Bacharach expressed dissatisfaction with the first six. In the film version of the song, Thomas had been recovering from laryngitis, which made his voice sound hoarser than in the 7-inch release. The film version featured a separate vaudeville-style instrumental","title":"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head"},{"id":"1363555","text":"part of some Buddhist, Christian, Muslim, Jain and Hindu traditions. Buddhist and Christian monks generally undergo some form of head-shaving or tonsure during their induction into monastic life; in Thailand monks shave their eyebrows as well. Brahmin children have their heads ritualistically shaved before beginning school. The Amish religion forbids men from having mustaches, as they are associated with the military. In some parts of the Theravada Buddhist world, it is common practice to shave the heads of children. Weak or sickly children are often left with a small topknot of hair, to gauge their health and mark them for","title":"Hair removal"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"1298723\",\n \"text\": \"Tonsure Tonsure () is the practice of cutting or shaving some or all of the hair on the scalp, as a sign of religious devotion or humility. The term originates from the Latin word \\\"\\\" (meaning \\\"clipping\\\" or \\\"shearing\\\") and referred to a specific practice in medieval Catholicism, abandoned by papal order in 1972. Tonsure can also refer to the secular practice of shaving all or part of the scalp to show support or sympathy, or to designate mourning. Current usage more generally refers to cutting or shaving for monks, devotees, or mystics of any religion as a symbol of\",\n \"title\": \"Tonsure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1298742\",\n \"text\": \"of Pippin of Landen, and Dagobert II's guardian, seized the throne for his own son and had Dagobert tonsured, thus marking him unfit for kingship, and exiled. The practice of tonsure, coupled with castration, was common for deposed emperors and their sons in Byzantium from around the 8th century, prior to which disfigurement, usually by blinding, was the normal practice. Tonsure Tonsure () is the practice of cutting or shaving some or all of the hair on the scalp, as a sign of religious devotion or humility. The term originates from the Latin word \\\"\\\" (meaning \\\"clipping\\\" or \\\"shearing\\\") and\",\n \"title\": \"Tonsure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1298730\",\n \"text\": \"in the teaching and preaching of the Lord, his head was shaved by those who did not believe his word, as if in mockery. The Teacher Christ blessed this head, changed dishonor into honor, ridicule into praise. He placed on it a crown made not out of precious stones, but one which shines more than gold, topaz, or precious stone – with the stone and rock of faith. In the Eastern Orthodox Church today, priests, deacons, readers, and other tonsured offices do not have their heads shaved. Rather, four locks of hair are clipped from the top of the head\",\n \"title\": \"Tonsure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"738542\",\n \"text\": \"minorites or greyfriars because of their habit. In Poland and Lithuania they are known as Bernardines, after Bernardino of Siena, although the term elsewhere refers to Cistercians instead. The name of original order, (Friars Minor, literally 'Order of Lesser Brothers') stems from Francis of Assisi's rejection of extravagance. Francis was the son of a wealthy cloth merchant, but gave up his wealth to pursue his faith more fully. He had cut all ties that remained with his family, and pursued a life living in solidarity with his fellow brothers in Christ. Francis adopted the simple tunic worn by peasants as\",\n \"title\": \"Franciscans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1298727\",\n \"text\": \"child. This ritual is regionally found in India among male mourners, who shave their heads as a sign of bereavement. Until a few decades ago, many Hindu communities, especially the upper castes, forced widows to undergo the ritual of tonsure and shun good clothes and ornaments, in order to make them unattractive to men. According to Jamanadas, tonsure was originally a Buddhist custom and was adopted by Hinduism. However, Pandey and others trace the practice to Sanskrit texts dated to have been composed before the birth of Buddha, which mention tonsure as a rite of passage. In Buddhism, tonsure is\",\n \"title\": \"Tonsure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"976695\",\n \"text\": \"form the Federation of Our Lady of the Angels. The Capuchins are unique for a Catholic religious order in that the growing of natural, untrimmed beards by members features as part of its first Constitution, which states as the reason, the beard is \\\"manly, austere, natural, an imitation of Christ and the saints of our Order, and despised.\\\" This makes the Capuchin friars stand out in particular from the secular clergy of the Latin Church who follow the Roman practice of being clean shaven. In more recent times, since the Second Vatican Council, the beard has no longer been mandatory\",\n \"title\": \"Order of Friars Minor Capuchin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8191092\",\n \"text\": \"is little record of them prior to 1100. It is not known when the \\\"Fratres Cruciferi\\\" came to Italy, but they were certainly there in the 12th century, for in 1169 Pope Alexander III gave them constitutions and a rule of life similar to that of Augustinian canons. Their habit was originally brown or black, but later on Pope Pius II prescribed for them a blue habit and substituted a small silver cross for the larger wooden one they had hitherto been accustomed to carry in their hands. It was from this custom that they obtained their name. They also\",\n \"title\": \"Crutched Friars\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"628141\",\n \"text\": \"also plays an important role since both women and men when deciding to dedicate their life to fait should change their haircut: Catholic nuns often cut their hair very short, and men who joined Catholic monastic orders in the eighth century adopted what was known as the tonsure, which involved shaving the tops of their heads and leaving a ring of hair around the bald crown. Many Buddhists, Hajj pilgrims and Vaisnavas, especially members of the Hare Krishna movement who are \\\"brahmacharis\\\" or \\\"sannyasis\\\", shave their heads. Some Hindu and most Buddhist monks and nuns shave their heads upon entering\",\n \"title\": \"Hairstyle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"265308\",\n \"text\": \"viewed as a symbol of foreign arrogance by the Chinese (see Cao'an.) Even those that were allowed to remain open did not for long. The Manichaean temples were attacked by Chinese people who burned the images and idols of these temples. Manichaean priests were ordered to wear hanfu instead of their traditional clothing, which was viewed as un-Chinese. In 843, Emperor Wuzong of Tang gave the order to kill all Manichaean clerics as part of his Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution, and over half died. They were made to look like Buddhists by the authorities, their heads were shaved, they were made\",\n \"title\": \"Manichaeism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18188760\",\n \"text\": \"which exended into the altar (which was hollow). The image was said to be effective in the cure of headaches. To quote Dr London (via the Victoria County History) Thither resorted such as had headache or had any 'slottich widow locks, viz., hair grown together in a tuft:\\\" They put a peck of oats into the trough, and when they were once slid under the altar the friars stole them out from behind, and the sick must pay a penny for a pint of these Maiden Cutbroghe oats, and ' then their heads should ache no more till the next\",\n \"title\": \"Thelsford Priory\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3669969\",\n \"text\": \"surgical patients and offered consulting, but otherwise often chose academia, working in universities, or chose residence in castles where they treated the wealthy. Due to religious and sanitary monastic regulations, monks had to maintain their tonsure (the traditional baldness on the top of the head of Catholic monks). This created a market for barbers, because each monastery had to train or hire a barber. They would perform bloodletting and other minor surgeries like pulling teeth or creating ointments. The first barber surgeons to be recognized as such worked in monasteries around 1000 A.D. Because physicians performed surgery so rarely, the\",\n \"title\": \"Barber surgeon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12531445\",\n \"text\": \"out. The violence includes several citizens burned alive in their homes, the hanging of women from branches, with their children then hanged from their feet, and another instance of hanging virgins simply for their beauty. While de Landa does not go into details of what the Mayans did to the Spaniards, he certainly graphically explains the Spanish retribution: \\\"the Spaniards pacified them… [by] cutting off noses, arms and legs, and the breasts of women; throwing them into deep lagoons with gourds tied to their feet; stabbing the little children because they did not walk as fast as their mothers.\\\" An\",\n \"title\": \"Franciscan missions to the Maya\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10688036\",\n \"text\": \"New York Friars Club The Friars Club is a private club in New York City, founded in 1904 that hosts risqué celebrity roasts. The club's membership is composed mostly of comedians and other celebrities. It is located at 57 East 55th Street, between Park Avenue and Madison Avenue, in a building known as the Monastery. The organization traces its roots to 1904, when representatives of the Broadway theatres working with New York publicists organized the Press Agents' Association to exchange lists of people who were fraudulently receiving complimentary passes to shows. The group regularly met at Browne's Chop House. Shortly\",\n \"title\": \"New York Friars Club\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1298729\",\n \"text\": \"shave the corners of their beards or scalps with straight blades, as described in Leviticus 19:27. Tonsure was not widely known in antiquity. Tradition states that it originated with the disciples of Jesus, who observed the Torah command not to shave the hair around the sides of one's head (Leviticus 19:27). There were three forms of tonsure known in the 7th and 8th centuries: St. Germanus I, Patriarch of Constantinople from 715 to 730, writes \\\"The double crown inscribed on the head of the priest through tonsure represents the precious head of the chief-apostle Peter. When he was sent out\",\n \"title\": \"Tonsure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1407627\",\n \"text\": \"noblemen and knights were bearded, the Catholic clergy were generally required to be clean-shaven. This was understood as a symbol of their celibacy. In pre-Islamic Arabia men would apparently keep mustaches but shave the hair on their chins. The prophet Muhammad encouraged his followers to do the opposite, long chin hair but trimmed mustaches, to signify their break with the old religion. This style of beard subsequently spread along with Islam during the Muslim expansion in the Middle Ages. Most Chinese emperors of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) appear with beards or mustaches in portraits. In the 15th century, most European\",\n \"title\": \"Beard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19549588\",\n \"text\": \"Franciscan movement. Francis began preaching around 1207 and traveled to Rome to seek approval of his order from Pope Innocent III in 1209. The original Rule of Saint Francis approved by the pope disallowed ownership of property, requiring members of the order to beg for food while preaching. The austerity was meant to emulate the life and ministry of Jesus Christ. Franciscans traveled and preached in the streets, while boarding in church properties. The extreme poverty required of members was relaxed in final revision of the Rule in 1223. The degree of observance required of members remained a major source\",\n \"title\": \"Order of Friars Minor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16550313\",\n \"text\": \"they remain today – however, there is a lack of evidence supporting this. In 1523, John III formed a chapter of the Order giving Fra António (also known as Antonius of Lisbon) a Spanish-born Jerome friar, the authority and responsibility to reform the Order. The new statutes were approved in 1529 by the Friars. The Grand Prior was removed from office and all the priests and religious of the Order were required to resume convent life at Tomar, and to wear the habit and cross of the Order. Several religious friars were persuaded to abandon the Order and others were\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Order of Christ\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10642321\",\n \"text\": \"Bell of Huesca The Bell of Huesca is a legend describing how Ramiro II of Aragon, the Monk, cut off the heads of twelve nobles who did not obey him. The legend is told in the 13th-century anonymous Aragonese work the \\\"Cantar de la campana de Huesca\\\". After Alfonso I of Aragon died in 1134 leaving no descendants, his brother Ramiro, bishop of \\\"Roda de Isábena\\\", inherited the Kingdom of Aragón, one of the states of the Iberian Peninsula. At that time the kingdom had serious domestic and foreign problems. The \\\"Chronicle of San Juan de la Peña\\\" from the\",\n \"title\": \"Bell of Huesca\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"738593\",\n \"text\": \"Bassi, Matteo da Bascio), an Observant friar, who felt himself called to an even stricter observance of Franciscan austerity to be closer to the original intentions of St. Francis. Thanks to the support of the Papal Court the new branch received early recognition and grew fast, first in Italy and after 1574 all over Europe and throughout the world. After many tribulations, the Capuchins became a separate order in 1619. The name Capuchins refers to the particular shape of the long hood or ; originally a popular nickname, it has become a part of the official name of the Order,\",\n \"title\": \"Franciscans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"738551\",\n \"text\": \"he revised and had approved in 1223. After about 1223, the day-to-day running of the Order was in the hands of Brother Elias of Cortona, an able friar who would be elected as leader of the friars a few years after Francis's death (1226) but who aroused much opposition because of his autocratic leadership style. He planned and built the Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi in which Saint Francis is buried, a building which includes the friary Sacro Convento, still today the spiritual centre of the Order. In the external successes of the brothers, as they were reported at the\",\n \"title\": \"Franciscans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12892288\",\n \"text\": \"Onychotillomania Onychotillomania is a compulsive neurosis in which a person picks constantly at the nails or tries to tear them off. It is not the same as onychophagia, where the nails are bitten or chewed or dermatillomania, where skin is bitten or scratched. It is commonly associated with psychiatric disorders such as depressive neurosis, delusions of infestation and hypochondriasis. It was named by Professor Jan Alkiewicz, a Polish dermatologist. The constant destruction of the nail bed leads to onychodystrophy, paronychia and darkening of the nail. Some cases have been treated successfully with antipsychotics. One cheap solution suggested by researchers is\",\n \"title\": \"Onychotillomania\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10688041\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"A Serious Man\\\". Frederick F. Schrader is credited with suggesting \\\"Friars\\\" as the organization's name. Following the theme, their monthly newsletter is the \\\"Epistle\\\". Officers of the Club (as distinct from the Friars Foundation) are given monastic titles: Larry King is the current dean, Freddie Roman is the Dean Emeritus. Jerry Lewis was the Abbot, named in 2006 during a roast in New York City. Previous abbots have included Alan King, Frank Sinatra, Ed Sullivan and George M. Cohan. In the 1960s, the Friars Club, the Lambs Club, and the Players Club were often confused. The columnist Earl Wilson put\",\n \"title\": \"New York Friars Club\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"976696\",\n \"text\": \"but is still common. Like other Franciscans, the friars wear a plain brown tunic with a hood, a cord fastened around the waist and sandals (or shoes). Order of Friars Minor Capuchin The Order of Friars Minor Capuchin (; postnominal abbr. O.F.M.Cap.) is an order of friars within the Catholic Church, among the chief offshoots of the Franciscans. The worldwide head of the Order, called the Minister General, is currently Roberto Genuin. The Order arose in 1525 when Matteo da Bascio, an Observant Franciscan friar native to the Italian region of Marche, said he had been inspired by God with\",\n \"title\": \"Order of Friars Minor Capuchin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5349451\",\n \"text\": \"Hi-top fade A hi-top fade is a style of haircut where hair on the sides is cut off or kept very short while hair on the top of the head is very long. The hi-top was a trend symbolizing the golden age of hip hop and urban contemporary music during the 1980s and the early 1990s. It was common among young black people between 1986 and 1993 and to a lesser extent in the mid-1990s (1994–1996). The hi-top fade is commonly called a punk , due to the great likeness of the two styles. In fact, the hi-top fade could\",\n \"title\": \"Hi-top fade\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11518044\",\n \"text\": \"into a hole, itself often filled with excrement at the bottom. Typically, a cut would be made in the forehead in order to let blood pressure decrease in the area around the head. Christians were let go after apostatizing, and in this way the Shogunate practically purged it from Japan. A notable victim of this method of torture was Saint Lorenzo Ruiz, the first Filipino martyr to be canonized by the Roman Catholic Church. The Tsurushi or 'pit' was made famous in the novel \\\"Silence\\\" by Shusaku Endo. Tsurushi Tsurushi (), or \\\"reverse hanging\\\", was a Japanese torture technique used\",\n \"title\": \"Tsurushi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6484956\",\n \"text\": \"Xeroderma Xeroderma or xerodermia (also known as xerosis cutis), derived from the Greek words for \\\"dry skin\\\", is a condition involving the integumentary system, which in most cases can safely be treated with emollients or moisturizers. Xeroderma occurs most commonly on the scalp, lower legs, arms, hands, the knuckles, the sides of the abdomen, and thighs. Symptoms most associated with xeroderma are scaling (the visible peeling of the outer skin layer), itching, and skin cracking. Xeroderma is a very common condition. It happens more often in the winter when the cold air outside and the hot air inside creates a\",\n \"title\": \"Xeroderma\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19549587\",\n \"text\": \"Order of Friars Minor The Order of Friars Minor (also called the Franciscans, the Franciscan Order, or the Seraphic Order; postnominal abbreviation O.F.M.) is a mendicant Catholic religious order, founded in 1209 by Francis of Assisi. The order adheres to the teachings and spiritual disciplines of the founder and of his main associates and followers, such as Clare of Assisi, Anthony of Padua, and Elizabeth of Hungary, among many others. The Order of Friars Minor is considered to the successor to the original Franciscan Order within the Catholic Church, and is the largest of the contemporary First Orders within the\",\n \"title\": \"Order of Friars Minor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12376129\",\n \"text\": \"it was because he saw the political advantage in doing so. The 1547 injunctions against images were a more tightly drawn version of those of 1538, but they were more fiercely enforced, at first informally, and then by instruction. All images in churches were to be dismantled. Stained glass, shrines and statues were defaced or destroyed. Roods, and often their lofts and screens, were cut down and bells were taken down. Vestments were prohibited and either burned or sold. Chalices were melted down or sold. The requirement of the clergy to be celibate was lifted. Processions were banned and ashes\",\n \"title\": \"English Reformation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18129448\",\n \"text\": \"Bear's grease Bear's grease was a popular treatment for men with hair loss from at least as early as 1653 until about the First World War. The myth of its effectiveness is based on a belief that as bears are very hairy, their fat would assist hair growth in others. Nicholas Culpeper, the English botanist and herbalist wrote in 1653, in his \\\"The Physician's Library\\\", \\\"Bears Grease staies [stops] the falling off of the hair.\\\" Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179), Benedictine mystic, composer and woman of letters, also recommended the use of the substance in her \\\"Physica\\\" (repeated in her \\\"Causae\",\n \"title\": \"Bear's grease\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19148520\",\n \"text\": \"Jaccoud arthropathy Jaccoud arthropathy (JA), Jaccoud deformity or Jaccoud's arthopathy is a chronic non-erosive reversible joint disorder that may occur after repeated bouts of arthritis. It is caused by inflammation of the joint capsule and subsequent fibrotic retraction, causing ulnar deviation of the fingers, through metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) subluxation, primarily of the ring and little-finger. Joints in the feet, knees and shoulders may also get affected. It is commonly associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and occurs in roughly 5% of all cases. When associated with rheumatic fever it is also called chronic post–RF arthropathy. Originally thought to be associated\",\n \"title\": \"Jaccoud arthropathy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19549596\",\n \"text\": \"Lateran Council, had once more declared the impossibility of reunion. Leo X summoned On 11 July, 1516, a capitulum generalissimum to meet at Rome on the feast of Pentecost (31 May), 1517. This chapter first suppressed all the reformed congregations and annexed them to the Observants; declared the Observants an independent order, and separated them completely from the Conventuals. The less strict principles of the Conventuals, permitting the possession of real estate and the enjoyment of fixed revenues, were recognized as tolerable, while the Observants, in contrast to this \\\"usus moderatus\\\", were held strictly to their own \\\"usus arctus\\\" or\",\n \"title\": \"Order of Friars Minor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1363563\",\n \"text\": \"by removing the exterior layer of skin along with the body hair. Some professional soccer players also shave their legs. One of the reasons is that they are required to wear shin guards and in case of a skin rash the affected area can be treated more efficiently. In some situations, people's hair is shaved as a punishment or a form of humiliation. After World War II, head-shaving was a common punishment in France, the Netherlands, and Norway for women who had collaborated with the Nazis during the occupation, and, in particular, for women who had sexual relations with an\",\n \"title\": \"Hair removal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3700593\",\n \"text\": \"Head shaving Head shaving is the practice of shaving the hair from a person's head. At different times and places people have shaved all or part of their heads for very diverse reasons including practicality, convenience, low maintenance, fashion, style, religion, culture, and aesthetics. The earliest historical records describing head shaving originated in ancient Mediterranean cultures, such as Egypt, Greece, and Rome. The Egyptian priest class ritualistically removed all body hair by plucking. This included hair on the head, eyebrows, and beard. The practice of shaving heads has been used in the military. Although sometimes explained as being for hygiene\",\n \"title\": \"Head shaving\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5693631\",\n \"text\": \"practice a variety of rituals from birth to death. Collectively these are known as \\\"saṃskāras\\\", meaning rites of purification, and are believed to make the body pure and fit for worship. A boy's first haircut, known as \\\"choula\\\", is one such samskara and is considered an event of great auspiciousness. The lawbooks or \\\"smritis\\\" prescribe that a boy must have his haircut in his first or third year. While complete tonsure is common, some Hindus prefer to leave some hair on the head, distinguishing this rite from the inauspicious tonsure that occurs upon the death of a parent. Those that\",\n \"title\": \"First haircut\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"738587\",\n \"text\": \"orders, but by this very fact lost the favor of the Observants and failed in his plans for reunion. Julius II succeeded in reducing some of the smaller branches, but left the division of the two great parties untouched. This division was finally legalized by Leo X, after a general chapter held in Rome in 1517, in connection with the reform-movement of the Fifth Lateran Council, had once more declared the impossibility of reunion. The less strict principles of the Conventuals, permitting the possession of real estate and the enjoyment of fixed revenues, were recognized as tolerable, while the Observants,\",\n \"title\": \"Franciscans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8191100\",\n \"text\": \"this is a military order of Catholic Knights dedicated to the protection and care of the sick, and was made an independent hospitaller order by Pope Gregory IX in 1237. They spread into Moravia, Silesia, Hungary, and Poland. It is believed they had three houses in Scotland, but floundered when they tried to grow in England in 1260, where they had a house in Guilford, partially due to the confusion that ensued from so many 'Orders of the Cross' in England. Their Provincial House in Vienna is located just behind the Karlskirche. In their home territory, the order moved in\",\n \"title\": \"Crutched Friars\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5660809\",\n \"text\": \"the friars. Most of the charges against the friars are familiar from other works such as \\\"Jack Upland\\\", the \\\"Vae Octuplex\\\" or Wyclif's \\\"Trialogus\\\", and most are ultimately derived from William of Saint-Amour's \\\"De Periculis Novissimorum Temporum\\\" (1256). As in all Wycliffite satire, the friars are lecherous, covetous, greedy, vengeful, demanding extravagant donations for even the most elementary services. They seek out only the fattest corpses to bury, and live in ostentatious houses that are more like palaces than places of worship. They are the children of Lucifer rather than Saint Dominic or St Francis, and follow in the footsteps\",\n \"title\": \"Pierce the Ploughman's Crede\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10688045\",\n \"text\": \"George Burns, Johnny Carson, Billy Crystal, Sammy Davis, Jr., Judy Garland, Bob Hope, Al Jolson, Jerry Lewis, Dean Martin, Stan Lee, the Marx Brothers, and Frank Sinatra, among many others. Like the New York club, for many years the Friars Club of Beverly Hills was known for its celebrity members and \\\"roasts\\\". From the summer of 1962 to the summer of 1966, John Roselli, Maurice Friedman, Manuel Jacobs, and others rigged high stake gin rummy games at the Friars Club. Over that period, the conspirators earned an estimated $400,000 in profits, and six defendants were ultimately convicted on various charges.\",\n \"title\": \"Friars Club of Beverly Hills\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1298725\",\n \"text\": \"also known as \\\"choulam\\\", \\\"caula\\\", \\\"chudakarma\\\", or \\\"mundana\\\", marks the child's first haircut, typically the shaving of the head. The mother dresses up, sometimes in her wedding sari, and with the father present, the baby's head is shaved and nails trimmed, washed and dressed in new clothes. Sometimes, a tuft of hair is left to cover the soft spot near the top of the baby's head. Both boys and girls typically go through this ceremony, sometimes near a temple or a river, but it is not mandatory in Hinduism. The significance of Chudakarana rite of passage is the baby's cyclical\",\n \"title\": \"Tonsure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"976676\",\n \"text\": \"He sought to return to the primitive way of life of solitude and penance, as practiced by the founder of their Order. His religious superiors tried to suppress these innovations, and Friar Matteo and his first companions were forced into hiding from Church authorities, who sought to arrest them for having abandoned their religious duties. They were given refuge by the Camaldolese monks, in gratitude for which they later adopted the hood (or \\\"cappuccio\\\") worn by that Order—which was the mark of a hermit in that region of Italy—and the practice of wearing a beard. The popular name of their\",\n \"title\": \"Order of Friars Minor Capuchin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19836782\",\n \"text\": \"Marrakesh ruler had him imprisoned and tortured in 1631 - the other two friars were murdered - and was burned to death after having his head struck. He was imprisoned in chains and his hands and feet were shackled; the king had him scourged and himself struck him on the head with a sword before ordering him to be burnt to death. Pope Benedict XIII confirmed - on 24 May 1728 - that the late Franciscan had been killed \\\"in odium fidei\\\" (in hatred of the faith) and used this confirmation for the approval of the formal beatification. Juan de\",\n \"title\": \"Juan de Prado\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14122647\",\n \"text\": \"Humphrey with the Beard Humphrey with the Beard (died before 1113) was a Norman soldier and nobleman, the earliest known ancestor of the de Bohun family, later prominent in England as Earls of Hereford and Earls of Essex. His epithet, \\\"with the beard\\\" (\\\"cum barba\\\"), was a distinguishing one in eleventh-century Normandy, where the custom was to shave the face and back of the head. It is first recorded in a later chronicle of Llanthony Prima, edited by William Dugdale in the \\\"Monasticon Anglicanum\\\" (VI.134): As is stated by Wace in the \\\"Roman de Rou\\\", Humphrey derived from \\\"Bohun\\\" in\",\n \"title\": \"Humphrey with the Beard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"976683\",\n \"text\": \"was restored. The movement at once began to multiply rapidly, and by the end of the 16th century the Capuchins had spread all over the Catholic parts of Europe, so that in 1619 they were freed from their dependence on the Conventual Franciscans and became an independent Order. They are said to have had at that time 1500 houses divided into fifty provinces. They were one of the chief tools in the Catholic Counter-reformation, the aim of the order being to work among the poor, impressing the minds of the common people by the poverty and austerity of their life,\",\n \"title\": \"Order of Friars Minor Capuchin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3115610\",\n \"text\": \"gave them to a poor woman. His fellow Franciscans had to watch him closely, and strictly forbade him from giving away his clothes. While such behaviors were embarrassing to his brothers, he was also recognized as a pure example of the Franciscan order and thus esteemed. \\\"The Little Flowers of Saint Francis of Assisi\\\", which documents the oral traditions of the Franciscans, told several stories of \\\"Brother Juniper\\\". The most famous of these is the story of how Brother Juniper cut off the foot of a pig to give it to a sick brother. Upon the sick brother's request for\",\n \"title\": \"Foolishness for Christ\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1593089\",\n \"text\": \"address accessibility issues involved with cutting toenails. Prior to the invention of the modern nail clipper, people would use small knives to trim or pare their nails. Descriptions of nail trimming in literature date as far back as the 8th century BC. The Book of Deuteronomy exhorts in 21:12 that a man, should he wish to take a captive as a wife, \\\"shall bring her home to [his] house, and she shall shave her head and trim her nails\\\". A reference is made in Horace's \\\"Epistles\\\", written circa 20 BC, to \\\"A close-shaven man, it's said, in an empty barber's\",\n \"title\": \"Nail clipper\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5854561\",\n \"text\": \"healing practices and cultural rituals retained from their shamanistic past. They usually perform minor rites like \\\"aqiqah\\\" (cutting the hair of the firstborn) and \\\"ruqqiya\\\" (exorcism). A version of the traditional massage therapy conducted by folk healers also exist, known as \\\"agud\\\" or \\\"agod\\\" among the Maranao and Maguindanao people. The most strongly affected by this religious shift to Abrahamic religions were the feminized male \\\"asog\\\" shamans. During the 17th to 18th centuries, Spanish administrators in the Philippines burned people convicted of homosexual relations at the stake and confiscated their possessions, in accordance to a decree by the president of\",\n \"title\": \"Babaylan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10688042\",\n \"text\": \"it this way in 1964: \\\"Long ago a New Yorker asked the difference between the Lambs, Friars, and Players, since the membership was, at the time, predominantly from Broadway.\\\" It was left to \\\"a wit believed to have been George S. Kaufman\\\" to draw the distinction: \\\"The Players are gentlemen trying to be actors, the Lambs are actors trying to be gentlemen, and the Friars are neither trying to be both.\\\" Michael Gyure is the executive director of the Friars Club and of its charitable arm, the Friars Foundation. In its debut year, the festival featured the US premiere of\",\n \"title\": \"New York Friars Club\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"976675\",\n \"text\": \"Order of Friars Minor Capuchin The Order of Friars Minor Capuchin (; postnominal abbr. O.F.M.Cap.) is an order of friars within the Catholic Church, among the chief offshoots of the Franciscans. The worldwide head of the Order, called the Minister General, is currently Roberto Genuin. The Order arose in 1525 when Matteo da Bascio, an Observant Franciscan friar native to the Italian region of Marche, said he had been inspired by God with the idea that the manner of life led by the friars of his day was not the one which their founder, St. Francis of Assisi, had envisaged.\",\n \"title\": \"Order of Friars Minor Capuchin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2739602\",\n \"text\": \"cum knyvys goth about and txxkxzv nfookt xxzxkt.\\\" With the last three words decoded in the same way as \\\"svvivyt mennis vvyvis,\\\" it may be translated as \\\"Friars with knives go about and swive (have sex with) men's wives.\\\" The poem is found in British Library, Harley MS 3362, and was first edited in T. Wright & J. O. Halliwell, \\\"Reliquiæ Antiquæ\\\" (1841) 1.91. The \\\"Oxford English Dictionary\\\" (online edition) cites \\\"Flen flyys\\\" in square brackets, since the form \\\"fuccant\\\" is Anglo-Latin and not strictly speaking English. Flen flyys Flen flyys is the colloquial name and first words of an\",\n \"title\": \"Flen flyys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7953130\",\n \"text\": \"contemporary images of clothing, and many mentions of names for clothing in contemporary documents, but definitively matching the names to the styles in the images is rarely possible. In Italian the word was cappuccio [kap'put:ʃo], or its diminutive \\\"cappuccino\\\", from which come the Capuchin friars, whose distinctive white hood and brown robe led to the monkey and the type of coffee being named after them (it also means the cap of a pen in Italian). \\\"Little Red Riding Hood\\\" is \\\"Le Petit Chaperon rouge\\\" in the earliest published version, by Charles Perrault, and French depictions of the story naturally favour\",\n \"title\": \"Chaperon (headgear)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3219205\",\n \"text\": \"present the heads to their king to claim their share of the plunder. Then, the warrior would skin the head “by making a circular cut round the ears and shaking out the skull; he then scrapes the flesh off the skin with the rib of an ox, and when it is clean works it with his fingers until it is supple, and fit to be used as a sort of handkerchief. He hangs these handkerchiefs on the bridle of his horse, and is very proud of them. The best man is the man who has the greatest number.” Ammianus Marcellinus\",\n \"title\": \"Scalping\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"540727\",\n \"text\": \"demanded too much of the friars. The main clauses modified concerned fasting and remaining within individual cells: the bull allowed them to eat meat three days a week and to perambulate in the cloisters of their convents. This reform brought the Carmelites closer into line with other mendicant orders, but it was also the source of much subsequent tension, as others refused to accept this change in the nature of the Order, seeing it as a loss of Carmel's original vision and spirit. Such tension erupted almost immediately. Shortly before 1433 three priories in Valais, Tuscany, and Mantua were reformed\",\n \"title\": \"Carmelites\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"738544\",\n \"text\": \"some of whom trace their origin to Francis of Assisi. Their official Latin name is the . St. Francis thus referred to his followers as \\\"Fraticelli\\\", meaning \\\"Little Brothers\\\". Franciscan brothers are informally called friars or the Minorites. The modern organization of the Friars Minor comprises three separate families or groups, each considered a religious order in its own right under its own minister General and particular type of governance. They all live according to a body of regulations known as the Rule of St Francis. These are The Second Order, most commonly called Poor Clares in English-speaking countries, consists\",\n \"title\": \"Franciscans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12174289\",\n \"text\": \"most of the newly discovered lands to Spain and Portugal. Under the \\\"patronato\\\" system, state authorities controlled clerical appointments and no direct contact was allowed with the Vatican. On December 1511, the Dominican friar Antonio de Montesinos openly rebuked the Spanish authorities governing Hispaniola for their mistreatment of the American natives, telling them \\\"... you are in mortal sin ... for the cruelty and tyranny you use in dealing with these innocent people\\\". King Ferdinand enacted the \\\"Laws of Burgos\\\" and \\\"Valladolid\\\" in response. Enforcement was lax, and while some blame the Church for not doing enough to liberate the\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Catholic Church\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14704367\",\n \"text\": \"for six years. The character of the friars is recalled in these lines - Another version expands the details of the friars way of life - In 1459 King James II and his Queen, Mary of Gueldress submitted a petition to suppress the order of Trinitarian Friars and to pass their churches and revenues to the Trinity Collegiate Church and Hospital in Edinburgh. The given reason was that \\\"thw friars were evil, unclean, and unfit to continue observance of their rule. The public outcry was such that the petition was refused, however an echo of substance in the allegations is\",\n \"title\": \"Fail Monastery\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"738547\",\n \"text\": \"lived in the deserted leper colony of Rivo Torto near Assisi; but they spent much of their time traveling through the mountainous districts of Umbria, always cheerful and full of songs, yet making a deep impression on their hearers by their earnest exhortations. Their life was extremely ascetic, though such practices were apparently not prescribed by the first rule which Francis gave them (probably as early as 1209) which seems to have been nothing more than a collection of Scriptural passages emphasizing the duty of poverty. In spite of some similarities between this principle and some of the fundamental ideas\",\n \"title\": \"Franciscans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16797586\",\n \"text\": \"buy and sell copies of the English New Testament, a work banned at the time as heretical. Thomas Cromwell was a leading supporter of the English Reformation, indeed one of its principal masterminds, and found his neighbour the Prior to be sympathetic to his cause. The Prior, George Brown, preached sermons in support of the King's unpopular divorce from Catherine of Aragon and subsequent marriage to Anne Boleyn. Brown was later rewarded by Cromwell with work as a commissioner, whose job it was to visit all the monastic houses in the kingdom to assess them for piety and wealth before\",\n \"title\": \"Austin Friars, London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14865182\",\n \"text\": \"Bacon, and several other Dartmouth burgesses of depriving her of a house and half an acre of land at Clifton. As a result of this case the land was restored to her, reducing the chapel's landholding by half. By 1344 Bishop Grandisson and the Arches court of Canterbury had ordered the friars to demolish their chapel on the grounds that it had been built on a site \\\"belonging to the Abbot and Convent of Torre\\\". The friars appealed to the Pope in Avignon against this decision, but the pope's court eventually decided against them too, holding that papal privilege meant\",\n \"title\": \"Dartmouth Friary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15025496\",\n \"text\": \"hard shell of a pumpkin, which being put on the head every Saturday, the hair is cut by the shell all round the head…….. and fourthly, such persons as have lost their ears for heresy, and other wickedness, cannot conceal their misfortune and disgrace.” In Rhode Island, cropping was a punishment for crimes such as counterfeiting money, perjury, and \\\"burning houses, barns, and outbuildings\\\" (but not amounting to arson). Cropping (along with the pillory and stocks) was abolished in Tennessee in 1829, with abolition further afield starting from approximately 1839. Cropping (punishment) Cropping is the removal of a person's ears\",\n \"title\": \"Cropping (punishment)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1363649\",\n \"text\": \"to grow coarser and in more places on the face and body. For example, teenagers may start shaving their face or legs at around 16, but as they age hair will start to grow more abundantly and thicker, leading some to believe this was due to the shaving, but in reality is just part of the maturation process. Tonsure is the practice of some Christian churches and some Hindu, Jain and Buddhist (usually only monks or nuns) temples of shaving or plucking the hair from the scalp of priests and nuns as a symbol of their renunciation of worldly fashion\",\n \"title\": \"Shaving\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"581532\",\n \"text\": \"the two knights immunity, but Margaret gainsaid him and ordered their executions by decapitation. It is alleged that she put the men on trial at which her son presided. \\\"Fair son\\\", she allegedly asked, \\\"what death shall these knights die?\\\" Prince Edward replied that their heads should be cut off, despite the king's pleas for mercy. The Lancastrian army was beaten at the Battle of Towton on 29 March 1461 by the son of the late Duke of York, the future Edward IV of England, who deposed King Henry and proclaimed himself king. Margaret was determined to win back her\",\n \"title\": \"Margaret of Anjou\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"566715\",\n \"text\": \"the results of the procedure. Lobotomies have been featured in several literary and cinematic presentations that both reflected society's attitude towards the procedure and, at times, changed it. Writers and film-makers have played a pivotal role in forming a negative public sentiment towards the procedure. Print Sources Online sources Lobotomy A lobotomy, or leucotomy, is a form of psychosurgery, a neurosurgical treatment of a mental disorder that involves severing connections in the brain's prefrontal cortex. Most of the connections to and from the prefrontal cortex, the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain are severed. It was used\",\n \"title\": \"Lobotomy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4469818\",\n \"text\": \"off each of its heads he found that two grew back, an expression of the hopelessness of such a struggle for any but the hero. Additionally, one of the hydra's heads was immortal. The details of the struggle are explicit in the \\\"Bibliotheca\\\" (2.5.2): realizing that he could not defeat the Hydra in this way, Hercules called on his nephew Iolaus for help. His nephew then came upon the idea (possibly inspired by Athena) of using a firebrand to scorch the neck stumps after each decapitation. Hercules cut off each head and Iolaus cauterized the open stumps. Seeing that Hercules\",\n \"title\": \"Labours of Hercules\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14122649\",\n \"text\": \"indicates he had been married three times, but the names of his wives are unknown. He had three sons and two daughters, including: Humphrey with the Beard Humphrey with the Beard (died before 1113) was a Norman soldier and nobleman, the earliest known ancestor of the de Bohun family, later prominent in England as Earls of Hereford and Earls of Essex. His epithet, \\\"with the beard\\\" (\\\"cum barba\\\"), was a distinguishing one in eleventh-century Normandy, where the custom was to shave the face and back of the head. It is first recorded in a later chronicle of Llanthony Prima, edited\",\n \"title\": \"Humphrey with the Beard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6484960\",\n \"text\": \"common allergens such as fragrances, parabens, and lanolin. Xeroderma Xeroderma or xerodermia (also known as xerosis cutis), derived from the Greek words for \\\"dry skin\\\", is a condition involving the integumentary system, which in most cases can safely be treated with emollients or moisturizers. Xeroderma occurs most commonly on the scalp, lower legs, arms, hands, the knuckles, the sides of the abdomen, and thighs. Symptoms most associated with xeroderma are scaling (the visible peeling of the outer skin layer), itching, and skin cracking. Xeroderma is a very common condition. It happens more often in the winter when the cold air\",\n \"title\": \"Xeroderma\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19549599\",\n \"text\": \"neck and over the shoulders hangs the cowl. Order of Friars Minor The Order of Friars Minor (also called the Franciscans, the Franciscan Order, or the Seraphic Order; postnominal abbreviation O.F.M.) is a mendicant Catholic religious order, founded in 1209 by Francis of Assisi. The order adheres to the teachings and spiritual disciplines of the founder and of his main associates and followers, such as Clare of Assisi, Anthony of Padua, and Elizabeth of Hungary, among many others. The Order of Friars Minor is considered to the successor to the original Franciscan Order within the Catholic Church, and is the\",\n \"title\": \"Order of Friars Minor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5854556\",\n \"text\": \"seen by native Filipinos as another type of \\\"anito\\\". The Spanish missionaries exploited this misconception in their successful conversion and occupation of most of the islands with minimal military support. Spanish friars were seen as \\\"shamans\\\" whose souls and spirit guides were apparently more powerful than the native ones. They desecrated religious objects, sacred trees, and sacred areas with impunity, earning the awe of the natives. They could also cure various diseases that the native shamans could not. By the late 16th century, Christian symbols and paraphernalia (like rosaries, crucifixes, and holy water) became fetish objects, and Latin prayers and\",\n \"title\": \"Babaylan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"967709\",\n \"text\": \"verb: \\\"pollarding\\\". Pollarding has now largely replaced polling as the verb in the forestry sense. Pollard can also be used as an adjective: \\\"pollard tree\\\". Pollarding Pollarding, a pruning system involving the removal of the upper branches of a tree, promotes a dense head of foliage and branches. In ancient Rome, Propertius mentioned pollarding during the 1st century BCE. The practice has occurred commonly in Europe since medieval times and takes place today in urban areas worldwide, primarily to maintain trees at a predetermined height. Traditionally, people pollarded trees for one of two reasons: for fodder to feed livestock or\",\n \"title\": \"Pollarding\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19148522\",\n \"text\": \"is also a possibility, with osteotomy or stabilization with Kirschner intramedullary wire. Tendon relocation, however, has been shown to only work in 30% of cases. The condition is named after the French 19th century physician Sigismond Jaccoud. Jaccoud arthropathy Jaccoud arthropathy (JA), Jaccoud deformity or Jaccoud's arthopathy is a chronic non-erosive reversible joint disorder that may occur after repeated bouts of arthritis. It is caused by inflammation of the joint capsule and subsequent fibrotic retraction, causing ulnar deviation of the fingers, through metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) subluxation, primarily of the ring and little-finger. Joints in the feet, knees and shoulders may\",\n \"title\": \"Jaccoud arthropathy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"738573\",\n \"text\": \"had drawn it from the fountainhead itself, distributed it through the channels of their teaching and life to those wishing to live perfectly.\\\" Although \\\"Exiit qui seminat\\\" banned disputing about its contents, the decades that followed saw increasingly bitter disputes about the form of poverty to be observed by Franciscans, with the Spirituals (so called because associated with the Age of the Spirit that Joachim of Fiore had said would begin in 1260) pitched against the Conventual Franciscans. Pope Clement V's bull of 20 November 1312 failed to effect a compromise between the two factions. Clement V's successor, Pope John\",\n \"title\": \"Franciscans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3669968\",\n \"text\": \"Barber surgeon The barber surgeon, one of the most common European medical practitioners of the Middle Ages, was generally charged with caring for soldiers during and after battle. In this era, surgery was seldom conducted by physicians, but instead by barbers, who, in having razors indispensable to their trade, were called upon for numerous tasks ranging from cutting hair to amputating limbs. In this period, surgical mortality was very high, due to blood loss and infection. Yet since doctors thought that blood letting treated illness, barbers also applied leeches. Meanwhile, physicians considered themselves to be above surgery. Physicians mostly observed\",\n \"title\": \"Barber surgeon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7489202\",\n \"text\": \"to a return to the authentic Capuchin way of life and the renewal of the Catholic Church. In addition, the friars are known for their fidelity to the pope. The Community characterizes itself as Catholic, Franciscan, Capuchin, contemplative, prophetic, apostolic, fraternal and pro-life. Sudano told a reporter about the motive behind forming the community \\\"We were concerned about the effects of secularism on religious life [among the Capuchins] and a lack of clear and explicit fidelity to the Church. That secularism is less prevalent today, thank God, but was very much the case in the 1970s and 80s. What we\",\n \"title\": \"Franciscan Friars of the Renewal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13979469\",\n \"text\": \"Dorsal slit A dorsal slit (often referred to in anthropology as superincision) is a single incision along the upper length of the foreskin from the tip to the corona, exposing the glans without removing any tissue. An ancient practice, it has been a traditional custom among a number of peoples, particularly Filipinos and Pacific Islanders, probably for thousands of years. In Western medicine it was used as an alternative to circumcision to relieve conditions such as failure of the foreskin to retract (phimosis) or failure to cover the glans penis (paraphimosis), although a perception of poor appearance limited its popularity.\",\n \"title\": \"Dorsal slit\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3620450\",\n \"text\": \"not afraid of doing so. Confronted by Metropolitan Calinic himself, Creangă allegedly argued that he could think of no other way to eliminate rooks, being eventually pardoned by the prelate when it was ruled that he had not infringed on canon law. Creangă eventually moved out of the monastery, but refused to relinquish his key to the church basement, and, in what was probably a modernizing intent, chopped off his long hair, one of the traditional marks of an Orthodox priest. The latter gesture scandalized his superiors, particularly since Creangă explained himself using an ancient provision of canon law, which\",\n \"title\": \"Ion Creangă\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12892289\",\n \"text\": \"to cover the proximal nail fold with a Cyanoacrylate glue. \\\"The mechanism of action for improvement is probably related to the presence of an obstacle to picking.\\\" Onychotillomania Onychotillomania is a compulsive neurosis in which a person picks constantly at the nails or tries to tear them off. It is not the same as onychophagia, where the nails are bitten or chewed or dermatillomania, where skin is bitten or scratched. It is commonly associated with psychiatric disorders such as depressive neurosis, delusions of infestation and hypochondriasis. It was named by Professor Jan Alkiewicz, a Polish dermatologist. The constant destruction of\",\n \"title\": \"Onychotillomania\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20849572\",\n \"text\": \"fear of being charged for perjury, as opposed to fear of religious punishment. Legal punishment for perjury was not required historically because gods in both monotheistic and polytheistic religions were believed to punish those who lied under oath. For example, in Ancient Greece and Rome, individuals killed by lightning strikes were prohibited from receiving a proper burial, since that was thought to be Zeus’ punishment for perjury. A Statute was first created outlawing perjury in 1563. Raising hands Raising hands is a gesture involving lifting either one or both arms above one's head, which has a number of possible meanings,\",\n \"title\": \"Raising hands\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7683909\",\n \"text\": \"King of Cars King of Cars was an American reality television series, centering on the Towbin Dodge car dealership, in Henderson, Nevada, south of Las Vegas, Nevada. Managed by Josh Towbin a.k.a. \\\"Chop\\\" a.k.a. the \\\"King of Cars\\\", famous for the cult hit infomercial, \\\"The Chopper Show\\\", in which his salesmen dress up as various characters, as he \\\"chops\\\" the prices of his cars. Recorded on video in HDTV Widescreen Letterbox Format. Many of the salesman are referred to by their nicknames from the informercial. The Blue Genie (Prem Singh) is known for not working too hard. Started off as\",\n \"title\": \"King of Cars\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6261050\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"fuero eclesiástico\\\", or clerical immunity, granted clergy members immunity from the royal courts. According to this \\\"fuero\\\", any civil crime or criminal offense will be heard in front of the ecclesiastical instead of the royal or local court. This privilege was then extended to all clerics, nuns, priests, monks, and friars. This \\\"fuero\\\" extended to the land owned by the individuals and institutions which means the Spanish Crown could not exercise justice physically nor collect taxes. Missionizing in maroon societies in Spanish America became essential for the nature of politics of African resistance in the Iberian Atlantic world. The Maroons\",\n \"title\": \"Bourbon Reforms\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1891825\",\n \"text\": \"considered God's viceregent on Earth, and as such the physical wholeness of his person was an essential complement to the perfection of Heaven. For this reason, many deposed emperors were blinded, had their noses cut off, or their tongue split by their successors, as these permanent disfigurements disqualified them from ever reclaiming the throne. A case of voluntary disfigurement is that of St. Æbbe the Younger and the nuns of Coldingham Monastery in Scotland. When the monastery was attacked by Vikings and they feared being raped, she and the nuns cut off their own noses and upper lips. In revenge,\",\n \"title\": \"Disfigurement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4199023\",\n \"text\": \"to practice religious rituals. He did not perform tonsure (cutting the hair off the head) upon the death of his father. He would eat food during a solar eclipse to demonstrate that it does not cause indigestion, as Hindus believed to be so and would fast. He did inaugurate the procession at Dasera, a festival with homage to Goddess Chamundeshwari, in 2004. But he explained that it was out of respect of \\\"tradition and culture\\\". His famous quote is: A poor teacher complains, an average teacher explains, a good teacher teaches, a great teacher inspires. Narasimhaiah was conferred the Padma\",\n \"title\": \"Hosur Narasimhaiah\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12531443\",\n \"text\": \"Fray Diego de Landa in his book \\\"Relación de las cosas de Yucatán\\\", this program was quite successful, and an “admirable thing to see.\\\" The early success through peaceful teaching and quiet example of the Franciscan missionaries, however, was short lived. Within the first few years it became apparent that verbal teaching would not be enough, as the Mayans remained overall unmoved of the lessons of Christianity. In 1539 the heads of the three religious orders operating in Mexico met with the Franciscan bishop Juan de Zumárraga and concluded that the friars of the missionaries could legally inflict “light punishment”\",\n \"title\": \"Franciscan missions to the Maya\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10688038\",\n \"text\": \"for \\\"My Blue Heaven\\\" one afternoon while waiting in the club for his turn at the billiard table. In 1950 Sam Levenson and fellow comedian Joe E. Lewis were the first members of the New York Friars Club to be roasted. The club has roasted a member every year since the inaugural roasting. Between 1998 and 2002, the club's roasts were aired on Comedy Central, which then began organizing its own annual roasts. The Friars Club moved into its current headquarters in 1957, an English Renaissance mansion built for Speyer & Company investment banker Martin Erdman by architects Alfredo S.\",\n \"title\": \"New York Friars Club\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6762587\",\n \"text\": \"Francisco de Quiñones Francisco de Quiñones, O.F.M., (Latin: Franciscus Cardinal Quignonius) (also Francisco de los Angeles) (ca. 1482 in Kingdom of León – November 5, 1540 in Veroli, Papal States) was a Spanish Franciscan friar and later cardinal who was responsible for some reforms in the Catholic Church in Spain. He was the son of Diego Fernandez de Quiñones, Count of Luna, was educated as a page of Cardinal Ximenes, and at the age of sixteen entered the Order of Friars Minor in the friary of St. Mary of the Angels in Alcalá de Henares, taking the name of Francis\",\n \"title\": \"Francisco de Quiñones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"771304\",\n \"text\": \"infection, exsanguination, or permanent damage are major concerns. A dorsal slit (also known as superincision) is an incision made along the upper length of the foreskin with the intention to expose the glans penis without removing skin or tissue. The practice appears to have occurred in Ancient Egypt, though not commonly: It may be performed as a part of traditional customs, such as those in the Pacific Islands and the Philippines. In the medical field, it may be performed for as an alternative to circumcision when circumcision is undesired or impractical. It remains a rare surgery and practice overall. Genital\",\n \"title\": \"Genital modification and mutilation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"566654\",\n \"text\": \"Lobotomy A lobotomy, or leucotomy, is a form of psychosurgery, a neurosurgical treatment of a mental disorder that involves severing connections in the brain's prefrontal cortex. Most of the connections to and from the prefrontal cortex, the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain are severed. It was used for psychiatric and occasionally other conditions as a mainstream procedure in some Western countries for more than two decades. This was despite general recognition of frequent and serious side effects. While some people experienced symptomatic improvement with the operation, the improvements were achieved at the cost of creating other\",\n \"title\": \"Lobotomy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1298732\",\n \"text\": \"of attempting to abandon one's clerical state, and in the 1917 Code of Canon Law, any cleric in minor orders (or simply tonsured) who did not resume the tonsure within a month after being warned by his Ordinary, lost the clerical state. Over time, the appearance of tonsure varied, ending up for non-monastic clergy as generally consisting of a symbolic cutting of a few tufts of hair at first tonsure in the Sign of the Cross and in wearing a bare spot on the back of the head which varied according to the degree of orders. It was not supposed\",\n \"title\": \"Tonsure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"738564\",\n \"text\": \"the friars in the Mendicant Controversy, when the secular Masters of the university of Paris and the Bishops of France combined to attack the mendicant orders. It was due to the action of Alexander IV's envoys, who were obliged to threaten the university authorities with excommunication, that the degree of doctor of theology was finally conceded to the Dominican Thomas Aquinas and the Franciscan Bonaventure (1257), who had previously been able to lecture only as licentiates. The Franciscan Gerard of Borgo San Donnino at this time issued a Joachimite tract and John of Parma was seen as favoring the condemned\",\n \"title\": \"Franciscans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4328603\",\n \"text\": \"its collapse due to a lateral eruption to the northeast (around 200,000 years ago) and subsequent glacial erosion, the San Francisco Peaks fully matured elevation is estimated to have been around 16,000 feet. In 1629, 147 years before San Francisco, California, received that name, Spanish friars founded a mission at a Hopi Indian village in honor of St. Francis, 65 miles from the peaks. Seventeenth century Franciscans at Oraibi village gave the name San Francisco to the peaks to honor St. Francis of Assisi, the founder of their order. The mountain man Antoine Leroux visited the San Francisco Peaks in\",\n \"title\": \"San Francisco Peaks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3517439\",\n \"text\": \"Maschalismos Maschalismos (μασχαλισμός) is the practice of physically rendering the dead incapable of rising or haunting the living in undead form. It comes from the Ancient Greek word and was also the term for procedural rules on such matters in later Greek customary law. Such acts considered \\\"maschalismos\\\" were not limited to folkloric physical risings but also meant to escape the ill will of those wrongfully slain by a murderer after death. One common method was the cutting off of the feet, hands, ears, nose, et cetera, tying them under the armpits of the corpse all strung together. The piercing\",\n \"title\": \"Maschalismos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"976680\",\n \"text\": \"the most simple form, i.e. only of a tunic, with the distinctive large, pointed hood reaching to the waist attached to it, girdled by the traditional woolen cord with three knots. By visual analogy, the Capuchin monkey and the cappuccino style of coffee are both named after the shade of brown used for their habit. Besides the canonical choral celebration of the Divine Office, a portion of which was recited at midnight, there were two hours of private prayer daily. The fasts and disciplines were rigorous and frequent. The great external work was preaching and spiritual ministrations among the poor.\",\n \"title\": \"Order of Friars Minor Capuchin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10688046\",\n \"text\": \"In the wake of the resulting scandal, the Friars Club formed an ethics committee and removed some members, while others resigned. In 1992, Irwin Schaeffer became president of the Friars Club of California. By 2004, after years of declining membership, the club's assets were sold to a for-profit corporation owned by Schaeffer's son, Darren Schaeffer. After the sale, the club was renamed \\\"The Friars of Beverly Hills\\\" and continued to operate under that name until 2007. However, in 2005, the New York Friars' Club commenced a lawsuit claiming trademark infringement under the Lanham Act, among other claims; in September 2007,\",\n \"title\": \"Friars Club of Beverly Hills\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14848905\",\n \"text\": \"flooding made it difficult to attend lectures and acquire provisions, the friars obtained permission from Edward I to move to land on Milne Street within Cambridge. They remained there from 1292 until 1538, when, as a result of the dissolution of the monasteries under Henry VIII, their property was handed over to Queens' College, who demolished the monastic buildings. The site is now occupied by Walnut Tree Court and the college chapel. The only surviving remains can be seen in the well-preserved north wall of the Fellows' Garden, which formed the north wall of the Carmelite church. The locations of\",\n \"title\": \"Cambridge Whitefriars\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"738567\",\n \"text\": \"council with the renunciation of allegiance. Attempts were made, however, to satisfy the reasonable demands of the Spiritual party, as in the bull of Pope Nicholas III (1279), which pronounced the principle of complete poverty meritorious and holy, but interpreted it in the way of a somewhat sophistical distinction between possession and usufruct. The bull was received respectfully by Bonagratia and the next two generals, Arlotto of Prato (1285–87) and Matthew of Aqua Sparta (1287–89); but the Spiritual party under the leadership of the Bonaventuran pupil and apocalyptic Pierre Jean Olivi regarded its provisions for the dependence of the friars\",\n \"title\": \"Franciscans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16314496\",\n \"text\": \"Marley’s strict adherence to the religion. Rastafari doctor, Carleton Fraser, states that “doctors recommended amputation of the hip and removing the entire leg.” Chris Blackwell gives conflicting information and insists that they just needed to amputate Marley’s big toe for him to survive. Later, when Marley started losing his hair in the course of chemotherapy treatment for his cancer, family members also state that Marley had much displeasure in cutting off his dreadlocks, an aspect of Rastafarism, which was unfortunately necessitated by the physical pain their heavy weight was causing him. The film ends with Marley saying a quote that\",\n \"title\": \"Marley (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2092538\",\n \"text\": \"Cauterization Cauterization (or cauterisation, or cautery) is a medical practice or technique of burning a part of a body to remove or close off a part of it. It destroys some tissue in an attempt to mitigate bleeding and damage, remove an undesired growth, or minimize other potential medical harm, such as infections when antibiotics are unavailable. The practice was once widespread for treatment of wounds. Its utility before the advent of antibiotics was said to be effective at more than one level: Cautery was historically believed to prevent infection, but current research shows that cautery actually increases the risk\",\n \"title\": \"Cauterization\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"976679\",\n \"text\": \"loopholes for evading this law. No large provision against temporal wants should be made, and the supplies in the house should never exceed what was necessary for a few days. Everything was to be obtained by begging, and the friars were not allowed even to touch money. The communities were to be small, eight being fixed as the normal number and twelve as the limit. In furniture and clothing extreme simplicity was enjoined and the friars were discalced, required to go bare-footed—without even sandals. Like the Observants, the Capuchins wore a brown habit. Their form, however, was to be of\",\n \"title\": \"Order of Friars Minor Capuchin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5693630\",\n \"text\": \"First haircut The first haircut for a human has special significance in certain cultures and religions. It can be considered a rite of passage or a milestone. In Hindu tradition, the hair from birth is associated with undesirable traits from past lives. Thus at the time of the mundan, the child is freshly shaven to signify freedom from the past and moving into the future. It is also said that the shaving of the hair stimulates proper growth of the brain and nerves, and that the sikha, a tuft at the crown of the head, protects the memory. hours Hindus\",\n \"title\": \"First haircut\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6549813\",\n \"text\": \"Primary hypertrophic osteoathropathy Pachydermoperiostosis (PDP) or primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (PHO) is a rare genetic disorder that affects both bones and skin. Other names are idiopathic hypertrophic osteoarthropathy or Touraine-Solente-Golé syndrome. It is mainly characterized by pachydermia (thickening of the skin), periostosis (excessive bone formation) and finger clubbing (swelling of tissue with loss of normal angle between nail and nail bed). This disease affects relatively more men than women. After onset, the disease stabilizes after about 5–20 years. Life of PDP patients can be severely impaired. Currently, symptomatic treatments are NSAIDs and steroids or surgical procedures. In 1868, PDP was first\",\n \"title\": \"Primary hypertrophic osteoathropathy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15327012\",\n \"text\": \"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head \\\"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head\\\" is a song written by Hal David and Burt Bacharach for the 1969 film \\\"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid\\\". It won an Academy Award for Best Original Song. David and Bacharach also won Best Original Score. The song was recorded by B. J. Thomas in seven takes, after Bacharach expressed dissatisfaction with the first six. In the film version of the song, Thomas had been recovering from laryngitis, which made his voice sound hoarser than in the 7-inch release. The film version featured a separate vaudeville-style instrumental\",\n \"title\": \"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1363555\",\n \"text\": \"part of some Buddhist, Christian, Muslim, Jain and Hindu traditions. Buddhist and Christian monks generally undergo some form of head-shaving or tonsure during their induction into monastic life; in Thailand monks shave their eyebrows as well. Brahmin children have their heads ritualistically shaved before beginning school. The Amish religion forbids men from having mustaches, as they are associated with the military. In some parts of the Theravada Buddhist world, it is common practice to shave the heads of children. Weak or sickly children are often left with a small topknot of hair, to gauge their health and mark them for\",\n \"title\": \"Hair removal\"\n }\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":79077,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":79077,"string":"79,077"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["June 30, 2015"],"string":"[\n \"June 30, 2015\"\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"when did terraria 1.3 come out on pc"},"compressed_prompt":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Question:\\nPlease write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Terraria context: and Linux. They were both released on August 12, 2015. The Nintendo 3DS version was first released on the Nintendo eShop on December 10, 2015. A Wii U version was released on the eShop in June 2016. It was announced that version 1.3, the game's third major content update, would be the last on which Spinks would work personally, and that the developers Yorai Omer and Skiphs would take over programming, and Whitney \\\"Cenx\\\" Baird, would take over as lead designer. Version 1.3 was released on June 30, 2015, adding even more items, events, enemies, bosses, and gameplay features. During\\n\\nwhen did terraria 1.3 come out on pc\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 208,\n \"origin_tokens\": 208,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"15615902","text":"and Linux. They were both released on August 12, 2015. The Nintendo 3DS version was first released on the Nintendo eShop on December 10, 2015. A Wii U version was released on the eShop in June 2016. It was announced that version 1.3, the game's third major content update, would be the last on which Spinks would work personally, and that the developers Yorai Omer and Skiphs would take over programming, and Whitney \"Cenx\" Baird, would take over as lead designer. Version 1.3 was released on June 30, 2015, adding even more items, events, enemies, bosses, and gameplay features. During","title":"Terraria"},{"id":"15615903","text":"July 2016, Cenx announced that 1.3 for the mobile platforms would be coming in 2017. It came out December 12, 2017 for PS4 and for Xbox One it came out on February 5, 2018. On July 25, 2016, 505 Games announced that the 1.3 update would not be ported to Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, or PlayStation Vita, citing issues with the consoles' performance. It was also announced that Engine Software and Codeglue would no longer be working on the console and mobile versions respectively and that a new studio, Pipeworks, would take over the development of those versions. A version","title":"Terraria"},{"id":"15615905","text":"on IndieDB. Despite using 2D graphics, \"Terraria\" was described as a \"Minecraft\" clone by various video gaming media outlets. \"Terraria\" sold 200,000 copies in the first nine days following its initial release, where it remained on Steam's top sellers for the first week of its release. Within a month, \"Terraria\" had sold over 432,000 copies. By the time of the 1.3 update in June 2015, over 12 million copies of \"Terraria\" were sold across all platforms, with that number increasing to over 27 million by December 2018. In October 2013, Spinks announced that he was planning \"Terraria 2\", stating that","title":"Terraria"},{"id":"15615901","text":"update added a host of new mechanics, gameplay changes, and graphics adjustments. After the 1.2 update was released the game returned to receiving continuous updates, including Halloween and Christmas updates which expanded the endgame significantly. The console and mobile versions received update 1.2 in 2014. \"Terraria\" became DRM-free on October 2, 2014, when it was released on GOG.com. A downloadable version of \"Terraria\" was released for PlayStation 4 on November 11, 2014, and Xbox One on November 14, 2014, with a retail release on December 2, 2014. In September 2014, Re-Logic announced that \"Terraria\" would be coming to OS X","title":"Terraria"},{"id":"15615898","text":"game, and Jeremy Guerrette, who was a production assistant at Re-Logic, but left shortly after the game's release. The music was composed by Scott Lloyd Shelly. The game was released for Microsoft Windows on May 16, 2011. Post-launch, the game has been updated on multiple occasions. In December 2011, Re-Logic updated \"Terraria\" to version 1.1, adding new monsters, bosses, NPCs, and items. The update also included improvements to the game's world generation technology and lighting system. In February 2012, the developers announced that they would not be continuing active development, but would release a final bug-fix patch. However, development resumed","title":"Terraria"},{"id":"15615899","text":"in 2013 with Spinks asking the community for ideas and features to include in a future content update. In September 2012, Spinks announced that Engine Software and 505 Games would be porting \"Terraria\" to Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3. The game was released for Xbox 360 via Xbox Live Arcade on March 27, 2013. The PlayStation 3 version was released via the PlayStation Network in North America on March 26, 2013 and in Europe and Australia on May 15, 2013. Shortly after the initial console release, 505 Games announced \"Terraria\" for PlayStation Vita; it was released in Europe on December","title":"Terraria"},{"id":"15615900","text":"11, 2013, and in North America on December 17, 2013. Spike Chunsoft localized the PlayStation 3 and Vita versions for release in Japan, including exclusive items such as a costume based on Monokuma from \"\". In May 2013, 505 Games announced a mobile version of \"Terraria\" ported by Dutch studio Codeglue for Android, iOS, and Windows Phone. It was released for iOS on August 29, 2013, and for Android on September 13, 2013. The Windows Phone version was released on September 12, 2014. In October 2013, Re-Logic released version 1.2 for \"Terraria\" on Windows after nine months in development. The","title":"Terraria"},{"id":"15615889","text":"Terraria Terraria is a 2D action-adventure sandbox video game developed by Re-Logic. The game was initially released for Microsoft Windows in May 2011, and has since been released for various consoles, handhelds, and mobile devices. Gameplay of \"Terraria\" features exploration, crafting, building, and combat with a variety of creatures in a procedurally generated 2D world. \"Terraria\" received generally positive critical reception upon release, with direct comparisons to \"Minecraft\" and praise given to its sandbox elements. By December 2018, the game had sold over 26 million copies across all platforms. \"Terraria\" is a sandbox 2D game with gameplay that revolves around","title":"Terraria"},{"id":"2884359","text":"both licenses of the software along the development cycle with a series of technology previews and a beta release. The \"final\" build was released on April 23, 2009, and more updates, including feature modules, are expected to be released later. Planetside released Terragen 3 in August 2013. Version 3.1 was released in February 2014. Version 4 was released in 2016. Terragen Classic is popular among amateur artists, which can be attributed to it being freeware, its intuitive interface, and its capability to create photorealistic landscapes when used skillfully. It can also use DEM (digital elevation model) files, and other graphic","title":"Terragen"},{"id":"7857667","text":"4, Xbox One, Mobile, Nintendo Wii U, Nintendo Switch, and the PC. Some of their released titles include \"SoccerDie\" for iOS, Superfight for PC, and Prominence Poker on Xbox One, PS4, and PC. \"\" for the X360 and PS3 is one of its most popular creations. Pipeworks is currently developing a variety of original IP. On the 25th of July 2016, it was revealed that Pipeworks would take over development of the console and mobile versions of \"Terraria\", in order to achieve feature parity with the PC version, which also includes a Nintendo Switch version. Pipeworks is noted for creating","title":"Pipeworks Software"},{"id":"15615897","text":"the game's final boss called Moon Lord to spawn. Defeating the boss will reward the player with end-game loot. There also is an online Multiplayer mode where you can play with friends using the friend options on Steam, Xbox Live and PlayStation Network or with strangers using game servers. In addition to standard gameplay, \"Terraria\" has a modding community. \"Terraria\" was developed by Re-Logic beginning in January 2011, and is built on the Microsoft XNA framework. Re-Logic was composed of Andrew Spinks, who designed and programmed the game, Finn Brice, who along with Spinks did the graphic design for the","title":"Terraria"},{"id":"11530232","text":"the nearest enemy is targeted automatically, improved boarding crew functionality, various improvements in the user interface as well as several other improvements and fixes. Version 1.2 was available to Steam users as soon as the game was activated whereas several DVD users played with version 1.0.1 for several days before the update was available. The update added a new mission, improved several features and fixed various issues. On 4 December 2008, Egosoft released a second patch, updating the game to version 1.3 and on 22 December 2008, they released a third patch, updating the game to version 1.4. It was","title":"X3: Terran Conflict"},{"id":"15615896","text":"giving bosses new attack patterns, decreasing the effectiveness of life regeneration, and other tweaks. To deal with the higher attack damages of expert mode the defense statistic is more effective than in normal mode. In addition to the higher difficulty level, expert mode increases the chance for enemies to drop rare items, and adds new items that can only be obtained by defeating the bosses on expert mode. In PC, Console Version, and soon Mobile version, after getting into hardmode and defeating Lunatic Cultist, four celestial pillars guarded by monsters will appear in the world. Destroying the pillars will cause","title":"Terraria"},{"id":"15615907","text":"Re-Logic announced that the previous partner on the project, Engine Software, would be dropped in favor of a new studio, Pipeworks. The reasoning given was due to the game being well behind schedule. In April 2018, Re-Logic announced that the game had been cancelled due to them not being satisfied with its development thus far, and unwilling to rush the release of a non-quality product as a result. Terraria Terraria is a 2D action-adventure sandbox video game developed by Re-Logic. The game was initially released for Microsoft Windows in May 2011, and has since been released for various consoles, handhelds,","title":"Terraria"},{"id":"15615890","text":"exploration, building, combat, and mining. The game has a 2D sprite tile-based graphical style reminiscent of the 16-bit sprites found on the Super NES. The game is noted for its classic exploration-adventure style of gameplay, similar to titles such as the \"Metroid\" series and \"Minecraft\". The game starts in a procedurally generated world. The player starts out with three basic tools: a pickaxe for digging, a shortsword for combat, and an axe for woodcutting. Many resources, notably ores, can be found while exploring underground caves. The player begins with a limited amount of health and magic points, which can both","title":"Terraria"},{"id":"11676065","text":"the Game Boy Advance, after which the companies each went their own way. Engine Software still often works or has worked with other developers, most notably A2M, 1st Playable Productions, and PopCap Games. In 2011 the studio switched from being a handheld developer to a full multi-platform development studio developing games for iPad, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and PlayStation Vita. In 2012 Engine Software was signed by 505 Games to bring the highly rated indie title Terraria to consoles, followed by a Vita release of the same game in December 2013. The \"Engine Software Music Replayer\" is a piece of","title":"Engine Software"},{"id":"14091985","text":"TERA (video game) TERA (short for The Exiled Realm of Arborea) is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) developed by Bluehole Studio. The game was released in South Korea on 25 January 2011, in North America on 1 May 2012, and in Europe on 3 May 2012, with closed and open beta testings taking place before the launch dates. NHN Corporation, NHN Japan Corporation, En Masse Entertainment and Gameforge publishes the game in these regions, respectively. In February 2013 the game was renamed to \"TERA: Rising\" concurrently with the game's launch to the free-to-play model. In September 2014, the","title":"TERA (video game)"},{"id":"20559620","text":"4 on February 16, 2016, and for the Xbox One on February 16, 2016. On February 21, 2017 Re-Logic published \"Pixel Privateers\", a turn-based strategy video game for Windows. In February 2015, Re-Logic began development of \"Terraria: Otherworld,\" a game set in the same universe as \"Terraria\". The game was announced in a teaser trailer on February 16, 2015, however, on April 13, 2018, the game was cancelled due it being far behind schedule and far from the vision Re-Logic had for it. Re-Logic Re-Logic is an independent game developer and publisher based in Indiana. It was founded by Andrew","title":"Re-Logic"},{"id":"18324679","text":"a sequel and spinoff to the game, respectively titled \"Terra Battle 2\" and \"Terra Wars\", both for Android and for iOS. \"Terra Battle 2\" was released on September 21, 2017, but its lack of success lead to it being discontinued, with it being removed from storefronts on June 3, 2018 and its servers shutdown in September 2018. Terra Battle Terra Battle (テラバトル) is a mobile video game developed by Mistwalker, the company of \"Final Fantasy\" creator Hironobu Sakaguchi. It was released for iOS and Android devices on October 9, 2014. The game plays as a tile-based tactical role-playing game, with","title":"Terra Battle"},{"id":"6800360","text":"April, and in Australia on April 13. The PC version received a patch a few days after its European release to address stability and technical issues. The PSP version released on 9 June in Europe, 13 June in Australia, and 21 June in North America. Spike published the PS2, 360 and PSP versions in Japan on 7 December. The DS and GBA versions were released 10 November in Europe, 14 November 2006 in North America, and 17 November in Australia. The GameCube version released first in North America on 14 November, and in Europe on 1 December. The mobile version","title":"Tomb Raider: Legend"},{"id":"10658916","text":"Hamster Corporation. The game would later be ported to the PlayStation 4 in 2014 as part of the Arcade Archives label. A sequel game, \"Terra Force\" was released for arcades in 1987, and was also ported to the PlayStation 4 as part of Arcade Archives. A PC-Engine exclusive follow-up, \"Terra Cresta II: Mandler no Gyakushu\", was released in 1992 exclusively in Japan, and a 3-D version, \"Terra Cresta 3D\", was released in 1997 for the Sega Saturn in Japan only. On May 10, 2018 a port for the Nintendo Switch was published by HAMSTER as part of their Arcade Archives","title":"Terra Cresta"},{"id":"15615904","text":"for the Nintendo Switch, ported by 505 Games, will be released in 2019. \"Terraria\" received generally favorable reviews from critics, according to review aggregator Metacritic. A review for \"Destructoid\" included praise for \"Terraria\" as \"full of depth\". Another reviewer praised \"Terraria\" integration of some of \"Minecraft\" concepts into two dimensions. \"GameSpot\" praised \"Terraria\" exploration and feeling of accomplishment but criticized its lack of tutorial or explicit directions. IGN praised the game, claiming that \"Terraria\": \"expands on the familiar sandbox gameplay with a greater emphasis on combat and adventure.\" \"Terraria\" received the #1 of 2011 Indie of the Year Player Choice","title":"Terraria"},{"id":"11530236","text":"the Mac OS X version. A last update was released on April 19th adding controller support and providing bugfixes. Until the removal of digital rights management in the 2.5 update, \"X3: Terran Conflict\" used Tagès as copy prevention. For the DVD versions of the game, the DVD was required to be in the drive to start the game. For online distribution version of the game, including Steam, the number of installations was limited to 5 machines. More activations were available by contacting either Egosoft or Valve. On release, \"X3 Terran Conflict\" was generally well received by critics, and scored very","title":"X3: Terran Conflict"},{"id":"13206933","text":"Schoot and Bastiaan Berendsen, and is still being actively developed. Although the game was publicly available in 1998 it was called a \"BETA\" until March 2000 TEQ reached its peak popularity in 2000 during the \".com bubble.\" The media (hungry for internet-related news) caught attention of the relatively new concept of massive online gaming. Many Dutch newspapers and magazines wrote stories about the game and concept. As a result of this, many players joined the game, making it even more popular. TEQ is less popular today, but hundreds of players still log in every day and TEQ remains the top-rating","title":"Terra Est Quaestuosa"},{"id":"11530233","text":"announced from Egosoft an open beta, on 19 January 2009, for version 2.0 of \"Terran Conflict\", which was available to forum members who have volunteered to be part of the 'Developer Network'. 2.0 contains 'a whole new mission, new stations and new sectors'. It was made available for download 3 April 2009. Due to a packing error, 2.0a was made available shortly after initial release to fix a problem, on 10 June 2009, they released the sixth patch, updating the game to version 2.1. and on 14 October 2009, it was a seventh patch released, updating the game to version","title":"X3: Terran Conflict"},{"id":"11530235","text":"patch version 2.7.1, fixing several minor issues. Egosoft released the tenth patch on 7 October 2010, updating the game to version 3.0. It brings a new plot mission called 'Balance of Power', which was specially developed as a feature for the X Superbox. Also featured in the update is a reward for the Operation Final Fury plot. Update 3.0 also features the Dead-is-Dead gameplay mode for X3: Terran Conflict which is only available to players who play through the Steam client. A further update: was released on 12 April 2011 for the Windows version, And on 24 March 2011 for","title":"X3: Terran Conflict"},{"id":"3067966","text":"box art was modified to remove mention of them. Because the stages from the e-Cards are stored on the cards themselves and not in the original game, IGN speculated that Nintendo would be able to expand the game indefinitely. The game was re-released on the Wii U Virtual Console in Japan on December 29, 2015, in North America on January 21, 2016, and in Europe on March 10, 2016 (alongside the GBA ports of Super Mario Bros. 2 and Super Mario World). It includes e-Reader-exclusive content via the data select screen, especially in the PAL release, which did not originally","title":"Super Mario Advance 4: Super Mario Bros. 3"},{"id":"14426324","text":"Spanish version of its website to the public. Following this announcement, in early 2017, a beta version of Quora in French was announced. In May 2017, beta versions in German and Italian were introduced. In September 2017 a beta version in Japanese was launched. In April 2018, Beta versions in Hindi, Portuguese, and Indonesian were launched. Currently, additional versions in Bengali, Marathi, Tamil, Finnish, Norwegian, Swedish, and Dutch are planned. In April 2017, Quora was reported to have received Series D funding with a valuation of $1.8 billion. In September 2018, Quora reported hitting 300 million monthly users. Despite its","title":"Quora"},{"id":"13463548","text":"2012, PlayStation Vita on March 14, 2013, and Android on June 27, 2013. The game is described by the development team as a . JAST USA released the PC version in North America on March 31, 2014, both digitally and as a physical collector's edition, while PQube released the PS3 and Vita versions in North America and Europe in 2015. Additionally, the iOS version was released in English on September 9, 2016. A manga adaptation of the game, created by Yomi Sarachi, was serialized from 2009 to 2013, and later published in North America from 2015 to 2016. A second","title":"Steins;Gate"},{"id":"7012066","text":"Terra (video game) Terra (also known as Terra: 2120 or Terra: Battle for the Outland) was one of the internet's original Massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPG), debuting in early 1996 from Kaon interactive. Kaon dropped development of the game within a few years and it has since been taken over and kept running by its loyal fan base. As probably the oldest MMORPG game in existence it has significant historical value to the gaming community. Other than minor updates to run on the newer Windows platforms the game is still in its original retro format and is free to","title":"Terra (video game)"},{"id":"20559618","text":"Re-Logic Re-Logic is an independent game developer and publisher based in Indiana. It was founded by Andrew Spinks in 2011. The company is best known for developing and publishing \"Terraria\", a 2D action-adventure sandbox video game. Re-Logic was founded at the beginning of \"Terraria\"s development cycle, starting in January 2011. The game was released for Microsoft Windows on May 16, 2011 and received multiple updates later on. In February 2012, Re-Logic's developers announced that \"Terraria\" would be receiving one final bug-fix patch, but development resumed in 2013. The game is still being updated . \"Terraria\" has also seen multiple console","title":"Re-Logic"},{"id":"18099847","text":"led by Commander Jaxon (Terry Crews) as a last resort to dismantle Terra Nova any way they can. The game was announced at Microsoft's press conference at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2014 in June 2014, as an Xbox One exclusive. While the game was still at an early stage at the time of its reveal, Microsoft's Phil Spencer said that the title came about from talks with Dave Jones who, after leaving Realtime Worlds, joined Cloudgine, a software company that is developing technology allowing game developers to take advantage of cloud computing features. Cloudgine had been previously rumored to be","title":"Crackdown 3"},{"id":"11530231","text":"to coincide with the release of the first update. The release version was 1.0.1. Egosoft later confirmed that a shipping error had caused this. \"X3: Terran Conflict Version 2.0\" was released in North America on 7 April 2009. X³-Gold, the bundle pack containing \"X3: Terran Conflict 2.0\" and \"X3: Reunion 2.5\" was released on 9 April 2009. The first update for \"X3: Terran Conflict\" brought many improvements, on 16 October 2008 Egosoft released the first patch for the game. A whole new mission to scan for valuable asteroids, enabled mouse control in external view mode, when a target is lost,","title":"X3: Terran Conflict"},{"id":"10409701","text":"3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter:","title":"2007 Orlando Predators season"},{"id":"19215220","text":"10, 2015. It was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows, OS X and Linux through Steam on June 7, 2016, for the PlayStation 4 and the PlayStation Vita via the PlayStation Store on June 7, 2016 in North America and on June 8, 2016 in Europe and Australia. It was released both physically and digitally (through the Nintendo eShop) for the Wii U on September 30, 2016 in Europe and Australia and in North America on October 20, 2016. It was released worldwide on the iOS App store on November 9, 2016. On December 28, 2017, the game was released worldwide","title":"SteamWorld Heist"},{"id":"18324678","text":"to the preview build of the game as \"cautiously optimistic\", stating that the game was \"an RPG stripped down to its barest bones, and...it works surprisingly well.\" while citing concern with the minimal graphics and free to play payment model. Joystiq played a version available to play at PAX Prime 2014, and stated that, while the game was overwhelmingly frantic at first, \" the slide-and-move-on action was innate and enjoyable enough to encourage continued play.\" Game Informer praised the core gameplay, but expressed concern over the long-term effects of the game's imposed waiting time periods. In June 2017, Mistwalker announced","title":"Terra Battle"},{"id":"19935811","text":"on 8 September, 2016 on Itch.io and the full version of the game was released for download on 25 July 2017 on Steam, Itch.io, Xbox One and PlayStation 4. A physical boxed version was available from 1 August 2017. Since the release of the game there have been multiple small updates adding new features, improving performance and fixing bugs. The first major update was published for PC on 31 August 2017, and was labelled as \"Content drop one\". This update added 11 new buildings including; a space elevator, a decontamination unit and new decorative buildings. This update also has a","title":"Aven Colony"},{"id":"18324677","text":"Ito joined the project, with \"Kingdom Hearts\" series composer Yoko Shimomura joining him after the game had been downloaded 1.7 million times. To commemorate the milestone of 1,800,000 downloads, a new song by famed \"Chrono\" series composer Yasunori Mitsuda was added to the game. The final milestone, at 2 million downloads, would be releasing a version of the game on the current generation of video game consoles in some capacity, though Sakaguchi has not explained what that would entail other than it would not be a straight port of the mobile version of the game. Pocket Gamer described their reaction","title":"Terra Battle"},{"id":"20115625","text":"from August 25–28, followed by a second week for both PlayStation 4 and Xbox One from September 1–4. The PC beta was announced as an open beta, and ran from September 29 – October 2 on Steam. Players who participated in the beta received the Beta Combat Pack for the full game, which contains a special in-game helmet, emblem and calling card. The game is available in three editions: Base Edition, Digital Deluxe Edition and the Pro Edition. The Pro Edition was sold exclusively at GameStop, with pre-orders of the game at GameStop also included a limited edition hat. The","title":"Call of Duty: WWII"},{"id":"4162050","text":"audio dramas featuring original cast members. The new audio series were produced by Anderson Entertainment in association with Big Finish Productions. The first new series was released in April 2015, and consists of eight episodes. Ann Ridler who played Kate Kestrel and Cy-Star was replaced by Beth Chalmers, as Ridler had since died, and Windsor Davies who played Sergeant Major Zero was replaced by Jeremy Hitchen, as Davies has retired from acting. A second series was released by Big Finish Productions in April 2016, and a third in July 2017. Free sample episodes are available on the Big Finish website.","title":"Terrahawks"},{"id":"18849560","text":"August 2016, an open beta for Windows was released. The game was originally scheduled for release in 2016 as a free-to-play title for Android, iOS, macOS, and Windows. The Windows version officially launched on March 9, 2017. An iOS for iPad devices launched on March 23, 2017. Mobile versions for iOS and Android smartphones was released in July 2017. MacOS and Android tablet-only versions have been released. During the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2018, Bethesda also announced that the game is planned for release on PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, and Xbox One. In May 2018, Bethesda announced that Dire Wolf had","title":"The Elder Scrolls: Legends"},{"id":"15615906","text":"the game was planned to have an unlimited number of worlds, and would be significantly different from the original game. \"Terraria: Otherworld\" was another planned game set in the \"Terraria\" universe, and was announced in February 2015 to be released later that year. \"Otherworld\" tasked the player with trying to purify the world of the Corruption, which was to be achieved mainly by finding and activating \"purifying towers\" that push back the spread of the Corruption. \"Otherworld\" would have included more strategy and role-playing elements, such as a tower defense gameplay element, skill trees, and a plot. In April 2017,","title":"Terraria"},{"id":"2832208","text":"features, command sets and CEC compliance tests. HDMI 1.3 was released on June 22, 2006, and increased the maximum TMDS clock to 340 MHz (10.2 Gbit/s). Like previous versions, it uses 8b/10b encoding, giving it a maximum video bandwidth of 8.16 Gbit/s (1920×1080 at 120 Hz or 2560×1440 at 60 Hz). It added support for 10 bpc, 12 bpc, and 16 bpc color depth (30, 36, and 48 bit/px), called deep color. It also added support for the xvYCC color space, in addition to the Rec. 601 and Rec. 709 color spaces supported by previous versions, and added the ability","title":"HDMI"},{"id":"15615894","text":"then buy or sell items and certain services from NPCs with coins found in the world. Some NPCs cannot currently be found in the mobile versions and console versions of the game. The game includes a currency system in the form of coins that can be primarily used to complete transactions with NPCs. Coins can be obtained by slaying monsters, finding treasure, and selling items to NPCs. The game recognizes many different biomes and areas, defined by the blocks that exist in the vicinity, each home to a unique set of enemies. Some biomes, such as the Corruption or Crimson","title":"Terraria"},{"id":"20562334","text":"should display text in English by default, so long as the system's region is defined as such. Lastly, it is compatible with PSTV, putting it in stark contrast with Terraria, which did not offer this because of its touch-screen controls exclusive to the Vita. Despite offering a patch to cater to importers, there is no official retail or digital release in the US or Europe for the Vita version as of now. A PlayStation 4 port is also rumored, but yet to be released. The game won Tokyo Game Show's 2015 award for Best Platformer, and 4Gamer.net's 2014 award of","title":"Wondership Q"},{"id":"10411020","text":"Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd","title":"2007 Nashville Kats season"},{"id":"10134800","text":"created at the Institute of Systems Biology in Seattle in 2002. Now, it is developed by an international consortium of open source developers. Cytoscape was initially made public in July, 2002 (v0.8); the second release (v0.9) was in November, 2002, and v1.0 was released in March 2003. Version 1.1.1 is the last stable release for the 1.0 series. Version 2.0 was initially released in 2004; Cytoscape 2.83, the final 2.xx version, was released in May 2012. Version 3.0 was released Feb 1, 2013, and the latest version, 3.4.0, was released in May 2016. The Cytoscape core developer team continues to","title":"Cytoscape"},{"id":"4581952","text":"Age of Empires III Age of Empires III is a real-time strategy video game developed by Microsoft Corporation's Ensemble Studios and published by Microsoft Game Studios. The Mac version was ported over and developed and published by Destineer's MacSoft. The PC version was released on October 18, 2005 in North America and November 4, 2005 in Europe, while the Mac version was released on November 21, 2006 in North America and September 29, 2006 in Europe. An N-Gage version of the game developed by Glu Mobile was released on April 28, 2009. It is the third game of the \"Age","title":"Age of Empires III"},{"id":"18822362","text":"received an Early Access release for Linux and OS X on July 1, 2015, and through the Xbox Game Preview Program for Xbox One on December 16, 2015; a PlayStation 4 version was released on December 6, 2016. The final game launched in August 2017; it was originally intended for release in June 2016, but was delayed in April. The game launched with support for Oculus Rift and PlayStation VR, and the Xbox One version was released via the ID@Xbox program. Android and iOS versions were released on June 14, 2018, and a Nintendo Switch version is due on November","title":"Ark: Survival Evolved"},{"id":"10583304","text":"spaces were released to the North American version on June 10, 2010. Additional unlockable content became available in Japan once the game was released and on December 22, 2008 in North America, and was released monthly in Japan until January 2009 and once or twice a month in North America until August 2009. The content includes new characters able to be accessed once the main story is complete, character and monster classes, the modes \"Item World Command Attack\" and \"Class World Command Attack\", and a side story following Raspberyl after the end of the game. Access to this additional content","title":"Disgaea 3"},{"id":"20392889","text":"while keeping the changes that players liked from the last game. \"Dungeons 3\" was released worldwide and for all supported platforms on October 13, 2017. It is the first entry in the series that was released on multiple platforms, i.e. Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, at the same time. Realmforge Studios released three downloadable content (DLC) to \"Dungeons 3\" that expand upon the story: The PC version of \"Dungeons 3\" received \"generally favorable\" reviews according to review aggregator Metacritic. The Xbox One version received slightly worse reviews and is considered by Metacritic as having \"mixed or","title":"Dungeons 3"},{"id":"12798542","text":"System 7.0.1 (PPC or 68k), although the Mac version was not released until January 1996 for PPC, and April for 68k. Version 2.1 for the Mac came out in August 1996, although by this time, Windows was getting 3.0. Version 2 was included in Windows 95 OSR 1 and Microsoft's \"Internet Starter Kit for Windows 95\" in early 1996. It launched with twelve languages, including English, but by April 1996, this was expanded to 24, 20, and 9 for Win 95, Win 3.1, and Mac, respectively. The 2.0i version supported double-byte character-set. Microsoft Internet Explorer 3 was released on August","title":"Internet Explorer version history"},{"id":"15612764","text":"to overhaul the animation system to accommodate first-person gameplay. The PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions were released on 18 November 2014. The PC version, initially scheduled for simultaneous release with the console versions, was delayed until 14 April 2015. According to Rockstar, it required extra development time for \"polish\". The PC version is capable of 60 frames per second gameplay at 4K resolution, and the Rockstar Editor lets players capture and edit gameplay videos. Design director Imran Sarwar announced in October 2017 that the game would not receive single-player downloadable content, despite Rockstar's original plan for a 2014 release,","title":"Grand Theft Auto V"},{"id":"16488739","text":"that same month's issue of the magazine. It was released on April 4, 2014, for PC and Mac. Home console releases for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One were released on June 9, 2015. Shortly after the game's launch, it was reported that some players were unable to activate the 30-day complimentary game time included with their purchase until a subscription had been set up and—in \"a strange state of affairs\" and \"most likely a mistake\"—after a full month had been paid for. A serious item duplication exploit was discovered that allowed players to gain huge fortunes, which was patched","title":"The Elder Scrolls Online"},{"id":"16861612","text":"a media conference. On April 3, 2010, the Wi-Fi variant of the device was released in the United States, followed by the release of the Wi-Fi + Cellular variant on April 30. On May 28, it was released in Australia, Canada, France, Japan, Italy, Germany, Spain, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. The device received primarily positive reviews from various technology blogs and publications. Reviewers praised the device for its wide range of capabilities and labelled it as a competitor to laptops and netbooks. Some aspects were criticized, including the closed nature of the operating system and the lack of support","title":"IPad (1st generation)"},{"id":"10409878","text":"Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th","title":"2007 New York Dragons season"},{"id":"12777474","text":"free on August 22. Following the initial release, Square Enix doubled the amount of active servers to cope with crowding issues, while they worked on creating a larger permanent server increase. Support for the Wii version ended in 2017. The Wii U version released on March 30, 2013. The beta test began on March 5. A port for Microsoft Windows was released on September 26. Ports to both the PlayStation 4 (PS4) and Nintendo Switch were announced as being in development in August 2016. These ports will both be released in 2017; the PS4 version will release on August 17,","title":"Dragon Quest X"},{"id":"18474437","text":"given based on 11 reviews for the Xbox One version, 77.50% for Wii U based on 4 reviews, 73.53% for the PC version based on 16 reviews, and 73.29% for PlayStation 4 based on 21 reviews. \"Episode 2: Assembly Required\" received \"mixed or average\" reviews. Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 59/100 based on 13 reviews, the PlayStation 4 version 53/100 based on 7 reviews and the Xbox One version 61/100 based on 8 reviews. \"Episode 3: The Last Place You Look\" received mildly positive reviews. Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 73/100 based","title":"Minecraft: Story Mode"},{"id":"14598065","text":"us can only take so much.\" But by the finale in December things had turned around again where critics were mostly pleased and enthusiastic. \"Entertainment Weekly\" called the season finale \"exciting\". The series' first season received an aggregated score of 64% across 28 reviews from Metacritic. The first season averaged 7.52 million American viewers and a 2.5 rating in the 18–49 demographic. The show was ranked the #2 new drama among adults 18–49, the #1 new show among men 18–49, 18–34, and 25–54 and was one of the top 20 regular programs among teens, as of January 1, 2012. In","title":"Terra Nova (TV series)"},{"id":"17531092","text":"anime is licensed in the United Kingdom by Kazé UK and in North America by Viz Media. Madman Entertainment acquired the series for release in Australia and New Zealand. A sequel to the anime titled \"Terra Formars: Revenge\" was announced in November 2015, with changes to the series' main staff and the main cast returning to reprise their roles. Liden Films and TYO Animations produced the sequel. The anime premiered on April 2, 2016. An OVA adaptation of the manga's Earth Arc was planned for a May 2017 release, but was delayed to an August 2018 release instead. A live-action","title":"Terra Formars"},{"id":"14598066","text":"2011, the series was honored, along with seven others, with the Critics' Choice Television Award for Most Exciting New Series. Also, it won \"Best Visual Effects in a Television Series\" by the Visual Effects Society in 2011 and was also nominated for \"Outstanding Created Environment in a Broadcast Program or Commercial.\" The series was released on a 4-disc DVD set on September 11, 2012. The set contains deleted scenes; bloopers; and featurettes including \"Director's Diaries – Making the Pilot\", an extended \"Occupation/Resistance\" episode with audio commentary from Stephen Lang, Brannon Braga and Rene Echevarria, \"Mysteries Explored\", and \"Cretaceous Life: The","title":"Terra Nova (TV series)"},{"id":"14348998","text":"18 August 2010. Originally, cooperative online gameplay was to be enabled on 28 September, the day of the PC and PlayStation Network release. However, on-line cooperative was delayed for all three platforms until a later date. Karl Stewart said, \"The agreement with Microsoft is, in order to participate in their hugely successful Summer of Arcade promotion there is a window of exclusivity. That window of exclusivity is a set four weeks.\" The Microsoft Windows version was distributed exclusively by the digital distribution platform Steam. Online cooperative was made available for the PlayStation 3 on 22 November 2010. The Microsoft Windows","title":"Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light"},{"id":"10416126","text":"Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance:","title":"2007 Utah Blaze season"},{"id":"16183202","text":"Japan on March 20, 2013. The PlayStation 3 version was later released in Europe on August 30, 2013 and as a digital-only release in North America on September 3, 2013. A third game, \"\", was released for PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita, PlayStation 4 and Microsoft Windows on March 26, 2015 in Japan. The game received \"mixed\" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. The game was rated 36 out of 40 by the Japanese gaming magazine \"Famitsu\". The game was a huge success in Japan, in its first week it sold over 655,774 copies and as of April, the","title":"One Piece: Pirate Warriors"},{"id":"9609326","text":"take fifteen minutes to few hours, and the tests sometimes extend to over one day. Fifth grade and above include short answers. The results are nationally norm-referenced, meaning that students' scores reflect their achievement in comparison to all students who took the test nationally. Typically this is expressed as a raw score that is then converted into a percentile ranking. This is different from criterion-referenced tests, which measure student performance based on mastery of the material. In 2015, CTB released \"TerraNova 3\" Online. The online administered test includes a full battery of constructed-response and selected-response test items provides detailed diagnostic","title":"TerraNova (test)"},{"id":"12963660","text":"would no longer be made available for OEM distribution as of November 1, 2008. On July 14, 2013, Linux kernel version 3.11 was officially named \"Linux For Workgroups\" as a tongue-in-cheek reference to \"Windows for Workgroups 3.11\". Windows 3.1x Windows 3.1x (codenamed \"Janus\") is a series of 16-bit operating environments produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers. The series began with Windows 3.1, which was first sold during April 1992 as a successor to Windows 3.0. Subsequent versions were released between 1992 and 1994 until the series was superseded by Windows 95. During its lifespan, Windows 3.1 introduced several","title":"Windows 3.1x"},{"id":"17734549","text":"December 2014, and in UK on 30 January 2015. The PlayStation Vita version was announced on 27 February 2014, but since then no exact date was given. The game was also released digitally in Japan on 18 February 2015, with an update to the Steam version that added Japanese language. An Xbox One version was announced at the end of February 2016 with the release date of 9 March 2016. \"Teslagrad\" uses Unity game engine, making it easier for developers to reach cross platform. A version for Android and iOS has been released on 8 November 2018. \"Teslagrad\" is a","title":"Teslagrad"},{"id":"17911652","text":"be compressed on the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, with the foresight that PC versions would display these assets uncompressed. These early decisions aided the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions' development as well, due to their similar system architectures to the PC. Their similarities helped the team \"ramp up\" to the PC version, where they could push the visuals and technology further than before. The PC development team consisted of members of the original team and PC specialists from Rockstar's other studios who had brought \"Grand Theft Auto IV\", \"Max Payne 3\" and \"L.A. Noire\" to the platform. The","title":"Development of Grand Theft Auto V"},{"id":"17911664","text":"PC version, initially scheduled for simultaneous release with the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions, was delayed three times: first to 27 January 2015, later to 24 March 2015, and again to 14 April 2015. According to Rockstar, the game required extra development time for \"polishing\". On 23 August 2013, reports stated that some European PlayStation 3 users who had pre-ordered \"Grand Theft Auto V\" were able to download parts of the game, including its soundtrack and some character dialogue. Details of the game were leaked later that day and on following days before Sony removed the pre-order file from","title":"Development of Grand Theft Auto V"},{"id":"17792435","text":"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818","title":"Timeline of women's education"},{"id":"3359210","text":"12, a press release from Bethesda gave the date of \"Spring 2002\", confirming GameSpot's supposition of delay without agreeing on the more specific date of \"March\". Though no rationale behind the delay was given at the time, developer Pete Hines later attributed the delay to a need for game testing and balancing. Although the PC version of \"Morrowind\" had gone gold by April 23, 2002, and was released on May 1 in North America, the Xbox release was delayed further. On April 15, GameSpot suggested an Xbox release date sometime in May and a scheduled \"going gold\" date for the","title":"The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind"},{"id":"2787686","text":"3, 2015 for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, with a release for Microsoft Windows (via Origin) in 2016. More information on the game was revealed during the EA press conference at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2015 on June 15, 2015. A new trailer was released and a short gameplay demo was shown. Beta released on PS4 and Xbox One. PC version was released on March 15, 2016, via Origin in two different editions. The Standard Edition is the base edition, whereas the Deluxe Edition has the styling pack, performance pack, tricked-out starter car, exclusive wraps, unique identifying stickers, VIP icons","title":"Need for Speed"},{"id":"12963639","text":"Windows 3.1x Windows 3.1x (codenamed \"Janus\") is a series of 16-bit operating environments produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers. The series began with Windows 3.1, which was first sold during April 1992 as a successor to Windows 3.0. Subsequent versions were released between 1992 and 1994 until the series was superseded by Windows 95. During its lifespan, Windows 3.1 introduced several enhancements to the still MS-DOS-based platform, including improved system stability, expanded support for multimedia, TrueType fonts, and workgroup networking. Windows 3.1 was originally released on April 6, 1992; official support for Windows 3.1 ended on December 31,","title":"Windows 3.1x"},{"id":"5207020","text":"1995, only 2 months after version 1 came out in Microsoft Plus! for 95 that August. It was released for Windows 95 and Windows NT 3.5 in November 1995 and was bundled with NT 4.0 in July 1996. The Beta for Mac on PowerPC came out in January, and the finalized version in April for 68k and PowerPC. Version 2 was also the first release for Windows 3.1 and Macintosh System 7.0.1(PPC or 68k), although the Mac version was not released until January 1996 for PPC, and April for 68k. Version 2 was included in Windows 95 OEM Service Release","title":"Internet Explorer 2"},{"id":"3752924","text":"computers of the era shipped with 4 megabytes of RAM, 16 MB was recommended for NTs. Due to the high cost of RAM at the time, critics thought that its high system requirements could affect the sales and adoption of Windows NT. Steps were taken to reduce its memory usage through methods such as paging. Microsoft began releasing public beta builds of NT in October 1992, and a month later at COMDEX, a presentation focusing on third-party software for Windows NT was held. The final pre-release version of NT was released in March 1993, alongside the unveiling of the server","title":"Windows NT 3.1"},{"id":"11530230","text":"documenting several experiences with the game development by several team members. An XTM and \"X3: Terran Conflict\" developer Bobby Wilkinson, known in the X3 community as Syklon, was the first to post, detailing some new aspects of the game. The game was announced as having gone gold on 10 September 2008. The release was then pushed back twice due to production delays, finally falling on 17 October 2008; two weeks after the initial release date of 3 October. Some copies of \"Terran Conflict\" had become available several days before the release date. The Steam version was activated on the 16th,","title":"X3: Terran Conflict"},{"id":"16883924","text":"MB) which needed to be burned on CD-R(W) by the user and was intended to replace the original AmigaOS 4.0 Developer Pre-release CD for installation and for rescue purposes. Release date: 10 October 2004. Among the features: AmigaOS 4.0 Developer Pre-release Update came in the form of a free download for registered users. The update featured a USB stack update (i.e. mass storage support) and numerous bug fixes and enhancements to core components of the system. Release date: 27 December 2004. Release date: 14 June 2005. The following is a non-exhaustive list of the features of update #3: The most","title":"AmigaOS 4 version history"},{"id":"2141299","text":"released for PlayStation 4. On June 10, 2018, \"Skyrim: Very Special Edition\", a voice-activated text adventure game poking fun at the game's many releases, was released for Amazon Alexa devices. On May 3, 2012, \"The Elder Scrolls Online\" was revealed. \"The Elder Scrolls Online\" was released for Windows and macOS on April 4, 2014, with the Xbox One and PlayStation 4 versions initially slated to follow in June 2014 but later delayed until June 9, 2015. The game originally required a subscription to play, but this requirement was dropped on March 17, 2015. There is however a subscription service entitled","title":"The Elder Scrolls"},{"id":"4421801","text":"months before release. Schmidt said that, in the new game, \"you were going around blowing people up\" and \"your enemies have brackets on them showing their health and it's very bright and glowy and green\". He believed that these elements drastically increased the game's enjoyability. He summarized, \"Six months before it shipped the game wasn't fun at all and we actually ended up shipping something that was at least somewhat enjoyable to play\". After previously being slated to launch in the second quarter of 1995, the game was released on March 5, 1996; by this time, its graphical technology had","title":"Terra Nova: Strike Force Centauri"},{"id":"17531091","text":"an alarming rate and adapting themselves far better to their new environment than they did to their homeworld, they start their plan to take over the planet. The manga, written by Yū Sasuga and illustrated by Kenichi Tachibana, began serialization in Shueisha's \"Miracle Jump\" magazine in January 2011. It later moved to \"Weekly Young Jump\" for the Annex I arc after the Bugs 2 arc concluded. The series has inspired five spin-off manga: An anime adaptation produced by Liden Films began airing on September 26, 2014, and finished airing on December 19, 2014 with a total of 13 episodes. The","title":"Terra Formars"},{"id":"10409773","text":"Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd","title":"2007 Dallas Desperados season"},{"id":"7836773","text":"East on December 1997 titled . This version features a Special Mode which adds a fourth playable ship and a new final stage, as well as animated opening and ending videos and a voiced navigator. It supports the analog controls of the DualShock controller. The PlayStation was reissued on May 2003 by Hamster as part of their MajorWave budget label. \"Soukyugurentai\" was ported to Japanese feature phones in 2005 and was available for EZWeb, i-mode and Yahoo! Keitai devices. \"Sōkyū Gurentai\" was one of Raizing's most popular arcade games. \"Consoles +\" rated the Sega Saturn version at 92%. Terra Diver","title":"Terra Diver"},{"id":"18822365","text":"negative reaction among players of the game, resulting in lots of negative reviews on Steam right after the expansion launch. The game left early access on August 29, 2017, for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One. The standard version was released alongside an \"Explorer's Edition\", which included a season pass with three expansions, and the \"Collector's Edition\", which included a season pass as well, a necklace, a map, a notebook, a development team poster, a wooden chest packaging, and the game's official soundtrack. On December 12, 2017, the paid DLC \"Aberration\" was released, adding a new underground/alien-themed map and","title":"Ark: Survival Evolved"},{"id":"2284259","text":"the highest-selling game of 2001 in the United States, selling over two million units by February 2002. The game was also the second best-selling game of 2002, behind only its sequel. Take-Two stock significantly increased following the game's launch, and the game was included in PlayStation's Greatest Hits selection. In the United States, the game had sold 5.35 million units by June 2004, and 6.55 million units by December 2007. The computer version accounted for 420,000 sales and $16.9 million in earnings by August 2006 in the United States. It was the country's 34th best-selling computer game between January 2000","title":"Grand Theft Auto III"},{"id":"17498064","text":"N++ N++ is a platform video game developed and published by Metanet Software. It is the third installment of the N franchise which started with the Adobe Flash game N. It is the sequel to N+. The game was initially released for the PlayStation 4 on July 28, 2015 in North America, and July 29, 2015 in Europe, and was later released for the Microsoft Windows and macOS operating systems on August 25, 2016 and December 26, 2016, respectively. With the Xbox One version being released on October 4 2017. A version for Linux is currently in development. An expansion","title":"N++"},{"id":"7836772","text":"on February 1997, five months after the arcade release. Because the original arcade hardware was directly based on the Sega Saturn architecture, this is a close conversion of the original game. Several options and features were also added, including a practice mode which allows the player to try out any of the game's stages without going through the entire campaign, as well as support for the Multi Controller and Mission Stick. A bargain-priced version was released on December 1997, titled , which includes a demo for the Saturn version of \"Battle Garegga\". A PlayStation version was also released by Data","title":"Terra Diver"},{"id":"3965306","text":"later on 21 January, and can be downloaded from the \"Darwinia\" website. \"Darwinia\" was released in Europe on 4 March 2005 (the U.S. version followed on 12 June 2006), while the Macintosh version was released 30 March 2005 by publisher Ambrosia Software. A patch was released on 28 April 2005 for Microsoft Windows, bringing the version to 1.2. New features included an improved unit selection system, as well as numerous modding updates including the ability to create custom strings. Another patch (version 1.3) was released in September 2005, which includes the option (enabled by default) of clicking icons or using","title":"Darwinia (video game)"},{"id":"5176787","text":"Rajas\" was released on 19 December 2016. On August 21, 2017, Microsoft announced \"Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition\". \"Age of Empires III\", released on October 18, 2005, was built on an improved version of the \"Age of Mythology\" game engine with the most significant changes being the updated graphics engine and the inclusion of the Havok physics middleware engine. The game is set in the period between 1421 and 1850, and players can choose one of eight European nations. The game introduced a large number of features, such as home cities. Described by Ensemble Studios as \"an important support","title":"Age of Empires"},{"id":"14598060","text":"longer active and redirects to Fox Movies. \"Terra Nova\" was expected to premiere in the U.S. in May 2011 with a two-hour preview, but due to the time involved for visual effects, its pilot was moved to autumn (late September) 2011 to air with the rest of season one. In May 2011, Fox announced the series would air on Monday nights, and released a full trailer. \"Terra Nova\" premiered at the 2011 San Diego Comic-Con International on July 23, 2011. The Fox premiere drew 9.22 million viewers and 3.1 in the 18–49 demo in live plus same day results, rising","title":"Terra Nova (TV series)"},{"id":"17003348","text":"and for \"Best Expansion\" at \"PC Gamer\"s 2017 Game of the Year Awards. By the end of the first week of release, the PS3 version of \"A Realm Reborn\" placed second in Japan's sales charts, with 184,000 physical copies sold. In late October 2013, Square Enix announced that the game had one and a half million registrations. It was the 16th best selling personal computer game of 2013 in the United States. In Japan, the PlayStation 3 version was ranked 32 in sales, with 244,574 retail copies sold. Following an extremely poor fiscal year 2013, Square Enix executives commended the","title":"Final Fantasy XIV"},{"id":"13425702","text":"X version of the game was released on 22 February 2011 by Feral Interactive. The game was released for the PlayStation 4 on 21 October 2016, as part of the \"Lego Harry Potter Collection\", which bundles the game with its sequel, \"\", and was also released for the Xbox One and Nintendo Switch on 30 October 2018. Other versions of the game were released on 29 June 2010 in North America, 25 June 2010 in Europe, and 30 June 2010 in Australia. The game received positive reviews from critics, with reviewers citing the game as being one of the better","title":"Lego Harry Potter: Years 1–4"},{"id":"17743240","text":"3DS in Europe and Australia on 7 August 2013, North America on 8 August 2013, and Japan on 20 November 2013. Later, \"SteamWorld Dig\" was released on 5 December 2013 for Microsoft Windows, Mac, and Linux on Steam, on 18 March 2014 in North America and on 19 March 2014 in Europe for PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita, on 28 August 2014 for Wii U, on 5 June 2015 for Xbox One, and on 1 February 2018 for Nintendo Switch. A successor, \"SteamWorld Heist\", was released in December 2015. A sequel, \"SteamWorld Dig 2\", was released in September 2017. \"SteamWorld","title":"SteamWorld Dig"},{"id":"16488743","text":"story line, jewelry crafting and a new skill line based on the Psijic Order. The expansion was released on May 21, 2018 for Windows and OS X and was released on June 5, 2018 for Playstation 4 and Xbox One. On June 14, 2015, at the Bethesda showcase at E3, downloadable content (DLC) was announced for the Imperial City, the Capital of Cyrodiil. It was released for the PC and OS X on August 31, 2015, for the Xbox One on September 15, and for the PlayStation 4 on September 16. It introduced a new currency known as Tel Var","title":"The Elder Scrolls Online"},{"id":"18822370","text":"inside it.\" Within a month of its early access release on Steam, \"Ark\" had sold over one million copies. By August 2016, the game had over 5.5 million sales across both Windows and Xbox One, with about 1.5 million from the Xbox One platform. Ark: Survival Evolved Ark: Survival Evolved (stylized as ΛRK) is an action-adventure survival video game developed by Studio Wildcard, in collaboration with Instinct Games, Studios, and Virtual Basement. It was released in August 2017 for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Microsoft Windows, OS X and Linux, with versions for Android, iOS, and Nintendo Switch in 2018. In","title":"Ark: Survival Evolved"},{"id":"15615893","text":"Bosses can only be summoned at night. Four of the bosses can spawn naturally in certain places and times. The defeat of these bosses is often tied to in-game progression. Defeat of bosses are met with several rewards which equips the player for future gameplay. By completing specific goals (such as defeating a boss or obtaining a gun), players can attract non-player characters (NPCs) to occupy structures or rooms they have built, such as a merchant, nurse, or wizard. Some NPCs can be acquired by finding them throughout the world and will then reside in the player's house. Players may","title":"Terraria"},{"id":"3862535","text":"America and Europe, the game was released in September 2007, for the Xbox 360 and PC, and in October 2007, for the PS3; in Australia, it was released on September 2007, for the Xbox 360 and PC, and in December 2007, for the PS3. It was also released on Steam on June 16, 2009. A 5th-anniversary edition of \"Oblivion\" was announced and released in North America in July 2011 and in Europe two months later. An Xbox 360 version of \"Fallout 3\" and \"Oblivion\" double pack was announced for release in North America on April 3, however it was not","title":"The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion"},{"id":"10919566","text":"a sequel to the game. As of 2015, the PS3 version has shipped 1million units worldwide. The 2014 PC version of the game exceeded its publisher's expectations, topping the Steam sales charts on the day of its release, ahead of the then also recently launched games \"\" and \"Assassin's Creed Unity\". It also received favorable reviews, with a Metacritic score of 85. By April 2017, the PC version of the game had sold about 925,000 copies on Steam. As of April 2018, the Steam version has sold 953,838 copies. The remastered PS4 version has sold 39,071 copies in Japan as","title":"Valkyria Chronicles (video game)"},{"id":"14217532","text":"on August 7, 2009. The first beta version was released on October 30, followed by Beta 2 on November 10, Beta 3 on November 17, Beta 4 on November 26, and Beta 5 on December 17. Release Candidate 1 was released on January 8, 2010, followed by Release Candidate 2 on January 17. The final version was released on January 21, 2010. Firefox 3.6.2 was released on March 23, 2010, followed by version 3.6.3 on April 1 which closed some bugs in the ASLR and DEP handling found at the Pwn2Own contest 2010. The Firefox developers created a new feature","title":"Firefox 3.6"},{"id":"3860154","text":"available to a wide audience. For this reason, the team developed the PC version themselves and sought out a different publisher. The PC version was first announced at the 2006 Electronic Entertainment Expo. Unlike the Xbox version, the PC version was published by 2K Games. The game went gold in February 2007, shortly before its North American release. The game released on February 27, 2007 in North America. It later released on March 2 in Europe and Australia. The downloadable version was released through Steam and BioWare's online store on February 28. It later released through GOG.com on June 11,","title":"Jade Empire"},{"id":"16488747","text":"was later released, revealing the title to be \"Shadows of the Hist\". The DLC includes two new dungeons: the Cradle of Shadows and Ruins of Mazzatun, and was released in August 2016. Announced on June 12, 2017 along with \"Clockwork City\", \"Horns of the Reach\". The DLC includes two new dungeons: Bloodroot Forge and Falkreath Hold and was released on August 14, 2017 on PC and Mac, with consoles receiving it on August 25. Announced along with \"Horns of the Reach\" on June 12, \"Clockwork City\" was eventually released on October 23 for PC and Mac and November 11 for","title":"The Elder Scrolls Online"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"15615902\",\n \"text\": \"and Linux. They were both released on August 12, 2015. The Nintendo 3DS version was first released on the Nintendo eShop on December 10, 2015. A Wii U version was released on the eShop in June 2016. It was announced that version 1.3, the game's third major content update, would be the last on which Spinks would work personally, and that the developers Yorai Omer and Skiphs would take over programming, and Whitney \\\"Cenx\\\" Baird, would take over as lead designer. Version 1.3 was released on June 30, 2015, adding even more items, events, enemies, bosses, and gameplay features. During\",\n \"title\": \"Terraria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15615903\",\n \"text\": \"July 2016, Cenx announced that 1.3 for the mobile platforms would be coming in 2017. It came out December 12, 2017 for PS4 and for Xbox One it came out on February 5, 2018. On July 25, 2016, 505 Games announced that the 1.3 update would not be ported to Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, or PlayStation Vita, citing issues with the consoles' performance. It was also announced that Engine Software and Codeglue would no longer be working on the console and mobile versions respectively and that a new studio, Pipeworks, would take over the development of those versions. A version\",\n \"title\": \"Terraria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15615905\",\n \"text\": \"on IndieDB. Despite using 2D graphics, \\\"Terraria\\\" was described as a \\\"Minecraft\\\" clone by various video gaming media outlets. \\\"Terraria\\\" sold 200,000 copies in the first nine days following its initial release, where it remained on Steam's top sellers for the first week of its release. Within a month, \\\"Terraria\\\" had sold over 432,000 copies. By the time of the 1.3 update in June 2015, over 12 million copies of \\\"Terraria\\\" were sold across all platforms, with that number increasing to over 27 million by December 2018. In October 2013, Spinks announced that he was planning \\\"Terraria 2\\\", stating that\",\n \"title\": \"Terraria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15615901\",\n \"text\": \"update added a host of new mechanics, gameplay changes, and graphics adjustments. After the 1.2 update was released the game returned to receiving continuous updates, including Halloween and Christmas updates which expanded the endgame significantly. The console and mobile versions received update 1.2 in 2014. \\\"Terraria\\\" became DRM-free on October 2, 2014, when it was released on GOG.com. A downloadable version of \\\"Terraria\\\" was released for PlayStation 4 on November 11, 2014, and Xbox One on November 14, 2014, with a retail release on December 2, 2014. In September 2014, Re-Logic announced that \\\"Terraria\\\" would be coming to OS X\",\n \"title\": \"Terraria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15615898\",\n \"text\": \"game, and Jeremy Guerrette, who was a production assistant at Re-Logic, but left shortly after the game's release. The music was composed by Scott Lloyd Shelly. The game was released for Microsoft Windows on May 16, 2011. Post-launch, the game has been updated on multiple occasions. In December 2011, Re-Logic updated \\\"Terraria\\\" to version 1.1, adding new monsters, bosses, NPCs, and items. The update also included improvements to the game's world generation technology and lighting system. In February 2012, the developers announced that they would not be continuing active development, but would release a final bug-fix patch. However, development resumed\",\n \"title\": \"Terraria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15615899\",\n \"text\": \"in 2013 with Spinks asking the community for ideas and features to include in a future content update. In September 2012, Spinks announced that Engine Software and 505 Games would be porting \\\"Terraria\\\" to Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3. The game was released for Xbox 360 via Xbox Live Arcade on March 27, 2013. The PlayStation 3 version was released via the PlayStation Network in North America on March 26, 2013 and in Europe and Australia on May 15, 2013. Shortly after the initial console release, 505 Games announced \\\"Terraria\\\" for PlayStation Vita; it was released in Europe on December\",\n \"title\": \"Terraria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15615900\",\n \"text\": \"11, 2013, and in North America on December 17, 2013. Spike Chunsoft localized the PlayStation 3 and Vita versions for release in Japan, including exclusive items such as a costume based on Monokuma from \\\"\\\". In May 2013, 505 Games announced a mobile version of \\\"Terraria\\\" ported by Dutch studio Codeglue for Android, iOS, and Windows Phone. It was released for iOS on August 29, 2013, and for Android on September 13, 2013. The Windows Phone version was released on September 12, 2014. In October 2013, Re-Logic released version 1.2 for \\\"Terraria\\\" on Windows after nine months in development. The\",\n \"title\": \"Terraria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15615889\",\n \"text\": \"Terraria Terraria is a 2D action-adventure sandbox video game developed by Re-Logic. The game was initially released for Microsoft Windows in May 2011, and has since been released for various consoles, handhelds, and mobile devices. Gameplay of \\\"Terraria\\\" features exploration, crafting, building, and combat with a variety of creatures in a procedurally generated 2D world. \\\"Terraria\\\" received generally positive critical reception upon release, with direct comparisons to \\\"Minecraft\\\" and praise given to its sandbox elements. By December 2018, the game had sold over 26 million copies across all platforms. \\\"Terraria\\\" is a sandbox 2D game with gameplay that revolves around\",\n \"title\": \"Terraria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2884359\",\n \"text\": \"both licenses of the software along the development cycle with a series of technology previews and a beta release. The \\\"final\\\" build was released on April 23, 2009, and more updates, including feature modules, are expected to be released later. Planetside released Terragen 3 in August 2013. Version 3.1 was released in February 2014. Version 4 was released in 2016. Terragen Classic is popular among amateur artists, which can be attributed to it being freeware, its intuitive interface, and its capability to create photorealistic landscapes when used skillfully. It can also use DEM (digital elevation model) files, and other graphic\",\n \"title\": \"Terragen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7857667\",\n \"text\": \"4, Xbox One, Mobile, Nintendo Wii U, Nintendo Switch, and the PC. Some of their released titles include \\\"SoccerDie\\\" for iOS, Superfight for PC, and Prominence Poker on Xbox One, PS4, and PC. \\\"\\\" for the X360 and PS3 is one of its most popular creations. Pipeworks is currently developing a variety of original IP. On the 25th of July 2016, it was revealed that Pipeworks would take over development of the console and mobile versions of \\\"Terraria\\\", in order to achieve feature parity with the PC version, which also includes a Nintendo Switch version. Pipeworks is noted for creating\",\n \"title\": \"Pipeworks Software\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15615897\",\n \"text\": \"the game's final boss called Moon Lord to spawn. Defeating the boss will reward the player with end-game loot. There also is an online Multiplayer mode where you can play with friends using the friend options on Steam, Xbox Live and PlayStation Network or with strangers using game servers. In addition to standard gameplay, \\\"Terraria\\\" has a modding community. \\\"Terraria\\\" was developed by Re-Logic beginning in January 2011, and is built on the Microsoft XNA framework. Re-Logic was composed of Andrew Spinks, who designed and programmed the game, Finn Brice, who along with Spinks did the graphic design for the\",\n \"title\": \"Terraria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11530232\",\n \"text\": \"the nearest enemy is targeted automatically, improved boarding crew functionality, various improvements in the user interface as well as several other improvements and fixes. Version 1.2 was available to Steam users as soon as the game was activated whereas several DVD users played with version 1.0.1 for several days before the update was available. The update added a new mission, improved several features and fixed various issues. On 4 December 2008, Egosoft released a second patch, updating the game to version 1.3 and on 22 December 2008, they released a third patch, updating the game to version 1.4. It was\",\n \"title\": \"X3: Terran Conflict\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15615896\",\n \"text\": \"giving bosses new attack patterns, decreasing the effectiveness of life regeneration, and other tweaks. To deal with the higher attack damages of expert mode the defense statistic is more effective than in normal mode. In addition to the higher difficulty level, expert mode increases the chance for enemies to drop rare items, and adds new items that can only be obtained by defeating the bosses on expert mode. In PC, Console Version, and soon Mobile version, after getting into hardmode and defeating Lunatic Cultist, four celestial pillars guarded by monsters will appear in the world. Destroying the pillars will cause\",\n \"title\": \"Terraria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15615907\",\n \"text\": \"Re-Logic announced that the previous partner on the project, Engine Software, would be dropped in favor of a new studio, Pipeworks. The reasoning given was due to the game being well behind schedule. In April 2018, Re-Logic announced that the game had been cancelled due to them not being satisfied with its development thus far, and unwilling to rush the release of a non-quality product as a result. Terraria Terraria is a 2D action-adventure sandbox video game developed by Re-Logic. The game was initially released for Microsoft Windows in May 2011, and has since been released for various consoles, handhelds,\",\n \"title\": \"Terraria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15615890\",\n \"text\": \"exploration, building, combat, and mining. The game has a 2D sprite tile-based graphical style reminiscent of the 16-bit sprites found on the Super NES. The game is noted for its classic exploration-adventure style of gameplay, similar to titles such as the \\\"Metroid\\\" series and \\\"Minecraft\\\". The game starts in a procedurally generated world. The player starts out with three basic tools: a pickaxe for digging, a shortsword for combat, and an axe for woodcutting. Many resources, notably ores, can be found while exploring underground caves. The player begins with a limited amount of health and magic points, which can both\",\n \"title\": \"Terraria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11676065\",\n \"text\": \"the Game Boy Advance, after which the companies each went their own way. Engine Software still often works or has worked with other developers, most notably A2M, 1st Playable Productions, and PopCap Games. In 2011 the studio switched from being a handheld developer to a full multi-platform development studio developing games for iPad, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and PlayStation Vita. In 2012 Engine Software was signed by 505 Games to bring the highly rated indie title Terraria to consoles, followed by a Vita release of the same game in December 2013. The \\\"Engine Software Music Replayer\\\" is a piece of\",\n \"title\": \"Engine Software\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14091985\",\n \"text\": \"TERA (video game) TERA (short for The Exiled Realm of Arborea) is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) developed by Bluehole Studio. The game was released in South Korea on 25 January 2011, in North America on 1 May 2012, and in Europe on 3 May 2012, with closed and open beta testings taking place before the launch dates. NHN Corporation, NHN Japan Corporation, En Masse Entertainment and Gameforge publishes the game in these regions, respectively. In February 2013 the game was renamed to \\\"TERA: Rising\\\" concurrently with the game's launch to the free-to-play model. In September 2014, the\",\n \"title\": \"TERA (video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20559620\",\n \"text\": \"4 on February 16, 2016, and for the Xbox One on February 16, 2016. On February 21, 2017 Re-Logic published \\\"Pixel Privateers\\\", a turn-based strategy video game for Windows. In February 2015, Re-Logic began development of \\\"Terraria: Otherworld,\\\" a game set in the same universe as \\\"Terraria\\\". The game was announced in a teaser trailer on February 16, 2015, however, on April 13, 2018, the game was cancelled due it being far behind schedule and far from the vision Re-Logic had for it. Re-Logic Re-Logic is an independent game developer and publisher based in Indiana. It was founded by Andrew\",\n \"title\": \"Re-Logic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18324679\",\n \"text\": \"a sequel and spinoff to the game, respectively titled \\\"Terra Battle 2\\\" and \\\"Terra Wars\\\", both for Android and for iOS. \\\"Terra Battle 2\\\" was released on September 21, 2017, but its lack of success lead to it being discontinued, with it being removed from storefronts on June 3, 2018 and its servers shutdown in September 2018. Terra Battle Terra Battle (テラバトル) is a mobile video game developed by Mistwalker, the company of \\\"Final Fantasy\\\" creator Hironobu Sakaguchi. It was released for iOS and Android devices on October 9, 2014. The game plays as a tile-based tactical role-playing game, with\",\n \"title\": \"Terra Battle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6800360\",\n \"text\": \"April, and in Australia on April 13. The PC version received a patch a few days after its European release to address stability and technical issues. The PSP version released on 9 June in Europe, 13 June in Australia, and 21 June in North America. Spike published the PS2, 360 and PSP versions in Japan on 7 December. The DS and GBA versions were released 10 November in Europe, 14 November 2006 in North America, and 17 November in Australia. The GameCube version released first in North America on 14 November, and in Europe on 1 December. The mobile version\",\n \"title\": \"Tomb Raider: Legend\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10658916\",\n \"text\": \"Hamster Corporation. The game would later be ported to the PlayStation 4 in 2014 as part of the Arcade Archives label. A sequel game, \\\"Terra Force\\\" was released for arcades in 1987, and was also ported to the PlayStation 4 as part of Arcade Archives. A PC-Engine exclusive follow-up, \\\"Terra Cresta II: Mandler no Gyakushu\\\", was released in 1992 exclusively in Japan, and a 3-D version, \\\"Terra Cresta 3D\\\", was released in 1997 for the Sega Saturn in Japan only. On May 10, 2018 a port for the Nintendo Switch was published by HAMSTER as part of their Arcade Archives\",\n \"title\": \"Terra Cresta\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15615904\",\n \"text\": \"for the Nintendo Switch, ported by 505 Games, will be released in 2019. \\\"Terraria\\\" received generally favorable reviews from critics, according to review aggregator Metacritic. A review for \\\"Destructoid\\\" included praise for \\\"Terraria\\\" as \\\"full of depth\\\". Another reviewer praised \\\"Terraria\\\" integration of some of \\\"Minecraft\\\" concepts into two dimensions. \\\"GameSpot\\\" praised \\\"Terraria\\\" exploration and feeling of accomplishment but criticized its lack of tutorial or explicit directions. IGN praised the game, claiming that \\\"Terraria\\\": \\\"expands on the familiar sandbox gameplay with a greater emphasis on combat and adventure.\\\" \\\"Terraria\\\" received the #1 of 2011 Indie of the Year Player Choice\",\n \"title\": \"Terraria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11530236\",\n \"text\": \"the Mac OS X version. A last update was released on April 19th adding controller support and providing bugfixes. Until the removal of digital rights management in the 2.5 update, \\\"X3: Terran Conflict\\\" used Tagès as copy prevention. For the DVD versions of the game, the DVD was required to be in the drive to start the game. For online distribution version of the game, including Steam, the number of installations was limited to 5 machines. More activations were available by contacting either Egosoft or Valve. On release, \\\"X3 Terran Conflict\\\" was generally well received by critics, and scored very\",\n \"title\": \"X3: Terran Conflict\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13206933\",\n \"text\": \"Schoot and Bastiaan Berendsen, and is still being actively developed. Although the game was publicly available in 1998 it was called a \\\"BETA\\\" until March 2000 TEQ reached its peak popularity in 2000 during the \\\".com bubble.\\\" The media (hungry for internet-related news) caught attention of the relatively new concept of massive online gaming. Many Dutch newspapers and magazines wrote stories about the game and concept. As a result of this, many players joined the game, making it even more popular. TEQ is less popular today, but hundreds of players still log in every day and TEQ remains the top-rating\",\n \"title\": \"Terra Est Quaestuosa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11530233\",\n \"text\": \"announced from Egosoft an open beta, on 19 January 2009, for version 2.0 of \\\"Terran Conflict\\\", which was available to forum members who have volunteered to be part of the 'Developer Network'. 2.0 contains 'a whole new mission, new stations and new sectors'. It was made available for download 3 April 2009. Due to a packing error, 2.0a was made available shortly after initial release to fix a problem, on 10 June 2009, they released the sixth patch, updating the game to version 2.1. and on 14 October 2009, it was a seventh patch released, updating the game to version\",\n \"title\": \"X3: Terran Conflict\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11530235\",\n \"text\": \"patch version 2.7.1, fixing several minor issues. Egosoft released the tenth patch on 7 October 2010, updating the game to version 3.0. It brings a new plot mission called 'Balance of Power', which was specially developed as a feature for the X Superbox. Also featured in the update is a reward for the Operation Final Fury plot. Update 3.0 also features the Dead-is-Dead gameplay mode for X3: Terran Conflict which is only available to players who play through the Steam client. A further update: was released on 12 April 2011 for the Windows version, And on 24 March 2011 for\",\n \"title\": \"X3: Terran Conflict\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3067966\",\n \"text\": \"box art was modified to remove mention of them. Because the stages from the e-Cards are stored on the cards themselves and not in the original game, IGN speculated that Nintendo would be able to expand the game indefinitely. The game was re-released on the Wii U Virtual Console in Japan on December 29, 2015, in North America on January 21, 2016, and in Europe on March 10, 2016 (alongside the GBA ports of Super Mario Bros. 2 and Super Mario World). It includes e-Reader-exclusive content via the data select screen, especially in the PAL release, which did not originally\",\n \"title\": \"Super Mario Advance 4: Super Mario Bros. 3\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14426324\",\n \"text\": \"Spanish version of its website to the public. Following this announcement, in early 2017, a beta version of Quora in French was announced. In May 2017, beta versions in German and Italian were introduced. In September 2017 a beta version in Japanese was launched. In April 2018, Beta versions in Hindi, Portuguese, and Indonesian were launched. Currently, additional versions in Bengali, Marathi, Tamil, Finnish, Norwegian, Swedish, and Dutch are planned. In April 2017, Quora was reported to have received Series D funding with a valuation of $1.8 billion. In September 2018, Quora reported hitting 300 million monthly users. Despite its\",\n \"title\": \"Quora\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13463548\",\n \"text\": \"2012, PlayStation Vita on March 14, 2013, and Android on June 27, 2013. The game is described by the development team as a . JAST USA released the PC version in North America on March 31, 2014, both digitally and as a physical collector's edition, while PQube released the PS3 and Vita versions in North America and Europe in 2015. Additionally, the iOS version was released in English on September 9, 2016. A manga adaptation of the game, created by Yomi Sarachi, was serialized from 2009 to 2013, and later published in North America from 2015 to 2016. A second\",\n \"title\": \"Steins;Gate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7012066\",\n \"text\": \"Terra (video game) Terra (also known as Terra: 2120 or Terra: Battle for the Outland) was one of the internet's original Massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPG), debuting in early 1996 from Kaon interactive. Kaon dropped development of the game within a few years and it has since been taken over and kept running by its loyal fan base. As probably the oldest MMORPG game in existence it has significant historical value to the gaming community. Other than minor updates to run on the newer Windows platforms the game is still in its original retro format and is free to\",\n \"title\": \"Terra (video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20559618\",\n \"text\": \"Re-Logic Re-Logic is an independent game developer and publisher based in Indiana. It was founded by Andrew Spinks in 2011. The company is best known for developing and publishing \\\"Terraria\\\", a 2D action-adventure sandbox video game. Re-Logic was founded at the beginning of \\\"Terraria\\\"s development cycle, starting in January 2011. The game was released for Microsoft Windows on May 16, 2011 and received multiple updates later on. In February 2012, Re-Logic's developers announced that \\\"Terraria\\\" would be receiving one final bug-fix patch, but development resumed in 2013. The game is still being updated . \\\"Terraria\\\" has also seen multiple console\",\n \"title\": \"Re-Logic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18099847\",\n \"text\": \"led by Commander Jaxon (Terry Crews) as a last resort to dismantle Terra Nova any way they can. The game was announced at Microsoft's press conference at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2014 in June 2014, as an Xbox One exclusive. While the game was still at an early stage at the time of its reveal, Microsoft's Phil Spencer said that the title came about from talks with Dave Jones who, after leaving Realtime Worlds, joined Cloudgine, a software company that is developing technology allowing game developers to take advantage of cloud computing features. Cloudgine had been previously rumored to be\",\n \"title\": \"Crackdown 3\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11530231\",\n \"text\": \"to coincide with the release of the first update. The release version was 1.0.1. Egosoft later confirmed that a shipping error had caused this. \\\"X3: Terran Conflict Version 2.0\\\" was released in North America on 7 April 2009. X³-Gold, the bundle pack containing \\\"X3: Terran Conflict 2.0\\\" and \\\"X3: Reunion 2.5\\\" was released on 9 April 2009. The first update for \\\"X3: Terran Conflict\\\" brought many improvements, on 16 October 2008 Egosoft released the first patch for the game. A whole new mission to scan for valuable asteroids, enabled mouse control in external view mode, when a target is lost,\",\n \"title\": \"X3: Terran Conflict\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10409701\",\n \"text\": \"3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter:\",\n \"title\": \"2007 Orlando Predators season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19215220\",\n \"text\": \"10, 2015. It was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows, OS X and Linux through Steam on June 7, 2016, for the PlayStation 4 and the PlayStation Vita via the PlayStation Store on June 7, 2016 in North America and on June 8, 2016 in Europe and Australia. It was released both physically and digitally (through the Nintendo eShop) for the Wii U on September 30, 2016 in Europe and Australia and in North America on October 20, 2016. It was released worldwide on the iOS App store on November 9, 2016. On December 28, 2017, the game was released worldwide\",\n \"title\": \"SteamWorld Heist\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18324678\",\n \"text\": \"to the preview build of the game as \\\"cautiously optimistic\\\", stating that the game was \\\"an RPG stripped down to its barest bones, and...it works surprisingly well.\\\" while citing concern with the minimal graphics and free to play payment model. Joystiq played a version available to play at PAX Prime 2014, and stated that, while the game was overwhelmingly frantic at first, \\\" the slide-and-move-on action was innate and enjoyable enough to encourage continued play.\\\" Game Informer praised the core gameplay, but expressed concern over the long-term effects of the game's imposed waiting time periods. In June 2017, Mistwalker announced\",\n \"title\": \"Terra Battle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19935811\",\n \"text\": \"on 8 September, 2016 on Itch.io and the full version of the game was released for download on 25 July 2017 on Steam, Itch.io, Xbox One and PlayStation 4. A physical boxed version was available from 1 August 2017. Since the release of the game there have been multiple small updates adding new features, improving performance and fixing bugs. The first major update was published for PC on 31 August 2017, and was labelled as \\\"Content drop one\\\". This update added 11 new buildings including; a space elevator, a decontamination unit and new decorative buildings. This update also has a\",\n \"title\": \"Aven Colony\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18324677\",\n \"text\": \"Ito joined the project, with \\\"Kingdom Hearts\\\" series composer Yoko Shimomura joining him after the game had been downloaded 1.7 million times. To commemorate the milestone of 1,800,000 downloads, a new song by famed \\\"Chrono\\\" series composer Yasunori Mitsuda was added to the game. The final milestone, at 2 million downloads, would be releasing a version of the game on the current generation of video game consoles in some capacity, though Sakaguchi has not explained what that would entail other than it would not be a straight port of the mobile version of the game. Pocket Gamer described their reaction\",\n \"title\": \"Terra Battle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20115625\",\n \"text\": \"from August 25–28, followed by a second week for both PlayStation 4 and Xbox One from September 1–4. The PC beta was announced as an open beta, and ran from September 29 – October 2 on Steam. Players who participated in the beta received the Beta Combat Pack for the full game, which contains a special in-game helmet, emblem and calling card. The game is available in three editions: Base Edition, Digital Deluxe Edition and the Pro Edition. The Pro Edition was sold exclusively at GameStop, with pre-orders of the game at GameStop also included a limited edition hat. The\",\n \"title\": \"Call of Duty: WWII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4162050\",\n \"text\": \"audio dramas featuring original cast members. The new audio series were produced by Anderson Entertainment in association with Big Finish Productions. The first new series was released in April 2015, and consists of eight episodes. Ann Ridler who played Kate Kestrel and Cy-Star was replaced by Beth Chalmers, as Ridler had since died, and Windsor Davies who played Sergeant Major Zero was replaced by Jeremy Hitchen, as Davies has retired from acting. A second series was released by Big Finish Productions in April 2016, and a third in July 2017. Free sample episodes are available on the Big Finish website.\",\n \"title\": \"Terrahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18849560\",\n \"text\": \"August 2016, an open beta for Windows was released. The game was originally scheduled for release in 2016 as a free-to-play title for Android, iOS, macOS, and Windows. The Windows version officially launched on March 9, 2017. An iOS for iPad devices launched on March 23, 2017. Mobile versions for iOS and Android smartphones was released in July 2017. MacOS and Android tablet-only versions have been released. During the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2018, Bethesda also announced that the game is planned for release on PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, and Xbox One. In May 2018, Bethesda announced that Dire Wolf had\",\n \"title\": \"The Elder Scrolls: Legends\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15615906\",\n \"text\": \"the game was planned to have an unlimited number of worlds, and would be significantly different from the original game. \\\"Terraria: Otherworld\\\" was another planned game set in the \\\"Terraria\\\" universe, and was announced in February 2015 to be released later that year. \\\"Otherworld\\\" tasked the player with trying to purify the world of the Corruption, which was to be achieved mainly by finding and activating \\\"purifying towers\\\" that push back the spread of the Corruption. \\\"Otherworld\\\" would have included more strategy and role-playing elements, such as a tower defense gameplay element, skill trees, and a plot. In April 2017,\",\n \"title\": \"Terraria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2832208\",\n \"text\": \"features, command sets and CEC compliance tests. HDMI 1.3 was released on June 22, 2006, and increased the maximum TMDS clock to 340 MHz (10.2 Gbit/s). Like previous versions, it uses 8b/10b encoding, giving it a maximum video bandwidth of 8.16 Gbit/s (1920×1080 at 120 Hz or 2560×1440 at 60 Hz). It added support for 10 bpc, 12 bpc, and 16 bpc color depth (30, 36, and 48 bit/px), called deep color. It also added support for the xvYCC color space, in addition to the Rec. 601 and Rec. 709 color spaces supported by previous versions, and added the ability\",\n \"title\": \"HDMI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15615894\",\n \"text\": \"then buy or sell items and certain services from NPCs with coins found in the world. Some NPCs cannot currently be found in the mobile versions and console versions of the game. The game includes a currency system in the form of coins that can be primarily used to complete transactions with NPCs. Coins can be obtained by slaying monsters, finding treasure, and selling items to NPCs. The game recognizes many different biomes and areas, defined by the blocks that exist in the vicinity, each home to a unique set of enemies. Some biomes, such as the Corruption or Crimson\",\n \"title\": \"Terraria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20562334\",\n \"text\": \"should display text in English by default, so long as the system's region is defined as such. Lastly, it is compatible with PSTV, putting it in stark contrast with Terraria, which did not offer this because of its touch-screen controls exclusive to the Vita. Despite offering a patch to cater to importers, there is no official retail or digital release in the US or Europe for the Vita version as of now. A PlayStation 4 port is also rumored, but yet to be released. The game won Tokyo Game Show's 2015 award for Best Platformer, and 4Gamer.net's 2014 award of\",\n \"title\": \"Wondership Q\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10411020\",\n \"text\": \"Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd\",\n \"title\": \"2007 Nashville Kats season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10134800\",\n \"text\": \"created at the Institute of Systems Biology in Seattle in 2002. Now, it is developed by an international consortium of open source developers. Cytoscape was initially made public in July, 2002 (v0.8); the second release (v0.9) was in November, 2002, and v1.0 was released in March 2003. Version 1.1.1 is the last stable release for the 1.0 series. Version 2.0 was initially released in 2004; Cytoscape 2.83, the final 2.xx version, was released in May 2012. Version 3.0 was released Feb 1, 2013, and the latest version, 3.4.0, was released in May 2016. The Cytoscape core developer team continues to\",\n \"title\": \"Cytoscape\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4581952\",\n \"text\": \"Age of Empires III Age of Empires III is a real-time strategy video game developed by Microsoft Corporation's Ensemble Studios and published by Microsoft Game Studios. The Mac version was ported over and developed and published by Destineer's MacSoft. The PC version was released on October 18, 2005 in North America and November 4, 2005 in Europe, while the Mac version was released on November 21, 2006 in North America and September 29, 2006 in Europe. An N-Gage version of the game developed by Glu Mobile was released on April 28, 2009. It is the third game of the \\\"Age\",\n \"title\": \"Age of Empires III\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18822362\",\n \"text\": \"received an Early Access release for Linux and OS X on July 1, 2015, and through the Xbox Game Preview Program for Xbox One on December 16, 2015; a PlayStation 4 version was released on December 6, 2016. The final game launched in August 2017; it was originally intended for release in June 2016, but was delayed in April. The game launched with support for Oculus Rift and PlayStation VR, and the Xbox One version was released via the ID@Xbox program. Android and iOS versions were released on June 14, 2018, and a Nintendo Switch version is due on November\",\n \"title\": \"Ark: Survival Evolved\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10583304\",\n \"text\": \"spaces were released to the North American version on June 10, 2010. Additional unlockable content became available in Japan once the game was released and on December 22, 2008 in North America, and was released monthly in Japan until January 2009 and once or twice a month in North America until August 2009. The content includes new characters able to be accessed once the main story is complete, character and monster classes, the modes \\\"Item World Command Attack\\\" and \\\"Class World Command Attack\\\", and a side story following Raspberyl after the end of the game. Access to this additional content\",\n \"title\": \"Disgaea 3\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20392889\",\n \"text\": \"while keeping the changes that players liked from the last game. \\\"Dungeons 3\\\" was released worldwide and for all supported platforms on October 13, 2017. It is the first entry in the series that was released on multiple platforms, i.e. Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, at the same time. Realmforge Studios released three downloadable content (DLC) to \\\"Dungeons 3\\\" that expand upon the story: The PC version of \\\"Dungeons 3\\\" received \\\"generally favorable\\\" reviews according to review aggregator Metacritic. The Xbox One version received slightly worse reviews and is considered by Metacritic as having \\\"mixed or\",\n \"title\": \"Dungeons 3\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12798542\",\n \"text\": \"System 7.0.1 (PPC or 68k), although the Mac version was not released until January 1996 for PPC, and April for 68k. Version 2.1 for the Mac came out in August 1996, although by this time, Windows was getting 3.0. Version 2 was included in Windows 95 OSR 1 and Microsoft's \\\"Internet Starter Kit for Windows 95\\\" in early 1996. It launched with twelve languages, including English, but by April 1996, this was expanded to 24, 20, and 9 for Win 95, Win 3.1, and Mac, respectively. The 2.0i version supported double-byte character-set. Microsoft Internet Explorer 3 was released on August\",\n \"title\": \"Internet Explorer version history\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15612764\",\n \"text\": \"to overhaul the animation system to accommodate first-person gameplay. The PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions were released on 18 November 2014. The PC version, initially scheduled for simultaneous release with the console versions, was delayed until 14 April 2015. According to Rockstar, it required extra development time for \\\"polish\\\". The PC version is capable of 60 frames per second gameplay at 4K resolution, and the Rockstar Editor lets players capture and edit gameplay videos. Design director Imran Sarwar announced in October 2017 that the game would not receive single-player downloadable content, despite Rockstar's original plan for a 2014 release,\",\n \"title\": \"Grand Theft Auto V\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16488739\",\n \"text\": \"that same month's issue of the magazine. It was released on April 4, 2014, for PC and Mac. Home console releases for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One were released on June 9, 2015. Shortly after the game's launch, it was reported that some players were unable to activate the 30-day complimentary game time included with their purchase until a subscription had been set up and—in \\\"a strange state of affairs\\\" and \\\"most likely a mistake\\\"—after a full month had been paid for. A serious item duplication exploit was discovered that allowed players to gain huge fortunes, which was patched\",\n \"title\": \"The Elder Scrolls Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16861612\",\n \"text\": \"a media conference. On April 3, 2010, the Wi-Fi variant of the device was released in the United States, followed by the release of the Wi-Fi + Cellular variant on April 30. On May 28, it was released in Australia, Canada, France, Japan, Italy, Germany, Spain, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. The device received primarily positive reviews from various technology blogs and publications. Reviewers praised the device for its wide range of capabilities and labelled it as a competitor to laptops and netbooks. Some aspects were criticized, including the closed nature of the operating system and the lack of support\",\n \"title\": \"IPad (1st generation)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10409878\",\n \"text\": \"Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th\",\n \"title\": \"2007 New York Dragons season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12777474\",\n \"text\": \"free on August 22. Following the initial release, Square Enix doubled the amount of active servers to cope with crowding issues, while they worked on creating a larger permanent server increase. Support for the Wii version ended in 2017. The Wii U version released on March 30, 2013. The beta test began on March 5. A port for Microsoft Windows was released on September 26. Ports to both the PlayStation 4 (PS4) and Nintendo Switch were announced as being in development in August 2016. These ports will both be released in 2017; the PS4 version will release on August 17,\",\n \"title\": \"Dragon Quest X\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18474437\",\n \"text\": \"given based on 11 reviews for the Xbox One version, 77.50% for Wii U based on 4 reviews, 73.53% for the PC version based on 16 reviews, and 73.29% for PlayStation 4 based on 21 reviews. \\\"Episode 2: Assembly Required\\\" received \\\"mixed or average\\\" reviews. Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 59/100 based on 13 reviews, the PlayStation 4 version 53/100 based on 7 reviews and the Xbox One version 61/100 based on 8 reviews. \\\"Episode 3: The Last Place You Look\\\" received mildly positive reviews. Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 73/100 based\",\n \"title\": \"Minecraft: Story Mode\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14598065\",\n \"text\": \"us can only take so much.\\\" But by the finale in December things had turned around again where critics were mostly pleased and enthusiastic. \\\"Entertainment Weekly\\\" called the season finale \\\"exciting\\\". The series' first season received an aggregated score of 64% across 28 reviews from Metacritic. The first season averaged 7.52 million American viewers and a 2.5 rating in the 18–49 demographic. The show was ranked the #2 new drama among adults 18–49, the #1 new show among men 18–49, 18–34, and 25–54 and was one of the top 20 regular programs among teens, as of January 1, 2012. In\",\n \"title\": \"Terra Nova (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17531092\",\n \"text\": \"anime is licensed in the United Kingdom by Kazé UK and in North America by Viz Media. Madman Entertainment acquired the series for release in Australia and New Zealand. A sequel to the anime titled \\\"Terra Formars: Revenge\\\" was announced in November 2015, with changes to the series' main staff and the main cast returning to reprise their roles. Liden Films and TYO Animations produced the sequel. The anime premiered on April 2, 2016. An OVA adaptation of the manga's Earth Arc was planned for a May 2017 release, but was delayed to an August 2018 release instead. A live-action\",\n \"title\": \"Terra Formars\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14598066\",\n \"text\": \"2011, the series was honored, along with seven others, with the Critics' Choice Television Award for Most Exciting New Series. Also, it won \\\"Best Visual Effects in a Television Series\\\" by the Visual Effects Society in 2011 and was also nominated for \\\"Outstanding Created Environment in a Broadcast Program or Commercial.\\\" The series was released on a 4-disc DVD set on September 11, 2012. The set contains deleted scenes; bloopers; and featurettes including \\\"Director's Diaries – Making the Pilot\\\", an extended \\\"Occupation/Resistance\\\" episode with audio commentary from Stephen Lang, Brannon Braga and Rene Echevarria, \\\"Mysteries Explored\\\", and \\\"Cretaceous Life: The\",\n \"title\": \"Terra Nova (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14348998\",\n \"text\": \"18 August 2010. Originally, cooperative online gameplay was to be enabled on 28 September, the day of the PC and PlayStation Network release. However, on-line cooperative was delayed for all three platforms until a later date. Karl Stewart said, \\\"The agreement with Microsoft is, in order to participate in their hugely successful Summer of Arcade promotion there is a window of exclusivity. That window of exclusivity is a set four weeks.\\\" The Microsoft Windows version was distributed exclusively by the digital distribution platform Steam. Online cooperative was made available for the PlayStation 3 on 22 November 2010. The Microsoft Windows\",\n \"title\": \"Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10416126\",\n \"text\": \"Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance:\",\n \"title\": \"2007 Utah Blaze season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16183202\",\n \"text\": \"Japan on March 20, 2013. The PlayStation 3 version was later released in Europe on August 30, 2013 and as a digital-only release in North America on September 3, 2013. A third game, \\\"\\\", was released for PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita, PlayStation 4 and Microsoft Windows on March 26, 2015 in Japan. The game received \\\"mixed\\\" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. The game was rated 36 out of 40 by the Japanese gaming magazine \\\"Famitsu\\\". The game was a huge success in Japan, in its first week it sold over 655,774 copies and as of April, the\",\n \"title\": \"One Piece: Pirate Warriors\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9609326\",\n \"text\": \"take fifteen minutes to few hours, and the tests sometimes extend to over one day. Fifth grade and above include short answers. The results are nationally norm-referenced, meaning that students' scores reflect their achievement in comparison to all students who took the test nationally. Typically this is expressed as a raw score that is then converted into a percentile ranking. This is different from criterion-referenced tests, which measure student performance based on mastery of the material. In 2015, CTB released \\\"TerraNova 3\\\" Online. The online administered test includes a full battery of constructed-response and selected-response test items provides detailed diagnostic\",\n \"title\": \"TerraNova (test)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12963660\",\n \"text\": \"would no longer be made available for OEM distribution as of November 1, 2008. On July 14, 2013, Linux kernel version 3.11 was officially named \\\"Linux For Workgroups\\\" as a tongue-in-cheek reference to \\\"Windows for Workgroups 3.11\\\". Windows 3.1x Windows 3.1x (codenamed \\\"Janus\\\") is a series of 16-bit operating environments produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers. The series began with Windows 3.1, which was first sold during April 1992 as a successor to Windows 3.0. Subsequent versions were released between 1992 and 1994 until the series was superseded by Windows 95. During its lifespan, Windows 3.1 introduced several\",\n \"title\": \"Windows 3.1x\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17734549\",\n \"text\": \"December 2014, and in UK on 30 January 2015. The PlayStation Vita version was announced on 27 February 2014, but since then no exact date was given. The game was also released digitally in Japan on 18 February 2015, with an update to the Steam version that added Japanese language. An Xbox One version was announced at the end of February 2016 with the release date of 9 March 2016. \\\"Teslagrad\\\" uses Unity game engine, making it easier for developers to reach cross platform. A version for Android and iOS has been released on 8 November 2018. \\\"Teslagrad\\\" is a\",\n \"title\": \"Teslagrad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17911652\",\n \"text\": \"be compressed on the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, with the foresight that PC versions would display these assets uncompressed. These early decisions aided the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions' development as well, due to their similar system architectures to the PC. Their similarities helped the team \\\"ramp up\\\" to the PC version, where they could push the visuals and technology further than before. The PC development team consisted of members of the original team and PC specialists from Rockstar's other studios who had brought \\\"Grand Theft Auto IV\\\", \\\"Max Payne 3\\\" and \\\"L.A. Noire\\\" to the platform. The\",\n \"title\": \"Development of Grand Theft Auto V\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17911664\",\n \"text\": \"PC version, initially scheduled for simultaneous release with the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions, was delayed three times: first to 27 January 2015, later to 24 March 2015, and again to 14 April 2015. According to Rockstar, the game required extra development time for \\\"polishing\\\". On 23 August 2013, reports stated that some European PlayStation 3 users who had pre-ordered \\\"Grand Theft Auto V\\\" were able to download parts of the game, including its soundtrack and some character dialogue. Details of the game were leaked later that day and on following days before Sony removed the pre-order file from\",\n \"title\": \"Development of Grand Theft Auto V\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17792435\",\n \"text\": \"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of women's education\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3359210\",\n \"text\": \"12, a press release from Bethesda gave the date of \\\"Spring 2002\\\", confirming GameSpot's supposition of delay without agreeing on the more specific date of \\\"March\\\". Though no rationale behind the delay was given at the time, developer Pete Hines later attributed the delay to a need for game testing and balancing. Although the PC version of \\\"Morrowind\\\" had gone gold by April 23, 2002, and was released on May 1 in North America, the Xbox release was delayed further. On April 15, GameSpot suggested an Xbox release date sometime in May and a scheduled \\\"going gold\\\" date for the\",\n \"title\": \"The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2787686\",\n \"text\": \"3, 2015 for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, with a release for Microsoft Windows (via Origin) in 2016. More information on the game was revealed during the EA press conference at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2015 on June 15, 2015. A new trailer was released and a short gameplay demo was shown. Beta released on PS4 and Xbox One. PC version was released on March 15, 2016, via Origin in two different editions. The Standard Edition is the base edition, whereas the Deluxe Edition has the styling pack, performance pack, tricked-out starter car, exclusive wraps, unique identifying stickers, VIP icons\",\n \"title\": \"Need for Speed\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12963639\",\n \"text\": \"Windows 3.1x Windows 3.1x (codenamed \\\"Janus\\\") is a series of 16-bit operating environments produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers. The series began with Windows 3.1, which was first sold during April 1992 as a successor to Windows 3.0. Subsequent versions were released between 1992 and 1994 until the series was superseded by Windows 95. During its lifespan, Windows 3.1 introduced several enhancements to the still MS-DOS-based platform, including improved system stability, expanded support for multimedia, TrueType fonts, and workgroup networking. Windows 3.1 was originally released on April 6, 1992; official support for Windows 3.1 ended on December 31,\",\n \"title\": \"Windows 3.1x\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5207020\",\n \"text\": \"1995, only 2 months after version 1 came out in Microsoft Plus! for 95 that August. It was released for Windows 95 and Windows NT 3.5 in November 1995 and was bundled with NT 4.0 in July 1996. The Beta for Mac on PowerPC came out in January, and the finalized version in April for 68k and PowerPC. Version 2 was also the first release for Windows 3.1 and Macintosh System 7.0.1(PPC or 68k), although the Mac version was not released until January 1996 for PPC, and April for 68k. Version 2 was included in Windows 95 OEM Service Release\",\n \"title\": \"Internet Explorer 2\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3752924\",\n \"text\": \"computers of the era shipped with 4 megabytes of RAM, 16 MB was recommended for NTs. Due to the high cost of RAM at the time, critics thought that its high system requirements could affect the sales and adoption of Windows NT. Steps were taken to reduce its memory usage through methods such as paging. Microsoft began releasing public beta builds of NT in October 1992, and a month later at COMDEX, a presentation focusing on third-party software for Windows NT was held. The final pre-release version of NT was released in March 1993, alongside the unveiling of the server\",\n \"title\": \"Windows NT 3.1\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11530230\",\n \"text\": \"documenting several experiences with the game development by several team members. An XTM and \\\"X3: Terran Conflict\\\" developer Bobby Wilkinson, known in the X3 community as Syklon, was the first to post, detailing some new aspects of the game. The game was announced as having gone gold on 10 September 2008. The release was then pushed back twice due to production delays, finally falling on 17 October 2008; two weeks after the initial release date of 3 October. Some copies of \\\"Terran Conflict\\\" had become available several days before the release date. The Steam version was activated on the 16th,\",\n \"title\": \"X3: Terran Conflict\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16883924\",\n \"text\": \"MB) which needed to be burned on CD-R(W) by the user and was intended to replace the original AmigaOS 4.0 Developer Pre-release CD for installation and for rescue purposes. Release date: 10 October 2004. Among the features: AmigaOS 4.0 Developer Pre-release Update came in the form of a free download for registered users. The update featured a USB stack update (i.e. mass storage support) and numerous bug fixes and enhancements to core components of the system. Release date: 27 December 2004. Release date: 14 June 2005. The following is a non-exhaustive list of the features of update #3: The most\",\n \"title\": \"AmigaOS 4 version history\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2141299\",\n \"text\": \"released for PlayStation 4. On June 10, 2018, \\\"Skyrim: Very Special Edition\\\", a voice-activated text adventure game poking fun at the game's many releases, was released for Amazon Alexa devices. On May 3, 2012, \\\"The Elder Scrolls Online\\\" was revealed. \\\"The Elder Scrolls Online\\\" was released for Windows and macOS on April 4, 2014, with the Xbox One and PlayStation 4 versions initially slated to follow in June 2014 but later delayed until June 9, 2015. The game originally required a subscription to play, but this requirement was dropped on March 17, 2015. There is however a subscription service entitled\",\n \"title\": \"The Elder Scrolls\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4421801\",\n \"text\": \"months before release. Schmidt said that, in the new game, \\\"you were going around blowing people up\\\" and \\\"your enemies have brackets on them showing their health and it's very bright and glowy and green\\\". He believed that these elements drastically increased the game's enjoyability. He summarized, \\\"Six months before it shipped the game wasn't fun at all and we actually ended up shipping something that was at least somewhat enjoyable to play\\\". After previously being slated to launch in the second quarter of 1995, the game was released on March 5, 1996; by this time, its graphical technology had\",\n \"title\": \"Terra Nova: Strike Force Centauri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17531091\",\n \"text\": \"an alarming rate and adapting themselves far better to their new environment than they did to their homeworld, they start their plan to take over the planet. The manga, written by Yū Sasuga and illustrated by Kenichi Tachibana, began serialization in Shueisha's \\\"Miracle Jump\\\" magazine in January 2011. It later moved to \\\"Weekly Young Jump\\\" for the Annex I arc after the Bugs 2 arc concluded. The series has inspired five spin-off manga: An anime adaptation produced by Liden Films began airing on September 26, 2014, and finished airing on December 19, 2014 with a total of 13 episodes. The\",\n \"title\": \"Terra Formars\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10409773\",\n \"text\": \"Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd\",\n \"title\": \"2007 Dallas Desperados season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7836773\",\n \"text\": \"East on December 1997 titled . This version features a Special Mode which adds a fourth playable ship and a new final stage, as well as animated opening and ending videos and a voiced navigator. It supports the analog controls of the DualShock controller. The PlayStation was reissued on May 2003 by Hamster as part of their MajorWave budget label. \\\"Soukyugurentai\\\" was ported to Japanese feature phones in 2005 and was available for EZWeb, i-mode and Yahoo! Keitai devices. \\\"Sōkyū Gurentai\\\" was one of Raizing's most popular arcade games. \\\"Consoles +\\\" rated the Sega Saturn version at 92%. Terra Diver\",\n \"title\": \"Terra Diver\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18822365\",\n \"text\": \"negative reaction among players of the game, resulting in lots of negative reviews on Steam right after the expansion launch. The game left early access on August 29, 2017, for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One. The standard version was released alongside an \\\"Explorer's Edition\\\", which included a season pass with three expansions, and the \\\"Collector's Edition\\\", which included a season pass as well, a necklace, a map, a notebook, a development team poster, a wooden chest packaging, and the game's official soundtrack. On December 12, 2017, the paid DLC \\\"Aberration\\\" was released, adding a new underground/alien-themed map and\",\n \"title\": \"Ark: Survival Evolved\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2284259\",\n \"text\": \"the highest-selling game of 2001 in the United States, selling over two million units by February 2002. The game was also the second best-selling game of 2002, behind only its sequel. Take-Two stock significantly increased following the game's launch, and the game was included in PlayStation's Greatest Hits selection. In the United States, the game had sold 5.35 million units by June 2004, and 6.55 million units by December 2007. The computer version accounted for 420,000 sales and $16.9 million in earnings by August 2006 in the United States. It was the country's 34th best-selling computer game between January 2000\",\n \"title\": \"Grand Theft Auto III\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17498064\",\n \"text\": \"N++ N++ is a platform video game developed and published by Metanet Software. It is the third installment of the N franchise which started with the Adobe Flash game N. It is the sequel to N+. The game was initially released for the PlayStation 4 on July 28, 2015 in North America, and July 29, 2015 in Europe, and was later released for the Microsoft Windows and macOS operating systems on August 25, 2016 and December 26, 2016, respectively. With the Xbox One version being released on October 4 2017. A version for Linux is currently in development. An expansion\",\n \"title\": \"N++\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7836772\",\n \"text\": \"on February 1997, five months after the arcade release. Because the original arcade hardware was directly based on the Sega Saturn architecture, this is a close conversion of the original game. Several options and features were also added, including a practice mode which allows the player to try out any of the game's stages without going through the entire campaign, as well as support for the Multi Controller and Mission Stick. A bargain-priced version was released on December 1997, titled , which includes a demo for the Saturn version of \\\"Battle Garegga\\\". A PlayStation version was also released by Data\",\n \"title\": \"Terra Diver\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3965306\",\n \"text\": \"later on 21 January, and can be downloaded from the \\\"Darwinia\\\" website. \\\"Darwinia\\\" was released in Europe on 4 March 2005 (the U.S. version followed on 12 June 2006), while the Macintosh version was released 30 March 2005 by publisher Ambrosia Software. A patch was released on 28 April 2005 for Microsoft Windows, bringing the version to 1.2. New features included an improved unit selection system, as well as numerous modding updates including the ability to create custom strings. Another patch (version 1.3) was released in September 2005, which includes the option (enabled by default) of clicking icons or using\",\n \"title\": \"Darwinia (video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5176787\",\n \"text\": \"Rajas\\\" was released on 19 December 2016. On August 21, 2017, Microsoft announced \\\"Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition\\\". \\\"Age of Empires III\\\", released on October 18, 2005, was built on an improved version of the \\\"Age of Mythology\\\" game engine with the most significant changes being the updated graphics engine and the inclusion of the Havok physics middleware engine. The game is set in the period between 1421 and 1850, and players can choose one of eight European nations. The game introduced a large number of features, such as home cities. Described by Ensemble Studios as \\\"an important support\",\n \"title\": \"Age of Empires\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14598060\",\n \"text\": \"longer active and redirects to Fox Movies. \\\"Terra Nova\\\" was expected to premiere in the U.S. in May 2011 with a two-hour preview, but due to the time involved for visual effects, its pilot was moved to autumn (late September) 2011 to air with the rest of season one. In May 2011, Fox announced the series would air on Monday nights, and released a full trailer. \\\"Terra Nova\\\" premiered at the 2011 San Diego Comic-Con International on July 23, 2011. The Fox premiere drew 9.22 million viewers and 3.1 in the 18–49 demo in live plus same day results, rising\",\n \"title\": \"Terra Nova (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17003348\",\n \"text\": \"and for \\\"Best Expansion\\\" at \\\"PC Gamer\\\"s 2017 Game of the Year Awards. By the end of the first week of release, the PS3 version of \\\"A Realm Reborn\\\" placed second in Japan's sales charts, with 184,000 physical copies sold. In late October 2013, Square Enix announced that the game had one and a half million registrations. It was the 16th best selling personal computer game of 2013 in the United States. In Japan, the PlayStation 3 version was ranked 32 in sales, with 244,574 retail copies sold. Following an extremely poor fiscal year 2013, Square Enix executives commended the\",\n \"title\": \"Final Fantasy XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13425702\",\n \"text\": \"X version of the game was released on 22 February 2011 by Feral Interactive. The game was released for the PlayStation 4 on 21 October 2016, as part of the \\\"Lego Harry Potter Collection\\\", which bundles the game with its sequel, \\\"\\\", and was also released for the Xbox One and Nintendo Switch on 30 October 2018. Other versions of the game were released on 29 June 2010 in North America, 25 June 2010 in Europe, and 30 June 2010 in Australia. The game received positive reviews from critics, with reviewers citing the game as being one of the better\",\n \"title\": \"Lego Harry Potter: Years 1–4\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17743240\",\n \"text\": \"3DS in Europe and Australia on 7 August 2013, North America on 8 August 2013, and Japan on 20 November 2013. Later, \\\"SteamWorld Dig\\\" was released on 5 December 2013 for Microsoft Windows, Mac, and Linux on Steam, on 18 March 2014 in North America and on 19 March 2014 in Europe for PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita, on 28 August 2014 for Wii U, on 5 June 2015 for Xbox One, and on 1 February 2018 for Nintendo Switch. A successor, \\\"SteamWorld Heist\\\", was released in December 2015. A sequel, \\\"SteamWorld Dig 2\\\", was released in September 2017. \\\"SteamWorld\",\n \"title\": \"SteamWorld Dig\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16488743\",\n \"text\": \"story line, jewelry crafting and a new skill line based on the Psijic Order. The expansion was released on May 21, 2018 for Windows and OS X and was released on June 5, 2018 for Playstation 4 and Xbox One. On June 14, 2015, at the Bethesda showcase at E3, downloadable content (DLC) was announced for the Imperial City, the Capital of Cyrodiil. It was released for the PC and OS X on August 31, 2015, for the Xbox One on September 15, and for the PlayStation 4 on September 16. It introduced a new currency known as Tel Var\",\n \"title\": \"The Elder Scrolls Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18822370\",\n \"text\": \"inside it.\\\" Within a month of its early access release on Steam, \\\"Ark\\\" had sold over one million copies. By August 2016, the game had over 5.5 million sales across both Windows and Xbox One, with about 1.5 million from the Xbox One platform. Ark: Survival Evolved Ark: Survival Evolved (stylized as ΛRK) is an action-adventure survival video game developed by Studio Wildcard, in collaboration with Instinct Games, Studios, and Virtual Basement. It was released in August 2017 for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Microsoft Windows, OS X and Linux, with versions for Android, iOS, and Nintendo Switch in 2018. In\",\n \"title\": \"Ark: Survival Evolved\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15615893\",\n \"text\": \"Bosses can only be summoned at night. Four of the bosses can spawn naturally in certain places and times. The defeat of these bosses is often tied to in-game progression. Defeat of bosses are met with several rewards which equips the player for future gameplay. By completing specific goals (such as defeating a boss or obtaining a gun), players can attract non-player characters (NPCs) to occupy structures or rooms they have built, such as a merchant, nurse, or wizard. Some NPCs can be acquired by finding them throughout the world and will then reside in the player's house. Players may\",\n \"title\": \"Terraria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3862535\",\n \"text\": \"America and Europe, the game was released in September 2007, for the Xbox 360 and PC, and in October 2007, for the PS3; in Australia, it was released on September 2007, for the Xbox 360 and PC, and in December 2007, for the PS3. It was also released on Steam on June 16, 2009. A 5th-anniversary edition of \\\"Oblivion\\\" was announced and released in North America in July 2011 and in Europe two months later. An Xbox 360 version of \\\"Fallout 3\\\" and \\\"Oblivion\\\" double pack was announced for release in North America on April 3, however it was not\",\n \"title\": \"The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10919566\",\n \"text\": \"a sequel to the game. As of 2015, the PS3 version has shipped 1million units worldwide. The 2014 PC version of the game exceeded its publisher's expectations, topping the Steam sales charts on the day of its release, ahead of the then also recently launched games \\\"\\\" and \\\"Assassin's Creed Unity\\\". It also received favorable reviews, with a Metacritic score of 85. By April 2017, the PC version of the game had sold about 925,000 copies on Steam. As of April 2018, the Steam version has sold 953,838 copies. The remastered PS4 version has sold 39,071 copies in Japan as\",\n \"title\": \"Valkyria Chronicles (video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14217532\",\n \"text\": \"on August 7, 2009. The first beta version was released on October 30, followed by Beta 2 on November 10, Beta 3 on November 17, Beta 4 on November 26, and Beta 5 on December 17. Release Candidate 1 was released on January 8, 2010, followed by Release Candidate 2 on January 17. The final version was released on January 21, 2010. Firefox 3.6.2 was released on March 23, 2010, followed by version 3.6.3 on April 1 which closed some bugs in the ASLR and DEP handling found at the Pwn2Own contest 2010. The Firefox developers created a new feature\",\n \"title\": \"Firefox 3.6\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3860154\",\n \"text\": \"available to a wide audience. For this reason, the team developed the PC version themselves and sought out a different publisher. The PC version was first announced at the 2006 Electronic Entertainment Expo. Unlike the Xbox version, the PC version was published by 2K Games. The game went gold in February 2007, shortly before its North American release. The game released on February 27, 2007 in North America. It later released on March 2 in Europe and Australia. The downloadable version was released through Steam and BioWare's online store on February 28. It later released through GOG.com on June 11,\",\n \"title\": \"Jade Empire\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16488747\",\n \"text\": \"was later released, revealing the title to be \\\"Shadows of the Hist\\\". The DLC includes two new dungeons: the Cradle of Shadows and Ruins of Mazzatun, and was released in August 2016. Announced on June 12, 2017 along with \\\"Clockwork City\\\", \\\"Horns of the Reach\\\". The DLC includes two new dungeons: Bloodroot Forge and Falkreath Hold and was released on August 14, 2017 on PC and Mac, with consoles receiving it on August 25. Announced along with \\\"Horns of the Reach\\\" on June 12, \\\"Clockwork City\\\" was eventually released on October 23 for PC and Mac and November 11 for\",\n \"title\": \"The Elder Scrolls Online\"\n }\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":79078,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":79078,"string":"79,078"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Germany"],"string":"[\n \"Germany\"\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"in which country did the 1761 'battle of villinghausen' take place"},"compressed_prompt":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Question:\\nPlease write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Battle of Villinghausen context: Battle of Villinghausen The Battle of Villinghausen (or Vellinghausen) was a battle in the Seven Years' War fought on the 15th and 16 July 1761 in the western area of present-day Germany, between a large French army and a combined Prussian-Hanoverian-British force led by Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick Two French armies, under two Marshals, Duc de Broglie and Prince de Soubise met up in July 1761, intending to force Prince Ferdinand out of Lippstadt, an important town. Allied reinforcements under General Spörcken arrived bringing Ferdinand's forces up to 65,000 while the combined French armies numbered around 90,000. The allied Prussian-Hanoverian-British\\n\\nin which country did the 1761 'battle of villinghausen' take place\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 222,\n \"origin_tokens\": 223,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"6835343","text":"Battle of Villinghausen The Battle of Villinghausen (or Vellinghausen) was a battle in the Seven Years' War fought on the 15th and 16 July 1761 in the western area of present-day Germany, between a large French army and a combined Prussian-Hanoverian-British force led by Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick. Two French armies, under two Marshals, Duc de Broglie and Prince de Soubise met up in July 1761, intending to force Prince Ferdinand out of Lippstadt, an important town. Allied reinforcements under General Spörcken arrived bringing Ferdinand's forces up to 65,000 while the combined French armies numbered around 90,000. The allied Prussian-Hanoverian-British","title":"Battle of Villinghausen"},{"id":"6835346","text":"a significant superiority in numbers and continued their offensive, although the two armies split again and operated independently. Despite further attempts to push an offensive strategy in Germany, the French were pushed back and finished the war in 1762 having lost the strategic post of Cassel. The Treaty of Paris led France to evacuate the remaining German territory it had occupied during the war. Battle of Villinghausen The Battle of Villinghausen (or Vellinghausen) was a battle in the Seven Years' War fought on the 15th and 16 July 1761 in the western area of present-day Germany, between a large French","title":"Battle of Villinghausen"},{"id":"12391163","text":"and Russian forces were also heavily depleted and could not launch a major offensive. In February 1761 Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick surprised French troops at Langensalza and then advanced to besiege Cassel in March. He was forced to lift the siege and retreat after French forces regrouped and captured several thousand of his men at the Battle of Grünberg. At the Battle of Villinghausen, forces under Ferdinand defeated a 92,000-man French army. On the eastern front, progress was very slow. The Russian army was heavily dependent upon its main magazines in Poland, and the Prussian army launched several successful raids","title":"Seven Years' War"},{"id":"6835344","text":"forces lined up along a series of hills, with their left anchored by the Lippe River (in the north), and the Ahse River in their centre. The French army advanced on 15 July, and Broglie's troops in the north made progress against German troops under Wutginau. However, British troops under Granby just south of Wutginau held their ground and the French assault stalled. Reinforcements for both sides arrived that night and Ferdinand strengthened his left at the expense of his right. The next morning, Broglie continued his attack on the Allied left, expecting Soubise to attack the weakened Allied right.","title":"Battle of Villinghausen"},{"id":"6938042","text":"III. He was fatally wounded at the Battle of Villinghausen, fought on 15 and 16 July 1761. His portrait is in the Galerie des Batailles at Versailles. On 7 June 1749, he married Jeanne Julie de Coetmen; they had five children: Pierre-François, Marquess of Rougé Pierre-François, Marquis de Rougé (1702–1761) was a French nobleman and General. The son of Pierre III, Marquis de Rougé and of Jeanne Prézeau de la Guilletière. Later in life he became Governor of Givet and Charlemont. In 1761 he was mortally wounded in battle. He is represented in the palace of Versailles \"Museum of the","title":"Pierre-François, Marquess of Rougé"},{"id":"1756657","text":"Greys and Inniskillings routed the French, sending them in a disorderly retreat into the town of Zierenberg. Soon after, infantry was brought up to storm the town; the town and the survivors of the Scots Greys' attack were captured. The Scots Greys began the following year by conducting patrols and skirmishing with French troops. Eventually, the Scots Greys were with the main army under Brunswick at the Battle of Villinghausen on 15–16 July 1761. The start of 1762 found the Scots Greys again raiding and clashing with French cavalry along the Hanoverian frontier. With the war approaching the end, the","title":"Royal Scots Greys"},{"id":"6835345","text":"However, Soubise only ordered a few small actions against the right, due in part that both French commanders were the same rank and reluctant to take orders from the other. Allied reinforcements under Wolff soon arrived along the Lippe River and attacked the French flank, halting Broglie's attack and forcing his men to withdraw. By about noon, the French were in full retreat and the battle was over. News of the battle provoked euphoria in Britain, and led William Pitt to take a much tougher line in the ongoing peace negotiations with France. Despite the defeat the French still had","title":"Battle of Villinghausen"},{"id":"2396918","text":"army led by Ferdinand of Brunswick. At the Battle of Villinghausen in July 1761 he commanded a corps which was at the centre of the line and not attacked. He was also present at the Battle of Wilhelmsthal in June 1762, and captured the castle of Waldeck the following month. After peace preliminaries were signed at Fontainebleau in November, he supervised the embarkation of British troops from Europe, returning to England in March. Conway was re-elected to the House of Commons in April 1761, this time for Thetford and on 4 July 1761 he became a member of the Privy","title":"Henry Seymour Conway"},{"id":"684468","text":"Battle of Culloden The Battle of Culloden (; ) was the final confrontation of the Jacobite rising of 1745. On 16 April 1746, the Jacobite forces of Charles Edward Stuart were decisively defeated by Hanoverian forces commanded by William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, near Inverness in the Scottish Highlands. Queen Anne, the last monarch of the House of Stuart, died in 1714, with no living children. Under the terms of the Act of Settlement 1701, she was succeeded by her second cousin George I of the House of Hanover, who was a descendant of the Stuarts through his maternal grandmother,","title":"Battle of Culloden"},{"id":"12391195","text":"forces under Robert Clive recaptured Calcutta from the Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah, a French ally, and ousted him from his throne at the Battle of Plassey in 1757. In the same year, the British also captured Chandernagar, the French settlement in Bengal. In the south, although the French captured Cuddalore, their siege of Madras failed, while the British commander Sir Eyre Coote decisively defeated the Comte de Lally at the Battle of Wandiwash in 1760 and overran the French territory of the Northern Circars. The French capital in India, Pondicherry, fell to the British in 1761; together with the fall of","title":"Seven Years' War"},{"id":"11734837","text":"France in the Seven Years' War would upset the balance of colonial power, he signed the Family Compact with France (both countries were ruled by branches of the Bourbon family) in August 1761. This brought war with Great Britain in January 1762. After Portugal had been struck by the disastrous 1755 Lisbon earthquake, Prime Minister Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, Marquis of Pombal directed all efforts towards the reconstruction of the country and neglected the armed forces, for which he had little interest anyhow. By the Treaty of El Pardo (1761) between Spain and Portugal, all aspects of the","title":"Fantastic War"},{"id":"5655442","text":"Battle of Wandiwash The Battle of Wandiwash was a decisive battle in India during the Seven Years' War. The Count de Lally's army, burdened by a lack of naval support and funds, attempted to regain the fort at Vandavasi, now in Tamil Nadu. He was attacked by Sir Eyre Coote's forces and decisively defeated. The French general Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau and the French were then restricted to Pondichéry, where they surrendered on 16 January 1761. Wandiwash is the Anglicised pronunciation of Vandavasi. This was the Third Carnatic War fought between the French and the British. Having made substantial gains in","title":"Battle of Wandiwash"},{"id":"13273742","text":"to lead the Anglo-German army which received increasing resources and reinforcements from Britain. Brunswick was now facing several large French armies under the overall command of Victor-François, 2nd duc de Broglie which tried to envelop the west German frontier. The French still hoped to offset their losses to the British in other parts of the globe by capturing Hanover—-which could be used as a bargaining chip in any peace negotiations. The French continued to invest large numbers of troops—which were badly needed elsewhere. In 1761 Brunswick won another major victory over Broglie at the Battle of Villinghausen. The French made","title":"Great Britain in the Seven Years' War"},{"id":"1714422","text":"the 2nd Battalion coming out of winter quarters, at Paderborn in February 1761 and with the unit at the Battle of Villinghausen on 16 July 1761, then under Prince Ferdinand, the Hereditary Crown Prince, at the crossing of the Diemel, near Warburg, in August, before wintering near Bielefeld. His father died this year necessitating a return to England to resolve family affairs. In 1762 the unit, part of the force led by Prince Ferdinand, was in action at the Battle of Wilhelmsthal on 24 June 1762. After this action they participated in cutting the French supply lines at the heights","title":"Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)"},{"id":"1452429","text":"Roman Empire \"Reichsfürst\" from Holy Roman Emperor Francis I. In 1759, he won the Battle of Bergen and followed that with the capture the city of Minden, later fighting at the Battle of Minden under the command of Contades, whom he would succeed in command. In 1760, he won an action at the Korbach, but was defeated at Villinghausen in 1761. After the war, he fell into disgrace and was not recalled to active employment until 1778, when he was given command of the troops designed to operate against Great Britain, when France intervened on the Thirteen Colonies' side during","title":"Victor-François, 2nd duc de Broglie"},{"id":"7974235","text":"Battle of Kloster Kampen in October 1760 and the Battle of Villinghausen in July 1761 as well as the Battle of Wilhelmsthal in June 1762 and the inconclusive Iberian campaign. After the war, it garrisoned the island of Menorca. The regiment served under the name of its various Colonels until it was numbered as the 11th Regiment of Foot when the numerical system of regimental designation was adopted in 1751. It was given the additional county title of 11th (North Devonshire) Regiment of Foot in 1782. The 11th Regiment spent the early years of the French Revolutionary Wars serving as","title":"Devonshire Regiment"},{"id":"6500292","text":"Europe in 1756 resulted in renewed conflict between French and British forces in India. The Third Carnatic War spread beyond southern India and into Bengal where British forces captured the French settlement of Chandernagore (now Chandannagar) in 1757. However, the war was decided in the south, where the British successfully defended Madras, and Sir Eyre Coote decisively defeated the French, commanded by Comte de Lally at the Battle of Wandiwash in 1760. After Wandiwash, the French capital of Pondicherry fell to the British in 1761. The war concluded with the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1763, which returned","title":"Carnatic Wars"},{"id":"13504565","text":"Lieutenant-Colonel. He led his regiment in the Battle of Villinghausen on 15–16 July 1761, and was noted for his gallantry. In 1762 his regiment was involved in heavy fighting during the Battle of Wilhelmsthal. A few weeks later they defeated Saxon troops at the Battle of Lutterberg and ended the year by participating in the Siege of Cassel. In January 1760 Cornwallis became a Member of Parliament, entering the House of Commons for the village of Eye in Suffolk. He succeeded his father as 2nd Earl Cornwallis in 1762, which resulted in his elevation to the House of Lords. He","title":"Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis"},{"id":"2466079","text":"the much larger Dutch force on 25 November 1759 in the Battle of Chinsura. The British then deposed Mir Jafar and installed Mir Qasim as the Nawab of Bengal. The British were now the paramount European power in Bengal. When Clive returned to England due to ill-health, he was rewarded with an Irish peerage, as Lord Clive, Baron of Plassey and also obtained a seat in the British House of Commons. The struggle continued in areas of the Deccan and Hyderabad such as Arcot, Wandewash, Tanjore and Cuddalore, culminating in 1761 when Col. Eyre Coote defeated a French garrison under","title":"Battle of Plassey"},{"id":"13079352","text":"after their deaths by his grandmother. In an effort to dissuade the 14-year-old Ewald from a military career, he was taken to see the battlefield after the 23 July 1758 Battle of Sandershausen. Ewald's response to the scene was \"Oh, how happy are they who died for their country in such a way!\" In 1760 Ewald enlisted in the Regiment Gilsa, and was immediately involved in combat. Serving first in the army of Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick, the regiment saw action at Corbach and Warburg before besieging Kassel in 1761, then held by the French. Ewald was wounded during this","title":"Johann Ewald"},{"id":"11576595","text":"Invasion of Dominica (1761) The Invasion of Dominica was a British military expedition to capture the Caribbean island of Dominica in June 1761, as part of the Seven Years' War. By the end of 1760, the conquest of Canada was completed and a great number of British troops were left idle in North America. As early as January 1761, William Pitt had informed Amherst that some of his troops would be required in the autumn for the conquest of Dominica, Saint Lucia and Martinique. Amherst had to immediately send 2,000 men to Guadeloupe, which was already in British hands since","title":"Invasion of Dominica (1761)"},{"id":"3278734","text":"in the Battle of Villinghausen in 1761, in which an Allied force, under the command of Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, defeated a numerically superior French force. The following year, in June, the battalion took part in the Battle of Wilhelmsthal in which a heavily outnumbered Allied force defeated the French after some bitter fighting, of which the Guards battalions saw much of it. Later that year, the battalion took part in the Battle of the Brücke-Mühle, the battalion's last action during the Seven Years' War, which would end in 1763. In 1776, the American colonists, in Philadelphia, declared their independence","title":"History of the Scots Guards (1642–1804)"},{"id":"3562784","text":"on 14 September 1752, there can be considerable confusion between events in continental western Europe and in British domains. Events in continental western Europe are usually reported in English language histories as happening under the Gregorian calendar. For example, the Battle of Blenheim is always given as 13 August 1704. However confusion occurs when an event involves both. For example, William III of England arrived at Brixham in England on 5 November (Julian calendar), after setting sail from the Netherlands on 11 November (Gregorian calendar), in 1688. The Battle of the Boyne in Ireland took place a few months later","title":"Old Style and New Style dates"},{"id":"47766","text":"Battle of Blenheim The Battle of Blenheim (German: \"Zweite Schlacht bei Höchstädt\"; French \"Bataille de Höchstädt\"), fought on 13 August 1704, was a major battle of the War of the Spanish Succession. The overwhelming Allied victory ensured the safety of Vienna from the Franco-Bavarian army, thus preventing the collapse of the Grand Alliance. Louis XIV of France sought to knock the Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold out of the war by seizing Vienna, the Habsburg capital, and gain a favourable peace settlement. The dangers to Vienna were considerable: the Elector of Bavaria and Marshal Marsin's forces in Bavaria threatened from the","title":"Battle of Blenheim"},{"id":"11012044","text":"as the Battle of Kloster Kampen in October 1760, the Battle of Villinghausen in July 1761 and the Battle of Wilhelmsthal in June 1762. After returning home in spring 1763, the regiment was posted for garrison duty in Ireland later in the year. It embarked for Menorca in 1771 but was captured by a French invading force in January 1782 and only released five months later. It adopted a county designation and became the 51st (2nd Yorkshire West Riding) Regiment in August 1782. The regiment embarked for Gibraltar in 1792 for service in the French Revolutionary Wars, under the command","title":"51st (2nd Yorkshire West Riding) Regiment of Foot"},{"id":"13846096","text":"foundation of the anti-Prussian German-Hanoverian Party. Upon the Hanoverian surrender at the Battle of Langensalza on 29 June 1866, the kingdom was occupied by Prussian troops and formally annexed on September 20. During the Luxembourg Crisis between Prussia and France in spring 1867, a rising number of Hanoverian soldiers gathered at Arnhem in the Netherlands at the behest of exiled King George V and his newly established court at the \"Villa Hügel\" in Hietzing near Vienna. However, when a war was once again averted by the Treaty of London signed on May 11, the Dutch government ordered all foreign troops","title":"Guelphic Legion"},{"id":"20072565","text":"the Dutch Republic over the colonial possessions of the two countries. Fighting mostly involved naval encounters, which took place in European waters and the West Indies. France was allied to the Dutch Republic and Denmark. In 1666 the English fleet controlled the North Sea after its victory in the St James's Day Fight and the Dutch had also been dealt a severe blow after the English raid known as Holmes's Bonfire. Louis IX of France and his general superintendent of navigation, François de Vendôme, Duc de Beaufort, had decided that this was the time to act as the English would","title":"Battle of Dungeness (1666)"},{"id":"3475784","text":"constantly in conflict with the Dutch and later on mainly with the British in India. At the height of French power in the mid-18th century, the French occupied large areas of southern India and the area lying in today's northern Andhra Pradesh and Odisha. Between 1744 and 1761, the British and the French repeatedly attacked and conquered each other's forts and towns in southeastern India and in Bengal in the northeast. After some initial French successes, the British decisively defeated the French in Bengal in the Battle of Plassey in 1757 and in the southeast in 1761 in the Battle","title":"Colonial India"},{"id":"9653356","text":"William during the Jacobite Rising of 1715. In 1739, war broke out with Spain. The conflict, later dubbed the \"War of Jenkins' Ear\", was mostly fought in the Caribbean and North America. The regiment briefly served as marines in 1740, before sailing for the West Indies. It arrived in Jamaica in January 1741, with a detachment subsequently taking part in the unsuccessful Battle of Cartagena de Indias in present-day Colombia later in the year. The assault took place in torrential rain and the troops were nearly wiped out by disease. In the meantime, the conflict had widened out into the","title":"Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment"},{"id":"3908803","text":"Adriatic sea. In the day-long Battle of Königgrätz, near the village of Sadová, the Crown Prince Friedrich Carl and his troops arrived late, and in the wrong place. Once he arrived, however, he ordered his troops immediately into the fray. The battle was a decisive victory for Prussia and forced the Habsburgs to end the war, laying the groundwork for the \"Kleindeutschland\" (little Germany) solution, or \"Germany without Austria.\" A quick peace was essential to keep Russia from entering the conflict on Austria's side. Prussia annexed Hanover, Hesse-Kassel, Nassau, and the city of Frankfurt. Hesse Darmstadt lost some territory but","title":"Unification of Germany"},{"id":"9892821","text":"Battle of Vimory The Battle of Vimory occurred on 26 October 1587 between the French royal (Catholic) forces of King Henry III of France commanded by Henry of Guise and German and Swiss mercenaires commanded by Fabien I, Burgrave of Dohna and William-Robert de la Marck, Duke of Bouillon who were hired to assist Henry of Navarre's Huguenot forces during the eighth and final war (1585-1598) of the French Wars of Religion. The Protestant mercenaries were funded by Elizabeth I of England and the King of Denmark. After having pillaged the Lorraine region, they arrived in Burgundy and entered into","title":"Battle of Vimory"},{"id":"14287687","text":"also widely celebrated in Belarus. It has been used as a source of romantic legends and national pride, becoming a larger symbol of struggle against foreign invaders. During the 20th century the battle was used in Nazi and Soviet propaganda campaigns. Only in recent decades have historians moved towards a dispassionate, scholarly assessment of the battle, reconciling the previous narratives, which differed widely by nation. The battle was fought in the territory of the monastic state of the Teutonic Order, on the plains between three villages: Grünfelde (Grunwald) to the west, Tannenberg (Stębark) to the northeast and Ludwigsdorf (Łodwigowo, Ludwikowice)","title":"Battle of Grunwald"},{"id":"1598870","text":"his reach. Both Frederick and his enemies moved back and forth for several days, trying to maneuver around each other but ending up in a stalemate. During this time, an Austrian raiding party attacked Berlin and almost captured the Prussian royal family. The story of the Battle of Rossbach is as much the story of the five days of maneuver leading to the battle as it is those famous 90 minutes of battle, and the maneuvers were shaped by the terrain. Initial activity focused on the village of Weissenfels, where the middle Saale emerges from the Buntsandstein of the Thuringian","title":"Battle of Rossbach"},{"id":"7770062","text":"Battle of Cologne The Battle of Cologne was fought near the city of Köln (English: Cologne) (now part of Germany) in the year 716. The battle is known chiefly as the first battle of Charles Martel's command and is the only defeat of his life. In 716, the king of the Franks, Chilperic II, and Ragenfrid, the mayor of the palace of Neustria, invaded Austrasia to impose their will on the competing factions there: those of Theudoald and Plectrude, grandson (and designated heir) and widow respectively of Martel's father Pepin of Heristal, and those of Martel himself, newly escaped from","title":"Battle of Cologne"},{"id":"1632270","text":"Battle of Hastenbeck The Battle of Hastenbeck (26 July 1757) was fought as part of the Invasion of Hanover during the Seven Years' War between the allied forces of Hanover, Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) and Brunswick, and the French. The allies were defeated by the French army near Hamelin in the Electorate of Hanover. The French, who were allied with Austria, Russia, Sweden and Saxony during the Seven Years' War, invaded Germany in April 1757 with two armies, altogether about 100,000 soldiers. The French hoped to draw the attention of the Kingdom of Prussia, which was allied with Britain and Hanover,","title":"Battle of Hastenbeck"},{"id":"13439064","text":"throughout the colony that many people refugeed to South Carolina or elsewhere. The military activity on St. Simons Island culminated with the Battle of Bloody Marsh and the withdrawal of the Spanish. The Seven Years' War lasted between 1756–1763, arraying Prussia, Great Britain and Hanover (with the British king as its prince-elector) against Austria, France, Russia, Sweden, and most smaller German states. Spain was drawn into the conflict later in 1761, on the side of France. British colonies in the Americas were on this war, but had to pay long, heavy taxes. In that period, Spain lost control of Florida","title":"Spain–United Kingdom relations"},{"id":"5528713","text":"gathered around the town, and when Müntzer arrived with 300 fighters from Mühlhausen on May 11, several thousand peasants of the surrounding Thuringian and Saxon estates camped in the fields and pastures. Philip of Hesse and his father-in-law George of Saxony had originally targeted Mühlhausen as their strategic objective but, when news arrived that Müntzer left with a troop for Frankenhausen, they changed their march route and directed their Landsknecht troops toward Frankenhausen. The Princes had great difficulties in recruiting Landsknecht mercenaries. Generally they would have been better equipped than the insurgents although morale and discipline were always dependent on","title":"Battle of Frankenhausen"},{"id":"20682368","text":"Battle of Santa Vittoria The Battle of Santa Vittoria was an encounter battle or skirmish in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna on 26 July 1702 during the War of the Spanish Succession between a French force under Louis Joseph, duc de Vendôme and an Imperial cavalry detachment under General Annibal Visconti. Control of the Duchies of Milan and Mantua was the main strategic prize in Northern Italy as they were key to the security of Austria's southern border. In February 1701, both accepted French garrisons with Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy also signing an alliance with France in April.","title":"Battle of Santa Vittoria"},{"id":"4474848","text":"in Erdweg, Petershausen, Markt Indersdorf and Dachau. The villages of Viehbach and Bachenhausen (near Fahrenzhausen, ca. 30 km north of Munich) also recorded the plundering and fires. When their homes were spared destruction, they swore a vow to forever hold a Mass every year on St. Florian's Day (May 4) to remember their deliverance. The proclamation can still be seen in the old village church in Viehbach. The failure of the Empire to provide an effective siege train had, up to this point, robbed the Allies of victory – neither Munich nor Ulm could be taken, and the Elector had","title":"Battle of Schellenberg"},{"id":"4044658","text":"to 1760, serving Douglas and his successor, the marquis de l'Hôpital. D'Éon's career in Russia is the subject of one of Valentin Pikul's novels, \"Le chevalier d'Éon et la guerre de Sept ans\" («Пером и шпагой»). D'Éon returned to France in October 1760, and was granted a pension of 2,000 livres as reward for service in Russia. In May 1761, d'Éon became a captain of dragoons under the maréchal de Broglie and fought in the later stages of the Seven Years' War. D'Éon served at the Battle of Villinghausen in July 1761, and was wounded at Ultrop. After Empress Elizabeth","title":"Chevalier d'Éon"},{"id":"9668410","text":"it and formed the basis of the 65th (2nd Yorkshire, North Riding) Regiment of Foot. The regiment embarked for Germany in summer 1758 for service in the Seven Years' War; it fought at the Battle of Minden in August 1759, the Battle of Villinghausen in July 1761 and the Battle of Wilhelmsthal in June 1762 as well as the Siege of Cassel in autumn 1762. In 1782, it was given a county association as the 12th (East Suffolk) Regiment of Foot. The regiment embarked for the West Indies in 1793 and took part in the capture of Martinique, Saint Lucia","title":"Suffolk Regiment"},{"id":"13484754","text":"Clive. Siege of Pondicherry (1760) The 1760–1761 Siege of Pondicherry was a conflict in the Third Carnatic War, part of the global Seven Years' War. Lasting from 4 September 1760 to 15 January 1761, British land and naval forces besieged and eventually compelled the forces defending the French colonial outpost of Pondicherry to surrender. The city was on the verge of starvation when French commander Lally surrendered. Many civilians were killed in fire between the lines when Lally attempted to evict them from the city in order to reduce the population under siege. It was the third British victory under","title":"Siege of Pondicherry (1760)"},{"id":"18551079","text":"Battle of Vientiane The Battle of Vientiane was the decisive action of the 1960 Laotian coups. Fought between 13 and 16 December 1960, the battle ended with General Phoumi Nosavan winning control of the Kingdom of Laos with the aid of the Royal Thai Government and the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. Vientiane was left devastated by the fighting, with about 600 civilian dead, about the same number of homes destroyed, and 7,000 left homeless. The losing Forces Armées Neutralistes under Captain Kong Le retreated onto the strategic Plain of Jars, to begin an uneasy coexistence with the Pathet Lao and","title":"Battle of Vientiane"},{"id":"13484753","text":"Siege of Pondicherry (1760) The 1760–1761 Siege of Pondicherry was a conflict in the Third Carnatic War, part of the global Seven Years' War. Lasting from 4 September 1760 to 15 January 1761, British land and naval forces besieged and eventually compelled the forces defending the French colonial outpost of Pondicherry to surrender. The city was on the verge of starvation when French commander Lally surrendered. Many civilians were killed in fire between the lines when Lally attempted to evict them from the city in order to reduce the population under siege. It was the third British victory under Robert","title":"Siege of Pondicherry (1760)"},{"id":"7525556","text":"wounded soldiers. Their legacy continues today in the form of the International Red Cross. Battle of Langensalza (1866) The Battle of Langensalza was fought on 27 June 1866 near Bad Langensalza in what is now modern Germany, between the Kingdom of Hanover (Hanoverians) and the Prussians. The Hanoverians won the battle but were then surrounded by a larger and reinforced Prussian army, and, unable to link up with their Bavarian allies to the south, they surrendered. This marked the demise of the Hanoverian Army and the annexation of Hanover into the burgeoning kingdom of Prussia as it systematically unified Germany","title":"Battle of Langensalza (1866)"},{"id":"6739368","text":"Forest of Compiègne The Forest of Compiègne (French: \"Forêt de Compiègne\") is a large forest in the region of Picardy, France, near the city of Compiègne and approximately north of Paris. The forest is notable as the site of the Armistice between the Allies and Germany which ended World War I on 11 November 1918, as well as the Armistice of 22 June 1940 after the Battle of France in World War II. The forest of Compiègne is roughly circular with a diameter of about ; it is approximately in circumference and its area is roughly . The forest is","title":"Forest of Compiègne"},{"id":"9054572","text":"in Westphalia to be governed by the House of Hohenzollern, and were the oldest constituents of the future Prussian Rhineland and the future Province of Westphalia. Treaty of Xanten The Treaty of Xanten () was signed in the Lower Rhine town of Xanten on November 12, 1614 between Wolfgang Wilhelm, Count Palatine of Neuburg and John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, with representatives from England and France serving as mediators. The treaty ended the War of the Jülich Succession and all hostilities between Wolfgang William and John Sigismund. Based on the terms of the treaty, the territories of Jülich-Berg and Ravenstein","title":"Treaty of Xanten"},{"id":"956125","text":"Château-Thierry Château-Thierry () is a French commune situated in the department of the Aisne, in the administrative region of Hauts-de-France and in the historic Province of Champagne. The origin of the name of the town is unknown. The local tradition attributes it to Theuderic IV, the penultimate Merovingian king, who was imprisoned by Charles Martel, without a reliable source. Château-Thierry is the birthplace of Jean de La Fontaine and was the location of the First Battle of the Marne and Second Battle of the Marne. The region of Château-Thierry (the arrondissement, to be exact) is called the country of Omois.","title":"Château-Thierry"},{"id":"20016670","text":"Battles of the Seven Years' War The Seven Years' War, 1754–1763, spanned five continents, affecting Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. The conflict split Europe into two coalitions: Kingdom of Great Britain, Prussia, Portugal, Hanover, and other small German states on one side \"versus\" the Kingdom of France, Austria-led Holy Roman Empire, Russia, Spain, several small German states, and Sweden) on the other. The coalitions represented a \"revolution\" in diplomatic alliances, reflected in the Diplomatic Revolution. Ultimately, the victory of the Anglo-Prussian coalition undercut the balance of power in Europe, a balance that was not reestablished until","title":"Battles of the Seven Years' War"},{"id":"12429424","text":"Battle of Corbach The Battle of Corbach, or Korbach, a Hanseatic town of Waldeck-Frankenberg in northern Hesse, Germany, was fought on 10 July 1760 during the Seven Years' War. Corbach was the first battle of the campaign of 1760 and was a victory for the French over the Hanoverians, the British and their allies. The town of Corbach is sited on the heights of Corbach that rise to some 400 meters above the surrounding plain and extend about one mile east of Corbach to the woods of Berndorf, while several roads intersect at the town itself. Numerous large forces from","title":"Battle of Corbach"},{"id":"1536218","text":"The Battle of Minden took place in front of the gates of Minden on 1 August 1759 during the Seven Years' War. The allies of Great Britain, led by Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick, defeated the French and their allies in a decisive battle. The region remained Prussian and the adjacent Kingdom of Hanover remained in the possession of the British king. The town was capital of the Territory of Minden-Ravensberg from 1719 to 1807 and capital of the District of Minden from 1816 to 1947. Until 1806 the area around the cathedral was governed by clerical rulers as territory of","title":"Minden"},{"id":"1598908","text":"subjects. The British could now see the advantage of keeping the French occupied on the Continent while they continued their expansion in North America. While Frederick was engaging the combined Allied forces further west, that autumn the Austrians had slowly retaken Silesia: Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine had captured the city of Schweidnitz and moved on Breslau in lower Silesia. While heading back to Silesia, Frederick learned of the fall of Breslau (22 November). He and his 22,000 men reversed tracks, and covered from Rossbach to Leuthen (now Lutynia, Poland), west of Breslau in 12 days. On the way, at","title":"Battle of Rossbach"},{"id":"13497731","text":"Netherlands quickly changed the balance in favor of Ernst. In 1586, Ernst's allies had secured Vest Recklinghausen, even though they had failed to catch the elusive Schenck, and they had reduced Neuss to a pile of rubble, proving their overwhelming fire-power. In 1587, they encircled and took the fortified towns in the \"Oberstift\", recapturing Bonn, Godesberg, and Linz am Rhein, and dozens of smaller fortified towns, villages and farmsteads throughout the countryside. Throughout, soldiers from both parties marauded and plundered throughout the countryside, searching either for important officials, booty, or other valuables. On 12 November 1587, one of Walsingham's informants","title":"Cologne War"},{"id":"5742695","text":"of Piedmont-Sardinia. The French court then began negotiations with Charles Emmanuel in the hope of detaching Piedmont from its alliance with Austria. At the same time, Marshal Maillebois was pressing the siege of Alessandria. By all reckoning, the Infant Philip was now master of his new realm, and the Bourbons had been triumphant in Spain. The Treaty of Dresden, signed between Prussia and Austria on December 25, 1745, had as much impact on the fighting in Italy as it did for central Europe. Charles Emmanuel and his advisers saw this clearly. Evidently, Austria, now freed from a war in Germany,","title":"Battle of Piacenza"},{"id":"11142843","text":"Battle of Kaiserslautern The Battle of Kaiserslautern (28–30 November 1793) saw a Coalition army under Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel oppose a Republican French army led by Lazare Hoche. Three days of conflict resulted in a victory by the Prussians and their Electoral Saxon allies as they turned back repeated French attacks. The War of the First Coalition combat was fought near the city of Kaiserslautern in the modern-day state of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, which is located about west of Mannheim. In the First Battle of Wissembourg, the Coalition army of Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser broke through the frontier defenses","title":"Battle of Kaiserslautern"},{"id":"47835","text":"Despite being offered the chance to remain as ruler of Bavaria (under strict terms of an alliance with Austria), the Elector left his country and family in order to continue the war against the Allies from the Spanish Netherlands where he still held the post of governor-general. Their commander-in-chief that day, Marshal Tallard – who, unlike his subordinates, had not been ransomed or exchanged – was taken to England and imprisoned in Nottingham until his release in 1711. The 1704 campaign lasted considerably longer than usual as the Allies sought to wring out maximum advantage. Realising that France was too","title":"Battle of Blenheim"},{"id":"14530748","text":"achieved some success in other theaters of war, including the War of the Pyrenees (1793–1795). The armies of the First Coalition included the imperial contingents and the infantry and cavalry of the various states, amounting to about 125,000 (including three autonomous corps), a sizable force by eighteenth century standards but a moderate force by the standards of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars. In total, the commander-in-chief Archduke Charles' troops stretched from Switzerland to the North Sea and Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser's, from the Swiss-Italian border to the Adriatic. Habsburg troops comprised the bulk of the army, but the \"thin white","title":"Battle of Emmendingen"},{"id":"170240","text":"Genosha Genosha () is a fictional country appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. It is an island nation that exists in Marvel's main shared universe, known as \"Earth 616\" in the Marvel Universe and a prominent place in the X-Men chronology. The fictional nation served as an allegory for slavery and later for South African apartheid before becoming a mutant homeland and subsequently a disaster zone. The island is located off the Southeastern African coast northwest from Seychelles and northeast of Madagascar. Its capital city was Hammer Bay. Genosha first appeared in \"Uncanny X-Men\" #235 (October 1988),","title":"Genosha"},{"id":"742353","text":"the War of Jenkins' Ear was a major amphibious attack launched by the British under Admiral Edward Vernon in March 1741 against Cartagena de Indias, one of Spain's major gold-trading ports in the Caribbean (today Colombia). Although this episode is largely forgotten, it ended in a decisive victory for Spain, who managed to prolong its control of the Caribbean and indeed secure the Spanish Main until the 19th century. Following the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War, the British troops invaded and captured the Spanish cities of Havana in Cuba and Manila in the Philippines in 1762. The Treaty of","title":"New Spain"},{"id":"4966671","text":"Battle of Gadebusch The Battle of Gadebusch or Wakenstädt (20 December 1712) was Sweden's final great victory in the Great Northern War. It was fought by the Swedes to prevent the loss of the city of Stralsund to Danish and Saxon forces. During 1712, all of Sweden's dominions south of the Baltic Sea, apart from forts, had been conquered by the allies Denmark, Saxony, and Russia. In the Baltic the Danish admiral Gyldenløve patrolled with a squadron to disrupt Swedish supply lines to the Continent. It was vital for Sweden not to lose Stralsund, as it was the gateway to","title":"Battle of Gadebusch"},{"id":"1536242","text":"A larger lock is under construction. The \"Kampa-Halle\" is a large gym-complex for sports and other events. The town of Minden contains several monuments harking back to Prussian history. The monument of the Great Elector (Denkmal des Großen Kurfürsten) stands alongside the Weser bridgehead to commemorate the first Prussian ruler of Minden. The monument to the Battle of Minden is in the Todtenhausen quarter of the town. It commemorates the decisive victory of the allied forces of Great Britain, Hanover, Hesse-Kassel, Brunswick-Wolfenbuettel and Schaumburg-Lippe led by Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick over a French and Electorate of Saxony army led by","title":"Minden"},{"id":"2578070","text":"The Allied line advanced in the wake of the failed cavalry attack, sending the French army reeling from the field, ending all French designs upon Hanover for the remainder of the year. In Britain, the victory is celebrated as contributing to the Annus Mirabilis of 1759. The western German-speaking states of Europe had been a major theatre of the Seven Years' War since 1757, when the French had launched an invasion of Hanover. This culminated in a decisive victory for the French at the Battle of Hastenbeck and the attempted imposition of the Convention of Klosterzeven upon the defeated allies:","title":"Battle of Minden"},{"id":"8889667","text":"northwest of Borneo, for almost a century, first as Rajahs under the Sultanate of Brunei (a by then tiny but once powerful state entirely enclosed within the borders of Sarawak), and from 1888 as a protectorate of the British Empire. The northeast of the island comprised North Borneo, since 1882 another British protectorate under the British North Borneo Company. Offshore lay the small British crown colony of Labuan. The rest of the island—collectively known as Kalimantan—was under Dutch control. The Netherlands were invaded by Nazi Germany in 1940. However, Free Dutch forces—mainly the Royal Netherlands Navy and the 85,000-strong Royal","title":"Battle of Borneo (1941–42)"},{"id":"6547107","text":"the story of the prince's insubordination, later popularised by the Prussian king Frederick the Great, may be a legend. An observation tower on the Hakenberg hill with a Victoria statue on top similar to the Berlin Victory Column commemorates the battle. It was erected from 1875 on the initiative of Crown Prince Frederick III and inaugurated on September 2 (\"Sedantag\"), 1879. Battle of Fehrbellin The Battle of Fehrbellin was fought on June 18, 1675 (Julian calendar date, June 28th, Gregorian), between Swedish and Brandenburg-Prussian troops. The Swedes, under Count Waldemar von Wrangel (stepbrother of \"Riksamiral\" Carl Gustaf Wrangel), had invaded","title":"Battle of Fehrbellin"},{"id":"2413283","text":"the names are French versions of names in other languages. In the wake of the Battle of the Golden Spurs a battle was fought here in April 1303 between French and Flemish. The Flemish were victorious in the Battle of Arques (1303). Arques is not to be confused with Arques-la-Bataille, where the Battle of Arques (1589) took place. It is also close to Agincourt. It was one of the first towns in the region which subscribed to Agenda 21. Arques is famous for its crystal manufacture. It has been the headquarters of Arc International, the largest manufacturer of glassware in","title":"Arques, Pas-de-Calais"},{"id":"16707879","text":"outbreak of smallpox in 1708–1709, an invasion of the Danish army in 1709, the expulsion of this army after the battle of Helsingborg, followed by conscriptions into the Swedish army and an outbreak of typhus in 1710. While Scania was protected from an infection from the north by a cordon sanitaire between it and Småland, the plague came by sea and made landfall not only in Västanå, but also in January 1711 in Domsten in Allerum parish, where the locals had ignored the ban on contact with their relatives and friends on the Danish side of the Sound, most notably","title":"Great Northern War plague outbreak"},{"id":"1149701","text":"of Austrians, Hessians and Dutch. The army remained here inactive until January 1743, when King George II ordered Dalrymple to march into Germany, leaving the Hessians and some Austrian troops to protect the Netherlands. The internal divisions in the Dutch Republic delayed their army of 20,000 so that it came too late to participate in the campaign. The Austrian commander, the Duke of Arenberg, proposed to follow the Neckar and march towards Bavaria, but King George feared a Prussian attack on Hanover (his homeland) and decided to march along the north bank of the Main, keeping all options open. On","title":"Battle of Dettingen"},{"id":"789371","text":"a series of unmoving strong points and static lines of resistance, which the Allied artillery ultimately isolated and destroyed. As a result of the inquiry, Hindenburg removed Falkenhausen from his command and transferred him to Belgium where he served the remainder of the war as that country's Governor General. The Germans did not see the Canadian Corps's capture of Vimy Ridge as a loss. Contemporary German sources viewed the action, at worst, as a draw, given that no full-scale breakthrough occurred following the attack. The Germans did not attempt to recapture the ridge, even during the Spring Offensive and it","title":"Battle of Vimy Ridge"},{"id":"6050906","text":"result of the failure of the Berlin campaign. Other German states were now wavering in their support of the French Empire. Friedrich Wilhelm von Bülow was subsequently ennobled as Graf von Dennewitz. Commander: Marshal Michel Ney Battle of Dennewitz The Battle of Dennewitz () took place on 6September 1813 between the forces of the First French Empire and an army of Prussians and Russians of the Sixth Coalition. It occurred in Dennewitz, a village in the Prussian province of Brandenburg, near Jüterbog, southwest of Berlin. In late August 1813, Napoleon decided to order a general offensive to take Berlin, the","title":"Battle of Dennewitz"},{"id":"7525549","text":"Hanover believed he could negotiate independently with the Austrians and Prussians, wasting time when he could have strengthened his forces by joining other German states. When he finally attempted to do so, it was too late. In a show of the Hanoverian naïveté, George's Foreign Minister declared that Bismarck would never break federal law, which insisted on maintaining a six-week interval before invading another land. On 15 June 1866, King Wilhelm ordered Hanover, Saxony, and Kassel to disarm at once, effectively beginning the war with Austria’s allies. On 16 June, Prussian forces began moving against all three German states, with","title":"Battle of Langensalza (1866)"},{"id":"2578068","text":"Battle of Minden The Battle of Minden—or Tho(r)nhausen—was a decisive engagement during the Seven Years' War, fought on 1 August 1759. An Anglo-German army under the overall command of Field Marshal Ferdinand of Brunswick defeated a French army commanded by Marshal of France, Marquis de Contades. Two years previously, the French had launched a successful invasion of Hanover and attempted to impose an unpopular treaty of peace upon the allied nations of Britain, Hanover and Prussia. After a Prussian victory at Rossbach, and under pressure from Frederick the Great and William Pitt, King George II disavowed the treaty. In 1758,","title":"Battle of Minden"},{"id":"2578140","text":"The Russian army did not fight another major battle until they stormed Kolberg in 1761, allowing the Prussians to focus on the Austrians. In 1762, the death of Elizabeth, and the ascension of her nephew, Peter, an admirer of Frederick's, saved the Prussians when he immediately withdrew Russia from hostilities. Most military historians agree that Kunersdorf was Frederick's greatest, and most catastrophic, loss. They generally attribute it to three major problems: his indifference to the Russian practices of the \"art of war\", his lack of information about the terrain, and his inability to realize that the Russians had surmounted the","title":"Battle of Kunersdorf"},{"id":"1633763","text":"French armies withdrew to camps behind the border. The \"Army of Holland\" was allowed to march through enemy lines and took position near Lille. The \"Army of the Ardennes\" was posted at Maulde, the \"Army of the North\" at Bruille-Saint-Amand, and the \"Army of Belgium\" at Condé-sur-l'Escaut and Valenciennes. Geertruidenberg was evacuated on 2 April and Breda on 3 April. Dumouriez was a monarchist at heart and he despaired when King Louis XVI went to the guillotine on 21 January 1793. He found the political situation in Paris to be chaotic. He was appalled at the tendency of radicals to","title":"Battle of Neerwinden (1793)"},{"id":"12975558","text":"their colossal defeat in the Battle of Blenheim nine months later. Battle of Speyerbach The Battle of Speyerbach took place on 15 November 1703 in the War of the Spanish Succession. A French army besieging Landau surprised and defeated a German relief army near Speyer. In mid October 1703, the allied armies prepared to go into winter camp along the Moselle, when Tallard by surprise closed in on Landau and started the siege on 17 October. On 28 October the allies ordered Crown Prince Frederick of Hesse-Kassel, the future King Frederick I of Sweden, to move south to lift the","title":"Battle of Speyerbach"},{"id":"1376768","text":"also described, with some historical accuracy, in James Fenimore Cooper's 1845 novel Satanstoe. Battle of Carillon The Battle of Carillon, also known as the 1758 Battle of Ticonderoga, was fought on July 8, 1758, during the French and Indian War (which was part of the global Seven Years' War). It was fought near Fort Carillon (now known as Fort Ticonderoga) on the shore of Lake Champlain in the frontier area between the British colony of New York and the French colony of New France. In the battle, which took place primarily on a rise about three-quarters of a mile (one","title":"Battle of Carillon"},{"id":"2578092","text":"old rivalry with France to form a new coalition. Faced with this turn of events, Britain aligned herself with the Kingdom of Prussia; this alliance drew in not only the British king's territories held in personal union, including Hanover, but also those of his and Frederick's relatives in the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg and the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel. This series of political maneuvers became known as the Diplomatic Revolution. At the outset of the war, Frederick had one of the finest armies in Europe: his troops—any company—could fire at least four volleys a minute, and some of them could fire five.","title":"Battle of Kunersdorf"},{"id":"5528712","text":"Battle of Frankenhausen The Battle of Frankenhausen was fought on 14 and 15 May 1525. It was the final act of the German Peasants' War: joint troops of Landgrave Philip I of Hesse and Duke George of Saxony defeated the peasants under their spiritual leader Thomas Müntzer near Frankenhausen in the County of Schwarzburg. On April 29, 1525, the struggles in and around Frankenhausen had culminated into an open revolt. Large parts of the citizenry joined the uprising, occupied the town hall and stormed the castle of the Counts of Schwarzburg. In the following days, a rising number of insurgents","title":"Battle of Frankenhausen"},{"id":"15616291","text":"of the Zastrow Foot Regiment. During the Seven Years' War he fought at Vellinghausen, Wilhelmsthal, Melsungen, Homburg and Fritzlar. On 17 August 1761 he was made a major general and in October that year fought at Ölper and thus in the liberation of the city of Brunswick from its last siege. In her ode \"Über den Entsatz von Braunschweig\" (1761), Anna Luise Karsch wrote: In 1764 she followed it with an \"Ode über die Vorzüge des Prinzen Friedrichs von Braunschweig\". He and two of his brothers (Wilhelm Adolf and Leopold) were freemasons and from 1771 he was a \"Socius, Amicus","title":"Frederick Augustus, Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Oels"},{"id":"789379","text":"Trudeau, Governor General David Johnston, Charles, Prince of Wales, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, Prince Harry and President of France François Hollande. Battle of Vimy Ridge The Battle of Vimy Ridge was part of the Battle of Arras, in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France, during the First World War. The main combatants were the four divisions of the Canadian Corps in the First Army, against three divisions of the German 6th Army. The battle took place from 9 to 12 April 1917 at the beginning of the Battle of Arras, the first attack of the Nivelle Offensive, which was intended","title":"Battle of Vimy Ridge"},{"id":"10399255","text":"Battle of Wilhelmsthal The Battle of Wilhelmsthal (sometimes written as the Battle of Wilhelmstadt) was fought on 24 June 1762 during the Seven Years' War between on one side the allied forces of British, Prussian, Hanover, Brunswick and Hessian troops under the command of the Duke of Brunswick against the French. Once again, the French threatened Hanover, so the Allies manoeuvered around the French, surrounded the invasion force, and forced them to retreat. It was the last major action fought by Brunswick's force before the Peace of Paris brought an end to the war. France had made a number of","title":"Battle of Wilhelmsthal"},{"id":"12391098","text":"Seven Years' War The Seven Years' War was a global conflict fought between 1756 and 1763. It involved every European great power of the time and spanned five continents, affecting Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. The conflict split Europe into two coalitions, led by the Kingdom of Great Britain (including Prussia, Portugal, Hanover, and other small German states) on one side and the Kingdom of France (including the Austrian-led Holy Roman Empire, the Russian Empire (until 1762), Bourbon Spain, and Sweden) on the other. Meanwhile, in India, some regional polities within the increasingly fragmented Mughal Empire,","title":"Seven Years' War"},{"id":"2187480","text":"payments of cash and produce; the intention being to force the withdrawal of Hessian troops from the war. However, Hessian forces together with their allies attempted to liberate their homeland but were repulsed at the Battle of Sanderhausen on 23 July. They later participated in the first Siege of Cassel in 1761 and the second Siege of Cassel in 1762 which was finally surrendered by the French that November, the last action of the whole war. To field a large professional army with a relatively small population, Hesse-Kassel became the most militarized state in Europe. The country maintained 5.2% to","title":"Hessian (soldier)"},{"id":"9187352","text":"Battle of Congella The Battle of Congella, beginning 23 May 1842, was between the British of the Cape colony and Voortrekkers or the Boer forces of the Natalia Republic. The Republic of Natalia sought an independent port of entry, free from British control and thus sought to conquer the Port Natal trading settlement which had been settled by mostly British merchants in modern-day KwaZulu-Natal. The battle ended in a British victory due to the heroic ride of Dick King for reinforcements. According to South African history, in the mid-1820s King Shaka (Chaka) swept through the countryside now known as KwaZulu-Natal,","title":"Battle of Congella"},{"id":"6289368","text":"had to do with the conduct of the war. The result was the expansion of Spanish influence in Italy when Philip V's fourth son Philip, became in 1748 Duke of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla. The third Family Compact was made on 15 August 1761 by King Charles III of Spain and Louis XV in the \"Treaty of Paris\". Charles III was the son of Philip V, making him Louis's first cousin. At this time France was fighting the Seven Years' War against Great Britain. Charles's alliance reversed the policy of his predecessor, Ferdinand VI, who wished to keep Spain out","title":"Pacte de Famille"},{"id":"12983761","text":"of Hesse-Kassel. He later became King of Sweden but was a far less talented soldier than his brother-in-law and predecessor Charles XII. As they arrived too late to join Prince Eugene's march to Turin, the Hessians were tasked with preventing Médavy disrupting his supply routes. On 19 August, Frederick sent 2,000 men under Major-General Wetzel to Goito, a small town with a bridge across the Mincio and the French garrison evacuated the town. Castiglione was strongly defended and they had to wait for the heavy artillery to arrive from Arco. Frederick left 1,500 men outside the town with the rest","title":"Battle of Castiglione (1706)"},{"id":"13386052","text":"had managed to land in Northern Ireland before he was hunted down and killed by the British navy. In the wake of the disaster at Quiberon, Thurot was lionised as a hero in France. By this stage France's finances were in a poor state, despite the efforts of Silhouette to keep down expenditure, and France was only kept afloat by a major loan from neutral Spain. Despite the Spanish government's official policy of neutrality, they were slowly shifting towards supporting an outright pro-French position, encouraged by Choiseul. In December 1761, war finally broke out between Britain and Spain - but","title":"France in the Seven Years' War"},{"id":"12429432","text":"Ferdinand in the battles of Emsdorf and Warburg. With the French marginal victory at the Kloster Kampen later in October any hope the British had of ending the war on favorable terms in 1760 evaporated despite their successes in America. Battle of Corbach The Battle of Corbach, or Korbach, a Hanseatic town of Waldeck-Frankenberg in northern Hesse, Germany, was fought on 10 July 1760 during the Seven Years' War. Corbach was the first battle of the campaign of 1760 and was a victory for the French over the Hanoverians, the British and their allies. The town of Corbach is sited","title":"Battle of Corbach"},{"id":"5479079","text":"Battle of Bloody Marsh The Battle of Bloody Marsh was a battle that took place on July 7, 1742 between Spanish and British forces on St. Simons Island, part of the Province of Georgia, resulting in a victory for the British. Part of a much larger conflict known as the War of Jenkins' Ear, the battle was for the British fortifications of Fort Frederica and Fort St. Simons, with the strategic goal the sea routes and inland waters they controlled. With the victory, the Province of Georgia established undisputed claim to the island. It is now part of the U.S.","title":"Battle of Bloody Marsh"},{"id":"5479092","text":"against Florida, but circumstances were not favourable. The focus of the war had shifted from the Americas to Europe; arms, supplies and troops were not readily available. The region settled into an uneasy peace, occasionally punctuated by minor skirmishes. Oglethorpe was later appointed brigadier general. About 1744 he left Georgia for Britain, where he married an heiress; he lived in Britain the rest of his life. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended the war in 1748 and recognised the status of Georgia as a British colony, formally ratified by Spain in the subsequent Treaty of Madrid. Its position was further secured","title":"Battle of Bloody Marsh"},{"id":"7525553","text":"further from their Bavarian allies. Pinned down against the Harz Mountains and out of options, King George surrendered in Nordhausen two days after the battle. The Battle of Langensalza was a near disaster in the Hanoverian campaign for the Prussians. It wiped out Flies’ detachment of troops and could have allowed an avenue of escape for the Hanoverian army. At the same time, this battle provided just enough time for the northern and southern Prussian contingents to link up at the battle site, which ultimately forced Hanoverian surrender. Langensalza was an important aspect of the Austro-Prussian War as it led","title":"Battle of Langensalza (1866)"},{"id":"16396476","text":"war, the German acting-Governor of Togoland, who had police, police and guards but no regular army forces, had proposed neutrality to the British and French colonial authorities, under the Congo Act 1885. The Germans had withdrawn from Lomé and the coastal region, when the British demanded unconditional surrender. The acting Governor, Major Hans-Georg von Döring, in the absence of the Governor Duke Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg, had sent an un-coded wireless message to Berlin disclosing his plan to retreat to Kamina, which had been intercepted and led to British offensive operations against Kamina being authorised by the Colonial Office on","title":"Battle of Chra"},{"id":"15568492","text":"Battle for the Río San Juan de Nicaragua The Battle for the Río San Juan de Nicaragua was one of several important battles that took place during the Anglo-Spanish War, a subconflict of the Seven Years' War, which lasted from December 1761 until February 1763. The conflict, which took place in July — August 1762, began when William Lyttelton, the British governor and commander-in-chief of Jamaica, sent a naval expedition to Nicaragua with the primary objective of capturing the town of Granada. Because it represented a potential route between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans as well as the possibility of","title":"Battle for the Río San Juan de Nicaragua"},{"id":"16888831","text":"along with six officers captured. The Swedes lost 1 officer, 37 men killed; 5 officers and 76 men wounded; 9 missing and 26 taken prisoners. The combat had almost no influence on the results of the campaign. Battle of Neuensund The Battle of Neuensund was a smaller battle at Neuensund of the Seven Years' War between Swedish and Prussian forces fought on September 18, 1761. The Swedish force under the command of Jacob Magnus Sprengtporten managed to rout the Prussian forces commanded by Wilhelm Sebastian von Belling. By mid September 1761, after the capture of Platen by the Russians, the","title":"Battle of Neuensund"},{"id":"18628912","text":"Action of 17 July 1761 The Action of 17 July 1761 was a naval engagement fought off the Spanish port of Cádiz between a British Royal Navy squadron and a smaller French Navy squadron during the Seven Years' War. British fleets had achieved dominance in European waters over the French following heavy defeats of French fleets in 1759. To maintain this control, British battle squadrons were stationed off French ports, as well as ports in neutral but French-supporting Spain which sheltered French warships. In 1761, two French ships, the 64-gun ship of the line \"Achille\" and 32-gun frigate \"Bouffone\" were","title":"Action of 17 July 1761"},{"id":"3560640","text":"1711, including complete destruction of the town hall, which was rebuilt between 1742-1752. War again affected the town during 1756-1763, during the Seven Years' War; it was the scene of a battle in February 1761. In 1815 Langensalza became part of the Prussian Province of Saxony. In 1866 it was again the site of a battle between Prussia and Hanover during the Austro-Prussian War. American troops occupied the town in 1945. The elections in May 2014 showed the following results: Langensalza is something of a tourist spot, with picturesque ruins of a medieval castle, and sulphur baths nearby. The sulphur","title":"Bad Langensalza"},{"id":"12708909","text":"the same month, Hanover and Denmark joined the Russian-Prussian treaty of 1714. The allied forces subsequently occupied all of Pomerania except for Stralsund. In the Battle of Stralsund Charles XII of Sweden led the defense until December 22, 1715, when he evacuated to Lund. After the Battle of Stralsund, Danish forces seized Rügen and Western Pomerania north of the Peene River (the former Danish Principality of Rugia that later would become known as New Western Pomerania or \"Neuvorpommern\"), while the Western Pomeranian areas south of the river (later termed Old Western Pomerania or \"Altvorpommern\") were taken by Prussia, who had","title":"Pomerania during the Early Modern Age"},{"id":"7861102","text":"fell in quick succession, including Oppenheim, Kaiserslautern, Heidelberg, and the key fortress of Mainz, but instead of cowering under French aggression, the German princes united against Louis’ forces. What was supposed to be a campaign lasting only months, evolved into the Nine Years' War. By moving into the Rhineland, Louis dispelled fears in the Dutch Republic of a possible attack upon them, thus facilitating Prince William of Orange’s invasion of England in November. William’s success in the subsequent ‘Glorious Revolution’ – leading to his accession to the English throne in February 1689 (reigning jointly with his wife Mary) – enabled","title":"Battle of Walcourt"},{"id":"11575450","text":"also given to \"Rollo Street\" in what was to be the British capital of Dominica at Portsmouth, and this street name still survives. Rollo Bay, Prince Edward Island is also named after him. Balfour Paul, Sir J., \"Scots Peerage\" IX vols. Edinburgh 1904. Andrew Rollo, 5th Lord Rollo Andrew Rollo, 5th Lord Rollo, (18 November 1703, Duncrub – 20 June 1765, Leicester) was a Scottish army commander in Canada and Dominica during the Seven Years' War, who led the British land forces in the capture of Dominica on 6 June 1761. Lord Rollo was the son of Robert Rollo, 4th","title":"Andrew Rollo, 5th Lord Rollo"},{"id":"20016674","text":"of Britain as the world's predominant power; it also destroyed France's land supremacy in Europe; Prussia, due to Frederick the Great's military prowess, established itself as a dominant land-power in Europe; and the Austrian Habsburgs lost permanently their territories in Silesia. This altered the European balance of power. Battles of the Seven Years' War The Seven Years' War, 1754–1763, spanned five continents, affecting Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. The conflict split Europe into two coalitions: Kingdom of Great Britain, Prussia, Portugal, Hanover, and other small German states on one side \"versus\" the Kingdom of France, Austria-led","title":"Battles of the Seven Years' War"},{"id":"13271841","text":"was fought between the forces of the two companies all through the extent of the Madras Presidency, from Vizagapatam in the Northern Circars, to Fort St. David, bordering on the Mahratta Kingdom of Tanjore. It was the same war that witnessed the famed Battle of Wandiwash, where the French forces under Count Lally were routed by the English under Sir Eyre Coote. Fort St. Dénis, at Pondicherry, the capital of French India, surrendered to the English in January, 1761. All French possessions were restituted by the provisions of the Peace of Paris of 1763, but the French were ever thereafter","title":"History of Madras Presidency"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"6835343\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Villinghausen The Battle of Villinghausen (or Vellinghausen) was a battle in the Seven Years' War fought on the 15th and 16 July 1761 in the western area of present-day Germany, between a large French army and a combined Prussian-Hanoverian-British force led by Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick. Two French armies, under two Marshals, Duc de Broglie and Prince de Soubise met up in July 1761, intending to force Prince Ferdinand out of Lippstadt, an important town. Allied reinforcements under General Spörcken arrived bringing Ferdinand's forces up to 65,000 while the combined French armies numbered around 90,000. The allied Prussian-Hanoverian-British\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Villinghausen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6835346\",\n \"text\": \"a significant superiority in numbers and continued their offensive, although the two armies split again and operated independently. Despite further attempts to push an offensive strategy in Germany, the French were pushed back and finished the war in 1762 having lost the strategic post of Cassel. The Treaty of Paris led France to evacuate the remaining German territory it had occupied during the war. Battle of Villinghausen The Battle of Villinghausen (or Vellinghausen) was a battle in the Seven Years' War fought on the 15th and 16 July 1761 in the western area of present-day Germany, between a large French\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Villinghausen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12391163\",\n \"text\": \"and Russian forces were also heavily depleted and could not launch a major offensive. In February 1761 Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick surprised French troops at Langensalza and then advanced to besiege Cassel in March. He was forced to lift the siege and retreat after French forces regrouped and captured several thousand of his men at the Battle of Grünberg. At the Battle of Villinghausen, forces under Ferdinand defeated a 92,000-man French army. On the eastern front, progress was very slow. The Russian army was heavily dependent upon its main magazines in Poland, and the Prussian army launched several successful raids\",\n \"title\": \"Seven Years' War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6835344\",\n \"text\": \"forces lined up along a series of hills, with their left anchored by the Lippe River (in the north), and the Ahse River in their centre. The French army advanced on 15 July, and Broglie's troops in the north made progress against German troops under Wutginau. However, British troops under Granby just south of Wutginau held their ground and the French assault stalled. Reinforcements for both sides arrived that night and Ferdinand strengthened his left at the expense of his right. The next morning, Broglie continued his attack on the Allied left, expecting Soubise to attack the weakened Allied right.\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Villinghausen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6938042\",\n \"text\": \"III. He was fatally wounded at the Battle of Villinghausen, fought on 15 and 16 July 1761. His portrait is in the Galerie des Batailles at Versailles. On 7 June 1749, he married Jeanne Julie de Coetmen; they had five children: Pierre-François, Marquess of Rougé Pierre-François, Marquis de Rougé (1702–1761) was a French nobleman and General. The son of Pierre III, Marquis de Rougé and of Jeanne Prézeau de la Guilletière. Later in life he became Governor of Givet and Charlemont. In 1761 he was mortally wounded in battle. He is represented in the palace of Versailles \\\"Museum of the\",\n \"title\": \"Pierre-François, Marquess of Rougé\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1756657\",\n \"text\": \"Greys and Inniskillings routed the French, sending them in a disorderly retreat into the town of Zierenberg. Soon after, infantry was brought up to storm the town; the town and the survivors of the Scots Greys' attack were captured. The Scots Greys began the following year by conducting patrols and skirmishing with French troops. Eventually, the Scots Greys were with the main army under Brunswick at the Battle of Villinghausen on 15–16 July 1761. The start of 1762 found the Scots Greys again raiding and clashing with French cavalry along the Hanoverian frontier. With the war approaching the end, the\",\n \"title\": \"Royal Scots Greys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6835345\",\n \"text\": \"However, Soubise only ordered a few small actions against the right, due in part that both French commanders were the same rank and reluctant to take orders from the other. Allied reinforcements under Wolff soon arrived along the Lippe River and attacked the French flank, halting Broglie's attack and forcing his men to withdraw. By about noon, the French were in full retreat and the battle was over. News of the battle provoked euphoria in Britain, and led William Pitt to take a much tougher line in the ongoing peace negotiations with France. Despite the defeat the French still had\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Villinghausen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2396918\",\n \"text\": \"army led by Ferdinand of Brunswick. At the Battle of Villinghausen in July 1761 he commanded a corps which was at the centre of the line and not attacked. He was also present at the Battle of Wilhelmsthal in June 1762, and captured the castle of Waldeck the following month. After peace preliminaries were signed at Fontainebleau in November, he supervised the embarkation of British troops from Europe, returning to England in March. Conway was re-elected to the House of Commons in April 1761, this time for Thetford and on 4 July 1761 he became a member of the Privy\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Seymour Conway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"684468\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Culloden The Battle of Culloden (; ) was the final confrontation of the Jacobite rising of 1745. On 16 April 1746, the Jacobite forces of Charles Edward Stuart were decisively defeated by Hanoverian forces commanded by William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, near Inverness in the Scottish Highlands. Queen Anne, the last monarch of the House of Stuart, died in 1714, with no living children. Under the terms of the Act of Settlement 1701, she was succeeded by her second cousin George I of the House of Hanover, who was a descendant of the Stuarts through his maternal grandmother,\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Culloden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12391195\",\n \"text\": \"forces under Robert Clive recaptured Calcutta from the Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah, a French ally, and ousted him from his throne at the Battle of Plassey in 1757. In the same year, the British also captured Chandernagar, the French settlement in Bengal. In the south, although the French captured Cuddalore, their siege of Madras failed, while the British commander Sir Eyre Coote decisively defeated the Comte de Lally at the Battle of Wandiwash in 1760 and overran the French territory of the Northern Circars. The French capital in India, Pondicherry, fell to the British in 1761; together with the fall of\",\n \"title\": \"Seven Years' War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11734837\",\n \"text\": \"France in the Seven Years' War would upset the balance of colonial power, he signed the Family Compact with France (both countries were ruled by branches of the Bourbon family) in August 1761. This brought war with Great Britain in January 1762. After Portugal had been struck by the disastrous 1755 Lisbon earthquake, Prime Minister Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, Marquis of Pombal directed all efforts towards the reconstruction of the country and neglected the armed forces, for which he had little interest anyhow. By the Treaty of El Pardo (1761) between Spain and Portugal, all aspects of the\",\n \"title\": \"Fantastic War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5655442\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Wandiwash The Battle of Wandiwash was a decisive battle in India during the Seven Years' War. The Count de Lally's army, burdened by a lack of naval support and funds, attempted to regain the fort at Vandavasi, now in Tamil Nadu. He was attacked by Sir Eyre Coote's forces and decisively defeated. The French general Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau and the French were then restricted to Pondichéry, where they surrendered on 16 January 1761. Wandiwash is the Anglicised pronunciation of Vandavasi. This was the Third Carnatic War fought between the French and the British. Having made substantial gains in\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Wandiwash\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13273742\",\n \"text\": \"to lead the Anglo-German army which received increasing resources and reinforcements from Britain. Brunswick was now facing several large French armies under the overall command of Victor-François, 2nd duc de Broglie which tried to envelop the west German frontier. The French still hoped to offset their losses to the British in other parts of the globe by capturing Hanover—-which could be used as a bargaining chip in any peace negotiations. The French continued to invest large numbers of troops—which were badly needed elsewhere. In 1761 Brunswick won another major victory over Broglie at the Battle of Villinghausen. The French made\",\n \"title\": \"Great Britain in the Seven Years' War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1714422\",\n \"text\": \"the 2nd Battalion coming out of winter quarters, at Paderborn in February 1761 and with the unit at the Battle of Villinghausen on 16 July 1761, then under Prince Ferdinand, the Hereditary Crown Prince, at the crossing of the Diemel, near Warburg, in August, before wintering near Bielefeld. His father died this year necessitating a return to England to resolve family affairs. In 1762 the unit, part of the force led by Prince Ferdinand, was in action at the Battle of Wilhelmsthal on 24 June 1762. After this action they participated in cutting the French supply lines at the heights\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1452429\",\n \"text\": \"Roman Empire \\\"Reichsfürst\\\" from Holy Roman Emperor Francis I. In 1759, he won the Battle of Bergen and followed that with the capture the city of Minden, later fighting at the Battle of Minden under the command of Contades, whom he would succeed in command. In 1760, he won an action at the Korbach, but was defeated at Villinghausen in 1761. After the war, he fell into disgrace and was not recalled to active employment until 1778, when he was given command of the troops designed to operate against Great Britain, when France intervened on the Thirteen Colonies' side during\",\n \"title\": \"Victor-François, 2nd duc de Broglie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7974235\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Kloster Kampen in October 1760 and the Battle of Villinghausen in July 1761 as well as the Battle of Wilhelmsthal in June 1762 and the inconclusive Iberian campaign. After the war, it garrisoned the island of Menorca. The regiment served under the name of its various Colonels until it was numbered as the 11th Regiment of Foot when the numerical system of regimental designation was adopted in 1751. It was given the additional county title of 11th (North Devonshire) Regiment of Foot in 1782. The 11th Regiment spent the early years of the French Revolutionary Wars serving as\",\n \"title\": \"Devonshire Regiment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6500292\",\n \"text\": \"Europe in 1756 resulted in renewed conflict between French and British forces in India. The Third Carnatic War spread beyond southern India and into Bengal where British forces captured the French settlement of Chandernagore (now Chandannagar) in 1757. However, the war was decided in the south, where the British successfully defended Madras, and Sir Eyre Coote decisively defeated the French, commanded by Comte de Lally at the Battle of Wandiwash in 1760. After Wandiwash, the French capital of Pondicherry fell to the British in 1761. The war concluded with the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1763, which returned\",\n \"title\": \"Carnatic Wars\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13504565\",\n \"text\": \"Lieutenant-Colonel. He led his regiment in the Battle of Villinghausen on 15–16 July 1761, and was noted for his gallantry. In 1762 his regiment was involved in heavy fighting during the Battle of Wilhelmsthal. A few weeks later they defeated Saxon troops at the Battle of Lutterberg and ended the year by participating in the Siege of Cassel. In January 1760 Cornwallis became a Member of Parliament, entering the House of Commons for the village of Eye in Suffolk. He succeeded his father as 2nd Earl Cornwallis in 1762, which resulted in his elevation to the House of Lords. He\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2466079\",\n \"text\": \"the much larger Dutch force on 25 November 1759 in the Battle of Chinsura. The British then deposed Mir Jafar and installed Mir Qasim as the Nawab of Bengal. The British were now the paramount European power in Bengal. When Clive returned to England due to ill-health, he was rewarded with an Irish peerage, as Lord Clive, Baron of Plassey and also obtained a seat in the British House of Commons. The struggle continued in areas of the Deccan and Hyderabad such as Arcot, Wandewash, Tanjore and Cuddalore, culminating in 1761 when Col. Eyre Coote defeated a French garrison under\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Plassey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13079352\",\n \"text\": \"after their deaths by his grandmother. In an effort to dissuade the 14-year-old Ewald from a military career, he was taken to see the battlefield after the 23 July 1758 Battle of Sandershausen. Ewald's response to the scene was \\\"Oh, how happy are they who died for their country in such a way!\\\" In 1760 Ewald enlisted in the Regiment Gilsa, and was immediately involved in combat. Serving first in the army of Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick, the regiment saw action at Corbach and Warburg before besieging Kassel in 1761, then held by the French. Ewald was wounded during this\",\n \"title\": \"Johann Ewald\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11576595\",\n \"text\": \"Invasion of Dominica (1761) The Invasion of Dominica was a British military expedition to capture the Caribbean island of Dominica in June 1761, as part of the Seven Years' War. By the end of 1760, the conquest of Canada was completed and a great number of British troops were left idle in North America. As early as January 1761, William Pitt had informed Amherst that some of his troops would be required in the autumn for the conquest of Dominica, Saint Lucia and Martinique. Amherst had to immediately send 2,000 men to Guadeloupe, which was already in British hands since\",\n \"title\": \"Invasion of Dominica (1761)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3278734\",\n \"text\": \"in the Battle of Villinghausen in 1761, in which an Allied force, under the command of Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, defeated a numerically superior French force. The following year, in June, the battalion took part in the Battle of Wilhelmsthal in which a heavily outnumbered Allied force defeated the French after some bitter fighting, of which the Guards battalions saw much of it. Later that year, the battalion took part in the Battle of the Brücke-Mühle, the battalion's last action during the Seven Years' War, which would end in 1763. In 1776, the American colonists, in Philadelphia, declared their independence\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Scots Guards (1642–1804)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3562784\",\n \"text\": \"on 14 September 1752, there can be considerable confusion between events in continental western Europe and in British domains. Events in continental western Europe are usually reported in English language histories as happening under the Gregorian calendar. For example, the Battle of Blenheim is always given as 13 August 1704. However confusion occurs when an event involves both. For example, William III of England arrived at Brixham in England on 5 November (Julian calendar), after setting sail from the Netherlands on 11 November (Gregorian calendar), in 1688. The Battle of the Boyne in Ireland took place a few months later\",\n \"title\": \"Old Style and New Style dates\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"47766\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Blenheim The Battle of Blenheim (German: \\\"Zweite Schlacht bei Höchstädt\\\"; French \\\"Bataille de Höchstädt\\\"), fought on 13 August 1704, was a major battle of the War of the Spanish Succession. The overwhelming Allied victory ensured the safety of Vienna from the Franco-Bavarian army, thus preventing the collapse of the Grand Alliance. Louis XIV of France sought to knock the Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold out of the war by seizing Vienna, the Habsburg capital, and gain a favourable peace settlement. The dangers to Vienna were considerable: the Elector of Bavaria and Marshal Marsin's forces in Bavaria threatened from the\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Blenheim\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11012044\",\n \"text\": \"as the Battle of Kloster Kampen in October 1760, the Battle of Villinghausen in July 1761 and the Battle of Wilhelmsthal in June 1762. After returning home in spring 1763, the regiment was posted for garrison duty in Ireland later in the year. It embarked for Menorca in 1771 but was captured by a French invading force in January 1782 and only released five months later. It adopted a county designation and became the 51st (2nd Yorkshire West Riding) Regiment in August 1782. The regiment embarked for Gibraltar in 1792 for service in the French Revolutionary Wars, under the command\",\n \"title\": \"51st (2nd Yorkshire West Riding) Regiment of Foot\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13846096\",\n \"text\": \"foundation of the anti-Prussian German-Hanoverian Party. Upon the Hanoverian surrender at the Battle of Langensalza on 29 June 1866, the kingdom was occupied by Prussian troops and formally annexed on September 20. During the Luxembourg Crisis between Prussia and France in spring 1867, a rising number of Hanoverian soldiers gathered at Arnhem in the Netherlands at the behest of exiled King George V and his newly established court at the \\\"Villa Hügel\\\" in Hietzing near Vienna. However, when a war was once again averted by the Treaty of London signed on May 11, the Dutch government ordered all foreign troops\",\n \"title\": \"Guelphic Legion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20072565\",\n \"text\": \"the Dutch Republic over the colonial possessions of the two countries. Fighting mostly involved naval encounters, which took place in European waters and the West Indies. France was allied to the Dutch Republic and Denmark. In 1666 the English fleet controlled the North Sea after its victory in the St James's Day Fight and the Dutch had also been dealt a severe blow after the English raid known as Holmes's Bonfire. Louis IX of France and his general superintendent of navigation, François de Vendôme, Duc de Beaufort, had decided that this was the time to act as the English would\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Dungeness (1666)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3475784\",\n \"text\": \"constantly in conflict with the Dutch and later on mainly with the British in India. At the height of French power in the mid-18th century, the French occupied large areas of southern India and the area lying in today's northern Andhra Pradesh and Odisha. Between 1744 and 1761, the British and the French repeatedly attacked and conquered each other's forts and towns in southeastern India and in Bengal in the northeast. After some initial French successes, the British decisively defeated the French in Bengal in the Battle of Plassey in 1757 and in the southeast in 1761 in the Battle\",\n \"title\": \"Colonial India\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9653356\",\n \"text\": \"William during the Jacobite Rising of 1715. In 1739, war broke out with Spain. The conflict, later dubbed the \\\"War of Jenkins' Ear\\\", was mostly fought in the Caribbean and North America. The regiment briefly served as marines in 1740, before sailing for the West Indies. It arrived in Jamaica in January 1741, with a detachment subsequently taking part in the unsuccessful Battle of Cartagena de Indias in present-day Colombia later in the year. The assault took place in torrential rain and the troops were nearly wiped out by disease. In the meantime, the conflict had widened out into the\",\n \"title\": \"Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3908803\",\n \"text\": \"Adriatic sea. In the day-long Battle of Königgrätz, near the village of Sadová, the Crown Prince Friedrich Carl and his troops arrived late, and in the wrong place. Once he arrived, however, he ordered his troops immediately into the fray. The battle was a decisive victory for Prussia and forced the Habsburgs to end the war, laying the groundwork for the \\\"Kleindeutschland\\\" (little Germany) solution, or \\\"Germany without Austria.\\\" A quick peace was essential to keep Russia from entering the conflict on Austria's side. Prussia annexed Hanover, Hesse-Kassel, Nassau, and the city of Frankfurt. Hesse Darmstadt lost some territory but\",\n \"title\": \"Unification of Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9892821\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Vimory The Battle of Vimory occurred on 26 October 1587 between the French royal (Catholic) forces of King Henry III of France commanded by Henry of Guise and German and Swiss mercenaires commanded by Fabien I, Burgrave of Dohna and William-Robert de la Marck, Duke of Bouillon who were hired to assist Henry of Navarre's Huguenot forces during the eighth and final war (1585-1598) of the French Wars of Religion. The Protestant mercenaries were funded by Elizabeth I of England and the King of Denmark. After having pillaged the Lorraine region, they arrived in Burgundy and entered into\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Vimory\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14287687\",\n \"text\": \"also widely celebrated in Belarus. It has been used as a source of romantic legends and national pride, becoming a larger symbol of struggle against foreign invaders. During the 20th century the battle was used in Nazi and Soviet propaganda campaigns. Only in recent decades have historians moved towards a dispassionate, scholarly assessment of the battle, reconciling the previous narratives, which differed widely by nation. The battle was fought in the territory of the monastic state of the Teutonic Order, on the plains between three villages: Grünfelde (Grunwald) to the west, Tannenberg (Stębark) to the northeast and Ludwigsdorf (Łodwigowo, Ludwikowice)\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Grunwald\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1598870\",\n \"text\": \"his reach. Both Frederick and his enemies moved back and forth for several days, trying to maneuver around each other but ending up in a stalemate. During this time, an Austrian raiding party attacked Berlin and almost captured the Prussian royal family. The story of the Battle of Rossbach is as much the story of the five days of maneuver leading to the battle as it is those famous 90 minutes of battle, and the maneuvers were shaped by the terrain. Initial activity focused on the village of Weissenfels, where the middle Saale emerges from the Buntsandstein of the Thuringian\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Rossbach\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7770062\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Cologne The Battle of Cologne was fought near the city of Köln (English: Cologne) (now part of Germany) in the year 716. The battle is known chiefly as the first battle of Charles Martel's command and is the only defeat of his life. In 716, the king of the Franks, Chilperic II, and Ragenfrid, the mayor of the palace of Neustria, invaded Austrasia to impose their will on the competing factions there: those of Theudoald and Plectrude, grandson (and designated heir) and widow respectively of Martel's father Pepin of Heristal, and those of Martel himself, newly escaped from\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Cologne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1632270\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Hastenbeck The Battle of Hastenbeck (26 July 1757) was fought as part of the Invasion of Hanover during the Seven Years' War between the allied forces of Hanover, Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) and Brunswick, and the French. The allies were defeated by the French army near Hamelin in the Electorate of Hanover. The French, who were allied with Austria, Russia, Sweden and Saxony during the Seven Years' War, invaded Germany in April 1757 with two armies, altogether about 100,000 soldiers. The French hoped to draw the attention of the Kingdom of Prussia, which was allied with Britain and Hanover,\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Hastenbeck\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13439064\",\n \"text\": \"throughout the colony that many people refugeed to South Carolina or elsewhere. The military activity on St. Simons Island culminated with the Battle of Bloody Marsh and the withdrawal of the Spanish. The Seven Years' War lasted between 1756–1763, arraying Prussia, Great Britain and Hanover (with the British king as its prince-elector) against Austria, France, Russia, Sweden, and most smaller German states. Spain was drawn into the conflict later in 1761, on the side of France. British colonies in the Americas were on this war, but had to pay long, heavy taxes. In that period, Spain lost control of Florida\",\n \"title\": \"Spain–United Kingdom relations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5528713\",\n \"text\": \"gathered around the town, and when Müntzer arrived with 300 fighters from Mühlhausen on May 11, several thousand peasants of the surrounding Thuringian and Saxon estates camped in the fields and pastures. Philip of Hesse and his father-in-law George of Saxony had originally targeted Mühlhausen as their strategic objective but, when news arrived that Müntzer left with a troop for Frankenhausen, they changed their march route and directed their Landsknecht troops toward Frankenhausen. The Princes had great difficulties in recruiting Landsknecht mercenaries. Generally they would have been better equipped than the insurgents although morale and discipline were always dependent on\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Frankenhausen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20682368\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Santa Vittoria The Battle of Santa Vittoria was an encounter battle or skirmish in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna on 26 July 1702 during the War of the Spanish Succession between a French force under Louis Joseph, duc de Vendôme and an Imperial cavalry detachment under General Annibal Visconti. Control of the Duchies of Milan and Mantua was the main strategic prize in Northern Italy as they were key to the security of Austria's southern border. In February 1701, both accepted French garrisons with Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy also signing an alliance with France in April.\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Santa Vittoria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4474848\",\n \"text\": \"in Erdweg, Petershausen, Markt Indersdorf and Dachau. The villages of Viehbach and Bachenhausen (near Fahrenzhausen, ca. 30 km north of Munich) also recorded the plundering and fires. When their homes were spared destruction, they swore a vow to forever hold a Mass every year on St. Florian's Day (May 4) to remember their deliverance. The proclamation can still be seen in the old village church in Viehbach. The failure of the Empire to provide an effective siege train had, up to this point, robbed the Allies of victory – neither Munich nor Ulm could be taken, and the Elector had\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Schellenberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4044658\",\n \"text\": \"to 1760, serving Douglas and his successor, the marquis de l'Hôpital. D'Éon's career in Russia is the subject of one of Valentin Pikul's novels, \\\"Le chevalier d'Éon et la guerre de Sept ans\\\" («Пером и шпагой»). D'Éon returned to France in October 1760, and was granted a pension of 2,000 livres as reward for service in Russia. In May 1761, d'Éon became a captain of dragoons under the maréchal de Broglie and fought in the later stages of the Seven Years' War. D'Éon served at the Battle of Villinghausen in July 1761, and was wounded at Ultrop. After Empress Elizabeth\",\n \"title\": \"Chevalier d'Éon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9668410\",\n \"text\": \"it and formed the basis of the 65th (2nd Yorkshire, North Riding) Regiment of Foot. The regiment embarked for Germany in summer 1758 for service in the Seven Years' War; it fought at the Battle of Minden in August 1759, the Battle of Villinghausen in July 1761 and the Battle of Wilhelmsthal in June 1762 as well as the Siege of Cassel in autumn 1762. In 1782, it was given a county association as the 12th (East Suffolk) Regiment of Foot. The regiment embarked for the West Indies in 1793 and took part in the capture of Martinique, Saint Lucia\",\n \"title\": \"Suffolk Regiment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13484754\",\n \"text\": \"Clive. Siege of Pondicherry (1760) The 1760–1761 Siege of Pondicherry was a conflict in the Third Carnatic War, part of the global Seven Years' War. Lasting from 4 September 1760 to 15 January 1761, British land and naval forces besieged and eventually compelled the forces defending the French colonial outpost of Pondicherry to surrender. The city was on the verge of starvation when French commander Lally surrendered. Many civilians were killed in fire between the lines when Lally attempted to evict them from the city in order to reduce the population under siege. It was the third British victory under\",\n \"title\": \"Siege of Pondicherry (1760)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18551079\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Vientiane The Battle of Vientiane was the decisive action of the 1960 Laotian coups. Fought between 13 and 16 December 1960, the battle ended with General Phoumi Nosavan winning control of the Kingdom of Laos with the aid of the Royal Thai Government and the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. Vientiane was left devastated by the fighting, with about 600 civilian dead, about the same number of homes destroyed, and 7,000 left homeless. The losing Forces Armées Neutralistes under Captain Kong Le retreated onto the strategic Plain of Jars, to begin an uneasy coexistence with the Pathet Lao and\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Vientiane\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13484753\",\n \"text\": \"Siege of Pondicherry (1760) The 1760–1761 Siege of Pondicherry was a conflict in the Third Carnatic War, part of the global Seven Years' War. Lasting from 4 September 1760 to 15 January 1761, British land and naval forces besieged and eventually compelled the forces defending the French colonial outpost of Pondicherry to surrender. The city was on the verge of starvation when French commander Lally surrendered. Many civilians were killed in fire between the lines when Lally attempted to evict them from the city in order to reduce the population under siege. It was the third British victory under Robert\",\n \"title\": \"Siege of Pondicherry (1760)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7525556\",\n \"text\": \"wounded soldiers. Their legacy continues today in the form of the International Red Cross. Battle of Langensalza (1866) The Battle of Langensalza was fought on 27 June 1866 near Bad Langensalza in what is now modern Germany, between the Kingdom of Hanover (Hanoverians) and the Prussians. The Hanoverians won the battle but were then surrounded by a larger and reinforced Prussian army, and, unable to link up with their Bavarian allies to the south, they surrendered. This marked the demise of the Hanoverian Army and the annexation of Hanover into the burgeoning kingdom of Prussia as it systematically unified Germany\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Langensalza (1866)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6739368\",\n \"text\": \"Forest of Compiègne The Forest of Compiègne (French: \\\"Forêt de Compiègne\\\") is a large forest in the region of Picardy, France, near the city of Compiègne and approximately north of Paris. The forest is notable as the site of the Armistice between the Allies and Germany which ended World War I on 11 November 1918, as well as the Armistice of 22 June 1940 after the Battle of France in World War II. The forest of Compiègne is roughly circular with a diameter of about ; it is approximately in circumference and its area is roughly . The forest is\",\n \"title\": \"Forest of Compiègne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9054572\",\n \"text\": \"in Westphalia to be governed by the House of Hohenzollern, and were the oldest constituents of the future Prussian Rhineland and the future Province of Westphalia. Treaty of Xanten The Treaty of Xanten () was signed in the Lower Rhine town of Xanten on November 12, 1614 between Wolfgang Wilhelm, Count Palatine of Neuburg and John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, with representatives from England and France serving as mediators. The treaty ended the War of the Jülich Succession and all hostilities between Wolfgang William and John Sigismund. Based on the terms of the treaty, the territories of Jülich-Berg and Ravenstein\",\n \"title\": \"Treaty of Xanten\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"956125\",\n \"text\": \"Château-Thierry Château-Thierry () is a French commune situated in the department of the Aisne, in the administrative region of Hauts-de-France and in the historic Province of Champagne. The origin of the name of the town is unknown. The local tradition attributes it to Theuderic IV, the penultimate Merovingian king, who was imprisoned by Charles Martel, without a reliable source. Château-Thierry is the birthplace of Jean de La Fontaine and was the location of the First Battle of the Marne and Second Battle of the Marne. The region of Château-Thierry (the arrondissement, to be exact) is called the country of Omois.\",\n \"title\": \"Château-Thierry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20016670\",\n \"text\": \"Battles of the Seven Years' War The Seven Years' War, 1754–1763, spanned five continents, affecting Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. The conflict split Europe into two coalitions: Kingdom of Great Britain, Prussia, Portugal, Hanover, and other small German states on one side \\\"versus\\\" the Kingdom of France, Austria-led Holy Roman Empire, Russia, Spain, several small German states, and Sweden) on the other. The coalitions represented a \\\"revolution\\\" in diplomatic alliances, reflected in the Diplomatic Revolution. Ultimately, the victory of the Anglo-Prussian coalition undercut the balance of power in Europe, a balance that was not reestablished until\",\n \"title\": \"Battles of the Seven Years' War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12429424\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Corbach The Battle of Corbach, or Korbach, a Hanseatic town of Waldeck-Frankenberg in northern Hesse, Germany, was fought on 10 July 1760 during the Seven Years' War. Corbach was the first battle of the campaign of 1760 and was a victory for the French over the Hanoverians, the British and their allies. The town of Corbach is sited on the heights of Corbach that rise to some 400 meters above the surrounding plain and extend about one mile east of Corbach to the woods of Berndorf, while several roads intersect at the town itself. Numerous large forces from\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Corbach\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1536218\",\n \"text\": \"The Battle of Minden took place in front of the gates of Minden on 1 August 1759 during the Seven Years' War. The allies of Great Britain, led by Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick, defeated the French and their allies in a decisive battle. The region remained Prussian and the adjacent Kingdom of Hanover remained in the possession of the British king. The town was capital of the Territory of Minden-Ravensberg from 1719 to 1807 and capital of the District of Minden from 1816 to 1947. Until 1806 the area around the cathedral was governed by clerical rulers as territory of\",\n \"title\": \"Minden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1598908\",\n \"text\": \"subjects. The British could now see the advantage of keeping the French occupied on the Continent while they continued their expansion in North America. While Frederick was engaging the combined Allied forces further west, that autumn the Austrians had slowly retaken Silesia: Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine had captured the city of Schweidnitz and moved on Breslau in lower Silesia. While heading back to Silesia, Frederick learned of the fall of Breslau (22 November). He and his 22,000 men reversed tracks, and covered from Rossbach to Leuthen (now Lutynia, Poland), west of Breslau in 12 days. On the way, at\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Rossbach\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13497731\",\n \"text\": \"Netherlands quickly changed the balance in favor of Ernst. In 1586, Ernst's allies had secured Vest Recklinghausen, even though they had failed to catch the elusive Schenck, and they had reduced Neuss to a pile of rubble, proving their overwhelming fire-power. In 1587, they encircled and took the fortified towns in the \\\"Oberstift\\\", recapturing Bonn, Godesberg, and Linz am Rhein, and dozens of smaller fortified towns, villages and farmsteads throughout the countryside. Throughout, soldiers from both parties marauded and plundered throughout the countryside, searching either for important officials, booty, or other valuables. On 12 November 1587, one of Walsingham's informants\",\n \"title\": \"Cologne War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5742695\",\n \"text\": \"of Piedmont-Sardinia. The French court then began negotiations with Charles Emmanuel in the hope of detaching Piedmont from its alliance with Austria. At the same time, Marshal Maillebois was pressing the siege of Alessandria. By all reckoning, the Infant Philip was now master of his new realm, and the Bourbons had been triumphant in Spain. The Treaty of Dresden, signed between Prussia and Austria on December 25, 1745, had as much impact on the fighting in Italy as it did for central Europe. Charles Emmanuel and his advisers saw this clearly. Evidently, Austria, now freed from a war in Germany,\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Piacenza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11142843\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Kaiserslautern The Battle of Kaiserslautern (28–30 November 1793) saw a Coalition army under Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel oppose a Republican French army led by Lazare Hoche. Three days of conflict resulted in a victory by the Prussians and their Electoral Saxon allies as they turned back repeated French attacks. The War of the First Coalition combat was fought near the city of Kaiserslautern in the modern-day state of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, which is located about west of Mannheim. In the First Battle of Wissembourg, the Coalition army of Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser broke through the frontier defenses\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Kaiserslautern\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"47835\",\n \"text\": \"Despite being offered the chance to remain as ruler of Bavaria (under strict terms of an alliance with Austria), the Elector left his country and family in order to continue the war against the Allies from the Spanish Netherlands where he still held the post of governor-general. Their commander-in-chief that day, Marshal Tallard – who, unlike his subordinates, had not been ransomed or exchanged – was taken to England and imprisoned in Nottingham until his release in 1711. The 1704 campaign lasted considerably longer than usual as the Allies sought to wring out maximum advantage. Realising that France was too\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Blenheim\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14530748\",\n \"text\": \"achieved some success in other theaters of war, including the War of the Pyrenees (1793–1795). The armies of the First Coalition included the imperial contingents and the infantry and cavalry of the various states, amounting to about 125,000 (including three autonomous corps), a sizable force by eighteenth century standards but a moderate force by the standards of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars. In total, the commander-in-chief Archduke Charles' troops stretched from Switzerland to the North Sea and Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser's, from the Swiss-Italian border to the Adriatic. Habsburg troops comprised the bulk of the army, but the \\\"thin white\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Emmendingen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"170240\",\n \"text\": \"Genosha Genosha () is a fictional country appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. It is an island nation that exists in Marvel's main shared universe, known as \\\"Earth 616\\\" in the Marvel Universe and a prominent place in the X-Men chronology. The fictional nation served as an allegory for slavery and later for South African apartheid before becoming a mutant homeland and subsequently a disaster zone. The island is located off the Southeastern African coast northwest from Seychelles and northeast of Madagascar. Its capital city was Hammer Bay. Genosha first appeared in \\\"Uncanny X-Men\\\" #235 (October 1988),\",\n \"title\": \"Genosha\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"742353\",\n \"text\": \"the War of Jenkins' Ear was a major amphibious attack launched by the British under Admiral Edward Vernon in March 1741 against Cartagena de Indias, one of Spain's major gold-trading ports in the Caribbean (today Colombia). Although this episode is largely forgotten, it ended in a decisive victory for Spain, who managed to prolong its control of the Caribbean and indeed secure the Spanish Main until the 19th century. Following the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War, the British troops invaded and captured the Spanish cities of Havana in Cuba and Manila in the Philippines in 1762. The Treaty of\",\n \"title\": \"New Spain\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4966671\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Gadebusch The Battle of Gadebusch or Wakenstädt (20 December 1712) was Sweden's final great victory in the Great Northern War. It was fought by the Swedes to prevent the loss of the city of Stralsund to Danish and Saxon forces. During 1712, all of Sweden's dominions south of the Baltic Sea, apart from forts, had been conquered by the allies Denmark, Saxony, and Russia. In the Baltic the Danish admiral Gyldenløve patrolled with a squadron to disrupt Swedish supply lines to the Continent. It was vital for Sweden not to lose Stralsund, as it was the gateway to\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Gadebusch\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1536242\",\n \"text\": \"A larger lock is under construction. The \\\"Kampa-Halle\\\" is a large gym-complex for sports and other events. The town of Minden contains several monuments harking back to Prussian history. The monument of the Great Elector (Denkmal des Großen Kurfürsten) stands alongside the Weser bridgehead to commemorate the first Prussian ruler of Minden. The monument to the Battle of Minden is in the Todtenhausen quarter of the town. It commemorates the decisive victory of the allied forces of Great Britain, Hanover, Hesse-Kassel, Brunswick-Wolfenbuettel and Schaumburg-Lippe led by Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick over a French and Electorate of Saxony army led by\",\n \"title\": \"Minden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2578070\",\n \"text\": \"The Allied line advanced in the wake of the failed cavalry attack, sending the French army reeling from the field, ending all French designs upon Hanover for the remainder of the year. In Britain, the victory is celebrated as contributing to the Annus Mirabilis of 1759. The western German-speaking states of Europe had been a major theatre of the Seven Years' War since 1757, when the French had launched an invasion of Hanover. This culminated in a decisive victory for the French at the Battle of Hastenbeck and the attempted imposition of the Convention of Klosterzeven upon the defeated allies:\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Minden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8889667\",\n \"text\": \"northwest of Borneo, for almost a century, first as Rajahs under the Sultanate of Brunei (a by then tiny but once powerful state entirely enclosed within the borders of Sarawak), and from 1888 as a protectorate of the British Empire. The northeast of the island comprised North Borneo, since 1882 another British protectorate under the British North Borneo Company. Offshore lay the small British crown colony of Labuan. The rest of the island—collectively known as Kalimantan—was under Dutch control. The Netherlands were invaded by Nazi Germany in 1940. However, Free Dutch forces—mainly the Royal Netherlands Navy and the 85,000-strong Royal\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Borneo (1941–42)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6547107\",\n \"text\": \"the story of the prince's insubordination, later popularised by the Prussian king Frederick the Great, may be a legend. An observation tower on the Hakenberg hill with a Victoria statue on top similar to the Berlin Victory Column commemorates the battle. It was erected from 1875 on the initiative of Crown Prince Frederick III and inaugurated on September 2 (\\\"Sedantag\\\"), 1879. Battle of Fehrbellin The Battle of Fehrbellin was fought on June 18, 1675 (Julian calendar date, June 28th, Gregorian), between Swedish and Brandenburg-Prussian troops. The Swedes, under Count Waldemar von Wrangel (stepbrother of \\\"Riksamiral\\\" Carl Gustaf Wrangel), had invaded\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Fehrbellin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2413283\",\n \"text\": \"the names are French versions of names in other languages. In the wake of the Battle of the Golden Spurs a battle was fought here in April 1303 between French and Flemish. The Flemish were victorious in the Battle of Arques (1303). Arques is not to be confused with Arques-la-Bataille, where the Battle of Arques (1589) took place. It is also close to Agincourt. It was one of the first towns in the region which subscribed to Agenda 21. Arques is famous for its crystal manufacture. It has been the headquarters of Arc International, the largest manufacturer of glassware in\",\n \"title\": \"Arques, Pas-de-Calais\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16707879\",\n \"text\": \"outbreak of smallpox in 1708–1709, an invasion of the Danish army in 1709, the expulsion of this army after the battle of Helsingborg, followed by conscriptions into the Swedish army and an outbreak of typhus in 1710. While Scania was protected from an infection from the north by a cordon sanitaire between it and Småland, the plague came by sea and made landfall not only in Västanå, but also in January 1711 in Domsten in Allerum parish, where the locals had ignored the ban on contact with their relatives and friends on the Danish side of the Sound, most notably\",\n \"title\": \"Great Northern War plague outbreak\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1149701\",\n \"text\": \"of Austrians, Hessians and Dutch. The army remained here inactive until January 1743, when King George II ordered Dalrymple to march into Germany, leaving the Hessians and some Austrian troops to protect the Netherlands. The internal divisions in the Dutch Republic delayed their army of 20,000 so that it came too late to participate in the campaign. The Austrian commander, the Duke of Arenberg, proposed to follow the Neckar and march towards Bavaria, but King George feared a Prussian attack on Hanover (his homeland) and decided to march along the north bank of the Main, keeping all options open. On\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Dettingen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"789371\",\n \"text\": \"a series of unmoving strong points and static lines of resistance, which the Allied artillery ultimately isolated and destroyed. As a result of the inquiry, Hindenburg removed Falkenhausen from his command and transferred him to Belgium where he served the remainder of the war as that country's Governor General. The Germans did not see the Canadian Corps's capture of Vimy Ridge as a loss. Contemporary German sources viewed the action, at worst, as a draw, given that no full-scale breakthrough occurred following the attack. The Germans did not attempt to recapture the ridge, even during the Spring Offensive and it\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Vimy Ridge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6050906\",\n \"text\": \"result of the failure of the Berlin campaign. Other German states were now wavering in their support of the French Empire. Friedrich Wilhelm von Bülow was subsequently ennobled as Graf von Dennewitz. Commander: Marshal Michel Ney Battle of Dennewitz The Battle of Dennewitz () took place on 6September 1813 between the forces of the First French Empire and an army of Prussians and Russians of the Sixth Coalition. It occurred in Dennewitz, a village in the Prussian province of Brandenburg, near Jüterbog, southwest of Berlin. In late August 1813, Napoleon decided to order a general offensive to take Berlin, the\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Dennewitz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7525549\",\n \"text\": \"Hanover believed he could negotiate independently with the Austrians and Prussians, wasting time when he could have strengthened his forces by joining other German states. When he finally attempted to do so, it was too late. In a show of the Hanoverian naïveté, George's Foreign Minister declared that Bismarck would never break federal law, which insisted on maintaining a six-week interval before invading another land. On 15 June 1866, King Wilhelm ordered Hanover, Saxony, and Kassel to disarm at once, effectively beginning the war with Austria’s allies. On 16 June, Prussian forces began moving against all three German states, with\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Langensalza (1866)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2578068\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Minden The Battle of Minden—or Tho(r)nhausen—was a decisive engagement during the Seven Years' War, fought on 1 August 1759. An Anglo-German army under the overall command of Field Marshal Ferdinand of Brunswick defeated a French army commanded by Marshal of France, Marquis de Contades. Two years previously, the French had launched a successful invasion of Hanover and attempted to impose an unpopular treaty of peace upon the allied nations of Britain, Hanover and Prussia. After a Prussian victory at Rossbach, and under pressure from Frederick the Great and William Pitt, King George II disavowed the treaty. In 1758,\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Minden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2578140\",\n \"text\": \"The Russian army did not fight another major battle until they stormed Kolberg in 1761, allowing the Prussians to focus on the Austrians. In 1762, the death of Elizabeth, and the ascension of her nephew, Peter, an admirer of Frederick's, saved the Prussians when he immediately withdrew Russia from hostilities. Most military historians agree that Kunersdorf was Frederick's greatest, and most catastrophic, loss. They generally attribute it to three major problems: his indifference to the Russian practices of the \\\"art of war\\\", his lack of information about the terrain, and his inability to realize that the Russians had surmounted the\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Kunersdorf\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1633763\",\n \"text\": \"French armies withdrew to camps behind the border. The \\\"Army of Holland\\\" was allowed to march through enemy lines and took position near Lille. The \\\"Army of the Ardennes\\\" was posted at Maulde, the \\\"Army of the North\\\" at Bruille-Saint-Amand, and the \\\"Army of Belgium\\\" at Condé-sur-l'Escaut and Valenciennes. Geertruidenberg was evacuated on 2 April and Breda on 3 April. Dumouriez was a monarchist at heart and he despaired when King Louis XVI went to the guillotine on 21 January 1793. He found the political situation in Paris to be chaotic. He was appalled at the tendency of radicals to\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Neerwinden (1793)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12975558\",\n \"text\": \"their colossal defeat in the Battle of Blenheim nine months later. Battle of Speyerbach The Battle of Speyerbach took place on 15 November 1703 in the War of the Spanish Succession. A French army besieging Landau surprised and defeated a German relief army near Speyer. In mid October 1703, the allied armies prepared to go into winter camp along the Moselle, when Tallard by surprise closed in on Landau and started the siege on 17 October. On 28 October the allies ordered Crown Prince Frederick of Hesse-Kassel, the future King Frederick I of Sweden, to move south to lift the\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Speyerbach\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1376768\",\n \"text\": \"also described, with some historical accuracy, in James Fenimore Cooper's 1845 novel Satanstoe. Battle of Carillon The Battle of Carillon, also known as the 1758 Battle of Ticonderoga, was fought on July 8, 1758, during the French and Indian War (which was part of the global Seven Years' War). It was fought near Fort Carillon (now known as Fort Ticonderoga) on the shore of Lake Champlain in the frontier area between the British colony of New York and the French colony of New France. In the battle, which took place primarily on a rise about three-quarters of a mile (one\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Carillon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2578092\",\n \"text\": \"old rivalry with France to form a new coalition. Faced with this turn of events, Britain aligned herself with the Kingdom of Prussia; this alliance drew in not only the British king's territories held in personal union, including Hanover, but also those of his and Frederick's relatives in the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg and the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel. This series of political maneuvers became known as the Diplomatic Revolution. At the outset of the war, Frederick had one of the finest armies in Europe: his troops—any company—could fire at least four volleys a minute, and some of them could fire five.\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Kunersdorf\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5528712\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Frankenhausen The Battle of Frankenhausen was fought on 14 and 15 May 1525. It was the final act of the German Peasants' War: joint troops of Landgrave Philip I of Hesse and Duke George of Saxony defeated the peasants under their spiritual leader Thomas Müntzer near Frankenhausen in the County of Schwarzburg. On April 29, 1525, the struggles in and around Frankenhausen had culminated into an open revolt. Large parts of the citizenry joined the uprising, occupied the town hall and stormed the castle of the Counts of Schwarzburg. In the following days, a rising number of insurgents\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Frankenhausen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15616291\",\n \"text\": \"of the Zastrow Foot Regiment. During the Seven Years' War he fought at Vellinghausen, Wilhelmsthal, Melsungen, Homburg and Fritzlar. On 17 August 1761 he was made a major general and in October that year fought at Ölper and thus in the liberation of the city of Brunswick from its last siege. In her ode \\\"Über den Entsatz von Braunschweig\\\" (1761), Anna Luise Karsch wrote: In 1764 she followed it with an \\\"Ode über die Vorzüge des Prinzen Friedrichs von Braunschweig\\\". He and two of his brothers (Wilhelm Adolf and Leopold) were freemasons and from 1771 he was a \\\"Socius, Amicus\",\n \"title\": \"Frederick Augustus, Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Oels\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"789379\",\n \"text\": \"Trudeau, Governor General David Johnston, Charles, Prince of Wales, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, Prince Harry and President of France François Hollande. Battle of Vimy Ridge The Battle of Vimy Ridge was part of the Battle of Arras, in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France, during the First World War. The main combatants were the four divisions of the Canadian Corps in the First Army, against three divisions of the German 6th Army. The battle took place from 9 to 12 April 1917 at the beginning of the Battle of Arras, the first attack of the Nivelle Offensive, which was intended\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Vimy Ridge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10399255\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Wilhelmsthal The Battle of Wilhelmsthal (sometimes written as the Battle of Wilhelmstadt) was fought on 24 June 1762 during the Seven Years' War between on one side the allied forces of British, Prussian, Hanover, Brunswick and Hessian troops under the command of the Duke of Brunswick against the French. Once again, the French threatened Hanover, so the Allies manoeuvered around the French, surrounded the invasion force, and forced them to retreat. It was the last major action fought by Brunswick's force before the Peace of Paris brought an end to the war. France had made a number of\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Wilhelmsthal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12391098\",\n \"text\": \"Seven Years' War The Seven Years' War was a global conflict fought between 1756 and 1763. It involved every European great power of the time and spanned five continents, affecting Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. The conflict split Europe into two coalitions, led by the Kingdom of Great Britain (including Prussia, Portugal, Hanover, and other small German states) on one side and the Kingdom of France (including the Austrian-led Holy Roman Empire, the Russian Empire (until 1762), Bourbon Spain, and Sweden) on the other. Meanwhile, in India, some regional polities within the increasingly fragmented Mughal Empire,\",\n \"title\": \"Seven Years' War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2187480\",\n \"text\": \"payments of cash and produce; the intention being to force the withdrawal of Hessian troops from the war. However, Hessian forces together with their allies attempted to liberate their homeland but were repulsed at the Battle of Sanderhausen on 23 July. They later participated in the first Siege of Cassel in 1761 and the second Siege of Cassel in 1762 which was finally surrendered by the French that November, the last action of the whole war. To field a large professional army with a relatively small population, Hesse-Kassel became the most militarized state in Europe. The country maintained 5.2% to\",\n \"title\": \"Hessian (soldier)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9187352\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Congella The Battle of Congella, beginning 23 May 1842, was between the British of the Cape colony and Voortrekkers or the Boer forces of the Natalia Republic. The Republic of Natalia sought an independent port of entry, free from British control and thus sought to conquer the Port Natal trading settlement which had been settled by mostly British merchants in modern-day KwaZulu-Natal. The battle ended in a British victory due to the heroic ride of Dick King for reinforcements. According to South African history, in the mid-1820s King Shaka (Chaka) swept through the countryside now known as KwaZulu-Natal,\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Congella\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6289368\",\n \"text\": \"had to do with the conduct of the war. The result was the expansion of Spanish influence in Italy when Philip V's fourth son Philip, became in 1748 Duke of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla. The third Family Compact was made on 15 August 1761 by King Charles III of Spain and Louis XV in the \\\"Treaty of Paris\\\". Charles III was the son of Philip V, making him Louis's first cousin. At this time France was fighting the Seven Years' War against Great Britain. Charles's alliance reversed the policy of his predecessor, Ferdinand VI, who wished to keep Spain out\",\n \"title\": \"Pacte de Famille\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12983761\",\n \"text\": \"of Hesse-Kassel. He later became King of Sweden but was a far less talented soldier than his brother-in-law and predecessor Charles XII. As they arrived too late to join Prince Eugene's march to Turin, the Hessians were tasked with preventing Médavy disrupting his supply routes. On 19 August, Frederick sent 2,000 men under Major-General Wetzel to Goito, a small town with a bridge across the Mincio and the French garrison evacuated the town. Castiglione was strongly defended and they had to wait for the heavy artillery to arrive from Arco. Frederick left 1,500 men outside the town with the rest\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Castiglione (1706)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13386052\",\n \"text\": \"had managed to land in Northern Ireland before he was hunted down and killed by the British navy. In the wake of the disaster at Quiberon, Thurot was lionised as a hero in France. By this stage France's finances were in a poor state, despite the efforts of Silhouette to keep down expenditure, and France was only kept afloat by a major loan from neutral Spain. Despite the Spanish government's official policy of neutrality, they were slowly shifting towards supporting an outright pro-French position, encouraged by Choiseul. In December 1761, war finally broke out between Britain and Spain - but\",\n \"title\": \"France in the Seven Years' War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12429432\",\n \"text\": \"Ferdinand in the battles of Emsdorf and Warburg. With the French marginal victory at the Kloster Kampen later in October any hope the British had of ending the war on favorable terms in 1760 evaporated despite their successes in America. Battle of Corbach The Battle of Corbach, or Korbach, a Hanseatic town of Waldeck-Frankenberg in northern Hesse, Germany, was fought on 10 July 1760 during the Seven Years' War. Corbach was the first battle of the campaign of 1760 and was a victory for the French over the Hanoverians, the British and their allies. The town of Corbach is sited\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Corbach\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5479079\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Bloody Marsh The Battle of Bloody Marsh was a battle that took place on July 7, 1742 between Spanish and British forces on St. Simons Island, part of the Province of Georgia, resulting in a victory for the British. Part of a much larger conflict known as the War of Jenkins' Ear, the battle was for the British fortifications of Fort Frederica and Fort St. Simons, with the strategic goal the sea routes and inland waters they controlled. With the victory, the Province of Georgia established undisputed claim to the island. It is now part of the U.S.\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Bloody Marsh\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5479092\",\n \"text\": \"against Florida, but circumstances were not favourable. The focus of the war had shifted from the Americas to Europe; arms, supplies and troops were not readily available. The region settled into an uneasy peace, occasionally punctuated by minor skirmishes. Oglethorpe was later appointed brigadier general. About 1744 he left Georgia for Britain, where he married an heiress; he lived in Britain the rest of his life. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended the war in 1748 and recognised the status of Georgia as a British colony, formally ratified by Spain in the subsequent Treaty of Madrid. Its position was further secured\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Bloody Marsh\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7525553\",\n \"text\": \"further from their Bavarian allies. Pinned down against the Harz Mountains and out of options, King George surrendered in Nordhausen two days after the battle. The Battle of Langensalza was a near disaster in the Hanoverian campaign for the Prussians. It wiped out Flies’ detachment of troops and could have allowed an avenue of escape for the Hanoverian army. At the same time, this battle provided just enough time for the northern and southern Prussian contingents to link up at the battle site, which ultimately forced Hanoverian surrender. Langensalza was an important aspect of the Austro-Prussian War as it led\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Langensalza (1866)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16396476\",\n \"text\": \"war, the German acting-Governor of Togoland, who had police, police and guards but no regular army forces, had proposed neutrality to the British and French colonial authorities, under the Congo Act 1885. The Germans had withdrawn from Lomé and the coastal region, when the British demanded unconditional surrender. The acting Governor, Major Hans-Georg von Döring, in the absence of the Governor Duke Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg, had sent an un-coded wireless message to Berlin disclosing his plan to retreat to Kamina, which had been intercepted and led to British offensive operations against Kamina being authorised by the Colonial Office on\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Chra\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15568492\",\n \"text\": \"Battle for the Río San Juan de Nicaragua The Battle for the Río San Juan de Nicaragua was one of several important battles that took place during the Anglo-Spanish War, a subconflict of the Seven Years' War, which lasted from December 1761 until February 1763. The conflict, which took place in July — August 1762, began when William Lyttelton, the British governor and commander-in-chief of Jamaica, sent a naval expedition to Nicaragua with the primary objective of capturing the town of Granada. Because it represented a potential route between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans as well as the possibility of\",\n \"title\": \"Battle for the Río San Juan de Nicaragua\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16888831\",\n \"text\": \"along with six officers captured. The Swedes lost 1 officer, 37 men killed; 5 officers and 76 men wounded; 9 missing and 26 taken prisoners. The combat had almost no influence on the results of the campaign. Battle of Neuensund The Battle of Neuensund was a smaller battle at Neuensund of the Seven Years' War between Swedish and Prussian forces fought on September 18, 1761. The Swedish force under the command of Jacob Magnus Sprengtporten managed to rout the Prussian forces commanded by Wilhelm Sebastian von Belling. By mid September 1761, after the capture of Platen by the Russians, the\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Neuensund\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18628912\",\n \"text\": \"Action of 17 July 1761 The Action of 17 July 1761 was a naval engagement fought off the Spanish port of Cádiz between a British Royal Navy squadron and a smaller French Navy squadron during the Seven Years' War. British fleets had achieved dominance in European waters over the French following heavy defeats of French fleets in 1759. To maintain this control, British battle squadrons were stationed off French ports, as well as ports in neutral but French-supporting Spain which sheltered French warships. In 1761, two French ships, the 64-gun ship of the line \\\"Achille\\\" and 32-gun frigate \\\"Bouffone\\\" were\",\n \"title\": \"Action of 17 July 1761\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3560640\",\n \"text\": \"1711, including complete destruction of the town hall, which was rebuilt between 1742-1752. War again affected the town during 1756-1763, during the Seven Years' War; it was the scene of a battle in February 1761. In 1815 Langensalza became part of the Prussian Province of Saxony. In 1866 it was again the site of a battle between Prussia and Hanover during the Austro-Prussian War. American troops occupied the town in 1945. The elections in May 2014 showed the following results: Langensalza is something of a tourist spot, with picturesque ruins of a medieval castle, and sulphur baths nearby. The sulphur\",\n \"title\": \"Bad Langensalza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12708909\",\n \"text\": \"the same month, Hanover and Denmark joined the Russian-Prussian treaty of 1714. The allied forces subsequently occupied all of Pomerania except for Stralsund. In the Battle of Stralsund Charles XII of Sweden led the defense until December 22, 1715, when he evacuated to Lund. After the Battle of Stralsund, Danish forces seized Rügen and Western Pomerania north of the Peene River (the former Danish Principality of Rugia that later would become known as New Western Pomerania or \\\"Neuvorpommern\\\"), while the Western Pomeranian areas south of the river (later termed Old Western Pomerania or \\\"Altvorpommern\\\") were taken by Prussia, who had\",\n \"title\": \"Pomerania during the Early Modern Age\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7861102\",\n \"text\": \"fell in quick succession, including Oppenheim, Kaiserslautern, Heidelberg, and the key fortress of Mainz, but instead of cowering under French aggression, the German princes united against Louis’ forces. What was supposed to be a campaign lasting only months, evolved into the Nine Years' War. By moving into the Rhineland, Louis dispelled fears in the Dutch Republic of a possible attack upon them, thus facilitating Prince William of Orange’s invasion of England in November. William’s success in the subsequent ‘Glorious Revolution’ – leading to his accession to the English throne in February 1689 (reigning jointly with his wife Mary) – enabled\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Walcourt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11575450\",\n \"text\": \"also given to \\\"Rollo Street\\\" in what was to be the British capital of Dominica at Portsmouth, and this street name still survives. Rollo Bay, Prince Edward Island is also named after him. Balfour Paul, Sir J., \\\"Scots Peerage\\\" IX vols. Edinburgh 1904. Andrew Rollo, 5th Lord Rollo Andrew Rollo, 5th Lord Rollo, (18 November 1703, Duncrub – 20 June 1765, Leicester) was a Scottish army commander in Canada and Dominica during the Seven Years' War, who led the British land forces in the capture of Dominica on 6 June 1761. Lord Rollo was the son of Robert Rollo, 4th\",\n \"title\": \"Andrew Rollo, 5th Lord Rollo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20016674\",\n \"text\": \"of Britain as the world's predominant power; it also destroyed France's land supremacy in Europe; Prussia, due to Frederick the Great's military prowess, established itself as a dominant land-power in Europe; and the Austrian Habsburgs lost permanently their territories in Silesia. This altered the European balance of power. Battles of the Seven Years' War The Seven Years' War, 1754–1763, spanned five continents, affecting Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. The conflict split Europe into two coalitions: Kingdom of Great Britain, Prussia, Portugal, Hanover, and other small German states on one side \\\"versus\\\" the Kingdom of France, Austria-led\",\n \"title\": \"Battles of the Seven Years' War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13271841\",\n \"text\": \"was fought between the forces of the two companies all through the extent of the Madras Presidency, from Vizagapatam in the Northern Circars, to Fort St. David, bordering on the Mahratta Kingdom of Tanjore. It was the same war that witnessed the famed Battle of Wandiwash, where the French forces under Count Lally were routed by the English under Sir Eyre Coote. Fort St. Dénis, at Pondicherry, the capital of French India, surrendered to the English in January, 1761. All French possessions were restituted by the provisions of the Peace of Paris of 1763, but the French were ever thereafter\",\n \"title\": \"History of Madras Presidency\"\n }\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":79079,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":79079,"string":"79,079"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Todd Morgan Beamer"],"string":"[\n \"Todd Morgan Beamer\"\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who was the man who said let's roll"},"compressed_prompt":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Question:\\nPlease write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Let's roll context: to his wife, played by Constance Bennett, to indicate they should immediately exit their friend's stuffy office and find a drink. The pair are lighthearted, youthful, irresponsible, and impossibly glamorous types, and the line delivery has a decisive insouciance about it. The protagonist of Ernest Hemingway's 1950 novel \\\"Across the River and into the Trees\\\", Colonel Dick Cantwell, based on World War II commander Charles \\\"Buck\\\" Lanham, uses the phrase to his driver. He knows he is facing imminent death, but tries to maintain decency, grace, and a sense of humor. The verb \\\"roll\\\" has been used in both the\\n\\nwho was the man who said let's roll\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 196,\n \"origin_tokens\": 196,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"579650","text":"to his wife, played by Constance Bennett, to indicate they should immediately exit their friend's stuffy office and find a drink. The pair are lighthearted, youthful, irresponsible, and impossibly glamorous types, and the line delivery has a decisive insouciance about it. The protagonist of Ernest Hemingway's 1950 novel \"Across the River and into the Trees\", Colonel Dick Cantwell, based on World War II commander Charles \"Buck\" Lanham, uses the phrase to his driver. He knows he is facing imminent death, but tries to maintain decency, grace, and a sense of humor. The verb \"roll\" has been used in both the","title":"Let's roll"},{"id":"579649","text":"Let's roll \"Let's roll\" is a colloquialism that has been used extensively as a command to move and start an activity, attack, mission or project. The phrase has been used as early as 1908 in the cadence song now called \"The Army Goes Rolling Along\", which likely extended into tank usage. \"The Roads Must Roll\", a science fiction story written in 1940 by Robert A. Heinlein, mentions a re-worded version of \"The Roll of the Caissons\" called \"Road Songs of the Transport Cadets\". The protagonist of the 1937 supernatural comedy, \"Topper\", played by Cary Grant, uses the phrase \"Let's roll\"","title":"Let's roll"},{"id":"579655","text":"no one could have been prepared. But we have our marching orders. My fellow Americans, let's roll!” He would use them again in the 2002 State of the Union address: “For too long our culture has said, ‘If it feels good, do it.’ Now America is embracing a new ethic and a new creed: ‘Let's roll.’” Let's roll \"Let's roll\" is a colloquialism that has been used extensively as a command to move and start an activity, attack, mission or project. The phrase has been used as early as 1908 in the cadence song now called \"The Army Goes Rolling","title":"Let's roll"},{"id":"579654","text":"injured. He was also on the phone when the plane made a quick and violent turn. Later, he told the operator that some of the other passengers were planning to attack the hijackers and regain control of the aircraft, after they learned about what happened at the World Trade Center and The Pentagon. According to Jefferson, Beamer's last audible words were “Are you ready? Okay. Let's roll.” In a November 8 address from the World Congress Center in Atlanta, Georgia, President George W. Bush would invoke Beamer's words: “Some of our greatest moments have been acts of courage for which","title":"Let's roll"},{"id":"3253467","text":"Michael Buffer Michael Buffer (born November 2, 1944) is an American ring announcer for boxing and professional wrestling matches. He is known for his trademarked catchphrase, \"Let's get ready to rumble!\" and for pioneering a distinct announcing style in which he rolls certain letters and adds other inflections to a fighter's name. His half-brother is UFC announcer Bruce Buffer. Buffer was born and raised in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, to an enlisted man in the United States Navy and his wife during World War II. His parents divorced when he was 11 months of age, and Buffer was then raised by foster","title":"Michael Buffer"},{"id":"579653","text":"Hence, the term and true context of the term \"let's roll\" during this time period was to initiate action from an individual to a group of friends. On September 11, 2001, Todd Beamer, a passenger on the hijacked United Airlines Flight 93, tried to place a call through an air phone, but was routed to a customer service representative instead, who passed him on to supervisor Lisa Jefferson. Beamer reported that one passenger had been killed and that a flight attendant had told him that both the pilot and co-pilot had been forced from the cockpit and may have been","title":"Let's roll"},{"id":"579652","text":"Decepticons (as well as in the 2009 feature film \"\"). It was used in the 1986 film \"Ferris Bueller's Day Off\", and the 1987 film \"Matewan\", where it was used by Baldwin–Felts agents before a violent attack on striking coal miners. The term was used at the end of the film \"Matilda\", when the title character was given up for adoption. The toys use the phrase when setting out to rescue Woody in the 1999 animated children's film \"Toy Story 2\". In the late 1990s, the term \"let's roll\" was frequently used to initiate a departure from any given place.","title":"Let's roll"},{"id":"579651","text":"film and recording industry to signal the beginning of a film or audio recording. \"Let's roll\" was commonly used in the police television series \"Adam-12\" and the original \"Dragnet\". It was used at the end of roll call at the beginning of each episode of 1980s television series \"Hill Street Blues\". It has appeared, among other places, in \"The Transformers\" animated series by Optimus Prime, before entering battle or embarking on a group journey. The exact phrase was used in Season 1, Episode 3, \"More than Meets the Eye\" (1984) in preparation for the final showdown with Megatron and the","title":"Let's roll"},{"id":"435783","text":"the recording in a closed session on April 18, 2002. Jurors for the Zacarias Moussaoui trial heard the tape as part of the proceedings and the transcript was publicly released on April 12, 2006. All passengers and crew on board Flight 93 were nominated for the Congressional Gold Medal on September 19, 2001. Congressman Bill Shuster introduced a bill to this effect in 2006, and they were granted on September 11, 2014. Beamer's final words, \"let's roll\", became a national catchphrase. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey changed the name of Newark's airport from Newark International Airport","title":"United Airlines Flight 93"},{"id":"7341260","text":"that HIV infection was the result of \"sexual promiscuity for the most part\", and that the point of the proposed legislation was \" . . . to remove the consequences of poor behavior, unacceptable behavior, quite frankly. I'm not convinced that part of the role of government should be to protect individuals from the negative consequences of their actions.\" Again in 2009, Schultheis stirred up controversy by posting to his Twitter account, \"[President Barack Obama is] flying the U.S. plane right into the ground.\" He then ended his tweet with the phrase \"Let's roll,\" the signature sign-off of Flight 93","title":"David Schultheis"},{"id":"10432993","text":"been acts of courage for which no one could have been prepared. But we have our marching orders. My fellow Americans, let's roll!\" He would use them again in the 2002 State of the Union address: \"For too long our culture has said, 'If it feels good, do it.' Now America is embracing a new ethic and a new creed: 'Let's roll.'\" Beamer's posthumous daughter, Morgan Kay, was born January 9, 2002, four months after Beamer's death. The President and First Lady Laura Bush were among those who sent letters to Morgan upon her birth. A nonprofit foundation was founded","title":"Todd Beamer"},{"id":"7053784","text":"and Pentagon; they decide to take action organizing a revolt against the hijackers. Their plan is empowered with the knowledge that passenger Don Greene has experience in flying. Learning that passenger Donald Freeman Greene had experience in flying, the group pin their hopes on his being able at least to control the plane. After passengers arm themselves, pray, and make final phone calls to loved ones, Todd Beamer says, \"Let's Roll!\". They start their counter-attack, running down the aisle with a food cart. Jarrah shakes the plane violently to throw the passengers off balance, but nonetheless they continue their assault,","title":"Flight 93 (film)"},{"id":"6916674","text":"would be fully rebuilt, while only the building shell would be rebuilt for Wedge 2. A full build-out for the Wedge 2 space would be completed at a later time. The phrase \"Let's roll\", as spoken by Todd Beamer on United Airlines Flight 93, was adopted as the project's slogan, and displayed prominently on the building's exterior during the reconstruction work. A clock counting down the time until 9:37 AM on September 11, 2002 was located on site as well. The Remote Delivery Facility (RDF) is a new shipping and receiving facility adjoining the Pentagon. The RDF significantly improves the","title":"Pentagon Renovation Program"},{"id":"424601","text":"introduced by President George W. Bush at a commemoration ceremony. Shortly after the attacks, she set up the Todd M. Beamer Memorial Foundation, which was initially run by a family friend. The organization sought to trademark the phrase \"Let's Roll,\" which was the subject of some criticism after some accused her of seeking to profit from her husband's death. In 2003, Beamer and co-author Ken Abraham wrote a book about Todd and her attempts to deal with her grief over his death, \"Let's Roll!: Ordinary People, Extraordinary Courage\", about Todd and Beamer's life before the crash and her life since.","title":"Lisa Beamer"},{"id":"4905443","text":"of the hiatus including the remix of \"Atmosphere\" on TobyMac's 2004 album \"Welcome to Diverse City\" and a cover of the Prince song \"The Cross\" on Kevin Max's 2007 album \"The Blood\". The band also recorded a song entitled \"Let's Roll\" following the September 11, 2001 attacks. After DC Talk's hiatus was announced, Tait dedicated more time to his band Tait (which he named after his father, Nathel). Tait had partially formed this band around 1997. One of the original members was guitarist Pete Stewart (from the hard rock band Grammatrain), who is featured on the first album, but absent","title":"Michael Tait"},{"id":"12249147","text":"by Tom Petty, resulting in the line \"Let's roll another tnioj\". Artists who have been accused of backmasking include Led Zeppelin, The Beatles, Pink Floyd, Electric Light Orchestra, Queen, Styx, Judas Priest, The Eagles, The Rolling Stones, Jefferson Starship, AC/DC, Black Oak Arkansas, Rush, Britney Spears, and Eminem. Electric Light Orchestra was accused of hiding a backward Satanic message in their 1974 album \"Eldorado\". The title track, \"Eldorado\", was said to contain the message \"He is the nasty one / Christ, you're infernal / It is said we're dead men / Everyone who has the mark will live.\" ELO singer","title":"Backmasking"},{"id":"6844701","text":"and the grounding of all commercial flights until further notice. Aboard United 93, the passengers become aware of the dead bodies of the crew-members, and learn from family members via airphone of the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon; they decide to take action, organizing a revolt against the hijackers. Their plan is empowered by the knowledge that passenger Don Greene has experience in flying aircraft. After passengers arm themselves, pray, and make final phone calls to loved ones, Todd Beamer says \"Let's Roll!\" The group begin their counterattack, rushing down the aisle and overpowering Ahmed al-Haznawi;","title":"United 93 (film)"},{"id":"10432994","text":"in October 2001 to counsel traumatized children of 9/11 victims and survivors. Beamer's best friend, Doug Macmillan, quit his job to become the administrator of the Foundation. In 2002, Beamer's widow, Lisa, wrote a book with coauthor Ken Abraham, \"Let's Roll! Ordinary People, Extraordinary Courage\". In 2002, the passengers of Flight 93, including Beamer, were posthumously awarded the Arthur Ashe Courage Award. The Cranbury, New Jersey post office was dedicated to Beamer on May 4, 2002, as a result of an Act of Congress authored by Congressman Rush D. Holt, Jr.. The bill was signed into law by President George","title":"Todd Beamer"},{"id":"3027358","text":"(one of the flights hijacked on September 11, 2001), who was one of the participants in an attempt to storm the cockpit and wrest control of the airplane from the hijackers. He would use the words again in the 2002 State of the Union address: \"For too long our culture has said, 'If it feels good, do it.' Now America is embracing a new ethic and a new creed: 'Let's roll.'\" The center also hosted the 2009 Soul Train Music Awards, the first held outside of the Los Angeles area. On March 14, 2008, a tornado struck Atlanta, including the","title":"Georgia World Congress Center"},{"id":"6508745","text":"pianist Sunnyland Slim, the guitarist Leroy Foster, and the drummer Alfred Wallace. During the 1950s Lenoir recorded for various record labels in the Chicago area, including J.O.B., Chess, Parrot, and Checker. His more successful songs included \"Let's Roll\", \"The Mojo\" (featuring saxophonist J. T. Brown) and the controversial \"Eisenhower Blues\", which Parrot Records forced him to re-record as \"Tax Paying Blues.\" Lenoir was known in the 1950s for his showmanship, particularly his zebra-patterned costumes, and his high-pitched vocals. He became an influential electric guitarist and songwriter, and his penchant for social commentary distinguished him from many other bluesmen of the","title":"J. B. Lenoir"},{"id":"1992224","text":"300, he finished sixth in the final points standings. During 2001, Labonte won the IROC XXV title, becoming the 13th consecutive NASCAR driver to win the IROC championship. In 2002, Labonte only had one win, which was at Martinsville in the spring. He also drove a 9/11 Tribute car in 2002 with the phrase \"Let's Roll\" on the hood. It was his first career short track win at Martinsville. He went on to finish 16th in the final points standings, and failed to finish in the Top 10 for the first time since 1996, while his teammate Stewart went on","title":"Bobby Labonte"},{"id":"10432997","text":"opened to family members of the victims on September 10, 2015. On September 10, 2013, Wheaton Academy honored Beamer by unveiling a plaque dedicated to him on the grounds of the Academy, next to a plaque of a former student who was killed in Afghanistan. Alpha Company of the 1-148 Infantry RGT, Ohio Army National Guard, adopted the motto \"Let's Roll\" to honor Beamer. The company deployed to northern Afghanistan in 2012 for 9 months. Beamer was portrayed by David Alan Basche in the film \"United 93\". Beamer was portrayed by Brennan Elliott in the TV movie \"Flight 93\" Todd","title":"Todd Beamer"},{"id":"16641667","text":"Central 3, which was released on 2012. The song appeared on The CW TV Now promo. The song samples a portion of Freddie King's version of the Earl King song \"Come On (Let the Good Time Roll)\" (1974). The chorus is derived in part from Earl King's original, which Jimi Hendrix famously covered. Hendrix is referenced in the lyrics. A music video for the song was released on November 26, 2012 directed by Jessy Terrero. Let It Roll (Flo Rida song) \"Let It Roll\" is a song by American rapper Flo Rida from his fourth studio album, \"Wild Ones\". The","title":"Let It Roll (Flo Rida song)"},{"id":"4917154","text":"by 3.2 million households when it was first broadcast, making it the highest rated cable program the week it aired. The episode marked the first appearance of Satan, who would become a recurring \"South Park\" character, as well as the character of Damien himself, who was inspired by the antagonist of the 1976 horror film \"The Omen\". Parker and Stone also said the episode introduced several key characteristics of the Cartman character that have endured throughout the rest of the series. Michael Buffer, the boxing ring announcer best known for the catchphrase \"Let's get ready to rumble!\", makes a guest","title":"Damien (South Park)"},{"id":"10754501","text":"Miller Band (\"Bingo!\", 2010). Diesel recorded a version for his EP \"7 Axes\" (2011). In 2013, Flo Rida included a part of the chorus, credited, in \"Let it Roll\", which also sampled Freddie King's 1974 recording. Come On (Earl King song) \"Come On\" (often called \"Let the Good Times Roll\") is a song written by New Orleans rhythm and blues artist Earl King. He first recorded the song as \"Darling Honey Angel Child\" in 1960 for the Ace Records subsidiary Rex. Later that year, he recorded it as a two-part song for Imperial Records using some new lyrics. Retitled \"Come","title":"Come On (Earl King song)"},{"id":"12667732","text":"Let the Good Times Roll (Louis Jordan song) \"Let the Good Times Roll\" is a jump blues song recorded in 1946 by Louis Jordan and his Tympany Five. A mid-tempo twelve-bar blues, the song became a blues standard and one of Jordan's best-known songs. \"Let the Good Times Roll\" is \"Louis Jordan's buoyant invitation to party\": The song was written by Sam Theard, a New Orleans-born blues singer and songwriter, and was co-credited to Fleecie Moore, Jordan's wife, who never wrote a lyric in her life (however, her name was sometimes substituted for Jordan's to get around an inconvenient publishing","title":"Let the Good Times Roll (Louis Jordan song)"},{"id":"4917163","text":"school in the last three weeks of the school year. Parker said, \"It was brutal ... Everybody already had their little groups and the year was almost over, so I wasn't going to fit into any of them, and I just wanted to destroy and kill, which was the inspiration for this show.\" Michael Buffer, the boxing ring announcer best known for his catchphrase, \"Let's get ready to rumble!\", made a guest appearance as himself in \"Damien\". Parker and Stone originally planned to use the catchphrase without Buffer, but when they learned that Buffer had legally trademarked the phrase, they","title":"Damien (South Park)"},{"id":"3253469","text":"1984, Buffer developed the catchphrase \"Let's get ready to rumble\" in his announcing, which gained enormous popularity. He began the process of obtaining a federal trademark for the phrase in the 1980s, acquiring it in 1992. Consequently, Buffer has earned in excess of $400 million with the license for his trademark. By the late 1980s, Buffer was the exclusive ring announcer for all bouts in Donald Trump-owned casinos. Trump said of Buffer, \"He's great, he's the choice, he has a unique ability...I told my people, 'We got to have him.'\" Buffer's work was also admired by many boxing greats. Sugar","title":"Michael Buffer"},{"id":"16157703","text":"Let's Chill \"Let's Chill\" is a song released by American R&B band Guy from the album \"The Future\". Co-written by band members Bernard Belle and Teddy Riley, it was released as the second single from the album on February 18, 1991. It reached #41 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100, #10 on the Hot Dance Singles Sales chart and #3 on the R&B/Hip-hop singles chart; it was the highest-charting single by Guy on the Hot 100 at the time, not to be beat until 1999's \"Dancin'\". It has since been covered by Keith Sweat and Charlie Wilson (for his 2005","title":"Let's Chill"},{"id":"14524459","text":"music video for the song \"No Hands\" which was supposed to be included in \"Radioactive\", but was later scrapped. On August 8, 2011, Yelawolf released the first official single from his album, titled \"Hard White (Up in the Club)\", which features guest vocals from a southern hip hop producer Lil Jon. The album's release date was moved down to October 2011, and later had a final release date to November 21, 2011. On October 30, 2011, Yelawolf released the second single off \"Radioactive\", titled \"Let's Roll\", featuring guest vocals from Kid Rock. Anticipation for the album increased when hip hop","title":"Yelawolf"},{"id":"3956513","text":"Kal Mann Kal Mann (born Kalman Cohen, May 6, 1917 – November 28, 2001) was an American lyricist. He is best known for penning the words to Elvis Presley's \"Teddy Bear\", plus \"Butterfly\", a hit for both Charlie Gracie and Andy Williams, and \"Let's Twist Again\", sung by Chubby Checker, which won the 1962 Grammy Award for Best Rock & Roll Recording. Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Mann began his career in entertainment as a comedy writer for Danny Thomas and Red Buttons, until his friend and songwriter, Bernie Lowe, encouraged him to try writing lyrics for the music industry. Mann","title":"Kal Mann"},{"id":"12667736","text":"Lynda Carter covered this song in her 2011 album \"Crazy Little Things\". Let the Good Times Roll (Louis Jordan song) \"Let the Good Times Roll\" is a jump blues song recorded in 1946 by Louis Jordan and his Tympany Five. A mid-tempo twelve-bar blues, the song became a blues standard and one of Jordan's best-known songs. \"Let the Good Times Roll\" is \"Louis Jordan's buoyant invitation to party\": The song was written by Sam Theard, a New Orleans-born blues singer and songwriter, and was co-credited to Fleecie Moore, Jordan's wife, who never wrote a lyric in her life (however, her","title":"Let the Good Times Roll (Louis Jordan song)"},{"id":"4166669","text":"Chet Powers Chester William \"Chet\" Powers, Jr. (October 7, 1937 – November 16, 1994) was an American singer-songwriter, and the lead singer of the rock group Quicksilver Messenger Service. He was also known by the stage name Dino Valenti (alternatively rendered as Dino Valente) and, as a songwriter, as Jesse Oris Farrow. He is best known for writing the quintessential 1960s love-and-peace anthem \"Let's Get Together.\" Before serving in the United States Air Force and playing in the coffeehouses of Boston and Provincetown, Massachusetts, Powers had already performed as \"Dino Valenti\" with small rock bands in New England lounges. In","title":"Chet Powers"},{"id":"435765","text":"love them.\" After this, Jefferson heard muffled voices and Beamer answering, \"Are you ready? Okay. Let's roll.\" These were Beamer's last words to Jefferson. During the hijacking, Flight 93 passed within (instead of the normal ) of a NASA KC-135 returning from a microgravity flight over Lake Ontario. NASA pilot Dominic Del Rosso recalled how odd the silence on the radio was that morning. The passenger revolt on Flight 93 began at 09:57, after the passengers voted on whether to act. By this time, Flight 77 had struck the Pentagon and Flights 11 and 175 had struck the World Trade","title":"United Airlines Flight 93"},{"id":"9729921","text":"Hal Hackady Harold Clayton MacHackady (February 10, 1922 – October 12, 2015), best known as Hal Hackady, and sometimes credited as Hal Hackaday, was an American lyricist, librettist and screenwriter. He was born in Middletown, Connecticut in 1922. He studied at Wesleyan University, before starting work in New York City in the 1950s. He began his career writing teleplays for early anthology series \"General Electric Theater\" and \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\". He graduated to feature films as the screenwriter of B-movies capitalizing on the rock and roll craze, including \"Let's Rock\", \"Senior Prom\" (both with music by Don Gohman), and \"Hey,","title":"Hal Hackady"},{"id":"17277216","text":"Theater in Harlem during the 1930s and 1940s, and also recorded under that name in 1941. Another well-known song, co-written with Louis Jordan, but credited to his wife, Fleecie Moore, was \"Let the Good Times Roll\", written in 1942, which became a hit a few years later when Louis Jordan and his Tympany Five recorded it in 1946, one of many Theard compositions recorded by Jordan. Theard would later appear in Jordan's film Caldonia. With Rudy Toombs he co-wrote \"Hard Ridin' Mama\", which was recorded by Wynonie Harris in 1947. He also sang on records recorded by Tiny Parham and","title":"Sam Theard"},{"id":"10606234","text":"recreational vehicle, often staying at campsites. His campaign slogan is \"Laissez les bons temps rouler, et laissez faire!\" Translated, this means \"Let the good times roll, and hands off.\" Campaign events include booths at several Louisiana festivals and appearances on local television and radio programs. T. Lee Horne III T. Lee Horne III (born c. 1950) ran as the Libertarian candidate in the 2007 Louisiana gubernatorial race and was the chair of the Libertarian Party of Louisiana. Horne was born in Athens, Georgia on December 21, 1950. He was raised in Franklin, Louisiana. His parents were Thomas L. Horne Jr.","title":"T. Lee Horne III"},{"id":"6400287","text":"which also issued \"Delbert McClinton Live\" in 2003, a compilation album of songs from his career. In 2006, he won a Grammy Award for his album \"The Cost of Living\" in the category Best Contemporary Blues Album. Etta James included two McClinton songs on her 2003 album, \"Let's Roll\". McClinton was a judge for the fourth annual Independent Music Awards, presented to independent artists to support their careers. He is featured in the documentary film \"\", by the filmmaker Jay Curlee. He performed on the Frankie Miller album \"Double Take\", released in 2016; his voice is merged with Miller's in","title":"Delbert McClinton"},{"id":"10921789","text":"company with Armstead. He then signed with Atlantic Records subsidiary, Cotillion Records, which released five singles from Garland, but only one proved a real success, \"Plain and Simple Girl\". Produced and arranged by Donny Hathaway, this reached the R&B Top 20. Moving on to Spring Records in 1973, Green recorded five more singles, some of which charted modestly, notably \"Let the Good Times Roll\" (not the Shirley and Lee song) and \"Bumpin' and Stompin'.\" His recording for the label, \"Just What The Doctor Ordered\", remained unissued until 1990, when it was included on a compilation album of his Spring singles","title":"Garland Green"},{"id":"17941812","text":"entitled \"Someone\". In early December 2013, Moran released another single, entitled \"The Dark Side\" with much success and entered the \"Billboard\" Dance/Electronic Digital Songs chart at #25. In June 2014, Moran released a single titled \"Echo\" and later another 3 singles titled \"XIAT\" (pronounced \"anxiety\"), \"Now or Never,\" and \"Slay\" from his EP titled \"XIAT\". On December 9, Moran released his debut EP \"XIAT\" charting at number 1 on US Heat. In June 2015, Moran released his single \"I Wanna Fly.\" On November 23, 2015, Moran released a music video for \"Let's Roll,\" where he features his friend and fellow","title":"Trevor Moran"},{"id":"12824726","text":"ranks of the American political system. For me he not only was a teacher and a mentor but remained a steadfast friend and a constant source of inspiration. Louis was always immensely generous with his time, and I - like so many others - knew that I could call him anytime and hear that familiar greeting, 'What's up?' by which he meant 'fill me in and let's see what needs to be done'.\" Louis E. Martin Louis Emanuel Martin Jr. (November 18, 1912 – January 6, 1997) was an American journalist, newspaper publisher, civil rights activist and advisor to three","title":"Louis E. Martin"},{"id":"1401405","text":"Rodney Dangerfield Jack Roy (born Jacob Rodney Cohen, November 22, 1921 – October 5, 2004), popularly known by the stage name Rodney Dangerfield, was an American stand-up comedian, actor, voice artist, filmmaker, musician and author known for his self-deprecating one-liners humor, his catchphrase \"I don't get no respect!\" and his monologues on that theme. He began his career working as a stand-up comic in the Borscht Belt resorts of the Catskill Mountains north of New York City. His act grew in notoriety as he became a mainstay on late-night talk shows throughout the 1960s and 1970s, eventually developing into a","title":"Rodney Dangerfield"},{"id":"3675739","text":"the early 19th century, contains the lines \"Oh do, my Johnny Bowker/ Come rock and roll me over\". The hymn \"Rocked in the Cradle of the Deep\", with words written in the 1830s by Emma Willard and tune by Joseph Philip Knight, was recorded several times around the start of the 20th century by the Original Bison City Quartet before 1894, the Standard Quartette in 1895, John W. Myers at about the same time, and Gus Reed in 1908. By that time, the specific phrase \"rocking and rolling\" was also used by African Americans in spirituals with a religious connotation.","title":"Origins of rock and roll"},{"id":"8314985","text":"Bill Miner Ezra Allen Miner (c.1847 – September 2, 1913), more popularly known as Bill Miner, was a noted American bandito, originally from Bowling Green, Kentucky, who served several prison terms for stagecoach robbery. Known for his unusual politeness while committing robberies, he was widely nicknamed the Grey Fox, Gentleman Robber or the Gentleman Bandit. He is reputed to have been the originator of the phrase \"Hands up!\" an original song titled \"The Ballad of Bill Miner\" was written by singer/songwriter Phillip Mills (Eugene Quinn) and recorded by the San Francisco bay area band \"The Blackout Cowboys\". Legend has it","title":"Bill Miner"},{"id":"20798460","text":"Kevin Bowe Kevin Bowe is a songwriter, record producer and musician from Minneapolis. He is most well known for his work with prominent rock and blues artists including Paul Westerberg and the Replacements, writing songs for hit albums by Jonny Lang and Kenny Wayne Shepherd, as well as Etta James' Grammy-winning \"Let's Roll\". He has contributed to dozens of albums over his career, including several of his own as a bandleader, and has appeared on many film and television soundtracks including ESPN and \"The Sopranos\". His songs have been covered by many prominent rock and blues artists, including Joe Cocker,","title":"Kevin Bowe"},{"id":"5155309","text":"Warner Wolf Warner William Wolf (born November 11, 1937) is an American television and radio sports broadcaster, perhaps best known as a local news sports anchor in Washington, D.C. and New York City, and for his catchphrase \"Let's go to the videotape!\" Wolf was born in Washington, D.C., the son of Rosemary and Jack Wolf. His father, an actor and comedian who briefly worked as a member of Ted Healy's \"stooge\" act, was born Jewish and his mother converted to Judaism. His earliest experience in broadcasting was on the intercom system of Calvin Coolidge High School in Washington, D.C. in","title":"Warner Wolf"},{"id":"2966519","text":"Benjamin Orr Benjamin Orzechowski (September 8, 1947 – October 3, 2000), known professionally as Benjamin Orr, was an American musician best known as a singer, bassist and co-founder of the rock band the Cars. He sang lead vocals on several of their best known songs, including \"Just What I Needed\", \"Let's Go\" and \"Drive\". He also scored a moderate solo hit with \"Stay the Night.\" Orr was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Cars in 2018. Benjamin Orr was born in Lakewood, Ohio to parents of Polish, Russian, Czechoslovakian and German","title":"Benjamin Orr"},{"id":"9090754","text":"Let Me Roll It \"Let Me Roll It\" is a song by Wings released on the 1973 album \"Band on the Run\". The song was also released as the B-side to \"Jet\" in early 1974, and has remained a staple of McCartney's live concerts since it was first released. Some critics, such as \"Rolling Stone\"s Jon Landau, saw the song as a pastiche of John Lennon's sound, particularly the riff and the use of tape echo on the vocals. McCartney, however, didn't intend the song to be a pastiche of Lennon. He did say the vocal \"does sound like John.","title":"Let Me Roll It"},{"id":"16641666","text":"Let It Roll (Flo Rida song) \"Let It Roll\" is a song by American rapper Flo Rida from his fourth studio album, \"Wild Ones\". The song was written by Earl King, Mike Caren, soFLY & Nius, Flo Rida, Axwell, Breyan Isaac, Antonio \"Jovii Hendrix\" Mobley and produced by soFLY & Nius and Axwell. Part two of the song features American rapper Lil Wayne and is featured on the soundtrack of the football video game \"FIFA 13\". It was also performed on the 2012 edition of the WWE Tribute to the Troops event. Part one also appears as DLC in Dance","title":"Let It Roll (Flo Rida song)"},{"id":"6255678","text":"Let Me Ride \"Let Me Ride\" is a 1993 single by rapper and producer Dr. Dre, and the third single from his debut studio album, \"The Chronic\". It experienced moderate success on the charts, until it became a massive hit when Dre won a Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance for the song during the Grammy Awards of 1994. The chorus is sung by Ruben and Jewell, and Snoop Dogg (then known as Snoop Doggy Dogg) raps the line \"Rollin' in my 6-4\" and appears in some background vocals. Dr. Dre's lyrics were ghostwritten by RBX; they had originally","title":"Let Me Ride"},{"id":"3253478","text":"of his famous phrase - \"Let's get ready to bundle!\" He was also the announcer for the YouTube Boxing match between KSI vs Logan Paul on August 25, 2018. Buffer reproduced as an action figure in both Toy Biz's WCW line and Jakks Pacific's Rocky line. Buffer began using the phrase \"Let's get ready to rumble!\" in 1984. By 1992, he acquired a federal trademark for the phrase. Buffer uses his famous phrase in various licensing deals including the platinum selling album \"Jock Jams\" by Tommy Boy Records, the video games \"Ready 2 Rumble Boxing\", \"\" for the PlayStation 2,","title":"Michael Buffer"},{"id":"10873261","text":"Let's Groove \"Let's Groove\" is a song by the American band Earth, Wind & Fire from their eleventh studio album \"Raise!\" (1981). Written by Maurice White and Wayne Vaughn, the song was chosen as the lead single from the album. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, disco music was undergoing a severe backlash. In spite of this, the band decided to revive the disco sound that was later included on their previous works and records. Musically, \"Let's Groove\" is a post-disco, pop and funk song which includes instrumentation of synthesizers and keyboards along with live electric guitars. \"Let's Groove\"","title":"Let's Groove"},{"id":"2129312","text":"Johnnie Ray John Alvin Ray (January 10, 1927 – February 24, 1990) was an American singer, songwriter, and pianist. Highly popular for most of the 1950s, Ray has been cited by critics as a major precursor to what would become rock and roll, for his jazz and blues-influenced music and his animated stage personality. Tony Bennett called Ray the \"father of rock and roll,\" and historians have noted him as a pioneering figure in the development of the genre. Raised in Oregon, Ray, who was partially deaf, began singing professionally at age fifteen on Portland radio stations. He would later","title":"Johnnie Ray"},{"id":"17921745","text":"Roll, Jordan, Roll \"Roll, Jordan, Roll\" (Roud 6697), also \"Roll, Jordan\", is a spiritual written by Charles Wesley in the 18th century which became well-known among slaves in the United States during the 19th century. Appropriated as a coded message for escape, by the end of the American Civil War it had become known through much of the eastern United States. In the 18th century, it helped inspire blues, and it remains a staple in gospel music. The tune known as \"Roll, Jordan, Roll\" was written by the English Methodist preacher Charles Wesley in the 18th century. It was introduced","title":"Roll, Jordan, Roll"},{"id":"15988291","text":"Banks played on Lee \"Shot\" Williams's album \"Let the Good Times Roll\" in 2002 and on Tyrone Davis's album \"Come to Daddy\" in 2003. In 2007, Banks underwent surgery for a faulty heart valve. He died in Chicago in December 2008. Chico Banks Chico Banks (March 7, 1962 – December 3, 2008) was an American Chicago blues guitarist and singer. He released one album, in 1997 on Evidence Music, and played with many blues musicians from his late teens until his death at the age of 46. He is best known for his tracks \"Your Fine\" and \"Candy Lickin' Man\".","title":"Chico Banks"},{"id":"1446159","text":"civil rights pioneer Martin Luther King Jr., and Beatles musician John Lennon. He was also known for his extensive coverage of the U.S. space program, from Project Mercury to the Moon landings to the Space Shuttle. He was the only non-NASA recipient of an Ambassador of Exploration award. Cronkite is well known for his departing catchphrase, \"And that's the way it is,\" followed by the date of the broadcast. Cronkite was born on November 4, 1916, in Saint Joseph, Missouri, the son of Helen Lena (née Fritsche) and Dr. Walter Leland Cronkite, a dentist. Cronkite lived in Kansas City, Missouri,","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"3819872","text":"Will Jordan Will Jordan (born Wilbur Rauch, July 27, 1927 – September 6, 2018) was an American character actor and stand-up comedian best known for his resemblance—and ability to do uncanny impressions of—television host and newspaper columnist Ed Sullivan. Jordan was a friend of and early influence on comedian Lenny Bruce. Born in the Bronx, Rauch grew up in Flushing, Queens. His father was a pharmacist and his mother owned a hat store. Jordan graduated from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in Manhattan. Sullivan had almost no mannerisms, which made him hard to impersonate. According to Jordan, he invented","title":"Will Jordan"},{"id":"5468344","text":"The lead singer Shirley Goodman, was one half of the duo Shirley and Lee who had a mega hit 18 years earlier, in 1956, writing and recording the song \"Let The Good Times Roll\" for Aladdin Records. Jesus Alvarez changed his name to Jason Alvarez and became a pastor for the Love of Jesus Family Church. He recorded several gospel albums. 1974 \"Shame, Shame, Shame\" (Austria #1 / Belgium #1 / Germany #1 / Netherlands #1 / Norway #9 / Switzerland #2 / US #12 / US Dance #1 / US R'n'B #1)
1975 More Shame
1975 I Like to","title":"Shirley & Company"},{"id":"14845242","text":"Bon Ton Roula \"Bon Ton Roula\" (alternatively \"Bon Ton Roulet\") is a zydeco-influenced blues song first recorded by Clarence Garlow in 1949. The following year, it became a hit, reaching number seven in \"Billboard\" magazine's Rhythm & Blues chart and introduced the style to a national audience. \"Bon ton roula\" (pronounced \"bahn tahn roolay\") is a phonetical approximation of \"bons temps rouler\", Louisiana Creole French for \"good times roll\" as in \"Laissez les bons temps rouler\" or \"Let the good times roll\", a regional invitation to join in a festive celebration. A song with a similar theme, \"Let the Good","title":"Bon Ton Roula"},{"id":"13106720","text":"on behalf of 16 Mexican plaintiffs charged that the plaintiffs were assaulted, threatened, and held at gunpoint by Barnett and members of his family. After Roll's ruling and prompted by several talk-radio programs, he was the subject of hundreds of complaining phone calls and death threats and he and his family were under the protection of the U.S. Marshals Service for a month. Roll declined to press charges when some of those who made threats were identified. Roll was shot on January 8, 2011, outside a Safeway supermarket in Casas Adobes, Arizona, when Jared Lee Loughner opened fire at a","title":"John Roll"},{"id":"3253472","text":"Event, for the first time in more than six years, Buffer returned to pro-wrestling ring announcing duties at Madison Square Garden in a boxing match between pro boxer Evander Holyfield (who was substituting for Montel Vontavious Porter) and pro wrestler Matt Hardy. Buffer appears in the Royal Rumble 2008 commercial, in which he begins to say \"Let's get ready to rumble!\" only to be superkicked by Shawn Michaels, causing him to fall over. As well as being in the commercial for the event, he was the guest ring announcer during the Royal Rumble match itself. During his career, Buffer has","title":"Michael Buffer"},{"id":"14018021","text":"hit on the country charts in the United States. That's How Country Boys Roll \"That's How Country Boys Roll\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Billy Currington. It was released in September 2009 as the third single from his 2008 album \"Little Bit of Everything\". The song became Currington's fourth number one hit on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart for the week of October 10, 2009.. Currington wrote this song with Dallas Davidson and Brett Jones. The song is an up-tempo tune, in which the narrator lists off various traits of a \"country","title":"That's How Country Boys Roll"},{"id":"14845245","text":"different \"Bon Ton Roulet\" was recorded in 1967 by Clifton Chenier that has inspired several subsequent versions. Bon Ton Roula \"Bon Ton Roula\" (alternatively \"Bon Ton Roulet\") is a zydeco-influenced blues song first recorded by Clarence Garlow in 1949. The following year, it became a hit, reaching number seven in \"Billboard\" magazine's Rhythm & Blues chart and introduced the style to a national audience. \"Bon ton roula\" (pronounced \"bahn tahn roolay\") is a phonetical approximation of \"bons temps rouler\", Louisiana Creole French for \"good times roll\" as in \"Laissez les bons temps rouler\" or \"Let the good times roll\", a","title":"Bon Ton Roula"},{"id":"6620355","text":"Kreegah bundolo Kreegah bundolo is a phrase that Tarzan—and the tribe of apes that raised him—cry out to warn of danger, for example, \"Kreegah bundolo! White men come with hunt sticks. Kill!\" According to the fictional ape language worked out by Tarzan creator Edgar Rice Burroughs, the literal translation of the phrase would be \"Beware, (I) kill!\" \"Kreegah Bundola\" is one of a few names for the Frank Zappa song whose most popular title seems to be \"Let's Move to Cleveland\". It is also utilized in Bruce Coville's \"Allbright\" series as Grakker's \"violence\" module boot-up sound byte. It was uttered","title":"Kreegah bundolo"},{"id":"893495","text":"and live album \"Road Rock Vol. 1\" were released in 2000 and were both accompanied by live concert films. His 2001 single \"Let's Roll\" was a tribute to the victims of the September 11 attacks, and the effective action taken by the passengers and crew on Flight 93 in particular. At the \"\" benefit concert for the victims of the attacks, Young performed John Lennon's \"Imagine\" and accompanied Eddie Vedder and Mike McCready on \"Long Road\", a Pearl Jam song that was written with Young during the \"Mirrorball\" sessions. \"Let's Roll\" was included on 2002's \"Are You Passionate?\", an album","title":"Neil Young"},{"id":"10873269","text":"\"Asia's Got Talent\" released the behind the scenes video of the recording. Let's Groove \"Let's Groove\" is a song by the American band Earth, Wind & Fire from their eleventh studio album \"Raise!\" (1981). Written by Maurice White and Wayne Vaughn, the song was chosen as the lead single from the album. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, disco music was undergoing a severe backlash. In spite of this, the band decided to revive the disco sound that was later included on their previous works and records. Musically, \"Let's Groove\" is a post-disco, pop and funk song which includes","title":"Let's Groove"},{"id":"6255684","text":"a car with Dre in the back and \"bitches screaming, 'Let me ride!'\" Let Me Ride \"Let Me Ride\" is a 1993 single by rapper and producer Dr. Dre, and the third single from his debut studio album, \"The Chronic\". It experienced moderate success on the charts, until it became a massive hit when Dre won a Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance for the song during the Grammy Awards of 1994. The chorus is sung by Ruben and Jewell, and Snoop Dogg (then known as Snoop Doggy Dogg) raps the line \"Rollin' in my 6-4\" and appears in","title":"Let Me Ride"},{"id":"8718416","text":"Pulitzer Prize \"for the most distinguished and meritorious public service rendered by an American newspaper during the year.\" On September 4, 1957, while covering the attempt at desegregation at Little Rock Central High School, Fine famously sat down beside a lonely and scared Elizabeth Eckford and sympathetically said \"don't let them see you cry.\" Fine was one of two whites at the scene that day who is said to have helped Eckford in some way. The other was Grace Lorch, the wife of a professor who helped her get on board a bus and get away. During his tenure as","title":"Benjamin Fine"},{"id":"9090755","text":"... I hadn't realised I'd sung it like John.\" The song's title was inspired by a quote from George Harrison's \"I'd Have You Anytime\", the opening track from his critically acclaimed \"All Things Must Pass\". \"Let Me Roll It\" was performed regularly by Wings' during their Over the World tour. McCartney performed the song again during his New World Tour, and it has been a part of every tour since. He has also included live versions of the song on several live albums, including \"Wings over America\", \"Paul Is Live\", \"Back in the U.S.\" (and \"Back in the World\"), and","title":"Let Me Roll It"},{"id":"13525926","text":"Edmund Dick Taylor Colonel Edmund Dick Taylor (October 18, 1804 - December 4, 1891) was an American businessman, politician, and soldier from Illinois. He is remembered as the first person to suggest that the United States should issue paper currency (\"greenbacks\") during the American Civil War. He was born Edmund Richard Taylor in Lunenburg County, Virginia, son of Giles Y Taylor (1766–1830) and Francine \"Sina\" Stokes. In later years, he preferred to use his middle name rather than his first name, and used in its short form. Thus he became known as \"Dick\" Taylor, and his middle initial was written","title":"Edmund Dick Taylor"},{"id":"1540965","text":"of the U2 song \"40\" performed by all three members. The EP reached No. 142 on the \"Billboard\" 200 and won dc Talk their fourth Grammy award. In September 2002, DC Talk recorded and released a single about the September 11, 2001 attacks titled \"Let's Roll\". A 10th Anniversary Edition of \"Free at Last\", which includes all of the songs from the original album (including interludes), a 2002 remake of \"The Hardway\", as well as a commentary at the end was released. The Special Edition releases also include the DVD of their \"\" documentary, as well as the music videos","title":"DC Talk"},{"id":"5957490","text":"Let's Dance (Five song) \"Let's Dance\" is the first single from English boy band Five's third and final studio album, \"Kingsize\". Released on 13 August 2001, the song was written by Richard Stannard, Julian Gallagher, Martin Harrington, Abs Breen, Jason \"J\" Brown and Sean Conlon, and produced by Stannard and Rowe. The song charted at number one on the UK Singles Chart, and became Five's third and final number-one single. The song peaked at number two in the Irish Singles Chart. The single was certified Silver in the UK. The official music video was directed by Max and Dania. It","title":"Let's Dance (Five song)"},{"id":"4800341","text":"Alfred Moore Waddell Alfred Moore Waddell (September 16, 1834 – March 17, 1912) was a Democratic U.S. Congressman from North Carolina between 1871 and 1879 and, after leading the only successful coup d'état on U.S. soil, became mayor of Wilmington, North Carolina, following the coordinated overthrow of the city's government. An avowed white supremacist, he is also credited with popularizing the term \"race riot.\" Waddell was born in Hillsboro, North Carolina, to Hugh Waddell, a prominent lawyer, and Susan Moore. Waddell also wedded a third time, marrying Gabrielle de Rosset, in 1896. He was the great-great-great-grandson of General Hugh Waddell,","title":"Alfred Moore Waddell"},{"id":"19162774","text":"of ridicule, exhibited by the opening vignette \"Blame It On Chachi\" in which the homophobic epithet \"faggot\" is hurled at Edgar from an unspecified narrator. Edgar's flamboyant demeanor and love for pop culture helps guide the plot of the vignettes. His story most evidently reflects the rupture of childhood innocence as he explicitly describes his sexy escapades with Mr. Campos, the school janitor. Florante Sanchez: A recent immigrant from the Philippines who attends school with Edgar, Katrina, Vicente and the other children. He comes from a family of writers and has a talent with the English language which sets him","title":"Rolling the R's"},{"id":"12649458","text":"him), Hirschfield resigned or was fired in 1920. He started Mells Candy, which went bankrupt, and as a result he committed suicide on January 14, 1922 in his room at the Monterey Hotel in Manhattan, leaving a note saying that he was \"sorry, but could not help it\". Hirschfield never ran a candy shop in Brooklyn. Hirschfield named the candy after his daughter Clara, whose nickname was \"Tootsie\". In 1935, the company was in serious difficulty. Tootsie Roll's principal supplier of paper boxes, Joseph Rubin & Sons of Brooklyn, concerned about the possible loss of an important customer, decided to","title":"Tootsie Roll"},{"id":"1843987","text":"Jim Crow in Military Service, later renamed the League for Non-Violent Civil Disobedience. On July 26, 1948, President Harry S. Truman abolished racial segregation in the armed forces through Executive Order 9981. Randolph was the nominal leader of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, which was organized by Bayard Rustin and his younger associates. At this march, Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his \"I Have a Dream\" speech. Soon afterwards, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed. Bayard Rustin was National Chairman of SDUSA and also was President of the A. Philip Randolph Institute. Rustin had had","title":"Social Democrats, USA"},{"id":"15677747","text":"\"Hard White (Up in the Club)\" was released on August 8, 2011. The song features guest vocals by Lil Jon and it was produced by Hydrox. The music video was filmed in Atlanta, Georgia, and directed by Motion Family. On September 20, the music video for \"Hard White (Up in the Club)\" was released through VEVO. The remix to \"Hard White (Up in the Club)\" was released on November 2; the song features T.I., and label-mates Slaughterhouse. On October 28, 2011, Yelawolf released the album's second single \"Let's Roll\" featuring Kid Rock. The song was produced by The Audibles and","title":"Radioactive (Yelawolf album)"},{"id":"271076","text":"D.C., then governed by congressional committee. Despite tensions, the march was a resounding success. More than a quarter of a million people of diverse ethnicities attended the event, sprawling from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial onto the National Mall and around the reflecting pool. At the time, it was the largest gathering of protesters in Washington, D.C.'s history. King delivered a 17-minute speech, later known as \"I Have a Dream\". In the speech's most famous passage—in which he departed from his prepared text, possibly at the prompting of Mahalia Jackson, who shouted behind him, \"Tell them about the dream!\"—King","title":"Martin Luther King Jr."},{"id":"24283","text":"lecturing, personalizing it by adding \"I have a higher and greater standard of principle. Washington could not lie. I can lie but I won't.\" Patrick Henry (May 29, 1736 – June 6, 1799) was an attorney, planter and politician who became known as an orator during the movement for independence in Virginia in the 1770s. Patrick Henry is best known for the speech he made in the House of Burgesses on March 23, 1775, in Saint John's Church in Richmond, Virginia. With the House undecided on whether to mobilize for military action against the encroaching British military force, Henry argued","title":"Folklore of the United States"},{"id":"3315743","text":"Samuel Rosenman Samuel Irving Rosenman (February 13, 1896 – June 24, 1973) was an American lawyer, judge, Democratic Party activist and presidential speechwriter. He coined the term \"New Deal\", and helped articulate liberal policies during the heyday of the New Deal coalition. He was the first person to hold the position of White House Counsel. Rosenman was born in San Antonio, Texas, the son of Solomon and Ethel (Paler) Rosenman. He served in the US Army during World War I and graduated From Columbia Law School in 1919. He was a member of Phi Beta Kappa and Delta Sigma Rho.","title":"Samuel Rosenman"},{"id":"12667734","text":"chart. In 2009, the song was acknowledged with a Grammy Hall of Fame Award and was inducted into the Blues Foundation Hall of Fame in 2013 in the \"Classic of Blues Recording — Singles or Album Tracks\" category. Numerous artists have performed \"Let the Good Times Roll\" and many have recorded it, including: Ray Charles (1959, \"The Genius of Ray Charles\"), Sam Butera and the Silent Witnesses (from the 1960 album \"The Wildest Clan\"), Georgie Fame and the Blue Flames (1964 \"Rhythm and Blues at the Flamingo\"), Muddy Waters (1975, \"Muddy Waters Woodstock Album\"), Koko Taylor (1978, \"The Earthshaker\"), Clifton","title":"Let the Good Times Roll (Louis Jordan song)"},{"id":"6853796","text":"Are You Passionate? Are You Passionate? is the 24th studio album by Canadian musician Neil Young, the only album to feature Booker T. & the M.G.'s, and his eighth with Crazy Horse, released on April 9, 2002 as a double LP and as a single CD. It represents Young's foray into soul music, not sounding like anything he had previously released. Exceptions are rocker \"Goin' Home\", recorded with Crazy Horse, and the brooding \"Let's Roll\", a response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks. The album ends with \"She's a Healer\", an extended jam. The track \"Gateway of love\" is listed on","title":"Are You Passionate?"},{"id":"3954505","text":"to the new rock'n'roll music. Let's Rock Let's Rock (known as Keep It Cool in the United Kingdom) is a 1958 rock and roll film starring Julius LaRosa as a crooner attempting to fight off the rival music rock and roll, Phyllis Newman as his songwriting girlfriend who convinces him to adapt rather than fight and Conrad Janis as LaRosa's manager. The film, another rock-exploitation film aimed at the teenage drive-in crowd, was produced and directed by Harry Foster and also features performances from the Tyrones, Paul Anka, Wink Martindale, Roy Hamilton, Danny & the Juniors and the Royal Teens.","title":"Let's Rock"},{"id":"6833347","text":"News with Brian Williams\", appeared on CNN, ESPN, MSNBC, and several other networks. He also was blamed by many for the event including one caller saying \"if anything else happens, there will be blood on your hands.\" On April 21, Updyke appeared again on the Finebaum show, speaking publicly for the first time since the incident, breaking his long silence. The interview, perhaps the most listened to ever in the history of the Finebaum show, made national news, appearing in publications ranging from \"The New York Times\" to ESPN's \"SportsCenter\". Updyke ended the 45-minute interview with his signature \"Roll Damn","title":"Paul Finebaum"},{"id":"16157704","text":"album \"Charlie, Last Name Wilson\"), with Wilson going on to frequently perform the cover at live concerts. In 2000, singer Toni Estes covered the song on her album 'Two Eleven'. Rapper Wale (rapper) sampled Let's Chill on his Eleven One Eleven Theory mixtape. The song, also named Let's Chill, features R&B singer Lloyd (singer). Let's Chill \"Let's Chill\" is a song released by American R&B band Guy from the album \"The Future\". Co-written by band members Bernard Belle and Teddy Riley, it was released as the second single from the album on February 18, 1991. It reached #41 on the","title":"Let's Chill"},{"id":"271158","text":"would be redesigned to depict various historical events that had occurred at the Lincoln Memorial. Among the planned designs are images from King's \"I Have a Dream\" speech and the 1939 concert by opera singer Marian Anderson. Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr. (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American Baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the civil rights movement from 1954 until his death in 1968. Born in Atlanta, King is best known for advancing civil rights through nonviolence and civil disobedience, tactics his Christian beliefs and","title":"Martin Luther King Jr."},{"id":"18932779","text":"his debut album, \"Goin' Back Home\" (1998). He began playing clubs across Florida and was quickly signed to a recording contract by Shanachie Records. Tackling social issues in his self penned songs, including racial profiling and youth violence, Champion released \"Payin' for My Sins\" (1999) and \"2 Days Short of a Week\" (2001) for the label. Champion's song, co-written with Kevin Bowe, entitled \"Trust Yourself\" was included on Etta James' \"Let's Roll\" album (2003). It won a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Blues Album in 2003, and also a Blues Music Award as the 'Soul/Blues Album of the Year' from","title":"Grady Champion"},{"id":"3253471","text":"his contract with WCW prevented Buffer from announcing for other wrestling-type organizations, forcing him to stop announcing for the UFC (his only UFC cards were UFC 6 and UFC 7). However, when WCW ceased to exist, and Time Warner had no more affiliation with professional wrestling, Buffer was enabled to announce in other wrestling promotions. During the Monday Night Wars, while Buffer was on \"WCW Monday Nitro\", WWF wrestler Triple H created the phrase \"Let's get ready to suck it!\" to mock him, as part of his D-Generation X act. On the August 18, 2007 edition of Saturday Night's Main","title":"Michael Buffer"},{"id":"12679647","text":"Sermons and speeches of Martin Luther King Jr. The sermons and speeches of Martin Luther King Jr., comprise an extensive catalog of American writing and oratory – some of which are internationally well-known, while others remain unheralded, and some await re-discovery. Martin Luther King Jr. was a prominent African-American clergyman, a civil rights leader, and a Nobel laureate. King himself observed, \"In the quiet recesses of my heart, I am fundamentally a clergyman, a Baptist preacher.\" The famous \"I Have a Dream\" address was delivered in August 1963 from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. Less well-remembered","title":"Sermons and speeches of Martin Luther King Jr."},{"id":"7877682","text":"1. A second single, \"Gudbuy T'Jane\", was also released that month and reached No. 2 in the UK. In October, \"The Whole World's Goin' Crazee\" was released as a free 7\" Flexi disc with the \"Music Scene\" magazine. The B-Side was \"Bonnie Charlie\" by Mike Hugg. In August 1973, \"Let The Good Times Roll\" was released as a single in America where it reached No. 114. In November, \"Move Over\" was released as a single in Japan. \"How D'You Ride\" had originally been considered as a potential single, with Chandler particularly keen on seeing it released as one. In a","title":"Slayed?"},{"id":"12650455","text":"CTE World label. Tone Trump has close affiliations with entrepreneurs Hood Rellic, Chris Banks of the clothing label Banks and Ross Collection, as well as significant collaborations with fellow rap artist and model agent Smutty Major Movez. He is the author of many catch phrases, such as \"Let's Win\" and \"Hustle or Starve\". Tone Trump won artist of the year at the 2012 Philly Hip Hop Awards. His song \"Ghetto Boy,\" featuring Freeway Ricky Ross, was produced by Smitti Boi. Tone Trump made a cameo in the 2015 boxing drama \"Creed\", where he had a brief altercation with the main","title":"Tone Trump"},{"id":"6692526","text":"first solo album, \"Remembered\", in 2003. Long's writing continued with work for the \"New York Sports Express\", \"The Buffalo Beast\" (created by \"Rolling Stone\" Contributing Editor Matt Taibbi and now called \"The Beast\"), \"Vice Magazine\"/London, \"The Fix\" on the now-defunct fuzz.com, project-noise.org, and other publications and sites. In 2004, Long pursued a degree in Film/Directing and graduated in 2006. That same year his latest solo album \"God Bless the Drunkard's Dog\" was released on vinyl-only imprint Black Diamond, under Long's longtime European label, Southern Records. The album's song \"Let 'em Roll\" was featured in the Afghanistan War documentary film, \"At","title":"P.W. Long"},{"id":"13480633","text":"growing sense of national urgency to take action. Martin Luther King Jr. watched the address with Walter E. Fauntroy in Atlanta. When it was over, he jumped up and declared, \"Walter, can you believe that white man not only stepped up to the plate, he hit it over the fence!\" He then sent a telegram to the White House: \"I have just listened to your speech to the nation. It was one of the most eloquent[,] profound, and unequivocal pleas for justice and freedom of all men ever made by any President. You spoke passionately for moral issues involved in","title":"Report to the American People on Civil Rights"},{"id":"5598116","text":"In point of fact, however, the motto was created by Forest Long, of the advertising agency Young & Rubicam, in partnership with the Ad Council. Fletcher was a United States Army veteran during World War II and upon his death in 2005 was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. Arthur Fletcher Arthur Allen Fletcher (December 22, 1924 – July 12, 2005) was an American government official, widely referred to as the \"father of affirmative action\" as he was largely responsible for the Revised Philadelphia Plan. Arthur Fletcher, a Republican, graduated from Washburn University and obtained a degree from distance learning school","title":"Arthur Fletcher"},{"id":"5844796","text":"Chris Cheney Christopher John Cheney (born 2 January 1975) is an Australian rock musician, record producer and studio owner. He is the founding mainstay guitarist, songwriter and lead vocalist of the psychobilly band, The Living End, which was formed in 1994 with school mate Scott Owen. Cheney wrote the group's top 20 hits on the ARIA Singles Chart: \"Second Solution\" / \"Prisoner of Society\" (1997), \"All Torn Down\" (1999), \"Pictures in the Mirror\" (2000), \"Roll On\" (2001), \"One Said to the Other\" (2003), \"What's on Your Radio\" (2005), \"Wake Up\" (2006) and \"White Noise\" (2008). In 2004 Cheney joined the","title":"Chris Cheney"},{"id":"9090756","text":"\"Good Evening New York City\". Personnel per \"The Beatles Bible\". Let Me Roll It \"Let Me Roll It\" is a song by Wings released on the 1973 album \"Band on the Run\". The song was also released as the B-side to \"Jet\" in early 1974, and has remained a staple of McCartney's live concerts since it was first released. Some critics, such as \"Rolling Stone\"s Jon Landau, saw the song as a pastiche of John Lennon's sound, particularly the riff and the use of tape echo on the vocals. McCartney, however, didn't intend the song to be a pastiche of","title":"Let Me Roll It"},{"id":"1000466","text":"his stage name from a cousin-in-law from Oklahoma who performed as Lee Halliday. The latter called Smet \"Johnny\" and became a father figure, introducing him to American music. Influenced by Elvis Presley and the 1950s rock n' roll revolution, Hallyday became known for singing rock 'n' roll in French. His debut single, \"Laisse les filles\" was released on the Vogue label in March 1960. His first album, \"Hello Johnny\", was released in 1960. In 1961 his cover of \"Let's Twist Again\" sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc. It topped almost every European chart, although the","title":"Johnny Hallyday"},{"id":"3539308","text":"behind Oprah Winfrey in \"EBONY Magazine\"s POWER 150 list. In 2014, Smiley received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, honoring his contributions to television. To date, Smiley has received 16 honorary doctorates. Smiley is referenced in the KRS-One song \"Clear 'Em Out.\" Tavis Smiley Tavis Smiley (; born September 13, 1964) is an American talk show host and author. Smiley was born in Gulfport, Mississippi, and grew up in Bunker Hill, Indiana. After attending Indiana University, he worked during the late 1980s as an aide to Tom Bradley, the mayor of Los Angeles. Smiley became a radio commentator","title":"Tavis Smiley"},{"id":"14018017","text":"That's How Country Boys Roll \"That's How Country Boys Roll\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Billy Currington. It was released in September 2009 as the third single from his 2008 album \"Little Bit of Everything\". The song became Currington's fourth number one hit on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart for the week of October 10, 2009.. Currington wrote this song with Dallas Davidson and Brett Jones. The song is an up-tempo tune, in which the narrator lists off various traits of a \"country boy,\" such as his work ethic and leisure activities.","title":"That's How Country Boys Roll"},{"id":"13261243","text":"a 28-page booklet featuring previously unseen and rare photos together with an essay by music historian Warren Zanes. The album includes all of Harrison's songs that reached number 1 on America's \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles chart, including \"My Sweet Lord\", \"Isn't It a Pity\", \"Give Me Love (Give Me Peace on Earth)\" and \"Got My Mind Set on You\", as well as other international number 1 singles such as \"What Is Life\" and \"All Those Years Ago\". The track list was selected by George's widow, Olivia Harrison, with some assistance from close friends and family. iTunes exclusively offers the digital","title":"Let It Roll: Songs by George Harrison"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"579650\",\n \"text\": \"to his wife, played by Constance Bennett, to indicate they should immediately exit their friend's stuffy office and find a drink. The pair are lighthearted, youthful, irresponsible, and impossibly glamorous types, and the line delivery has a decisive insouciance about it. The protagonist of Ernest Hemingway's 1950 novel \\\"Across the River and into the Trees\\\", Colonel Dick Cantwell, based on World War II commander Charles \\\"Buck\\\" Lanham, uses the phrase to his driver. He knows he is facing imminent death, but tries to maintain decency, grace, and a sense of humor. The verb \\\"roll\\\" has been used in both the\",\n \"title\": \"Let's roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"579649\",\n \"text\": \"Let's roll \\\"Let's roll\\\" is a colloquialism that has been used extensively as a command to move and start an activity, attack, mission or project. The phrase has been used as early as 1908 in the cadence song now called \\\"The Army Goes Rolling Along\\\", which likely extended into tank usage. \\\"The Roads Must Roll\\\", a science fiction story written in 1940 by Robert A. Heinlein, mentions a re-worded version of \\\"The Roll of the Caissons\\\" called \\\"Road Songs of the Transport Cadets\\\". The protagonist of the 1937 supernatural comedy, \\\"Topper\\\", played by Cary Grant, uses the phrase \\\"Let's roll\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Let's roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"579655\",\n \"text\": \"no one could have been prepared. But we have our marching orders. My fellow Americans, let's roll!” He would use them again in the 2002 State of the Union address: “For too long our culture has said, ‘If it feels good, do it.’ Now America is embracing a new ethic and a new creed: ‘Let's roll.’” Let's roll \\\"Let's roll\\\" is a colloquialism that has been used extensively as a command to move and start an activity, attack, mission or project. The phrase has been used as early as 1908 in the cadence song now called \\\"The Army Goes Rolling\",\n \"title\": \"Let's roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"579654\",\n \"text\": \"injured. He was also on the phone when the plane made a quick and violent turn. Later, he told the operator that some of the other passengers were planning to attack the hijackers and regain control of the aircraft, after they learned about what happened at the World Trade Center and The Pentagon. According to Jefferson, Beamer's last audible words were “Are you ready? Okay. Let's roll.” In a November 8 address from the World Congress Center in Atlanta, Georgia, President George W. Bush would invoke Beamer's words: “Some of our greatest moments have been acts of courage for which\",\n \"title\": \"Let's roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3253467\",\n \"text\": \"Michael Buffer Michael Buffer (born November 2, 1944) is an American ring announcer for boxing and professional wrestling matches. He is known for his trademarked catchphrase, \\\"Let's get ready to rumble!\\\" and for pioneering a distinct announcing style in which he rolls certain letters and adds other inflections to a fighter's name. His half-brother is UFC announcer Bruce Buffer. Buffer was born and raised in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, to an enlisted man in the United States Navy and his wife during World War II. His parents divorced when he was 11 months of age, and Buffer was then raised by foster\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Buffer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"579653\",\n \"text\": \"Hence, the term and true context of the term \\\"let's roll\\\" during this time period was to initiate action from an individual to a group of friends. On September 11, 2001, Todd Beamer, a passenger on the hijacked United Airlines Flight 93, tried to place a call through an air phone, but was routed to a customer service representative instead, who passed him on to supervisor Lisa Jefferson. Beamer reported that one passenger had been killed and that a flight attendant had told him that both the pilot and co-pilot had been forced from the cockpit and may have been\",\n \"title\": \"Let's roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"579652\",\n \"text\": \"Decepticons (as well as in the 2009 feature film \\\"\\\"). It was used in the 1986 film \\\"Ferris Bueller's Day Off\\\", and the 1987 film \\\"Matewan\\\", where it was used by Baldwin–Felts agents before a violent attack on striking coal miners. The term was used at the end of the film \\\"Matilda\\\", when the title character was given up for adoption. The toys use the phrase when setting out to rescue Woody in the 1999 animated children's film \\\"Toy Story 2\\\". In the late 1990s, the term \\\"let's roll\\\" was frequently used to initiate a departure from any given place.\",\n \"title\": \"Let's roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"579651\",\n \"text\": \"film and recording industry to signal the beginning of a film or audio recording. \\\"Let's roll\\\" was commonly used in the police television series \\\"Adam-12\\\" and the original \\\"Dragnet\\\". It was used at the end of roll call at the beginning of each episode of 1980s television series \\\"Hill Street Blues\\\". It has appeared, among other places, in \\\"The Transformers\\\" animated series by Optimus Prime, before entering battle or embarking on a group journey. The exact phrase was used in Season 1, Episode 3, \\\"More than Meets the Eye\\\" (1984) in preparation for the final showdown with Megatron and the\",\n \"title\": \"Let's roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"435783\",\n \"text\": \"the recording in a closed session on April 18, 2002. Jurors for the Zacarias Moussaoui trial heard the tape as part of the proceedings and the transcript was publicly released on April 12, 2006. All passengers and crew on board Flight 93 were nominated for the Congressional Gold Medal on September 19, 2001. Congressman Bill Shuster introduced a bill to this effect in 2006, and they were granted on September 11, 2014. Beamer's final words, \\\"let's roll\\\", became a national catchphrase. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey changed the name of Newark's airport from Newark International Airport\",\n \"title\": \"United Airlines Flight 93\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7341260\",\n \"text\": \"that HIV infection was the result of \\\"sexual promiscuity for the most part\\\", and that the point of the proposed legislation was \\\" . . . to remove the consequences of poor behavior, unacceptable behavior, quite frankly. I'm not convinced that part of the role of government should be to protect individuals from the negative consequences of their actions.\\\" Again in 2009, Schultheis stirred up controversy by posting to his Twitter account, \\\"[President Barack Obama is] flying the U.S. plane right into the ground.\\\" He then ended his tweet with the phrase \\\"Let's roll,\\\" the signature sign-off of Flight 93\",\n \"title\": \"David Schultheis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10432993\",\n \"text\": \"been acts of courage for which no one could have been prepared. But we have our marching orders. My fellow Americans, let's roll!\\\" He would use them again in the 2002 State of the Union address: \\\"For too long our culture has said, 'If it feels good, do it.' Now America is embracing a new ethic and a new creed: 'Let's roll.'\\\" Beamer's posthumous daughter, Morgan Kay, was born January 9, 2002, four months after Beamer's death. The President and First Lady Laura Bush were among those who sent letters to Morgan upon her birth. A nonprofit foundation was founded\",\n \"title\": \"Todd Beamer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7053784\",\n \"text\": \"and Pentagon; they decide to take action organizing a revolt against the hijackers. Their plan is empowered with the knowledge that passenger Don Greene has experience in flying. Learning that passenger Donald Freeman Greene had experience in flying, the group pin their hopes on his being able at least to control the plane. After passengers arm themselves, pray, and make final phone calls to loved ones, Todd Beamer says, \\\"Let's Roll!\\\". They start their counter-attack, running down the aisle with a food cart. Jarrah shakes the plane violently to throw the passengers off balance, but nonetheless they continue their assault,\",\n \"title\": \"Flight 93 (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6916674\",\n \"text\": \"would be fully rebuilt, while only the building shell would be rebuilt for Wedge 2. A full build-out for the Wedge 2 space would be completed at a later time. The phrase \\\"Let's roll\\\", as spoken by Todd Beamer on United Airlines Flight 93, was adopted as the project's slogan, and displayed prominently on the building's exterior during the reconstruction work. A clock counting down the time until 9:37 AM on September 11, 2002 was located on site as well. The Remote Delivery Facility (RDF) is a new shipping and receiving facility adjoining the Pentagon. The RDF significantly improves the\",\n \"title\": \"Pentagon Renovation Program\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424601\",\n \"text\": \"introduced by President George W. Bush at a commemoration ceremony. Shortly after the attacks, she set up the Todd M. Beamer Memorial Foundation, which was initially run by a family friend. The organization sought to trademark the phrase \\\"Let's Roll,\\\" which was the subject of some criticism after some accused her of seeking to profit from her husband's death. In 2003, Beamer and co-author Ken Abraham wrote a book about Todd and her attempts to deal with her grief over his death, \\\"Let's Roll!: Ordinary People, Extraordinary Courage\\\", about Todd and Beamer's life before the crash and her life since.\",\n \"title\": \"Lisa Beamer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4905443\",\n \"text\": \"of the hiatus including the remix of \\\"Atmosphere\\\" on TobyMac's 2004 album \\\"Welcome to Diverse City\\\" and a cover of the Prince song \\\"The Cross\\\" on Kevin Max's 2007 album \\\"The Blood\\\". The band also recorded a song entitled \\\"Let's Roll\\\" following the September 11, 2001 attacks. After DC Talk's hiatus was announced, Tait dedicated more time to his band Tait (which he named after his father, Nathel). Tait had partially formed this band around 1997. One of the original members was guitarist Pete Stewart (from the hard rock band Grammatrain), who is featured on the first album, but absent\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Tait\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12249147\",\n \"text\": \"by Tom Petty, resulting in the line \\\"Let's roll another tnioj\\\". Artists who have been accused of backmasking include Led Zeppelin, The Beatles, Pink Floyd, Electric Light Orchestra, Queen, Styx, Judas Priest, The Eagles, The Rolling Stones, Jefferson Starship, AC/DC, Black Oak Arkansas, Rush, Britney Spears, and Eminem. Electric Light Orchestra was accused of hiding a backward Satanic message in their 1974 album \\\"Eldorado\\\". The title track, \\\"Eldorado\\\", was said to contain the message \\\"He is the nasty one / Christ, you're infernal / It is said we're dead men / Everyone who has the mark will live.\\\" ELO singer\",\n \"title\": \"Backmasking\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6844701\",\n \"text\": \"and the grounding of all commercial flights until further notice. Aboard United 93, the passengers become aware of the dead bodies of the crew-members, and learn from family members via airphone of the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon; they decide to take action, organizing a revolt against the hijackers. Their plan is empowered by the knowledge that passenger Don Greene has experience in flying aircraft. After passengers arm themselves, pray, and make final phone calls to loved ones, Todd Beamer says \\\"Let's Roll!\\\" The group begin their counterattack, rushing down the aisle and overpowering Ahmed al-Haznawi;\",\n \"title\": \"United 93 (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10432994\",\n \"text\": \"in October 2001 to counsel traumatized children of 9/11 victims and survivors. Beamer's best friend, Doug Macmillan, quit his job to become the administrator of the Foundation. In 2002, Beamer's widow, Lisa, wrote a book with coauthor Ken Abraham, \\\"Let's Roll! Ordinary People, Extraordinary Courage\\\". In 2002, the passengers of Flight 93, including Beamer, were posthumously awarded the Arthur Ashe Courage Award. The Cranbury, New Jersey post office was dedicated to Beamer on May 4, 2002, as a result of an Act of Congress authored by Congressman Rush D. Holt, Jr.. The bill was signed into law by President George\",\n \"title\": \"Todd Beamer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3027358\",\n \"text\": \"(one of the flights hijacked on September 11, 2001), who was one of the participants in an attempt to storm the cockpit and wrest control of the airplane from the hijackers. He would use the words again in the 2002 State of the Union address: \\\"For too long our culture has said, 'If it feels good, do it.' Now America is embracing a new ethic and a new creed: 'Let's roll.'\\\" The center also hosted the 2009 Soul Train Music Awards, the first held outside of the Los Angeles area. On March 14, 2008, a tornado struck Atlanta, including the\",\n \"title\": \"Georgia World Congress Center\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6508745\",\n \"text\": \"pianist Sunnyland Slim, the guitarist Leroy Foster, and the drummer Alfred Wallace. During the 1950s Lenoir recorded for various record labels in the Chicago area, including J.O.B., Chess, Parrot, and Checker. His more successful songs included \\\"Let's Roll\\\", \\\"The Mojo\\\" (featuring saxophonist J. T. Brown) and the controversial \\\"Eisenhower Blues\\\", which Parrot Records forced him to re-record as \\\"Tax Paying Blues.\\\" Lenoir was known in the 1950s for his showmanship, particularly his zebra-patterned costumes, and his high-pitched vocals. He became an influential electric guitarist and songwriter, and his penchant for social commentary distinguished him from many other bluesmen of the\",\n \"title\": \"J. B. Lenoir\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1992224\",\n \"text\": \"300, he finished sixth in the final points standings. During 2001, Labonte won the IROC XXV title, becoming the 13th consecutive NASCAR driver to win the IROC championship. In 2002, Labonte only had one win, which was at Martinsville in the spring. He also drove a 9/11 Tribute car in 2002 with the phrase \\\"Let's Roll\\\" on the hood. It was his first career short track win at Martinsville. He went on to finish 16th in the final points standings, and failed to finish in the Top 10 for the first time since 1996, while his teammate Stewart went on\",\n \"title\": \"Bobby Labonte\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10432997\",\n \"text\": \"opened to family members of the victims on September 10, 2015. On September 10, 2013, Wheaton Academy honored Beamer by unveiling a plaque dedicated to him on the grounds of the Academy, next to a plaque of a former student who was killed in Afghanistan. Alpha Company of the 1-148 Infantry RGT, Ohio Army National Guard, adopted the motto \\\"Let's Roll\\\" to honor Beamer. The company deployed to northern Afghanistan in 2012 for 9 months. Beamer was portrayed by David Alan Basche in the film \\\"United 93\\\". Beamer was portrayed by Brennan Elliott in the TV movie \\\"Flight 93\\\" Todd\",\n \"title\": \"Todd Beamer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16641667\",\n \"text\": \"Central 3, which was released on 2012. The song appeared on The CW TV Now promo. The song samples a portion of Freddie King's version of the Earl King song \\\"Come On (Let the Good Time Roll)\\\" (1974). The chorus is derived in part from Earl King's original, which Jimi Hendrix famously covered. Hendrix is referenced in the lyrics. A music video for the song was released on November 26, 2012 directed by Jessy Terrero. Let It Roll (Flo Rida song) \\\"Let It Roll\\\" is a song by American rapper Flo Rida from his fourth studio album, \\\"Wild Ones\\\". The\",\n \"title\": \"Let It Roll (Flo Rida song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4917154\",\n \"text\": \"by 3.2 million households when it was first broadcast, making it the highest rated cable program the week it aired. The episode marked the first appearance of Satan, who would become a recurring \\\"South Park\\\" character, as well as the character of Damien himself, who was inspired by the antagonist of the 1976 horror film \\\"The Omen\\\". Parker and Stone also said the episode introduced several key characteristics of the Cartman character that have endured throughout the rest of the series. Michael Buffer, the boxing ring announcer best known for the catchphrase \\\"Let's get ready to rumble!\\\", makes a guest\",\n \"title\": \"Damien (South Park)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10754501\",\n \"text\": \"Miller Band (\\\"Bingo!\\\", 2010). Diesel recorded a version for his EP \\\"7 Axes\\\" (2011). In 2013, Flo Rida included a part of the chorus, credited, in \\\"Let it Roll\\\", which also sampled Freddie King's 1974 recording. Come On (Earl King song) \\\"Come On\\\" (often called \\\"Let the Good Times Roll\\\") is a song written by New Orleans rhythm and blues artist Earl King. He first recorded the song as \\\"Darling Honey Angel Child\\\" in 1960 for the Ace Records subsidiary Rex. Later that year, he recorded it as a two-part song for Imperial Records using some new lyrics. Retitled \\\"Come\",\n \"title\": \"Come On (Earl King song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12667732\",\n \"text\": \"Let the Good Times Roll (Louis Jordan song) \\\"Let the Good Times Roll\\\" is a jump blues song recorded in 1946 by Louis Jordan and his Tympany Five. A mid-tempo twelve-bar blues, the song became a blues standard and one of Jordan's best-known songs. \\\"Let the Good Times Roll\\\" is \\\"Louis Jordan's buoyant invitation to party\\\": The song was written by Sam Theard, a New Orleans-born blues singer and songwriter, and was co-credited to Fleecie Moore, Jordan's wife, who never wrote a lyric in her life (however, her name was sometimes substituted for Jordan's to get around an inconvenient publishing\",\n \"title\": \"Let the Good Times Roll (Louis Jordan song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4917163\",\n \"text\": \"school in the last three weeks of the school year. Parker said, \\\"It was brutal ... Everybody already had their little groups and the year was almost over, so I wasn't going to fit into any of them, and I just wanted to destroy and kill, which was the inspiration for this show.\\\" Michael Buffer, the boxing ring announcer best known for his catchphrase, \\\"Let's get ready to rumble!\\\", made a guest appearance as himself in \\\"Damien\\\". Parker and Stone originally planned to use the catchphrase without Buffer, but when they learned that Buffer had legally trademarked the phrase, they\",\n \"title\": \"Damien (South Park)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3253469\",\n \"text\": \"1984, Buffer developed the catchphrase \\\"Let's get ready to rumble\\\" in his announcing, which gained enormous popularity. He began the process of obtaining a federal trademark for the phrase in the 1980s, acquiring it in 1992. Consequently, Buffer has earned in excess of $400 million with the license for his trademark. By the late 1980s, Buffer was the exclusive ring announcer for all bouts in Donald Trump-owned casinos. Trump said of Buffer, \\\"He's great, he's the choice, he has a unique ability...I told my people, 'We got to have him.'\\\" Buffer's work was also admired by many boxing greats. Sugar\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Buffer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16157703\",\n \"text\": \"Let's Chill \\\"Let's Chill\\\" is a song released by American R&B band Guy from the album \\\"The Future\\\". Co-written by band members Bernard Belle and Teddy Riley, it was released as the second single from the album on February 18, 1991. It reached #41 on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, #10 on the Hot Dance Singles Sales chart and #3 on the R&B/Hip-hop singles chart; it was the highest-charting single by Guy on the Hot 100 at the time, not to be beat until 1999's \\\"Dancin'\\\". It has since been covered by Keith Sweat and Charlie Wilson (for his 2005\",\n \"title\": \"Let's Chill\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14524459\",\n \"text\": \"music video for the song \\\"No Hands\\\" which was supposed to be included in \\\"Radioactive\\\", but was later scrapped. On August 8, 2011, Yelawolf released the first official single from his album, titled \\\"Hard White (Up in the Club)\\\", which features guest vocals from a southern hip hop producer Lil Jon. The album's release date was moved down to October 2011, and later had a final release date to November 21, 2011. On October 30, 2011, Yelawolf released the second single off \\\"Radioactive\\\", titled \\\"Let's Roll\\\", featuring guest vocals from Kid Rock. Anticipation for the album increased when hip hop\",\n \"title\": \"Yelawolf\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3956513\",\n \"text\": \"Kal Mann Kal Mann (born Kalman Cohen, May 6, 1917 – November 28, 2001) was an American lyricist. He is best known for penning the words to Elvis Presley's \\\"Teddy Bear\\\", plus \\\"Butterfly\\\", a hit for both Charlie Gracie and Andy Williams, and \\\"Let's Twist Again\\\", sung by Chubby Checker, which won the 1962 Grammy Award for Best Rock & Roll Recording. Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Mann began his career in entertainment as a comedy writer for Danny Thomas and Red Buttons, until his friend and songwriter, Bernie Lowe, encouraged him to try writing lyrics for the music industry. Mann\",\n \"title\": \"Kal Mann\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12667736\",\n \"text\": \"Lynda Carter covered this song in her 2011 album \\\"Crazy Little Things\\\". Let the Good Times Roll (Louis Jordan song) \\\"Let the Good Times Roll\\\" is a jump blues song recorded in 1946 by Louis Jordan and his Tympany Five. A mid-tempo twelve-bar blues, the song became a blues standard and one of Jordan's best-known songs. \\\"Let the Good Times Roll\\\" is \\\"Louis Jordan's buoyant invitation to party\\\": The song was written by Sam Theard, a New Orleans-born blues singer and songwriter, and was co-credited to Fleecie Moore, Jordan's wife, who never wrote a lyric in her life (however, her\",\n \"title\": \"Let the Good Times Roll (Louis Jordan song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4166669\",\n \"text\": \"Chet Powers Chester William \\\"Chet\\\" Powers, Jr. (October 7, 1937 – November 16, 1994) was an American singer-songwriter, and the lead singer of the rock group Quicksilver Messenger Service. He was also known by the stage name Dino Valenti (alternatively rendered as Dino Valente) and, as a songwriter, as Jesse Oris Farrow. He is best known for writing the quintessential 1960s love-and-peace anthem \\\"Let's Get Together.\\\" Before serving in the United States Air Force and playing in the coffeehouses of Boston and Provincetown, Massachusetts, Powers had already performed as \\\"Dino Valenti\\\" with small rock bands in New England lounges. In\",\n \"title\": \"Chet Powers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"435765\",\n \"text\": \"love them.\\\" After this, Jefferson heard muffled voices and Beamer answering, \\\"Are you ready? Okay. Let's roll.\\\" These were Beamer's last words to Jefferson. During the hijacking, Flight 93 passed within (instead of the normal ) of a NASA KC-135 returning from a microgravity flight over Lake Ontario. NASA pilot Dominic Del Rosso recalled how odd the silence on the radio was that morning. The passenger revolt on Flight 93 began at 09:57, after the passengers voted on whether to act. By this time, Flight 77 had struck the Pentagon and Flights 11 and 175 had struck the World Trade\",\n \"title\": \"United Airlines Flight 93\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9729921\",\n \"text\": \"Hal Hackady Harold Clayton MacHackady (February 10, 1922 – October 12, 2015), best known as Hal Hackady, and sometimes credited as Hal Hackaday, was an American lyricist, librettist and screenwriter. He was born in Middletown, Connecticut in 1922. He studied at Wesleyan University, before starting work in New York City in the 1950s. He began his career writing teleplays for early anthology series \\\"General Electric Theater\\\" and \\\"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\\\". He graduated to feature films as the screenwriter of B-movies capitalizing on the rock and roll craze, including \\\"Let's Rock\\\", \\\"Senior Prom\\\" (both with music by Don Gohman), and \\\"Hey,\",\n \"title\": \"Hal Hackady\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17277216\",\n \"text\": \"Theater in Harlem during the 1930s and 1940s, and also recorded under that name in 1941. Another well-known song, co-written with Louis Jordan, but credited to his wife, Fleecie Moore, was \\\"Let the Good Times Roll\\\", written in 1942, which became a hit a few years later when Louis Jordan and his Tympany Five recorded it in 1946, one of many Theard compositions recorded by Jordan. Theard would later appear in Jordan's film Caldonia. With Rudy Toombs he co-wrote \\\"Hard Ridin' Mama\\\", which was recorded by Wynonie Harris in 1947. He also sang on records recorded by Tiny Parham and\",\n \"title\": \"Sam Theard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10606234\",\n \"text\": \"recreational vehicle, often staying at campsites. His campaign slogan is \\\"Laissez les bons temps rouler, et laissez faire!\\\" Translated, this means \\\"Let the good times roll, and hands off.\\\" Campaign events include booths at several Louisiana festivals and appearances on local television and radio programs. T. Lee Horne III T. Lee Horne III (born c. 1950) ran as the Libertarian candidate in the 2007 Louisiana gubernatorial race and was the chair of the Libertarian Party of Louisiana. Horne was born in Athens, Georgia on December 21, 1950. He was raised in Franklin, Louisiana. His parents were Thomas L. Horne Jr.\",\n \"title\": \"T. Lee Horne III\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6400287\",\n \"text\": \"which also issued \\\"Delbert McClinton Live\\\" in 2003, a compilation album of songs from his career. In 2006, he won a Grammy Award for his album \\\"The Cost of Living\\\" in the category Best Contemporary Blues Album. Etta James included two McClinton songs on her 2003 album, \\\"Let's Roll\\\". McClinton was a judge for the fourth annual Independent Music Awards, presented to independent artists to support their careers. He is featured in the documentary film \\\"\\\", by the filmmaker Jay Curlee. He performed on the Frankie Miller album \\\"Double Take\\\", released in 2016; his voice is merged with Miller's in\",\n \"title\": \"Delbert McClinton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10921789\",\n \"text\": \"company with Armstead. He then signed with Atlantic Records subsidiary, Cotillion Records, which released five singles from Garland, but only one proved a real success, \\\"Plain and Simple Girl\\\". Produced and arranged by Donny Hathaway, this reached the R&B Top 20. Moving on to Spring Records in 1973, Green recorded five more singles, some of which charted modestly, notably \\\"Let the Good Times Roll\\\" (not the Shirley and Lee song) and \\\"Bumpin' and Stompin'.\\\" His recording for the label, \\\"Just What The Doctor Ordered\\\", remained unissued until 1990, when it was included on a compilation album of his Spring singles\",\n \"title\": \"Garland Green\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17941812\",\n \"text\": \"entitled \\\"Someone\\\". In early December 2013, Moran released another single, entitled \\\"The Dark Side\\\" with much success and entered the \\\"Billboard\\\" Dance/Electronic Digital Songs chart at #25. In June 2014, Moran released a single titled \\\"Echo\\\" and later another 3 singles titled \\\"XIAT\\\" (pronounced \\\"anxiety\\\"), \\\"Now or Never,\\\" and \\\"Slay\\\" from his EP titled \\\"XIAT\\\". On December 9, Moran released his debut EP \\\"XIAT\\\" charting at number 1 on US Heat. In June 2015, Moran released his single \\\"I Wanna Fly.\\\" On November 23, 2015, Moran released a music video for \\\"Let's Roll,\\\" where he features his friend and fellow\",\n \"title\": \"Trevor Moran\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12824726\",\n \"text\": \"ranks of the American political system. For me he not only was a teacher and a mentor but remained a steadfast friend and a constant source of inspiration. Louis was always immensely generous with his time, and I - like so many others - knew that I could call him anytime and hear that familiar greeting, 'What's up?' by which he meant 'fill me in and let's see what needs to be done'.\\\" Louis E. Martin Louis Emanuel Martin Jr. (November 18, 1912 – January 6, 1997) was an American journalist, newspaper publisher, civil rights activist and advisor to three\",\n \"title\": \"Louis E. Martin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1401405\",\n \"text\": \"Rodney Dangerfield Jack Roy (born Jacob Rodney Cohen, November 22, 1921 – October 5, 2004), popularly known by the stage name Rodney Dangerfield, was an American stand-up comedian, actor, voice artist, filmmaker, musician and author known for his self-deprecating one-liners humor, his catchphrase \\\"I don't get no respect!\\\" and his monologues on that theme. He began his career working as a stand-up comic in the Borscht Belt resorts of the Catskill Mountains north of New York City. His act grew in notoriety as he became a mainstay on late-night talk shows throughout the 1960s and 1970s, eventually developing into a\",\n \"title\": \"Rodney Dangerfield\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3675739\",\n \"text\": \"the early 19th century, contains the lines \\\"Oh do, my Johnny Bowker/ Come rock and roll me over\\\". The hymn \\\"Rocked in the Cradle of the Deep\\\", with words written in the 1830s by Emma Willard and tune by Joseph Philip Knight, was recorded several times around the start of the 20th century by the Original Bison City Quartet before 1894, the Standard Quartette in 1895, John W. Myers at about the same time, and Gus Reed in 1908. By that time, the specific phrase \\\"rocking and rolling\\\" was also used by African Americans in spirituals with a religious connotation.\",\n \"title\": \"Origins of rock and roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8314985\",\n \"text\": \"Bill Miner Ezra Allen Miner (c.1847 – September 2, 1913), more popularly known as Bill Miner, was a noted American bandito, originally from Bowling Green, Kentucky, who served several prison terms for stagecoach robbery. Known for his unusual politeness while committing robberies, he was widely nicknamed the Grey Fox, Gentleman Robber or the Gentleman Bandit. He is reputed to have been the originator of the phrase \\\"Hands up!\\\" an original song titled \\\"The Ballad of Bill Miner\\\" was written by singer/songwriter Phillip Mills (Eugene Quinn) and recorded by the San Francisco bay area band \\\"The Blackout Cowboys\\\". Legend has it\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Miner\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20798460\",\n \"text\": \"Kevin Bowe Kevin Bowe is a songwriter, record producer and musician from Minneapolis. He is most well known for his work with prominent rock and blues artists including Paul Westerberg and the Replacements, writing songs for hit albums by Jonny Lang and Kenny Wayne Shepherd, as well as Etta James' Grammy-winning \\\"Let's Roll\\\". He has contributed to dozens of albums over his career, including several of his own as a bandleader, and has appeared on many film and television soundtracks including ESPN and \\\"The Sopranos\\\". His songs have been covered by many prominent rock and blues artists, including Joe Cocker,\",\n \"title\": \"Kevin Bowe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5155309\",\n \"text\": \"Warner Wolf Warner William Wolf (born November 11, 1937) is an American television and radio sports broadcaster, perhaps best known as a local news sports anchor in Washington, D.C. and New York City, and for his catchphrase \\\"Let's go to the videotape!\\\" Wolf was born in Washington, D.C., the son of Rosemary and Jack Wolf. His father, an actor and comedian who briefly worked as a member of Ted Healy's \\\"stooge\\\" act, was born Jewish and his mother converted to Judaism. His earliest experience in broadcasting was on the intercom system of Calvin Coolidge High School in Washington, D.C. in\",\n \"title\": \"Warner Wolf\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2966519\",\n \"text\": \"Benjamin Orr Benjamin Orzechowski (September 8, 1947 – October 3, 2000), known professionally as Benjamin Orr, was an American musician best known as a singer, bassist and co-founder of the rock band the Cars. He sang lead vocals on several of their best known songs, including \\\"Just What I Needed\\\", \\\"Let's Go\\\" and \\\"Drive\\\". He also scored a moderate solo hit with \\\"Stay the Night.\\\" Orr was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Cars in 2018. Benjamin Orr was born in Lakewood, Ohio to parents of Polish, Russian, Czechoslovakian and German\",\n \"title\": \"Benjamin Orr\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9090754\",\n \"text\": \"Let Me Roll It \\\"Let Me Roll It\\\" is a song by Wings released on the 1973 album \\\"Band on the Run\\\". The song was also released as the B-side to \\\"Jet\\\" in early 1974, and has remained a staple of McCartney's live concerts since it was first released. Some critics, such as \\\"Rolling Stone\\\"s Jon Landau, saw the song as a pastiche of John Lennon's sound, particularly the riff and the use of tape echo on the vocals. McCartney, however, didn't intend the song to be a pastiche of Lennon. He did say the vocal \\\"does sound like John.\",\n \"title\": \"Let Me Roll It\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16641666\",\n \"text\": \"Let It Roll (Flo Rida song) \\\"Let It Roll\\\" is a song by American rapper Flo Rida from his fourth studio album, \\\"Wild Ones\\\". The song was written by Earl King, Mike Caren, soFLY & Nius, Flo Rida, Axwell, Breyan Isaac, Antonio \\\"Jovii Hendrix\\\" Mobley and produced by soFLY & Nius and Axwell. Part two of the song features American rapper Lil Wayne and is featured on the soundtrack of the football video game \\\"FIFA 13\\\". It was also performed on the 2012 edition of the WWE Tribute to the Troops event. Part one also appears as DLC in Dance\",\n \"title\": \"Let It Roll (Flo Rida song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6255678\",\n \"text\": \"Let Me Ride \\\"Let Me Ride\\\" is a 1993 single by rapper and producer Dr. Dre, and the third single from his debut studio album, \\\"The Chronic\\\". It experienced moderate success on the charts, until it became a massive hit when Dre won a Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance for the song during the Grammy Awards of 1994. The chorus is sung by Ruben and Jewell, and Snoop Dogg (then known as Snoop Doggy Dogg) raps the line \\\"Rollin' in my 6-4\\\" and appears in some background vocals. Dr. Dre's lyrics were ghostwritten by RBX; they had originally\",\n \"title\": \"Let Me Ride\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3253478\",\n \"text\": \"of his famous phrase - \\\"Let's get ready to bundle!\\\" He was also the announcer for the YouTube Boxing match between KSI vs Logan Paul on August 25, 2018. Buffer reproduced as an action figure in both Toy Biz's WCW line and Jakks Pacific's Rocky line. Buffer began using the phrase \\\"Let's get ready to rumble!\\\" in 1984. By 1992, he acquired a federal trademark for the phrase. Buffer uses his famous phrase in various licensing deals including the platinum selling album \\\"Jock Jams\\\" by Tommy Boy Records, the video games \\\"Ready 2 Rumble Boxing\\\", \\\"\\\" for the PlayStation 2,\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Buffer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10873261\",\n \"text\": \"Let's Groove \\\"Let's Groove\\\" is a song by the American band Earth, Wind & Fire from their eleventh studio album \\\"Raise!\\\" (1981). Written by Maurice White and Wayne Vaughn, the song was chosen as the lead single from the album. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, disco music was undergoing a severe backlash. In spite of this, the band decided to revive the disco sound that was later included on their previous works and records. Musically, \\\"Let's Groove\\\" is a post-disco, pop and funk song which includes instrumentation of synthesizers and keyboards along with live electric guitars. \\\"Let's Groove\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Let's Groove\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2129312\",\n \"text\": \"Johnnie Ray John Alvin Ray (January 10, 1927 – February 24, 1990) was an American singer, songwriter, and pianist. Highly popular for most of the 1950s, Ray has been cited by critics as a major precursor to what would become rock and roll, for his jazz and blues-influenced music and his animated stage personality. Tony Bennett called Ray the \\\"father of rock and roll,\\\" and historians have noted him as a pioneering figure in the development of the genre. Raised in Oregon, Ray, who was partially deaf, began singing professionally at age fifteen on Portland radio stations. He would later\",\n \"title\": \"Johnnie Ray\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17921745\",\n \"text\": \"Roll, Jordan, Roll \\\"Roll, Jordan, Roll\\\" (Roud 6697), also \\\"Roll, Jordan\\\", is a spiritual written by Charles Wesley in the 18th century which became well-known among slaves in the United States during the 19th century. Appropriated as a coded message for escape, by the end of the American Civil War it had become known through much of the eastern United States. In the 18th century, it helped inspire blues, and it remains a staple in gospel music. The tune known as \\\"Roll, Jordan, Roll\\\" was written by the English Methodist preacher Charles Wesley in the 18th century. It was introduced\",\n \"title\": \"Roll, Jordan, Roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15988291\",\n \"text\": \"Banks played on Lee \\\"Shot\\\" Williams's album \\\"Let the Good Times Roll\\\" in 2002 and on Tyrone Davis's album \\\"Come to Daddy\\\" in 2003. In 2007, Banks underwent surgery for a faulty heart valve. He died in Chicago in December 2008. Chico Banks Chico Banks (March 7, 1962 – December 3, 2008) was an American Chicago blues guitarist and singer. He released one album, in 1997 on Evidence Music, and played with many blues musicians from his late teens until his death at the age of 46. He is best known for his tracks \\\"Your Fine\\\" and \\\"Candy Lickin' Man\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Chico Banks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446159\",\n \"text\": \"civil rights pioneer Martin Luther King Jr., and Beatles musician John Lennon. He was also known for his extensive coverage of the U.S. space program, from Project Mercury to the Moon landings to the Space Shuttle. He was the only non-NASA recipient of an Ambassador of Exploration award. Cronkite is well known for his departing catchphrase, \\\"And that's the way it is,\\\" followed by the date of the broadcast. Cronkite was born on November 4, 1916, in Saint Joseph, Missouri, the son of Helen Lena (née Fritsche) and Dr. Walter Leland Cronkite, a dentist. Cronkite lived in Kansas City, Missouri,\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3819872\",\n \"text\": \"Will Jordan Will Jordan (born Wilbur Rauch, July 27, 1927 – September 6, 2018) was an American character actor and stand-up comedian best known for his resemblance—and ability to do uncanny impressions of—television host and newspaper columnist Ed Sullivan. Jordan was a friend of and early influence on comedian Lenny Bruce. Born in the Bronx, Rauch grew up in Flushing, Queens. His father was a pharmacist and his mother owned a hat store. Jordan graduated from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in Manhattan. Sullivan had almost no mannerisms, which made him hard to impersonate. According to Jordan, he invented\",\n \"title\": \"Will Jordan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5468344\",\n \"text\": \"The lead singer Shirley Goodman, was one half of the duo Shirley and Lee who had a mega hit 18 years earlier, in 1956, writing and recording the song \\\"Let The Good Times Roll\\\" for Aladdin Records. Jesus Alvarez changed his name to Jason Alvarez and became a pastor for the Love of Jesus Family Church. He recorded several gospel albums. 1974 \\\"Shame, Shame, Shame\\\" (Austria #1 / Belgium #1 / Germany #1 / Netherlands #1 / Norway #9 / Switzerland #2 / US #12 / US Dance #1 / US R'n'B #1)
1975 More Shame
1975 I Like to\",\n \"title\": \"Shirley & Company\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14845242\",\n \"text\": \"Bon Ton Roula \\\"Bon Ton Roula\\\" (alternatively \\\"Bon Ton Roulet\\\") is a zydeco-influenced blues song first recorded by Clarence Garlow in 1949. The following year, it became a hit, reaching number seven in \\\"Billboard\\\" magazine's Rhythm & Blues chart and introduced the style to a national audience. \\\"Bon ton roula\\\" (pronounced \\\"bahn tahn roolay\\\") is a phonetical approximation of \\\"bons temps rouler\\\", Louisiana Creole French for \\\"good times roll\\\" as in \\\"Laissez les bons temps rouler\\\" or \\\"Let the good times roll\\\", a regional invitation to join in a festive celebration. A song with a similar theme, \\\"Let the Good\",\n \"title\": \"Bon Ton Roula\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13106720\",\n \"text\": \"on behalf of 16 Mexican plaintiffs charged that the plaintiffs were assaulted, threatened, and held at gunpoint by Barnett and members of his family. After Roll's ruling and prompted by several talk-radio programs, he was the subject of hundreds of complaining phone calls and death threats and he and his family were under the protection of the U.S. Marshals Service for a month. Roll declined to press charges when some of those who made threats were identified. Roll was shot on January 8, 2011, outside a Safeway supermarket in Casas Adobes, Arizona, when Jared Lee Loughner opened fire at a\",\n \"title\": \"John Roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3253472\",\n \"text\": \"Event, for the first time in more than six years, Buffer returned to pro-wrestling ring announcing duties at Madison Square Garden in a boxing match between pro boxer Evander Holyfield (who was substituting for Montel Vontavious Porter) and pro wrestler Matt Hardy. Buffer appears in the Royal Rumble 2008 commercial, in which he begins to say \\\"Let's get ready to rumble!\\\" only to be superkicked by Shawn Michaels, causing him to fall over. As well as being in the commercial for the event, he was the guest ring announcer during the Royal Rumble match itself. During his career, Buffer has\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Buffer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14018021\",\n \"text\": \"hit on the country charts in the United States. That's How Country Boys Roll \\\"That's How Country Boys Roll\\\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Billy Currington. It was released in September 2009 as the third single from his 2008 album \\\"Little Bit of Everything\\\". The song became Currington's fourth number one hit on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Songs chart for the week of October 10, 2009.. Currington wrote this song with Dallas Davidson and Brett Jones. The song is an up-tempo tune, in which the narrator lists off various traits of a \\\"country\",\n \"title\": \"That's How Country Boys Roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14845245\",\n \"text\": \"different \\\"Bon Ton Roulet\\\" was recorded in 1967 by Clifton Chenier that has inspired several subsequent versions. Bon Ton Roula \\\"Bon Ton Roula\\\" (alternatively \\\"Bon Ton Roulet\\\") is a zydeco-influenced blues song first recorded by Clarence Garlow in 1949. The following year, it became a hit, reaching number seven in \\\"Billboard\\\" magazine's Rhythm & Blues chart and introduced the style to a national audience. \\\"Bon ton roula\\\" (pronounced \\\"bahn tahn roolay\\\") is a phonetical approximation of \\\"bons temps rouler\\\", Louisiana Creole French for \\\"good times roll\\\" as in \\\"Laissez les bons temps rouler\\\" or \\\"Let the good times roll\\\", a\",\n \"title\": \"Bon Ton Roula\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6620355\",\n \"text\": \"Kreegah bundolo Kreegah bundolo is a phrase that Tarzan—and the tribe of apes that raised him—cry out to warn of danger, for example, \\\"Kreegah bundolo! White men come with hunt sticks. Kill!\\\" According to the fictional ape language worked out by Tarzan creator Edgar Rice Burroughs, the literal translation of the phrase would be \\\"Beware, (I) kill!\\\" \\\"Kreegah Bundola\\\" is one of a few names for the Frank Zappa song whose most popular title seems to be \\\"Let's Move to Cleveland\\\". It is also utilized in Bruce Coville's \\\"Allbright\\\" series as Grakker's \\\"violence\\\" module boot-up sound byte. It was uttered\",\n \"title\": \"Kreegah bundolo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"893495\",\n \"text\": \"and live album \\\"Road Rock Vol. 1\\\" were released in 2000 and were both accompanied by live concert films. His 2001 single \\\"Let's Roll\\\" was a tribute to the victims of the September 11 attacks, and the effective action taken by the passengers and crew on Flight 93 in particular. At the \\\"\\\" benefit concert for the victims of the attacks, Young performed John Lennon's \\\"Imagine\\\" and accompanied Eddie Vedder and Mike McCready on \\\"Long Road\\\", a Pearl Jam song that was written with Young during the \\\"Mirrorball\\\" sessions. \\\"Let's Roll\\\" was included on 2002's \\\"Are You Passionate?\\\", an album\",\n \"title\": \"Neil Young\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10873269\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Asia's Got Talent\\\" released the behind the scenes video of the recording. Let's Groove \\\"Let's Groove\\\" is a song by the American band Earth, Wind & Fire from their eleventh studio album \\\"Raise!\\\" (1981). Written by Maurice White and Wayne Vaughn, the song was chosen as the lead single from the album. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, disco music was undergoing a severe backlash. In spite of this, the band decided to revive the disco sound that was later included on their previous works and records. Musically, \\\"Let's Groove\\\" is a post-disco, pop and funk song which includes\",\n \"title\": \"Let's Groove\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6255684\",\n \"text\": \"a car with Dre in the back and \\\"bitches screaming, 'Let me ride!'\\\" Let Me Ride \\\"Let Me Ride\\\" is a 1993 single by rapper and producer Dr. Dre, and the third single from his debut studio album, \\\"The Chronic\\\". It experienced moderate success on the charts, until it became a massive hit when Dre won a Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance for the song during the Grammy Awards of 1994. The chorus is sung by Ruben and Jewell, and Snoop Dogg (then known as Snoop Doggy Dogg) raps the line \\\"Rollin' in my 6-4\\\" and appears in\",\n \"title\": \"Let Me Ride\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8718416\",\n \"text\": \"Pulitzer Prize \\\"for the most distinguished and meritorious public service rendered by an American newspaper during the year.\\\" On September 4, 1957, while covering the attempt at desegregation at Little Rock Central High School, Fine famously sat down beside a lonely and scared Elizabeth Eckford and sympathetically said \\\"don't let them see you cry.\\\" Fine was one of two whites at the scene that day who is said to have helped Eckford in some way. The other was Grace Lorch, the wife of a professor who helped her get on board a bus and get away. During his tenure as\",\n \"title\": \"Benjamin Fine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9090755\",\n \"text\": \"... I hadn't realised I'd sung it like John.\\\" The song's title was inspired by a quote from George Harrison's \\\"I'd Have You Anytime\\\", the opening track from his critically acclaimed \\\"All Things Must Pass\\\". \\\"Let Me Roll It\\\" was performed regularly by Wings' during their Over the World tour. McCartney performed the song again during his New World Tour, and it has been a part of every tour since. He has also included live versions of the song on several live albums, including \\\"Wings over America\\\", \\\"Paul Is Live\\\", \\\"Back in the U.S.\\\" (and \\\"Back in the World\\\"), and\",\n \"title\": \"Let Me Roll It\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13525926\",\n \"text\": \"Edmund Dick Taylor Colonel Edmund Dick Taylor (October 18, 1804 - December 4, 1891) was an American businessman, politician, and soldier from Illinois. He is remembered as the first person to suggest that the United States should issue paper currency (\\\"greenbacks\\\") during the American Civil War. He was born Edmund Richard Taylor in Lunenburg County, Virginia, son of Giles Y Taylor (1766–1830) and Francine \\\"Sina\\\" Stokes. In later years, he preferred to use his middle name rather than his first name, and used in its short form. Thus he became known as \\\"Dick\\\" Taylor, and his middle initial was written\",\n \"title\": \"Edmund Dick Taylor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1540965\",\n \"text\": \"of the U2 song \\\"40\\\" performed by all three members. The EP reached No. 142 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" 200 and won dc Talk their fourth Grammy award. In September 2002, DC Talk recorded and released a single about the September 11, 2001 attacks titled \\\"Let's Roll\\\". A 10th Anniversary Edition of \\\"Free at Last\\\", which includes all of the songs from the original album (including interludes), a 2002 remake of \\\"The Hardway\\\", as well as a commentary at the end was released. The Special Edition releases also include the DVD of their \\\"\\\" documentary, as well as the music videos\",\n \"title\": \"DC Talk\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5957490\",\n \"text\": \"Let's Dance (Five song) \\\"Let's Dance\\\" is the first single from English boy band Five's third and final studio album, \\\"Kingsize\\\". Released on 13 August 2001, the song was written by Richard Stannard, Julian Gallagher, Martin Harrington, Abs Breen, Jason \\\"J\\\" Brown and Sean Conlon, and produced by Stannard and Rowe. The song charted at number one on the UK Singles Chart, and became Five's third and final number-one single. The song peaked at number two in the Irish Singles Chart. The single was certified Silver in the UK. The official music video was directed by Max and Dania. It\",\n \"title\": \"Let's Dance (Five song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4800341\",\n \"text\": \"Alfred Moore Waddell Alfred Moore Waddell (September 16, 1834 – March 17, 1912) was a Democratic U.S. Congressman from North Carolina between 1871 and 1879 and, after leading the only successful coup d'état on U.S. soil, became mayor of Wilmington, North Carolina, following the coordinated overthrow of the city's government. An avowed white supremacist, he is also credited with popularizing the term \\\"race riot.\\\" Waddell was born in Hillsboro, North Carolina, to Hugh Waddell, a prominent lawyer, and Susan Moore. Waddell also wedded a third time, marrying Gabrielle de Rosset, in 1896. He was the great-great-great-grandson of General Hugh Waddell,\",\n \"title\": \"Alfred Moore Waddell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19162774\",\n \"text\": \"of ridicule, exhibited by the opening vignette \\\"Blame It On Chachi\\\" in which the homophobic epithet \\\"faggot\\\" is hurled at Edgar from an unspecified narrator. Edgar's flamboyant demeanor and love for pop culture helps guide the plot of the vignettes. His story most evidently reflects the rupture of childhood innocence as he explicitly describes his sexy escapades with Mr. Campos, the school janitor. Florante Sanchez: A recent immigrant from the Philippines who attends school with Edgar, Katrina, Vicente and the other children. He comes from a family of writers and has a talent with the English language which sets him\",\n \"title\": \"Rolling the R's\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12649458\",\n \"text\": \"him), Hirschfield resigned or was fired in 1920. He started Mells Candy, which went bankrupt, and as a result he committed suicide on January 14, 1922 in his room at the Monterey Hotel in Manhattan, leaving a note saying that he was \\\"sorry, but could not help it\\\". Hirschfield never ran a candy shop in Brooklyn. Hirschfield named the candy after his daughter Clara, whose nickname was \\\"Tootsie\\\". In 1935, the company was in serious difficulty. Tootsie Roll's principal supplier of paper boxes, Joseph Rubin & Sons of Brooklyn, concerned about the possible loss of an important customer, decided to\",\n \"title\": \"Tootsie Roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1843987\",\n \"text\": \"Jim Crow in Military Service, later renamed the League for Non-Violent Civil Disobedience. On July 26, 1948, President Harry S. Truman abolished racial segregation in the armed forces through Executive Order 9981. Randolph was the nominal leader of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, which was organized by Bayard Rustin and his younger associates. At this march, Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his \\\"I Have a Dream\\\" speech. Soon afterwards, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed. Bayard Rustin was National Chairman of SDUSA and also was President of the A. Philip Randolph Institute. Rustin had had\",\n \"title\": \"Social Democrats, USA\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15677747\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Hard White (Up in the Club)\\\" was released on August 8, 2011. The song features guest vocals by Lil Jon and it was produced by Hydrox. The music video was filmed in Atlanta, Georgia, and directed by Motion Family. On September 20, the music video for \\\"Hard White (Up in the Club)\\\" was released through VEVO. The remix to \\\"Hard White (Up in the Club)\\\" was released on November 2; the song features T.I., and label-mates Slaughterhouse. On October 28, 2011, Yelawolf released the album's second single \\\"Let's Roll\\\" featuring Kid Rock. The song was produced by The Audibles and\",\n \"title\": \"Radioactive (Yelawolf album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"271076\",\n \"text\": \"D.C., then governed by congressional committee. Despite tensions, the march was a resounding success. More than a quarter of a million people of diverse ethnicities attended the event, sprawling from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial onto the National Mall and around the reflecting pool. At the time, it was the largest gathering of protesters in Washington, D.C.'s history. King delivered a 17-minute speech, later known as \\\"I Have a Dream\\\". In the speech's most famous passage—in which he departed from his prepared text, possibly at the prompting of Mahalia Jackson, who shouted behind him, \\\"Tell them about the dream!\\\"—King\",\n \"title\": \"Martin Luther King Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"24283\",\n \"text\": \"lecturing, personalizing it by adding \\\"I have a higher and greater standard of principle. Washington could not lie. I can lie but I won't.\\\" Patrick Henry (May 29, 1736 – June 6, 1799) was an attorney, planter and politician who became known as an orator during the movement for independence in Virginia in the 1770s. Patrick Henry is best known for the speech he made in the House of Burgesses on March 23, 1775, in Saint John's Church in Richmond, Virginia. With the House undecided on whether to mobilize for military action against the encroaching British military force, Henry argued\",\n \"title\": \"Folklore of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3315743\",\n \"text\": \"Samuel Rosenman Samuel Irving Rosenman (February 13, 1896 – June 24, 1973) was an American lawyer, judge, Democratic Party activist and presidential speechwriter. He coined the term \\\"New Deal\\\", and helped articulate liberal policies during the heyday of the New Deal coalition. He was the first person to hold the position of White House Counsel. Rosenman was born in San Antonio, Texas, the son of Solomon and Ethel (Paler) Rosenman. He served in the US Army during World War I and graduated From Columbia Law School in 1919. He was a member of Phi Beta Kappa and Delta Sigma Rho.\",\n \"title\": \"Samuel Rosenman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12667734\",\n \"text\": \"chart. In 2009, the song was acknowledged with a Grammy Hall of Fame Award and was inducted into the Blues Foundation Hall of Fame in 2013 in the \\\"Classic of Blues Recording — Singles or Album Tracks\\\" category. Numerous artists have performed \\\"Let the Good Times Roll\\\" and many have recorded it, including: Ray Charles (1959, \\\"The Genius of Ray Charles\\\"), Sam Butera and the Silent Witnesses (from the 1960 album \\\"The Wildest Clan\\\"), Georgie Fame and the Blue Flames (1964 \\\"Rhythm and Blues at the Flamingo\\\"), Muddy Waters (1975, \\\"Muddy Waters Woodstock Album\\\"), Koko Taylor (1978, \\\"The Earthshaker\\\"), Clifton\",\n \"title\": \"Let the Good Times Roll (Louis Jordan song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6853796\",\n \"text\": \"Are You Passionate? Are You Passionate? is the 24th studio album by Canadian musician Neil Young, the only album to feature Booker T. & the M.G.'s, and his eighth with Crazy Horse, released on April 9, 2002 as a double LP and as a single CD. It represents Young's foray into soul music, not sounding like anything he had previously released. Exceptions are rocker \\\"Goin' Home\\\", recorded with Crazy Horse, and the brooding \\\"Let's Roll\\\", a response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks. The album ends with \\\"She's a Healer\\\", an extended jam. The track \\\"Gateway of love\\\" is listed on\",\n \"title\": \"Are You Passionate?\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3954505\",\n \"text\": \"to the new rock'n'roll music. Let's Rock Let's Rock (known as Keep It Cool in the United Kingdom) is a 1958 rock and roll film starring Julius LaRosa as a crooner attempting to fight off the rival music rock and roll, Phyllis Newman as his songwriting girlfriend who convinces him to adapt rather than fight and Conrad Janis as LaRosa's manager. The film, another rock-exploitation film aimed at the teenage drive-in crowd, was produced and directed by Harry Foster and also features performances from the Tyrones, Paul Anka, Wink Martindale, Roy Hamilton, Danny & the Juniors and the Royal Teens.\",\n \"title\": \"Let's Rock\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6833347\",\n \"text\": \"News with Brian Williams\\\", appeared on CNN, ESPN, MSNBC, and several other networks. He also was blamed by many for the event including one caller saying \\\"if anything else happens, there will be blood on your hands.\\\" On April 21, Updyke appeared again on the Finebaum show, speaking publicly for the first time since the incident, breaking his long silence. The interview, perhaps the most listened to ever in the history of the Finebaum show, made national news, appearing in publications ranging from \\\"The New York Times\\\" to ESPN's \\\"SportsCenter\\\". Updyke ended the 45-minute interview with his signature \\\"Roll Damn\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Finebaum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16157704\",\n \"text\": \"album \\\"Charlie, Last Name Wilson\\\"), with Wilson going on to frequently perform the cover at live concerts. In 2000, singer Toni Estes covered the song on her album 'Two Eleven'. Rapper Wale (rapper) sampled Let's Chill on his Eleven One Eleven Theory mixtape. The song, also named Let's Chill, features R&B singer Lloyd (singer). Let's Chill \\\"Let's Chill\\\" is a song released by American R&B band Guy from the album \\\"The Future\\\". Co-written by band members Bernard Belle and Teddy Riley, it was released as the second single from the album on February 18, 1991. It reached #41 on the\",\n \"title\": \"Let's Chill\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"271158\",\n \"text\": \"would be redesigned to depict various historical events that had occurred at the Lincoln Memorial. Among the planned designs are images from King's \\\"I Have a Dream\\\" speech and the 1939 concert by opera singer Marian Anderson. Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr. (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American Baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the civil rights movement from 1954 until his death in 1968. Born in Atlanta, King is best known for advancing civil rights through nonviolence and civil disobedience, tactics his Christian beliefs and\",\n \"title\": \"Martin Luther King Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18932779\",\n \"text\": \"his debut album, \\\"Goin' Back Home\\\" (1998). He began playing clubs across Florida and was quickly signed to a recording contract by Shanachie Records. Tackling social issues in his self penned songs, including racial profiling and youth violence, Champion released \\\"Payin' for My Sins\\\" (1999) and \\\"2 Days Short of a Week\\\" (2001) for the label. Champion's song, co-written with Kevin Bowe, entitled \\\"Trust Yourself\\\" was included on Etta James' \\\"Let's Roll\\\" album (2003). It won a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Blues Album in 2003, and also a Blues Music Award as the 'Soul/Blues Album of the Year' from\",\n \"title\": \"Grady Champion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3253471\",\n \"text\": \"his contract with WCW prevented Buffer from announcing for other wrestling-type organizations, forcing him to stop announcing for the UFC (his only UFC cards were UFC 6 and UFC 7). However, when WCW ceased to exist, and Time Warner had no more affiliation with professional wrestling, Buffer was enabled to announce in other wrestling promotions. During the Monday Night Wars, while Buffer was on \\\"WCW Monday Nitro\\\", WWF wrestler Triple H created the phrase \\\"Let's get ready to suck it!\\\" to mock him, as part of his D-Generation X act. On the August 18, 2007 edition of Saturday Night's Main\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Buffer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12679647\",\n \"text\": \"Sermons and speeches of Martin Luther King Jr. The sermons and speeches of Martin Luther King Jr., comprise an extensive catalog of American writing and oratory – some of which are internationally well-known, while others remain unheralded, and some await re-discovery. Martin Luther King Jr. was a prominent African-American clergyman, a civil rights leader, and a Nobel laureate. King himself observed, \\\"In the quiet recesses of my heart, I am fundamentally a clergyman, a Baptist preacher.\\\" The famous \\\"I Have a Dream\\\" address was delivered in August 1963 from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. Less well-remembered\",\n \"title\": \"Sermons and speeches of Martin Luther King Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7877682\",\n \"text\": \"1. A second single, \\\"Gudbuy T'Jane\\\", was also released that month and reached No. 2 in the UK. In October, \\\"The Whole World's Goin' Crazee\\\" was released as a free 7\\\" Flexi disc with the \\\"Music Scene\\\" magazine. The B-Side was \\\"Bonnie Charlie\\\" by Mike Hugg. In August 1973, \\\"Let The Good Times Roll\\\" was released as a single in America where it reached No. 114. In November, \\\"Move Over\\\" was released as a single in Japan. \\\"How D'You Ride\\\" had originally been considered as a potential single, with Chandler particularly keen on seeing it released as one. In a\",\n \"title\": \"Slayed?\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12650455\",\n \"text\": \"CTE World label. Tone Trump has close affiliations with entrepreneurs Hood Rellic, Chris Banks of the clothing label Banks and Ross Collection, as well as significant collaborations with fellow rap artist and model agent Smutty Major Movez. He is the author of many catch phrases, such as \\\"Let's Win\\\" and \\\"Hustle or Starve\\\". Tone Trump won artist of the year at the 2012 Philly Hip Hop Awards. His song \\\"Ghetto Boy,\\\" featuring Freeway Ricky Ross, was produced by Smitti Boi. Tone Trump made a cameo in the 2015 boxing drama \\\"Creed\\\", where he had a brief altercation with the main\",\n \"title\": \"Tone Trump\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6692526\",\n \"text\": \"first solo album, \\\"Remembered\\\", in 2003. Long's writing continued with work for the \\\"New York Sports Express\\\", \\\"The Buffalo Beast\\\" (created by \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" Contributing Editor Matt Taibbi and now called \\\"The Beast\\\"), \\\"Vice Magazine\\\"/London, \\\"The Fix\\\" on the now-defunct fuzz.com, project-noise.org, and other publications and sites. In 2004, Long pursued a degree in Film/Directing and graduated in 2006. That same year his latest solo album \\\"God Bless the Drunkard's Dog\\\" was released on vinyl-only imprint Black Diamond, under Long's longtime European label, Southern Records. The album's song \\\"Let 'em Roll\\\" was featured in the Afghanistan War documentary film, \\\"At\",\n \"title\": \"P.W. Long\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13480633\",\n \"text\": \"growing sense of national urgency to take action. Martin Luther King Jr. watched the address with Walter E. Fauntroy in Atlanta. When it was over, he jumped up and declared, \\\"Walter, can you believe that white man not only stepped up to the plate, he hit it over the fence!\\\" He then sent a telegram to the White House: \\\"I have just listened to your speech to the nation. It was one of the most eloquent[,] profound, and unequivocal pleas for justice and freedom of all men ever made by any President. You spoke passionately for moral issues involved in\",\n \"title\": \"Report to the American People on Civil Rights\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5598116\",\n \"text\": \"In point of fact, however, the motto was created by Forest Long, of the advertising agency Young & Rubicam, in partnership with the Ad Council. Fletcher was a United States Army veteran during World War II and upon his death in 2005 was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. Arthur Fletcher Arthur Allen Fletcher (December 22, 1924 – July 12, 2005) was an American government official, widely referred to as the \\\"father of affirmative action\\\" as he was largely responsible for the Revised Philadelphia Plan. Arthur Fletcher, a Republican, graduated from Washburn University and obtained a degree from distance learning school\",\n \"title\": \"Arthur Fletcher\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5844796\",\n \"text\": \"Chris Cheney Christopher John Cheney (born 2 January 1975) is an Australian rock musician, record producer and studio owner. He is the founding mainstay guitarist, songwriter and lead vocalist of the psychobilly band, The Living End, which was formed in 1994 with school mate Scott Owen. Cheney wrote the group's top 20 hits on the ARIA Singles Chart: \\\"Second Solution\\\" / \\\"Prisoner of Society\\\" (1997), \\\"All Torn Down\\\" (1999), \\\"Pictures in the Mirror\\\" (2000), \\\"Roll On\\\" (2001), \\\"One Said to the Other\\\" (2003), \\\"What's on Your Radio\\\" (2005), \\\"Wake Up\\\" (2006) and \\\"White Noise\\\" (2008). In 2004 Cheney joined the\",\n \"title\": \"Chris Cheney\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9090756\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Good Evening New York City\\\". Personnel per \\\"The Beatles Bible\\\". Let Me Roll It \\\"Let Me Roll It\\\" is a song by Wings released on the 1973 album \\\"Band on the Run\\\". The song was also released as the B-side to \\\"Jet\\\" in early 1974, and has remained a staple of McCartney's live concerts since it was first released. Some critics, such as \\\"Rolling Stone\\\"s Jon Landau, saw the song as a pastiche of John Lennon's sound, particularly the riff and the use of tape echo on the vocals. McCartney, however, didn't intend the song to be a pastiche of\",\n \"title\": \"Let Me Roll It\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1000466\",\n \"text\": \"his stage name from a cousin-in-law from Oklahoma who performed as Lee Halliday. The latter called Smet \\\"Johnny\\\" and became a father figure, introducing him to American music. Influenced by Elvis Presley and the 1950s rock n' roll revolution, Hallyday became known for singing rock 'n' roll in French. His debut single, \\\"Laisse les filles\\\" was released on the Vogue label in March 1960. His first album, \\\"Hello Johnny\\\", was released in 1960. In 1961 his cover of \\\"Let's Twist Again\\\" sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc. It topped almost every European chart, although the\",\n \"title\": \"Johnny Hallyday\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3539308\",\n \"text\": \"behind Oprah Winfrey in \\\"EBONY Magazine\\\"s POWER 150 list. In 2014, Smiley received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, honoring his contributions to television. To date, Smiley has received 16 honorary doctorates. Smiley is referenced in the KRS-One song \\\"Clear 'Em Out.\\\" Tavis Smiley Tavis Smiley (; born September 13, 1964) is an American talk show host and author. Smiley was born in Gulfport, Mississippi, and grew up in Bunker Hill, Indiana. After attending Indiana University, he worked during the late 1980s as an aide to Tom Bradley, the mayor of Los Angeles. Smiley became a radio commentator\",\n \"title\": \"Tavis Smiley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14018017\",\n \"text\": \"That's How Country Boys Roll \\\"That's How Country Boys Roll\\\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Billy Currington. It was released in September 2009 as the third single from his 2008 album \\\"Little Bit of Everything\\\". The song became Currington's fourth number one hit on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Songs chart for the week of October 10, 2009.. Currington wrote this song with Dallas Davidson and Brett Jones. The song is an up-tempo tune, in which the narrator lists off various traits of a \\\"country boy,\\\" such as his work ethic and leisure activities.\",\n \"title\": \"That's How Country Boys Roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13261243\",\n \"text\": \"a 28-page booklet featuring previously unseen and rare photos together with an essay by music historian Warren Zanes. The album includes all of Harrison's songs that reached number 1 on America's \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 singles chart, including \\\"My Sweet Lord\\\", \\\"Isn't It a Pity\\\", \\\"Give Me Love (Give Me Peace on Earth)\\\" and \\\"Got My Mind Set on You\\\", as well as other international number 1 singles such as \\\"What Is Life\\\" and \\\"All Those Years Ago\\\". The track list was selected by George's widow, Olivia Harrison, with some assistance from close friends and family. iTunes exclusively offers the digital\",\n \"title\": \"Let It Roll: Songs by George Harrison\"\n }\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":79080,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":79080,"string":"79,080"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Tim DeKay"],"string":"[\n \"Tim DeKay\"\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who played patrick on new adventures of old christine"},"compressed_prompt":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Question:\\nPlease write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: The New Adventures of Old Christine context: The New Adventures of Old Christine The New Adventures of Old Christine (often shortened to simply Old Christine) is an American television sitcom starring Julia Louis-Dreyfus as Christine Campbell, a divorced mother doing her best to keep pace with those around her. Clark Gregg co-starred as her ex-husband Richard, with whom Christine maintains a close relationship despite their divorce, as well as Hamish Linklater as her brother Matthew and Wanda Sykes as her best friend, Barb. It ran on CBS from March 13, 2006 to May 12, 2010. \\\"The New Adventures of Old Christine\\\" was created and produced by Kari\\n\\nwho played patrick on new adventures of old christine\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 193,\n \"origin_tokens\": 193,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"15325231","text":"The New Adventures of Old Christine The New Adventures of Old Christine (often shortened to simply Old Christine) is an American television sitcom starring Julia Louis-Dreyfus as Christine Campbell, a divorced mother doing her best to keep pace with those around her. Clark Gregg co-starred as her ex-husband Richard, with whom Christine maintains a close relationship despite their divorce, as well as Hamish Linklater as her brother Matthew and Wanda Sykes as her best friend, Barb. It ran on CBS from March 13, 2006 to May 12, 2010. \"The New Adventures of Old Christine\" was created and produced by Kari","title":"The New Adventures of Old Christine"},{"id":"15325233","text":"new girlfriend (Emily Rutherfurd) is also named Christine, hence the nickname \"Old Christine\". Christine lives with her son Ritchie (Trevor Gagnon) and her brother Matthew (Hamish Linklater), while best friend and business partner Barb (Wanda Sykes) is constantly a shoulder for Christine to lean upon. Christine also struggles with her inferiority complex with the bitchy \"meanie-moms,\" Marly Ehrhardt (Tricia O'Kelley) and Lindsay (Alex Kapp Horner), at her son's private school. There are guest appearances from actors including Blair Underwood, Dave Foley, Eric McCormack, Jason Alexander, Jennifer Grey, Jeffrey Tambor, Megan Mullally, Scott Bakula, Ed Begley, Jr., Kristen Johnston, Molly Shannon,","title":"The New Adventures of Old Christine"},{"id":"6571331","text":"Parker Goris Parker Goris (born January 16, 1995) is an American actor who is the voice of Flounder in Walt Disney's direct-to-video animated film \"\" and the \"Kingdom Hearts\" series. He has also made guest appearances in TV shows like \"Monk\" and \"Summerland\" as well as having a recurring role as Garret in \"Grey's Anatomy\". He has played the son of Bill Engvall in the feature film, Delta Farce, as well as the son of the Emmy award-winning star Kristen Johnston in \"The New Adventures of Old Christine\". Other credits include co-star roles in , Zoey 101 The Tracy Morgan","title":"Parker Goris"},{"id":"5592491","text":"Dunlop and Jaguar luxury cars since 2014. Cumberbatch was cast in February 2017 to star in \"Patrick Melrose\", a miniseries adaptation of the Edward St Aubyn novels, which will begin airing on Showtime on May 12, 2018. In 2019 Cumberbatch will appear as Dominic Cummings in HBO and Channel 4 television film \"\". In 2006, Cumberbatch played William Pitt the Younger in \"Amazing Grace\". The role garnered him a nomination for the London Film Critics Circle \"British Breakthrough Acting Award\". He subsequently appeared in supporting roles in \"Atonement\" (2007) and \"The Other Boleyn Girl\" (2008). In 2009, he appeared in","title":"Benedict Cumberbatch"},{"id":"6571332","text":"Show and others. Parker Goris Parker Goris (born January 16, 1995) is an American actor who is the voice of Flounder in Walt Disney's direct-to-video animated film \"\" and the \"Kingdom Hearts\" series. He has also made guest appearances in TV shows like \"Monk\" and \"Summerland\" as well as having a recurring role as Garret in \"Grey's Anatomy\". He has played the son of Bill Engvall in the feature film, Delta Farce, as well as the son of the Emmy award-winning star Kristen Johnston in \"The New Adventures of Old Christine\". Other credits include co-star roles in , Zoey 101","title":"Parker Goris"},{"id":"20698334","text":"the United Kingdom. David Nicholls wrote the five episodes of the series, with Edward Berger directing. In July, Jennifer Jason Leigh and Hugo Weaving joined as Patrick’s mother and father, and Anna Madeley was cast as Patrick’s wife. Allison Williams and Blythe Danner joined in August 2017, with filming having begun by October in Glasgow. The first trailer debuted in April 2018, with the series set to premiere on May 12 on Showtime. The series consecutively stream new episodes on CraveTV in Canada. It's showing on Sky Atlantic in the UK. Sky Vision handles international sales of the series. The","title":"Patrick Melrose (TV series)"},{"id":"15845747","text":"Tricia O'Kelley Patricia Beth \"Tricia\" O'Kelley (born September 26, 1968) is an American actress and producer, best recognized as Marly Ehrhardt on the CBS sitcom \"The New Adventures of Old Christine\" (2006–10). She may also be known for her recurring role as Nicole Leahy on The WB television series \"Gilmore Girls\" (2003–04) as well as the lead role in the independent comedy film \"Weather Girl\" (2009). O'Kelley began her acting career in commercials. In the 1990s, she founded a resource center for aspiring actors in Chicago that provided workshops, career consultations and seminars. As of the late 1990s, she began","title":"Tricia O'Kelley"},{"id":"15325232","text":"Lizer as well as Andy Ackerman (who directed all 88 episodes of the series), and distributed by Warner Bros. Television. The series received generally positive reviews from television critics and was nominated for nine Primetime Emmy Awards, winning one for Louis-Dreyfus' performance in the first season. On May 18, 2010, CBS canceled \"The New Adventures of Old Christine\" after five seasons. Christine Campbell (Julia Louis-Dreyfus) is a neurotic mother and owner of a women's gym who is in a constant struggle to keep pace with those around her. A fixture in her life is her ex-husband Richard (Clark Gregg), whose","title":"The New Adventures of Old Christine"},{"id":"5947880","text":"Louis-Dreyfus again in \"The New Adventures of Old Christine\", where he played a temperamental boyfriend of Louis-Dreyfus's character in a three episode story arc. His resume includes numerous theatrical credits, with performances in plays both on and off Broadway, including: \"Ridiculous Fraud\" at the McCarter Theatre; \"Billy Budd\" at the Circle in the Square Theatre; \"Someone to Watch Over Me\" with the Denver Theatre Company; \"The Merchant of Venice\" on the Hartford Stage; and the national tour of \"The Lion in Winter\". In 2009, he was both director and producer of the short film \"This Monday\". The film was included","title":"Tim DeKay"},{"id":"15845750","text":"designs a line of greetings cards called Heartsongs. Tricia O'Kelley Patricia Beth \"Tricia\" O'Kelley (born September 26, 1968) is an American actress and producer, best recognized as Marly Ehrhardt on the CBS sitcom \"The New Adventures of Old Christine\" (2006–10). She may also be known for her recurring role as Nicole Leahy on The WB television series \"Gilmore Girls\" (2003–04) as well as the lead role in the independent comedy film \"Weather Girl\" (2009). O'Kelley began her acting career in commercials. In the 1990s, she founded a resource center for aspiring actors in Chicago that provided workshops, career consultations and","title":"Tricia O'Kelley"},{"id":"8502263","text":"and directed by Dan Povenmire. It received divided reviews, with the negative reviews going to the \"personal driver\" plot and the positive going to the \"Rupert\" plot. According to Nielsen ratings, it was viewed in 8.8 million homes in its original airing. The episode feature guest performances by Max Burkholder, Phil LaMarr, Rob Lowe, Ted McGinley, Stephen Stanton, Connor Trinneer, Audrey Wasilewski, George Wendt and Dave Wittenberg. \"SpongeBob SquarePants\" voice actors Tom Kenny and Bill Fagerbakke lent their voices to the episode as SpongeBob and Patrick respectively from archive music of the \"Campfire Song\" from the episode \"The Camping Episode\",","title":"Road to Rupert"},{"id":"2717405","text":"End theatre début in the musical \"Guys and Dolls\" as Nathan Detroit on July 27, 2006, alongside Neil Jerzak, and remained in the role until November 25, 2006. His previous appearances on the Broadway stage had included productions of \"Goodtime Charley\" (1975) and \"Chicago\". Swayze also provided the voice for Cash the country music band dog in \"The Fox and the Hound 2\" (2006), and in 2007 he starred in the film \"Christmas in Wonderland\". Swayze played an aging rock star in \"Powder Blue\" (2008), co-starring his younger brother Don in their first film together. In his final role, Swayze","title":"Patrick Swayze"},{"id":"14702260","text":"The New Adventures of Old Christine (season 4) The fourth season of The New Adventures of Old Christine premiered on September 24, 2008 and concluded on May 20, 2009. It consisted of 22 episodes. In this season, as Barb is divorced she is facing deportation from the U.S. so Christine decides to marry her in a sham lesbian marriage in order to keep her best friend in the country. Richard and New Christine become engaged while Matthew finds love with one of his clients. Christine has a brief relationship with an obsessive man named Patrick, while she and Barb decide","title":"The New Adventures of Old Christine (season 4)"},{"id":"13395740","text":"\"Suits\". He starred as twin brothers in the 2008 ABC pilot \"Good Behavior\", executive produced by Rob Thomas. In 2009, he signed for the male lead in the one-hour drama \"The Dealership\", starring opposite Tricia Helfer and William Devane. His television appearances grew over the next few years, from guest appearances on \"Numb3rs\" to a recurring role as a love interest for Adrianne Palicki on \"Friday Night Lights\" and leads in TV features like the romantic comedy \"Christmas in Boston\". In 2007, he moved up to guest appearances on top-rated shows like \"Lost\", where he played a young man who","title":"Patrick J. Adams"},{"id":"11684695","text":"Kari Lizer Kari Lizer (born August 26, 1961) is an American actress, writer, and producer. She was the creator and executive producer of the CBS sitcom \"The New Adventures of Old Christine\". In May 2010, CBS cancelled \"Old Christine\" after five seasons. Upon its cancellation, Lizer slammed the network and suggested the decision to cancel the show was sexist. Previously, she had been co-executive producer of \"Will & Grace\" for three years. Lizer also created the comedy \"Maggie Winters\". As an actress, Lizer played Cassie Phillips on \"Matlock\", Diana Benedict on \"Sunday Dinner\", and Chris Burgess on \"The Van Dyke","title":"Kari Lizer"},{"id":"16824051","text":"Patrick (2013 film) Patrick is a 2013 Australian supernatural horror film that was directed by Mark Hartley and a remake of the 1978 film of the same name. It had its world premiere on 27 July 2013 at the Melbourne International Film Festival and received a limited theatrical release on 14 March 2014, followed by a DVD release the following month. Its Canadian theatrical premiere was at the Lost Episode Festival Toronto on 5 July 2014. The movie stars Jackson Gallagher as the titular Patrick, a comatose young man that uses his psychic powers to stalk a nurse caring for","title":"Patrick (2013 film)"},{"id":"15845748","text":"her career on television, including guest-starring roles on \"Frasier\", \"Suddenly Susan\", \"Everybody Loves Raymond\", \"Two and a Half Men\", \"\", \"Back to You\", \"Malcolm in the Middle\" and starring roles in short-lived series \"Emeril\" and \"That Was Then\". She also had a recurring role in The WB family drama series \"Gilmore Girls\", as Nicole Leahy from 2003 to 2004. O'Kelley is best known for her portrayal of Marly Ehrhardt on the CBS sitcom \"The New Adventures of Old Christine\", opposite Julia Louis-Dreyfus, from 2006 to 2010. In 2009, she also starred and executive produced the independent film \"Weather Girl\". She","title":"Tricia O'Kelley"},{"id":"12586089","text":"Michaela Watkins Michaela Suzanne Watkins (born December 14, 1971) is an American actress and comedian. She is best known for starring on the Hulu series \"Casual\" and on the short-lived ABC sitcom \"Trophy Wife\", as well as a cast member on \"Saturday Night Live\" from 2008 to 2009. She has also recurred on television series such as \"The New Adventures of Old Christine\", \"Enlightened\" and \"Transparent\", and has had appearances in the films \"The Back-up Plan\" (2010), \"Wanderlust\" (2012) and \"Enough Said\" (2013). Watkins was born in Syracuse, New York, the daughter of former Latin teacher mother Myrna Watkins and","title":"Michaela Watkins"},{"id":"11684696","text":"Show\". Kari Lizer Kari Lizer (born August 26, 1961) is an American actress, writer, and producer. She was the creator and executive producer of the CBS sitcom \"The New Adventures of Old Christine\". In May 2010, CBS cancelled \"Old Christine\" after five seasons. Upon its cancellation, Lizer slammed the network and suggested the decision to cancel the show was sexist. Previously, she had been co-executive producer of \"Will & Grace\" for three years. Lizer also created the comedy \"Maggie Winters\". As an actress, Lizer played Cassie Phillips on \"Matlock\", Diana Benedict on \"Sunday Dinner\", and Chris Burgess on \"The Van","title":"Kari Lizer"},{"id":"16828462","text":"Dodger's dad, although eventually people started referring to him as Patrick Blake. He also said that people were picking up on the subtle hints that Patrick wasn't going to be a nice character. A reporter writing for the \"Inside Soap Yearbook 2017\" included Patrick's return as a \"vision\" in their \"A to Z\" list of 2016, adding that \"imaginary dead pals were all the rage in 2016!\" For his portrayal of Patrick, Jeremy Sheffield was nominated for several awards. Sheffield was put on the longlist and the shortlist for the British Soap Awards 2014 for Best Actor, although he lost","title":"Patrick Blake (Hollyoaks)"},{"id":"19494387","text":"The New Adventures of Old Tom \"The New Adventures of Old Tom\" is the eighteenth episode of the fourteenth season of the animated sitcom \"Family Guy\", and the 267th episode overall. It aired on Fox in the United States on May 8, 2016, and is written by Travis Bowe and directed by Steve Robertson. The title is a play on the sitcom \"The New Adventures of Old Christine\". The Griffins head to the Quahog Mall to buy Lois new underpants. Peter wants to ride on the kiddie train, but is denied entry due to being an adult. Peter begins to","title":"The New Adventures of Old Tom"},{"id":"793412","text":"UK and the European Union. Stewart and his first wife, Sheila Falconer, divorced in 1990 after 24 years of marriage. They have two children, son Daniel and daughter Sophia. Daniel is a television actor, and has appeared alongside his father in the 1993 made-for-television film \"Death Train\", and in the 1992 \"Star Trek: The Next Generation\" episode \"\", playing his son. In 1997, Stewart became engaged to Wendy Neuss, one of the producers of \"Star Trek: The Next Generation\". They married on 25 August 2000, and divorced three years later. Four months before his divorce from Neuss, Stewart played opposite","title":"Patrick Stewart"},{"id":"2175748","text":"Bill Fagerbakke William Mark Fagerbakke (; born October 4, 1957) is an American actor and voice actor. He is best known for his long-running roles as Patrick Star in the animated series \"SpongeBob SquarePants\" and Michael \"Dauber\" Dybinski on the sitcom \"Coach\". He also appeared in 12 episodes of the sitcom \"How I Met Your Mother\" as Marshall Eriksen's father Marvin. Fagerbakke, was born in October 4, 1957, in Fontana, California, and moved to Rupert, Idaho, as a youth. He graduated from Minico High School in Rupert in 1975, where he was a three-sport athlete for the Spartans in football,","title":"Bill Fagerbakke"},{"id":"8706809","text":"Patrick Drake Patrick Drake is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera \"General Hospital\", a protagonist in both seasons of its prime time SOAPnet spin-off \"\" and one half of on-screen couple Patrick Drake and Robin Scorpio. Jason Thompson originated the role in 2005. From April 23 to 28, 2008, the role of Patrick Drake was played by Ethan Erickson while Thompson was having minor surgery. In October 2015, it was announced that Thompson will be departing from the show, last appearing on January 7, 2016. Patrick was born in September 18,1976 and grew up the only child of","title":"Patrick Drake"},{"id":"20752549","text":"and the Wasp\", which was pushed back to August 3, 2018 to avoid competition with the 2018 FIFA World Cup. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, \"Patrick\" holds an approval rating of 31% based on 11 reviews. Patrick (2018 film) Patrick is a 2018 British live action family comedy film directed by Mandie Fletcher, written by Vanessa Davies, Mandie Fletcher and Paul de Vos and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures under their newly revived Buena Vista International label. The film is about a young woman named Sarah, whose life changes when her grandmother gives her prized possession, a","title":"Patrick (2018 film)"},{"id":"9015563","text":"appeared in the Broadway production of John Grisham's \"A Time to Kill\". The production started on September 28, 2013 and officially opened on October 20, 2013. He appeared in the new play, \"Casa Valentina\", which opened on Broadway in April 2014. He originated the role of Frollo in the U.S. premiere of \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\", made his Shakespeare in the Park debut in \"Cymbeline\", and in fall 2015 played Adult Men in the \"Spring Awakening\" revival, produced by Deaf West and directed by his \"Hunchback\" co-star, Michael Arden. He was in Off-Broadway productions of \"Hadestown\" at the New","title":"Patrick Page"},{"id":"6649225","text":"Jones in another brief TV series, \"Shirley\" (1979). He was the host of \"The Monte Carlo Show\" in 1980, and occasionally worked on game shows and syndicated variety series. Wayne had many appearances on popular television series of the 1970s and 1980s, including \"Fantasy Island\" (1978), \"Murder, She Wrote\" (1984), \"Charlie's Angels\" (1976), \"Sledge Hammer!\" (1986), and \"The Love Boat\". Wayne appeared in the movie \"Young Guns\" (1988) as Pat Garrett. He also did a comic turn in the Western spoof \"Rustler's Rhapsody\" (1985) starring Tom Berenger. Wayne served as the host of the 1990 revival of the game show","title":"Patrick Wayne"},{"id":"7879159","text":"Alex Kapp Horner Alex Kapp Horner (born Alexandra Kapp; December 5, 1969) is an American television actress, best recognized for her role as Lindsay on the CBS sitcom \"The New Adventures of Old Christine\" (2006–10). Horner began her career in Los Angeles as a member of The Groundlings comedy troupe. In mid-1990s she began appearing on television shows, including \"Party of Five\", \"JAG\", \"Seinfeld\", \"Friends\", \"ER\" and \"Will & Grace\". She also appeared in the television movie \"A Mother's Prayer\" (1995) with Linda Hamilton, and from 1998 to 1999 was regular cast member on the short-lived sitcom \"Maggie Winters\". From","title":"Alex Kapp Horner"},{"id":"8438764","text":"Patrick Lockhart Patrick Lockhart is a fictional character from the television drama \"Days of Our Lives\", portrayed by Brody Hutzler from 2004 to 2007. Patrick Lockhart grew up with his mother Bonnie, sister Mimi, and brother Connor on the streets (his father David had an on/off relationship with his mother). He spent most of his time protecting his family and being the man of the household. He also was a childhood conman. While unclear why, Patrick left Salem and may not have even finished high school. Patrick made his dramatic re-entrance to Salem when Jennifer Deveraux literally ran into him","title":"Patrick Lockhart"},{"id":"1419405","text":"also camoed as 'The Guy' in . The concluding chapter of the \"Rings\" trilogy, \"\" was unveiled that December, and grossed in excess of $1.1 billion at the worldwide box office. At the 76th Academy Awards, the film received all 11 Academy Awards for which it was nominated, therefore holding the record for highest Oscar sweep. Wood's first role following his \"Lord of the Rings\" success was in \"Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind\" (2004), in which he played Patrick, an unscrupulous lab technician who pursues Kate Winslet. The film received the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay in 2005.","title":"Elijah Wood"},{"id":"12946595","text":"OT VII level. Fairman left the church in January 2011, around the time he was declared a Suppressive Person. Michael Fairman Michael Fairman (born February 25, 1934) is an American actor, and writer best known for his various roles during his long career, which started when he was 31 years old. This includes the role of Nick Szabo on the daytime drama, \"Ryan's Hope\", his recurring role as Department Inspector Knelman on \"Cagney & Lacey\", and the recurring role of Patrick Murphy on CBS's daytime drama, \"The Young and the Restless\". Additional television credits include,\"Charlie's Angels\", \"Eight is Enough\", \"Barnaby","title":"Michael Fairman"},{"id":"14701516","text":"house together, which coincidentally is Christine's dream house leaving her feeling jealous and confused. Barb leaves her husband and she has a short-lived fling with Matthew much to Christine's horror. This season marks the reunion between Julia Louis-Dreyfus and Jason Alexander, who previously worked together in Seinfeld. Wanda Sykes, who plays the role of Barb, was upgraded to series regular status for this season.
Some records have to meet","title":"Super Bowl XVIII"},{"id":"9869695","text":"Seahawks won Super Bowl XLVIII by a final score of 43-8. The win marked the Seahawks' first Super Bowl Championship in franchise history. Russell Wilson finished with 206 passing yards and two touchdowns having won the Super Bowl in just his second year in the NFL, while the Seahawks defense logged four takeaways. Malcolm Smith was named Super Bowl MVP thanks in large part to his interception return and a fumble recovery in the second half. Upon returning to Seattle, the Seahawks, in true fashion, put together a parade to thank their fans (The 12th Man) and their city of","title":"History of the Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"7953501","text":"Super Bowl XLIX at the University of Phoenix Stadium, the Seahawks missed the opportunity to claim their second Super Bowl win in the final seconds of the fourth quarter, falling to the New England Patriots by a score of 28-24. In 2017 the Seattle Seawolves became one of the founding teams of the newly-formed Major League Rugby Association. On July 7, 2018, at the home field of the San Diego Legion located at the University of San Diego, the Seawolves defeated the Glendale Raptors by a score of 23 to 19 to claim the first-ever MLR championship shield. The Seattle","title":"Sports in Seattle"},{"id":"17736238","text":"to Doug Baldwin, and the second a touchdown pass from Wilson to Jermaine Kearse to win the game 28-22. With the win, the Seahawks became the first defending champion to return to the Super Bowl since the 2004 Patriots. Additionally, they ended the Packers' season the same way it began, as they lost to the Seahawks at CenturyLink Field in the Kickoff Game. 2014 Seattle Seahawks season The 2014 Seattle Seahawks season was the franchise's 39th season in the National Football League and the fifth under head coach Pete Carroll. The Seahawks started the season as the defending Super Bowl","title":"2014 Seattle Seahawks season"},{"id":"12880210","text":"2013, but the Seahawks finished the season 13-3. In the playoffs, the Seahawks beat both the New Orleans Saints and San Francisco 49ers to reach Super Bowl XLVIII. The Seahawks won the Super Bowl 43-8 after they beat the Denver Broncos to give Okung his first Super Bowl ring. Okung started 14 games in the 2014 season and help the Seahawks finish with a 12-4 record. The Seahawks beat both the Carolina Panthers and Green Bay Packers to reach Super Bowl XLIX. The Seahawks failed to repeat as Super Bowl champions after they lost 28–24 to the New England Patriots.","title":"Russell Okung"},{"id":"12304557","text":"Seahawks became the fourth defending Super Bowl champions to lose in the following year's title game, after the 1978 Dallas Cowboys, 1983 Washington Redskins and the 1997 Green Bay Packers. After finishing the previous season by defeating the Denver Broncos, 43–8, in Super Bowl XLVIII, Seattle completed the 2014 regular season with a 12–4 record. The Patriots, who also posted a 12–4 record, joined the Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers as one of the three teams to have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl. For the second straight season, but only the third time in the prior 21 seasons,","title":"Super Bowl XLIX"},{"id":"7141011","text":"the Seahawks and the fifth Super Bowl loss for the Broncos, tied with the New England Patriots for the most of any team. The game was played on February 2, 2014 at MetLife Stadium at the Meadowlands Sports Complex in East Rutherford, New Jersey, the first Super Bowl played outdoors in a cold-weather city and the first Super Bowl to be played on February 2. This marked the third time the number one seed from each conference met in the league championship, joining Super Bowl XXVIII (1994) and Super Bowl XLIV (2010). The Seahawks posted a 13–3 record and were","title":"Super Bowl XLVIII"},{"id":"9869659","text":"the first time in the team's history. They were the NFC representative in Super Bowl XL, a game they lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Seahawks compiled a 13-3 record in the regular season, easily winning the NFC West and clinching home field advantage in the NFC playoffs. There, they beat the Washington Redskins and Carolina Panthers to win the George Halas Trophy and advance to the Super Bowl, the first in franchise history. Seattle fell short in its bid for its first NFL title, losing to the Pittsburgh Steelers at Super Bowl XL in Detroit, Michigan on February 5,","title":"History of the Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"17736231","text":"conference champions, the first NFC team since the 1997 Green Bay Packers to repeat as NFC Champions, the first team to go to consecutive Super Bowls as the #1 seed in the playoffs since the 1990–1991 Buffalo Bills, and the first NFC team to go to consecutive Super Bowls as the #1 seed in the playoffs since the 1982–1983 Washington Redskins. In Super Bowl XLIX, the Seahawks were defeated by the Patriots 28–24, thereby being dethroned and failing to become the first repeat champion since the 2004 New England Patriots. Notes The Seahawks started their 2014 season at home against","title":"2014 Seattle Seahawks season"},{"id":"3200129","text":"Seahawks became the first team to advance to the Super Bowl without playing a division champion in the playoffs (later matched by the Colts in 2009, Steelers in 2010, and the Seahawks again in 2013, with the 2013 Seahawks being the only one of the four to win the Super Bowl). Off a first-round bye, Seattle defeated the sixth-seeded Washington Redskins, 20–10, before eliminating the fifth-seeded Carolina Panthers, 34–14, in the NFC Championship Game. These were Seattle's first playoff victories since the 1984 season when they defeated the Los Angeles Raiders 13–7, when the team was still in the AFC","title":"Super Bowl XL"},{"id":"17074635","text":"new officials were hired, including Shawn Hochuli, son of referee Ed Hochuli. 2014 NFL season The 2014 NFL season was the 95th season in the history of the National Football League (NFL). The season began on Thursday, September 4, 2014, with the annual kickoff game featuring the defending Super Bowl XLVIII champion Seattle Seahawks hosting the Green Bay Packers, which resulted with the Seahawks winning, 36–16. The season concluded with Super Bowl XLIX, the league's championship game, on Sunday, February 1, 2015, at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona, with the New England Patriots defeating the Seattle Seahawks, 28–24.","title":"2014 NFL season"},{"id":"16977725","text":"the playoffs with their 13–3 record. The Seahawks defeated the New Orleans Saints 23–15 in the Divisional round and the San Francisco 49ers 23–17 in the NFC Championship. In Super Bowl XLVIII, they defeated the Denver Broncos 43–8 for their first Super Bowl victory in franchise history. Notes The Seattle Seahawks kicked off their 2013 campaign with a hard-fought, ugly win over the Carolina Panthers, 12–7. This game marked Russell Wilson's first 300-yard passing game, and Cam Newton's worst career performance, posting 125 yards through the air, a career low. The first quarter ended equal for both teams, as both","title":"2013 Seattle Seahawks season"},{"id":"14903042","text":"the Seahawks secured the top playoff seed in the NFC with a conference-best 13-3 record. After a bye week, Seattle defeated the New Orleans Saints in the playoffs. The Seahawks then beat the San Francisco 49ers in the NFC Championship Game to advance to Super Bowl XLVIII. On February 2, 2014, Maragos and the Seahawks defeated the Denver Broncos 43–8 in the third-most lopsided Super Bowl in history. It was the most-watched program in the history of American television. On March 12, 2014, Maragos signed a three-year, $4 million contract with the Philadelphia Eagles. On December 6, 2015, his blocked","title":"Chris Maragos"},{"id":"12304614","text":"became only the fourth team to win a Super Bowl despite losing the turnover battle (after the Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl V and the Pittsburgh Steelers in both Super Bowls XIV and XL). In winning, Brady became the third quarterback in NFL history with four Super Bowl victories. Brady was also named MVP for a third time, tying the record set by Joe Montana. The Seahawks became the first defending champion since the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXII to lose in the Super Bowl the next year. This also marked the 10th consecutive Super Bowl without a","title":"Super Bowl XLIX"},{"id":"7953500","text":"the NFC West. They won the NFC championship in 2006, earning them their first trip to Super Bowl XL, where they lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers 21-10. In 2014, the Seahawks defeated the San Francisco 49ers at CenturyLink Field, to clinch their second NFC title and a berth in Super Bowl XLVIII, where they routed the Denver Broncos 43–8 to win their first Lombardi trophy. The following season, the Seahawks overcame a deficit in the NFC championship game with the Green Bay Packers in the final minutes of the fourth quarter to claim their first back-to-back George Halas trophies. In","title":"Sports in Seattle"},{"id":"17074547","text":"2014 NFL season The 2014 NFL season was the 95th season in the history of the National Football League (NFL). The season began on Thursday, September 4, 2014, with the annual kickoff game featuring the defending Super Bowl XLVIII champion Seattle Seahawks hosting the Green Bay Packers, which resulted with the Seahawks winning, 36–16. The season concluded with Super Bowl XLIX, the league's championship game, on Sunday, February 1, 2015, at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona, with the New England Patriots defeating the Seattle Seahawks, 28–24. The 2014 league year began at 4 pm EST on March 11,","title":"2014 NFL season"},{"id":"9869691","text":"final minute. With 36 seconds left to play, however, Kaepernick's throw to receiver Michael Crabtree in the end zone was deflected by Sherman into the hands of Malcolm Smith, securing the victory for the Seahawks in a play that has since gone down in Seahawks lore as \"The Tip\". The Seahawks won by a final score of 23-17, sending the Seahawks to Super Bowl XLVIII as the NFC representative, their second trip to the Super Bowl in franchise history. On February 2, 2014, the Seahawks played in Super Bowl XLVIII against the Denver Broncos, pitting the league's #1 defense (Seattle)","title":"History of the Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"9869626","text":"won the NFC Championship Game thrice in 2005, 2013 and 2014, and lost the AFC Championship Game once in 1983; as a result, they are the only team appear in the both the AFC and NFC Conference Championship games. The Seahawks have one Super Bowl victory in 2013 and two losses (2005 and 2014). Prior to 2005 Seattle had the longest drought of playoff victories of any NFL team, dating back to the 1984 season. That drought was ended with a 20-10 win over the Washington Redskins in the 2005 playoffs. The all-time Seahawks playoff record is 12-12. The Seahawks","title":"History of the Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"394929","text":"XIII) and the Washington Redskins (won Super Bowl XVII, lost Super Bowl XVIII), and would be later joined by the Seattle Seahawks in 2015 (won Super Bowl XLVIII, lost Super Bowl XLIX) and the New England Patriots in 2018 (won Super Bowl LI, lost Super Bowl LII). Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XXXII, Super Bowl XXXII Play Finder Den, Super Bowl XXXII Play Finder GB Completions/attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted One new record was set and several were tied in Super Bowl XXXII, according to the official NFL.com boxscore, the 2016 NFL Record & Fact Book and the ProFootball","title":"Super Bowl XXXII"},{"id":"16977751","text":"to San Francisco where they took a loss to the 49ers. Russell Wilson was intercepted to end the game and continued the Seahawks' losing streak in Candlestick Park in which they haven't won since 2008. It was their last appearance at Candlestick, as the Niners move to Levi's Stadium for the 2014 season. With the loss, the Seahawks' record dropped into 11-2. In what many pundits dubbed a \"Super Bowl dress rehearsal\", the Seahawks faced the New York Giants at MetLife Stadium, where the Super Bowl would be held at the end of the season. The Legion of Boom intercepted","title":"2013 Seattle Seahawks season"},{"id":"16336724","text":"Moda Center, while serving as an Alternate Governor for the Trail Blazers and representing the franchise at NBA owners meetings. In 2016, McLoughlin’s seventh season with Seattle, the Seahawks reached the playoffs for the fifth-consecutive year while finishing the season with 122-consecutive sellouts. The Seahawks won their first NFL title in Super Bowl XLVIII, defeating the Denver Broncos, 43–8. In 2014, Seattle reached the Super Bowl for the second-consecutive season as the Seahawks faced the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX. In September 2018, left the position on amicable terms, being succeeded by Chuck Arnold. McLoughlin graduated from Deerfield","title":"Peter McLoughlin"},{"id":"8344577","text":"2005 Seattle Seahawks season The 2005 Seattle Seahawks season saw them win a conference championship for the first time in the team's history. They were the NFC representative in Super Bowl XL, a game they lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Seahawks compiled a 13–3 record in the regular season, easily winning the NFC West and earning the NFC top seed, thus clinching home field advantage in the NFC playoffs for the first time in franchise history. There, they beat the Washington Redskins and Carolina Panthers to win the George Halas Trophy, and advance to their first ever Super Bowl.","title":"2005 Seattle Seahawks season"},{"id":"7141010","text":"Super Bowl XLVIII Super Bowl XLVIII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos and National Football Conference (NFC) champion Seattle Seahawks to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2013 season. The Seahawks defeated the Broncos 43–8, the largest margin of victory for an underdog and tied for the third largest point differential overall (35) in Super Bowl history with Super Bowl XXVII (1993). It was the first time the winning team scored over 40 points, while holding their opponent to under 10. This became the first Super Bowl victory for","title":"Super Bowl XLVIII"},{"id":"7993879","text":"or sports venue, that deserves recognition for an outstanding performance over a 12-month period. On May 25, 2010, it was announced that Super Bowl XLVIII was awarded to the stadium, the first time a Super Bowl would be played in the New York metropolitan area, and the first time that a non-domed stadium in a cold-weather city would host it. The Seattle Seahawks defeated the Denver Broncos 43–8 for their first Super Bowl victory, when MetLife Stadium hosted Super Bowl XLVIII on February 2, 2014. Normally, Super Bowls must be held in indoor climate-controlled stadiums if they are held in","title":"MetLife Stadium"},{"id":"17736228","text":"2014 Seattle Seahawks season The 2014 Seattle Seahawks season was the franchise's 39th season in the National Football League and the fifth under head coach Pete Carroll. The Seahawks started the season as the defending Super Bowl champions for the first time in franchise history. The season began with a 36–16 victory over the Green Bay Packers in their first meeting since the controversial Fail Mary Game. After struggling to a 3–3 record, which included a rare home loss to the Dallas Cowboys, they went on a 9–1 run to finish the season, which included a sweep of their division","title":"2014 Seattle Seahawks season"},{"id":"385664","text":"Gore. The Seahawks had not won in San Francisco since 2008 until defeating the 49ers in convincing 19–3 fashion on Thanksgiving Day in 2014. In the 2013 NFC Championship Game, the Seahawks defeated the 49ers 23 to 17, thanks to Malcolm Smith's interception, which was tipped by Richard Sherman. This clinched the Seahawks' berth into Super Bowl XLVIII. The Seahawks have developed a rivalry with the Carolina Panthers. The two teams have played each other in the NFL playoffs three times: during the 2005 NFC Championship Game, which Seattle won 34–14; the 2014 NFC Divisional playoffs, which the Seahawks won","title":"Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"385644","text":"Columbia, Alberta and Saskatchewan. Steve Largent, Cortez Kennedy, Walter Jones, and Kenny Easley have been voted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame primarily or wholly for their accomplishments as Seahawks. In addition to them, Dave Brown, Jacob Green, Dave Krieg, Curt Warner, and Jim Zorn have been inducted into the Seahawks Ring of Honor along with Pete Gross (radio announcer) and Chuck Knox (head coach). The Seahawks have won 10 division titles and three conference championships. They are the only team to have played in both the AFC and NFC Championship Games. They have appeared in three Super Bowls:","title":"Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"17074568","text":"balls before the game, giving the game the title 'Deflategate'. This was the most lopsided AFC championship victory since the Buffalo Bills defeated the Los Angeles Raiders 51–3 in the 1990 season. Super Bowl XLIX, the 49th contesting of the Super Bowl, decided the 2014 NFL champion on February 1, 2015, with the New England Patriots defeating the defending Super Bowl XLVIII champions Seattle Seahawks, who were looking to repeat, by a score of 28–24. With a controversial play call by Seattle's head coach, Pete Carroll, they decided to try to pass the ball in for a touchdown at the","title":"2014 NFL season"},{"id":"385645","text":"losing 21–10 to the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XL, defeating the Denver Broncos 43–8 for their first championship in Super Bowl XLVIII, and losing 28–24 to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX. As per one of the agreed parts of the 1970 AFL–NFL merger, the NFL began planning to expand from 26 to 28 teams. In June 1972, Seattle Professional Football Inc., a group of Seattle business and community leaders, announced its intention to acquire an NFL franchise for the city of Seattle. In June 1974, the NFL gave the city an expansion franchise. That December, NFL","title":"Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"385658","text":"the 2012 Pepsi Max Rookie of the Year award. In the 2013 NFL season, the Seahawks continued their momentum from the previous season, finishing tied with the Denver Broncos for an NFL-best regular season record of 13–3, while earning the NFC's #1 playoff seed. Their 2013 campaign included big wins over the Carolina Panthers, New Orleans Saints, and the San Francisco 49ers. Six Seahawks players were named to the Pro Bowl: Quarterback Russell Wilson, center Max Unger, running back Marshawn Lynch, cornerback Richard Sherman, free safety Earl Thomas, and strong safety Kam Chancellor. However, none of them was able to","title":"Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"376025","text":"Jersey's MetLife Stadium in February 2014, was the first Super Bowl held outdoors in a cold weather environment. The Seattle Seahawks won their first NFL title with a 43–8 defeat of the Denver Broncos, in a highly touted matchup that pitted Seattle's top-ranked defense against a Peyton Manning-led Denver offense that had broken the NFL's single-season scoring record. In Super Bowl XLIX, the Patriots beat the defending Super Bowl champions, the Seahawks, 28–24 as Malcolm Butler intercepted a Seattle pass in the end zone with the Seahawks poised to take the lead. In Super Bowl 50, the Broncos, led by","title":"Super Bowl"},{"id":"19128132","text":"Seahawks have now recorded at least one victory at CenturyLink Field against each of the 31 other franchises. Over one and half year after Super Bowl XLIX, the Seahawks were trying to get their revenge against the Patriots after the heartbreaking interception. They successfully got their revenge by stopping the Patriots from getting into the end zone, and won the game 31-24. The Seahawks were the only team to defeat the Patriots under Tom Brady during this season (their one other loss, against the Buffalo Bills in Week 4, happened during Brady's suspension for the Deflategate scandal). This also marks","title":"2016 Seattle Seahawks season"},{"id":"3200082","text":"13-3 record, when they beat the Falcons and Vikings in the reverse order that they did in the 2004-05 playoffs. They exacted revenge on New England in Super Bowl LII, edging them 41–33. This is the last time that a team has won back-to-back Super Bowls, with the Patriots losing their second playoff game a year later and then, for the next eight years, every team either losing their first playoff game or missing them altogether. The streak was broken in 2014 when the Seahawks defeated the Panthers and ultimately advanced to the Super Bowl, only to lose to a","title":"Super Bowl XXXIX"},{"id":"376023","text":"Patriots' 2007 record at 18–1. The following season, the Steelers logged their record sixth Super Bowl title (XLIII) in a 27–23, final-minute victory against the Arizona Cardinals. The 2009 season saw the New Orleans Saints defeat the Indianapolis Colts in Super Bowl XLIV by a score of 31–17 to take home their first Championship. With this victory, the Saints joined the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and New York Jets as the only teams to have won in their sole Super Bowl appearance. The 2010s have seen parity between the two conferences, but not within them. Since the start of 2010, five","title":"Super Bowl"},{"id":"9869696","text":"over 700,000 Seahawks fans. For the first time in franchise history, the Seahawks started a season as the defending Super Bowl champions. As such, they earned the right to host the NFL Kickoff Game, where they defeated the Green Bay Packers 36-16. Then in Week 2, they traveled to San Diego, where the Chargers defeated them by a score of 30-21. This was Seattle's worst defeat since a 23-13 loss to the Dallas Cowboys in Week 9 of the 2011 season. Then in Week 3, they returned home to face the Denver Broncos in a rematch of Super Bowl XLVIII.","title":"History of the Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"17736230","text":"NFL team to do so since the 2013 Denver Broncos. The Seahawks opened the playoffs with a win over the Carolina Panthers in the Divisional round, becoming the first defending champion since the 2005 Patriots to win a playoff game the following season. In one of the greatest comebacks in NFL history, the Seahawks advanced to Super Bowl XLIX by defeating the Green Bay Packers 28–22 in overtime after trailing 16–0 at halftime and 19–7 with less than three minutes left in regulation. In doing so, they became the first team since the 2004 New England Patriots to repeat as","title":"2014 Seattle Seahawks season"},{"id":"313934","text":"Times\" about Allen's decision to buy the team, \"I'm not sure anybody else in this community would have done what [Allen] did.\" The Seahawks are valued at $1.33 billion in August 2014 by \"Forbes\", which says the team has \"one of the most rabid fan bases in the NFL\". Under the helm of Allen, the Seahawks went to the Super Bowl three times winning Super Bowl XLVIII and three NFC Championships (2005, 2013, 2014). Allen's Vulcan Sports & Entertainment is part of the ownership team of the Seattle Sounders FC, a Major League Soccer (MLS) franchise that began play in","title":"Paul Allen"},{"id":"5619503","text":"Divisional Playoff Round by the Denver Broncos, and eventually the NFL title was won by the Pittsburgh Steelers, who defeated the Seattle Seahawks 21–10 in Super Bowl XL at Ford Field in Detroit, Michigan on February 5 for their fifth Super Bowl win. This also marked the first time that a sixth-seeded team, who by the nature of their seeding would play every game on the road, would advance to and win the Super Bowl. The season formally concluded with the Pro Bowl, the league’s all-star game, at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu, Hawaii on February 12. This marked the final","title":"2005 NFL season"},{"id":"17261707","text":"four passes for 68 yards and a touchdown in a divisional round game against the Carolina Panthers. A week later, he caught a key two-point conversion in the NFC Championship Game against the Green Bay Packers, as the Seahawks rallied to defeat the Packers 28–22 to reached consecutive Super Bowls. In Super Bowl XLIX, Willson had no catches as the Seahawks failed to repeat as champions, defeated by the New England Patriots, who rallied in the fourth quarter behind quarterback On March 17, 2017, Willson re-signed with the Seahawks. After five years in Seattle, Willson signed a one-year, $2.5 million","title":"Luke Willson"},{"id":"14211043","text":"roster transactions, including trading for Marshawn Lynch. On February 2, 2014, the Seahawks won Super Bowl XLVIII, their first championship in their existence. Of those on the championship roster, only Max Unger, Red Bryant, Jon Ryan and Brandon Mebane were Seahawks prior to Schneider's arrival in Seattle. Schneider and Seattle followed their Super Bowl win with another NFC Championship, but lost to New England in Super Bowl XLIX. In 2015, the Seahawks clinched a wild card berth, but fell in the NFC Divisional Round to the Panthers. Schneider signed a 5-year contract extension with the Seahawks in July 2016 that","title":"John Schneider (American football executive)"},{"id":"10286809","text":"the number for Vancouver, BC, the other major departure point for Alaska cruises. Seattle has three major men's professional sports teams: the National Football League (NFL)'s Seattle Seahawks, Major League Baseball (MLB)'s Seattle Mariners, and Major League Soccer (MLS)'s Seattle Sounders FC. Other professional sports teams include the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA)'s Seattle Storm, who won the WNBA championship on three occasions in 2004 and 2010, and 2018; and the Seattle Reign of the National Women's Soccer League. The Seattle Seahawks entered the National Football League in 1976 as an expansion team and have advanced to the Super Bowl","title":"Seattle"},{"id":"12804207","text":"of 43–8. In 2013, he also made his second Pro Bowl team. In 2014, the Seahawks finished the season with a 12–4 record and made it back to the Super Bowl. The Seahawks failed to repeat as Super Bowl champions after they lost 28–24 to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX. On March 10, 2015, Unger, along with the Seahawks' first round selection in the 2015 NFL Draft, were traded to the New Orleans Saints in exchange for tight end Jimmy Graham. On May 8, 2017, it was reported that Unger suffered a foot injury and was expected","title":"Max Unger"},{"id":"11650053","text":"the Seahawks' Super Bowl XLVIII win. He set a Super Bowl record by scoring only twelve seconds into the game with a safety stemming from a botched opening snap by the Broncos, and he later forced an interception that led to a touchdown. Following the Seahawks' victory, Avril became the first player in NFL history to win a Super Bowl after having been on a winless team. In the 2014 season, after recording just 2 sacks over the first 10 games, Avril would register 3 in the last 6 games, coinciding with a 6-game winning streak during which the Seahawks","title":"Cliff Avril"},{"id":"16261013","text":"points per game without Wagner and 6.5 points per game in the six games after he returned from an injury. On February 1, 2015, the Seattle Seahawks played in Super Bowl XLIX after defeating the Carolina Panthers and then the Green Bay Packers in the NFC Championship. Wagner recorded 12 combined tackles, deflected a pass, and intercepted a pass attempt by Tom Brady in the Seahawks 28–24 last-second loss to the New England Patriots. He is the current all-time career leader for tackles in Super Bowls with 22. Wagner made the NFL Top 100 Players for the first time in","title":"Bobby Wagner"},{"id":"17005333","text":"2013–14 NFL playoffs The National Football League playoffs for the 2013 season began on January 4, 2014. The postseason tournament concluded with the Seattle Seahawks defeating the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XLVIII, 43–8, on February 2, at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey. In a change from previous seasons, CBS was given both late games during the Divisional Playoffs (as opposed to CBS and Fox each having both an early game on one day and a late game on the other day). In the United States, NBC broadcast the first two Wild Card playoff games, then CBS broadcast","title":"2013–14 NFL playoffs"},{"id":"12927349","text":"as a second baseman. Wilson was selected by the Seahawks with the 12th pick in the third round (75th overall) of the 2012 NFL Draft. In 2012, he tied Peyton Manning's record for most passing touchdowns by a rookie (26) and was named the Pepsi NFL Rookie of the Year. In 2013, he led the Seahawks to their first ever Super Bowl victory in Super Bowl XLVIII over the Denver Broncos, and in 2014, led them to a second straight Super Bowl berth. Wilson has won more games (65) than any other NFL quarterback in his first six seasons, and","title":"Russell Wilson"},{"id":"12259464","text":"a lasagna.\" The 3D artworks are finished off by hand with glitter and Swarovski crystals. NFL Super Bowl Charles Fazzino's art has been featured in every Super Bowl for the National Football League since the 2001 Super Bowl XXXV in Tampa Bay, Florida. Fazzino was profiled by CBS News Sunday Morning with Charles Osgood on Charles Osgood Sunday in New Orleans, Louisiana on February 3, 2013. He also created a painting for Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014, where the Seattle Seahawks defeated the Denver Broncos at MetLife Stadium, as well as The New England Patriots 2015 win in Super Bowl","title":"Charles Fazzino"},{"id":"7694540","text":"Jackson appeared in 3 games of the 2013 regular season producing 151 passing yards and a touchdown. During Super Bowl XLVIII against the Denver Broncos, Jackson came in relief of Russell Wilson during the 4th quarter, marking the first time in 13 years any backup quarterback has played in a Super Bowl. The Seahawks won their first Super Bowl in franchise history as they defeated the Broncos 43–8. Following the season, Jackson signed a 1-year deal to stay with the Seahawks. The Seahawks made it to Super Bowl XLIX, but failed to repeat as Super Bowl champions as they fell","title":"Tarvaris Jackson"},{"id":"385653","text":"Bowl XL against the Pittsburgh Steelers. The loss was controversial; NFL Films has Super Bowl XL at number 8 on its top ten list of games with controversial referee calls. Referee Bill Leavy later admitted that he missed calls that altered the game. Before 2005, Seattle had the longest drought of playoff victories of any NFL team, dating back to the 1984 season. That drought was ended with a 20–10 win over the Washington Redskins in the 2005 playoffs. In the 2009 NFL season, the Seahawks finished 3rd in the NFC West with a 5-11 record. Shortly after his first","title":"Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"17009913","text":"member of coach Les Miles's LSU Tigers football team from 2010 to 2012. He decided to enter the NFL Draft after his junior season. The Seattle Seahawks chose Simon in the fifth round, with the 138th overall pick, of the 2013 NFL Draft. On August 27, 2013, the Seahawks placed Simon on the reserve/physically unable to perform list. The Seahawks won Super Bowl XLVIII after they defeated the Denver Broncos 43–8. The Seahawks returned to the Super Bowl in the following year. Simon got to play in Super Bowl XLIX due to an injury teammate Jeremy Lane suffered in the","title":"Tharold Simon"},{"id":"17074566","text":"the NFC Championship Game at 3:00 pm Eastern Time on Fox and the AFC Championship Game following at 6:30 pm Eastern on CBS. In the NFC Championship, the Seahawks, trailing 16–0 at halftime and then 19–7 with under three minutes left in the game, were led by Russell Wilson, who, despite throwing four interceptions, rallied the team to 15 unanswered points and won the game on a 35-yard touchdown pass to Jermaine Kearse in overtime to become the first team to make consecutive Super Bowl appearances since the 2004 New England Patriots, and the first NFC team to make consecutive","title":"2014 NFL season"},{"id":"7655415","text":"the Miami Heat in 5 games. The city of Seattle did not win another men's professional sports championship until the National Football League's Seahawks defeated the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XLVIII on 2 February 2014. The next time Seattle played Washington for a championship was in the 2018 WNBA Finals, when the Seattle Storm swept the Washington Mystics in 3 games to win their third overall championship. Coincidentally, as of the Seattle Mariners and Washington Nationals are the only two Major League Baseball franchises that have never played in a World Series. 1979 NBA Finals The 1979 NBA World","title":"1979 NBA Finals"},{"id":"9869704","text":"six plays worth 87 yards in 3:19, capped off with a 35-yard touchdown pass from Russell Wilson to Jermaine Kearse, who had been Wilson's intended target on all four of Seattle's interceptions. The final score was Seattle 28, Green Bay 22. Thus Seattle became the first defending champion since the 2004 New England Patriots to return to the Super Bowl the next season. They also became the first NFC team since the 1997 Green Bay Packers to repeat as NFC Champions, the first team to go to consecutive Super Bowls as the #1 seed in the playoffs since the 1990–1991","title":"History of the Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"13752770","text":"16 games with 10 starts. Carpenter earned a Super Bowl ring with the Seahawks in Super Bowl XLVIII where they defeated the Denver Broncos 43–8, giving Carpenter his first career championship title and the Seahawks their first Super Bowl win in franchise history. In the offseason, Seattle declined the fifth-year option for Carpenter. In the 2014 season, Carpenter started all 13 games he appeared in and participated in the Seahawks making it to Super Bowl XLIX, where they lost to the New England Patriots by a score of 28–24. On March 10, 2015, Carpenter signed a four-year contract with the","title":"James Carpenter (American football)"},{"id":"385652","text":"That same year, the team opened its new home stadium, Seahawks Stadium, after spending the last two seasons at Husky Stadium after the Kingdome's implosion in 2000. In the 2005 season, the Seahawks had their best season in franchise history (a feat that would later be matched in 2013) with a record of 13–3, which included a 42-0 rout of the Philadelphia Eagles on December 5, a game since referred to as the Monday Night Massacre. The 13-3 record earned them the number one seed in the NFC. They won the NFC Championship Game in 2005, but lost in Super","title":"Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"7863017","text":"September 3, 2011, Farwell was waived by the Vikings. His release cleared $1.75 million in salary cap space for the Vikings. Farwell signed with the Seattle Seahawks on October 19, 2011. On March 13, 2012, he was re-signed by the Seattle Seahawks. He served as a special teams captain for the Seahawks from 2012 onward. Farwell and the Seahawks won Super Bowl XLVIII after they defeated the Denver Broncos 43–8. The Seahawks placed Farwell on injured reserve on August 26, 2014. On August 16, 2016, Farwell returned to the Seahawks, where he served as a two-time special teams captain in","title":"Heath Farwell"},{"id":"17736236","text":"throughout the playoffs for the second consecutive season. Seattle entered the postseason as the #1 seed in the NFC. The Seahawks defeated the Panthers 31-17, becoming the first defending Super Bowl champion to win a playoff game since the 2005 Patriots, and advanced to their second consecutive NFC Championship game. They hosted the Green Bay Packers, who defeated the Dallas Cowboys 26-21. After trailing 16-0 in the 3rd quarter and 19-7 with just over 2 minutes remaining, Russell Wilson, who threw 4 interceptions in the game, rallied Seattle to a much needed touchdown to bring the score to 19-14 with","title":"2014 Seattle Seahawks season"},{"id":"9869713","text":"was sidelined for several games with a back injury. In week 12, the Seahawks faced the Pittsburgh Steelers for the third time since losing to them in Super Bowl XL. The game ended up being an offensive shootout, and a late touchdown by Doug Baldwin sealed a 39-30 victory, getting them over .500 for the first time in 2015. It was their first win against the Steelers since SB XL (and indeed their first time not being shut out since then). However, the team suffered another devastating injury as Jimmy Graham suffered a broken patella early in the game, and","title":"History of the Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"7141065","text":"playoffs, and 1–2 in the Super Bowl. Including Denver's loss, none of the eight highest-scoring teams in league history won a Super Bowl in the same season, and all four teams who entered the championship with the league's leading passer lost the game. Manning's 34 completions and Demaryius Thomas' 13 receptions were both Super Bowl records. With touchdowns scored on offense, defense, and special teams, the Seahawks became the first team since the Ravens in Super Bowl XXXV to do so. Teams with an interception return for a touchdown also stayed perfect, improving to 12–0 in Super Bowls. As a","title":"Super Bowl XLVIII"},{"id":"17546845","text":"in CenturyLink Field with a trip to Super Bowl XLVIII on the line, with the Seahawks winning by a score of 23–17. The game ended when Seahawks' cornerback Richard Sherman, whom Jim Harbaugh previously coached at Stanford, tipped an end zone pass that led to a game-ending interception. Seattle went on to defeat the Denver Broncos 43–8 in Super Bowl XLVIII to win their first Super Bowl championship. San Francisco had represented the NFC in a losing effort in Super Bowl XLVII the previous season. Since drafting Russell Wilson, the Seahawks have dominated the rivalry, holding a 12-3 record against","title":"49ers–Seahawks rivalry"},{"id":"13666551","text":"a first round bye. On January 11, 2014, Chancellor started his first career playoff game and recorded 14 combined tackles (four solo) and two pass deflections during the Seahawks' 23–15 victory against the New Orleans Saints in the NFC Divisional round. The Seahawks defeated the San Francisco 49ers 23–17 in the NFC Championship and went on to Super Bowl XLVIII. On February 2, 2014, Chancellor made ten combined tackles (six solo), deflected two passes, and intercepted a pass by quarterback Peyton Manning as the Seahawks won Super Bowl XLVIII 43–8 against the Denver Broncos. Chancellor began the season being selected","title":"Kam Chancellor"},{"id":"11213434","text":"They defeated the NFC Champion Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XL to secure their league-tying fifth Super Bowl title. In doing so, they also became the first team since the 1970 AFL-NFL merger to win a Super Bowl without playing a single home playoff game until the 2007 Giants. They are also the first 6th seeded team to beat the top 3 seeds on the road. Notable additions include Heath Miller and Nate Washington. \"at Paul Brown Stadium, Cincinnati, Ohio\" \"at RCA Dome, Indianapolis, Indiana\" \"at INVESCO Field at Mile High, Denver, Colorado\" \"at Ford Field, Detroit, Michigan\" The Pittsburgh","title":"2005 Pittsburgh Steelers season"},{"id":"6770154","text":"Pro Bowl roster as a replacement for an injured Carlos Rogers. On December 18, 2013, the NFL erroneously reported Browner was facing an indefinite suspension for again violating the NFL's performance-enhancing drug rules. The suspension kept him from playing in Super Bowl XLVIII against the Denver Broncos. Without Browner, the Seahawks won the Super Bowl 43-8 to give the franchise their first championship. The suspension was later changed to reflect a substance abuse issue related to missing drug tests during the time Browner was unsigned by an NFL team and played football in the CFL, prior to the Seahawks contract.","title":"Brandon Browner"},{"id":"12927371","text":"touchdowns, and no interceptions for a 123.1 passer rating in a 43–8 rout of the Denver Broncos. With the victory, Wilson became just the second black starting quarterback to win a Super Bowl, joining Super Bowl XXII winner Doug Williams. At 5'11\" tall, he also became the shortest quarterback to win a Super Bowl, shorter than Len Dawson, Joe Theismann, and Drew Brees (all 6'0\"). Wilson earned a bonus of $169,141.73 for the 2013 season through the NFL's Performance-Based Pay program. On September 21, 2014, Wilson led the Seahawks on an 80-yard touchdown drive in overtime to defeat the Denver","title":"Russell Wilson"},{"id":"6477339","text":"of the playoffs each time. The series was George Karl's only Finals appearance in his coaching career to date. In 2008, the Sonics franchise moved to Oklahoma City and became the Thunder. They would make the finals four years later after the move. This was also the last time a Seattle-based team played for a major professional sports championship until Super Bowl XL in 2006, when the Seattle Seahawks lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Seahawks would go on to handily defeat Denver in Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014 and lose to the New England Patriots the following year in","title":"1996 NBA Finals"},{"id":"2978683","text":"Tom Coughlin was 65 when his Giants won Super Bowl XLVI and Dick Vermeil was 63 when the St. Louis Rams won Super Bowl XXXIV. The following season, the Seahawks started off their quest to repeat as champions with a 36–16 defeat of the Green Bay Packers on \"Thursday Night Football\" in the first game of the NFL season. A Super Bowl XLVIII rematch came in Week 3, with Seattle again defeating Peyton Manning and the Broncos, 26–20 in overtime. However, losses to San Diego, Dallas, St. Louis, and Kansas City caused the defending champions to start the season with","title":"Pete Carroll"},{"id":"9869625","text":"began play in 1976 in the NFC West division but switched conferences with the Buccaneers after one season and joined the AFC West. This realignment was dictated by the league as part of the 1976 expansion plan, so that both expansion teams could play each other twice and every other NFL franchise. Between 1977 and 2002, their division rivals were Denver, San Diego, Kansas City and Oakland. Seattle has won ten division titles in their franchise history: the 1988 and 1999 AFC West titles, and the 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2013, 2014, and 2016 NFC West titles. They have","title":"History of the Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"385642","text":"Seattle Seahawks The Seattle Seahawks are a professional American football franchise based in Seattle, Washington. The Seahawks compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) West division. They joined the NFL in 1976 as an expansion team. The Seahawks are coached by Pete Carroll. Since 2002, they have played their home games at CenturyLink Field (formerly Qwest Field), located south of downtown Seattle. They previously played home games in the Kingdome (1976–1999) and Husky Stadium (1994, 2000–2001). Seahawks fans have been referred to collectively as the \"12th Man\", \"12th Fan\",","title":"Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"17736229","text":"rivals, the Arizona Cardinals, who battled with them the whole season. They repeated as NFC West champions and finished in a three-way tie with the Packers and Cowboys for the NFC's best record, but earned the No. 1 seed based on tiebreakers, securing home-field advantage for the second consecutive season. This was the first time that a defending Super Bowl champion retained the No. 1 seed in the next season since the 1990 San Francisco 49ers. They were also the first team overall to repeat as the #1 seed in the NFC since the 2004 Philadelphia Eagles; and the first","title":"2014 Seattle Seahawks season"},{"id":"79966","text":"team led by rookie quarterback Russell Wilson, 16–12. In the 2013 season, the Panthers opened the season at home versus Seattle. They again lost a close game, with the final score 12–7. The Seahawks would go on to win Super Bowl XLVIII. In the 2014 season, once more at Bank of America Stadium, the Seahawks defeated the Panthers in week eight, 13–9. In the divisional round of the playoffs, the Panthers faced Seattle in Seattle, notorious for being a tough opposing field to play in, and lost 31–17. The Seahawks would go on to lose Super Bowl XLIX. In the","title":"Carolina Panthers"},{"id":"17736232","text":"the Packers, the first meeting since the controversial 'Fail Mary' game in 2012. With the win, they became the first defending Super Bowl champion team since 2011 (also Packers) to win their regular season opening game for a 1-0 start. This is the first game in NFL history to end in a score of 36-16. In all five years that Pete Carroll was head coach of the Seahawks, so far, he has had at least one game end in a score never before achieved. This would be their largest margin of defeat since their 13-23 loss to the Cowboys in","title":"2014 Seattle Seahawks season"},{"id":"6995679","text":"go to the Super Bowl and win. Their playoff campaign included defeating the first (Indianapolis), second (Denver), and third (Cincinnati) seeded AFC teams en route to the Super Bowl victory against the first seeded Seahawks from the NFC. Also, they are the first NFL team to win 9 road games. Roethlisberger became the youngest QB to win a Super Bowl. They successfully tied with the San Francisco 49ers and the Dallas Cowboys for the most Super Bowl titles with five. The 2006 Pittsburgh Steelers season began with the team trying to improve on their 11–5 record from 2005 and trying","title":"History of the Pittsburgh Steelers"},{"id":"3200114","text":"Cardinals became the second team to have their full team name painted in their end zone, as their geographic location name (Arizona) was painted above the team nickname (Cardinals). For all other Super Bowl teams, end zones have featured only the team nickname. The Seahawks entered Super Bowl XL after finishing the regular season with an NFC-best 13–3 record. After a rocky 2–2 start, they won 11 consecutive games before losing to the Green Bay Packers to finish the season. The 13–3 record and 11-game winning streak set new team records. This was Seattle's first Super Bowl appearance in the","title":"Super Bowl XL"},{"id":"3200130","text":"(the Seahawks were in that conference from 1977-2001). The Steelers became the second team after the 1985 New England Patriots to win three road playoff games to reach the Super Bowl. Pittsburgh defeated the third-seeded Bengals, 31–17; the top-seeded Colts, 21–18 in the \"Immaculate Redemption/Tackle II\" game; and the second-seeded Denver Broncos, 34–17, in the AFC Championship Game. The Steelers also became the eighth wild-card team to go to the Super Bowl and the fourth in nine seasons. The Steelers' catchphrase for the playoffs was \"One for the Thumb\", a phrase originally made popular by Joe Greene as an allusion","title":"Super Bowl XL"},{"id":"16012828","text":"a safety in the 34–28 loss. In Week 10 against the Atlanta Falcons, he scored a 43-yard touchdown after a trick play when Marshawn Lynch threw the ball back to Russell Wilson in the 33–10 victory. In 2013, Kearse played 15 games with 346 receiving yards and 4 touchdowns. In the 2013 NFC Championship Game on January 19, 2014, against division rival San Francisco 49ers, Kearse caught a 35-yard touchdown pass from Wilson. The Seahawks eventually won the game 23–17 and advanced to Super Bowl XLVIII. During the Super Bowl against the Denver Broncos, Kearse had four catches for 65","title":"Jermaine Kearse"},{"id":"395056","text":"Super Bowl XXXVI, there were ten different NFC Champions in ten years. Once again, the Giants ended the trend and started another one. Beginning with the 2008 Super Bowl XLIII participant Arizona Cardinals, there were 6 different NFC Champions in 6 years. This streak was finally ended by the Seattle Seahawks, who advanced to the Super Bowl in both 2013 and 2014. The Baltimore Ravens would later win Super Bowl XLVII in 2013 against the San Francisco 49ers (which was also aired on CBS). Ray Lewis was a member of both Ravens' Super Bowl wins. In between the Ravens' victories,","title":"Super Bowl XXXV"},{"id":"19128135","text":"TD-INT ratio, posted a 150.8 passer rating in this game, the highest allowed by the Seattle defense since Pete Carroll became head coach in 2010. With their 24–3 victory over the Rams, the Seahawks moved to 9–4–1 and clinched the NFC West title. This would be the final game in Seattle for longtime Seahawks Jermaine Kearse and Steven Hauschka 2016 Seattle Seahawks season The 2016 Seattle Seahawks season was the franchise's 41st season in the National Football League and the seventh under head coach Pete Carroll. On October 23, the team played the Arizona Cardinals in a game that ended","title":"2016 Seattle Seahawks season"},{"id":"12304569","text":"and not allowed any touchdowns in the previous 10 quarters. Their defense ranked first in the NFL in fewest points allowed (254) and their offense was tied at first in rushing yards (2,762). The Seahawks defeated the Carolina Panthers 31–17 in the NFC Divisional playoffs, and then defeated the Green Bay Packers 28–22 in overtime in the NFC Championship Game. Seattle became the first NFC team to advance to consecutive Super Bowls since the 1996–97 Packers in Super Bowls XXXI and XXXII. Quarterback Russell Wilson was back in control of the Seattle offense, completing 63.1 percent of his passes for","title":"Super Bowl XLIX"},{"id":"9869709","text":"and seal Seattle's fate. The Seahawks became the tenth consecutive team to be dethroned of their Super Bowl title, creating a record for the most years without a repeat Super Bowl champion. The 2015 season marked the 40th season of play for the Seahawks. Prior to the 2015 draft, the Seahawks made a blockbuster trade with the New Orleans Saints, trading Seattle's first-round pick for All-Pro Saints tight end Jimmy Graham. For this reason, the Seahawks did not have a first-round pick, but did make a total of eight picks in the draft, including defensive end Frank Clark in the","title":"History of the Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"6995703","text":"Dallas defeated the Steelers in Super Bowl XXX to become the second team behind San Francisco to win five Super Bowl Championships. Ten years later, Pittsburgh would join Dallas and San Francisco to become the third team to reach that milestone when they defeated the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XL. Three years later, the Steelers would become the first team to win a sixth Super Bowl, achieving that milestone in the 2008–09 season. They played against the Arizona Cardinals in Super Bowl XLIII, with a 27–23 comeback victory. The Broncos have competed in seven playoff games against the Steelers,","title":"History of the Pittsburgh Steelers"},{"id":"9862425","text":"Seahawks. The Seahawks seemed to have the game won in the fourth quarter, however Manning led the Broncos on a late-game comeback to tie the game 20-20. Ultimately, however, the Seahawks were the victors with a 26-20 win. Later on in the season, Manning threw for his 509th touchdown against the San Francisco 49ers, the most by any NFL quarterback in NFL history. In 2015, the Broncos, sporting the NFL's top-ranked defense, completed a 12-4 regular season en route to the franchise's NFL-record-tying eighth Super Bowl at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California. The season began with a seven-game winning","title":"History of the Denver Broncos"},{"id":"19128130","text":"2016 Seattle Seahawks season The 2016 Seattle Seahawks season was the franchise's 41st season in the National Football League and the seventh under head coach Pete Carroll. On October 23, the team played the Arizona Cardinals in a game that ended in a 6–6 tie, the Seahawks' first tie in franchise history. With their win against the Los Angeles Rams in Week 15, the Seahawks claimed their third NFC West title in the last four years. The Seahawks defeated the Detroit Lions in the Wild Card Round, but lost to the eventual NFC champion Atlanta Falcons in the Divisional Round.","title":"2016 Seattle Seahawks season"},{"id":"14822537","text":"back Knowshon Moreno who was touched down for a safety with just 12 seconds of game time elapsed. This was the quickest score ever in a Super Bowl. The Seahawks did not relinquish the lead in a 43–8 victory. This was the Seahawks first ever league championship since entering the NFL in . Seahawks linebacker Malcolm Smith, who scored on a 69-yard interception return plus had a fumble recovery and tallied 10 tackles, was named the game's Most Valuable Player (MVP). This was the fifth Super Bowl loss for the Broncos, the most for any franchise. Even in defeat, though,","title":"2013 NFL season"},{"id":"17762155","text":"whistled dead by a penalty. Richard Sherman recorded an interception as well, and Earl Thomas forced a fumble. Seattle won, 31–17. In a rematch against Green Bay, the Pack scored 22 points and gained 308 yards. Sherman and Maxwell each recorded an interception. The Seahawks offense and special teams turned the ball over five times in the game, but the defense forced overtime, and the 28–22 victory sent the Seahawks to a second straight Super Bowl, where their season ended in a loss to the New England Patriots, 28-24. The 2014 Seahawks defense did not allow a single 300-yard passer","title":"Legion of Boom (Seattle Seahawks)"},{"id":"12304615","text":"repeat winner (with the last one being the Patriots in Super Bowl XXXIX). In a poll conducted by NFL.com a couple of months after the game, Super Bowl XLIX was voted by its readers as the \"greatest Super Bowl game\" of all time. The article does report that the voting was structured to try to account for \"recency bias\" in relation to the game at the time when the poll was conducted, but voters still \"pushed it through the competition\". Most lists of greatest Super Bowls continue to list it in the top few games. After the game, Seattle faced","title":"Super Bowl XLIX"},{"id":"17762122","text":"the 2013 NFL season cornerback Richard Sherman was voted as the cover athlete for \"Madden NFL 15\" and the rest of the LOB was featured on the start menu of the game. The Legion of Boom’s crowning achievement was their team's 43–8 win in Super Bowl XLVIII, a complete blowout victory against the Denver Broncos, a team that was considered the best offense of all time. For the 2013 season, Broncos quarterback Peyton Manning set new NFL records for passing touchdowns and passing yardage, as well as the Broncos offense setting new NFL records for touchdowns and points scored in","title":"Legion of Boom (Seattle Seahawks)"},{"id":"7141023","text":"states of the Seahawks and Broncos (Washington and Colorado, respectively) were the first two states to legalize marijuana for recreational use, during the fall 2012 elections. Seattle finished the season 13–3, winning the NFC West division and home-field advantage throughout the playoffs. The team scored 417 points during the season, while giving up 231. The offense was led by second-year quarterback Russell Wilson, a third-round draft pick who won the starting role after a three-way quarterback competition in training camp and went on to win a playoff game in his rookie season with the Seahawks. In his second season, he","title":"Super Bowl XLVIII"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"14822559\",\n \"text\": \"including the following: 2013 NFL season The 2013 NFL season was the 94th season in the history of the National Football League (NFL). The season saw the Seattle Seahawks capture the first championship in the franchise's 38 years in the league with a lopsided 43-8 victory over the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XLVIII, the league's championship game. The Super Bowl was played at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey on Sunday, February 2, 2014. It was the first Super Bowl hosted by New Jersey and the first to be held outdoors in a cold weather environment. The Seahawks\",\n \"title\": \"2013 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14822496\",\n \"text\": \"2013 NFL season The 2013 NFL season was the 94th season in the history of the National Football League (NFL). The season saw the Seattle Seahawks capture the first championship in the franchise's 38 years in the league with a lopsided 43-8 victory over the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XLVIII, the league's championship game. The Super Bowl was played at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey on Sunday, February 2, 2014. It was the first Super Bowl hosted by New Jersey and the first to be held outdoors in a cold weather environment. The Seahawks scored 12 seconds\",\n \"title\": \"2013 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2978682\",\n \"text\": \"Divisional Round of the playoffs by a score of 23-15. In the NFC Championship Game, cornerback Richard Sherman tipped a Colin Kaepernick pass into the waiting arms of Malcolm Smith to secure a 23-17 win over the 49ers. On February 2, 2014, Carroll led the Seattle Seahawks to their first Super Bowl win in franchise history after defeating the Denver Broncos, 43–8, in Super Bowl XLVIII. Carroll joined Barry Switzer and Jimmy Johnson as the only coaches to win both an NCAA championship and a Super Bowl. At age 62, Carroll was the third-oldest coach to win a Super Bowl.\",\n \"title\": \"Pete Carroll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16977723\",\n \"text\": \"2013 Seattle Seahawks season The 2013 Seattle Seahawks season was the franchise's 38th season in the National Football League, and the fourth under head coach Pete Carroll. With the Seahawks 10th win only eleven weeks into the season, the team secured double digit victories in consecutive seasons for the first time in franchise history. Their 13–3 regular season record is tied with the 2005 season for the best in franchise history. Seattle's defense in 2013 is regarded by many to be among the best ever in NFL history. Seattle entered the 2013 season at 17/2 odds to win Super Bowl\",\n \"title\": \"2013 Seattle Seahawks season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"385659\",\n \"text\": \"play in the Pro Bowl, as the Seahawks defeated the New Orleans Saints 23–15 and the San Francisco 49ers 23–17, in the playoffs to advance to Super Bowl XLVIII against the Denver Broncos. On February 2, 2014, the Seahawks won the franchise's first Super Bowl Championship, defeating Denver 43–8. The Seahawks' defense performance in 2013 was acclaimed as one of the best in the Super Bowl era. The following season, Seattle advanced to Super Bowl XLIX, their second consecutive Super Bowl, but they were dethroned of their title by the New England Patriots by a score of 28–24. They got\",\n \"title\": \"Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16977755\",\n \"text\": \"Buffalo Bills to not have any players on the roster have experience in a Super Bowl. It was Seattle's first major championship in 35 years since the 1979 Seattle SuperSonics. Linebacker Malcolm Smith would end up earning the Super Bowl MVP award for his 69-yard interception, 1 fumble recovery, and 6 tackles. 2013 Seattle Seahawks season The 2013 Seattle Seahawks season was the franchise's 38th season in the National Football League, and the fourth under head coach Pete Carroll. With the Seahawks 10th win only eleven weeks into the season, the team secured double digit victories in consecutive seasons for\",\n \"title\": \"2013 Seattle Seahawks season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12304556\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XLIX Super Bowl XLIX was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2014 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Seattle Seahawks, 28–24, to earn their fourth Super Bowl title and their first in ten years. The game was played on February 1, 2015 at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. It was the second time the stadium has hosted a Super Bowl, and the third one held in the Phoenix metropolitan area. With the loss, the\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLIX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10286810\",\n \"text\": \"three times: 2005, 2013 and 2014. The team played in the Kingdome until it was imploded in 2000 and moved into Qwest Field (now CenturyLink Field) at the same site in 2003. The Seahawks lost Super Bowl XL in 2005 to the Pittsburgh Steelers in Detroit, but won Super Bowl XLVIII in 2013 by defeating the Denver Broncos 43–8 at MetLife Stadium. The team advanced to the Super Bowl the following year, but lost to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX on a last-minute play. Seahawks fans have set stadium noise records on several occasions and are collectively\",\n \"title\": \"Seattle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394658\",\n \"text\": \"and dominate Dallas' young defense. Finally, Jimmy Johnson was looking to become the first head coach to win a college football national championship (University of Miami in 1987) and a Super Bowl. As of today, Johnson, Cowboys' successor Barry Switzer, and current Seattle Seahawks head coach Pete Carroll remain the only coaches ever to achieve this goal. This became last of five Super Bowl games played at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena. Two other Super Bowl games were played nearby at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. As previously mentioned, this would be the seventh and final (to date) Super Bowl\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXVII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"385680\",\n \"text\": \"reached the playoffs in 16 separate seasons, including in the 2005 season when they lost Super Bowl XL to the Pittsburgh Steelers, the 2013 season when they defeated the Denver Broncos to win Super Bowl XLVIII, and the 2014 season when they lost Super Bowl XLIX to the New England Patriots. In the 2010 season, the Seahawks became the first team in NFL history to earn a spot in the playoffs with a losing record (7–9, .438) in a full season; this was by virtue of winning the division. The Seahawks would go on to defeat the reigning Super Bowl\",\n \"title\": \"Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9869705\",\n \"text\": \"Buffalo Bills, and the first NFC team to go to consecutive Super Bowls as the #1 seed in the playoffs since the 1982–1983 Washington Redskins. On Sunday, February 1, 2015, in Super Bowl XLIX, the Seahawks faced off against Tom Brady and the New England Patriots, seeking to become the first team to win two consecutive Super Bowls since the Patriots themselves won Super Bowl XXXVIII and Super Bowl XXXIX following the 2003 and 2004 seasons, respectively. After a scoreless first quarter, both teams scored two touchdowns in the second quarter, and the game was tied 14-14 at halftime. In\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12304621\",\n \"text\": \"gain Receptions Times targeted Super Bowl XLIX had nine officials. The numbers in parentheses below indicates their uniform numbers. Super Bowl XLIX Super Bowl XLIX was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2014 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Seattle Seahawks, 28–24, to earn their fourth Super Bowl title and their first in ten years. The game was played on February 1, 2015 at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. It was the second time the stadium\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLIX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3200108\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XL Super Bowl XL was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Seattle Seahawks and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Pittsburgh Steelers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2005 season. The Steelers defeated the Seahawks by the score of 21–10. The game was played on February 5, 2006 at Ford Field in Detroit, Michigan. With the win, the Steelers tied the San Francisco 49ers and the Dallas Cowboys with the then-record five Super Bowls. The Steelers' victory was their first Super Bowl victory since Super Bowl XIV. Pittsburgh, who\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XL\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394316\",\n \"text\": \"by the Green Bay Packers in 1998 (won Super Bowl XXXI, lost Super Bowl XXXII), the Seattle Seahawks in 2015 (won Super Bowl XLVIII, lost Super Bowl XLIX), and the New England Patriots in 2018 (won Super Bowl LI, lost Super Bowl LII). Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XVIII, Super Bowl XVIII Play Finder LA, Super Bowl XVIII Play Finder Was Completions/attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted The following records were set in Super Bowl XVIII, according to the official NFL.com boxscore, the 2016 NFL Record & Fact Book and the ProFootball reference.com game summary.
Some records have to meet\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XVIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9869695\",\n \"text\": \"Seahawks won Super Bowl XLVIII by a final score of 43-8. The win marked the Seahawks' first Super Bowl Championship in franchise history. Russell Wilson finished with 206 passing yards and two touchdowns having won the Super Bowl in just his second year in the NFL, while the Seahawks defense logged four takeaways. Malcolm Smith was named Super Bowl MVP thanks in large part to his interception return and a fumble recovery in the second half. Upon returning to Seattle, the Seahawks, in true fashion, put together a parade to thank their fans (The 12th Man) and their city of\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7953501\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XLIX at the University of Phoenix Stadium, the Seahawks missed the opportunity to claim their second Super Bowl win in the final seconds of the fourth quarter, falling to the New England Patriots by a score of 28-24. In 2017 the Seattle Seawolves became one of the founding teams of the newly-formed Major League Rugby Association. On July 7, 2018, at the home field of the San Diego Legion located at the University of San Diego, the Seawolves defeated the Glendale Raptors by a score of 23 to 19 to claim the first-ever MLR championship shield. The Seattle\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in Seattle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17736238\",\n \"text\": \"to Doug Baldwin, and the second a touchdown pass from Wilson to Jermaine Kearse to win the game 28-22. With the win, the Seahawks became the first defending champion to return to the Super Bowl since the 2004 Patriots. Additionally, they ended the Packers' season the same way it began, as they lost to the Seahawks at CenturyLink Field in the Kickoff Game. 2014 Seattle Seahawks season The 2014 Seattle Seahawks season was the franchise's 39th season in the National Football League and the fifth under head coach Pete Carroll. The Seahawks started the season as the defending Super Bowl\",\n \"title\": \"2014 Seattle Seahawks season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12880210\",\n \"text\": \"2013, but the Seahawks finished the season 13-3. In the playoffs, the Seahawks beat both the New Orleans Saints and San Francisco 49ers to reach Super Bowl XLVIII. The Seahawks won the Super Bowl 43-8 after they beat the Denver Broncos to give Okung his first Super Bowl ring. Okung started 14 games in the 2014 season and help the Seahawks finish with a 12-4 record. The Seahawks beat both the Carolina Panthers and Green Bay Packers to reach Super Bowl XLIX. The Seahawks failed to repeat as Super Bowl champions after they lost 28–24 to the New England Patriots.\",\n \"title\": \"Russell Okung\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12304557\",\n \"text\": \"Seahawks became the fourth defending Super Bowl champions to lose in the following year's title game, after the 1978 Dallas Cowboys, 1983 Washington Redskins and the 1997 Green Bay Packers. After finishing the previous season by defeating the Denver Broncos, 43–8, in Super Bowl XLVIII, Seattle completed the 2014 regular season with a 12–4 record. The Patriots, who also posted a 12–4 record, joined the Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers as one of the three teams to have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl. For the second straight season, but only the third time in the prior 21 seasons,\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLIX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7141011\",\n \"text\": \"the Seahawks and the fifth Super Bowl loss for the Broncos, tied with the New England Patriots for the most of any team. The game was played on February 2, 2014 at MetLife Stadium at the Meadowlands Sports Complex in East Rutherford, New Jersey, the first Super Bowl played outdoors in a cold-weather city and the first Super Bowl to be played on February 2. This marked the third time the number one seed from each conference met in the league championship, joining Super Bowl XXVIII (1994) and Super Bowl XLIV (2010). The Seahawks posted a 13–3 record and were\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLVIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9869659\",\n \"text\": \"the first time in the team's history. They were the NFC representative in Super Bowl XL, a game they lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Seahawks compiled a 13-3 record in the regular season, easily winning the NFC West and clinching home field advantage in the NFC playoffs. There, they beat the Washington Redskins and Carolina Panthers to win the George Halas Trophy and advance to the Super Bowl, the first in franchise history. Seattle fell short in its bid for its first NFL title, losing to the Pittsburgh Steelers at Super Bowl XL in Detroit, Michigan on February 5,\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17736231\",\n \"text\": \"conference champions, the first NFC team since the 1997 Green Bay Packers to repeat as NFC Champions, the first team to go to consecutive Super Bowls as the #1 seed in the playoffs since the 1990–1991 Buffalo Bills, and the first NFC team to go to consecutive Super Bowls as the #1 seed in the playoffs since the 1982–1983 Washington Redskins. In Super Bowl XLIX, the Seahawks were defeated by the Patriots 28–24, thereby being dethroned and failing to become the first repeat champion since the 2004 New England Patriots. Notes The Seahawks started their 2014 season at home against\",\n \"title\": \"2014 Seattle Seahawks season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3200129\",\n \"text\": \"Seahawks became the first team to advance to the Super Bowl without playing a division champion in the playoffs (later matched by the Colts in 2009, Steelers in 2010, and the Seahawks again in 2013, with the 2013 Seahawks being the only one of the four to win the Super Bowl). Off a first-round bye, Seattle defeated the sixth-seeded Washington Redskins, 20–10, before eliminating the fifth-seeded Carolina Panthers, 34–14, in the NFC Championship Game. These were Seattle's first playoff victories since the 1984 season when they defeated the Los Angeles Raiders 13–7, when the team was still in the AFC\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XL\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17074635\",\n \"text\": \"new officials were hired, including Shawn Hochuli, son of referee Ed Hochuli. 2014 NFL season The 2014 NFL season was the 95th season in the history of the National Football League (NFL). The season began on Thursday, September 4, 2014, with the annual kickoff game featuring the defending Super Bowl XLVIII champion Seattle Seahawks hosting the Green Bay Packers, which resulted with the Seahawks winning, 36–16. The season concluded with Super Bowl XLIX, the league's championship game, on Sunday, February 1, 2015, at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona, with the New England Patriots defeating the Seattle Seahawks, 28–24.\",\n \"title\": \"2014 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16977725\",\n \"text\": \"the playoffs with their 13–3 record. The Seahawks defeated the New Orleans Saints 23–15 in the Divisional round and the San Francisco 49ers 23–17 in the NFC Championship. In Super Bowl XLVIII, they defeated the Denver Broncos 43–8 for their first Super Bowl victory in franchise history. Notes The Seattle Seahawks kicked off their 2013 campaign with a hard-fought, ugly win over the Carolina Panthers, 12–7. This game marked Russell Wilson's first 300-yard passing game, and Cam Newton's worst career performance, posting 125 yards through the air, a career low. The first quarter ended equal for both teams, as both\",\n \"title\": \"2013 Seattle Seahawks season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14903042\",\n \"text\": \"the Seahawks secured the top playoff seed in the NFC with a conference-best 13-3 record. After a bye week, Seattle defeated the New Orleans Saints in the playoffs. The Seahawks then beat the San Francisco 49ers in the NFC Championship Game to advance to Super Bowl XLVIII. On February 2, 2014, Maragos and the Seahawks defeated the Denver Broncos 43–8 in the third-most lopsided Super Bowl in history. It was the most-watched program in the history of American television. On March 12, 2014, Maragos signed a three-year, $4 million contract with the Philadelphia Eagles. On December 6, 2015, his blocked\",\n \"title\": \"Chris Maragos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12304614\",\n \"text\": \"became only the fourth team to win a Super Bowl despite losing the turnover battle (after the Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl V and the Pittsburgh Steelers in both Super Bowls XIV and XL). In winning, Brady became the third quarterback in NFL history with four Super Bowl victories. Brady was also named MVP for a third time, tying the record set by Joe Montana. The Seahawks became the first defending champion since the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXII to lose in the Super Bowl the next year. This also marked the 10th consecutive Super Bowl without a\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLIX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7953500\",\n \"text\": \"the NFC West. They won the NFC championship in 2006, earning them their first trip to Super Bowl XL, where they lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers 21-10. In 2014, the Seahawks defeated the San Francisco 49ers at CenturyLink Field, to clinch their second NFC title and a berth in Super Bowl XLVIII, where they routed the Denver Broncos 43–8 to win their first Lombardi trophy. The following season, the Seahawks overcame a deficit in the NFC championship game with the Green Bay Packers in the final minutes of the fourth quarter to claim their first back-to-back George Halas trophies. In\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in Seattle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17074547\",\n \"text\": \"2014 NFL season The 2014 NFL season was the 95th season in the history of the National Football League (NFL). The season began on Thursday, September 4, 2014, with the annual kickoff game featuring the defending Super Bowl XLVIII champion Seattle Seahawks hosting the Green Bay Packers, which resulted with the Seahawks winning, 36–16. The season concluded with Super Bowl XLIX, the league's championship game, on Sunday, February 1, 2015, at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona, with the New England Patriots defeating the Seattle Seahawks, 28–24. The 2014 league year began at 4 pm EST on March 11,\",\n \"title\": \"2014 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9869691\",\n \"text\": \"final minute. With 36 seconds left to play, however, Kaepernick's throw to receiver Michael Crabtree in the end zone was deflected by Sherman into the hands of Malcolm Smith, securing the victory for the Seahawks in a play that has since gone down in Seahawks lore as \\\"The Tip\\\". The Seahawks won by a final score of 23-17, sending the Seahawks to Super Bowl XLVIII as the NFC representative, their second trip to the Super Bowl in franchise history. On February 2, 2014, the Seahawks played in Super Bowl XLVIII against the Denver Broncos, pitting the league's #1 defense (Seattle)\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9869626\",\n \"text\": \"won the NFC Championship Game thrice in 2005, 2013 and 2014, and lost the AFC Championship Game once in 1983; as a result, they are the only team appear in the both the AFC and NFC Conference Championship games. The Seahawks have one Super Bowl victory in 2013 and two losses (2005 and 2014). Prior to 2005 Seattle had the longest drought of playoff victories of any NFL team, dating back to the 1984 season. That drought was ended with a 20-10 win over the Washington Redskins in the 2005 playoffs. The all-time Seahawks playoff record is 12-12. The Seahawks\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394929\",\n \"text\": \"XIII) and the Washington Redskins (won Super Bowl XVII, lost Super Bowl XVIII), and would be later joined by the Seattle Seahawks in 2015 (won Super Bowl XLVIII, lost Super Bowl XLIX) and the New England Patriots in 2018 (won Super Bowl LI, lost Super Bowl LII). Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XXXII, Super Bowl XXXII Play Finder Den, Super Bowl XXXII Play Finder GB Completions/attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted One new record was set and several were tied in Super Bowl XXXII, according to the official NFL.com boxscore, the 2016 NFL Record & Fact Book and the ProFootball\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXXII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16977751\",\n \"text\": \"to San Francisco where they took a loss to the 49ers. Russell Wilson was intercepted to end the game and continued the Seahawks' losing streak in Candlestick Park in which they haven't won since 2008. It was their last appearance at Candlestick, as the Niners move to Levi's Stadium for the 2014 season. With the loss, the Seahawks' record dropped into 11-2. In what many pundits dubbed a \\\"Super Bowl dress rehearsal\\\", the Seahawks faced the New York Giants at MetLife Stadium, where the Super Bowl would be held at the end of the season. The Legion of Boom intercepted\",\n \"title\": \"2013 Seattle Seahawks season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16336724\",\n \"text\": \"Moda Center, while serving as an Alternate Governor for the Trail Blazers and representing the franchise at NBA owners meetings. In 2016, McLoughlin’s seventh season with Seattle, the Seahawks reached the playoffs for the fifth-consecutive year while finishing the season with 122-consecutive sellouts. The Seahawks won their first NFL title in Super Bowl XLVIII, defeating the Denver Broncos, 43–8. In 2014, Seattle reached the Super Bowl for the second-consecutive season as the Seahawks faced the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX. In September 2018, left the position on amicable terms, being succeeded by Chuck Arnold. McLoughlin graduated from Deerfield\",\n \"title\": \"Peter McLoughlin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8344577\",\n \"text\": \"2005 Seattle Seahawks season The 2005 Seattle Seahawks season saw them win a conference championship for the first time in the team's history. They were the NFC representative in Super Bowl XL, a game they lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Seahawks compiled a 13–3 record in the regular season, easily winning the NFC West and earning the NFC top seed, thus clinching home field advantage in the NFC playoffs for the first time in franchise history. There, they beat the Washington Redskins and Carolina Panthers to win the George Halas Trophy, and advance to their first ever Super Bowl.\",\n \"title\": \"2005 Seattle Seahawks season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7141010\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XLVIII Super Bowl XLVIII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos and National Football Conference (NFC) champion Seattle Seahawks to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2013 season. The Seahawks defeated the Broncos 43–8, the largest margin of victory for an underdog and tied for the third largest point differential overall (35) in Super Bowl history with Super Bowl XXVII (1993). It was the first time the winning team scored over 40 points, while holding their opponent to under 10. This became the first Super Bowl victory for\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLVIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7993879\",\n \"text\": \"or sports venue, that deserves recognition for an outstanding performance over a 12-month period. On May 25, 2010, it was announced that Super Bowl XLVIII was awarded to the stadium, the first time a Super Bowl would be played in the New York metropolitan area, and the first time that a non-domed stadium in a cold-weather city would host it. The Seattle Seahawks defeated the Denver Broncos 43–8 for their first Super Bowl victory, when MetLife Stadium hosted Super Bowl XLVIII on February 2, 2014. Normally, Super Bowls must be held in indoor climate-controlled stadiums if they are held in\",\n \"title\": \"MetLife Stadium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17736228\",\n \"text\": \"2014 Seattle Seahawks season The 2014 Seattle Seahawks season was the franchise's 39th season in the National Football League and the fifth under head coach Pete Carroll. The Seahawks started the season as the defending Super Bowl champions for the first time in franchise history. The season began with a 36–16 victory over the Green Bay Packers in their first meeting since the controversial Fail Mary Game. After struggling to a 3–3 record, which included a rare home loss to the Dallas Cowboys, they went on a 9–1 run to finish the season, which included a sweep of their division\",\n \"title\": \"2014 Seattle Seahawks season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"385664\",\n \"text\": \"Gore. The Seahawks had not won in San Francisco since 2008 until defeating the 49ers in convincing 19–3 fashion on Thanksgiving Day in 2014. In the 2013 NFC Championship Game, the Seahawks defeated the 49ers 23 to 17, thanks to Malcolm Smith's interception, which was tipped by Richard Sherman. This clinched the Seahawks' berth into Super Bowl XLVIII. The Seahawks have developed a rivalry with the Carolina Panthers. The two teams have played each other in the NFL playoffs three times: during the 2005 NFC Championship Game, which Seattle won 34–14; the 2014 NFC Divisional playoffs, which the Seahawks won\",\n \"title\": \"Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"385644\",\n \"text\": \"Columbia, Alberta and Saskatchewan. Steve Largent, Cortez Kennedy, Walter Jones, and Kenny Easley have been voted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame primarily or wholly for their accomplishments as Seahawks. In addition to them, Dave Brown, Jacob Green, Dave Krieg, Curt Warner, and Jim Zorn have been inducted into the Seahawks Ring of Honor along with Pete Gross (radio announcer) and Chuck Knox (head coach). The Seahawks have won 10 division titles and three conference championships. They are the only team to have played in both the AFC and NFC Championship Games. They have appeared in three Super Bowls:\",\n \"title\": \"Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17074568\",\n \"text\": \"balls before the game, giving the game the title 'Deflategate'. This was the most lopsided AFC championship victory since the Buffalo Bills defeated the Los Angeles Raiders 51–3 in the 1990 season. Super Bowl XLIX, the 49th contesting of the Super Bowl, decided the 2014 NFL champion on February 1, 2015, with the New England Patriots defeating the defending Super Bowl XLVIII champions Seattle Seahawks, who were looking to repeat, by a score of 28–24. With a controversial play call by Seattle's head coach, Pete Carroll, they decided to try to pass the ball in for a touchdown at the\",\n \"title\": \"2014 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"385645\",\n \"text\": \"losing 21–10 to the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XL, defeating the Denver Broncos 43–8 for their first championship in Super Bowl XLVIII, and losing 28–24 to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX. As per one of the agreed parts of the 1970 AFL–NFL merger, the NFL began planning to expand from 26 to 28 teams. In June 1972, Seattle Professional Football Inc., a group of Seattle business and community leaders, announced its intention to acquire an NFL franchise for the city of Seattle. In June 1974, the NFL gave the city an expansion franchise. That December, NFL\",\n \"title\": \"Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"385658\",\n \"text\": \"the 2012 Pepsi Max Rookie of the Year award. In the 2013 NFL season, the Seahawks continued their momentum from the previous season, finishing tied with the Denver Broncos for an NFL-best regular season record of 13–3, while earning the NFC's #1 playoff seed. Their 2013 campaign included big wins over the Carolina Panthers, New Orleans Saints, and the San Francisco 49ers. Six Seahawks players were named to the Pro Bowl: Quarterback Russell Wilson, center Max Unger, running back Marshawn Lynch, cornerback Richard Sherman, free safety Earl Thomas, and strong safety Kam Chancellor. However, none of them was able to\",\n \"title\": \"Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"376025\",\n \"text\": \"Jersey's MetLife Stadium in February 2014, was the first Super Bowl held outdoors in a cold weather environment. The Seattle Seahawks won their first NFL title with a 43–8 defeat of the Denver Broncos, in a highly touted matchup that pitted Seattle's top-ranked defense against a Peyton Manning-led Denver offense that had broken the NFL's single-season scoring record. In Super Bowl XLIX, the Patriots beat the defending Super Bowl champions, the Seahawks, 28–24 as Malcolm Butler intercepted a Seattle pass in the end zone with the Seahawks poised to take the lead. In Super Bowl 50, the Broncos, led by\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19128132\",\n \"text\": \"Seahawks have now recorded at least one victory at CenturyLink Field against each of the 31 other franchises. Over one and half year after Super Bowl XLIX, the Seahawks were trying to get their revenge against the Patriots after the heartbreaking interception. They successfully got their revenge by stopping the Patriots from getting into the end zone, and won the game 31-24. The Seahawks were the only team to defeat the Patriots under Tom Brady during this season (their one other loss, against the Buffalo Bills in Week 4, happened during Brady's suspension for the Deflategate scandal). This also marks\",\n \"title\": \"2016 Seattle Seahawks season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3200082\",\n \"text\": \"13-3 record, when they beat the Falcons and Vikings in the reverse order that they did in the 2004-05 playoffs. They exacted revenge on New England in Super Bowl LII, edging them 41–33. This is the last time that a team has won back-to-back Super Bowls, with the Patriots losing their second playoff game a year later and then, for the next eight years, every team either losing their first playoff game or missing them altogether. The streak was broken in 2014 when the Seahawks defeated the Panthers and ultimately advanced to the Super Bowl, only to lose to a\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXXIX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"376023\",\n \"text\": \"Patriots' 2007 record at 18–1. The following season, the Steelers logged their record sixth Super Bowl title (XLIII) in a 27–23, final-minute victory against the Arizona Cardinals. The 2009 season saw the New Orleans Saints defeat the Indianapolis Colts in Super Bowl XLIV by a score of 31–17 to take home their first Championship. With this victory, the Saints joined the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and New York Jets as the only teams to have won in their sole Super Bowl appearance. The 2010s have seen parity between the two conferences, but not within them. Since the start of 2010, five\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9869696\",\n \"text\": \"over 700,000 Seahawks fans. For the first time in franchise history, the Seahawks started a season as the defending Super Bowl champions. As such, they earned the right to host the NFL Kickoff Game, where they defeated the Green Bay Packers 36-16. Then in Week 2, they traveled to San Diego, where the Chargers defeated them by a score of 30-21. This was Seattle's worst defeat since a 23-13 loss to the Dallas Cowboys in Week 9 of the 2011 season. Then in Week 3, they returned home to face the Denver Broncos in a rematch of Super Bowl XLVIII.\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17736230\",\n \"text\": \"NFL team to do so since the 2013 Denver Broncos. The Seahawks opened the playoffs with a win over the Carolina Panthers in the Divisional round, becoming the first defending champion since the 2005 Patriots to win a playoff game the following season. In one of the greatest comebacks in NFL history, the Seahawks advanced to Super Bowl XLIX by defeating the Green Bay Packers 28–22 in overtime after trailing 16–0 at halftime and 19–7 with less than three minutes left in regulation. In doing so, they became the first team since the 2004 New England Patriots to repeat as\",\n \"title\": \"2014 Seattle Seahawks season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"313934\",\n \"text\": \"Times\\\" about Allen's decision to buy the team, \\\"I'm not sure anybody else in this community would have done what [Allen] did.\\\" The Seahawks are valued at $1.33 billion in August 2014 by \\\"Forbes\\\", which says the team has \\\"one of the most rabid fan bases in the NFL\\\". Under the helm of Allen, the Seahawks went to the Super Bowl three times winning Super Bowl XLVIII and three NFC Championships (2005, 2013, 2014). Allen's Vulcan Sports & Entertainment is part of the ownership team of the Seattle Sounders FC, a Major League Soccer (MLS) franchise that began play in\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Allen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5619503\",\n \"text\": \"Divisional Playoff Round by the Denver Broncos, and eventually the NFL title was won by the Pittsburgh Steelers, who defeated the Seattle Seahawks 21–10 in Super Bowl XL at Ford Field in Detroit, Michigan on February 5 for their fifth Super Bowl win. This also marked the first time that a sixth-seeded team, who by the nature of their seeding would play every game on the road, would advance to and win the Super Bowl. The season formally concluded with the Pro Bowl, the league’s all-star game, at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu, Hawaii on February 12. This marked the final\",\n \"title\": \"2005 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17261707\",\n \"text\": \"four passes for 68 yards and a touchdown in a divisional round game against the Carolina Panthers. A week later, he caught a key two-point conversion in the NFC Championship Game against the Green Bay Packers, as the Seahawks rallied to defeat the Packers 28–22 to reached consecutive Super Bowls. In Super Bowl XLIX, Willson had no catches as the Seahawks failed to repeat as champions, defeated by the New England Patriots, who rallied in the fourth quarter behind quarterback On March 17, 2017, Willson re-signed with the Seahawks. After five years in Seattle, Willson signed a one-year, $2.5 million\",\n \"title\": \"Luke Willson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14211043\",\n \"text\": \"roster transactions, including trading for Marshawn Lynch. On February 2, 2014, the Seahawks won Super Bowl XLVIII, their first championship in their existence. Of those on the championship roster, only Max Unger, Red Bryant, Jon Ryan and Brandon Mebane were Seahawks prior to Schneider's arrival in Seattle. Schneider and Seattle followed their Super Bowl win with another NFC Championship, but lost to New England in Super Bowl XLIX. In 2015, the Seahawks clinched a wild card berth, but fell in the NFC Divisional Round to the Panthers. Schneider signed a 5-year contract extension with the Seahawks in July 2016 that\",\n \"title\": \"John Schneider (American football executive)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10286809\",\n \"text\": \"the number for Vancouver, BC, the other major departure point for Alaska cruises. Seattle has three major men's professional sports teams: the National Football League (NFL)'s Seattle Seahawks, Major League Baseball (MLB)'s Seattle Mariners, and Major League Soccer (MLS)'s Seattle Sounders FC. Other professional sports teams include the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA)'s Seattle Storm, who won the WNBA championship on three occasions in 2004 and 2010, and 2018; and the Seattle Reign of the National Women's Soccer League. The Seattle Seahawks entered the National Football League in 1976 as an expansion team and have advanced to the Super Bowl\",\n \"title\": \"Seattle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12804207\",\n \"text\": \"of 43–8. In 2013, he also made his second Pro Bowl team. In 2014, the Seahawks finished the season with a 12–4 record and made it back to the Super Bowl. The Seahawks failed to repeat as Super Bowl champions after they lost 28–24 to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX. On March 10, 2015, Unger, along with the Seahawks' first round selection in the 2015 NFL Draft, were traded to the New Orleans Saints in exchange for tight end Jimmy Graham. On May 8, 2017, it was reported that Unger suffered a foot injury and was expected\",\n \"title\": \"Max Unger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11650053\",\n \"text\": \"the Seahawks' Super Bowl XLVIII win. He set a Super Bowl record by scoring only twelve seconds into the game with a safety stemming from a botched opening snap by the Broncos, and he later forced an interception that led to a touchdown. Following the Seahawks' victory, Avril became the first player in NFL history to win a Super Bowl after having been on a winless team. In the 2014 season, after recording just 2 sacks over the first 10 games, Avril would register 3 in the last 6 games, coinciding with a 6-game winning streak during which the Seahawks\",\n \"title\": \"Cliff Avril\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16261013\",\n \"text\": \"points per game without Wagner and 6.5 points per game in the six games after he returned from an injury. On February 1, 2015, the Seattle Seahawks played in Super Bowl XLIX after defeating the Carolina Panthers and then the Green Bay Packers in the NFC Championship. Wagner recorded 12 combined tackles, deflected a pass, and intercepted a pass attempt by Tom Brady in the Seahawks 28–24 last-second loss to the New England Patriots. He is the current all-time career leader for tackles in Super Bowls with 22. Wagner made the NFL Top 100 Players for the first time in\",\n \"title\": \"Bobby Wagner\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17005333\",\n \"text\": \"2013–14 NFL playoffs The National Football League playoffs for the 2013 season began on January 4, 2014. The postseason tournament concluded with the Seattle Seahawks defeating the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XLVIII, 43–8, on February 2, at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey. In a change from previous seasons, CBS was given both late games during the Divisional Playoffs (as opposed to CBS and Fox each having both an early game on one day and a late game on the other day). In the United States, NBC broadcast the first two Wild Card playoff games, then CBS broadcast\",\n \"title\": \"2013–14 NFL playoffs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12927349\",\n \"text\": \"as a second baseman. Wilson was selected by the Seahawks with the 12th pick in the third round (75th overall) of the 2012 NFL Draft. In 2012, he tied Peyton Manning's record for most passing touchdowns by a rookie (26) and was named the Pepsi NFL Rookie of the Year. In 2013, he led the Seahawks to their first ever Super Bowl victory in Super Bowl XLVIII over the Denver Broncos, and in 2014, led them to a second straight Super Bowl berth. Wilson has won more games (65) than any other NFL quarterback in his first six seasons, and\",\n \"title\": \"Russell Wilson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12259464\",\n \"text\": \"a lasagna.\\\" The 3D artworks are finished off by hand with glitter and Swarovski crystals. NFL Super Bowl Charles Fazzino's art has been featured in every Super Bowl for the National Football League since the 2001 Super Bowl XXXV in Tampa Bay, Florida. Fazzino was profiled by CBS News Sunday Morning with Charles Osgood on Charles Osgood Sunday in New Orleans, Louisiana on February 3, 2013. He also created a painting for Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014, where the Seattle Seahawks defeated the Denver Broncos at MetLife Stadium, as well as The New England Patriots 2015 win in Super Bowl\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Fazzino\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7694540\",\n \"text\": \"Jackson appeared in 3 games of the 2013 regular season producing 151 passing yards and a touchdown. During Super Bowl XLVIII against the Denver Broncos, Jackson came in relief of Russell Wilson during the 4th quarter, marking the first time in 13 years any backup quarterback has played in a Super Bowl. The Seahawks won their first Super Bowl in franchise history as they defeated the Broncos 43–8. Following the season, Jackson signed a 1-year deal to stay with the Seahawks. The Seahawks made it to Super Bowl XLIX, but failed to repeat as Super Bowl champions as they fell\",\n \"title\": \"Tarvaris Jackson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"385653\",\n \"text\": \"Bowl XL against the Pittsburgh Steelers. The loss was controversial; NFL Films has Super Bowl XL at number 8 on its top ten list of games with controversial referee calls. Referee Bill Leavy later admitted that he missed calls that altered the game. Before 2005, Seattle had the longest drought of playoff victories of any NFL team, dating back to the 1984 season. That drought was ended with a 20–10 win over the Washington Redskins in the 2005 playoffs. In the 2009 NFL season, the Seahawks finished 3rd in the NFC West with a 5-11 record. Shortly after his first\",\n \"title\": \"Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17009913\",\n \"text\": \"member of coach Les Miles's LSU Tigers football team from 2010 to 2012. He decided to enter the NFL Draft after his junior season. The Seattle Seahawks chose Simon in the fifth round, with the 138th overall pick, of the 2013 NFL Draft. On August 27, 2013, the Seahawks placed Simon on the reserve/physically unable to perform list. The Seahawks won Super Bowl XLVIII after they defeated the Denver Broncos 43–8. The Seahawks returned to the Super Bowl in the following year. Simon got to play in Super Bowl XLIX due to an injury teammate Jeremy Lane suffered in the\",\n \"title\": \"Tharold Simon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17074566\",\n \"text\": \"the NFC Championship Game at 3:00 pm Eastern Time on Fox and the AFC Championship Game following at 6:30 pm Eastern on CBS. In the NFC Championship, the Seahawks, trailing 16–0 at halftime and then 19–7 with under three minutes left in the game, were led by Russell Wilson, who, despite throwing four interceptions, rallied the team to 15 unanswered points and won the game on a 35-yard touchdown pass to Jermaine Kearse in overtime to become the first team to make consecutive Super Bowl appearances since the 2004 New England Patriots, and the first NFC team to make consecutive\",\n \"title\": \"2014 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7655415\",\n \"text\": \"the Miami Heat in 5 games. The city of Seattle did not win another men's professional sports championship until the National Football League's Seahawks defeated the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XLVIII on 2 February 2014. The next time Seattle played Washington for a championship was in the 2018 WNBA Finals, when the Seattle Storm swept the Washington Mystics in 3 games to win their third overall championship. Coincidentally, as of the Seattle Mariners and Washington Nationals are the only two Major League Baseball franchises that have never played in a World Series. 1979 NBA Finals The 1979 NBA World\",\n \"title\": \"1979 NBA Finals\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9869704\",\n \"text\": \"six plays worth 87 yards in 3:19, capped off with a 35-yard touchdown pass from Russell Wilson to Jermaine Kearse, who had been Wilson's intended target on all four of Seattle's interceptions. The final score was Seattle 28, Green Bay 22. Thus Seattle became the first defending champion since the 2004 New England Patriots to return to the Super Bowl the next season. They also became the first NFC team since the 1997 Green Bay Packers to repeat as NFC Champions, the first team to go to consecutive Super Bowls as the #1 seed in the playoffs since the 1990–1991\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13752770\",\n \"text\": \"16 games with 10 starts. Carpenter earned a Super Bowl ring with the Seahawks in Super Bowl XLVIII where they defeated the Denver Broncos 43–8, giving Carpenter his first career championship title and the Seahawks their first Super Bowl win in franchise history. In the offseason, Seattle declined the fifth-year option for Carpenter. In the 2014 season, Carpenter started all 13 games he appeared in and participated in the Seahawks making it to Super Bowl XLIX, where they lost to the New England Patriots by a score of 28–24. On March 10, 2015, Carpenter signed a four-year contract with the\",\n \"title\": \"James Carpenter (American football)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"385652\",\n \"text\": \"That same year, the team opened its new home stadium, Seahawks Stadium, after spending the last two seasons at Husky Stadium after the Kingdome's implosion in 2000. In the 2005 season, the Seahawks had their best season in franchise history (a feat that would later be matched in 2013) with a record of 13–3, which included a 42-0 rout of the Philadelphia Eagles on December 5, a game since referred to as the Monday Night Massacre. The 13-3 record earned them the number one seed in the NFC. They won the NFC Championship Game in 2005, but lost in Super\",\n \"title\": \"Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7863017\",\n \"text\": \"September 3, 2011, Farwell was waived by the Vikings. His release cleared $1.75 million in salary cap space for the Vikings. Farwell signed with the Seattle Seahawks on October 19, 2011. On March 13, 2012, he was re-signed by the Seattle Seahawks. He served as a special teams captain for the Seahawks from 2012 onward. Farwell and the Seahawks won Super Bowl XLVIII after they defeated the Denver Broncos 43–8. The Seahawks placed Farwell on injured reserve on August 26, 2014. On August 16, 2016, Farwell returned to the Seahawks, where he served as a two-time special teams captain in\",\n \"title\": \"Heath Farwell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17736236\",\n \"text\": \"throughout the playoffs for the second consecutive season. Seattle entered the postseason as the #1 seed in the NFC. The Seahawks defeated the Panthers 31-17, becoming the first defending Super Bowl champion to win a playoff game since the 2005 Patriots, and advanced to their second consecutive NFC Championship game. They hosted the Green Bay Packers, who defeated the Dallas Cowboys 26-21. After trailing 16-0 in the 3rd quarter and 19-7 with just over 2 minutes remaining, Russell Wilson, who threw 4 interceptions in the game, rallied Seattle to a much needed touchdown to bring the score to 19-14 with\",\n \"title\": \"2014 Seattle Seahawks season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9869713\",\n \"text\": \"was sidelined for several games with a back injury. In week 12, the Seahawks faced the Pittsburgh Steelers for the third time since losing to them in Super Bowl XL. The game ended up being an offensive shootout, and a late touchdown by Doug Baldwin sealed a 39-30 victory, getting them over .500 for the first time in 2015. It was their first win against the Steelers since SB XL (and indeed their first time not being shut out since then). However, the team suffered another devastating injury as Jimmy Graham suffered a broken patella early in the game, and\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7141065\",\n \"text\": \"playoffs, and 1–2 in the Super Bowl. Including Denver's loss, none of the eight highest-scoring teams in league history won a Super Bowl in the same season, and all four teams who entered the championship with the league's leading passer lost the game. Manning's 34 completions and Demaryius Thomas' 13 receptions were both Super Bowl records. With touchdowns scored on offense, defense, and special teams, the Seahawks became the first team since the Ravens in Super Bowl XXXV to do so. Teams with an interception return for a touchdown also stayed perfect, improving to 12–0 in Super Bowls. As a\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLVIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17546845\",\n \"text\": \"in CenturyLink Field with a trip to Super Bowl XLVIII on the line, with the Seahawks winning by a score of 23–17. The game ended when Seahawks' cornerback Richard Sherman, whom Jim Harbaugh previously coached at Stanford, tipped an end zone pass that led to a game-ending interception. Seattle went on to defeat the Denver Broncos 43–8 in Super Bowl XLVIII to win their first Super Bowl championship. San Francisco had represented the NFC in a losing effort in Super Bowl XLVII the previous season. Since drafting Russell Wilson, the Seahawks have dominated the rivalry, holding a 12-3 record against\",\n \"title\": \"49ers–Seahawks rivalry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13666551\",\n \"text\": \"a first round bye. On January 11, 2014, Chancellor started his first career playoff game and recorded 14 combined tackles (four solo) and two pass deflections during the Seahawks' 23–15 victory against the New Orleans Saints in the NFC Divisional round. The Seahawks defeated the San Francisco 49ers 23–17 in the NFC Championship and went on to Super Bowl XLVIII. On February 2, 2014, Chancellor made ten combined tackles (six solo), deflected two passes, and intercepted a pass by quarterback Peyton Manning as the Seahawks won Super Bowl XLVIII 43–8 against the Denver Broncos. Chancellor began the season being selected\",\n \"title\": \"Kam Chancellor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11213434\",\n \"text\": \"They defeated the NFC Champion Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XL to secure their league-tying fifth Super Bowl title. In doing so, they also became the first team since the 1970 AFL-NFL merger to win a Super Bowl without playing a single home playoff game until the 2007 Giants. They are also the first 6th seeded team to beat the top 3 seeds on the road. Notable additions include Heath Miller and Nate Washington. \\\"at Paul Brown Stadium, Cincinnati, Ohio\\\" \\\"at RCA Dome, Indianapolis, Indiana\\\" \\\"at INVESCO Field at Mile High, Denver, Colorado\\\" \\\"at Ford Field, Detroit, Michigan\\\" The Pittsburgh\",\n \"title\": \"2005 Pittsburgh Steelers season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6770154\",\n \"text\": \"Pro Bowl roster as a replacement for an injured Carlos Rogers. On December 18, 2013, the NFL erroneously reported Browner was facing an indefinite suspension for again violating the NFL's performance-enhancing drug rules. The suspension kept him from playing in Super Bowl XLVIII against the Denver Broncos. Without Browner, the Seahawks won the Super Bowl 43-8 to give the franchise their first championship. The suspension was later changed to reflect a substance abuse issue related to missing drug tests during the time Browner was unsigned by an NFL team and played football in the CFL, prior to the Seahawks contract.\",\n \"title\": \"Brandon Browner\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12927371\",\n \"text\": \"touchdowns, and no interceptions for a 123.1 passer rating in a 43–8 rout of the Denver Broncos. With the victory, Wilson became just the second black starting quarterback to win a Super Bowl, joining Super Bowl XXII winner Doug Williams. At 5'11\\\" tall, he also became the shortest quarterback to win a Super Bowl, shorter than Len Dawson, Joe Theismann, and Drew Brees (all 6'0\\\"). Wilson earned a bonus of $169,141.73 for the 2013 season through the NFL's Performance-Based Pay program. On September 21, 2014, Wilson led the Seahawks on an 80-yard touchdown drive in overtime to defeat the Denver\",\n \"title\": \"Russell Wilson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6477339\",\n \"text\": \"of the playoffs each time. The series was George Karl's only Finals appearance in his coaching career to date. In 2008, the Sonics franchise moved to Oklahoma City and became the Thunder. They would make the finals four years later after the move. This was also the last time a Seattle-based team played for a major professional sports championship until Super Bowl XL in 2006, when the Seattle Seahawks lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Seahawks would go on to handily defeat Denver in Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014 and lose to the New England Patriots the following year in\",\n \"title\": \"1996 NBA Finals\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2978683\",\n \"text\": \"Tom Coughlin was 65 when his Giants won Super Bowl XLVI and Dick Vermeil was 63 when the St. Louis Rams won Super Bowl XXXIV. The following season, the Seahawks started off their quest to repeat as champions with a 36–16 defeat of the Green Bay Packers on \\\"Thursday Night Football\\\" in the first game of the NFL season. A Super Bowl XLVIII rematch came in Week 3, with Seattle again defeating Peyton Manning and the Broncos, 26–20 in overtime. However, losses to San Diego, Dallas, St. Louis, and Kansas City caused the defending champions to start the season with\",\n \"title\": \"Pete Carroll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9869625\",\n \"text\": \"began play in 1976 in the NFC West division but switched conferences with the Buccaneers after one season and joined the AFC West. This realignment was dictated by the league as part of the 1976 expansion plan, so that both expansion teams could play each other twice and every other NFL franchise. Between 1977 and 2002, their division rivals were Denver, San Diego, Kansas City and Oakland. Seattle has won ten division titles in their franchise history: the 1988 and 1999 AFC West titles, and the 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2013, 2014, and 2016 NFC West titles. They have\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"385642\",\n \"text\": \"Seattle Seahawks The Seattle Seahawks are a professional American football franchise based in Seattle, Washington. The Seahawks compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) West division. They joined the NFL in 1976 as an expansion team. The Seahawks are coached by Pete Carroll. Since 2002, they have played their home games at CenturyLink Field (formerly Qwest Field), located south of downtown Seattle. They previously played home games in the Kingdome (1976–1999) and Husky Stadium (1994, 2000–2001). Seahawks fans have been referred to collectively as the \\\"12th Man\\\", \\\"12th Fan\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17736229\",\n \"text\": \"rivals, the Arizona Cardinals, who battled with them the whole season. They repeated as NFC West champions and finished in a three-way tie with the Packers and Cowboys for the NFC's best record, but earned the No. 1 seed based on tiebreakers, securing home-field advantage for the second consecutive season. This was the first time that a defending Super Bowl champion retained the No. 1 seed in the next season since the 1990 San Francisco 49ers. They were also the first team overall to repeat as the #1 seed in the NFC since the 2004 Philadelphia Eagles; and the first\",\n \"title\": \"2014 Seattle Seahawks season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"79966\",\n \"text\": \"team led by rookie quarterback Russell Wilson, 16–12. In the 2013 season, the Panthers opened the season at home versus Seattle. They again lost a close game, with the final score 12–7. The Seahawks would go on to win Super Bowl XLVIII. In the 2014 season, once more at Bank of America Stadium, the Seahawks defeated the Panthers in week eight, 13–9. In the divisional round of the playoffs, the Panthers faced Seattle in Seattle, notorious for being a tough opposing field to play in, and lost 31–17. The Seahawks would go on to lose Super Bowl XLIX. In the\",\n \"title\": \"Carolina Panthers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17736232\",\n \"text\": \"the Packers, the first meeting since the controversial 'Fail Mary' game in 2012. With the win, they became the first defending Super Bowl champion team since 2011 (also Packers) to win their regular season opening game for a 1-0 start. This is the first game in NFL history to end in a score of 36-16. In all five years that Pete Carroll was head coach of the Seahawks, so far, he has had at least one game end in a score never before achieved. This would be their largest margin of defeat since their 13-23 loss to the Cowboys in\",\n \"title\": \"2014 Seattle Seahawks season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6995679\",\n \"text\": \"go to the Super Bowl and win. Their playoff campaign included defeating the first (Indianapolis), second (Denver), and third (Cincinnati) seeded AFC teams en route to the Super Bowl victory against the first seeded Seahawks from the NFC. Also, they are the first NFL team to win 9 road games. Roethlisberger became the youngest QB to win a Super Bowl. They successfully tied with the San Francisco 49ers and the Dallas Cowboys for the most Super Bowl titles with five. The 2006 Pittsburgh Steelers season began with the team trying to improve on their 11–5 record from 2005 and trying\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Pittsburgh Steelers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3200114\",\n \"text\": \"Cardinals became the second team to have their full team name painted in their end zone, as their geographic location name (Arizona) was painted above the team nickname (Cardinals). For all other Super Bowl teams, end zones have featured only the team nickname. The Seahawks entered Super Bowl XL after finishing the regular season with an NFC-best 13–3 record. After a rocky 2–2 start, they won 11 consecutive games before losing to the Green Bay Packers to finish the season. The 13–3 record and 11-game winning streak set new team records. This was Seattle's first Super Bowl appearance in the\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XL\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3200130\",\n \"text\": \"(the Seahawks were in that conference from 1977-2001). The Steelers became the second team after the 1985 New England Patriots to win three road playoff games to reach the Super Bowl. Pittsburgh defeated the third-seeded Bengals, 31–17; the top-seeded Colts, 21–18 in the \\\"Immaculate Redemption/Tackle II\\\" game; and the second-seeded Denver Broncos, 34–17, in the AFC Championship Game. The Steelers also became the eighth wild-card team to go to the Super Bowl and the fourth in nine seasons. The Steelers' catchphrase for the playoffs was \\\"One for the Thumb\\\", a phrase originally made popular by Joe Greene as an allusion\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XL\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16012828\",\n \"text\": \"a safety in the 34–28 loss. In Week 10 against the Atlanta Falcons, he scored a 43-yard touchdown after a trick play when Marshawn Lynch threw the ball back to Russell Wilson in the 33–10 victory. In 2013, Kearse played 15 games with 346 receiving yards and 4 touchdowns. In the 2013 NFC Championship Game on January 19, 2014, against division rival San Francisco 49ers, Kearse caught a 35-yard touchdown pass from Wilson. The Seahawks eventually won the game 23–17 and advanced to Super Bowl XLVIII. During the Super Bowl against the Denver Broncos, Kearse had four catches for 65\",\n \"title\": \"Jermaine Kearse\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"395056\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XXXVI, there were ten different NFC Champions in ten years. Once again, the Giants ended the trend and started another one. Beginning with the 2008 Super Bowl XLIII participant Arizona Cardinals, there were 6 different NFC Champions in 6 years. This streak was finally ended by the Seattle Seahawks, who advanced to the Super Bowl in both 2013 and 2014. The Baltimore Ravens would later win Super Bowl XLVII in 2013 against the San Francisco 49ers (which was also aired on CBS). Ray Lewis was a member of both Ravens' Super Bowl wins. In between the Ravens' victories,\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXXV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19128135\",\n \"text\": \"TD-INT ratio, posted a 150.8 passer rating in this game, the highest allowed by the Seattle defense since Pete Carroll became head coach in 2010. With their 24–3 victory over the Rams, the Seahawks moved to 9–4–1 and clinched the NFC West title. This would be the final game in Seattle for longtime Seahawks Jermaine Kearse and Steven Hauschka 2016 Seattle Seahawks season The 2016 Seattle Seahawks season was the franchise's 41st season in the National Football League and the seventh under head coach Pete Carroll. On October 23, the team played the Arizona Cardinals in a game that ended\",\n \"title\": \"2016 Seattle Seahawks season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12304569\",\n \"text\": \"and not allowed any touchdowns in the previous 10 quarters. Their defense ranked first in the NFL in fewest points allowed (254) and their offense was tied at first in rushing yards (2,762). The Seahawks defeated the Carolina Panthers 31–17 in the NFC Divisional playoffs, and then defeated the Green Bay Packers 28–22 in overtime in the NFC Championship Game. Seattle became the first NFC team to advance to consecutive Super Bowls since the 1996–97 Packers in Super Bowls XXXI and XXXII. Quarterback Russell Wilson was back in control of the Seattle offense, completing 63.1 percent of his passes for\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLIX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9869709\",\n \"text\": \"and seal Seattle's fate. The Seahawks became the tenth consecutive team to be dethroned of their Super Bowl title, creating a record for the most years without a repeat Super Bowl champion. The 2015 season marked the 40th season of play for the Seahawks. Prior to the 2015 draft, the Seahawks made a blockbuster trade with the New Orleans Saints, trading Seattle's first-round pick for All-Pro Saints tight end Jimmy Graham. For this reason, the Seahawks did not have a first-round pick, but did make a total of eight picks in the draft, including defensive end Frank Clark in the\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6995703\",\n \"text\": \"Dallas defeated the Steelers in Super Bowl XXX to become the second team behind San Francisco to win five Super Bowl Championships. Ten years later, Pittsburgh would join Dallas and San Francisco to become the third team to reach that milestone when they defeated the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XL. Three years later, the Steelers would become the first team to win a sixth Super Bowl, achieving that milestone in the 2008–09 season. They played against the Arizona Cardinals in Super Bowl XLIII, with a 27–23 comeback victory. The Broncos have competed in seven playoff games against the Steelers,\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Pittsburgh Steelers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9862425\",\n \"text\": \"Seahawks. The Seahawks seemed to have the game won in the fourth quarter, however Manning led the Broncos on a late-game comeback to tie the game 20-20. Ultimately, however, the Seahawks were the victors with a 26-20 win. Later on in the season, Manning threw for his 509th touchdown against the San Francisco 49ers, the most by any NFL quarterback in NFL history. In 2015, the Broncos, sporting the NFL's top-ranked defense, completed a 12-4 regular season en route to the franchise's NFL-record-tying eighth Super Bowl at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California. The season began with a seven-game winning\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Denver Broncos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19128130\",\n \"text\": \"2016 Seattle Seahawks season The 2016 Seattle Seahawks season was the franchise's 41st season in the National Football League and the seventh under head coach Pete Carroll. On October 23, the team played the Arizona Cardinals in a game that ended in a 6–6 tie, the Seahawks' first tie in franchise history. With their win against the Los Angeles Rams in Week 15, the Seahawks claimed their third NFC West title in the last four years. The Seahawks defeated the Detroit Lions in the Wild Card Round, but lost to the eventual NFC champion Atlanta Falcons in the Divisional Round.\",\n \"title\": \"2016 Seattle Seahawks season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14822537\",\n \"text\": \"back Knowshon Moreno who was touched down for a safety with just 12 seconds of game time elapsed. This was the quickest score ever in a Super Bowl. The Seahawks did not relinquish the lead in a 43–8 victory. This was the Seahawks first ever league championship since entering the NFL in . Seahawks linebacker Malcolm Smith, who scored on a 69-yard interception return plus had a fumble recovery and tallied 10 tackles, was named the game's Most Valuable Player (MVP). This was the fifth Super Bowl loss for the Broncos, the most for any franchise. Even in defeat, though,\",\n \"title\": \"2013 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17762155\",\n \"text\": \"whistled dead by a penalty. Richard Sherman recorded an interception as well, and Earl Thomas forced a fumble. Seattle won, 31–17. In a rematch against Green Bay, the Pack scored 22 points and gained 308 yards. Sherman and Maxwell each recorded an interception. The Seahawks offense and special teams turned the ball over five times in the game, but the defense forced overtime, and the 28–22 victory sent the Seahawks to a second straight Super Bowl, where their season ended in a loss to the New England Patriots, 28-24. The 2014 Seahawks defense did not allow a single 300-yard passer\",\n \"title\": \"Legion of Boom (Seattle Seahawks)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12304615\",\n \"text\": \"repeat winner (with the last one being the Patriots in Super Bowl XXXIX). In a poll conducted by NFL.com a couple of months after the game, Super Bowl XLIX was voted by its readers as the \\\"greatest Super Bowl game\\\" of all time. The article does report that the voting was structured to try to account for \\\"recency bias\\\" in relation to the game at the time when the poll was conducted, but voters still \\\"pushed it through the competition\\\". Most lists of greatest Super Bowls continue to list it in the top few games. After the game, Seattle faced\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLIX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17762122\",\n \"text\": \"the 2013 NFL season cornerback Richard Sherman was voted as the cover athlete for \\\"Madden NFL 15\\\" and the rest of the LOB was featured on the start menu of the game. The Legion of Boom’s crowning achievement was their team's 43–8 win in Super Bowl XLVIII, a complete blowout victory against the Denver Broncos, a team that was considered the best offense of all time. For the 2013 season, Broncos quarterback Peyton Manning set new NFL records for passing touchdowns and passing yardage, as well as the Broncos offense setting new NFL records for touchdowns and points scored in\",\n \"title\": \"Legion of Boom (Seattle Seahawks)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7141023\",\n \"text\": \"states of the Seahawks and Broncos (Washington and Colorado, respectively) were the first two states to legalize marijuana for recreational use, during the fall 2012 elections. Seattle finished the season 13–3, winning the NFC West division and home-field advantage throughout the playoffs. The team scored 417 points during the season, while giving up 231. The offense was led by second-year quarterback Russell Wilson, a third-round draft pick who won the starting role after a three-way quarterback competition in training camp and went on to win a playoff game in his rookie season with the Seahawks. In his second season, he\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLVIII\"\n }\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":79087,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":79087,"string":"79,087"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["August 3, 2017"],"string":"[\n \"August 3, 2017\"\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"when do the dallas cowboys play the hall of fame game"},"compressed_prompt":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Question:\\nPlease write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: 2017 Arizona Cardinals season context: Dallas Cowboys in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game on Thursday, August 3, 2017, at the Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium in Canton, Ohio. The two teams also met during the regular season at the University of Phoenix Stadium. On December 13, 2016, the NFL announced that the Cardinals will play the Los Angeles Rams as one of the NFL International Series at Twickenham Stadium in London, England, with the Rams serving as the home team. It will be the Cardinals' first appearance in the International Series, though the Cardinals played in Mexico in 2005 against the San\\n\\nwhen do the dallas cowboys play the hall of fame game\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 186,\n \"origin_tokens\": 186,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"19798285","text":"Dallas Cowboys in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game on Thursday, August 3, 2017, at the Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium in Canton, Ohio. The two teams also met during the regular season at the University of Phoenix Stadium. On December 13, 2016, the NFL announced that the Cardinals will play the Los Angeles Rams as one of the NFL International Series at Twickenham Stadium in London, England, with the Rams serving as the home team. It will be the Cardinals' first appearance in the International Series, though the Cardinals played in Mexico in 2005 against the San","title":"2017 Arizona Cardinals season"},{"id":"6829670","text":"World Series game. Sunday night games between November 13 and December 18 (inclusive) were \"flex games\", which could have reverted to Sunday afternoon if a more competitive matchup arose (one was; see below). The final Sunday night of the season – January 1, 2012 – was likewise a \"flex game\"; the slot, vacant when the schedule was released, was filled by the game between the Dallas Cowboys and the New York Giants (see below). The Hall of Fame Game scheduled for August 7, and to be shown on NBC, was canceled due to the lockout that offseason; it was the","title":"NBC Sunday Night Football"},{"id":"18465630","text":"on April 27–29 in Philadelphia. The Cleveland Browns selected Myles Garrett with the first overall pick. Training camps for the 2017 season were held in late July through August. Teams started training camp no earlier than 15 days before the team's first scheduled preseason game. Prior to the start of the regular season, each team played four preseason exhibition games, beginning on August 10. The preseason began on the evening of August 3 with the 2017 Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, that featured the Dallas Cowboys (represented in the 2017 Hall of Fame Class by owner Jerry Jones) who","title":"2017 NFL season"},{"id":"10379943","text":"played their home games at Lucas Oil Stadium. Meanwhile, 2008 was the final year that the Dallas Cowboys played at Texas Stadium; they moved to Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas, in 2009. In preseason games, the annual Pro Football Hall of Fame Game was played August 3 between the Indianapolis Colts and Washington Redskins, which aired on NBC. Washington won the game, 30–16. Other preseason highlights included the first game of the Toronto Series, which was played August 14 between the Buffalo Bills and the Pittsburgh Steelers at Toronto's Rogers Centre. The Bills won that game, 24–21. Based on the","title":"2008 NFL season"},{"id":"8252233","text":"City from April 22–24, the first time that the draft was held over three days instead of the normal two.In the draft with the first overall pick, the St. Louis Rams chose quarterback Sam Bradford from the University of Oklahoma. The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game was held on Sunday, August 8, 2010 at 8:00 pm EDT on NBC, with the Dallas Cowboys defeating the Cincinnati Bengals, 16–7 at Fawcett Stadium in Canton, Ohio. The remainder of the preseason game matchups were announced March 31, 2010. Highlights, among others, include the New York Giants and New York Jets facing","title":"2010 NFL season"},{"id":"14196860","text":"season. He was replaced by offensive coordinator Jason Garrett. The Cowboys finished the season 6–10, 3rd place in the NFC East, and failed to reach the playoffs. However, under Garrett the team's record was 5–3 as compared to the 1–7 start under Phillips. Notes \"RFA\": Restricted free-agent, \"UFA\": Unrestricted free-agent, \"ERFA\": Exclusive rights free agent On February 24, 2010, the NFL announced that the Cowboys will face the Cincinnati Bengals in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game at Fawcett Stadium in Canton, Ohio. The game occurred on Sunday, August 8, 2010, and was aired by NBC. The remainder of","title":"2010 Dallas Cowboys season"},{"id":"14822505","text":"new Hall of Fame members. It was played at Fawcett Stadium in Canton, Ohio, which is located adjacent to the Hall of Fame building. In the game, which was televised nationally on NBC, the Dallas Cowboys defeated the Miami Dolphins 24–20. The 2013 Hall of Fame class of Larry Allen, Cris Carter, Curley Culp, Jonathan Ogden, Bill Parcells, Dave Robinson and Warren Sapp was honored during the game. The 65-game preseason schedule concluded on Thursday, August 29. The 2013 season featured 256 games played out over a seventeen-week schedule which began on the Thursday night following Labor Day. Each of","title":"2013 NFL season"},{"id":"5795535","text":"were played per year in the early 1990s. The two participating teams were selected by the league. The American Bowl was a fifth pre-season game, played the same weekend as the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, and did not take away a game from the participating teams' pre-season schedules. The largest crowd in NFL history was recorded at the American Bowl game at Mexico City on August 15, 1994, when 112,376 people attended the Governor's Cup game between the Dallas Cowboys and Houston Oilers. In 1996 it was played in Monterrey at the Estadio Universitario. The 1997 game was","title":"American Bowl"},{"id":"5751533","text":"p.m.—an hour and 20 minutes before kickoff—that the game was going to be canceled. However, fans in the stadium only learned of the pending cancellation via social media. No official announcement was made until just before the scheduled 8 p.m. kickoff. On December 28, 2016, the NFL announced that the 2017 edition of the game would be played on a Thursday (August 3). This scheduling change made the Hall of Fame Game the first event of the Hall of Fame Weekend. The 2018 game was also played on a Thursday (August 2). Come 2019, the game will be played on","title":"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game"},{"id":"5751534","text":"August 1. Unlike the majority of NFL preseason games, which air on local TV stations, the Hall of Fame Game airs nationwide. From 1999 to 2005, the game was held on Monday night, televised as part of ABC's \"Monday Night Football\" package. It had previously been held typically on Saturday afternoons, except from 1963 to 1965 on Sunday afternoons, televised as part of ABC's \"Wide World of Sports\" package (still using the \"MNF\" crew). In 1998, the game was put in the \"MNF\" package, and played on a Saturday night, which served as a test run for the move to","title":"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game"},{"id":"5751536","text":"scheduled to air on ESPN due to NBC's coverage of the 2016 Summer Olympics, but the game was canceled due to field conditions. It returned to NBC in 2017 and will remain on the network until 2019. Westwood One owns national radio rights; it is the only preseason game to air on a nationwide network. Each team's radio network is also allowed to broadcast the games (albeit usually with fewer affiliates since exhibition games are traditionally much lower priority to non-sports and non-flagship stations). In 2007 and 2008, the game was broadcast live in both Ireland and the United Kingdom","title":"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game"},{"id":"5751530","text":"it was moved to the beginning of the preseason. Prior to 2002, it was not uncommon for the game to be played in July. Since 2002, when the league permanently moved the start of the season to the weekend after Labor Day, the game has always been played in early August. The 2011 game was originally scheduled between the St. Louis Rams and the Chicago Bears, but the game was canceled due to an ongoing labor dispute that had disrupted nearly all league activity during the 2011 offseason. The two clubs had set a deadline of July 22 to ratify","title":"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game"},{"id":"9153324","text":"games. Due to their exhibition nature, suspended or canceled preseason games are normally not made up. In 2004, Hurricane Charley postponed a Tampa Bay game against Cincinnati from Saturday until Monday. In 2001, a preseason game between Philadelphia and Baltimore was canceled due to turf problems at Veterans Stadium. Similar turf concerns prompted the league to cancel the 2016 Hall of Fame Game at the last minute. The 2017 Cowboys-Texans preseason game, originally scheduled for Houston, was at first switched to Arlington due to the flooding spawned by Hurricane Harvey in southeast Texas. The day prior to the scheduled game,","title":"NFL preseason"},{"id":"106511","text":"of the 2009 season was against the New York Giants. A league record-setting 105,121 fans showed up to fill Cowboys Stadium for the game before which the traditional \"blue star\" at the 50-yard line was unveiled for the first time; however, the Cowboys lost in the final seconds, 33–31. The Cowboys got their first regular season home win on September 28, 2009. They beat the Carolina Panthers 21–7 with 90,588 in attendance. The game was televised on ESPN's \"Monday Night Football\" and marked a record 42nd win for the Cowboys on \"Monday Night Football\". On July 25, 2013, the Cowboys","title":"Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"2588346","text":"life as a football player and the many mistakes he has made in his life. His speech has been praised by many NFL commentators as heartfelt, including those who had been inclined to dislike him. On October 14, 2007, Michael Irvin accepted his Hall of Fame ring at Texas Stadium during halftime of the Dallas Cowboys–New England Patriots game. In his speech, he proposed to Commissioner Roger Goodell that all drafted rookies will have a tour of the Pro Football Hall of Fame to better understand their football history. In 1996, as the Cowboys prepared to play the Carolina Panthers","title":"Michael Irvin"},{"id":"11619592","text":"might call adding insult to injury. Super Bowl XIII can arguably be called the greatest collection of NFL talent ever to gather for a game. In additions to Coaches Noll and Landry, 14 players would go on to enshrinement in the Hall of Fame: 9 from Pittsburgh (Bradshaw, Harris, Swann, Stallworth, Webster, Greene, Lambert, Ham, and Blount), and 5 from Dallas (Staubach, Dorsett, White, Wright, and Jackie Smith). Much of the pregame hype surrounding Super Bowl XIII centered around Cowboys linebacker Thomas \"Hollywood\" Henderson. Henderson caused quite a stir before the NFC Championship Game by claiming that the Rams had","title":"1978 Dallas Cowboys season"},{"id":"5751540","text":"have similarly enjoyed long sellout streaks. ABCMonday Night Football (1963-1965) NBC Sunday Night Football(2006-present) Pro Football Hall of Fame Game The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game is an annual National Football League (NFL) exhibition game that is held the weekend of the Pro Football Hall of Fame's induction ceremonies. The game is played at Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium, which is located adjacent to the Hall of Fame building in Canton, Ohio. It is traditionally the first game played in the NFL preseason for any given year, marking the end of the NFL's six-month off-season. The two teams","title":"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game"},{"id":"5751525","text":"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game is an annual National Football League (NFL) exhibition game that is held the weekend of the Pro Football Hall of Fame's induction ceremonies. The game is played at Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium, which is located adjacent to the Hall of Fame building in Canton, Ohio. It is traditionally the first game played in the NFL preseason for any given year, marking the end of the NFL's six-month off-season. The two teams that play in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game are typically selected by","title":"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game"},{"id":"5751535","text":"Monday night. Starting in 2006, it was moved to Sunday night, coinciding with the new \"NBC Sunday Night Football\" television package. The 2007 game was telecast on NFL Network, as NBC was intending to televise the China Bowl game in Beijing, China (a game which was postponed to 2009 and later canceled). The Hall of Fame Game has since bounced between both networks. The 2012 game aired on NFL Network due to NBC's coverage of the Summer Olympics. After a two-year absence, the game returned to NBC in 2013 and remained on the network until 2015. The 2016 game was","title":"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game"},{"id":"2457517","text":"nominees for the Pro Football Hall of Fame Class of 2012. In February 2011, ESPN.com writer Tim MacMahon wrote that Woodson “deserves serious Hall of Fame consideration and should join the Triplets on the modern side of the Dallas Cowboys Ring of Honor.” On August 4, 2015, the Dallas Cowboys announced that Woodson would be inducted into the Cowboys Ring of Honor. The official ceremony took place Nov. 1 against the Seahawks at AT&T Stadium. Woodson is the eighth defensive player inducted into the Ring of Honor, and just the second who played in the 90’s era, along with Charles","title":"Darren Woodson"},{"id":"20724771","text":"critics, with praise directed towards the gameplay. In May 2018, Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee Terrell Owens was announced to be on the cover of the \"Hall of Fame\" edition of the game. Owens is featured in a Dallas Cowboys uniform, a move which was questioned by some as Owens was drafted by and played eight seasons with the San Francisco 49ers, compared to just three with the Cowboys. The game's standard edition cover features Pittsburgh Steelers wide receiver Antonio Brown. The soundtrack for the game will feature over 30 tracks, including artists such as Migos, Pusha T, Post","title":"Madden NFL 19"},{"id":"5840765","text":"teams. The Texas Rangers baseball team have played at Arlington Stadium from 1972 to 1993 and at Globe Life Park in Arlington since 1994. Meanwhile, the Dallas Cowboys football team has played at the Texas Stadium at Irving from 1971 to 2008 and at the AT&T Stadium at Arlington since 2009. The International Bowling Campus, which houses the United States Bowling Congress, International Bowling Museum and the International Bowling Hall of Fame, is also located at Arlington. The Four Seasons Resort and Club Dallas at Las Colinas hosts the Byron Nelson Championship, an annual PGA Tour golf tournament. The Las","title":"Mid-Cities"},{"id":"5020928","text":"game of the 1979 season, a nationally televised game against the St. Louis Cardinals (Dallas won 22-21), the television announcer for CBS introduced the Cowboys as America’s Team and the name just stuck. Dallas' Hall of Fame coach Tom Landry originally did not approve of the appellation of America's Team. He felt that it would give opposing teams extra incentive to play harder. Eventually he gave in and actually came to like the name. The nickname was coined at the height of Landry's then-NFL record 20 consecutive winning season streak, during which Dallas appeared in 12 conference championship games (counting","title":"America's Team"},{"id":"20468738","text":"2018 Dallas Cowboys season The 2018 season is the Dallas Cowboys' 59th and current in the National Football League (NFL), their 30th under the ownership of Jerry Jones, their 10th playing their home games at AT&T Stadium, and their eighth full season under head coach Jason Garrett. AT&T Stadium is also the first stadium venue to host the annual draft. For the first time since 2009, wide receiver Dez Bryant was not on the opening day roster, as he was released on April 13, 2018 and signed with the New Orleans Saints on November 7, 2018. For the first time","title":"2018 Dallas Cowboys season"},{"id":"20955375","text":"the team's first scheduled preseason game. The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, with teams to be announced, is tentatively scheduled for August 1, 2019 and will be televised nationally by NBC. The game will be held at Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium in Canton, Ohio, the same city where the league was founded 99 years prior. On October 18, 2018, the NFL announced that it would commemorate its 100th season throughout 2019, beginning at Super Bowl LIII. An NFL 100 emblem will be featured in promotions across all NFL properties during the season, worn on jerseys as a","title":"2019 NFL season"},{"id":"19662337","text":"hosting distribution was not as equal as it was in the previous year. The Montreal Alouettes hosted four Thursday night games, Winnipeg hosted three, Ottawa Redblacks hosted two, while two teams (Toronto and Calgary) hosted once and three teams (Hamilton, Saskatchewan, and BC) did not host any. The Canadian Football Hall of Fame game took place on September 15, 2017, featuring the Hamilton Tiger-Cats hosting the Saskatchewan Roughriders. Kelvin Anderson, Anthony Calvillo, Mike O'Shea, and Geroy Simon were inducted as players while Stan Schwartz and Brian Towriss joined as builders. O'Shea is the currently the head coach of the Winnipeg","title":"2017 CFL season"},{"id":"14822459","text":"first game. The 4:15 p.m. late doubleheader kickoff time dates back to the 1998 season when the NFL moved it from 4:05 p.m. for the same reason. As per the NFL's scheduling formula, the intraconference and interconference matchups were: Intraconference Interconference Highlights of the 2012 schedule include: The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game was played August 5 and featured a match-up between the Arizona Cardinals and the New Orleans Saints. New Orleans last appeared in the game in 2007; former Saints offensive tackle Willie Roaf was inducted as part of the Hall of Fame ceremonies. The Cardinals played there","title":"2012 NFL season"},{"id":"17084727","text":"at the end of preseason. Prior to the start of the regular season, each team played at least four exhibition games. The preseason schedule got underway with the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game on Sunday evening, August 9. The Hall of Fame game is a traditional part of the annual Pro Football Hall of Fame induction weekend celebrating new Hall of Fame members. It was played at Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium which is located adjacent to the Hall of Fame building in Canton, Ohio. The game, which was televised in the U.S. on NBC, featured the Minnesota","title":"2015 NFL season"},{"id":"9860078","text":"in New Orleans. As a testament to Doomsday's dominance in the hard-hitting game, defensive linemen Randy White and Harvey Martin were named co-Super Bowl MVPs, the first and only time multiple players have received the award. After a slow start in 1978, Dallas won its final six regular season games to finish the season at 12–4. After an unexpectedly close divisional playoff game against the Atlanta Falcons at Texas Stadium, the Cowboys traveled to Los Angeles and shut out the Rams in the NFC Championship Game 28–0 to return to the Super Bowl. In Super Bowl XIII, Dallas faced the","title":"History of the Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"4254464","text":"of the Cowboys-Seahawks game, November 6, 2011, Allen, Drew Pearson and Charles Haley were inducted into the prestigious Dallas Cowboys Ring of Honor. On February 2, 2013, Allen was voted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. He resides in Danville, California. Larry Allen Larry Christopher Allen Jr. (born November 27, 1971) is a former American football guard who played in the National Football League (NFL) for fourteen seasons. He was drafted by the Dallas Cowboys in the second round of the 1994 NFL Draft. He played college football at Sonoma State University. At 6 ft 3 in height and","title":"Larry Allen"},{"id":"106435","text":"Dallas Cowboys The Dallas Cowboys are a professional American football team based in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. The Cowboys compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) East division. The team is headquartered in Frisco, Texas, and plays its home games at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas, which opened for the 2009 season. The stadium took its current name prior to the 2013 season. The Cowboys joined the NFL as an expansion team in . The team's national following might best be represented by its NFL record of consecutive sell-outs.","title":"Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"9860076","text":"1974, finishing 8–6 and missing the playoffs for the first time in nine years. Bob Lilly retired following the season, capping his 14-year Hall of Fame career. After missing the playoffs in 1974, the team drafted well the following year, adding defensive lineman Randy White (a future Hall of Fame member) and linebacker Thomas \"Hollywood\" Henderson. The fresh influx of talent helped the Cowboys back to the playoffs in 1975 as a wild card, where they beat the Minnesota Vikings and Los Angeles Rams to advance to Super Bowl X, where they lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers, 21-17. In 1976,","title":"History of the Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"106528","text":"Meanwhile, he refused to induct Tex Schramm (even after Schramm's induction to the Pro Football Hall of Fame). In 1993, thanks in part to the efforts of Roger Staubach as an intermediary, Landry accepted induction and had a ceremony on the day of that year's Cowboys-Giants game (Landry had played and coached for the Giants). In 2003, Jones finally chose to induct Tex Schramm. Schramm and Jones held a joint press conference at Texas Stadium announcing the induction. Unfortunately, Schramm did not live to see his ceremonial induction at the Cowboys-Eagles game that fall. Some of the more recent inductees","title":"Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"17825093","text":"University of Texas at Arlington Mavericks, and University of North Texas Mean Green, respectively. Nearby Arlington, Texas is the new home to the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League. Since joining the league as an expansion team in 1960, the Cowboys have enjoyed substantial success, advancing to eight Super Bowls and winning five. Known widely as \"America's Team\", the Dallas Cowboys are financially the most valuable sports franchise in the United States, worth approximately 2.3 billion dollars. They are also the fifth most valuable sports organization in the world. The Cowboys are only out-valued by Real Madrid, Barcelona, Manchester","title":"Sports in Dallas"},{"id":"2617460","text":"Park Bowl. Subsequent expansions resulted in a present capacity of 92,200. The Cotton Bowl Classic was played there from 1937–2009. Annually during the State Fair of Texas, it hosts the AT&T Red River Rivalry game between the University of Texas and the University of Oklahoma along with the Southwest Airlines State Fair Classic game between Grambling State University (Louisiana) and Prairie View A&M University. It was also home to the Dallas Cowboys from 1960 to 1971 until their move to Texas Stadium in Irving. Music Hall, built in Spanish colonial revival style, was the General Motors Building during the Centennial","title":"Fair Park"},{"id":"106529","text":"were Troy Aikman, all-time NFL leading rusher Emmitt Smith, and Michael Irvin, known as \"The Triplets\". The Cowboys waited until Smith had retired as a player before inducting Aikman and Irvin, so all three could be inducted together, which occurred during halftime at a Monday Night Football home game against the arch-rival Washington Redskins on September 19, 2005. The most recent inductees are defensive end Charles Haley, offensive lineman Larry Allen, and wide receiver Drew Pearson, who were inducted into the Ring of Honor during halftime of the Cowboys' game vs. the Seattle Seahawks on November 6, 2011, and safety","title":"Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"646826","text":"in the world, worth approximately 4 billion dollars. In 2009, the Cowboys relocated to their new 80,000-seat stadium in Arlington, which was the site of Super Bowl XLV. The Texas Rangers of Major League Baseball play at Globe Life Park in Arlington. The Rangers won the American League pennant in 2010 and 2011. Jeff Banister is the team's manager. The Dallas Mavericks play at the American Airlines Center. They won their first National Basketball Association championship in 2011 led by Dirk Nowitzki. The Dallas Wings is the first Women's National Basketball Association franchise in the metroplex. All home games are","title":"Dallas"},{"id":"10256087","text":"known as The Catch. This ultimately started the rise of the 49ers and fall of the Cowboys throughout the 1980s. The rise of the 1990s Cowboys was christened with a 30–20 victory against San Francisco at Candlestick Park. Both franchises would later meet again in the next two NFC Championship games in what many consider to be a classic series of contest of future Hall of Fame players. At the Rose Bowl, site of Super Bowl XXVII, the Cowboys would struggle early finding themselves down 0–7, but later regroup when Aikman's pass to tight end Jay Novacek tied the game","title":"1992 Dallas Cowboys season"},{"id":"2186093","text":"a Sunday, in which case it is moved to the following Monday. It is usually the first game to start on a day which is traditionally full of college bowl games, and has kicked off as early as 11AM. ESPN has had television rights to the game since 1993. Under an extension of those rights signed in 2010, ESPN broadcasts the game on either ABC, ESPN, or ESPN2, in conjunction with the Citrus Bowl and the New Year's Six bowl games. Before 1993, the Hall of Fame Bowl aired on NBC. Upon signing agreements with the SEC and Big 10","title":"Outback Bowl"},{"id":"20244372","text":"Mutual financial services organization, the game was officially known as the College Football Playoff Semifinal at the Rose Bowl Game presented by Northwestern Mutual. Pre-game activities were held at the Rose Bowl parking lots and at Brookside Golf Course. The 2017 Rose Bowl Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony was held at the Rose Bowl Stadium Lot K on December 30, 2017 from 12:00 to 1:30 PM. The 2017 Class members were Mack Brown (Texas), Cade McNown (UCLA), Charles Woodson (Michigan) and Dr. Charles West (Washington & Jefferson), represented by his daughter. The 2018 Rose Parade started at 8:00 a.m. Pacific","title":"2018 Rose Bowl"},{"id":"183066","text":"the Dallas Cowboys, with whom they contest the so-called Governor's Cup every year (a tradition started between the cities prior to the Oilers relocating) either in the preseason or the regular season for bragging rights in the state of Texas. In 2017, the destruction and flooding caused during Hurricane Harvey a few days before their Week 4 pre-season match up time scheduled caused the game to be relocated to AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas. However, out of concern for the safety of the fans and the condition of the player's families & communities, the game was cancelled. As of the","title":"Houston Texans"},{"id":"6060743","text":"the dream envisioned by Schramm, who became the 12th person selected to the Ring of Honor; the award was given posthumously in October 2003, a few months after he died. In 2005, three former Cowboys all-stars were simultaneously inducted during half time ceremonies on \"Monday Night Football\". Troy Aikman, Emmitt Smith, and Michael Irvin, known as \"The Triplets\", were part of the 1990s Three-Time Super Bowl Championship Cowboys team. Ring of Honor inductees have been chosen by the former president-general manager, Tex Schramm and then by owner Jerry Jones. Schramm set a precedent by placing a high value on the","title":"Dallas Cowboys Ring of Honor"},{"id":"20468745","text":"coincidentally, also against the Eagles. Brett Maher made a successful 62-yard field goal attempt, which was a franchise record for Dallas and tied for the third longest in NFL history. Amari Cooper had his best game as a Cowboy thus far, catching 10 passes for 217 yards and 3 touchdowns. With the win, the Cowboys improved to 8–5, extended their lead in the NFC East to 2 games, and swept the Eagles for the first time since 2012. The Cowboys played a pathetic football game and got shutout for the first time since 2003. This loss dropped the Cowboys to","title":"2018 Dallas Cowboys season"},{"id":"20145640","text":"of 4,365 yards on 104 attempts, punting. Irwin-Hill attended minicamp on a tryout basis with the Indianapolis Colts in 2015 and 2016. On April 27, 2017, Irwin-Hill was signed by the Dallas Cowboys. In the Hall-of-Fame game against Arizona Cardinals, he handled both punting and kicking duties. He was waived on September 1, 2017. Irwin-Hill signed with the Washington Redskins on March 16, 2018, but was waived on July 11, 2018. Sam Irwin-Hill Sam Irwin-Hill (born 10 October 1990) is an Australian-born American football punter who is currently a free agent. He played college football at the University of Arkansas.","title":"Sam Irwin-Hill"},{"id":"106504","text":"In the 2015 season, the Cowboys wore their Color Rush variation of the 1990s \"Double Star\" jerseys for a Thanksgiving game against the Carolina Panthers. The Cotton Bowl is a stadium which opened in 1932 and became known as \"The House That Doak Built\" due to the immense crowds that former SMU running back Doak Walker drew to the stadium during his college career in the late 1940s. Originally known as the Fair Park Bowl, it is located in Fair Park, site of the State Fair of Texas. Concerts or other events using a stage allow the playing field to","title":"Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"9863688","text":"also clinched a playoff berth. Hall of Fame/Former Cowboy QBs Roger Staubach and Troy Aikman were in attendance as honorary captains, along with the commemoration of the Super Bowl anniversaries of the '77 Cowboys & the '92 Cowboys. The Cowboys won the 10–1 duel with the win and improved to 11–1 while the Packers fell to 10–2. For Tony Romo, he ended this part of the season with a franchise-best 33 touchdown passes. Coming off their Thursday night home win over the Packers, the Cowboys flew to Ford Field for a Week 14 interconference duel with the Detroit Lions. In","title":"2007 Dallas Cowboys season"},{"id":"20468746","text":"8-6 on the season. 2018 Dallas Cowboys season The 2018 season is the Dallas Cowboys' 59th and current in the National Football League (NFL), their 30th under the ownership of Jerry Jones, their 10th playing their home games at AT&T Stadium, and their eighth full season under head coach Jason Garrett. AT&T Stadium is also the first stadium venue to host the annual draft. For the first time since 2009, wide receiver Dez Bryant was not on the opening day roster, as he was released on April 13, 2018 and signed with the New Orleans Saints on November 7, 2018.","title":"2018 Dallas Cowboys season"},{"id":"5751529","text":"of the participants. When the Cleveland Browns returned to the league with a rebooted roster in 1999, they too played in the Hall of Fame Game. The Baltimore Ravens, while officially considered as being established in 1996, did not play in the Hall of Fame Game until 2018. With the Ravens' participation in the 2018 game, all 32 current NFL teams have now played in the Hall of Fame game at least once. Prior to the AFL–NFL merger, the Hall of Fame Game was played in August or September, in some cases at the end of the preseason. In 1970,","title":"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game"},{"id":"9860069","text":"AFL and became a unified league, but the Cowboys also underwent many changes. Meredith and Perkins retired in 1969 and new players were joining the organization, like Cliff Harris, and Pro Football Hall of Famers Rayfield Wright, Mike Ditka, Herb Adderley and Roger Staubach. Led by quarterback Craig Morton, the Cowboys had a 10–4 season in 1970. A 38-0 shutout by the Cardinals was the low point of the year, but the team recovered to make it to the playoffs. They defeated Detroit 5–0 in the lowest-scoring playoff game in NFL history and then defeated San Francisco 17–10 in the","title":"History of the Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"20468451","text":"released on August 4 and his roster spot taken by fellow O-lineman Kaleb Johnson, a former Chiefs player; Johnson's slot would also be replaced a week later by Chiefs running back Knile Davis. On February 13, the NFL announced that the Bears will play the Baltimore Ravens in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game on Thursday, August 2, at the Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium in Canton, Ohio. The remaining preseason games were revealed on April 11. The Hall of Fame Game began on a poor note when Chase Daniel's pass was intercepted by Chuck Clark, though DeAndre","title":"2018 Chicago Bears season"},{"id":"8021013","text":"(broadcast on \"Monday Night Football\"), Aikman was inducted into the Dallas Cowboys Ring of Honor with his longtime teammates Michael Irvin and Emmitt Smith. On August 5, 2006, Aikman was one of six players inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. At another halftime ceremony, this one on February 7, 2009 at the UCLA-Notre Dame basketball game, Aikman's induction into the College Hall of Fame was honored. Aikman announced he had completed course work to finish his degree in sociology. He participated in UCLA's 2009 Sociology Department commencement ceremony with current quarterback Kevin Craft and former linebacker Marcus Reece,","title":"Troy Aikman"},{"id":"3895142","text":"1967 NFL Championship Game The 1967 National Football League Championship Game was the 35th NFL championship, played on December 31 at Lambeau Field in Green Bay, Wisconsin. It determined the NFL's champion, which met the AFL's champion in Super Bowl II, then formally referred to as the second \"AFL-NFL World Championship Game\". The Dallas Cowboys (9–5), champions of the Eastern Conference, traveled north to meet the Western champion Green Bay Packers (9–4–1), the two-time defending league champions. It was a rematch of the previous year's title game, and pitted two future Hall of Fame head coaches against each other, Tom","title":"1967 NFL Championship Game"},{"id":"11036391","text":"Kansas City Chiefs' jerseys, in honor of team and AFL founder Lamar Hunt, who died in December 2006. The program kicked off on August 9 in the 2009 Pro Football Hall of Fame Game with the Bills playing the Titans (Oilers). Besides the Legacy Games, the Chiefs wore Dallas Texans uniforms in one home game against the NFC's Dallas Cowboys, who also wore throwbacks, while the Cowboys hosted the Raiders in a Thanksgiving Day game in Arlington, Texas. (The Chiefs and Cowboys throwbacks both feature team-colored jerseys, making it the first dark color vs. dark color game since the Bears-Cowboys","title":"2009 NFL season"},{"id":"6800968","text":"Tony Casillas Tony Steven Casillas (born October 26, 1963) is a former American football defensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL) from 1986 through 1997. While at the University of Oklahoma he helped win the 1985 NCAA National Championship. He also won the Lombardi Award in 1985 and was the 1985 UPI Lineman of the Year. Casillas was also part of the Dallas Cowboys back to back victories in Super Bowl XXVII and XXVIII, both against the Buffalo Bills. In 2004, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. Casillas was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma, on October","title":"Tony Casillas"},{"id":"106523","text":"the 1972 Divisional Playoff Game. The 1981 NFC Championship Game in San Francisco, which saw the 49ers' Joe Montana complete a game-winning pass to Dwight Clark in the final minute (now known as The Catch) is one of the most famous games in NFL history. The rivalry became even more intense during the 1992–1994 seasons. San Francisco and Dallas faced each other in the NFC Championship Game three separate times. Dallas won the first two match-ups, and San Francisco won the third. In each of these pivotal match-ups, the game's victor went on to win the Super Bowl. Both the","title":"Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"5751526","text":"the league in advance of the remainder of the preseason schedule. The participants are usually announced around the time that the new Hall of Fame members are announced, which coincides with Super Bowl week. Often, if a particularly notable player will be entering the Hall of Fame that year, a team they were strongly associated with may be selected to play in the game to help maximize attendance and publicity of the game itself. From 1971 to 2010, the opponents for each game usually included one AFC team and one NFC team. In 2009, as recognition of the 50th anniversary","title":"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game"},{"id":"394046","text":"Super Bowl XII Super Bowl XII was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1977 season. The Cowboys defeated the Broncos 27–10 to win their second Super Bowl. The game was played on January 15, 1978, at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans. This was the first time that the Super Bowl was played in a domed stadium, and the first time that the game was played in prime time in the Eastern United States.","title":"Super Bowl XII"},{"id":"9860133","text":"a preseason match with the Tennessee Titans on August 21, and the first regular season one was a three-point loss to the Giants on September 20. By Week 9, the Cowboys stood at 6–2 after defeating their archrival Eagles in Philadelphia. Then followed a loss to the Packers, and victories over Washington and Oakland, the latter being on Thanksgiving. The team then fell to the Giants a second time, and lost at home to the Chargers. By this point, the Cowboys' playoff chances were doubtful, and the old talk of the \"December curse\" reappeared. The next game was a surprise","title":"History of the Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"106453","text":"seed. In the Divisional round they dispatched their division rival Eagles 30–11 to advance to their 4th consecutive NFC Conference Championship Game, in which they defeated Green Bay, 38–27. In Super Bowl XXX the Cowboys defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 27–17 at Sun Devil Stadium for their fifth Super Bowl championship. Switzer joined Johnson as the only coaches to win a college football national championship and a Super Bowl. The glory days of the Cowboys were again beginning to dim as free agency, age, and injuries began taking their toll. Star receiver Michael Irvin was suspended by the league for the","title":"Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"9860102","text":"but Dallas drafted offensive lineman Larry Allen, who became a mainstay on the line for the next decade. In 1994, the Cowboys played before the largest crowd to ever attend an NFL game when 112,376 in Mexico City turned out for a preseason match against the Houston Oilers. The Cowboys cruised to another NFC East title in 1994. They finished the regular season 12–4, with their four losses coming by a combined 20 points. The team suffered key injuries, however, when Erik Williams was lost for the year after a mid-season auto accident and Emmitt Smith was hobbled for the","title":"History of the Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"9860128","text":"Browns, the Cowboys played their Week 2 home opener under the MNF spotlight. In the last MNF game at Texas Stadium, Dallas dueled with their NFC East foe, the Philadelphia Eagles. In the first quarter, the Cowboys trailed early as Eagles kicker David Akers got a 34-yard field goal. Dallas answered in their first possession with QB Tony Romo completing a 72-yard TD pass to WR Terrell Owens In a game that had 9 lead changes, it also set different point records, including most first half points in MNF history (54) and most combined points in the rivalry's history (78).","title":"History of the Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"9860116","text":"against the Carolina Panthers with an outstanding 4th quarter comeback to win (35–14). The Cowboys' chance to challenge the Giants seemingly fizzled when they lost to the Washington Redskins at FedExField on a last second field goal (the \"Hand of God\" game) However, the Giants entered a slump, and Tony Romo impressed the media as a quarterback, revitalizing the Cowboys with a 27–10 win over the Cardinals, a well-earned (21–14) victory over the previously unbeaten Colts, and a thorough routing of Tampa Bay (38–10) on Thanksgiving Day. During that home game, Romo solidified his position as QB and quieted any","title":"History of the Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"2672299","text":"exhibit. The CFHOF is currently changing to a de-centralized model, which does not included a main museum building (see \"Today\" below). Once during every CFL season, the Hall sponsors the induction ceremony of former players. Included in the \"Hall of Fame Weekend\" is a regular season game, usually (but not always) affiliated with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. Traditionally, the inducted players will come to the Hall and make an acceptance speech in front of the building where their newly sculpted bust is unveiled. A player must be retired from the game for at least three years before being eligible for consideration.","title":"Canadian Football Hall of Fame"},{"id":"7468109","text":"locker room worked to get themselves in position to win that game today and for it to end like that, and for me to be the cause is very tough to swallow right now\", Romo said after the game. \"I take responsibility for messing up at the end there. That's my fault. I cost the Dallas Cowboys a playoff win, and it's going to sit with me a long time. I don't know if I have ever felt this low.\" This was the final game in the Hall of Fame coaching career of Bill Parcells, who resigned his position with","title":"2006–07 NFL playoffs"},{"id":"394682","text":"Super Bowl XXVIII Super Bowl XXVIII was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Buffalo Bills to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1993 season. The Cowboys defeated the Bills by the score of 30–13, winning their fourth Super Bowl in team history, tying the Pittsburgh Steelers and the San Francisco 49ers for most Super Bowl wins. The game was played on January 30, 1994, at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta, Georgia. Since the 1993 regular season was conducted over 18 weeks (two byes","title":"Super Bowl XXVIII"},{"id":"20468743","text":"game. This loss dropped them to 3-5 on the season. The Cowboys played an excellent game and stopped the Eagles late to seal the game. They improved to 4-5 with this win. Maher kicked a game-winning field goal as time expired. The Cowboys improved to 5-5 with this win. Rookie linebacker Leighton Vander Esch put up a stellar performance with his 2nd interception in two weeks, which set up a crucial Ezekiel Elliott touchdown run. NFL on Thanksgiving Day The Cowboys played an excellent game and got revenge on their division rivals. Dak Prescott connected with Amari Cooper for a","title":"2018 Dallas Cowboys season"},{"id":"106525","text":"or if the two teams finish in the same place in their respective divisions, they would play the ensuing season. The rivalry has also resulted in notable playoff games. The all time regular seasons series record is 15–13 in favor of the Packers, and the postseason series is tied 4–4. Unlike many NFL teams, the Cowboys do not retire jersey numbers of past standouts as a matter of policy. Instead, the team has a \"Ring of Honor\", which is on permanent display encircling the field. Originally at Texas Stadium, the ring is now on display at AT&T Stadium in Arlington.","title":"Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"9860131","text":"week, they won another four game, Dallas finished the season 1–3, losing its final game in Texas Stadium to the Baltimore Ravens 33–24 followed by a disastrous 44–6 loss to Philadelphia. With a 9–7 record, the team finished third in the division and failed to qualify for the playoffs. After the season ended, highly controversial and productive receiver Terrell Owens was released after receiving a $34 million extension the previous June that was supposed to allow him to retire a Cowboy. Jones said he released Owens because of production and \"In this particular case, we have an outstanding player in","title":"History of the Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"11530573","text":"Hall of Famer tackle Rayfield Wright anchored the offensive line. The Cowboys had their lowest regular season (6–2 vs. Cleveland Browns) and playoff (5–0 vs. Detroit Lions) scoring games in franchise history. The playoff victory over Detroit remains the lowest scoring postseason game in NFL history. Through week one of the 2018 season, they are the only games to finish with those scores. Chuck Howley became the first defensive player, and only member of a losing team to be the Super Bowl's Most Valuable Player. The Football Encyclopedia Total Football Cowboys Have Always Been My Heroes 1970 Dallas Cowboys season","title":"1970 Dallas Cowboys season"},{"id":"20474802","text":"2018 Baltimore Ravens season The 2018 season is the Baltimore Ravens' 23rd season in the National Football League and their 11th under head coach John Harbaugh. On October 14, 2018, the Ravens set a franchise record, sacking Titans quarterback Marcus Mariota 11 times in a 21–0 Week 6 win against the Tennessee Titans. Draft trades On February 13, the NFL announced that the Ravens will play the Chicago Bears in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game on Thursday, August 2, at the Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium in Canton, Ohio. The remainder of the Ravens' preseason opponents and","title":"2018 Baltimore Ravens season"},{"id":"14649451","text":"Toyota Stadium (Texas) Toyota Stadium is a soccer-specific stadium with a 20,500-seat capacity, built and owned by the city of Frisco, Texas. Its primary tenants are Major League Soccer (MLS) team FC Dallas, which relocated from the Cotton Bowl in central Dallas, and Frisco Independent School District high school football games. It is also the future home of the National Soccer Hall of Fame with opening ceremony occurring in winter 2018. The stadium, which is located in Frisco, Texas, cost approximately $80 million and opened on August 6, 2005, with a match between FC Dallas and the MetroStars, which ended","title":"Toyota Stadium (Texas)"},{"id":"106475","text":"home loss to the Arizona Cardinals 28–17 with backup QB Brandon Weeden. Romo returned in Week 9 to lead a 31–17 victory of the Jacksonville Jaguars which was played at Wembley Stadium in London, England as part of the NFL International Series. Dallas played their traditional Thanksgiving home game against division rival Philadelphia. Both teams were vying for first place in the division with identical 8–3 records. The Eagles got off to a fast start and the Cowboys were unable to catch up, losing 33–10. They would rebound the next week when they defeated Chicago 41–28. Week 15 was a","title":"Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"284587","text":"San Francisco 49ers and Arizona Cardinals known as \"Fútbol Americano\", and 39 international preseason games were played from 1986 to 2005 as part of the American Bowl series. The Raiders and Houston Texans played a game in Mexico City at Estadio Azteca on November 21, 2016. According to Forbes, the Dallas Cowboys, at approximately US$4 billion, are the most valuable NFL franchise and the most valuable sports team in the world. Also, all 32 NFL teams rank among the Top 50 most valuable sports teams in the world; and 14 of the NFL's owners are listed on the Forbes 400,","title":"National Football League"},{"id":"393811","text":"Super Bowl VI Super Bowl VI was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Miami Dolphins to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1971 season. The Cowboys defeated the Dolphins by the score of 24–3, to win their first Super Bowl. The game was played on January 16, 1972, at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana, the second time the Super Bowl was played in that city. Despite the southerly location, it was unseasonably cold at the time, with the kickoff air temperature of","title":"Super Bowl VI"},{"id":"2186095","text":"January 2018 playing, there have been 32 games (64 total appearances). Outback Bowl The Outback Bowl is an annual college football bowl game played at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida, usually on New Years Day. The event was originally called the Hall of Fame Bowl from 1986 to 1994 until being renamed in 1995 for its new title sponsor, Outback Steakhouse. It is organized by the Tampa Bay Bowl Association under Jim McVay, who has been the president and CEO since 1988. The Outback Bowl was not Tampa's first bowl game; the Cigar Bowl was played at old Phillips","title":"Outback Bowl"},{"id":"3348192","text":"in back-to-back seasons at the Alamodome in 1994 and 1995. The Stars defeated the Kings 3-2 on September 27, 1994, with 14,342 fans in attendance (this was one of the last hockey games to take place before the 1994–95 NHL lockout). The following year Dallas claimed a 4-2 victory over the Kings in front of 8,122 hockey fans on September 26, 1995. Hockey Hall of Fame forward Wayne Gretzky participated in both preseason matchups. In college football, Notre Dame has played two Shamrock Series (home-away-from-home) games here against Washington State in 2009 and Army in 2016. After the opening ceremonies,","title":"Alamodome"},{"id":"9860115","text":"Night Football to finish the season 9–7, 3rd place in the NFC East. The Cowboys entered the season with high hopes but got off to a mediocre 3–2 start before an important \"Monday Night Football\" game against division rivals, the New York Giants. The Cowboys suffered a tough 36–22 loss despite \"a changing of guard\" at the QB position from Drew Bledsoe to Tony Romo. With the next three games on the road, speculation grew that the Giants could run away with the division for a second straight year. Romo won his first game as a starter the following week","title":"History of the Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"9860098","text":"to feature the league leaders in rushing yards (Smith) and receiving yards (Irvin). The 1991 season also marked Dallas's return to Monday Night Football after an absence of two years. In 1992, the Cowboys finished with a 13–3 record (second best in the league), boasted the league's #1 defense, reached their peak in popularity (many road fans were cheering for the Cowboys), and finally avenged their 1981 NFC Championship Game loss to San Francisco by defeating the 49ers in the conference title game, 30–20, in a muddy Candlestick Park. The Cowboys went on to crush the Buffalo Bills in Super","title":"History of the Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"9560722","text":"Texas Cowboy Hall of Fame The Texas Cowboy Hall of Fame, a western, historical museum in Fort Worth, Texas, honors those men and women who have shown excellence in the business and support of rodeo and the western lifestyle in Texas.\" The Hall of Fame includes over 125 cowboys and cowgirls, each of whom has a booth to display personal memorabilia. The museum, located in Historic Barn A, is also home to The Sterquell Wagon Collection, John Justin Trail of Fame, Chisholm Trail Exhibit, The Applewhite-Clark Exhibit, Adventures of the Cowboy Trail, Zigrang Horse Bit Collection, Amon G. Carter's 1933","title":"Texas Cowboy Hall of Fame"},{"id":"19127716","text":"inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame, the latter also is the NFL's all-time leading rusher. In the second round of the draft, the Cowboys selected Notre Dame linebacker Jaylon Smith with the 34th overall pick. Smith was named first team All-American in 2015, and led his team in tackles. Smith also won the Butkus Award, which is awarded to the best linebacker in the country at the high school, college, and professional levels. This was the second time Smith had won the award, the previous time in 2013 as a senior in high school. In the Fiesta Bowl","title":"2016 Dallas Cowboys season"},{"id":"8725384","text":"the best win in at least eight to ten years, the Cowboys beat the previously undefeated Colts 21–14. The game was nationally televised on CBS, having been moved from 1:00pm to 4:15pm (EST) because of the NFL's new \"flex scheduling\" policy. It was the first game played between the two teams at Texas Stadium in ten years. With the rest of the NFC East losing that weekend, the Cowboys were tied with the New York Giants for first place in the NFC East, and in a tie for second place in the NFC. The Cowboys chances of winning the division,","title":"2006 Dallas Cowboys season"},{"id":"19127723","text":"catch the ball from the backfield to fill the void that will be left at start of season while Lance Dunbar is out after a knee surgery. Gathers hasn't played football since he was 13 years old, but was an honorable mention AP All-American college basketball athlete. Notes Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. The Cowboys fell short trying to win their home opener against the Giants in a hard-fought game. They dropped to 0–1 and lost to the Giants at AT&T Stadium for the first time since 2012. Ezekiel Elliott struggled to find holes all game, but managed","title":"2016 Dallas Cowboys season"},{"id":"106530","text":"Darren Woodson, who was inducted on November 1, 2015. , the Cowboys' flagship radio station is KRLD-FM. Brad Sham is the team's longtime play-by-play voice. Working alongside him is former Cowboy quarterback Babe Laufenberg, who returned in 2007 after a one-year absence to replace former safety Charlie Waters. The Cowboys, who retain rights to all announcers, chose not to renew Laufenberg's contract in 2006 and brought in Waters. However, Laufenberg did work as the analyst on the \"Blue Star Network\", which televises Cowboys preseason games not shown on national networks. The anchor station is KTVT, the CBS owned and operated","title":"Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"106482","text":"a free agent. Murray signed with the division rival Philadelphia Eagles. On July 15 wide receiver Dez Bryant signed a 5-year, $70 million contract. At home against the New York Giants, Dallas won 27–26. Dez Bryant left the game early with a fractured bone in his foot. On the road against the Philadelphia Eagles, Romo suffered a broken left collarbone, the same one he injured in 2010, and Brandon Weeden replaced him. Dallas won 20–10 to begin the season 2–0, but then went on a seven-game losing streak. Dallas finished the season 4–12 and last in their division. After a","title":"Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"17945221","text":"first 11 weeks of the season. The Thanksgiving Day Classic featured just one game for the first time since 1997, which is ironic in that it was the only week of the season with five games being played. For the second straight year, there was no Touchdown Atlantic contest. The Canadian Football Hall of Fame game took place on August 22, 2015, featuring the Saskatchewan Roughriders hosting the Calgary Stampeders. Dave Dickenson, Gene Makowsky, Eddie Davis, and Leroy Blugh were inducted as players while Bob O'Billovich, Bob Wetenhall, and Larry Reda joined as builders. Dickenson played for five seasons for","title":"2015 CFL season"},{"id":"3994648","text":"cities, including Dallas, which had the financial backing of billionaire T. Boone Pickens. However, the National Football Foundation ultimately decided on Atlanta for the next site. The new $68.5 million museum opened on August 23, 2014. It is located next to Centennial Olympic Park, which is near other attractions such as the Georgia Aquarium, the World of Coca-Cola, CNN Center, and the National Center for Civil and Human Rights. The Hall of Fame is located near the Georgia Institute of Technology of the ACC and roughly from the University of Georgia of the SEC. The new building broke ground on","title":"College Football Hall of Fame"},{"id":"10213490","text":"32-yard touchdown pass to running back Wendell Tyler. Dallas kicker Rafael Septién kicked a 33-yard field goal with 52 seconds left in the first half, but Ferragamo completed a 43-yard touchdown pass to Ron Smith before time expired to make it a 14–5 halftime lead. The Cowboys, led by quarterback Roger Staubach in what proved to be his last NFL game of his Hall of Fame career, then scored 2 unanswered touchdowns in the second half to take the lead, 19–14. With about 2 minutes left in the game and the Rams at midfield, Ferragamo found wide receiver Billy Waddy","title":"1979 Los Angeles Rams season"},{"id":"5732107","text":"to commemorate two anniversaries—the 25th anniversary of Super Bowl XX and 15th of Super Bowl XXX, which marked the Dallas Cowboys' most recent Super Bowl championship. In honor of those occasions, Super Bowl XX MVP Richard Dent and former Dallas Cowboys defensive back Deion Sanders, both of whom were inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2011, joined the ceremonies. They were joined by fellow Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees and past Super Bowl participants Marshall Faulk, Chris Hanburger and Shannon Sharpe. The Black Eyed Peas performed a medley of their greatest hits: \"I Gotta Feeling\", \"Boom","title":"Super Bowl XLV"},{"id":"9860142","text":"embarrassing Week 7 34-7 loss by the division rival Eagles. They turned things around by going undefeated in November. That run included a Week 10 44-7 blowout over Buffalo. Week 11 was a 27-24 OT victory over the Redskins on the road. They entered December with a 7–4 record vying for first place of their division with the Giants, whom the Cowboys were yet to play. After losing in OT against Arizona in Week 13, they headed to a Sunday Night primetime game against the Giants. Despite leading New York 34–22 with less than 6 minutes to play, the Cowboys","title":"History of the Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"8020990","text":"Troy Aikman Troy Kenneth Aikman (born November 21, 1966) is a former American football quarterback who played for the Dallas Cowboys in the National Football League (NFL). The number one overall draft pick in 1989, Aikman played twelve consecutive seasons as quarterback with the Cowboys. During his career he was a six-time Pro Bowl selection, led the team to three Super Bowl victories, and was the MVP of Super Bowl XXVII. Aikman was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2006 and to the College Football Hall of Fame on December 9, 2008 in New York City. Currently","title":"Troy Aikman"},{"id":"12936846","text":"a pivotal moment in the season. Not only was the nation's psyche impacted by this event, but also the image of the city of Dallas was tarnished. On November 24, just two days after this historic event, the NFL decided to play its normal schedule of games, with the Cowboys traveling to face the Cleveland Browns. On game day when the team was introduced, the public address announcer would not say the Dallas Cowboys, they were just the Cowboys. The crowd also vented their frustration and pain at the players during the contest. The Cowboys lost that day 17–27 and","title":"1963 Dallas Cowboys season"},{"id":"6672197","text":"Rayfield Wright Larry Rayfield Wright (born August 23, 1945) is a former American football player, an offensive tackle for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League for thirteen seasons and a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame, having been inducted in 2006. Nicknamed the \"Big Cat\" for his nimble feet, Wright played on five NFC Championship teams that advanced to the Super Bowl (1970, 1971, 1975, 1977, and 1978 seasons), winning twice. He also participated in the Ice Bowl against the Green Bay Packers for the NFL championship in his rookie season in 1967. Born and raised","title":"Rayfield Wright"},{"id":"9860151","text":"The Seahawks' loss in that game was only their 2nd home loss in the past three seasons. The streak was ended by their division rival Redskins in overtime 20–17. However, Romo once again injured his back. He was out the next game against Arizona where backup Brandon Weeden started. The Cardinals won 28–17. Romo returned in Week 10 as Dallas played in London, England for the first time ever against Jacksonville in NFL International Series. The Cowboys beat the Jaguars 31–17. Dallas entered their annual Thanksgiving home game with an 8–3, identical with their opponents the Eagles. Philadelphia got off","title":"History of the Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"394726","text":"Bowl XXVI. Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XXVIII, Super Bowl XXVIII Play Finder Dal, Super Bowl XXVIII Play Finder Buf Completions/attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted The following records were set in Super Bowl XXVIII, according to the official NFL.com boxscore and the ProFootball reference.com game summary.
Some records have to meet NFL minimum number of attempts to be recognized. The minimums are shown (in parenthesis). Source: Source: Super Bowl XXVIII Super Bowl XXVIII was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Buffalo Bills to decide the","title":"Super Bowl XXVIII"},{"id":"4875585","text":"1971–72 NFL playoffs The National Football League playoffs for the 1971 season began on December 25, 1971. The postseason tournament concluded with the Dallas Cowboys defeating the Miami Dolphins in Super Bowl VI, 24–3, on January 16, 1972, at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana. Like the previous NFL seasons, the home teams in the playoffs were decided based on a yearly divisional rotation, excluding the wild card teams who would always play on the road. It was the first time that the NFL scheduled games on Christmas Day, a decision that drew considerable criticism. In the longest NFL game","title":"1971–72 NFL playoffs"},{"id":"2186090","text":"Outback Bowl The Outback Bowl is an annual college football bowl game played at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida, usually on New Years Day. The event was originally called the Hall of Fame Bowl from 1986 to 1994 until being renamed in 1995 for its new title sponsor, Outback Steakhouse. It is organized by the Tampa Bay Bowl Association under Jim McVay, who has been the president and CEO since 1988. The Outback Bowl was not Tampa's first bowl game; the Cigar Bowl was played at old Phillips Field near downtown from 1947 to 1954. However, the earlier event","title":"Outback Bowl"},{"id":"9860140","text":"that with a meaningless win over the Eagles to end their season at 6–10. After going 5–3 as interim head coach during the last eight games of the previous season, Jason Garrett took the head coaching position full-time. With Tony Romo back in action, the Cowboys headed to the Meadowlands to take on the Jets for a Sunday Night game commemorating the 10-year anniversary of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. An early Dallas lead soon led to a 24–24 tie, but Romo threw an interception in the 4th quarter that allowed New York to get into the red zone","title":"History of the Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"18465631","text":"hosted Arizona Cardinals (represented by former quarterback and 2017 Hall of Famer Kurt Warner). It was televised nationally on NBC. The 64-game preseason schedule ended on August 31; a 65th game, that of the 2017 Texas Governor's Cup, was canceled due to the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey. The 2017 regular season's 256 games which were played over a 17-week schedule which began on September 7. Each of the league's 32 teams plays a 16-game schedule, with one bye week for each team. The slate also features games on Monday nights. There are games played on Thursday, including the National Football","title":"2017 NFL season"},{"id":"1581842","text":"Bob Lilly Robert Lewis Lilly (born July 26, 1939), nicknamed \"Mr. Cowboy\", is a former American football defensive tackle and photographer. After a college career at Texas Christian University (TCU), he played for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL) for fourteen seasons. Lilly was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1980 and the College Football Hall of Fame in 1981. Born in Olney, Texas, Lilly grew up in Throckmorton, the son of John and Margaret (Redwine) Lilly. Lilly's father and grandfather were both involved in farming and ranching, but the severe 1950s Texas drought","title":"Bob Lilly"},{"id":"18465642","text":"sparse attendance for the 49ers' home opener. Even the Dallas Cowboys, a team whose fan base is among the largest in the United States, played their week 13 \"Thursday Night Football\" game in front of a half-empty AT&T Stadium. The lifting of the league's blackout policy was cited as one factor in the decline in ticket sales, as viewers would rather watch from the comfort of their homes, especially when weather conditions were less than ideal. At a Buffalo Bills/Indianapolis Colts game held in blinding lake-effect snow on December 10, scalpers said they had not sold any tickets, an extreme","title":"2017 NFL season"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"19798285\",\n \"text\": \"Dallas Cowboys in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game on Thursday, August 3, 2017, at the Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium in Canton, Ohio. The two teams also met during the regular season at the University of Phoenix Stadium. On December 13, 2016, the NFL announced that the Cardinals will play the Los Angeles Rams as one of the NFL International Series at Twickenham Stadium in London, England, with the Rams serving as the home team. It will be the Cardinals' first appearance in the International Series, though the Cardinals played in Mexico in 2005 against the San\",\n \"title\": \"2017 Arizona Cardinals season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6829670\",\n \"text\": \"World Series game. Sunday night games between November 13 and December 18 (inclusive) were \\\"flex games\\\", which could have reverted to Sunday afternoon if a more competitive matchup arose (one was; see below). The final Sunday night of the season – January 1, 2012 – was likewise a \\\"flex game\\\"; the slot, vacant when the schedule was released, was filled by the game between the Dallas Cowboys and the New York Giants (see below). The Hall of Fame Game scheduled for August 7, and to be shown on NBC, was canceled due to the lockout that offseason; it was the\",\n \"title\": \"NBC Sunday Night Football\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18465630\",\n \"text\": \"on April 27–29 in Philadelphia. The Cleveland Browns selected Myles Garrett with the first overall pick. Training camps for the 2017 season were held in late July through August. Teams started training camp no earlier than 15 days before the team's first scheduled preseason game. Prior to the start of the regular season, each team played four preseason exhibition games, beginning on August 10. The preseason began on the evening of August 3 with the 2017 Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, that featured the Dallas Cowboys (represented in the 2017 Hall of Fame Class by owner Jerry Jones) who\",\n \"title\": \"2017 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10379943\",\n \"text\": \"played their home games at Lucas Oil Stadium. Meanwhile, 2008 was the final year that the Dallas Cowboys played at Texas Stadium; they moved to Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas, in 2009. In preseason games, the annual Pro Football Hall of Fame Game was played August 3 between the Indianapolis Colts and Washington Redskins, which aired on NBC. Washington won the game, 30–16. Other preseason highlights included the first game of the Toronto Series, which was played August 14 between the Buffalo Bills and the Pittsburgh Steelers at Toronto's Rogers Centre. The Bills won that game, 24–21. Based on the\",\n \"title\": \"2008 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8252233\",\n \"text\": \"City from April 22–24, the first time that the draft was held over three days instead of the normal two.In the draft with the first overall pick, the St. Louis Rams chose quarterback Sam Bradford from the University of Oklahoma. The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game was held on Sunday, August 8, 2010 at 8:00 pm EDT on NBC, with the Dallas Cowboys defeating the Cincinnati Bengals, 16–7 at Fawcett Stadium in Canton, Ohio. The remainder of the preseason game matchups were announced March 31, 2010. Highlights, among others, include the New York Giants and New York Jets facing\",\n \"title\": \"2010 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14196860\",\n \"text\": \"season. He was replaced by offensive coordinator Jason Garrett. The Cowboys finished the season 6–10, 3rd place in the NFC East, and failed to reach the playoffs. However, under Garrett the team's record was 5–3 as compared to the 1–7 start under Phillips. Notes \\\"RFA\\\": Restricted free-agent, \\\"UFA\\\": Unrestricted free-agent, \\\"ERFA\\\": Exclusive rights free agent On February 24, 2010, the NFL announced that the Cowboys will face the Cincinnati Bengals in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game at Fawcett Stadium in Canton, Ohio. The game occurred on Sunday, August 8, 2010, and was aired by NBC. The remainder of\",\n \"title\": \"2010 Dallas Cowboys season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14822505\",\n \"text\": \"new Hall of Fame members. It was played at Fawcett Stadium in Canton, Ohio, which is located adjacent to the Hall of Fame building. In the game, which was televised nationally on NBC, the Dallas Cowboys defeated the Miami Dolphins 24–20. The 2013 Hall of Fame class of Larry Allen, Cris Carter, Curley Culp, Jonathan Ogden, Bill Parcells, Dave Robinson and Warren Sapp was honored during the game. The 65-game preseason schedule concluded on Thursday, August 29. The 2013 season featured 256 games played out over a seventeen-week schedule which began on the Thursday night following Labor Day. Each of\",\n \"title\": \"2013 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5795535\",\n \"text\": \"were played per year in the early 1990s. The two participating teams were selected by the league. The American Bowl was a fifth pre-season game, played the same weekend as the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, and did not take away a game from the participating teams' pre-season schedules. The largest crowd in NFL history was recorded at the American Bowl game at Mexico City on August 15, 1994, when 112,376 people attended the Governor's Cup game between the Dallas Cowboys and Houston Oilers. In 1996 it was played in Monterrey at the Estadio Universitario. The 1997 game was\",\n \"title\": \"American Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5751533\",\n \"text\": \"p.m.—an hour and 20 minutes before kickoff—that the game was going to be canceled. However, fans in the stadium only learned of the pending cancellation via social media. No official announcement was made until just before the scheduled 8 p.m. kickoff. On December 28, 2016, the NFL announced that the 2017 edition of the game would be played on a Thursday (August 3). This scheduling change made the Hall of Fame Game the first event of the Hall of Fame Weekend. The 2018 game was also played on a Thursday (August 2). Come 2019, the game will be played on\",\n \"title\": \"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5751534\",\n \"text\": \"August 1. Unlike the majority of NFL preseason games, which air on local TV stations, the Hall of Fame Game airs nationwide. From 1999 to 2005, the game was held on Monday night, televised as part of ABC's \\\"Monday Night Football\\\" package. It had previously been held typically on Saturday afternoons, except from 1963 to 1965 on Sunday afternoons, televised as part of ABC's \\\"Wide World of Sports\\\" package (still using the \\\"MNF\\\" crew). In 1998, the game was put in the \\\"MNF\\\" package, and played on a Saturday night, which served as a test run for the move to\",\n \"title\": \"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5751536\",\n \"text\": \"scheduled to air on ESPN due to NBC's coverage of the 2016 Summer Olympics, but the game was canceled due to field conditions. It returned to NBC in 2017 and will remain on the network until 2019. Westwood One owns national radio rights; it is the only preseason game to air on a nationwide network. Each team's radio network is also allowed to broadcast the games (albeit usually with fewer affiliates since exhibition games are traditionally much lower priority to non-sports and non-flagship stations). In 2007 and 2008, the game was broadcast live in both Ireland and the United Kingdom\",\n \"title\": \"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5751530\",\n \"text\": \"it was moved to the beginning of the preseason. Prior to 2002, it was not uncommon for the game to be played in July. Since 2002, when the league permanently moved the start of the season to the weekend after Labor Day, the game has always been played in early August. The 2011 game was originally scheduled between the St. Louis Rams and the Chicago Bears, but the game was canceled due to an ongoing labor dispute that had disrupted nearly all league activity during the 2011 offseason. The two clubs had set a deadline of July 22 to ratify\",\n \"title\": \"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9153324\",\n \"text\": \"games. Due to their exhibition nature, suspended or canceled preseason games are normally not made up. In 2004, Hurricane Charley postponed a Tampa Bay game against Cincinnati from Saturday until Monday. In 2001, a preseason game between Philadelphia and Baltimore was canceled due to turf problems at Veterans Stadium. Similar turf concerns prompted the league to cancel the 2016 Hall of Fame Game at the last minute. The 2017 Cowboys-Texans preseason game, originally scheduled for Houston, was at first switched to Arlington due to the flooding spawned by Hurricane Harvey in southeast Texas. The day prior to the scheduled game,\",\n \"title\": \"NFL preseason\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"106511\",\n \"text\": \"of the 2009 season was against the New York Giants. A league record-setting 105,121 fans showed up to fill Cowboys Stadium for the game before which the traditional \\\"blue star\\\" at the 50-yard line was unveiled for the first time; however, the Cowboys lost in the final seconds, 33–31. The Cowboys got their first regular season home win on September 28, 2009. They beat the Carolina Panthers 21–7 with 90,588 in attendance. The game was televised on ESPN's \\\"Monday Night Football\\\" and marked a record 42nd win for the Cowboys on \\\"Monday Night Football\\\". On July 25, 2013, the Cowboys\",\n \"title\": \"Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2588346\",\n \"text\": \"life as a football player and the many mistakes he has made in his life. His speech has been praised by many NFL commentators as heartfelt, including those who had been inclined to dislike him. On October 14, 2007, Michael Irvin accepted his Hall of Fame ring at Texas Stadium during halftime of the Dallas Cowboys–New England Patriots game. In his speech, he proposed to Commissioner Roger Goodell that all drafted rookies will have a tour of the Pro Football Hall of Fame to better understand their football history. In 1996, as the Cowboys prepared to play the Carolina Panthers\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Irvin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11619592\",\n \"text\": \"might call adding insult to injury. Super Bowl XIII can arguably be called the greatest collection of NFL talent ever to gather for a game. In additions to Coaches Noll and Landry, 14 players would go on to enshrinement in the Hall of Fame: 9 from Pittsburgh (Bradshaw, Harris, Swann, Stallworth, Webster, Greene, Lambert, Ham, and Blount), and 5 from Dallas (Staubach, Dorsett, White, Wright, and Jackie Smith). Much of the pregame hype surrounding Super Bowl XIII centered around Cowboys linebacker Thomas \\\"Hollywood\\\" Henderson. Henderson caused quite a stir before the NFC Championship Game by claiming that the Rams had\",\n \"title\": \"1978 Dallas Cowboys season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5751540\",\n \"text\": \"have similarly enjoyed long sellout streaks. ABCMonday Night Football (1963-1965) NBC Sunday Night Football(2006-present) Pro Football Hall of Fame Game The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game is an annual National Football League (NFL) exhibition game that is held the weekend of the Pro Football Hall of Fame's induction ceremonies. The game is played at Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium, which is located adjacent to the Hall of Fame building in Canton, Ohio. It is traditionally the first game played in the NFL preseason for any given year, marking the end of the NFL's six-month off-season. The two teams\",\n \"title\": \"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5751525\",\n \"text\": \"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game is an annual National Football League (NFL) exhibition game that is held the weekend of the Pro Football Hall of Fame's induction ceremonies. The game is played at Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium, which is located adjacent to the Hall of Fame building in Canton, Ohio. It is traditionally the first game played in the NFL preseason for any given year, marking the end of the NFL's six-month off-season. The two teams that play in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game are typically selected by\",\n \"title\": \"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5751535\",\n \"text\": \"Monday night. Starting in 2006, it was moved to Sunday night, coinciding with the new \\\"NBC Sunday Night Football\\\" television package. The 2007 game was telecast on NFL Network, as NBC was intending to televise the China Bowl game in Beijing, China (a game which was postponed to 2009 and later canceled). The Hall of Fame Game has since bounced between both networks. The 2012 game aired on NFL Network due to NBC's coverage of the Summer Olympics. After a two-year absence, the game returned to NBC in 2013 and remained on the network until 2015. The 2016 game was\",\n \"title\": \"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2457517\",\n \"text\": \"nominees for the Pro Football Hall of Fame Class of 2012. In February 2011, ESPN.com writer Tim MacMahon wrote that Woodson “deserves serious Hall of Fame consideration and should join the Triplets on the modern side of the Dallas Cowboys Ring of Honor.” On August 4, 2015, the Dallas Cowboys announced that Woodson would be inducted into the Cowboys Ring of Honor. The official ceremony took place Nov. 1 against the Seahawks at AT&T Stadium. Woodson is the eighth defensive player inducted into the Ring of Honor, and just the second who played in the 90’s era, along with Charles\",\n \"title\": \"Darren Woodson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20724771\",\n \"text\": \"critics, with praise directed towards the gameplay. In May 2018, Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee Terrell Owens was announced to be on the cover of the \\\"Hall of Fame\\\" edition of the game. Owens is featured in a Dallas Cowboys uniform, a move which was questioned by some as Owens was drafted by and played eight seasons with the San Francisco 49ers, compared to just three with the Cowboys. The game's standard edition cover features Pittsburgh Steelers wide receiver Antonio Brown. The soundtrack for the game will feature over 30 tracks, including artists such as Migos, Pusha T, Post\",\n \"title\": \"Madden NFL 19\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5840765\",\n \"text\": \"teams. The Texas Rangers baseball team have played at Arlington Stadium from 1972 to 1993 and at Globe Life Park in Arlington since 1994. Meanwhile, the Dallas Cowboys football team has played at the Texas Stadium at Irving from 1971 to 2008 and at the AT&T Stadium at Arlington since 2009. The International Bowling Campus, which houses the United States Bowling Congress, International Bowling Museum and the International Bowling Hall of Fame, is also located at Arlington. The Four Seasons Resort and Club Dallas at Las Colinas hosts the Byron Nelson Championship, an annual PGA Tour golf tournament. The Las\",\n \"title\": \"Mid-Cities\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020928\",\n \"text\": \"game of the 1979 season, a nationally televised game against the St. Louis Cardinals (Dallas won 22-21), the television announcer for CBS introduced the Cowboys as America’s Team and the name just stuck. Dallas' Hall of Fame coach Tom Landry originally did not approve of the appellation of America's Team. He felt that it would give opposing teams extra incentive to play harder. Eventually he gave in and actually came to like the name. The nickname was coined at the height of Landry's then-NFL record 20 consecutive winning season streak, during which Dallas appeared in 12 conference championship games (counting\",\n \"title\": \"America's Team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20468738\",\n \"text\": \"2018 Dallas Cowboys season The 2018 season is the Dallas Cowboys' 59th and current in the National Football League (NFL), their 30th under the ownership of Jerry Jones, their 10th playing their home games at AT&T Stadium, and their eighth full season under head coach Jason Garrett. AT&T Stadium is also the first stadium venue to host the annual draft. For the first time since 2009, wide receiver Dez Bryant was not on the opening day roster, as he was released on April 13, 2018 and signed with the New Orleans Saints on November 7, 2018. For the first time\",\n \"title\": \"2018 Dallas Cowboys season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20955375\",\n \"text\": \"the team's first scheduled preseason game. The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, with teams to be announced, is tentatively scheduled for August 1, 2019 and will be televised nationally by NBC. The game will be held at Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium in Canton, Ohio, the same city where the league was founded 99 years prior. On October 18, 2018, the NFL announced that it would commemorate its 100th season throughout 2019, beginning at Super Bowl LIII. An NFL 100 emblem will be featured in promotions across all NFL properties during the season, worn on jerseys as a\",\n \"title\": \"2019 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19662337\",\n \"text\": \"hosting distribution was not as equal as it was in the previous year. The Montreal Alouettes hosted four Thursday night games, Winnipeg hosted three, Ottawa Redblacks hosted two, while two teams (Toronto and Calgary) hosted once and three teams (Hamilton, Saskatchewan, and BC) did not host any. The Canadian Football Hall of Fame game took place on September 15, 2017, featuring the Hamilton Tiger-Cats hosting the Saskatchewan Roughriders. Kelvin Anderson, Anthony Calvillo, Mike O'Shea, and Geroy Simon were inducted as players while Stan Schwartz and Brian Towriss joined as builders. O'Shea is the currently the head coach of the Winnipeg\",\n \"title\": \"2017 CFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14822459\",\n \"text\": \"first game. The 4:15 p.m. late doubleheader kickoff time dates back to the 1998 season when the NFL moved it from 4:05 p.m. for the same reason. As per the NFL's scheduling formula, the intraconference and interconference matchups were: Intraconference Interconference Highlights of the 2012 schedule include: The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game was played August 5 and featured a match-up between the Arizona Cardinals and the New Orleans Saints. New Orleans last appeared in the game in 2007; former Saints offensive tackle Willie Roaf was inducted as part of the Hall of Fame ceremonies. The Cardinals played there\",\n \"title\": \"2012 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17084727\",\n \"text\": \"at the end of preseason. Prior to the start of the regular season, each team played at least four exhibition games. The preseason schedule got underway with the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game on Sunday evening, August 9. The Hall of Fame game is a traditional part of the annual Pro Football Hall of Fame induction weekend celebrating new Hall of Fame members. It was played at Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium which is located adjacent to the Hall of Fame building in Canton, Ohio. The game, which was televised in the U.S. on NBC, featured the Minnesota\",\n \"title\": \"2015 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9860078\",\n \"text\": \"in New Orleans. As a testament to Doomsday's dominance in the hard-hitting game, defensive linemen Randy White and Harvey Martin were named co-Super Bowl MVPs, the first and only time multiple players have received the award. After a slow start in 1978, Dallas won its final six regular season games to finish the season at 12–4. After an unexpectedly close divisional playoff game against the Atlanta Falcons at Texas Stadium, the Cowboys traveled to Los Angeles and shut out the Rams in the NFC Championship Game 28–0 to return to the Super Bowl. In Super Bowl XIII, Dallas faced the\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4254464\",\n \"text\": \"of the Cowboys-Seahawks game, November 6, 2011, Allen, Drew Pearson and Charles Haley were inducted into the prestigious Dallas Cowboys Ring of Honor. On February 2, 2013, Allen was voted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. He resides in Danville, California. Larry Allen Larry Christopher Allen Jr. (born November 27, 1971) is a former American football guard who played in the National Football League (NFL) for fourteen seasons. He was drafted by the Dallas Cowboys in the second round of the 1994 NFL Draft. He played college football at Sonoma State University. At 6 ft 3 in height and\",\n \"title\": \"Larry Allen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"106435\",\n \"text\": \"Dallas Cowboys The Dallas Cowboys are a professional American football team based in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. The Cowboys compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) East division. The team is headquartered in Frisco, Texas, and plays its home games at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas, which opened for the 2009 season. The stadium took its current name prior to the 2013 season. The Cowboys joined the NFL as an expansion team in . The team's national following might best be represented by its NFL record of consecutive sell-outs.\",\n \"title\": \"Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9860076\",\n \"text\": \"1974, finishing 8–6 and missing the playoffs for the first time in nine years. Bob Lilly retired following the season, capping his 14-year Hall of Fame career. After missing the playoffs in 1974, the team drafted well the following year, adding defensive lineman Randy White (a future Hall of Fame member) and linebacker Thomas \\\"Hollywood\\\" Henderson. The fresh influx of talent helped the Cowboys back to the playoffs in 1975 as a wild card, where they beat the Minnesota Vikings and Los Angeles Rams to advance to Super Bowl X, where they lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers, 21-17. In 1976,\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"106528\",\n \"text\": \"Meanwhile, he refused to induct Tex Schramm (even after Schramm's induction to the Pro Football Hall of Fame). In 1993, thanks in part to the efforts of Roger Staubach as an intermediary, Landry accepted induction and had a ceremony on the day of that year's Cowboys-Giants game (Landry had played and coached for the Giants). In 2003, Jones finally chose to induct Tex Schramm. Schramm and Jones held a joint press conference at Texas Stadium announcing the induction. Unfortunately, Schramm did not live to see his ceremonial induction at the Cowboys-Eagles game that fall. Some of the more recent inductees\",\n \"title\": \"Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17825093\",\n \"text\": \"University of Texas at Arlington Mavericks, and University of North Texas Mean Green, respectively. Nearby Arlington, Texas is the new home to the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League. Since joining the league as an expansion team in 1960, the Cowboys have enjoyed substantial success, advancing to eight Super Bowls and winning five. Known widely as \\\"America's Team\\\", the Dallas Cowboys are financially the most valuable sports franchise in the United States, worth approximately 2.3 billion dollars. They are also the fifth most valuable sports organization in the world. The Cowboys are only out-valued by Real Madrid, Barcelona, Manchester\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in Dallas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2617460\",\n \"text\": \"Park Bowl. Subsequent expansions resulted in a present capacity of 92,200. The Cotton Bowl Classic was played there from 1937–2009. Annually during the State Fair of Texas, it hosts the AT&T Red River Rivalry game between the University of Texas and the University of Oklahoma along with the Southwest Airlines State Fair Classic game between Grambling State University (Louisiana) and Prairie View A&M University. It was also home to the Dallas Cowboys from 1960 to 1971 until their move to Texas Stadium in Irving. Music Hall, built in Spanish colonial revival style, was the General Motors Building during the Centennial\",\n \"title\": \"Fair Park\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"106529\",\n \"text\": \"were Troy Aikman, all-time NFL leading rusher Emmitt Smith, and Michael Irvin, known as \\\"The Triplets\\\". The Cowboys waited until Smith had retired as a player before inducting Aikman and Irvin, so all three could be inducted together, which occurred during halftime at a Monday Night Football home game against the arch-rival Washington Redskins on September 19, 2005. The most recent inductees are defensive end Charles Haley, offensive lineman Larry Allen, and wide receiver Drew Pearson, who were inducted into the Ring of Honor during halftime of the Cowboys' game vs. the Seattle Seahawks on November 6, 2011, and safety\",\n \"title\": \"Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"646826\",\n \"text\": \"in the world, worth approximately 4 billion dollars. In 2009, the Cowboys relocated to their new 80,000-seat stadium in Arlington, which was the site of Super Bowl XLV. The Texas Rangers of Major League Baseball play at Globe Life Park in Arlington. The Rangers won the American League pennant in 2010 and 2011. Jeff Banister is the team's manager. The Dallas Mavericks play at the American Airlines Center. They won their first National Basketball Association championship in 2011 led by Dirk Nowitzki. The Dallas Wings is the first Women's National Basketball Association franchise in the metroplex. All home games are\",\n \"title\": \"Dallas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10256087\",\n \"text\": \"known as The Catch. This ultimately started the rise of the 49ers and fall of the Cowboys throughout the 1980s. The rise of the 1990s Cowboys was christened with a 30–20 victory against San Francisco at Candlestick Park. Both franchises would later meet again in the next two NFC Championship games in what many consider to be a classic series of contest of future Hall of Fame players. At the Rose Bowl, site of Super Bowl XXVII, the Cowboys would struggle early finding themselves down 0–7, but later regroup when Aikman's pass to tight end Jay Novacek tied the game\",\n \"title\": \"1992 Dallas Cowboys season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2186093\",\n \"text\": \"a Sunday, in which case it is moved to the following Monday. It is usually the first game to start on a day which is traditionally full of college bowl games, and has kicked off as early as 11AM. ESPN has had television rights to the game since 1993. Under an extension of those rights signed in 2010, ESPN broadcasts the game on either ABC, ESPN, or ESPN2, in conjunction with the Citrus Bowl and the New Year's Six bowl games. Before 1993, the Hall of Fame Bowl aired on NBC. Upon signing agreements with the SEC and Big 10\",\n \"title\": \"Outback Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20244372\",\n \"text\": \"Mutual financial services organization, the game was officially known as the College Football Playoff Semifinal at the Rose Bowl Game presented by Northwestern Mutual. Pre-game activities were held at the Rose Bowl parking lots and at Brookside Golf Course. The 2017 Rose Bowl Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony was held at the Rose Bowl Stadium Lot K on December 30, 2017 from 12:00 to 1:30 PM. The 2017 Class members were Mack Brown (Texas), Cade McNown (UCLA), Charles Woodson (Michigan) and Dr. Charles West (Washington & Jefferson), represented by his daughter. The 2018 Rose Parade started at 8:00 a.m. Pacific\",\n \"title\": \"2018 Rose Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"183066\",\n \"text\": \"the Dallas Cowboys, with whom they contest the so-called Governor's Cup every year (a tradition started between the cities prior to the Oilers relocating) either in the preseason or the regular season for bragging rights in the state of Texas. In 2017, the destruction and flooding caused during Hurricane Harvey a few days before their Week 4 pre-season match up time scheduled caused the game to be relocated to AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas. However, out of concern for the safety of the fans and the condition of the player's families & communities, the game was cancelled. As of the\",\n \"title\": \"Houston Texans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6060743\",\n \"text\": \"the dream envisioned by Schramm, who became the 12th person selected to the Ring of Honor; the award was given posthumously in October 2003, a few months after he died. In 2005, three former Cowboys all-stars were simultaneously inducted during half time ceremonies on \\\"Monday Night Football\\\". Troy Aikman, Emmitt Smith, and Michael Irvin, known as \\\"The Triplets\\\", were part of the 1990s Three-Time Super Bowl Championship Cowboys team. Ring of Honor inductees have been chosen by the former president-general manager, Tex Schramm and then by owner Jerry Jones. Schramm set a precedent by placing a high value on the\",\n \"title\": \"Dallas Cowboys Ring of Honor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20468745\",\n \"text\": \"coincidentally, also against the Eagles. Brett Maher made a successful 62-yard field goal attempt, which was a franchise record for Dallas and tied for the third longest in NFL history. Amari Cooper had his best game as a Cowboy thus far, catching 10 passes for 217 yards and 3 touchdowns. With the win, the Cowboys improved to 8–5, extended their lead in the NFC East to 2 games, and swept the Eagles for the first time since 2012. The Cowboys played a pathetic football game and got shutout for the first time since 2003. This loss dropped the Cowboys to\",\n \"title\": \"2018 Dallas Cowboys season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20145640\",\n \"text\": \"of 4,365 yards on 104 attempts, punting. Irwin-Hill attended minicamp on a tryout basis with the Indianapolis Colts in 2015 and 2016. On April 27, 2017, Irwin-Hill was signed by the Dallas Cowboys. In the Hall-of-Fame game against Arizona Cardinals, he handled both punting and kicking duties. He was waived on September 1, 2017. Irwin-Hill signed with the Washington Redskins on March 16, 2018, but was waived on July 11, 2018. Sam Irwin-Hill Sam Irwin-Hill (born 10 October 1990) is an Australian-born American football punter who is currently a free agent. He played college football at the University of Arkansas.\",\n \"title\": \"Sam Irwin-Hill\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"106504\",\n \"text\": \"In the 2015 season, the Cowboys wore their Color Rush variation of the 1990s \\\"Double Star\\\" jerseys for a Thanksgiving game against the Carolina Panthers. The Cotton Bowl is a stadium which opened in 1932 and became known as \\\"The House That Doak Built\\\" due to the immense crowds that former SMU running back Doak Walker drew to the stadium during his college career in the late 1940s. Originally known as the Fair Park Bowl, it is located in Fair Park, site of the State Fair of Texas. Concerts or other events using a stage allow the playing field to\",\n \"title\": \"Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9863688\",\n \"text\": \"also clinched a playoff berth. Hall of Fame/Former Cowboy QBs Roger Staubach and Troy Aikman were in attendance as honorary captains, along with the commemoration of the Super Bowl anniversaries of the '77 Cowboys & the '92 Cowboys. The Cowboys won the 10–1 duel with the win and improved to 11–1 while the Packers fell to 10–2. For Tony Romo, he ended this part of the season with a franchise-best 33 touchdown passes. Coming off their Thursday night home win over the Packers, the Cowboys flew to Ford Field for a Week 14 interconference duel with the Detroit Lions. In\",\n \"title\": \"2007 Dallas Cowboys season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20468746\",\n \"text\": \"8-6 on the season. 2018 Dallas Cowboys season The 2018 season is the Dallas Cowboys' 59th and current in the National Football League (NFL), their 30th under the ownership of Jerry Jones, their 10th playing their home games at AT&T Stadium, and their eighth full season under head coach Jason Garrett. AT&T Stadium is also the first stadium venue to host the annual draft. For the first time since 2009, wide receiver Dez Bryant was not on the opening day roster, as he was released on April 13, 2018 and signed with the New Orleans Saints on November 7, 2018.\",\n \"title\": \"2018 Dallas Cowboys season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5751529\",\n \"text\": \"of the participants. When the Cleveland Browns returned to the league with a rebooted roster in 1999, they too played in the Hall of Fame Game. The Baltimore Ravens, while officially considered as being established in 1996, did not play in the Hall of Fame Game until 2018. With the Ravens' participation in the 2018 game, all 32 current NFL teams have now played in the Hall of Fame game at least once. Prior to the AFL–NFL merger, the Hall of Fame Game was played in August or September, in some cases at the end of the preseason. In 1970,\",\n \"title\": \"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9860069\",\n \"text\": \"AFL and became a unified league, but the Cowboys also underwent many changes. Meredith and Perkins retired in 1969 and new players were joining the organization, like Cliff Harris, and Pro Football Hall of Famers Rayfield Wright, Mike Ditka, Herb Adderley and Roger Staubach. Led by quarterback Craig Morton, the Cowboys had a 10–4 season in 1970. A 38-0 shutout by the Cardinals was the low point of the year, but the team recovered to make it to the playoffs. They defeated Detroit 5–0 in the lowest-scoring playoff game in NFL history and then defeated San Francisco 17–10 in the\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20468451\",\n \"text\": \"released on August 4 and his roster spot taken by fellow O-lineman Kaleb Johnson, a former Chiefs player; Johnson's slot would also be replaced a week later by Chiefs running back Knile Davis. On February 13, the NFL announced that the Bears will play the Baltimore Ravens in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game on Thursday, August 2, at the Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium in Canton, Ohio. The remaining preseason games were revealed on April 11. The Hall of Fame Game began on a poor note when Chase Daniel's pass was intercepted by Chuck Clark, though DeAndre\",\n \"title\": \"2018 Chicago Bears season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8021013\",\n \"text\": \"(broadcast on \\\"Monday Night Football\\\"), Aikman was inducted into the Dallas Cowboys Ring of Honor with his longtime teammates Michael Irvin and Emmitt Smith. On August 5, 2006, Aikman was one of six players inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. At another halftime ceremony, this one on February 7, 2009 at the UCLA-Notre Dame basketball game, Aikman's induction into the College Hall of Fame was honored. Aikman announced he had completed course work to finish his degree in sociology. He participated in UCLA's 2009 Sociology Department commencement ceremony with current quarterback Kevin Craft and former linebacker Marcus Reece,\",\n \"title\": \"Troy Aikman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3895142\",\n \"text\": \"1967 NFL Championship Game The 1967 National Football League Championship Game was the 35th NFL championship, played on December 31 at Lambeau Field in Green Bay, Wisconsin. It determined the NFL's champion, which met the AFL's champion in Super Bowl II, then formally referred to as the second \\\"AFL-NFL World Championship Game\\\". The Dallas Cowboys (9–5), champions of the Eastern Conference, traveled north to meet the Western champion Green Bay Packers (9–4–1), the two-time defending league champions. It was a rematch of the previous year's title game, and pitted two future Hall of Fame head coaches against each other, Tom\",\n \"title\": \"1967 NFL Championship Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11036391\",\n \"text\": \"Kansas City Chiefs' jerseys, in honor of team and AFL founder Lamar Hunt, who died in December 2006. The program kicked off on August 9 in the 2009 Pro Football Hall of Fame Game with the Bills playing the Titans (Oilers). Besides the Legacy Games, the Chiefs wore Dallas Texans uniforms in one home game against the NFC's Dallas Cowboys, who also wore throwbacks, while the Cowboys hosted the Raiders in a Thanksgiving Day game in Arlington, Texas. (The Chiefs and Cowboys throwbacks both feature team-colored jerseys, making it the first dark color vs. dark color game since the Bears-Cowboys\",\n \"title\": \"2009 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6800968\",\n \"text\": \"Tony Casillas Tony Steven Casillas (born October 26, 1963) is a former American football defensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL) from 1986 through 1997. While at the University of Oklahoma he helped win the 1985 NCAA National Championship. He also won the Lombardi Award in 1985 and was the 1985 UPI Lineman of the Year. Casillas was also part of the Dallas Cowboys back to back victories in Super Bowl XXVII and XXVIII, both against the Buffalo Bills. In 2004, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. Casillas was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma, on October\",\n \"title\": \"Tony Casillas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"106523\",\n \"text\": \"the 1972 Divisional Playoff Game. The 1981 NFC Championship Game in San Francisco, which saw the 49ers' Joe Montana complete a game-winning pass to Dwight Clark in the final minute (now known as The Catch) is one of the most famous games in NFL history. The rivalry became even more intense during the 1992–1994 seasons. San Francisco and Dallas faced each other in the NFC Championship Game three separate times. Dallas won the first two match-ups, and San Francisco won the third. In each of these pivotal match-ups, the game's victor went on to win the Super Bowl. Both the\",\n \"title\": \"Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5751526\",\n \"text\": \"the league in advance of the remainder of the preseason schedule. The participants are usually announced around the time that the new Hall of Fame members are announced, which coincides with Super Bowl week. Often, if a particularly notable player will be entering the Hall of Fame that year, a team they were strongly associated with may be selected to play in the game to help maximize attendance and publicity of the game itself. From 1971 to 2010, the opponents for each game usually included one AFC team and one NFC team. In 2009, as recognition of the 50th anniversary\",\n \"title\": \"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394046\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XII Super Bowl XII was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1977 season. The Cowboys defeated the Broncos 27–10 to win their second Super Bowl. The game was played on January 15, 1978, at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans. This was the first time that the Super Bowl was played in a domed stadium, and the first time that the game was played in prime time in the Eastern United States.\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9860133\",\n \"text\": \"a preseason match with the Tennessee Titans on August 21, and the first regular season one was a three-point loss to the Giants on September 20. By Week 9, the Cowboys stood at 6–2 after defeating their archrival Eagles in Philadelphia. Then followed a loss to the Packers, and victories over Washington and Oakland, the latter being on Thanksgiving. The team then fell to the Giants a second time, and lost at home to the Chargers. By this point, the Cowboys' playoff chances were doubtful, and the old talk of the \\\"December curse\\\" reappeared. The next game was a surprise\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"106453\",\n \"text\": \"seed. In the Divisional round they dispatched their division rival Eagles 30–11 to advance to their 4th consecutive NFC Conference Championship Game, in which they defeated Green Bay, 38–27. In Super Bowl XXX the Cowboys defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 27–17 at Sun Devil Stadium for their fifth Super Bowl championship. Switzer joined Johnson as the only coaches to win a college football national championship and a Super Bowl. The glory days of the Cowboys were again beginning to dim as free agency, age, and injuries began taking their toll. Star receiver Michael Irvin was suspended by the league for the\",\n \"title\": \"Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9860102\",\n \"text\": \"but Dallas drafted offensive lineman Larry Allen, who became a mainstay on the line for the next decade. In 1994, the Cowboys played before the largest crowd to ever attend an NFL game when 112,376 in Mexico City turned out for a preseason match against the Houston Oilers. The Cowboys cruised to another NFC East title in 1994. They finished the regular season 12–4, with their four losses coming by a combined 20 points. The team suffered key injuries, however, when Erik Williams was lost for the year after a mid-season auto accident and Emmitt Smith was hobbled for the\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9860128\",\n \"text\": \"Browns, the Cowboys played their Week 2 home opener under the MNF spotlight. In the last MNF game at Texas Stadium, Dallas dueled with their NFC East foe, the Philadelphia Eagles. In the first quarter, the Cowboys trailed early as Eagles kicker David Akers got a 34-yard field goal. Dallas answered in their first possession with QB Tony Romo completing a 72-yard TD pass to WR Terrell Owens In a game that had 9 lead changes, it also set different point records, including most first half points in MNF history (54) and most combined points in the rivalry's history (78).\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9860116\",\n \"text\": \"against the Carolina Panthers with an outstanding 4th quarter comeback to win (35–14). The Cowboys' chance to challenge the Giants seemingly fizzled when they lost to the Washington Redskins at FedExField on a last second field goal (the \\\"Hand of God\\\" game) However, the Giants entered a slump, and Tony Romo impressed the media as a quarterback, revitalizing the Cowboys with a 27–10 win over the Cardinals, a well-earned (21–14) victory over the previously unbeaten Colts, and a thorough routing of Tampa Bay (38–10) on Thanksgiving Day. During that home game, Romo solidified his position as QB and quieted any\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2672299\",\n \"text\": \"exhibit. The CFHOF is currently changing to a de-centralized model, which does not included a main museum building (see \\\"Today\\\" below). Once during every CFL season, the Hall sponsors the induction ceremony of former players. Included in the \\\"Hall of Fame Weekend\\\" is a regular season game, usually (but not always) affiliated with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. Traditionally, the inducted players will come to the Hall and make an acceptance speech in front of the building where their newly sculpted bust is unveiled. A player must be retired from the game for at least three years before being eligible for consideration.\",\n \"title\": \"Canadian Football Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7468109\",\n \"text\": \"locker room worked to get themselves in position to win that game today and for it to end like that, and for me to be the cause is very tough to swallow right now\\\", Romo said after the game. \\\"I take responsibility for messing up at the end there. That's my fault. I cost the Dallas Cowboys a playoff win, and it's going to sit with me a long time. I don't know if I have ever felt this low.\\\" This was the final game in the Hall of Fame coaching career of Bill Parcells, who resigned his position with\",\n \"title\": \"2006–07 NFL playoffs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394682\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XXVIII Super Bowl XXVIII was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Buffalo Bills to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1993 season. The Cowboys defeated the Bills by the score of 30–13, winning their fourth Super Bowl in team history, tying the Pittsburgh Steelers and the San Francisco 49ers for most Super Bowl wins. The game was played on January 30, 1994, at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta, Georgia. Since the 1993 regular season was conducted over 18 weeks (two byes\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXVIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20468743\",\n \"text\": \"game. This loss dropped them to 3-5 on the season. The Cowboys played an excellent game and stopped the Eagles late to seal the game. They improved to 4-5 with this win. Maher kicked a game-winning field goal as time expired. The Cowboys improved to 5-5 with this win. Rookie linebacker Leighton Vander Esch put up a stellar performance with his 2nd interception in two weeks, which set up a crucial Ezekiel Elliott touchdown run. NFL on Thanksgiving Day The Cowboys played an excellent game and got revenge on their division rivals. Dak Prescott connected with Amari Cooper for a\",\n \"title\": \"2018 Dallas Cowboys season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"106525\",\n \"text\": \"or if the two teams finish in the same place in their respective divisions, they would play the ensuing season. The rivalry has also resulted in notable playoff games. The all time regular seasons series record is 15–13 in favor of the Packers, and the postseason series is tied 4–4. Unlike many NFL teams, the Cowboys do not retire jersey numbers of past standouts as a matter of policy. Instead, the team has a \\\"Ring of Honor\\\", which is on permanent display encircling the field. Originally at Texas Stadium, the ring is now on display at AT&T Stadium in Arlington.\",\n \"title\": \"Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9860131\",\n \"text\": \"week, they won another four game, Dallas finished the season 1–3, losing its final game in Texas Stadium to the Baltimore Ravens 33–24 followed by a disastrous 44–6 loss to Philadelphia. With a 9–7 record, the team finished third in the division and failed to qualify for the playoffs. After the season ended, highly controversial and productive receiver Terrell Owens was released after receiving a $34 million extension the previous June that was supposed to allow him to retire a Cowboy. Jones said he released Owens because of production and \\\"In this particular case, we have an outstanding player in\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11530573\",\n \"text\": \"Hall of Famer tackle Rayfield Wright anchored the offensive line. The Cowboys had their lowest regular season (6–2 vs. Cleveland Browns) and playoff (5–0 vs. Detroit Lions) scoring games in franchise history. The playoff victory over Detroit remains the lowest scoring postseason game in NFL history. Through week one of the 2018 season, they are the only games to finish with those scores. Chuck Howley became the first defensive player, and only member of a losing team to be the Super Bowl's Most Valuable Player. The Football Encyclopedia Total Football Cowboys Have Always Been My Heroes 1970 Dallas Cowboys season\",\n \"title\": \"1970 Dallas Cowboys season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20474802\",\n \"text\": \"2018 Baltimore Ravens season The 2018 season is the Baltimore Ravens' 23rd season in the National Football League and their 11th under head coach John Harbaugh. On October 14, 2018, the Ravens set a franchise record, sacking Titans quarterback Marcus Mariota 11 times in a 21–0 Week 6 win against the Tennessee Titans. Draft trades On February 13, the NFL announced that the Ravens will play the Chicago Bears in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game on Thursday, August 2, at the Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium in Canton, Ohio. The remainder of the Ravens' preseason opponents and\",\n \"title\": \"2018 Baltimore Ravens season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14649451\",\n \"text\": \"Toyota Stadium (Texas) Toyota Stadium is a soccer-specific stadium with a 20,500-seat capacity, built and owned by the city of Frisco, Texas. Its primary tenants are Major League Soccer (MLS) team FC Dallas, which relocated from the Cotton Bowl in central Dallas, and Frisco Independent School District high school football games. It is also the future home of the National Soccer Hall of Fame with opening ceremony occurring in winter 2018. The stadium, which is located in Frisco, Texas, cost approximately $80 million and opened on August 6, 2005, with a match between FC Dallas and the MetroStars, which ended\",\n \"title\": \"Toyota Stadium (Texas)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"106475\",\n \"text\": \"home loss to the Arizona Cardinals 28–17 with backup QB Brandon Weeden. Romo returned in Week 9 to lead a 31–17 victory of the Jacksonville Jaguars which was played at Wembley Stadium in London, England as part of the NFL International Series. Dallas played their traditional Thanksgiving home game against division rival Philadelphia. Both teams were vying for first place in the division with identical 8–3 records. The Eagles got off to a fast start and the Cowboys were unable to catch up, losing 33–10. They would rebound the next week when they defeated Chicago 41–28. Week 15 was a\",\n \"title\": \"Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"284587\",\n \"text\": \"San Francisco 49ers and Arizona Cardinals known as \\\"Fútbol Americano\\\", and 39 international preseason games were played from 1986 to 2005 as part of the American Bowl series. The Raiders and Houston Texans played a game in Mexico City at Estadio Azteca on November 21, 2016. According to Forbes, the Dallas Cowboys, at approximately US$4 billion, are the most valuable NFL franchise and the most valuable sports team in the world. Also, all 32 NFL teams rank among the Top 50 most valuable sports teams in the world; and 14 of the NFL's owners are listed on the Forbes 400,\",\n \"title\": \"National Football League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"393811\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl VI Super Bowl VI was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Miami Dolphins to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1971 season. The Cowboys defeated the Dolphins by the score of 24–3, to win their first Super Bowl. The game was played on January 16, 1972, at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana, the second time the Super Bowl was played in that city. Despite the southerly location, it was unseasonably cold at the time, with the kickoff air temperature of\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl VI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2186095\",\n \"text\": \"January 2018 playing, there have been 32 games (64 total appearances). Outback Bowl The Outback Bowl is an annual college football bowl game played at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida, usually on New Years Day. The event was originally called the Hall of Fame Bowl from 1986 to 1994 until being renamed in 1995 for its new title sponsor, Outback Steakhouse. It is organized by the Tampa Bay Bowl Association under Jim McVay, who has been the president and CEO since 1988. The Outback Bowl was not Tampa's first bowl game; the Cigar Bowl was played at old Phillips\",\n \"title\": \"Outback Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3348192\",\n \"text\": \"in back-to-back seasons at the Alamodome in 1994 and 1995. The Stars defeated the Kings 3-2 on September 27, 1994, with 14,342 fans in attendance (this was one of the last hockey games to take place before the 1994–95 NHL lockout). The following year Dallas claimed a 4-2 victory over the Kings in front of 8,122 hockey fans on September 26, 1995. Hockey Hall of Fame forward Wayne Gretzky participated in both preseason matchups. In college football, Notre Dame has played two Shamrock Series (home-away-from-home) games here against Washington State in 2009 and Army in 2016. After the opening ceremonies,\",\n \"title\": \"Alamodome\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9860115\",\n \"text\": \"Night Football to finish the season 9–7, 3rd place in the NFC East. The Cowboys entered the season with high hopes but got off to a mediocre 3–2 start before an important \\\"Monday Night Football\\\" game against division rivals, the New York Giants. The Cowboys suffered a tough 36–22 loss despite \\\"a changing of guard\\\" at the QB position from Drew Bledsoe to Tony Romo. With the next three games on the road, speculation grew that the Giants could run away with the division for a second straight year. Romo won his first game as a starter the following week\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9860098\",\n \"text\": \"to feature the league leaders in rushing yards (Smith) and receiving yards (Irvin). The 1991 season also marked Dallas's return to Monday Night Football after an absence of two years. In 1992, the Cowboys finished with a 13–3 record (second best in the league), boasted the league's #1 defense, reached their peak in popularity (many road fans were cheering for the Cowboys), and finally avenged their 1981 NFC Championship Game loss to San Francisco by defeating the 49ers in the conference title game, 30–20, in a muddy Candlestick Park. The Cowboys went on to crush the Buffalo Bills in Super\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9560722\",\n \"text\": \"Texas Cowboy Hall of Fame The Texas Cowboy Hall of Fame, a western, historical museum in Fort Worth, Texas, honors those men and women who have shown excellence in the business and support of rodeo and the western lifestyle in Texas.\\\" The Hall of Fame includes over 125 cowboys and cowgirls, each of whom has a booth to display personal memorabilia. The museum, located in Historic Barn A, is also home to The Sterquell Wagon Collection, John Justin Trail of Fame, Chisholm Trail Exhibit, The Applewhite-Clark Exhibit, Adventures of the Cowboy Trail, Zigrang Horse Bit Collection, Amon G. Carter's 1933\",\n \"title\": \"Texas Cowboy Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19127716\",\n \"text\": \"inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame, the latter also is the NFL's all-time leading rusher. In the second round of the draft, the Cowboys selected Notre Dame linebacker Jaylon Smith with the 34th overall pick. Smith was named first team All-American in 2015, and led his team in tackles. Smith also won the Butkus Award, which is awarded to the best linebacker in the country at the high school, college, and professional levels. This was the second time Smith had won the award, the previous time in 2013 as a senior in high school. In the Fiesta Bowl\",\n \"title\": \"2016 Dallas Cowboys season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8725384\",\n \"text\": \"the best win in at least eight to ten years, the Cowboys beat the previously undefeated Colts 21–14. The game was nationally televised on CBS, having been moved from 1:00pm to 4:15pm (EST) because of the NFL's new \\\"flex scheduling\\\" policy. It was the first game played between the two teams at Texas Stadium in ten years. With the rest of the NFC East losing that weekend, the Cowboys were tied with the New York Giants for first place in the NFC East, and in a tie for second place in the NFC. The Cowboys chances of winning the division,\",\n \"title\": \"2006 Dallas Cowboys season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19127723\",\n \"text\": \"catch the ball from the backfield to fill the void that will be left at start of season while Lance Dunbar is out after a knee surgery. Gathers hasn't played football since he was 13 years old, but was an honorable mention AP All-American college basketball athlete. Notes Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. The Cowboys fell short trying to win their home opener against the Giants in a hard-fought game. They dropped to 0–1 and lost to the Giants at AT&T Stadium for the first time since 2012. Ezekiel Elliott struggled to find holes all game, but managed\",\n \"title\": \"2016 Dallas Cowboys season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"106530\",\n \"text\": \"Darren Woodson, who was inducted on November 1, 2015. , the Cowboys' flagship radio station is KRLD-FM. Brad Sham is the team's longtime play-by-play voice. Working alongside him is former Cowboy quarterback Babe Laufenberg, who returned in 2007 after a one-year absence to replace former safety Charlie Waters. The Cowboys, who retain rights to all announcers, chose not to renew Laufenberg's contract in 2006 and brought in Waters. However, Laufenberg did work as the analyst on the \\\"Blue Star Network\\\", which televises Cowboys preseason games not shown on national networks. The anchor station is KTVT, the CBS owned and operated\",\n \"title\": \"Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"106482\",\n \"text\": \"a free agent. Murray signed with the division rival Philadelphia Eagles. On July 15 wide receiver Dez Bryant signed a 5-year, $70 million contract. At home against the New York Giants, Dallas won 27–26. Dez Bryant left the game early with a fractured bone in his foot. On the road against the Philadelphia Eagles, Romo suffered a broken left collarbone, the same one he injured in 2010, and Brandon Weeden replaced him. Dallas won 20–10 to begin the season 2–0, but then went on a seven-game losing streak. Dallas finished the season 4–12 and last in their division. After a\",\n \"title\": \"Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17945221\",\n \"text\": \"first 11 weeks of the season. The Thanksgiving Day Classic featured just one game for the first time since 1997, which is ironic in that it was the only week of the season with five games being played. For the second straight year, there was no Touchdown Atlantic contest. The Canadian Football Hall of Fame game took place on August 22, 2015, featuring the Saskatchewan Roughriders hosting the Calgary Stampeders. Dave Dickenson, Gene Makowsky, Eddie Davis, and Leroy Blugh were inducted as players while Bob O'Billovich, Bob Wetenhall, and Larry Reda joined as builders. Dickenson played for five seasons for\",\n \"title\": \"2015 CFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3994648\",\n \"text\": \"cities, including Dallas, which had the financial backing of billionaire T. Boone Pickens. However, the National Football Foundation ultimately decided on Atlanta for the next site. The new $68.5 million museum opened on August 23, 2014. It is located next to Centennial Olympic Park, which is near other attractions such as the Georgia Aquarium, the World of Coca-Cola, CNN Center, and the National Center for Civil and Human Rights. The Hall of Fame is located near the Georgia Institute of Technology of the ACC and roughly from the University of Georgia of the SEC. The new building broke ground on\",\n \"title\": \"College Football Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10213490\",\n \"text\": \"32-yard touchdown pass to running back Wendell Tyler. Dallas kicker Rafael Septién kicked a 33-yard field goal with 52 seconds left in the first half, but Ferragamo completed a 43-yard touchdown pass to Ron Smith before time expired to make it a 14–5 halftime lead. The Cowboys, led by quarterback Roger Staubach in what proved to be his last NFL game of his Hall of Fame career, then scored 2 unanswered touchdowns in the second half to take the lead, 19–14. With about 2 minutes left in the game and the Rams at midfield, Ferragamo found wide receiver Billy Waddy\",\n \"title\": \"1979 Los Angeles Rams season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5732107\",\n \"text\": \"to commemorate two anniversaries—the 25th anniversary of Super Bowl XX and 15th of Super Bowl XXX, which marked the Dallas Cowboys' most recent Super Bowl championship. In honor of those occasions, Super Bowl XX MVP Richard Dent and former Dallas Cowboys defensive back Deion Sanders, both of whom were inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2011, joined the ceremonies. They were joined by fellow Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees and past Super Bowl participants Marshall Faulk, Chris Hanburger and Shannon Sharpe. The Black Eyed Peas performed a medley of their greatest hits: \\\"I Gotta Feeling\\\", \\\"Boom\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9860142\",\n \"text\": \"embarrassing Week 7 34-7 loss by the division rival Eagles. They turned things around by going undefeated in November. That run included a Week 10 44-7 blowout over Buffalo. Week 11 was a 27-24 OT victory over the Redskins on the road. They entered December with a 7–4 record vying for first place of their division with the Giants, whom the Cowboys were yet to play. After losing in OT against Arizona in Week 13, they headed to a Sunday Night primetime game against the Giants. Despite leading New York 34–22 with less than 6 minutes to play, the Cowboys\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8020990\",\n \"text\": \"Troy Aikman Troy Kenneth Aikman (born November 21, 1966) is a former American football quarterback who played for the Dallas Cowboys in the National Football League (NFL). The number one overall draft pick in 1989, Aikman played twelve consecutive seasons as quarterback with the Cowboys. During his career he was a six-time Pro Bowl selection, led the team to three Super Bowl victories, and was the MVP of Super Bowl XXVII. Aikman was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2006 and to the College Football Hall of Fame on December 9, 2008 in New York City. Currently\",\n \"title\": \"Troy Aikman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12936846\",\n \"text\": \"a pivotal moment in the season. Not only was the nation's psyche impacted by this event, but also the image of the city of Dallas was tarnished. On November 24, just two days after this historic event, the NFL decided to play its normal schedule of games, with the Cowboys traveling to face the Cleveland Browns. On game day when the team was introduced, the public address announcer would not say the Dallas Cowboys, they were just the Cowboys. The crowd also vented their frustration and pain at the players during the contest. The Cowboys lost that day 17–27 and\",\n \"title\": \"1963 Dallas Cowboys season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6672197\",\n \"text\": \"Rayfield Wright Larry Rayfield Wright (born August 23, 1945) is a former American football player, an offensive tackle for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League for thirteen seasons and a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame, having been inducted in 2006. Nicknamed the \\\"Big Cat\\\" for his nimble feet, Wright played on five NFC Championship teams that advanced to the Super Bowl (1970, 1971, 1975, 1977, and 1978 seasons), winning twice. He also participated in the Ice Bowl against the Green Bay Packers for the NFL championship in his rookie season in 1967. Born and raised\",\n \"title\": \"Rayfield Wright\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9860151\",\n \"text\": \"The Seahawks' loss in that game was only their 2nd home loss in the past three seasons. The streak was ended by their division rival Redskins in overtime 20–17. However, Romo once again injured his back. He was out the next game against Arizona where backup Brandon Weeden started. The Cardinals won 28–17. Romo returned in Week 10 as Dallas played in London, England for the first time ever against Jacksonville in NFL International Series. The Cowboys beat the Jaguars 31–17. Dallas entered their annual Thanksgiving home game with an 8–3, identical with their opponents the Eagles. Philadelphia got off\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394726\",\n \"text\": \"Bowl XXVI. Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XXVIII, Super Bowl XXVIII Play Finder Dal, Super Bowl XXVIII Play Finder Buf Completions/attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted The following records were set in Super Bowl XXVIII, according to the official NFL.com boxscore and the ProFootball reference.com game summary.
Some records have to meet NFL minimum number of attempts to be recognized. The minimums are shown (in parenthesis). Source: Source: Super Bowl XXVIII Super Bowl XXVIII was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Buffalo Bills to decide the\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXVIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4875585\",\n \"text\": \"1971–72 NFL playoffs The National Football League playoffs for the 1971 season began on December 25, 1971. The postseason tournament concluded with the Dallas Cowboys defeating the Miami Dolphins in Super Bowl VI, 24–3, on January 16, 1972, at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana. Like the previous NFL seasons, the home teams in the playoffs were decided based on a yearly divisional rotation, excluding the wild card teams who would always play on the road. It was the first time that the NFL scheduled games on Christmas Day, a decision that drew considerable criticism. In the longest NFL game\",\n \"title\": \"1971–72 NFL playoffs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2186090\",\n \"text\": \"Outback Bowl The Outback Bowl is an annual college football bowl game played at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida, usually on New Years Day. The event was originally called the Hall of Fame Bowl from 1986 to 1994 until being renamed in 1995 for its new title sponsor, Outback Steakhouse. It is organized by the Tampa Bay Bowl Association under Jim McVay, who has been the president and CEO since 1988. The Outback Bowl was not Tampa's first bowl game; the Cigar Bowl was played at old Phillips Field near downtown from 1947 to 1954. However, the earlier event\",\n \"title\": \"Outback Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9860140\",\n \"text\": \"that with a meaningless win over the Eagles to end their season at 6–10. After going 5–3 as interim head coach during the last eight games of the previous season, Jason Garrett took the head coaching position full-time. With Tony Romo back in action, the Cowboys headed to the Meadowlands to take on the Jets for a Sunday Night game commemorating the 10-year anniversary of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. An early Dallas lead soon led to a 24–24 tie, but Romo threw an interception in the 4th quarter that allowed New York to get into the red zone\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18465631\",\n \"text\": \"hosted Arizona Cardinals (represented by former quarterback and 2017 Hall of Famer Kurt Warner). It was televised nationally on NBC. The 64-game preseason schedule ended on August 31; a 65th game, that of the 2017 Texas Governor's Cup, was canceled due to the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey. The 2017 regular season's 256 games which were played over a 17-week schedule which began on September 7. Each of the league's 32 teams plays a 16-game schedule, with one bye week for each team. The slate also features games on Monday nights. There are games played on Thursday, including the National Football\",\n \"title\": \"2017 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1581842\",\n \"text\": \"Bob Lilly Robert Lewis Lilly (born July 26, 1939), nicknamed \\\"Mr. Cowboy\\\", is a former American football defensive tackle and photographer. After a college career at Texas Christian University (TCU), he played for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL) for fourteen seasons. Lilly was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1980 and the College Football Hall of Fame in 1981. Born in Olney, Texas, Lilly grew up in Throckmorton, the son of John and Margaret (Redwine) Lilly. Lilly's father and grandfather were both involved in farming and ranching, but the severe 1950s Texas drought\",\n \"title\": \"Bob Lilly\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18465642\",\n \"text\": \"sparse attendance for the 49ers' home opener. Even the Dallas Cowboys, a team whose fan base is among the largest in the United States, played their week 13 \\\"Thursday Night Football\\\" game in front of a half-empty AT&T Stadium. The lifting of the league's blackout policy was cited as one factor in the decline in ticket sales, as viewers would rather watch from the comfort of their homes, especially when weather conditions were less than ideal. At a Buffalo Bills/Indianapolis Colts game held in blinding lake-effect snow on December 10, scalpers said they had not sold any tickets, an extreme\",\n \"title\": \"2017 NFL season\"\n }\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":79088,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":79088,"string":"79,088"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["SIG Sauer P226 MK25","M1911A1","Glock 19","Beretta M9","SIG P229 DAK","SIG Sauer M11"],"string":"[\n \"SIG Sauer P226 MK25\",\n \"M1911A1\",\n \"Glock 19\",\n \"Beretta M9\",\n \"SIG P229 DAK\",\n \"SIG Sauer M11\"\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"what kind of pistol does the army use"},"compressed_prompt":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Question:\\nPlease write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Service rifle context: rifle. Assault rifles such as the Soviet AK-47 and the American M-16, and battle rifles such as the Belgian FN FAL and the Swiss Sturmgewehr 58, became common service rifles in the second half of the twentieth century. Service rifle A service rifle or service weapon (also known as a standard-issue rifle) is a weapon which an armed force issues as standard to its service members. In modern forces, this is typically a versatile and rugged assault rifle, battle rifle or carbine suitable for use in nearly all environments. Most armies also have service pistols or side arms. Early rifles\\n\\nwhat kind of pistol does the army use\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 177,\n \"origin_tokens\": 177,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"6563222","text":"rifle. Assault rifles such as the Soviet AK-47 and the American M-16, and battle rifles such as the Belgian FN FAL and the Swiss Sturmgewehr 58, became common service rifles in the second half of the twentieth century. Service rifle A service rifle or service weapon (also known as a standard-issue rifle) is a weapon which an armed force issues as standard to its service members. In modern forces, this is typically a versatile and rugged assault rifle, battle rifle or carbine suitable for use in nearly all environments. Most armies also have service pistols or side arms. Early rifles","title":"Service rifle"},{"id":"439285","text":"common weapons used by the army are the compact variant of the M16 rifle, known as the M4 carbine, as well as the 7.62×51mm variant of the FN SCAR for Army Rangers. The primary sidearm in the U.S. Army is the 9 mm M9 pistol; the M11 pistol is also used. Both handguns are to be replaced by the M17 through the Modular Handgun System program. Soldiers are also equipped with various hand grenades, such as the M67 fragmentation grenade and M18 smoke grenade. Many units are supplemented with a variety of specialized weapons, including the M249 SAW (Squad Automatic","title":"United States Army"},{"id":"6563218","text":"Service rifle A service rifle or service weapon (also known as a standard-issue rifle) is a weapon which an armed force issues as standard to its service members. In modern forces, this is typically a versatile and rugged assault rifle, battle rifle or carbine suitable for use in nearly all environments. Most armies also have service pistols or side arms. Early rifles used in combat were not standard-issue weapons like the service rifles of today. Rifles were for specialist marksmen only, whilst ordinary infantry were issued less accurate smoothbore muskets which had a higher rate of fire, with bore diameters","title":"Service rifle"},{"id":"8355688","text":"their replacement by semi-automatic handguns, such as the well-known German P08 Luger, the first semi-automatic service pistol to be widely adopted by an industrialised nation. The British Army was the last major military service to adopt a semi-automatic service pistol as a standard sidearm, phasing out their Webley Mk IV, Enfield No 2 Mk I, and Smith & Wesson Victory revolvers in 1969, after which the Browning Hi-Power became the Army's official service pistol. Special operations soldiers often carry a handgun as a secondary weapon to serve in a supplementary capacity to their primary weapon (a rifle, carbine, submachine gun,","title":"Service pistol"},{"id":"439286","text":"Weapon), to provide suppressive fire at the squad level. Indirect fire is provided by the M320 grenade launcher. The M1014 Joint Service Combat Shotgun or the Mossberg 590 Shotgun are used for door breaching and close-quarters combat. The M14EBR is used by designated marksmen. Snipers use the M107 Long Range Sniper Rifle, the M2010 Enhanced Sniper Rifle and the M110 Semi-Automatic Sniper Rifle. The army employs various crew-served weapons to provide heavy firepower at ranges exceeding that of individual weapons. The M240 is the U.S. Army's standard Medium Machine Gun. The M2 heavy machine gun is generally used as a","title":"United States Army"},{"id":"2131551","text":"M4 carbine The M4 carbine is a shorter and lighter variant of the M16A2 assault rifle. The M4 is a 5.56×45mm NATO, air-cooled, direct impingement gas-operated, magazine-fed carbine. It has a barrel and a telescoping stock. The M4 carbine is extensively used by the United States Armed Forces and is largely replacing the M16 rifle in United States Army and United States Marine Corps combat units as the primary infantry weapon and service rifle. The M4 is also capable of mounting the M203 and M320 grenade launchers. The distinctive step in its barrel is for mounting the M203 with the","title":"M4 carbine"},{"id":"2131604","text":"a patrol carbine. M4 carbine The M4 carbine is a shorter and lighter variant of the M16A2 assault rifle. The M4 is a 5.56×45mm NATO, air-cooled, direct impingement gas-operated, magazine-fed carbine. It has a barrel and a telescoping stock. The M4 carbine is extensively used by the United States Armed Forces and is largely replacing the M16 rifle in United States Army and United States Marine Corps combat units as the primary infantry weapon and service rifle. The M4 is also capable of mounting the M203 and M320 grenade launchers. The distinctive step in its barrel is for mounting the","title":"M4 carbine"},{"id":"1499615","text":"M1911 pistol The M1911, also known as the \"Government\" or \"Colt Government\", is a single-action, semi-automatic, magazine-fed, recoil-operated pistol chambered for the .45 ACP cartridge. It served as the standard-issue sidearm for the United States Armed Forces from 1911 to 1986. It was widely used in World War I, World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. The pistol's formal designation as of 1940 was Automatic Pistol, Caliber .45, M1911 for the original model of 1911 or Automatic Pistol, Caliber .45, M1911A1 for the M1911A1, adopted in 1924. The designation changed to Pistol, Caliber .45, Automatic, M1911A1 in","title":"M1911 pistol"},{"id":"19506937","text":"from 32 to 42½ inches, while its calibers were .36, .44, and .56. The .36 and .44 calibers were made to chamber six shots, while the .56‑caliber was made to chamber five shots. The Colt Firearms Company was also the primary supplier of revolvers (the standard sidearm for cavalry troops and officers), the .44‑caliber Army revolver and the .36‑caliber Navy revolver being the most popular (over 146,000 purchased). This was because they were simple, relatively sturdy, and reliable. Initially armed with sabers and pistols (and in one case, lances), Federal cavalry troops quickly added the breech-loading carbine to their inventory","title":"Armies in the American Civil War"},{"id":"19506963","text":"(.577 caliber), U.S. Model 1840/45 rifles (.58 caliber), Dresden and Suhl rifle-muskets (.58 caliber), and Sharps breechloading carbines (.52 caliber). Approximately thirty-five Federal regiments (roughly one-quarter of the total) were armed primarily with \"second class\" weapons, such as Austrian rifle-muskets in .54, .577, and .58 calibers; U.S. Model 1841 rifled muskets (.69 caliber); U.S. Model 1816 rifled muskets altered to percussion (.69 caliber); Belgian and French rifled muskets (.69 and .71 calibers); Belgian or Vincennes rifles (.70 and .71 calibers); and both Austrian and Prussian rifled muskets in .69 and .70 calibers. Only one Federal regiment, the 101st Illinois Infantry,","title":"Armies in the American Civil War"},{"id":"8000973","text":"The T65 series served as the standard issue weapon for front-line usage of the army and the marine corps until being replaced by the follow-on T91 in the early 2000s. T65 rifles are currently used by the Army Reserves, Army Basic Training Centers, and the Air Force. The T65 assault rifle was developed at the Taiwan State Arsenal to replace the obsolete 7.62mm M14 rifles imported from the United States. Reports on the original T65 rifle suggested that it performed poorly, but was later improved and became the T65K2 (also referred to as the T68). Later on, a T86 carbine","title":"T65 assault rifle"},{"id":"13225425","text":"M249 light machine gun The M249 light machine gun (LMG), formerly designated the M249 Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW) and formally written as Light Machine Gun, 5.56 mm, M249, is the American adaptation of the Belgian FN Minimi, a light machine gun manufactured by the Belgian company FN Herstal (FN). The M249 is manufactured in the United States by the local subsidiary FN Manufacturing LLC in Columbia, South Carolina and is widely used in the U.S. Armed Forces. The weapon was introduced in 1984 after being judged the most effective of a number of candidate weapons to address the lack of","title":"M249 light machine gun"},{"id":"9855892","text":"the \"Modell 1900 Parabellum\". Later versions included the Pistol Parabellum Model 1908 or P08 which was produced by DWM and other manufacturers. The first Parabellum pistol was adopted by the Swiss army in May 1900. In German Army service, the Parabellum was later adopted in modified form as the Pistol Model 1908 (P08) in caliber 9×19mm Parabellum. The Colt Model 1911 is an 8-round, single-action, semi-automatic, magazine-fed, recoil-operated pistol chambered for the .45 ACP cartridge. It served as the standard-issue sidearm for the United States Armed Forces from 1911 to 1986.Designed by John Browning, the M1911 is the best-known of","title":"Handgun"},{"id":"9855871","text":"paper cartridges (Civil War era), all combinations being ignited by a fulminate percussion cap applied to the nipples at the rear of the chamber. The Colt Army Model 1860 is a 6-shot muzzle-loaded cap & ball .44-caliber single-action revolver used during the American Civil War made by Colt's Manufacturing Company. It was used as a side arm by cavalry, infantry, artillery troops, and naval forces. More than 200,000 were manufactured from 1860 through 1873. Colt's biggest customer was the US Government with no less than 129,730 units being purchased and issued to the troops. The weapon was a single-action, six-shot","title":"Handgun"},{"id":"6141341","text":"Beretta M9 The Beretta M9 — officially the Pistol, Semiautomatic, 9mm, M9 — is the designation for the Beretta 92FS semi-automatic pistol by the United States Armed Forces. The M9 was adopted by the United States military as their service pistol in 1985. The M9 won a competition in the 1980s to replace the M1911A1 as the primary sidearm of the U.S. military, beating many other contenders, and only narrowly defeating the SIG P226 for cost reasons. It officially entered service in 1990. Some other models have been adopted to a lesser extent, namely the M11 pistol, and other models","title":"Beretta M9"},{"id":"9855872","text":"weapon accurate up to 75 to 100 yards, where the fixed sights were typically set when manufactured. The rear sight was a notch in the hammer, only usable when the revolver was fully cocked. The Colt .44-caliber “Army\" Model was the most widely used revolver of the Civil War. It had a six-shot, rotating cylinder, and fired a round spherical lead ball, or a conical-tipped bullet, typically propelled by a 30-grain charge of black powder, which was ignited by a small copper percussion cap that contained a volatile charge of fulminate of mercury (a substance that explodes upon being subjected","title":"Handgun"},{"id":"6810060","text":"standard olive drab uniform. From this clothing, the nickname they were given by the British civilians at the time was \"snowdrops.\" An MP armband was also worn on the left arm, usually black or dark blue with white letters. The standard personal weapons of the United States Army military police include the 9mm M9 pistol, the M4 carbine, the M320 grenade launcher, the M249 Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW) or M240B, and the Mossberg 12-gauge pump action shotgun. MP team leaders are typically assigned an M4 with an M320 attached, drivers are assigned an M4, and gunners are assigned an M249","title":"Military Police Corps (United States)"},{"id":"12362315","text":"Firearms Act and since 1986 under the Firearm Owners Protection Act. Assault rifle An assault rifle is a selective-fire rifle that uses an intermediate cartridge and a detachable magazine. Assault rifles were first used during World War II. Though Western nations were slow to accept the assault rifle concept, by the end of the 20th century they had become the standard weapon in most of the world's armies, replacing full-powered rifles and sub-machine guns in most roles. Examples include the StG 44, AK-47 and the M16 rifle. The term \"assault rifle\" is generally attributed to Adolf Hitler, who for propaganda","title":"Assault rifle"},{"id":"10687283","text":"under generous military grants. Germany, the United States, Belgium, Israel, and South Korea have also either supplied or offered arms to the Nepalese Army. The army is currently in possession of 160,000 firearms. Its first standard rifle was the Belgian FN FAL, which it adopted in 1960. Nepalese FALs were later complemented by unlicensed, Indian-manufactured variants of the same weapon, as well its British counterpart, the L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle. Beginning in 2002 these were officially supplemented in army service by the American M-16 rifle, which took the FAL's place as the army's standard service rifle. Nevertheless, the FAL and its","title":"Nepalese Army"},{"id":"6141364","text":"repair than buying a new service pistol. Beretta claims M9A3 upgrade features fix most of the complaints and could be sold for less than the cost of previous M9 versions. The Army formally rejected the M9A3 ECP proposal at the end of January 2015. On January 19, 2017, it was announced that the SIG Sauer P320 (with undisclosed modifications) had been selected to replace the Beretta M9 as the U.S. Army's service pistol. \"Only the Sig Sauer P320, with a serialized core frame and the ability to swap different grip lengths and slide-barrel combinations, seems to meet the requirements of","title":"Beretta M9"},{"id":"3036955","text":"M240 machine gun The M240, officially the Machine Gun, Caliber 7.62 mm, M240, is the US military designation for the FN MAG (\"Mitrailleuse A Gaz\" = Gas operated machine gun; alternatively, \"Mitrailleuse d'Appui General\" = machine gun, support, general) a family of belt-fed, gas-operated medium machine guns that chamber the 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge. The M240 has been used by the United States Armed Forces since the late 1970s. It is used extensively by infantry, most often in rifle companies, as well as on ground vehicles, watercraft and aircraft. Despite being heavier than some comparable weapons it is highly regarded for","title":"M240 machine gun"},{"id":"18689464","text":"intend to acquire the handgun, making it the standard sidearm for the entire U.S. military. The services plan to procure up to 421,000 weapons in total; 195,000 for the Army, 130,000 for the Air Force, 61,000 for the Navy (XM18 compact version only), and 35,000 for the Marines. On 17 November 2017, soldiers of the 101st Airborne received the first XM17 and XM18 pistols, with over 2,000 handguns delivered. The XM17 has better accuracy and ergonomics and tighter dispersion than the M9. It will also be fielded more widely, being issued down to squad and fireteam leaders; while special forces","title":"SIG Sauer P320"},{"id":"3805151","text":"to be replaced in the Army and Air Force through the Modular Handgun System program. On January 19, 2017, it was announced that the SIG Sauer P320 Compact (M18) had been selected to replace the M11 as the U.S's service pistol. One factor in winning the Modular Handgun System competition was the ability to employ 9mm Parabellum, .357 Sig or .40 S&W cartridges within the same basic frame. The P229 is a compact firearm often used for duty or concealed carry purposes. The standard version features a DA/SA trigger. The pistol has also been made available in a DAK (Double","title":"SIG Sauer P226"},{"id":"5050474","text":"Ordnance QF 6-pounder The Ordnance Quick-Firing 6-pounder 7 cwt, or just 6 pounder, was a British 57 mm gun, serving as a primary anti-tank gun of the British Army during World War II, as well as the main armament for a number of armoured fighting vehicles. Although planned before the start of the war, it did not reach service until the North African Campaign in April 1942. There, it replaced the 2 pounder in the anti-tank role, allowing the 25 pounder gun-howitzer to revert to its intended artillery role. The United States Army also adopted the 6 pounder as their","title":"Ordnance QF 6-pounder"},{"id":"886124","text":"the following conflicts: SA80 The SA80 is a British family of 5.56×45mm NATO small arms, all of which are selective fire, gas-operated assault rifles. The L85 rifle variant of the SA80 family has been the standard issue service rifle of the British Armed Forces since 1987, replacing the L1A1 variant of the FN FAL. The first prototypes were created in 1976, with production ending in 1994. The A1 variant was significantly upgraded in the early 2000s by Heckler & Koch as the SA80A2 and remains in service as of 2018. The A3 variant was first issued in 2018 with several","title":"SA80"},{"id":"3695941","text":"the XM26 for breaching doors or close-quarter battle (CQB). The most common type of shotgun used for this purpose is the manually operated, slide-action/pump-action type like the Remington M870 or Mossberg 590A1, the latter of which is currently the pump-action of choice for US armed forces and both have seen service with other militaries, because it is less prone to malfunction (particularly when dirty) than semi-automatic designs. Pump-action shotguns are also less expensive than their semi-automatic counterparts. Even so, semi-automatic shotguns such as the Benelli M1014 are currently seeing service in NATO-aligned armed forces. Combat shotguns typically have much shorter","title":"Combat shotgun"},{"id":"3777181","text":".30-06 Springfield The .30-06 Springfield cartridge (pronounced \"thirty-aught-six\" or \"thirty-oh-six\"), 7.62×63mm in metric notation and called \".30 Gov't '06\" by Winchester, was introduced to the United States Army in 1906 and later standardized; it remained in use until the early 1980s. The \".30\" refers to the caliber of the bullet in inches. The \"06\" refers to the year the cartridge was adopted—1906. It replaced the .30-03, 6mm Lee Navy, and .30-40 Krag cartridges. The .30-06 remained the U.S. Army's primary rifle and machine gun cartridge for nearly 50 years before being replaced by the 7.62×51mm NATO (commercial .308 Winchester) and","title":".30-06 Springfield"},{"id":"439288","text":"provided by towed howitzers, including the 105 mm M119A1 and the 155 mm M777 (which will replace the M198). The U.S. Army utilizes a variety of direct-fire rockets and missiles to provide infantry with an Anti-Armor Capability. The AT4 is an unguided projectile that can destroy armor and bunkers at ranges up to 500 meters. The FIM-92 Stinger is a shoulder-launched, heat seeking anti-aircraft missile. The FGM-148 Javelin and BGM-71 TOW are anti-tank guided missiles. U.S. Army doctrine puts a premium on mechanized warfare. It fields the highest vehicle-to-soldier ratio in the world as of 2009. The army's most common","title":"United States Army"},{"id":"1785818","text":"and bolt-action rifles, single- and double-action revolvers and semi-automatic pistols. The parent company, Beretta Holding, also owns Beretta USA, Benelli, Franchi, SAKO, Stoeger, Tikka, Uberti, and the Burris Optics company. The model Beretta 92FS is the primary side arm of the United States Army, Marine Corps, Navy and Air Force, designated the M9 pistol. In 1985, Beretta was chosen after a controversial competition to produce the M9, winning a contract for 500,000 pistols. A condition of the original agreement was domestic fabrication of the M9. After complaints from servicemen, the Beretta M9 lost the U.S. Army sidearm contract in January","title":"Beretta"},{"id":"14273599","text":"the United States Air Force to arm base security troops. Commercial models were then sent to Special Forces in Vietnam, who reported success using the weapon. This led to its being adopted as the Army's main combat rifle starting in 1964. Officially designated Rifle, Caliber 5.56 mm, M16, it remained the US's primary combat rifle in one form or another to this day, and was adopted by many NATO countries in the 1980s. Armalite had further brushes with success, especially with the ArmaLite AR-18. These were not enough to keep the company going, and they ceased operations in the early","title":"ArmaLite"},{"id":"2122245","text":"other U.S. infantry rifle, surpassing the Springfield M1903 rifle. It also holds the distinction of serving as the standard infantry rifle of the U.S. Army for the second-shortest span of time of any service rifle, only surpassed by the short-lived US Krag–Jørgensen rifles and carbines. The Philippines issues M14 rifles, M1/M2 carbines, M1 rifles, and M16 rifles, to their civilian defense forces and various cadet corps service academies. The Hellenic Navy uses the M14. The M14 production Springfield tooling and assembly line was sold in 1967 to the Republic of China (Taiwan), who in 1968 began producing their Type 57","title":"M14 rifle"},{"id":"503895","text":"and cumbersome M249 SAW that was serving as the Squad Automatic weapon in a fireteam at the time. Two of the weapons in the competition were the FN SCAR HAMR and a slightly modified HK416. The weapon chosen to replace the M249 was the modified HK416, later designated the M27 IAR. The M249 SAW is still in use as a squad automatic weapon by the US Army. The Russian support weapon concept was designed around providing one standard cartridge that could be used by the clip-fed rifle (SKS), magazine-fed assault rifle (AK-47) and belt-fed light machinegun (RPD). The SKS and","title":"Squad automatic weapon"},{"id":"58577","text":"the L128A1 (Benelli M4) combat shotgun, may be temporarily used. The army's main battle tank is the Challenger 2. It is supported by the Warrior Infantry Fighting Vehicle as the primary armoured personnel carrier and the many variants of the Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked) and the FV430 series, which had its engines and armour upgraded as the Bulldog. Light armoured units often utilise the Supacat \"Jackal\" MWMIK and Coyote for reconnaissance and fire support. The army has three main artillery systems: the Multi Launch Rocket System (MLRS), the AS-90 and the L118 light gun. The MLRS, first used in Operation","title":"British Army"},{"id":"2131576","text":"also fitted with a heavier buffer known as the H2. Out of three sliding weights inside the buffer, the H2 possesses two tungsten weights and one steel weight, versus the standard H buffer, which uses one tungsten weight and two steel weights. These weapons, known by Colt as the Model 921HB (for \"Heavy Barrel\"), have also been designated M4A1, and as far as the government is concerned the M4A1 represents both the \"921\" and \"921HB\". Conversion of M4s to the M4A1 began in 2014, the start of all U.S. Army forces being equipped with the automatic variant. Though in service","title":"M4 carbine"},{"id":"79378","text":"issued to front-line soldiers to offset the increasing weight of other issued equipment. An example of this is the US Army's M4 carbine, which is standard-issue. The name comes from its first users — cavalry troopers called \"carabiniers\", from the French \"carabine\", from Old French \"carabin\" (soldier armed with a musket), whose origin is unclear. One theory connects it to an \"ancient engine of war\" called a \"calabre\"; another connects it to Medieval Latin \"Calabrinus\" 'Calabrian'; yet another, \"less likely\", to \"escarrabin\", gravedigger, from the scarab beetle. The carbine was originally a lighter, shortened weapon developed for the cavalry. Carbines","title":"Carbine"},{"id":"1499635","text":"U.S. Army units and U.S. Navy Mobile Construction Battalions (Seabees), and has seen service in both Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom, with U.S. Army Special Forces Groups and Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance Companies. However, by the late 1970s, the M1911A1 was acknowledged to be showing its age. Under political pressure from Congress to standardize on a single modern pistol design, the U.S. Air Force ran a Joint Service Small Arms Program to select a new semi-automatic pistol using the NATO-standard 9 mm Parabellum pistol cartridge. After trials, the Beretta 92S-1 was chosen. The Army contested this result and","title":"M1911 pistol"},{"id":"4414655","text":"One or both of these features can be seen on many military long-arms, including the 1903 Springfield, the SMLE, M1 Garand, and Mauser rifles, to name some of the more obvious types. The U.S. Army specifications for shotguns require a metal trigger guard for durability, which reduces the number of \"special purpose\" models used by police that would also be suitable for the military (the Mossberg 590A1 and Benelli M1014 are the standard-issue pump and semi-auto shotguns currently in service; the standard Mossberg 500 and 590 models, and most variants of the Remington 870, have plastic trigger groups). Riot shotguns","title":"Riot shotgun"},{"id":"5249093","text":"Enfield revolver The Enfield Revolver was a self-extracting British handgun designed and manufactured at the government-owned Royal Small Arms Factory in Enfield; initially in the .476 calibre (actually 11.6 mm) The .476 calibre Enfield Mk I and Mk II revolvers were the official sidearm of both the British Army and the North-West Mounted Police, as well as being issued to many other Colonial units throughout the British Empire. The term \"Enfield Revolver\" is not applied to Webley Mk VI revolvers built by RSAF Enfield between 1923 and 1926. The Enfield No. 2 is an unrelated .38 calibre revolver that was","title":"Enfield revolver"},{"id":"9833670","text":"Heckler & Koch HK45 The Heckler & Koch HK45 (\"Heckler & Koch, .45 ACP\") is a semi-automatic pistol designed by the German arms manufacturer Heckler & Koch. The HK45 was designed to meet requirements set forth in the U.S. Military Joint Combat Pistol program which had the purpose of arming the U.S. Military with a .45 ACP semi-automatic pistol instead of the 9mm M9 pistol. The Joint Combat Pistol program was suspended indefinitely in 2006, and the M9 pistol remained the standard issue handgun for the U.S. Military (replaced by the Sig P320 in January, 2017). Even though the Joint","title":"Heckler & Koch HK45"},{"id":"886102","text":"Koch AG-36 40 mm grenade launcher variants. There are four main variants that make up the SA80 family: the L85 IW Rifle, the L86 Light Support Weapon, the L22 Carbine and the L98 Cadet rifle. The family currently consists of two major models, A1 variants being the first issue weapons, and A2 distinguishing weapons which have undergone H&K upgrades. The L and A in the weapon title mean Number and Mark I.e. Number 85 Mark 1 = L85A1. The L85 IW (\"Individual Weapon\"; formally, Rifle, 5.56 mm, L85A2), is the standard rifle for the British armed forces. On operations with","title":"SA80"},{"id":"151129","text":"the M16A2, the M4 carbine, is widely used by U.S. and NATO tank and vehicle crews, airbornes, support staff, and in other scenarios where space is limited. The IMI Galil, an Israeli-designed weapon based on the action of the AK-47, is in use by Israel, Italy, Burma, the Philippines, Peru, and Colombia. Swiss Arms of Switzerland produces the SIG SG 550 assault rifle used by France, Chile, and Spain among others, and Steyr Mannlicher produces the AUG, a bullpup rifle in use in Austria, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, and Saudi Arabia among other nations. Modern designs call for compact weapons","title":"Firearm"},{"id":"7288837","text":"120 mm M1 gun The 120 mm Gun M1 was the United States Army's standard super-heavy anti-aircraft gun during World War II and the Korean War, complementing the smaller and more mobile M2 90 mm gun in service. Its maximum altitude was about , which earned it the nickname \"stratosphere gun\". The M1 gun was used by the Army for air defense from 1944 to 1960. The 120 served primarily in static defensive roles, although it had been designed to be mobile. It became obsolete with the development of anti-aircraft missiles and was phased out after 1954. The Army first","title":"120 mm M1 gun"},{"id":"12699473","text":".44 S&W American The .44 S&W American (commonly called the .44 American) is an American centerfire revolver cartridge. Used in the Smith & Wesson Model 3, it was introduced around 1869. Between 1871 and 1873, the .44 Model 3 was used as the standard United States Army sidearm. It was also offered in the Merwin Hulbert & Co. Army revolvers. It used an outside lubricated heeled bullet and appeared in either Boxer and Berdan priming, and both black and smokeless powder loadings. The heeled bullets make the case is incompatible with later .44 Russian, .44 Special, or .44 Magnum brass,","title":".44 S&W American"},{"id":"15533738","text":"of the Army Civilian \"U.S.\" insignia as required for investigative purposes. Although agents may be issued other weapons on special assignments, they are commonly issued a standard M11 compact pistol as their primary weapon. For combat environments, special agents are also typically issued the M4 carbine. United States Army Counterintelligence United States Army Counterintelligence is the component of United States Army Military Intelligence which conducts counterintelligence activities to detect, identify, assess, counter, exploit and/or neutralize adversarial, foreign intelligence services, international terrorist organizations, and insider threats to the United States Army and U.S. Department of Defense. Military and civilian personnel trained","title":"United States Army Counterintelligence"},{"id":"1542207","text":"Badger, ARV Taurus and AVLB Beaver. The Army infantry uses the C7 Rifle or C8 Carbine as the basic assault rifle, with grenadiers using the C7 with an attached M203 grenade launcher, and the C9 squad automatic weapon. The Canadian Army also uses the Browning Hi-Power and the SIG Sauer P226 Newer variants of the C7/C8 family have since been integrated into common use throughout the Canadian Armed Forces. The C7 has most recently been updated in the form the C7A2. The major internal components remain the same, however, several changes have been made to increase versatility of the rifle.","title":"Canadian Army"},{"id":"3881034","text":"a number of designations. The basic fixed armament version was given the designation \"M134\" by the United States Army, while the same weapon was designated \"GAU-2/A\" (on a fixed mount) and \"GAU-17/A\" (flexible mount) by the United States Air Force (USAF) and United States Navy (USN). The USAF minigun variant has three versions, while the US Army weapon appears to have incorporated several improvements without a change in designation. The M134D is an improved version of the M134 designed and manufactured by Dillon Aero, while Garwood Industries manufactures the M134G variant. Available sources show a relation between both M134 and","title":"Minigun"},{"id":"886079","text":"SA80 The SA80 is a British family of 5.56×45mm NATO small arms, all of which are selective fire, gas-operated assault rifles. The L85 rifle variant of the SA80 family has been the standard issue service rifle of the British Armed Forces since 1987, replacing the L1A1 variant of the FN FAL. The first prototypes were created in 1976, with production ending in 1994. The A1 variant was significantly upgraded in the early 2000s by Heckler & Koch as the SA80A2 and remains in service as of 2018. The A3 variant was first issued in 2018 with several new improvements. The","title":"SA80"},{"id":"12754324","text":".450 Adams The .450 Adams was a British black powder centrefire revolver cartridge, initially used in converted Beaumont–Adams revolvers, in the late 1860s. Officially designated .450 Boxer Mk I, and also known variously as the .450 Revolver, .450 Colt, .450 Short, .450 Corto and .450 Mark III, and in America as the .45 Webley, it was the British Army's first centrefire revolver round. The .450 was adopted for the Adams revolver in November 1868, and served until it was replaced in service in 1880 by the .476 Enfield (in the Enfield Mark 1 and 2), which was in turn supplanted","title":".450 Adams"},{"id":"2734294","text":"Colt Single Action Army The Colt Single Action Army, also known as the Single Action Army, SAA, Model P, Peacemaker, M1873, and Colt .45 is a single-action revolver with a revolving cylinder holding six metallic cartridges. It was designed for the U.S. government service revolver trials of 1872 by Colt's Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company — today's Colt's Manufacturing Company — and was adopted as the standard military service revolver until 1892. The Colt SAA has been offered in over 30 different calibers and various barrel lengths. Its overall appearance has remained consistent since 1873. Colt has discontinued its production twice,","title":"Colt Single Action Army"},{"id":"1499654","text":"Koch USP, the M1911 shows no signs of decreasing popularity and continues to be widely present in various competitive matches such as those of USPSA, IDPA, IPSC, and Bullseye. On March 18, 2011, the U.S. state of Utah—as a way of honoring M1911 designer John Browning, who was born and raised in the state—adopted the Browning M1911 as the \"official firearm of Utah\". M1911 pistol The M1911, also known as the \"Government\" or \"Colt Government\", is a single-action, semi-automatic, magazine-fed, recoil-operated pistol chambered for the .45 ACP cartridge. It served as the standard-issue sidearm for the United States Armed Forces","title":"M1911 pistol"},{"id":"936152","text":"are often double-action and are manufactured using more modern methods. It remains in service throughout the world. As of 2017, the MK1 version remained the standard service pistol of the Canadian Armed Forces, with the SIG Sauer P226 being issued to specialised units along with the SIG Sauer P225. The weapon is the standard sidearm of the Belgian Army, Indian Army, Indonesian Armed Forces, Australian Defence Force, Argentine Army, Luxembourg Army, Israel Police, and Venezuelan Army, among others. The Irish Army replaced its Browning Pistols (known popularly as BAPs, or Browning Automatic Pistols) with the Heckler & Koch USP in","title":"Browning Hi-Power"},{"id":"4456330","text":"M163 VADS The M163 Vulcan Air Defense System (VADS) is a self-propelled anti-aircraft gun (SPAAG) that was used by the United States Army. The M168 gun is a variant of the General Dynamics 20 mm M61 Vulcan rotary cannon, the standard cannon in most U.S. combat aircraft since the 1960s, mounted on either an armored vehicle or a trailer. The weapon is mounted on a modified M113 vehicle (the M741 carrier). The system was designed to complement the M48 Chaparral missile system. The M163 uses a small, range-only radar, the AN/VPS-2, and an M61 optical lead-calculating sight. The system is","title":"M163 VADS"},{"id":"19845730","text":"3.2-inch gun M1897 The 3.2-inch gun M1897 (81 mm), with its predecessors the M1885 and M1890, was the U.S. Army's first steel, rifled, breech loading field gun. It was the Army's primary field artillery piece in the Spanish–American War and the Philippine–American War from 1898 to 1902. This series of weapons was designed to provide a modern alternative to breechloading conversions of the Civil War-era 3-inch Ordnance rifle. It was made of gun steel, stronger than the wrought iron of previous weapons. It fired a projectile with cast iron, shrapnel, or canister types available. All versions used separately loaded bag","title":"3.2-inch gun M1897"},{"id":"503891","text":"U.S. fireteam tactics and doctrine that continues to the present day. Squad automatic weapons (such as the RPK and L86) are modified assault rifles or battle rifles (e.g. FN FAL 50.41 and M14A1) that may have increased ammunition capacity and heavier barrels to withstand continued fire and will almost always have a bipod. In the case of some assault rifles, such as the H&K G36 or Steyr AUG, the SAW is simply the standard rifle with a few parts replaced. However, the Austrian Army, though issuing the Steyr AUG rifle, does not issue the HBAR (heavy barrel) variant. Instead, the","title":"Squad automatic weapon"},{"id":"1499616","text":"the Vietnam War era. The U.S. procured around 2.7 million M1911 and M1911A1 pistols in military contracts during its service life. The M1911 was replaced by the 9mm Beretta M9 pistol as the standard U.S. sidearm in October 1986, but due to its popularity among users, it has not been completely phased out. Modernized derivative variants of the M1911 are still in use by some units of the U.S. Army Special Forces and the U.S. Navy. Designed by John Browning, the M1911 is the best-known of his designs to use the short recoil principle in its basic design. The pistol","title":"M1911 pistol"},{"id":"3529202","text":"quartermasters. Current catalog listings of compatible handguns list the caliber as .45 LC and .45 Colt. Both the Schofield and the .45 Colt were used by the Army at the same period of time prior to the adoption of the \"M1887 Government\" version of the .45 Schofield cartridge The .45 Colt was a joint development between Colt's Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company, of Hartford, Connecticut, and the Union Metallic Cartridge Company of Bridgeport, Conn. Colt began work on the revolver in 1871, and submitted a sample to the U.S. Army in late 1872. The revolver was accepted for purchase in 1873.","title":".45 Colt"},{"id":"2122241","text":"this has prompted the reissue of thousands of M14s. The 1st Battalion of the 3rd United States Infantry Regiment (\"The Old Guard\") in the Military District of Washington is the sole remaining regular U.S. Army combat field unit where the M14 is still issued as the standard rifle, along with a chromed bayonet and an extra wooden stock with white sling for military funerals, parades, and other ceremonies. The United States Air Force Honor Guard uses a version of the M14. The U.S. Navy Ceremonial Guard and Base Honor Guards also use the M14 for 3-volley salutes in military funerals.","title":"M14 rifle"},{"id":"5052011","text":"were returned to the arsenals, broken down, and reloaded back to the original specification. In 1903, after recommendations from the infantry Small Arms Board, the U.S. Army formally adopted a higher-velocity .30-caliber replacement for the .30-40 or .30 Army cartridge. The new cartridge was designated by its year of adoption, the .30-03. .30-40 Krag The .30-40 Krag (also called .30 U.S., or .30 Army) was a cartridge developed in the early 1890s to provide the U.S. armed forces with a smokeless powder cartridge suited for use with modern small-bore repeating rifles to be selected in the 1892 small arm trials.","title":".30-40 Krag"},{"id":"6141365","text":"the RFP among the named designs,\" noted Bob Owens writing for BearingArms.com. Beretta M9 The Beretta M9 — officially the Pistol, Semiautomatic, 9mm, M9 — is the designation for the Beretta 92FS semi-automatic pistol by the United States Armed Forces. The M9 was adopted by the United States military as their service pistol in 1985. The M9 won a competition in the 1980s to replace the M1911A1 as the primary sidearm of the U.S. military, beating many other contenders, and only narrowly defeating the SIG P226 for cost reasons. It officially entered service in 1990. Some other models have been","title":"Beretta M9"},{"id":"2734301","text":"Generation\" of the model. Calibers, at least thirty in all, ranged from .22 rimfire through .476 Eley, with approximately half, or 158,884 (including Bisley and Flat Top Target variations), chambered for .45 Colt. The next most prevalent were the .44-40 Winchester Center fire (WCF) at 71,392; 38-40 (38 WCF) at 50,520; 32-20 Winchester (32 WCF) at 43,284 and, the 41 Colt at 19,676. All original, good condition, U.S. Cavalry and Artillery Single Action Armies (those produced between 1873 and 1891) are among the most valuable to collectors. Especially valuable, often going for well over $10,000, are the OWA (Orville Wood","title":"Colt Single Action Army"},{"id":"3529201","text":".45 Colt The .45 Colt cartridge, which is sometimes called .45 Long Colt, .45 LC, or 11.43×33mmR, is a handgun cartridge dating to 1872. It was originally a black-powder revolver round developed for the Colt Single Action Army revolver. This cartridge was adopted by the U.S. Army in 1873 and served as an official US military handgun cartridge for 14 years. While it is sometimes referred to as .45 Long Colt or .45 LC, to differentiate it from the very popular and ubiquitous .45 ACP, and historically, the shorter .45 S&W Schofield, it was only an unofficial designation by Army","title":".45 Colt"},{"id":"151117","text":"the primary duties of that soldier (vehicle drivers, field commanders and support staff, airborne troops, engineers, etc.). Carbines are also common in law enforcement and among civilian owners where similar size, space and/or power concerns may exist. Carbines, like rifles, can be single-shot, repeating-action, semi-automatic or select-fire/fully automatic, generally depending on the time period and intended market. Common historical examples include the Winchester Model 1892, Lee–Enfield \"Jungle Carbine\", SKS, M1 carbine (no relation to the larger M1 Garand) and M4 carbine (a more compact variant of the current M16 rifle). Modern U.S. civilian carbines include compact customizations of the AR-15,","title":"Firearm"},{"id":"7315051","text":"Bushmaster III The Bushmaster III is a 35 mm automatic/semi-automatic cannon designed and built by Alliant Techsystems, based on the 30 mm M242 Bushmaster. The weapon has been selected as primary armament for the export versions of the CV90 infantry fighting vehicles (IFV) currently in service with the Danish, Dutch and Estonian armies. The U.S. Army is testing the Bushmaster 50 mm cannon as a counter rocket, artillery, and mortar (C-RAM) and counter unmanned aerial vehicle (C-UAV) weapon. Initially developed under the Extended Area Protection and Survivability Integrated Demonstration (EAPS ID), it has been successfully tested in tracking distant moving","title":"Bushmaster III"},{"id":"3363650","text":"of fully automatic fire. In the US M16/M4 rifles for example, the burst mode is 3 rounds. The trigger once pulled and held, results in 3 rounds being fired. The gun will not fire again until the trigger is released and then pulled again. There are suggestions that fully automatic fire has no genuine benefit and has been restricted or banned in combat due to being a waste of ammunition. The US M4 Carbine is now the main combat rifle of the US armed forces and has been available until recently in semi-automatic and burst mode of 3 rounds only.","title":"Automatic firearm"},{"id":"3529217","text":".38 Long Colt The .38 Long Colt (commonly known as .38 LC) [9.1 x 26mm] is a black powder cartridge introduced by Colt's Manufacturing Company in 1875, and was adopted as a standard military pistol cartridge by the United States Army in 1892 for the Colt New Army M1892 Revolver. It is slightly more powerful than the .38 Short Colt, or .38 SC. The .38 SC and .38 LC differ in case length, bullet diameter, weight, and design. The .38 Long Colt's predecessor, the .38 Short Colt, used a heeled bullet of at a nominal , producing muzzle energy. The","title":".38 Long Colt"},{"id":"4870154","text":"INSAS rifle INSAS (an abbreviation of INdian Small Arms System) is a family of infantry arms consisting of an assault rifle and a light machine gun (LMG). It is manufactured by the Ordnance Factories Board at Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli, Small Arms Factory Kanpur and Ishapore Arsenal. The INSAS assault rifle is the standard infantry weapon of the Indian Armed Forces. In April 2015, the Indian government replaced some INSAS rifles of the CRPF with AK-47s. In early 2017, it was announced that INSAS rifles were to be retired and replaced by rifles capable of firing 7.62×51mm NATO cartridges. Since the","title":"INSAS rifle"},{"id":"58576","text":"the Light Support Weapon (LSW) and the L22A2 carbine (issued to tank crews). These weapons are usually equipped with iron sights or an optical SUSAT, although optical sights have been purchased to supplement these. Support fire is provided by the FN Minimi light machine gun and the L7 general-purpose machine gun (GPMG), and indirect fire is provided by L16 81mm mortars. The L129A1 sharpshooter rifle was brought into service during the war in Afghanistan to meet an urgent operational requirement. Sniper rifles include the L118A1 7.62 mm, L115A3 and the AW50F, all manufactured by Accuracy International. Other weapons, such as","title":"British Army"},{"id":"3877412","text":".30 Carbine The .30 Carbine (7.62×33mm) is a rimless carbine cartridge used in the M1 carbine introduced in the 1940s. It is a light rifle round designed to be fired from the M1 carbine's 18-inch (458 mm) barrel. Shortly before World War II, the U.S. Army started a \"light rifle\" project to provide support personnel and rear area units more firepower and accuracy than the standard issue M1911A1 .45 ACP handgun, and weigh half as much as a M1 Garand rifle or the .45 Thompson submachine gun. The .30 Carbine cartridge was developed by Winchester and is basically a rimless","title":".30 Carbine"},{"id":"5544711","text":"M119 howitzer The M119 howitzer is the US designation for the L119 light gun, a lightweight British 105 mm howitzer also used by the United States Army. It can be easily airlifted by helicopter, or dropped by parachute. It does not need a recoil pit. The howitzer was designed and produced by the British Royal Ordnance Factories as the L118 light gun. In the L118 configuration, the 105 mm ammunition is cased separate loading ammunition (not semi-fixed projectile and propelling charge as sometimes stated). The L118 entered service with the British Army in 1976 and is used by parachute and","title":"M119 howitzer"},{"id":"3695936","text":"be subject to execution. The US Government rejected the claims, and threatened reprisals in kind if any US troops were executed for possession of a shotgun. The shotgun was used by Allied forces and Allied supported partisans in all theaters of combat in World War II, and both pump and semi-automatic shotguns are currently issued to all branches of the US military; they have also been used in subsequent conflicts by French, British, Australian, and New Zealand forces, as well as many guerrillas and insurgents throughout sub-Saharan Africa, Latin and South America, and Southeast Asia. Six different model of shotguns","title":"Combat shotgun"},{"id":"2734298","text":"and remained the primary U.S. military sidearm until 1892 when it was replaced by the .38 Long Colt caliber Colt Model 1892, a double-action revolver with swing-out cylinder. By the end of 1874, serial no. 16,000 was reached; 12,500 Colt Single Action Army revolvers chambered for the .45 Colt cartridge had entered service and the remaining revolvers were sold in the civilian market. The Single Action Army became available in standard barrel lengths of inch, inch, as well as the Cavalry standard, original inch. The shorter barrelled revolvers are sometimes called the \"Civilian\" or \"Gunfighter\" model ( inch) and the","title":"Colt Single Action Army"},{"id":"12362286","text":"Assault rifle An assault rifle is a selective-fire rifle that uses an intermediate cartridge and a detachable magazine. Assault rifles were first used during World War II. Though Western nations were slow to accept the assault rifle concept, by the end of the 20th century they had become the standard weapon in most of the world's armies, replacing full-powered rifles and sub-machine guns in most roles. Examples include the StG 44, AK-47 and the M16 rifle. The term \"assault rifle\" is generally attributed to Adolf Hitler, who for propaganda purposes used the German word \"Sturmgewehr\" (which translates to \"assault rifle\"),","title":"Assault rifle"},{"id":"480078","text":"uranium has been as 30 mm ordnance, primarily the 30 mm PGU-14/B armour-piercing incendiary round from the GAU-8 Avenger cannon of the A-10 Thunderbolt II used by the United States Air Force. 25 mm DU rounds have been used in the M242 gun mounted on the U.S. Army's Bradley Fighting Vehicle and the Marine Corps's LAV-25. The U.S. Marine Corps uses DU in the 25 mm PGU-20 round fired by the GAU-12 Equalizer cannon of the AV-8B Harrier, and also in the 20 mm M197 gun mounted on AH-1 Cobra helicopter gunships. The United States Navy's Phalanx CIWS's M61 Vulcan","title":"Depleted uranium"},{"id":"5815861","text":"was incredibly lightweight at only 6.85 lbs. empty. Initial comments by Springfield Armory test staff were favorable, and some testers commented that the AR-10 was the best lightweight automatic rifle ever tested by the Armory. In the end the United States Army chose the T44 now called the M14 rifle which was an improved M1 Garand with a 20-round magazine and automatic fire capability. The U.S. also adopted the M60 general purpose machine gun (GPMG). Its NATO partners adopted the FN FAL and HK G3 rifles, as well as the FN MAG and Rheinmetall MG3 GPMGs. The first confrontations between","title":"Comparison of the AK-47 and M16"},{"id":"19506935","text":"and carbine models. The rifle was 47‑ inches long and weighed 10 pounds, while the carbine was 39‑inches long and weighed 8¼ pounds. The Spencer was also the first weapon adopted by the US Army that fired a metallic rim‑fire, self‑contained cartridge. Soldiers loaded rounds through an opening in the butt of the stock, which fed into the chamber through a tubular magazine by the action of the trigger guard. The hammer still had to be cocked manually before each shot. The Henry rifle was, in some ways, even better than either the Sharps or the Spencer. Although never adopted","title":"Armies in the American Civil War"},{"id":"7315053","text":"Includes gun barrel, drive motor, recoil system and integral dual feeder.\" Bushmaster III The Bushmaster III is a 35 mm automatic/semi-automatic cannon designed and built by Alliant Techsystems, based on the 30 mm M242 Bushmaster. The weapon has been selected as primary armament for the export versions of the CV90 infantry fighting vehicles (IFV) currently in service with the Danish, Dutch and Estonian armies. The U.S. Army is testing the Bushmaster 50 mm cannon as a counter rocket, artillery, and mortar (C-RAM) and counter unmanned aerial vehicle (C-UAV) weapon. Initially developed under the Extended Area Protection and Survivability Integrated Demonstration","title":"Bushmaster III"},{"id":"5249099","text":"Webleys, and by 1896, hinge wear and barrel loosening were a real issue. Beginning in late 1904, the Mark II began to be phased out in favor of the .45 calibre Colt New Service revolver, but the Enfield remained in service until 1911. Enfield revolver The Enfield Revolver was a self-extracting British handgun designed and manufactured at the government-owned Royal Small Arms Factory in Enfield; initially in the .476 calibre (actually 11.6 mm) The .476 calibre Enfield Mk I and Mk II revolvers were the official sidearm of both the British Army and the North-West Mounted Police, as well as","title":"Enfield revolver"},{"id":"2377261","text":"own. The winner was the AK-47. It was finalized, adopted and entered widespread service in the Soviet army in the early 1950s. Its firepower, ease of use, low production costs, and reliability was perfectly suited for the Red Army's new mobile warfare doctrines. The AK-47 was widely supplied or sold to nations allied with the USSR and the blueprints were shared with several friendly nations (the People's Republic of China standing out among these with the Type 56). The AK-47 and AKM type rifles are the most produced firearms in history. The U.S. Army was influenced by combat experience with","title":"Automatic rifle"},{"id":"8356565","text":"Beaumont–Adams revolver The Beaumont–Adams revolver is a muzzle-loading, double-action, percussion revolver. Originally adopted by the British Army in .442 calibre (54-bore, 11.2mm) in 1856, many were later converted to use centrefire cartridges. It was replaced in British service in 1880 by the .476 calibre (11.6mm) Enfield Mk I revolver. On 20 February 1856, Lieutenant Frederick E. B. Beaumont of the Royal Engineers was granted a British patent for improvements to the Adams revolver which allowed them to be cocked and fired either by manually cocking the hammer as in Colt single-action revolvers, or by just pulling the trigger. Beaumont was","title":"Beaumont–Adams revolver"},{"id":"17275002","text":"Program, other Allied forces also gained access to a plethora of US weaponry. Common small arms used by rifle companies during the war included: the M1 Garand, M1 Carbine, and the .45 caliber pistol. Mortar teams had 60mm mortars and snipers were issued a scoped M1903 Springfield. Submachine guns were sometimes used in place of the M1 Garand if there were enough to “go around”. The US entered the war with the M1 Garand as its service rifle. However, due to its size and weight, it was not an ideal weapon for some specialist roles such as engineers, tank crew,","title":"American military technology during World War II"},{"id":"9855875","text":"cartridges, and typically did not have the cartridge information stamped on the gun (as is standard practice for most commercial firearms). Model 3 revolvers were later produced in an assortment of calibers, including .44 Henry Rimfire, .44-40, .32–44, .38–44, and .45 Schofield. The design would influence the smaller S&W .38 Single Action that is retroactively referred to as the Model 2. All of these revolvers would automatically eject the spent shell cases when opened. The Colt Single Action Army, also known as the Single Action Army, SAA, Model P, Peacemaker, M1873, and Colt .45 is a single-action revolver with a","title":"Handgun"},{"id":"2131574","text":"Army that adding the Rail Adapter System (RAS) turns the weapon into the \"M4 MWS\" or \"Modular Weapon System\". The \"M4A1\" carbine is a fully automatic variant of the basic M4 carbine intended for special operations use. The M4A1 was introduced in May 1991, and was in service in 1994. The M4A1 has a \"S-1-F\" (safe/semi-automatic/fully automatic) trigger group, while the M4 has a \"S-1-3\" (safe/semi-automatic/3-round burst) trigger group. The M4A1 is used by almost all U.S special operation units including, but not limited to, Marine Force Recon, Army Rangers, Army Special Forces, Navy SEALs, United States Air Force Pararescue","title":"M4 carbine"},{"id":"19506967","text":"carried guns ranging in size from 12-pounder howitzers to 11-inch Dahlgren shellguns. The Cairo, which is on display today at Vicksburg, suggests both the variety and the power of naval artillery in this campaign. When she sank in December 1862, the Cairo went down with three 42-pounder (7-inch bore) Army rifles, three 64-pounder (8-inch bore) Navy smoothbores, six 32-pounder (6.4-inch bore) Navy smoothbores, and one 4.2-inch 30-pounder Parrott rifle. Porter's firepower was not restricted to the water. During the siege, naval guns served ashore as siege artillery. The Confederates possessed a sizeable artillery capability but could not match Federal firepower.","title":"Armies in the American Civil War"},{"id":"5052007","text":".30-40 Krag The .30-40 Krag (also called .30 U.S., or .30 Army) was a cartridge developed in the early 1890s to provide the U.S. armed forces with a smokeless powder cartridge suited for use with modern small-bore repeating rifles to be selected in the 1892 small arm trials. Since the cartridge it was replacing was the .45-70 Government, the round was considered \"small-bore\" at the time. The design selected was ultimately the Krag–Jørgensen, formally adopted as the M1892 Springfield. It was also used in M1893 and later Gatling guns. Though the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps had adopted limited numbers","title":".30-40 Krag"},{"id":"13225428","text":"a large-caliber heavy machine gun, usually mounted on vehicles or in fixed emplacements. The M60 was a more mobile medium machine gun intended to be carried with the troops to provide heavy automatic fire. Both were very heavy weapons and usually required a crew of at least two to operate efficiently. The Browning automatic rifle, the army's main individual machine gun since its introduction in World War I, was phased out in 1957 with the introduction of the M14 rifle, which had a fully automatic mode. \"Designated riflemen\" in every squad were ordered to use their weapons on the fully","title":"M249 light machine gun"},{"id":"3186229","text":"25 mm weapon armed with armor-piercing rounds can disable many aircraft and vehicles, including some main battle tanks. The US military uses 25 mm weapons in their AV-8B Harrier, AC-130 gunship, M2 Bradley, LAV-25, F-35 Lightning II and as a standard ship-based munition in the Mk 38 autocannon. Several sub-types of the NATO 25 mm ammunition are available—the most common being armor-piercing, high-explosive, sabot, tracer, and practice rounds. Cartridges are usually composed of a combination of the aforementioned categories. For example, the M791 pictured to the right is an armor-piercing discarding sabot with tracer (APDS-T) round. It is used against","title":"25 mm caliber"},{"id":"503892","text":"7.62mm caliber MG74, a derivative of WW2-era German MG 42, is issued. Light machine guns, either belt-fed or magazine-fed, may be used as squad automatic weapons, as may be general-purpose machine guns; for example, during most of the Cold War period, the standard squad automatic weapon in the British Army was the FN Mag-derived L7. The most common squad automatic weapons in use today are derived from two basic patterns: the Kalashnikov-based RPK or the purpose-designed FN Minimi. In United States usage, the M249 light machine gun is commonly referred to as the Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW). In the 1970s","title":"Squad automatic weapon"},{"id":"2377262","text":"semi-automatic weapons such as the M1 Garand and M1 carbine, which enjoyed a significant advantage over enemies armed primarily with bolt-action rifles. Although U.S. Army studies of World War II combat accounts had very similar results to that of the Germans and Soviets, the U.S. Army maintained its traditional views and preference for high-powered semi-automatic rifles. After World War II, the United States military started looking for a single automatic rifle to replace the M1 Garand, M1/M2 Carbines, M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle, M3 \"Grease Gun\" and Thompson submachine gun. However, early experiments with select-fire versions of the M1 Garand proved","title":"Automatic rifle"},{"id":"665955","text":"Reno and Alfred Terry) authorized the Springfield as the official firearm for the United States Army. The Springfield, manufactured in a .45-70 long rifle version for the infantry and a .45-55 light carbine version for the cavalry, was judged a solid firearm that met the long-term and geostrategic requirements of the United States fighting forces. British historian Mark Gallear maintains that US government experts rejected the lever-action repeater designs, deeming them ineffective in the event of a clash with fully equipped European armies, or in case of an outbreak of another American civil conflict. Gallear's analysis minimizes the allegation that","title":"Battle of the Little Bighorn"},{"id":"19506938","text":"of weapons. Troops preferred the easier-handling carbines to rifles and the breechloaders to awkward muzzleloaders. Of the single‑shot breech-loading carbines that saw extensive use during the Civil War, the Hall .52‑caliber accounted for approximately 20,000 in 1861. The Hall was quickly replaced by a variety of more state-of-the-art carbines, including the Merrill .54‑caliber (14,495), Maynard .52‑caliber (20,002), Gallager .53‑caliber (22,728), Smith .52‑caliber (30,062), Burnside .56‑ caliber (55,567), and Sharps .54‑caliber (80,512). The next step in the evolutionary process was the repeating carbine, the favorite by 1864 (and commonly distributed by 1865) being the Spencer .52‑caliber seven‑shot repeater (94,194). Because of","title":"Armies in the American Civil War"},{"id":"7681481","text":"DOD to select a standard handgun and phase out all others. This task was assigned to the newly created Joint Service Small Arms Program (JSSAP). The United States Military forces had been using a variety of different small arms which grew over the years to about ten different types of handguns. Model in use included the M1911A1 (Colt .45 Automatic), Smith & Wesson (Combat Masterpiece in .38 Special caliber), Smith and Wesson Model 1917 (.45 ACP and .45 Auto Rim) and various other small arms. By the 1970s it became obvious that the M1911A1 (Colt Government .45ACP) model was going","title":"Joint Service Small Arms Program"},{"id":"3550629","text":"side-hammer revolver. In addition to the stronger frame, the cylinder pin access was moved to the front of the cylinder. The center-hammer revolvers retained the innovative combination trigger guard/loading lever of the side-hammer models. Army Model Revolver The Army Model is a six-shot, .44 caliber percussion weapon with a standard inch barrel. There is an early and late production variant recognized by collectors. Finish would be blued, with standard wood grips. Production likely continued until the end of Allen's life. Approximately 750 are thought to have been made. Only a few examples are known which have been converted to cartridge.","title":"Ethan Allen (armsmaker)"},{"id":"2122220","text":"M14 rifle The M14 rifle, officially the United States Rifle, 7.62 mm, M14, is an American select-fire rifle that fires 7.62×51mm NATO (.308 in) ammunition. It became the standard-issued rifle for the U.S. military in 1959 replacing the M1 Garand rifle in the U.S. Army by 1961 and the U.S. Marine Corps by 1965 until being replaced by the M16 rifle beginning in 1964. The M14 was used by U.S. Army, Navy, and Marine Corps for basic and advanced individual training (AIT) from the mid-1960s to the early 1970s. The M14 was the last American battle rifle issued in quantity","title":"M14 rifle"},{"id":"14527874","text":"Police law enforcement duties due to recent incidents involving active shooters on military installations. Thus, Department of the Army Civilian Police officers working on a military base have ammunition loaded with full metal jacket and/or hollow point ammunition. Department of the Army Civilian Police Detectives can be armed with the M11 pistol. Other firearms that may be issued include the Mossberg 500 shotgun and the M16 rifle or M4 carbine. Department of the Army Civilian Police vehicles vary widely, with vehicles ranging from Chevrolet Silverados to Ford Explorers and even Jeep Cherokees. However, most installations and agencies use the Ford","title":"Department of the Army Civilian Police"},{"id":"151128","text":"U.S. military up until early in the Vietnam War to the much less powerful but far lighter and light recoiling .223 caliber (5.56mm) intermediate cartridge. The military later designated the AR-15 as the \"M16\". The civilian version of the M16 continues to be known as the AR-15 and looks exactly like the military version, although to conform to B.A.T.F.E. regulations in the U.S., it lacks the mechanism that permits fully automatic fire. Variants of both of the M16 and AK-47 are still in wide international use today, though other automatic rifle designs have since been introduced. A smaller version of","title":"Firearm"},{"id":"12699475","text":"received the weapon as a gift from Tombstone, Arizona mayor and \"Tombstone Epitaph\" newspaper editor John Clum. .44 S&W American The .44 S&W American (commonly called the .44 American) is an American centerfire revolver cartridge. Used in the Smith & Wesson Model 3, it was introduced around 1869. Between 1871 and 1873, the .44 Model 3 was used as the standard United States Army sidearm. It was also offered in the Merwin Hulbert & Co. Army revolvers. It used an outside lubricated heeled bullet and appeared in either Boxer and Berdan priming, and both black and smokeless powder loadings. The","title":".44 S&W American"},{"id":"18479035","text":"M16 as the main U.S. Army combat assault rifle. \"After the North Hollywood shootout in 1997, the Department of Defense gave 600 surplus M16 assault rifles to LAPD, which were issued to each patrol sergeant. Various U.S. SWAT teams are armed with the Heckler & Koch MP5, a submachine gun. U.S. law enforcement agencies such as the Coast Guard, the New York City Police Department (NYPD), and the Pittsburgh Bureau of Police (PBP) use the Barrett M82. Police use the M82 to breach barriers, because the large-calibre .50 BMG round it fires will penetrate most commercial brick walls and concrete","title":"Militarization of police"},{"id":"4073665","text":"the 3-inch M1918 gun (76.2 mm L/40) and 3-inch anti-aircraft gun M3 (76.2 mm L/50) , a widely used caliber for this class of weapon. Similar weapons were in British, Soviet and other arsenals. There had been several upgrades to the weapon over its history, including the experimental T8 and T9 versions developed in the early 1930s, that were intended to enter service later in the decade. However the US Army became interested in a much more capable weapon instead, and on June 9, 1938, it issued a development contract calling for two new guns, one of 90 mm, which","title":"90 mm Gun M1/M2/M3"},{"id":"6326205","text":"program in the 1920s and 1930s. The five-round, stripper clip-fed, bolt-action Mosin–Nagant rifle remained the primary shoulder firearm of the Red Army through World War II. Over 17 million model 91/30 Mosin–Nagant rifles were manufactured from 1930 to 1945 by various Soviet arsenals. In 1943 design started on the M44, designed to replace the M91/30. Full production began in 1944, and remained in production until 1948, when it was replaced by the SKS semiautomatic rifle. The Red Army suffered from a shortage of adequate machine guns and semiautomatic firearms throughout World War II. The semiautomatic Tokarev SVT Model 38 and","title":"Soviet Armed Forces"},{"id":"942416","text":"with a tactical flashlight and sight. Brazilian Army officially used the FAP (\"Fuzil Automático Pesado\", or heavy automatic rifle) as its squad automatic weapon until 2013/2014, when the FN Minimi was adopted to replace it. The Marine Corps and Air Force also adopted the Minimi to replace the FAP. IMBEL also produced a semi-automatic version of the FAL for Springfield Armory, Inc. (not to be confused with the US military Springfield Armory), which was marketed in the US as the SAR-48 (standard model) and SAR-4800 (made after 1989 with some military features removed to comply with new legislation), starting in","title":"FN FAL"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"6563222\",\n \"text\": \"rifle. Assault rifles such as the Soviet AK-47 and the American M-16, and battle rifles such as the Belgian FN FAL and the Swiss Sturmgewehr 58, became common service rifles in the second half of the twentieth century. Service rifle A service rifle or service weapon (also known as a standard-issue rifle) is a weapon which an armed force issues as standard to its service members. In modern forces, this is typically a versatile and rugged assault rifle, battle rifle or carbine suitable for use in nearly all environments. Most armies also have service pistols or side arms. Early rifles\",\n \"title\": \"Service rifle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"439285\",\n \"text\": \"common weapons used by the army are the compact variant of the M16 rifle, known as the M4 carbine, as well as the 7.62×51mm variant of the FN SCAR for Army Rangers. The primary sidearm in the U.S. Army is the 9 mm M9 pistol; the M11 pistol is also used. Both handguns are to be replaced by the M17 through the Modular Handgun System program. Soldiers are also equipped with various hand grenades, such as the M67 fragmentation grenade and M18 smoke grenade. Many units are supplemented with a variety of specialized weapons, including the M249 SAW (Squad Automatic\",\n \"title\": \"United States Army\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6563218\",\n \"text\": \"Service rifle A service rifle or service weapon (also known as a standard-issue rifle) is a weapon which an armed force issues as standard to its service members. In modern forces, this is typically a versatile and rugged assault rifle, battle rifle or carbine suitable for use in nearly all environments. Most armies also have service pistols or side arms. Early rifles used in combat were not standard-issue weapons like the service rifles of today. Rifles were for specialist marksmen only, whilst ordinary infantry were issued less accurate smoothbore muskets which had a higher rate of fire, with bore diameters\",\n \"title\": \"Service rifle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8355688\",\n \"text\": \"their replacement by semi-automatic handguns, such as the well-known German P08 Luger, the first semi-automatic service pistol to be widely adopted by an industrialised nation. The British Army was the last major military service to adopt a semi-automatic service pistol as a standard sidearm, phasing out their Webley Mk IV, Enfield No 2 Mk I, and Smith & Wesson Victory revolvers in 1969, after which the Browning Hi-Power became the Army's official service pistol. Special operations soldiers often carry a handgun as a secondary weapon to serve in a supplementary capacity to their primary weapon (a rifle, carbine, submachine gun,\",\n \"title\": \"Service pistol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"439286\",\n \"text\": \"Weapon), to provide suppressive fire at the squad level. Indirect fire is provided by the M320 grenade launcher. The M1014 Joint Service Combat Shotgun or the Mossberg 590 Shotgun are used for door breaching and close-quarters combat. The M14EBR is used by designated marksmen. Snipers use the M107 Long Range Sniper Rifle, the M2010 Enhanced Sniper Rifle and the M110 Semi-Automatic Sniper Rifle. The army employs various crew-served weapons to provide heavy firepower at ranges exceeding that of individual weapons. The M240 is the U.S. Army's standard Medium Machine Gun. The M2 heavy machine gun is generally used as a\",\n \"title\": \"United States Army\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2131551\",\n \"text\": \"M4 carbine The M4 carbine is a shorter and lighter variant of the M16A2 assault rifle. The M4 is a 5.56×45mm NATO, air-cooled, direct impingement gas-operated, magazine-fed carbine. It has a barrel and a telescoping stock. The M4 carbine is extensively used by the United States Armed Forces and is largely replacing the M16 rifle in United States Army and United States Marine Corps combat units as the primary infantry weapon and service rifle. The M4 is also capable of mounting the M203 and M320 grenade launchers. The distinctive step in its barrel is for mounting the M203 with the\",\n \"title\": \"M4 carbine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2131604\",\n \"text\": \"a patrol carbine. M4 carbine The M4 carbine is a shorter and lighter variant of the M16A2 assault rifle. The M4 is a 5.56×45mm NATO, air-cooled, direct impingement gas-operated, magazine-fed carbine. It has a barrel and a telescoping stock. The M4 carbine is extensively used by the United States Armed Forces and is largely replacing the M16 rifle in United States Army and United States Marine Corps combat units as the primary infantry weapon and service rifle. The M4 is also capable of mounting the M203 and M320 grenade launchers. The distinctive step in its barrel is for mounting the\",\n \"title\": \"M4 carbine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1499615\",\n \"text\": \"M1911 pistol The M1911, also known as the \\\"Government\\\" or \\\"Colt Government\\\", is a single-action, semi-automatic, magazine-fed, recoil-operated pistol chambered for the .45 ACP cartridge. It served as the standard-issue sidearm for the United States Armed Forces from 1911 to 1986. It was widely used in World War I, World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. The pistol's formal designation as of 1940 was Automatic Pistol, Caliber .45, M1911 for the original model of 1911 or Automatic Pistol, Caliber .45, M1911A1 for the M1911A1, adopted in 1924. The designation changed to Pistol, Caliber .45, Automatic, M1911A1 in\",\n \"title\": \"M1911 pistol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19506937\",\n \"text\": \"from 32 to 42½ inches, while its calibers were .36, .44, and .56. The .36 and .44 calibers were made to chamber six shots, while the .56‑caliber was made to chamber five shots. The Colt Firearms Company was also the primary supplier of revolvers (the standard sidearm for cavalry troops and officers), the .44‑caliber Army revolver and the .36‑caliber Navy revolver being the most popular (over 146,000 purchased). This was because they were simple, relatively sturdy, and reliable. Initially armed with sabers and pistols (and in one case, lances), Federal cavalry troops quickly added the breech-loading carbine to their inventory\",\n \"title\": \"Armies in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19506963\",\n \"text\": \"(.577 caliber), U.S. Model 1840/45 rifles (.58 caliber), Dresden and Suhl rifle-muskets (.58 caliber), and Sharps breechloading carbines (.52 caliber). Approximately thirty-five Federal regiments (roughly one-quarter of the total) were armed primarily with \\\"second class\\\" weapons, such as Austrian rifle-muskets in .54, .577, and .58 calibers; U.S. Model 1841 rifled muskets (.69 caliber); U.S. Model 1816 rifled muskets altered to percussion (.69 caliber); Belgian and French rifled muskets (.69 and .71 calibers); Belgian or Vincennes rifles (.70 and .71 calibers); and both Austrian and Prussian rifled muskets in .69 and .70 calibers. Only one Federal regiment, the 101st Illinois Infantry,\",\n \"title\": \"Armies in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8000973\",\n \"text\": \"The T65 series served as the standard issue weapon for front-line usage of the army and the marine corps until being replaced by the follow-on T91 in the early 2000s. T65 rifles are currently used by the Army Reserves, Army Basic Training Centers, and the Air Force. The T65 assault rifle was developed at the Taiwan State Arsenal to replace the obsolete 7.62mm M14 rifles imported from the United States. Reports on the original T65 rifle suggested that it performed poorly, but was later improved and became the T65K2 (also referred to as the T68). Later on, a T86 carbine\",\n \"title\": \"T65 assault rifle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13225425\",\n \"text\": \"M249 light machine gun The M249 light machine gun (LMG), formerly designated the M249 Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW) and formally written as Light Machine Gun, 5.56 mm, M249, is the American adaptation of the Belgian FN Minimi, a light machine gun manufactured by the Belgian company FN Herstal (FN). The M249 is manufactured in the United States by the local subsidiary FN Manufacturing LLC in Columbia, South Carolina and is widely used in the U.S. Armed Forces. The weapon was introduced in 1984 after being judged the most effective of a number of candidate weapons to address the lack of\",\n \"title\": \"M249 light machine gun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9855892\",\n \"text\": \"the \\\"Modell 1900 Parabellum\\\". Later versions included the Pistol Parabellum Model 1908 or P08 which was produced by DWM and other manufacturers. The first Parabellum pistol was adopted by the Swiss army in May 1900. In German Army service, the Parabellum was later adopted in modified form as the Pistol Model 1908 (P08) in caliber 9×19mm Parabellum. The Colt Model 1911 is an 8-round, single-action, semi-automatic, magazine-fed, recoil-operated pistol chambered for the .45 ACP cartridge. It served as the standard-issue sidearm for the United States Armed Forces from 1911 to 1986.Designed by John Browning, the M1911 is the best-known of\",\n \"title\": \"Handgun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9855871\",\n \"text\": \"paper cartridges (Civil War era), all combinations being ignited by a fulminate percussion cap applied to the nipples at the rear of the chamber. The Colt Army Model 1860 is a 6-shot muzzle-loaded cap & ball .44-caliber single-action revolver used during the American Civil War made by Colt's Manufacturing Company. It was used as a side arm by cavalry, infantry, artillery troops, and naval forces. More than 200,000 were manufactured from 1860 through 1873. Colt's biggest customer was the US Government with no less than 129,730 units being purchased and issued to the troops. The weapon was a single-action, six-shot\",\n \"title\": \"Handgun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6141341\",\n \"text\": \"Beretta M9 The Beretta M9 — officially the Pistol, Semiautomatic, 9mm, M9 — is the designation for the Beretta 92FS semi-automatic pistol by the United States Armed Forces. The M9 was adopted by the United States military as their service pistol in 1985. The M9 won a competition in the 1980s to replace the M1911A1 as the primary sidearm of the U.S. military, beating many other contenders, and only narrowly defeating the SIG P226 for cost reasons. It officially entered service in 1990. Some other models have been adopted to a lesser extent, namely the M11 pistol, and other models\",\n \"title\": \"Beretta M9\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9855872\",\n \"text\": \"weapon accurate up to 75 to 100 yards, where the fixed sights were typically set when manufactured. The rear sight was a notch in the hammer, only usable when the revolver was fully cocked. The Colt .44-caliber “Army\\\" Model was the most widely used revolver of the Civil War. It had a six-shot, rotating cylinder, and fired a round spherical lead ball, or a conical-tipped bullet, typically propelled by a 30-grain charge of black powder, which was ignited by a small copper percussion cap that contained a volatile charge of fulminate of mercury (a substance that explodes upon being subjected\",\n \"title\": \"Handgun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6810060\",\n \"text\": \"standard olive drab uniform. From this clothing, the nickname they were given by the British civilians at the time was \\\"snowdrops.\\\" An MP armband was also worn on the left arm, usually black or dark blue with white letters. The standard personal weapons of the United States Army military police include the 9mm M9 pistol, the M4 carbine, the M320 grenade launcher, the M249 Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW) or M240B, and the Mossberg 12-gauge pump action shotgun. MP team leaders are typically assigned an M4 with an M320 attached, drivers are assigned an M4, and gunners are assigned an M249\",\n \"title\": \"Military Police Corps (United States)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12362315\",\n \"text\": \"Firearms Act and since 1986 under the Firearm Owners Protection Act. Assault rifle An assault rifle is a selective-fire rifle that uses an intermediate cartridge and a detachable magazine. Assault rifles were first used during World War II. Though Western nations were slow to accept the assault rifle concept, by the end of the 20th century they had become the standard weapon in most of the world's armies, replacing full-powered rifles and sub-machine guns in most roles. Examples include the StG 44, AK-47 and the M16 rifle. The term \\\"assault rifle\\\" is generally attributed to Adolf Hitler, who for propaganda\",\n \"title\": \"Assault rifle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10687283\",\n \"text\": \"under generous military grants. Germany, the United States, Belgium, Israel, and South Korea have also either supplied or offered arms to the Nepalese Army. The army is currently in possession of 160,000 firearms. Its first standard rifle was the Belgian FN FAL, which it adopted in 1960. Nepalese FALs were later complemented by unlicensed, Indian-manufactured variants of the same weapon, as well its British counterpart, the L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle. Beginning in 2002 these were officially supplemented in army service by the American M-16 rifle, which took the FAL's place as the army's standard service rifle. Nevertheless, the FAL and its\",\n \"title\": \"Nepalese Army\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6141364\",\n \"text\": \"repair than buying a new service pistol. Beretta claims M9A3 upgrade features fix most of the complaints and could be sold for less than the cost of previous M9 versions. The Army formally rejected the M9A3 ECP proposal at the end of January 2015. On January 19, 2017, it was announced that the SIG Sauer P320 (with undisclosed modifications) had been selected to replace the Beretta M9 as the U.S. Army's service pistol. \\\"Only the Sig Sauer P320, with a serialized core frame and the ability to swap different grip lengths and slide-barrel combinations, seems to meet the requirements of\",\n \"title\": \"Beretta M9\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3036955\",\n \"text\": \"M240 machine gun The M240, officially the Machine Gun, Caliber 7.62 mm, M240, is the US military designation for the FN MAG (\\\"Mitrailleuse A Gaz\\\" = Gas operated machine gun; alternatively, \\\"Mitrailleuse d'Appui General\\\" = machine gun, support, general) a family of belt-fed, gas-operated medium machine guns that chamber the 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge. The M240 has been used by the United States Armed Forces since the late 1970s. It is used extensively by infantry, most often in rifle companies, as well as on ground vehicles, watercraft and aircraft. Despite being heavier than some comparable weapons it is highly regarded for\",\n \"title\": \"M240 machine gun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18689464\",\n \"text\": \"intend to acquire the handgun, making it the standard sidearm for the entire U.S. military. The services plan to procure up to 421,000 weapons in total; 195,000 for the Army, 130,000 for the Air Force, 61,000 for the Navy (XM18 compact version only), and 35,000 for the Marines. On 17 November 2017, soldiers of the 101st Airborne received the first XM17 and XM18 pistols, with over 2,000 handguns delivered. The XM17 has better accuracy and ergonomics and tighter dispersion than the M9. It will also be fielded more widely, being issued down to squad and fireteam leaders; while special forces\",\n \"title\": \"SIG Sauer P320\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3805151\",\n \"text\": \"to be replaced in the Army and Air Force through the Modular Handgun System program. On January 19, 2017, it was announced that the SIG Sauer P320 Compact (M18) had been selected to replace the M11 as the U.S's service pistol. One factor in winning the Modular Handgun System competition was the ability to employ 9mm Parabellum, .357 Sig or .40 S&W cartridges within the same basic frame. The P229 is a compact firearm often used for duty or concealed carry purposes. The standard version features a DA/SA trigger. The pistol has also been made available in a DAK (Double\",\n \"title\": \"SIG Sauer P226\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5050474\",\n \"text\": \"Ordnance QF 6-pounder The Ordnance Quick-Firing 6-pounder 7 cwt, or just 6 pounder, was a British 57 mm gun, serving as a primary anti-tank gun of the British Army during World War II, as well as the main armament for a number of armoured fighting vehicles. Although planned before the start of the war, it did not reach service until the North African Campaign in April 1942. There, it replaced the 2 pounder in the anti-tank role, allowing the 25 pounder gun-howitzer to revert to its intended artillery role. The United States Army also adopted the 6 pounder as their\",\n \"title\": \"Ordnance QF 6-pounder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"886124\",\n \"text\": \"the following conflicts: SA80 The SA80 is a British family of 5.56×45mm NATO small arms, all of which are selective fire, gas-operated assault rifles. The L85 rifle variant of the SA80 family has been the standard issue service rifle of the British Armed Forces since 1987, replacing the L1A1 variant of the FN FAL. The first prototypes were created in 1976, with production ending in 1994. The A1 variant was significantly upgraded in the early 2000s by Heckler & Koch as the SA80A2 and remains in service as of 2018. The A3 variant was first issued in 2018 with several\",\n \"title\": \"SA80\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3695941\",\n \"text\": \"the XM26 for breaching doors or close-quarter battle (CQB). The most common type of shotgun used for this purpose is the manually operated, slide-action/pump-action type like the Remington M870 or Mossberg 590A1, the latter of which is currently the pump-action of choice for US armed forces and both have seen service with other militaries, because it is less prone to malfunction (particularly when dirty) than semi-automatic designs. Pump-action shotguns are also less expensive than their semi-automatic counterparts. Even so, semi-automatic shotguns such as the Benelli M1014 are currently seeing service in NATO-aligned armed forces. Combat shotguns typically have much shorter\",\n \"title\": \"Combat shotgun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3777181\",\n \"text\": \".30-06 Springfield The .30-06 Springfield cartridge (pronounced \\\"thirty-aught-six\\\" or \\\"thirty-oh-six\\\"), 7.62×63mm in metric notation and called \\\".30 Gov't '06\\\" by Winchester, was introduced to the United States Army in 1906 and later standardized; it remained in use until the early 1980s. The \\\".30\\\" refers to the caliber of the bullet in inches. The \\\"06\\\" refers to the year the cartridge was adopted—1906. It replaced the .30-03, 6mm Lee Navy, and .30-40 Krag cartridges. The .30-06 remained the U.S. Army's primary rifle and machine gun cartridge for nearly 50 years before being replaced by the 7.62×51mm NATO (commercial .308 Winchester) and\",\n \"title\": \".30-06 Springfield\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"439288\",\n \"text\": \"provided by towed howitzers, including the 105 mm M119A1 and the 155 mm M777 (which will replace the M198). The U.S. Army utilizes a variety of direct-fire rockets and missiles to provide infantry with an Anti-Armor Capability. The AT4 is an unguided projectile that can destroy armor and bunkers at ranges up to 500 meters. The FIM-92 Stinger is a shoulder-launched, heat seeking anti-aircraft missile. The FGM-148 Javelin and BGM-71 TOW are anti-tank guided missiles. U.S. Army doctrine puts a premium on mechanized warfare. It fields the highest vehicle-to-soldier ratio in the world as of 2009. The army's most common\",\n \"title\": \"United States Army\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1785818\",\n \"text\": \"and bolt-action rifles, single- and double-action revolvers and semi-automatic pistols. The parent company, Beretta Holding, also owns Beretta USA, Benelli, Franchi, SAKO, Stoeger, Tikka, Uberti, and the Burris Optics company. The model Beretta 92FS is the primary side arm of the United States Army, Marine Corps, Navy and Air Force, designated the M9 pistol. In 1985, Beretta was chosen after a controversial competition to produce the M9, winning a contract for 500,000 pistols. A condition of the original agreement was domestic fabrication of the M9. After complaints from servicemen, the Beretta M9 lost the U.S. Army sidearm contract in January\",\n \"title\": \"Beretta\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14273599\",\n \"text\": \"the United States Air Force to arm base security troops. Commercial models were then sent to Special Forces in Vietnam, who reported success using the weapon. This led to its being adopted as the Army's main combat rifle starting in 1964. Officially designated Rifle, Caliber 5.56 mm, M16, it remained the US's primary combat rifle in one form or another to this day, and was adopted by many NATO countries in the 1980s. Armalite had further brushes with success, especially with the ArmaLite AR-18. These were not enough to keep the company going, and they ceased operations in the early\",\n \"title\": \"ArmaLite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2122245\",\n \"text\": \"other U.S. infantry rifle, surpassing the Springfield M1903 rifle. It also holds the distinction of serving as the standard infantry rifle of the U.S. Army for the second-shortest span of time of any service rifle, only surpassed by the short-lived US Krag–Jørgensen rifles and carbines. The Philippines issues M14 rifles, M1/M2 carbines, M1 rifles, and M16 rifles, to their civilian defense forces and various cadet corps service academies. The Hellenic Navy uses the M14. The M14 production Springfield tooling and assembly line was sold in 1967 to the Republic of China (Taiwan), who in 1968 began producing their Type 57\",\n \"title\": \"M14 rifle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"503895\",\n \"text\": \"and cumbersome M249 SAW that was serving as the Squad Automatic weapon in a fireteam at the time. Two of the weapons in the competition were the FN SCAR HAMR and a slightly modified HK416. The weapon chosen to replace the M249 was the modified HK416, later designated the M27 IAR. The M249 SAW is still in use as a squad automatic weapon by the US Army. The Russian support weapon concept was designed around providing one standard cartridge that could be used by the clip-fed rifle (SKS), magazine-fed assault rifle (AK-47) and belt-fed light machinegun (RPD). The SKS and\",\n \"title\": \"Squad automatic weapon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"58577\",\n \"text\": \"the L128A1 (Benelli M4) combat shotgun, may be temporarily used. The army's main battle tank is the Challenger 2. It is supported by the Warrior Infantry Fighting Vehicle as the primary armoured personnel carrier and the many variants of the Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked) and the FV430 series, which had its engines and armour upgraded as the Bulldog. Light armoured units often utilise the Supacat \\\"Jackal\\\" MWMIK and Coyote for reconnaissance and fire support. The army has three main artillery systems: the Multi Launch Rocket System (MLRS), the AS-90 and the L118 light gun. The MLRS, first used in Operation\",\n \"title\": \"British Army\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2131576\",\n \"text\": \"also fitted with a heavier buffer known as the H2. Out of three sliding weights inside the buffer, the H2 possesses two tungsten weights and one steel weight, versus the standard H buffer, which uses one tungsten weight and two steel weights. These weapons, known by Colt as the Model 921HB (for \\\"Heavy Barrel\\\"), have also been designated M4A1, and as far as the government is concerned the M4A1 represents both the \\\"921\\\" and \\\"921HB\\\". Conversion of M4s to the M4A1 began in 2014, the start of all U.S. Army forces being equipped with the automatic variant. Though in service\",\n \"title\": \"M4 carbine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"79378\",\n \"text\": \"issued to front-line soldiers to offset the increasing weight of other issued equipment. An example of this is the US Army's M4 carbine, which is standard-issue. The name comes from its first users — cavalry troopers called \\\"carabiniers\\\", from the French \\\"carabine\\\", from Old French \\\"carabin\\\" (soldier armed with a musket), whose origin is unclear. One theory connects it to an \\\"ancient engine of war\\\" called a \\\"calabre\\\"; another connects it to Medieval Latin \\\"Calabrinus\\\" 'Calabrian'; yet another, \\\"less likely\\\", to \\\"escarrabin\\\", gravedigger, from the scarab beetle. The carbine was originally a lighter, shortened weapon developed for the cavalry. Carbines\",\n \"title\": \"Carbine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1499635\",\n \"text\": \"U.S. Army units and U.S. Navy Mobile Construction Battalions (Seabees), and has seen service in both Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom, with U.S. Army Special Forces Groups and Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance Companies. However, by the late 1970s, the M1911A1 was acknowledged to be showing its age. Under political pressure from Congress to standardize on a single modern pistol design, the U.S. Air Force ran a Joint Service Small Arms Program to select a new semi-automatic pistol using the NATO-standard 9 mm Parabellum pistol cartridge. After trials, the Beretta 92S-1 was chosen. The Army contested this result and\",\n \"title\": \"M1911 pistol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4414655\",\n \"text\": \"One or both of these features can be seen on many military long-arms, including the 1903 Springfield, the SMLE, M1 Garand, and Mauser rifles, to name some of the more obvious types. The U.S. Army specifications for shotguns require a metal trigger guard for durability, which reduces the number of \\\"special purpose\\\" models used by police that would also be suitable for the military (the Mossberg 590A1 and Benelli M1014 are the standard-issue pump and semi-auto shotguns currently in service; the standard Mossberg 500 and 590 models, and most variants of the Remington 870, have plastic trigger groups). Riot shotguns\",\n \"title\": \"Riot shotgun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5249093\",\n \"text\": \"Enfield revolver The Enfield Revolver was a self-extracting British handgun designed and manufactured at the government-owned Royal Small Arms Factory in Enfield; initially in the .476 calibre (actually 11.6 mm) The .476 calibre Enfield Mk I and Mk II revolvers were the official sidearm of both the British Army and the North-West Mounted Police, as well as being issued to many other Colonial units throughout the British Empire. The term \\\"Enfield Revolver\\\" is not applied to Webley Mk VI revolvers built by RSAF Enfield between 1923 and 1926. The Enfield No. 2 is an unrelated .38 calibre revolver that was\",\n \"title\": \"Enfield revolver\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9833670\",\n \"text\": \"Heckler & Koch HK45 The Heckler & Koch HK45 (\\\"Heckler & Koch, .45 ACP\\\") is a semi-automatic pistol designed by the German arms manufacturer Heckler & Koch. The HK45 was designed to meet requirements set forth in the U.S. Military Joint Combat Pistol program which had the purpose of arming the U.S. Military with a .45 ACP semi-automatic pistol instead of the 9mm M9 pistol. The Joint Combat Pistol program was suspended indefinitely in 2006, and the M9 pistol remained the standard issue handgun for the U.S. Military (replaced by the Sig P320 in January, 2017). Even though the Joint\",\n \"title\": \"Heckler & Koch HK45\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"886102\",\n \"text\": \"Koch AG-36 40 mm grenade launcher variants. There are four main variants that make up the SA80 family: the L85 IW Rifle, the L86 Light Support Weapon, the L22 Carbine and the L98 Cadet rifle. The family currently consists of two major models, A1 variants being the first issue weapons, and A2 distinguishing weapons which have undergone H&K upgrades. The L and A in the weapon title mean Number and Mark I.e. Number 85 Mark 1 = L85A1. The L85 IW (\\\"Individual Weapon\\\"; formally, Rifle, 5.56 mm, L85A2), is the standard rifle for the British armed forces. On operations with\",\n \"title\": \"SA80\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"151129\",\n \"text\": \"the M16A2, the M4 carbine, is widely used by U.S. and NATO tank and vehicle crews, airbornes, support staff, and in other scenarios where space is limited. The IMI Galil, an Israeli-designed weapon based on the action of the AK-47, is in use by Israel, Italy, Burma, the Philippines, Peru, and Colombia. Swiss Arms of Switzerland produces the SIG SG 550 assault rifle used by France, Chile, and Spain among others, and Steyr Mannlicher produces the AUG, a bullpup rifle in use in Austria, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, and Saudi Arabia among other nations. Modern designs call for compact weapons\",\n \"title\": \"Firearm\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7288837\",\n \"text\": \"120 mm M1 gun The 120 mm Gun M1 was the United States Army's standard super-heavy anti-aircraft gun during World War II and the Korean War, complementing the smaller and more mobile M2 90 mm gun in service. Its maximum altitude was about , which earned it the nickname \\\"stratosphere gun\\\". The M1 gun was used by the Army for air defense from 1944 to 1960. The 120 served primarily in static defensive roles, although it had been designed to be mobile. It became obsolete with the development of anti-aircraft missiles and was phased out after 1954. The Army first\",\n \"title\": \"120 mm M1 gun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12699473\",\n \"text\": \".44 S&W American The .44 S&W American (commonly called the .44 American) is an American centerfire revolver cartridge. Used in the Smith & Wesson Model 3, it was introduced around 1869. Between 1871 and 1873, the .44 Model 3 was used as the standard United States Army sidearm. It was also offered in the Merwin Hulbert & Co. Army revolvers. It used an outside lubricated heeled bullet and appeared in either Boxer and Berdan priming, and both black and smokeless powder loadings. The heeled bullets make the case is incompatible with later .44 Russian, .44 Special, or .44 Magnum brass,\",\n \"title\": \".44 S&W American\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15533738\",\n \"text\": \"of the Army Civilian \\\"U.S.\\\" insignia as required for investigative purposes. Although agents may be issued other weapons on special assignments, they are commonly issued a standard M11 compact pistol as their primary weapon. For combat environments, special agents are also typically issued the M4 carbine. United States Army Counterintelligence United States Army Counterintelligence is the component of United States Army Military Intelligence which conducts counterintelligence activities to detect, identify, assess, counter, exploit and/or neutralize adversarial, foreign intelligence services, international terrorist organizations, and insider threats to the United States Army and U.S. Department of Defense. Military and civilian personnel trained\",\n \"title\": \"United States Army Counterintelligence\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1542207\",\n \"text\": \"Badger, ARV Taurus and AVLB Beaver. The Army infantry uses the C7 Rifle or C8 Carbine as the basic assault rifle, with grenadiers using the C7 with an attached M203 grenade launcher, and the C9 squad automatic weapon. The Canadian Army also uses the Browning Hi-Power and the SIG Sauer P226 Newer variants of the C7/C8 family have since been integrated into common use throughout the Canadian Armed Forces. The C7 has most recently been updated in the form the C7A2. The major internal components remain the same, however, several changes have been made to increase versatility of the rifle.\",\n \"title\": \"Canadian Army\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3881034\",\n \"text\": \"a number of designations. The basic fixed armament version was given the designation \\\"M134\\\" by the United States Army, while the same weapon was designated \\\"GAU-2/A\\\" (on a fixed mount) and \\\"GAU-17/A\\\" (flexible mount) by the United States Air Force (USAF) and United States Navy (USN). The USAF minigun variant has three versions, while the US Army weapon appears to have incorporated several improvements without a change in designation. The M134D is an improved version of the M134 designed and manufactured by Dillon Aero, while Garwood Industries manufactures the M134G variant. Available sources show a relation between both M134 and\",\n \"title\": \"Minigun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"886079\",\n \"text\": \"SA80 The SA80 is a British family of 5.56×45mm NATO small arms, all of which are selective fire, gas-operated assault rifles. The L85 rifle variant of the SA80 family has been the standard issue service rifle of the British Armed Forces since 1987, replacing the L1A1 variant of the FN FAL. The first prototypes were created in 1976, with production ending in 1994. The A1 variant was significantly upgraded in the early 2000s by Heckler & Koch as the SA80A2 and remains in service as of 2018. The A3 variant was first issued in 2018 with several new improvements. The\",\n \"title\": \"SA80\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12754324\",\n \"text\": \".450 Adams The .450 Adams was a British black powder centrefire revolver cartridge, initially used in converted Beaumont–Adams revolvers, in the late 1860s. Officially designated .450 Boxer Mk I, and also known variously as the .450 Revolver, .450 Colt, .450 Short, .450 Corto and .450 Mark III, and in America as the .45 Webley, it was the British Army's first centrefire revolver round. The .450 was adopted for the Adams revolver in November 1868, and served until it was replaced in service in 1880 by the .476 Enfield (in the Enfield Mark 1 and 2), which was in turn supplanted\",\n \"title\": \".450 Adams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2734294\",\n \"text\": \"Colt Single Action Army The Colt Single Action Army, also known as the Single Action Army, SAA, Model P, Peacemaker, M1873, and Colt .45 is a single-action revolver with a revolving cylinder holding six metallic cartridges. It was designed for the U.S. government service revolver trials of 1872 by Colt's Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company — today's Colt's Manufacturing Company — and was adopted as the standard military service revolver until 1892. The Colt SAA has been offered in over 30 different calibers and various barrel lengths. Its overall appearance has remained consistent since 1873. Colt has discontinued its production twice,\",\n \"title\": \"Colt Single Action Army\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1499654\",\n \"text\": \"Koch USP, the M1911 shows no signs of decreasing popularity and continues to be widely present in various competitive matches such as those of USPSA, IDPA, IPSC, and Bullseye. On March 18, 2011, the U.S. state of Utah—as a way of honoring M1911 designer John Browning, who was born and raised in the state—adopted the Browning M1911 as the \\\"official firearm of Utah\\\". M1911 pistol The M1911, also known as the \\\"Government\\\" or \\\"Colt Government\\\", is a single-action, semi-automatic, magazine-fed, recoil-operated pistol chambered for the .45 ACP cartridge. It served as the standard-issue sidearm for the United States Armed Forces\",\n \"title\": \"M1911 pistol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"936152\",\n \"text\": \"are often double-action and are manufactured using more modern methods. It remains in service throughout the world. As of 2017, the MK1 version remained the standard service pistol of the Canadian Armed Forces, with the SIG Sauer P226 being issued to specialised units along with the SIG Sauer P225. The weapon is the standard sidearm of the Belgian Army, Indian Army, Indonesian Armed Forces, Australian Defence Force, Argentine Army, Luxembourg Army, Israel Police, and Venezuelan Army, among others. The Irish Army replaced its Browning Pistols (known popularly as BAPs, or Browning Automatic Pistols) with the Heckler & Koch USP in\",\n \"title\": \"Browning Hi-Power\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4456330\",\n \"text\": \"M163 VADS The M163 Vulcan Air Defense System (VADS) is a self-propelled anti-aircraft gun (SPAAG) that was used by the United States Army. The M168 gun is a variant of the General Dynamics 20 mm M61 Vulcan rotary cannon, the standard cannon in most U.S. combat aircraft since the 1960s, mounted on either an armored vehicle or a trailer. The weapon is mounted on a modified M113 vehicle (the M741 carrier). The system was designed to complement the M48 Chaparral missile system. The M163 uses a small, range-only radar, the AN/VPS-2, and an M61 optical lead-calculating sight. The system is\",\n \"title\": \"M163 VADS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19845730\",\n \"text\": \"3.2-inch gun M1897 The 3.2-inch gun M1897 (81 mm), with its predecessors the M1885 and M1890, was the U.S. Army's first steel, rifled, breech loading field gun. It was the Army's primary field artillery piece in the Spanish–American War and the Philippine–American War from 1898 to 1902. This series of weapons was designed to provide a modern alternative to breechloading conversions of the Civil War-era 3-inch Ordnance rifle. It was made of gun steel, stronger than the wrought iron of previous weapons. It fired a projectile with cast iron, shrapnel, or canister types available. All versions used separately loaded bag\",\n \"title\": \"3.2-inch gun M1897\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"503891\",\n \"text\": \"U.S. fireteam tactics and doctrine that continues to the present day. Squad automatic weapons (such as the RPK and L86) are modified assault rifles or battle rifles (e.g. FN FAL 50.41 and M14A1) that may have increased ammunition capacity and heavier barrels to withstand continued fire and will almost always have a bipod. In the case of some assault rifles, such as the H&K G36 or Steyr AUG, the SAW is simply the standard rifle with a few parts replaced. However, the Austrian Army, though issuing the Steyr AUG rifle, does not issue the HBAR (heavy barrel) variant. Instead, the\",\n \"title\": \"Squad automatic weapon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1499616\",\n \"text\": \"the Vietnam War era. The U.S. procured around 2.7 million M1911 and M1911A1 pistols in military contracts during its service life. The M1911 was replaced by the 9mm Beretta M9 pistol as the standard U.S. sidearm in October 1986, but due to its popularity among users, it has not been completely phased out. Modernized derivative variants of the M1911 are still in use by some units of the U.S. Army Special Forces and the U.S. Navy. Designed by John Browning, the M1911 is the best-known of his designs to use the short recoil principle in its basic design. The pistol\",\n \"title\": \"M1911 pistol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3529202\",\n \"text\": \"quartermasters. Current catalog listings of compatible handguns list the caliber as .45 LC and .45 Colt. Both the Schofield and the .45 Colt were used by the Army at the same period of time prior to the adoption of the \\\"M1887 Government\\\" version of the .45 Schofield cartridge The .45 Colt was a joint development between Colt's Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company, of Hartford, Connecticut, and the Union Metallic Cartridge Company of Bridgeport, Conn. Colt began work on the revolver in 1871, and submitted a sample to the U.S. Army in late 1872. The revolver was accepted for purchase in 1873.\",\n \"title\": \".45 Colt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2122241\",\n \"text\": \"this has prompted the reissue of thousands of M14s. The 1st Battalion of the 3rd United States Infantry Regiment (\\\"The Old Guard\\\") in the Military District of Washington is the sole remaining regular U.S. Army combat field unit where the M14 is still issued as the standard rifle, along with a chromed bayonet and an extra wooden stock with white sling for military funerals, parades, and other ceremonies. The United States Air Force Honor Guard uses a version of the M14. The U.S. Navy Ceremonial Guard and Base Honor Guards also use the M14 for 3-volley salutes in military funerals.\",\n \"title\": \"M14 rifle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5052011\",\n \"text\": \"were returned to the arsenals, broken down, and reloaded back to the original specification. In 1903, after recommendations from the infantry Small Arms Board, the U.S. Army formally adopted a higher-velocity .30-caliber replacement for the .30-40 or .30 Army cartridge. The new cartridge was designated by its year of adoption, the .30-03. .30-40 Krag The .30-40 Krag (also called .30 U.S., or .30 Army) was a cartridge developed in the early 1890s to provide the U.S. armed forces with a smokeless powder cartridge suited for use with modern small-bore repeating rifles to be selected in the 1892 small arm trials.\",\n \"title\": \".30-40 Krag\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6141365\",\n \"text\": \"the RFP among the named designs,\\\" noted Bob Owens writing for BearingArms.com. Beretta M9 The Beretta M9 — officially the Pistol, Semiautomatic, 9mm, M9 — is the designation for the Beretta 92FS semi-automatic pistol by the United States Armed Forces. The M9 was adopted by the United States military as their service pistol in 1985. The M9 won a competition in the 1980s to replace the M1911A1 as the primary sidearm of the U.S. military, beating many other contenders, and only narrowly defeating the SIG P226 for cost reasons. It officially entered service in 1990. Some other models have been\",\n \"title\": \"Beretta M9\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2734301\",\n \"text\": \"Generation\\\" of the model. Calibers, at least thirty in all, ranged from .22 rimfire through .476 Eley, with approximately half, or 158,884 (including Bisley and Flat Top Target variations), chambered for .45 Colt. The next most prevalent were the .44-40 Winchester Center fire (WCF) at 71,392; 38-40 (38 WCF) at 50,520; 32-20 Winchester (32 WCF) at 43,284 and, the 41 Colt at 19,676. All original, good condition, U.S. Cavalry and Artillery Single Action Armies (those produced between 1873 and 1891) are among the most valuable to collectors. Especially valuable, often going for well over $10,000, are the OWA (Orville Wood\",\n \"title\": \"Colt Single Action Army\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3529201\",\n \"text\": \".45 Colt The .45 Colt cartridge, which is sometimes called .45 Long Colt, .45 LC, or 11.43×33mmR, is a handgun cartridge dating to 1872. It was originally a black-powder revolver round developed for the Colt Single Action Army revolver. This cartridge was adopted by the U.S. Army in 1873 and served as an official US military handgun cartridge for 14 years. While it is sometimes referred to as .45 Long Colt or .45 LC, to differentiate it from the very popular and ubiquitous .45 ACP, and historically, the shorter .45 S&W Schofield, it was only an unofficial designation by Army\",\n \"title\": \".45 Colt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"151117\",\n \"text\": \"the primary duties of that soldier (vehicle drivers, field commanders and support staff, airborne troops, engineers, etc.). Carbines are also common in law enforcement and among civilian owners where similar size, space and/or power concerns may exist. Carbines, like rifles, can be single-shot, repeating-action, semi-automatic or select-fire/fully automatic, generally depending on the time period and intended market. Common historical examples include the Winchester Model 1892, Lee–Enfield \\\"Jungle Carbine\\\", SKS, M1 carbine (no relation to the larger M1 Garand) and M4 carbine (a more compact variant of the current M16 rifle). Modern U.S. civilian carbines include compact customizations of the AR-15,\",\n \"title\": \"Firearm\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7315051\",\n \"text\": \"Bushmaster III The Bushmaster III is a 35 mm automatic/semi-automatic cannon designed and built by Alliant Techsystems, based on the 30 mm M242 Bushmaster. The weapon has been selected as primary armament for the export versions of the CV90 infantry fighting vehicles (IFV) currently in service with the Danish, Dutch and Estonian armies. The U.S. Army is testing the Bushmaster 50 mm cannon as a counter rocket, artillery, and mortar (C-RAM) and counter unmanned aerial vehicle (C-UAV) weapon. Initially developed under the Extended Area Protection and Survivability Integrated Demonstration (EAPS ID), it has been successfully tested in tracking distant moving\",\n \"title\": \"Bushmaster III\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3363650\",\n \"text\": \"of fully automatic fire. In the US M16/M4 rifles for example, the burst mode is 3 rounds. The trigger once pulled and held, results in 3 rounds being fired. The gun will not fire again until the trigger is released and then pulled again. There are suggestions that fully automatic fire has no genuine benefit and has been restricted or banned in combat due to being a waste of ammunition. The US M4 Carbine is now the main combat rifle of the US armed forces and has been available until recently in semi-automatic and burst mode of 3 rounds only.\",\n \"title\": \"Automatic firearm\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3529217\",\n \"text\": \".38 Long Colt The .38 Long Colt (commonly known as .38 LC) [9.1 x 26mm] is a black powder cartridge introduced by Colt's Manufacturing Company in 1875, and was adopted as a standard military pistol cartridge by the United States Army in 1892 for the Colt New Army M1892 Revolver. It is slightly more powerful than the .38 Short Colt, or .38 SC. The .38 SC and .38 LC differ in case length, bullet diameter, weight, and design. The .38 Long Colt's predecessor, the .38 Short Colt, used a heeled bullet of at a nominal , producing muzzle energy. The\",\n \"title\": \".38 Long Colt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4870154\",\n \"text\": \"INSAS rifle INSAS (an abbreviation of INdian Small Arms System) is a family of infantry arms consisting of an assault rifle and a light machine gun (LMG). It is manufactured by the Ordnance Factories Board at Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli, Small Arms Factory Kanpur and Ishapore Arsenal. The INSAS assault rifle is the standard infantry weapon of the Indian Armed Forces. In April 2015, the Indian government replaced some INSAS rifles of the CRPF with AK-47s. In early 2017, it was announced that INSAS rifles were to be retired and replaced by rifles capable of firing 7.62×51mm NATO cartridges. Since the\",\n \"title\": \"INSAS rifle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"58576\",\n \"text\": \"the Light Support Weapon (LSW) and the L22A2 carbine (issued to tank crews). These weapons are usually equipped with iron sights or an optical SUSAT, although optical sights have been purchased to supplement these. Support fire is provided by the FN Minimi light machine gun and the L7 general-purpose machine gun (GPMG), and indirect fire is provided by L16 81mm mortars. The L129A1 sharpshooter rifle was brought into service during the war in Afghanistan to meet an urgent operational requirement. Sniper rifles include the L118A1 7.62 mm, L115A3 and the AW50F, all manufactured by Accuracy International. Other weapons, such as\",\n \"title\": \"British Army\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3877412\",\n \"text\": \".30 Carbine The .30 Carbine (7.62×33mm) is a rimless carbine cartridge used in the M1 carbine introduced in the 1940s. It is a light rifle round designed to be fired from the M1 carbine's 18-inch (458 mm) barrel. Shortly before World War II, the U.S. Army started a \\\"light rifle\\\" project to provide support personnel and rear area units more firepower and accuracy than the standard issue M1911A1 .45 ACP handgun, and weigh half as much as a M1 Garand rifle or the .45 Thompson submachine gun. The .30 Carbine cartridge was developed by Winchester and is basically a rimless\",\n \"title\": \".30 Carbine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5544711\",\n \"text\": \"M119 howitzer The M119 howitzer is the US designation for the L119 light gun, a lightweight British 105 mm howitzer also used by the United States Army. It can be easily airlifted by helicopter, or dropped by parachute. It does not need a recoil pit. The howitzer was designed and produced by the British Royal Ordnance Factories as the L118 light gun. In the L118 configuration, the 105 mm ammunition is cased separate loading ammunition (not semi-fixed projectile and propelling charge as sometimes stated). The L118 entered service with the British Army in 1976 and is used by parachute and\",\n \"title\": \"M119 howitzer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3695936\",\n \"text\": \"be subject to execution. The US Government rejected the claims, and threatened reprisals in kind if any US troops were executed for possession of a shotgun. The shotgun was used by Allied forces and Allied supported partisans in all theaters of combat in World War II, and both pump and semi-automatic shotguns are currently issued to all branches of the US military; they have also been used in subsequent conflicts by French, British, Australian, and New Zealand forces, as well as many guerrillas and insurgents throughout sub-Saharan Africa, Latin and South America, and Southeast Asia. Six different model of shotguns\",\n \"title\": \"Combat shotgun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2734298\",\n \"text\": \"and remained the primary U.S. military sidearm until 1892 when it was replaced by the .38 Long Colt caliber Colt Model 1892, a double-action revolver with swing-out cylinder. By the end of 1874, serial no. 16,000 was reached; 12,500 Colt Single Action Army revolvers chambered for the .45 Colt cartridge had entered service and the remaining revolvers were sold in the civilian market. The Single Action Army became available in standard barrel lengths of inch, inch, as well as the Cavalry standard, original inch. The shorter barrelled revolvers are sometimes called the \\\"Civilian\\\" or \\\"Gunfighter\\\" model ( inch) and the\",\n \"title\": \"Colt Single Action Army\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12362286\",\n \"text\": \"Assault rifle An assault rifle is a selective-fire rifle that uses an intermediate cartridge and a detachable magazine. Assault rifles were first used during World War II. Though Western nations were slow to accept the assault rifle concept, by the end of the 20th century they had become the standard weapon in most of the world's armies, replacing full-powered rifles and sub-machine guns in most roles. Examples include the StG 44, AK-47 and the M16 rifle. The term \\\"assault rifle\\\" is generally attributed to Adolf Hitler, who for propaganda purposes used the German word \\\"Sturmgewehr\\\" (which translates to \\\"assault rifle\\\"),\",\n \"title\": \"Assault rifle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"480078\",\n \"text\": \"uranium has been as 30 mm ordnance, primarily the 30 mm PGU-14/B armour-piercing incendiary round from the GAU-8 Avenger cannon of the A-10 Thunderbolt II used by the United States Air Force. 25 mm DU rounds have been used in the M242 gun mounted on the U.S. Army's Bradley Fighting Vehicle and the Marine Corps's LAV-25. The U.S. Marine Corps uses DU in the 25 mm PGU-20 round fired by the GAU-12 Equalizer cannon of the AV-8B Harrier, and also in the 20 mm M197 gun mounted on AH-1 Cobra helicopter gunships. The United States Navy's Phalanx CIWS's M61 Vulcan\",\n \"title\": \"Depleted uranium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5815861\",\n \"text\": \"was incredibly lightweight at only 6.85 lbs. empty. Initial comments by Springfield Armory test staff were favorable, and some testers commented that the AR-10 was the best lightweight automatic rifle ever tested by the Armory. In the end the United States Army chose the T44 now called the M14 rifle which was an improved M1 Garand with a 20-round magazine and automatic fire capability. The U.S. also adopted the M60 general purpose machine gun (GPMG). Its NATO partners adopted the FN FAL and HK G3 rifles, as well as the FN MAG and Rheinmetall MG3 GPMGs. The first confrontations between\",\n \"title\": \"Comparison of the AK-47 and M16\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19506935\",\n \"text\": \"and carbine models. The rifle was 47‑ inches long and weighed 10 pounds, while the carbine was 39‑inches long and weighed 8¼ pounds. The Spencer was also the first weapon adopted by the US Army that fired a metallic rim‑fire, self‑contained cartridge. Soldiers loaded rounds through an opening in the butt of the stock, which fed into the chamber through a tubular magazine by the action of the trigger guard. The hammer still had to be cocked manually before each shot. The Henry rifle was, in some ways, even better than either the Sharps or the Spencer. Although never adopted\",\n \"title\": \"Armies in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7315053\",\n \"text\": \"Includes gun barrel, drive motor, recoil system and integral dual feeder.\\\" Bushmaster III The Bushmaster III is a 35 mm automatic/semi-automatic cannon designed and built by Alliant Techsystems, based on the 30 mm M242 Bushmaster. The weapon has been selected as primary armament for the export versions of the CV90 infantry fighting vehicles (IFV) currently in service with the Danish, Dutch and Estonian armies. The U.S. Army is testing the Bushmaster 50 mm cannon as a counter rocket, artillery, and mortar (C-RAM) and counter unmanned aerial vehicle (C-UAV) weapon. Initially developed under the Extended Area Protection and Survivability Integrated Demonstration\",\n \"title\": \"Bushmaster III\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5249099\",\n \"text\": \"Webleys, and by 1896, hinge wear and barrel loosening were a real issue. Beginning in late 1904, the Mark II began to be phased out in favor of the .45 calibre Colt New Service revolver, but the Enfield remained in service until 1911. Enfield revolver The Enfield Revolver was a self-extracting British handgun designed and manufactured at the government-owned Royal Small Arms Factory in Enfield; initially in the .476 calibre (actually 11.6 mm) The .476 calibre Enfield Mk I and Mk II revolvers were the official sidearm of both the British Army and the North-West Mounted Police, as well as\",\n \"title\": \"Enfield revolver\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2377261\",\n \"text\": \"own. The winner was the AK-47. It was finalized, adopted and entered widespread service in the Soviet army in the early 1950s. Its firepower, ease of use, low production costs, and reliability was perfectly suited for the Red Army's new mobile warfare doctrines. The AK-47 was widely supplied or sold to nations allied with the USSR and the blueprints were shared with several friendly nations (the People's Republic of China standing out among these with the Type 56). The AK-47 and AKM type rifles are the most produced firearms in history. The U.S. Army was influenced by combat experience with\",\n \"title\": \"Automatic rifle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8356565\",\n \"text\": \"Beaumont–Adams revolver The Beaumont–Adams revolver is a muzzle-loading, double-action, percussion revolver. Originally adopted by the British Army in .442 calibre (54-bore, 11.2mm) in 1856, many were later converted to use centrefire cartridges. It was replaced in British service in 1880 by the .476 calibre (11.6mm) Enfield Mk I revolver. On 20 February 1856, Lieutenant Frederick E. B. Beaumont of the Royal Engineers was granted a British patent for improvements to the Adams revolver which allowed them to be cocked and fired either by manually cocking the hammer as in Colt single-action revolvers, or by just pulling the trigger. Beaumont was\",\n \"title\": \"Beaumont–Adams revolver\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17275002\",\n \"text\": \"Program, other Allied forces also gained access to a plethora of US weaponry. Common small arms used by rifle companies during the war included: the M1 Garand, M1 Carbine, and the .45 caliber pistol. Mortar teams had 60mm mortars and snipers were issued a scoped M1903 Springfield. Submachine guns were sometimes used in place of the M1 Garand if there were enough to “go around”. The US entered the war with the M1 Garand as its service rifle. However, due to its size and weight, it was not an ideal weapon for some specialist roles such as engineers, tank crew,\",\n \"title\": \"American military technology during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9855875\",\n \"text\": \"cartridges, and typically did not have the cartridge information stamped on the gun (as is standard practice for most commercial firearms). Model 3 revolvers were later produced in an assortment of calibers, including .44 Henry Rimfire, .44-40, .32–44, .38–44, and .45 Schofield. The design would influence the smaller S&W .38 Single Action that is retroactively referred to as the Model 2. All of these revolvers would automatically eject the spent shell cases when opened. The Colt Single Action Army, also known as the Single Action Army, SAA, Model P, Peacemaker, M1873, and Colt .45 is a single-action revolver with a\",\n \"title\": \"Handgun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2131574\",\n \"text\": \"Army that adding the Rail Adapter System (RAS) turns the weapon into the \\\"M4 MWS\\\" or \\\"Modular Weapon System\\\". The \\\"M4A1\\\" carbine is a fully automatic variant of the basic M4 carbine intended for special operations use. The M4A1 was introduced in May 1991, and was in service in 1994. The M4A1 has a \\\"S-1-F\\\" (safe/semi-automatic/fully automatic) trigger group, while the M4 has a \\\"S-1-3\\\" (safe/semi-automatic/3-round burst) trigger group. The M4A1 is used by almost all U.S special operation units including, but not limited to, Marine Force Recon, Army Rangers, Army Special Forces, Navy SEALs, United States Air Force Pararescue\",\n \"title\": \"M4 carbine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19506967\",\n \"text\": \"carried guns ranging in size from 12-pounder howitzers to 11-inch Dahlgren shellguns. The Cairo, which is on display today at Vicksburg, suggests both the variety and the power of naval artillery in this campaign. When she sank in December 1862, the Cairo went down with three 42-pounder (7-inch bore) Army rifles, three 64-pounder (8-inch bore) Navy smoothbores, six 32-pounder (6.4-inch bore) Navy smoothbores, and one 4.2-inch 30-pounder Parrott rifle. Porter's firepower was not restricted to the water. During the siege, naval guns served ashore as siege artillery. The Confederates possessed a sizeable artillery capability but could not match Federal firepower.\",\n \"title\": \"Armies in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5052007\",\n \"text\": \".30-40 Krag The .30-40 Krag (also called .30 U.S., or .30 Army) was a cartridge developed in the early 1890s to provide the U.S. armed forces with a smokeless powder cartridge suited for use with modern small-bore repeating rifles to be selected in the 1892 small arm trials. Since the cartridge it was replacing was the .45-70 Government, the round was considered \\\"small-bore\\\" at the time. The design selected was ultimately the Krag–Jørgensen, formally adopted as the M1892 Springfield. It was also used in M1893 and later Gatling guns. Though the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps had adopted limited numbers\",\n \"title\": \".30-40 Krag\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13225428\",\n \"text\": \"a large-caliber heavy machine gun, usually mounted on vehicles or in fixed emplacements. The M60 was a more mobile medium machine gun intended to be carried with the troops to provide heavy automatic fire. Both were very heavy weapons and usually required a crew of at least two to operate efficiently. The Browning automatic rifle, the army's main individual machine gun since its introduction in World War I, was phased out in 1957 with the introduction of the M14 rifle, which had a fully automatic mode. \\\"Designated riflemen\\\" in every squad were ordered to use their weapons on the fully\",\n \"title\": \"M249 light machine gun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3186229\",\n \"text\": \"25 mm weapon armed with armor-piercing rounds can disable many aircraft and vehicles, including some main battle tanks. The US military uses 25 mm weapons in their AV-8B Harrier, AC-130 gunship, M2 Bradley, LAV-25, F-35 Lightning II and as a standard ship-based munition in the Mk 38 autocannon. Several sub-types of the NATO 25 mm ammunition are available—the most common being armor-piercing, high-explosive, sabot, tracer, and practice rounds. Cartridges are usually composed of a combination of the aforementioned categories. For example, the M791 pictured to the right is an armor-piercing discarding sabot with tracer (APDS-T) round. It is used against\",\n \"title\": \"25 mm caliber\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"503892\",\n \"text\": \"7.62mm caliber MG74, a derivative of WW2-era German MG 42, is issued. Light machine guns, either belt-fed or magazine-fed, may be used as squad automatic weapons, as may be general-purpose machine guns; for example, during most of the Cold War period, the standard squad automatic weapon in the British Army was the FN Mag-derived L7. The most common squad automatic weapons in use today are derived from two basic patterns: the Kalashnikov-based RPK or the purpose-designed FN Minimi. In United States usage, the M249 light machine gun is commonly referred to as the Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW). In the 1970s\",\n \"title\": \"Squad automatic weapon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2377262\",\n \"text\": \"semi-automatic weapons such as the M1 Garand and M1 carbine, which enjoyed a significant advantage over enemies armed primarily with bolt-action rifles. Although U.S. Army studies of World War II combat accounts had very similar results to that of the Germans and Soviets, the U.S. Army maintained its traditional views and preference for high-powered semi-automatic rifles. After World War II, the United States military started looking for a single automatic rifle to replace the M1 Garand, M1/M2 Carbines, M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle, M3 \\\"Grease Gun\\\" and Thompson submachine gun. However, early experiments with select-fire versions of the M1 Garand proved\",\n \"title\": \"Automatic rifle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"665955\",\n \"text\": \"Reno and Alfred Terry) authorized the Springfield as the official firearm for the United States Army. The Springfield, manufactured in a .45-70 long rifle version for the infantry and a .45-55 light carbine version for the cavalry, was judged a solid firearm that met the long-term and geostrategic requirements of the United States fighting forces. British historian Mark Gallear maintains that US government experts rejected the lever-action repeater designs, deeming them ineffective in the event of a clash with fully equipped European armies, or in case of an outbreak of another American civil conflict. Gallear's analysis minimizes the allegation that\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of the Little Bighorn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19506938\",\n \"text\": \"of weapons. Troops preferred the easier-handling carbines to rifles and the breechloaders to awkward muzzleloaders. Of the single‑shot breech-loading carbines that saw extensive use during the Civil War, the Hall .52‑caliber accounted for approximately 20,000 in 1861. The Hall was quickly replaced by a variety of more state-of-the-art carbines, including the Merrill .54‑caliber (14,495), Maynard .52‑caliber (20,002), Gallager .53‑caliber (22,728), Smith .52‑caliber (30,062), Burnside .56‑ caliber (55,567), and Sharps .54‑caliber (80,512). The next step in the evolutionary process was the repeating carbine, the favorite by 1864 (and commonly distributed by 1865) being the Spencer .52‑caliber seven‑shot repeater (94,194). Because of\",\n \"title\": \"Armies in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7681481\",\n \"text\": \"DOD to select a standard handgun and phase out all others. This task was assigned to the newly created Joint Service Small Arms Program (JSSAP). The United States Military forces had been using a variety of different small arms which grew over the years to about ten different types of handguns. Model in use included the M1911A1 (Colt .45 Automatic), Smith & Wesson (Combat Masterpiece in .38 Special caliber), Smith and Wesson Model 1917 (.45 ACP and .45 Auto Rim) and various other small arms. By the 1970s it became obvious that the M1911A1 (Colt Government .45ACP) model was going\",\n \"title\": \"Joint Service Small Arms Program\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3550629\",\n \"text\": \"side-hammer revolver. In addition to the stronger frame, the cylinder pin access was moved to the front of the cylinder. The center-hammer revolvers retained the innovative combination trigger guard/loading lever of the side-hammer models. Army Model Revolver The Army Model is a six-shot, .44 caliber percussion weapon with a standard inch barrel. There is an early and late production variant recognized by collectors. Finish would be blued, with standard wood grips. Production likely continued until the end of Allen's life. Approximately 750 are thought to have been made. Only a few examples are known which have been converted to cartridge.\",\n \"title\": \"Ethan Allen (armsmaker)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2122220\",\n \"text\": \"M14 rifle The M14 rifle, officially the United States Rifle, 7.62 mm, M14, is an American select-fire rifle that fires 7.62×51mm NATO (.308 in) ammunition. It became the standard-issued rifle for the U.S. military in 1959 replacing the M1 Garand rifle in the U.S. Army by 1961 and the U.S. Marine Corps by 1965 until being replaced by the M16 rifle beginning in 1964. The M14 was used by U.S. Army, Navy, and Marine Corps for basic and advanced individual training (AIT) from the mid-1960s to the early 1970s. The M14 was the last American battle rifle issued in quantity\",\n \"title\": \"M14 rifle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14527874\",\n \"text\": \"Police law enforcement duties due to recent incidents involving active shooters on military installations. Thus, Department of the Army Civilian Police officers working on a military base have ammunition loaded with full metal jacket and/or hollow point ammunition. Department of the Army Civilian Police Detectives can be armed with the M11 pistol. Other firearms that may be issued include the Mossberg 500 shotgun and the M16 rifle or M4 carbine. Department of the Army Civilian Police vehicles vary widely, with vehicles ranging from Chevrolet Silverados to Ford Explorers and even Jeep Cherokees. However, most installations and agencies use the Ford\",\n \"title\": \"Department of the Army Civilian Police\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"151128\",\n \"text\": \"U.S. military up until early in the Vietnam War to the much less powerful but far lighter and light recoiling .223 caliber (5.56mm) intermediate cartridge. The military later designated the AR-15 as the \\\"M16\\\". The civilian version of the M16 continues to be known as the AR-15 and looks exactly like the military version, although to conform to B.A.T.F.E. regulations in the U.S., it lacks the mechanism that permits fully automatic fire. Variants of both of the M16 and AK-47 are still in wide international use today, though other automatic rifle designs have since been introduced. A smaller version of\",\n \"title\": \"Firearm\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12699475\",\n \"text\": \"received the weapon as a gift from Tombstone, Arizona mayor and \\\"Tombstone Epitaph\\\" newspaper editor John Clum. .44 S&W American The .44 S&W American (commonly called the .44 American) is an American centerfire revolver cartridge. Used in the Smith & Wesson Model 3, it was introduced around 1869. Between 1871 and 1873, the .44 Model 3 was used as the standard United States Army sidearm. It was also offered in the Merwin Hulbert & Co. Army revolvers. It used an outside lubricated heeled bullet and appeared in either Boxer and Berdan priming, and both black and smokeless powder loadings. The\",\n \"title\": \".44 S&W American\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18479035\",\n \"text\": \"M16 as the main U.S. Army combat assault rifle. \\\"After the North Hollywood shootout in 1997, the Department of Defense gave 600 surplus M16 assault rifles to LAPD, which were issued to each patrol sergeant. Various U.S. SWAT teams are armed with the Heckler & Koch MP5, a submachine gun. U.S. law enforcement agencies such as the Coast Guard, the New York City Police Department (NYPD), and the Pittsburgh Bureau of Police (PBP) use the Barrett M82. Police use the M82 to breach barriers, because the large-calibre .50 BMG round it fires will penetrate most commercial brick walls and concrete\",\n \"title\": \"Militarization of police\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4073665\",\n \"text\": \"the 3-inch M1918 gun (76.2 mm L/40) and 3-inch anti-aircraft gun M3 (76.2 mm L/50) , a widely used caliber for this class of weapon. Similar weapons were in British, Soviet and other arsenals. There had been several upgrades to the weapon over its history, including the experimental T8 and T9 versions developed in the early 1930s, that were intended to enter service later in the decade. However the US Army became interested in a much more capable weapon instead, and on June 9, 1938, it issued a development contract calling for two new guns, one of 90 mm, which\",\n \"title\": \"90 mm Gun M1/M2/M3\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6326205\",\n \"text\": \"program in the 1920s and 1930s. The five-round, stripper clip-fed, bolt-action Mosin–Nagant rifle remained the primary shoulder firearm of the Red Army through World War II. Over 17 million model 91/30 Mosin–Nagant rifles were manufactured from 1930 to 1945 by various Soviet arsenals. In 1943 design started on the M44, designed to replace the M91/30. Full production began in 1944, and remained in production until 1948, when it was replaced by the SKS semiautomatic rifle. The Red Army suffered from a shortage of adequate machine guns and semiautomatic firearms throughout World War II. The semiautomatic Tokarev SVT Model 38 and\",\n \"title\": \"Soviet Armed Forces\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"942416\",\n \"text\": \"with a tactical flashlight and sight. Brazilian Army officially used the FAP (\\\"Fuzil Automático Pesado\\\", or heavy automatic rifle) as its squad automatic weapon until 2013/2014, when the FN Minimi was adopted to replace it. The Marine Corps and Air Force also adopted the Minimi to replace the FAP. IMBEL also produced a semi-automatic version of the FAL for Springfield Armory, Inc. (not to be confused with the US military Springfield Armory), which was marketed in the US as the SAR-48 (standard model) and SAR-4800 (made after 1989 with some military features removed to comply with new legislation), starting in\",\n \"title\": \"FN FAL\"\n }\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":79089,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":79089,"string":"79,089"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["January 8, 1863"],"string":"[\n \"January 8, 1863\"\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"when did the transcontinental railroad start being built"},"compressed_prompt":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Question:\\nPlease write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: First Transcontinental Railroad context: site. The Union Pacific Railroad did not start construction for another 18 months until July 1865. They were delayed by difficulties obtaining financial backing and the unavailability of workers and materials due to the Civil War. Their start point in the new city of Omaha, Nebraska was not yet connected via railroad to Council Bluffs, Iowa. Equipment needed to begin work was initially delivered to Omaha and Council Bluffs by paddle steamers on the Missouri River. The Union Pacific was so slow in beginning construction during 1865 that they sold two of the four steam locomotives they had purchased. After\\n\\nwhen did the transcontinental railroad start being built\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 176,\n \"origin_tokens\": 176,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"470700","text":"site. The Union Pacific Railroad did not start construction for another 18 months until July 1865. They were delayed by difficulties obtaining financial backing and the unavailability of workers and materials due to the Civil War. Their start point in the new city of Omaha, Nebraska was not yet connected via railroad to Council Bluffs, Iowa. Equipment needed to begin work was initially delivered to Omaha and Council Bluffs by paddle steamers on the Missouri River. The Union Pacific was so slow in beginning construction during 1865 that they sold two of the four steam locomotives they had purchased. After","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"629514","text":"united the country by rail. The first of these, the \"Pacific Railroad\", was built by the Central Pacific Railroad and Union Pacific Railroad to link the San Francisco Bay at Alameda, California, with the nation's existing eastern railroad network at Council Bluffs, Iowa/Omaha, Nebraska, thereby creating the world's first transcontinental railroad when it opened in 1869. Its construction was made possible by the US government under Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862, 1864, and 1867. The world's First Transcontinental Railroad was built between 1863 and 1869 to join the eastern and western halves of the United States. Begun just before the","title":"Transcontinental railroad"},{"id":"470671","text":"First Transcontinental Railroad The First Transcontinental Railroad (also called the Great Transcontinental Railroad, known originally as the \"Pacific Railroad\" and later as the \"Overland Route\") was a continuous railroad line constructed between 1863 and 1869 that connected the existing eastern U.S. rail network at Omaha, Nebraska/Council Bluffs, Iowa with the Pacific coast at the Oakland Long Wharf on San Francisco Bay. The rail line was built by three private companies over public lands provided by extensive US land grants. Construction was financed by both state and US government subsidy bonds as well as by company issued mortgage bonds. The Western","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"629517","text":"had learned their trade keeping the trains running during the American Civil War. The Central Pacific Railroad faced a labor shortage in the more sparsely settled West. It recruited Cantonese laborers in China, who did prodigious work building the line over and through the Sierra Nevada mountains and then across Nevada to their meeting in northern Utah. George J. Gould attempted to assemble a truly transcontinental system in the 1900s. The line from San Francisco, California, to Toledo, Ohio, was completed in 1909, consisting of the Western Pacific Railway, Denver and Rio Grande Railroad, Missouri Pacific Railroad, and Wabash Railroad.","title":"Transcontinental railroad"},{"id":"5191094","text":"first transcontinental railroad was the culmination of a decades-long movement to build such a line and was one of the crowning achievements of the presidency of Abraham Lincoln, completed four years after his death. The building of the railroad required enormous feats of engineering and labor in the crossing of plains and high mountains by the Union Pacific Railroad (UP) and Central Pacific Railroad, the two federally chartered enterprises that built the line westward and eastward respectively. The building of the railroad was motivated in part to bind the Union together during the strife of the American Civil War. It","title":"Rail transportation in the United States"},{"id":"629522","text":"first railroad to completely cross any part of the Americas and physically connect ports on the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Given the tropical rain forest environment, the terrain, and diseases such as malaria and cholera, its completion was a considerable engineering challenge. The construction took five years after ground was first broken for the line in May, 1850, cost eight million dollars, and required more than seven thousand workers drawn from \"every quarter of the globe.\" This railway was built to provide a shorter and more secure path between the United States' East and West Coasts. This need was mainly","title":"Transcontinental railroad"},{"id":"470685","text":"Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 into law on July 1. It authorized creation of two companies, the Central Pacific in the west and the Union Pacific in the mid-west, to build the railroad. The legislation called for building and operating a new railroad from the Missouri River at Council Bluffs, Iowa, west to Sacramento, California, and on to San Francisco Bay. A second law to supplement the first was passed in 1864. To finance the project, the act authorized the federal government to issue 30-year U.S. government bonds (at 6% interest). The railroad companies were paid $16,000/mile","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470773","text":"California docks where the railroad started. On January 8, 1863, Governor Leland Stanford ceremoniously broke ground in Sacramento, California, to begin construction of the Central Pacific Railroad. After great initial progress along the Sacramento Valley, construction was slowed, first by the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, then by cutting a railroad bed up the mountains themselves. As they progressed higher in the mountains, winter snowstorms and a shortage of reliable labor compounded the problems. Consequently, after a trial crew of Chinese workers was hired and found to work successfully, the Central Pacific expanded its efforts to hire more emigrant laborers—mostly","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"629513","text":"they also formed the backbones of cross-country passenger and freight transportation networks. A transcontinental railroad in the United States is any continuous rail line connecting a location on the U.S. Pacific coast with one or more of the railroads of the nation's eastern trunk line rail systems operating between the Missouri or Mississippi Rivers and the U.S. Atlantic coast. The first concrete plan for a transcontinental railroad in the United States was presented to Congress by Asa Whitney in 1845. A series of transcontinental railroads built over the last third of the 19th century created a nationwide transportation network that","title":"Transcontinental railroad"},{"id":"470790","text":"etc. The original track had often been laid as fast as possible with only secondary attention to maintenance and durability. The primary incentive had been getting the subsidies, which meant that upgrades of all kinds were routinely required in the following years. The Union Pacific would not connect Omaha to Council Bluffs until completing the Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge in 1872. Several years after the end of the Civil War, the competing railroads coming from Missouri finally realized their initial strategic advantage and a building boom ensued. In July 1869, the H&SJ finished the Hannibal Bridge in Kansas City","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470672","text":"Pacific Railroad Company built of track from Oakland/Alameda to Sacramento, California. The Central Pacific Railroad Company of California (CPRR) constructed eastward from Sacramento to Promontory Summit, Utah Territory (U.T.). The Union Pacific built from the road's eastern terminus at Council Bluffs near Omaha, Nebraska westward to Promontory Summit. The railroad opened for through traffic on May 10, 1869 when CPRR President Leland Stanford ceremonially drove the gold \"Last Spike\" (later often referred to as the \"Golden Spike\") with a silver hammer at Promontory Summit. The coast-to-coast railroad connection revolutionized the settlement and economy of the American West. It brought the","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"629515","text":"American Civil War, its construction was considered to be one of the greatest American technological feats of the 19th century. Known as the \"Pacific Railroad\" when it opened, this served as a vital link for trade, commerce, and travel and opened up vast regions of the North American heartland for settlement. Shipping and commerce could thrive away from navigable watercourses for the first time since the beginning of the nation. Much of this route, especially on the Sierra grade west of Reno, Nevada, is currently used by Amtrak's \"California Zephyr\", although some parts have been rerouted. The transcontinental railroad provided","title":"Transcontinental railroad"},{"id":"629523","text":"triggered by the California Gold Rush. Over the years the railway played a key role in the construction and the subsequent operation of the Panama Canal, due to its proximity to the canal. Currently, the railway operates under the private administration of the Panama Canal Railroad Company, and its upgraded capacity complements the cargo traffic through the Panama Canal. A second Central American inter-oceanic railroad began operation in 1908 as a connection between Puerto San José and Puerto Barrios in Guatemala, but ceased passenger service to Puerto San José in 1989. A third Central American inter-oceanic railroad began operation in","title":"Transcontinental railroad"},{"id":"470706","text":"of track, reaching Fremont, Nebraska, and a further of roadbed. At the end of 1865, Peter A. Dey, Chief Engineer of the Union Pacific, resigned over a routing dispute with Thomas C. Durant, one of the chief financiers of the Union Pacific. With the end of the Civil War and increased government supervision in the offing, Durant hired his former M&M engineer Grenville M. Dodge to build the railroad, and the Union Pacific began a mad dash west. Former Union General John \"Jack\" Casement was hired as the new Chief Engineer of the Union Pacific. He equipped several railroad cars","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470722","text":"way down the rugged Weber River Canyon to Ogden, Utah, ahead of the railroad construction. The Mormon and Union Pacific rail work was joined in the area of the present-day border between Utah and Wyoming. The longest of four tunnels built in Weber Canyon was Tunnel 2. Work on this tunnel started in October 1868 and was completed six months later. Temporary tracks were laid around it and Tunnels 3 (), 4 () and 5 () to continue work on the tracks west of the tunnels. The tunnels were all made with the new dangerous nitroglycerine explosive, which expedited work","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470723","text":"but caused some fatal accidents. While building the railroad along the rugged Weber River Canyon, Mormon workers signed the Thousand Mile Tree which was lone tree alongside the track from Omaha. A historic marker has been placed there. The tracks reached Ogden, Utah, on March 27, 1869, although finishing work would continue on the tracks, tunnels and bridges in Weber Canyon for over a year. From Ogden, the railroad went north of the Great Salt Lake to Brigham City and Corinne using Mormon workers, before finally connecting with the Central Pacific Railroad at Promontory Summit in Utah territory on May","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470764","text":"were in supervisory or skilled craft positions and made more money than the Chinese. Most of the early work on the Central Pacific consisted of constructing the railroad track bed, cutting and/or blasting through or around hills, filling in washes, building bridges or trestles, digging and blasting tunnels and then laying the rails over the Sierra Nevada (U.S.) mountains. Once the Central Pacific was out of the Sierras and the Carson Range, progress sped up considerably as the railroad bed could be built over nearly flat ground. In those days, the Central Pacific once did a section of of track","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"629525","text":"railway. The construction will start in 2019 and will be finished in 2024. The new railway is planned to be 3750 km in length. There are two possible tracks in discussion: Both have an Atlantic end in Santos, Brazil but the Pacific ends are in Ilo, Peru and Matarani, Peru. Another longer Transcontinental freight-only railroad linking Lima, Peru, to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil is under development. Australia The Trans-Australian Railway was the first route operated by the Federal Government. In the 1940s, 1970s, and 2000s steps were taken to rationalise the gauge chaos and connect the mainland capital cities mentioned","title":"Transcontinental railroad"},{"id":"470730","text":"by the workers under experienced supervisors. In total, the Central Pacific had eleven tunnel projects (Nos. 3 through 13) under construction in the Sierra from 1865–68, with seven tunnels located in a stretch on the east side of Donner Summit. The tunnels were usually built by drilling a series of holes in the tunnel face, filling them with black powder and detonating it to break the rock free. The black powder was provided by the California Powder Works near Santa Cruz, California. These works had started production in 1864 after the U.S. Civil War had cut off shipments of black","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470746","text":"additional locomotives were built and coming west, and twenty-eight more were under construction. There was a shortage of passenger cars and more had to be ordered. The first Central Pacific sleeper, the \"Silver Palace Sleeping Car\", arrived at Sacramento on June 8, 1868. The CPRR route passed through Newcastle and Truckee in California, Reno, Wadsworth, Winnemucca, Battle Mountain, Elko and Wells in Nevada (with many more fuel and water stops), before connecting with the Union Pacific line at Promontory Summit in the Utah Territory. When the eastern end of the CPRR was extended to Ogden by purchasing the Union Pacific","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470742","text":"which was opened in 1925 when the summit section of the grade was double tracked. This routing change was made because the Track 2 and Tunnel 41 Summit crossing is far easier and less expensive to maintain and keep open in the harsh Sierra winters. On June 18, 1868, the Central Pacific reached Reno, Nevada, after completing of railroad up and over the Sierras from Sacramento, California. By then the railroad had already been prebuilt down the Truckee River on the much flatter land from Reno to Wadsworth, Nevada, where they bridged the Truckee for the last time. From there,","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470786","text":"the last spike was driven, the rail network was not yet connected to the Atlantic or Pacific but merely connected Omaha to Sacramento. To get from Sacramento to the Pacific, the Central Pacific purchased the struggling Western Pacific Railroad (unrelated to the railroad of the same name that would later parallel its route) and resumed construction on it, which had halted in 1866 due to funding troubles. In November 1869, the Central Pacific finally connected Sacramento to the east side of San Francisco Bay by rail at Oakland, California, where freight and passengers completed their transcontinental link to the city","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470759","text":"engines, and provision made to keep them full. The majority of the Union Pacific track across the Nebraska and Wyoming territories was built by veterans of the Union and Confederate armies, as well as many recent immigrants. Brigham Young, President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, landed contracts with the Union Pacific that offered jobs for around 2,000 members of the church with the hope that the railroad would support commerce in Utah. Church members built most of the road through Utah. Construction superintendent Durant repeatedly failed to pay the wages agreed upon. The Union Pacific train","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470675","text":"1832 when Dr. Hartwell Carver published an article in the \"New York Courier & Enquirer\" advocating building a transcontinental railroad from Lake Michigan to Oregon. In 1847 he submitted to the U.S. Congress a \"Proposal for a Charter to Build a Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Ocean\", seeking a congressional charter to support his idea. Congress agreed to support the idea. Under the direction of the Department of War, the Pacific Railroad Surveys were conducted from 1853 through 1855. These included an extensive series of expeditions of the American West seeking possible routes. A report on the explorations","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"19294125","text":"in 1865. Some 300 miles of main line track were built in 1865-66 over the flat prairies. The Rocky Mountains posed a much more dramatic challenge, but the crews had learned to work at a much faster pace with 240 miles built in 1867, and 555 in 1868-69. The two lines were joined together in Utah on May 10, 1869, hence creating the first transcontinental railroad in North America. Interstate 80, built in the 1950s, paralleled the UP main line. In 1870 the fare in coach from Omaha to San Francisco was $33.20 (sleeper cars cost extra.). The train stopped","title":"History of the Union Pacific Railroad"},{"id":"280078","text":"the highway is roughly . The First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States was built in the 1860s, linking the railroad network of the eastern US with California on the Pacific coast. Finished on 10 May 1869 at the famous golden spike event at Promontory Summit, Utah, it created a nationwide mechanized transportation network that revolutionized the population and economy of the American West, catalyzing the transition from the wagon trains of previous decades to a modern transportation system. Although an accomplishment, it achieved the status of first transcontinental railroad by connecting myriad eastern US railroads to the Pacific and","title":"North America"},{"id":"470750","text":"a swing bridge across the Missouri River between Kansas City, Missouri and Kansas City, Kansas which connected railroads on both sides of the Missouri while still allowing passage of paddle steamers on the river. After completion, this became another major east-west railroad. To speed completion of the Kansas Pacific Railroad to Denver, construction started east from Denver in March 1870 to meet the railroad coming west from Kansas city. The two crews met at a point called Comanche Crossing, Kansas Territory, on August 15, 1870. Denver was now firmly on track to becoming the largest city and the future capital","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470698","text":"after a strike. The Central Pacific broke ground on January 8, 1863. Due to the lack of transportation alternatives from the manufacturing centers on the east coast, virtually all of their tools and machinery including rails, railroad switches, railroad turntables, freight and passenger cars, and steam locomotives were transported first by train to east coast ports. They were then loaded on ships which either sailed around South America's Cape Horn, or offloaded the cargo at the Isthmus of Panama, where it was sent across via paddle steamer and the Panama Railroad. The Panama Railroad gauge was 5 ft (1524 mm),","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470705","text":"Territory. The river froze in the winter, and the ferries were replaced by sleighs. A bridge was not built until 1872, when the Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge was completed. After the rail line's initial climb through the Missouri River bluffs west of Omaha and out of the Missouri River Valley, the route bridged the Elkhorn River and then crossed over the new Loup River bridge as it followed the north side of the Platte River valley west through Nebraska along the general path of the Oregon, Mormon and California Trails. By December 1865, the Union Pacific had only completed","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"1431491","text":"1, 1862, under an act of Congress entitled Pacific Railroad Act of 1862. The act was approved by President Abraham Lincoln, and it provided for the construction of railroads from the Missouri River to the Pacific as a war measure for the preservation of the Union. It was constructed westward from Council Bluffs, Iowa to meet the Central Pacific Railroad line, which was constructed eastward from Sacramento, CA. The combined Union Pacific-Central Pacific line became known as the First Transcontinental Railroad and later the Overland Route. The line was constructed primarily by Irish labor who had learned their craft during","title":"Union Pacific Railroad"},{"id":"629519","text":"railroad with the driving of the Last Spike at Craigellachie, British Columbia, on November 7, 1885, is an important milestone in Canadian history. Between 1881 and 1885, the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) completed a line that spanned from the port of Montreal to the Pacific coast, fulfilling a condition of British Columbia's 1871 entry into the Canadian Confederation. The City of Vancouver, incorporated in 1886, was designated the western terminus of the line. The CPR became the first transcontinental railway company in North America in 1889 after its International Railway of Maine opened, connecting CPR to the Atlantic coast. The","title":"Transcontinental railroad"},{"id":"470749","text":"and the tons of ice needed by the miners as they worked ever deeper into the \"hot\" Comstock Lode ore body. In the mines, temperatures could get above at the work face and a miner often used over of ice per shift. This new railroad connected to the Central Pacific near Reno, and went through Carson City, the new capital of Nevada. After the transcontinental railroads were completed, many other railroads were built to connect up to other population centers in Utah, Wyoming, Kansas, Colorado, Oregon, Washington territories, etc. In 1869, the Kansas Pacific Railway started building the Hannibal Bridge,","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470679","text":"the central route railroad was Asa Whitney. He envisioned a route from Chicago and the Great Lakes to northern California, paid for by the sale of land to settlers along the route. Whitney traveled widely to solicit support from businessmen and politicians, printed maps and pamphlets, and submitted several proposals to Congress, all at his own expense. In June 1845, he led a team along part of the proposed route to assess its feasibility. Legislation to begin construction of the \"Pacific Railroad\" (called the \"Memorial of Asa Whitney\") was first introduced to Congress by Representative Zadock Pratt. Congress did not","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"3930693","text":"would soon prove to be the financial straw that broke the back of Canada's railway industry during the First World War. Canada has supported two transcontinental railway systems for many years, but even in 1914 it was not clear that there was enough traffic for three. The GTPR/NTR system was surveyed and construction began in 1905 and the entire system was finished (except for the Quebec Bridge) in 1913. The task was monumental and no expense was spared in building a railway system of minimal grades and curvature. In crossing the Appalachian Mountains of eastern Quebec and northern New Brunswick,","title":"National Transcontinental Railway"},{"id":"629521","text":"National Railway, which currently is now Canada's largest transcontinental railway, with lines running all the way from the Pacific Coast to the Atlantic Coast. The first railroad to directly connect two oceans (although not by crossing a broad \"continental\" land mass) was the Panama Rail Road. Opened in 1855, this line was designated instead as an \"inter-oceanic\" railroad crossing Central America at its narrowest point, the Isthmus of Panama, when that area was still part of Colombia. (Panama split off from Colombia in 1903 and became the independent nation of Panama). By spanning the isthmus, the line thus became the","title":"Transcontinental railroad"},{"id":"74195","text":"aggressive construction policy was adopted. Macdonald confirmed that Port Moody would be the terminus of the transcontinental railway, and announced that the railway would follow the Fraser and Thompson rivers between Port Moody and Kamloops. In 1879, the federal government floated bonds in London and called for tenders to construct the section of the railway from Yale, British Columbia, to Savona's Ferry, on Kamloops Lake. The contract was awarded to Andrew Onderdonk, whose men started work on 15 May 1880. After the completion of that section, Onderdonk received contracts to build between Yale and Port Moody, and between Savona's Ferry","title":"Canadian Pacific Railway"},{"id":"470780","text":"two shifts of 12 hours each, managing the laborers. Once out of the Sierras, construction was much easier and faster. Horace Hamilton Minkler, track foreman for the Central Pacific, laid the last rail and tie before the Last Spike was driven. In order to keep the CPRR's Sierra grade open during the winter months, beginning in 1867, 37 miles of massive wooden snow sheds and galleries were built between Blue Cañon and Truckee, covering cuts and other points where there was danger of avalanches. 2,500 men and six material trains were employed in this work, which was completed in 1869.","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470787","text":"by ferry. The original route from the Central Valley to the Bay skirted the Delta by heading south out of Sacramento through Stockton and crossing the San Joaquin River at Mossdale, then climbed over the Altamont Pass and reached the East Bay through Niles Canyon. The Western Pacific was originally chartered to go to San Jose, but the Central Pacific decided to build along the East Bay instead, as going from San Jose up the Peninsula to San Francisco itself would have brought it into conflict with competing interests. The railroad entered Alameda and Oakland from the south, roughly paralleling","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470774","text":"Chinese. Emigrants from poverty stricken regions of China, many of which suffered from the strife of the Taiping Rebellion, seemed to be more willing to tolerate the living and working conditions on the railroad construction, and progress on the railroad continued. The increasing necessity for tunneling as they proceeded up the mountains then began to slow progress of the line yet again. The first step of construction was to survey the route and determine the locations where large excavations, tunnels and bridges would be needed. Crews could then start work in advance of the railroad reaching these locations. Supplies and","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"629520","text":"construction of a transcontinental railroad strengthened the connection of British Columbia and the Northwest Territories to the Dominion of Canada they had recently joined, and acted as a bulwark against potential incursions by the United States. Subsequently, two other transcontinental lines were built in Canada: the Canadian Northern Railway (CNoR) opened another line to the Pacific in 1912, and the combined Grand Trunk Pacific Railway (GTPR)/National Transcontinental Railway (NTR) system opened in 1917 following the completion of the Quebec Bridge, although its line to the Pacific opened in 1914. The CNoR, GTPR, and NTR were nationalized to form the Canadian","title":"Transcontinental railroad"},{"id":"470673","text":"western states and territories into alignment with the northern Union states and made transporting passengers and goods coast-to-coast considerably quicker and less expensive. Paddle steamers linked Sacramento to the cities and their harbor facilities in the San Francisco Bay until 1869, when the CPRR completed and opened the WP grade (which the CPRR had acquired control of in 1867–68 ) to Alameda and Oakland. The first transcontinental rail passengers arrived at the Pacific Railroad's original western terminus at the Alameda Mole on September 6, 1869 where they transferred to the steamer \"Alameda\" for transport across the Bay to San Francisco.","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470721","text":"4, 1868, the Union Pacific reached Evanston, having laid almost of track over the Green River and the Laramie Plains that year. By 1871, Evanston became a significant maintenance shop town equipped to carry out extensive repairs on the cars and steam locomotives. In the Utah Territory, the railroad once again diverted from the main emigrant trails to cross the Wasatch Mountains and went down the rugged Echo Canyon (Summit County, Utah) and Weber River canyon. To speed up construction as much as possible, Union Pacific contracted several thousand Mormon workers to cut, fill, trestle, bridge, blast and tunnel its","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"95215","text":"1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1876 1877 1883 1885 1888 1899 1959 Central Pacific Railroad The Central Pacific Railroad (CPRR) was a rail route between California and Utah built eastwards from the West Coast in the 1860s, to complete the western part of the \"First Transcontinental Railroad\" in North America. It later became part of the Union Pacific Railroad. Many 19th century national proposals to build a transcontinental railroad failed because of the energy consumed by political disputes over slavery. With the secession of the South, the modernizers in the Republican Party controlled the US Congress. They passed legislation authorizing","title":"Central Pacific Railroad"},{"id":"470703","text":"as possible at a minimum cost. Within a few years, nearly all railroads converted to steel rails. Time was not standardized across the United States and Canada until November 18, 1883. In 1865, each railroad set its own time to minimize scheduling errors. To communicate easily up and down the line, the railroads built telegraph lines alongside the railroad. These lines eventually superseded the original First Transcontinental Telegraph which followed much of the Mormon Trail up the North Platte River and across the very thinly populated Central Nevada Route through central Utah and Nevada. The telegraph lines along the railroad","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470724","text":"10, 1869. Some Union Pacific officers declined to pay the Mormons all of the agreed upon construction costs of the work through Weber Canyon, and beyond, claiming Union Pacific poverty despite the millions they had extracted through the Crédit Mobilier of America scandal. Only partial payment was secured through court actions against Union Pacific. The Central Pacific laid of track, starting in Sacramento, California, in 1863 and continuing over the rugged Sierra Nevada mountains at Donner Pass into the new state of Nevada. The elevation change from Sacramento (elev. ) to Donner Summit (elev. ) had to be accomplished in","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"95200","text":"Central Pacific Railroad The Central Pacific Railroad (CPRR) was a rail route between California and Utah built eastwards from the West Coast in the 1860s, to complete the western part of the \"First Transcontinental Railroad\" in North America. It later became part of the Union Pacific Railroad. Many 19th century national proposals to build a transcontinental railroad failed because of the energy consumed by political disputes over slavery. With the secession of the South, the modernizers in the Republican Party controlled the US Congress. They passed legislation authorizing the railroad, with financing in the form of government railroad bonds. These","title":"Central Pacific Railroad"},{"id":"470791","text":"which was the first bridge to cross the Missouri River. This in turn connected to Kansas Pacific trains going from Kansas City to Denver, which in turn had built the Denver Pacific Railway connecting to the Union Pacific. In August 1870, the Kansas Pacific drove the last spike connecting to the Denver Pacific line at Strasburg, Colorado and the first true Atlantic to Pacific United States railroad was completed. Kansas City's head start in connecting to a true transcontinental railroad contributed to it rather than Omaha becoming the dominant rail center west of Chicago. The Kansas Pacific became part of","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"5191092","text":"of railroad lines had been built. The B&O's westward route reached the Ohio River in 1852, the first eastern seaboard railroad to do so. Railroad companies in the North and Midwest constructed networks that linked nearly every major city by 1860. The First Transcontinental Railroad in the U.S. was built across North America in the 1860s, linking the railroad network of the eastern U.S. with California on the Pacific coast. Finished on May 10, 1869 at the Golden spike event at Promontory Summit, Utah, it created a nationwide mechanized transportation network that revolutionized the population and economy of the American","title":"Rail transportation in the United States"},{"id":"470729","text":"was identified as taking a long time was started as soon as its projected track location could be ascertained and work crews, supplies and road work equipment found to be sent ahead. Tunnels, trestles and bridges were nearly all built this way. The spread-out nature of the work resulted in the work being split into two divisions, with L.M. Clement taking the upper division from Blue Cañon to Truckee and Cadwalader taking the lower division from Truckee to the Nevada border. Other assistant engineers were assigned to specific tasks such as building a bridge, tunnel or trestle which was done","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"1683047","text":". By 1860, on the eve of civil war, the length had reached , mostly in the North. The South had much less trackage and it was geared to moving cotton short distances to river or ocean ports. The Southern railroads were destroyed during the war but were soon rebuilt. By 1890, the national system was virtually complete with . In 1869, the symbolically important transcontinental railroad was completed in the United States with the driving of a golden spike (near the city of Ogden). In Latin America in the late 19th and early 20th centuries railways were critical elements","title":"History of rail transport"},{"id":"470709","text":"Platte River, the railroad bridged the North Platte River over a bridge (nicknamed ½ mile bridge). It was built across the shallow but wide North Platte resting on piles driven by steam pile drivers. Here they built the \"railroad\" town of North Platte, Nebraska in December 1866 after completing about of track that year. In late 1866, former Major General Grenville M. Dodge was appointed Chief Engineer on the Union Pacific, but hard working General \"Jack\" Casement continued to work as chief construction \"boss\" and his brother Daniel Casement continued as financial officer. The original emigrant route across Wyoming of","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"16142839","text":"granted lands and construction privileges for the First Transcontinental Railroad project under the Pacific Railway Acts. Construction of this Overland Route was begun in 1863 and completed in 1869. The southern route did not become a reality until 1883, when the Southern Pacific Railroad linked New Orleans and the Gulf of Mexico with Los Angeles and the Pacific Ocean. The Memorial document is an attempt to persuade the U.S. Congress to authorize construction of the first Transcontinental Railroad via a southern route through New Mexico rather than the route that was eventually authorized by the Pacific Railway Acts of 1862","title":"New Mexican Railway Company"},{"id":"470784","text":"they realized that the so-called \"Iron Horse\" threatened their existence. Security measures were further strengthened, and progress on the railroad continued. Six years after the groundbreaking, laborers of the Central Pacific Railroad from the west and the Union Pacific Railroad from the east met at Promontory Summit, Utah Territory. It was here on May 10, 1869, that Leland Stanford drove \"The Last Spike\" (or golden spike) that joined the rails of the transcontinental railroad. The spike is now on display at the Cantor Arts Center at Stanford University, while a second \"Last\" Golden Spike is also on display at the","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470751","text":"of Colorado. The Kansas Pacific Railroad linked with the Denver Pacific Railway via Denver to Cheyenne in 1870. The original transcontinental railroad route did not pass through the two biggest cities in the so-called Great American Desert—Denver, Colorado, and Salt Lake City, Utah. Feeder railroad lines were soon built to service these two and other cities and states along the route. Modern-day Interstate 80 roughly follows the path of the railroad from Sacramento across modern day California, Nevada, Wyoming and Nebraska, with a few exceptions. Most significantly, the two routes are different between Wells, Nevada and Echo, Utah. In this","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470702","text":"the wheel trucks. Alternatively, cargo was offloaded and reloaded, a time-consuming effort that delayed cargo shipments. For the transcontinental railroad, the builders adopted the English standard, what is now called standard gauge. The Bessemer process and open hearth furnace steel-making were in use by 1865, but the advantages of steel rails which lasted much longer than iron rails had not yet been demonstrated. The rails used initially in building the rail way were nearly all made of iron of a flat-bottomed modified I-beam profile weighing per or per . The railroad companies were intent on completing the project as rapidly","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470747","text":"Railroad line from Promontory for about $2.8 million in 1870, it ended the short period of a boom town for Promontory, extended the Central Pacific tracks about and made Ogden a major terminus on the transcontinental railroad, as passengers and freight switched railroads there. Subsequent to the railhead's meeting at Promontory Summit, U.T., the San Joaquin River Bridge at Mossdale Crossing (near present-day Lathrop, California) was completed on September 8, 1869. As a result, the western part of the route was extended from Sacramento to the Alameda Terminal in Alameda, California, and shortly thereafter, to the Oakland Long Wharf at","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470728","text":"the Sierras followed the general route of the Truckee branch of the California Trail, going east over Donner Pass and down the rugged Truckee River valley. The route over the Sierra had been plotted out by Judah in preliminary surveys before his death in 1863. Judah's deputy, Samuel S. Montague was appointed as Central Pacific's new Chief Engineer, with Lewis M. Clement as Assistant Chief Engineer and Charles Cadwalader as second assistant. To build the new railroad, detailed surveys had to be run that showed where the cuts, fills, trestles, bridges and tunnels would have to be built. Work that","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470704","text":"were easier to protect and maintain. Many of the original telegraph lines were abandoned as the telegraph business was consolidated with the railroad telegraph lines. The Union Pacific's of track started at MP 0.0 in Council Bluffs, Iowa, on the eastern side of the Missouri River. Omaha was chosen by President Abraham Lincoln as the location of its Transfer Depot where up to seven railroads could transfer mail and other goods to Union Pacific trains bound for the west. Trains were initially transported across the Missouri River by ferry before they could access the western tracks beginning in Omaha, Nebraska","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"629526","text":"above with standard gauge . Since 1970, when the direct standard gauge line across the country was completed, the passenger train on the Sydney to Perth line has been called the Indian Pacific. The proposed Iron Boomerang would connect iron in the Pilbara with coal in Queensland, so achieving loaded operations in both directions. Transcontinental railroad A transcontinental railroad is a contiguous network of railroad trackage that crosses a continental land mass with terminals at different oceans or continental borders. Such networks can be via the tracks of either a single railroad, or over those owned or controlled by multiple","title":"Transcontinental railroad"},{"id":"2730614","text":"Northern Pacific Railway The Northern Pacific Railway was a transcontinental railroad that operated across the northern tier of the western United States, from Minnesota to the Pacific Northwest. It was approved by Congress in 1864 and given nearly of land grants, which it used to raise money in Europe for construction. Construction began in 1870 and the main line opened all the way from the Great Lakes to the Pacific when former President Ulysses S. Grant drove in the final \"golden spike\" in western Montana on September 8, 1883. The railroad had about of track and served a large area,","title":"Northern Pacific Railway"},{"id":"470748","text":"Oakland Point in Oakland, California, and on to San Jose, California. Train ferries transferred some railroad cars to and from the Oakland wharves and tracks to wharves and tracks in San Francisco. Before the CPRR was completed, developers were building other feeder railroads like the Virginia and Truckee Railroad to the Comstock Lode diggings in Virginia City, Nevada, and several different extensions in California and Nevada to reach other cities there. Some of their main cargo was the thousands of cords of firewood needed for the many steam engines and pumps, cooking stoves, heating stoves etc. in Comstock Lode towns","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"3622281","text":"in the Western United States. The first Union Pacific Railroad, pronounced \"Union Pacific Rail Road\" was incorporated on July 1, 1862, under an act of Congress entitled Pacific Railroad Act of 1862. The act was approved by President Abraham Lincoln, and it provided for the construction of railroads from the Missouri River to the Pacific as a war measure for the preservation of the Union. It was constructed westward from Council Bluffs, Iowa to meet the Central Pacific Railroad line, which was constructed eastward from San Francisco Bay. The combined Union Pacific-Central Pacific line became known as the First Transcontinental","title":"Union Pacific Corporation"},{"id":"1284952","text":"and the Civil War delayed construction of the proposed railroad. The Southern Pacific Railroad from Los Angeles reached Yuma, Arizona, in 1877, Tucson in March 1880, Deming, New Mexico in December 1880, and El Paso in May 1881, the first railroad across the Gadsden Purchase. At the same time, 1879-1881, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad was building across New Mexico and met the Southern Pacific at Deming, New Mexico March 7, 1881, completing the second transcontinental railroad (the first, the central transcontinental, was completed May 10, 1869 at Promontory Summit, Utah). Acquiring trackage rights over the SP, from","title":"Gadsden Purchase"},{"id":"1431492","text":"the recent Civil War. Under the guidance of its dominant stockholder Dr. Thomas Clark Durant, the namesake of the city of Durant, Iowa, the first rails were laid in Omaha. The two lines were joined together at Promontory Summit, Utah, west of Ogden on May 10, 1869, hence creating the first transcontinental railroad in North America.Subsequently, the UP purchased three Mormon-built roads: the Utah Central Railroad extending south from Ogden to Salt Lake City, the Utah Southern Railroad extending south from Salt Lake City into the Utah Valley, and the Utah Northern Railroad extending north from Ogden into Idaho. The","title":"Union Pacific Railroad"},{"id":"3930688","text":"transportation policies. The federal government had encouraged the Grand Trunk Railway (GTR) system in the 1870s to consider building the transcontinental rail line. During the same time, a government survey party under the direction of Sandford Fleming set out across Canada to survey routes for the proposed railway. The \"Canadian Pacific Survey\", as it was called, surveyed routes to a number of Pacific Coast destinations (including Victoria on Vancouver Island). When Grand Trunk balked at building a railway using the survey, the government turned to the privately owned Canadian Pacific. CPR, one of whose directors was James J. Hill, from","title":"National Transcontinental Railway"},{"id":"3930687","text":"National Transcontinental Railway The National Transcontinental Railway (NTR) was a historic railway between Winnipeg and Moncton in Canada. Much of the line is now operated by the Canadian National Railway. The completion of construction of Canada's first transcontinental railway, the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) on November 7, 1885, preceded a tremendous economic expansion and immigration boom in western Canada during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. But the monopolistic policies of the CPR, coupled with its southerly routing (new scientific discoveries were pushing the northern boundary of cereal crops), led to increasing western discontent with the railway and federal","title":"National Transcontinental Railway"},{"id":"470788","text":"what would later become U.S. Route 50 and later still Interstates 5, 205, and 580. A more direct route was obtained with the purchase of the California Pacific Railroad, crossing the Sacramento River and proceeding southwest through Davis to Benicia, where it crossed the Carquinez Strait by means of an enormous train ferry, then followed the shores of the San Pablo and San Francisco bays to Richmond and the Port of Oakland (paralleling U.S. Route 40 which ultimately became Interstate 80). In 1930, a rail bridge across the Carquinez replaced the Benicia ferries. Very early on, the Central Pacific learned","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"629512","text":"Transcontinental railroad A transcontinental railroad is a contiguous network of railroad trackage that crosses a continental land mass with terminals at different oceans or continental borders. Such networks can be via the tracks of either a single railroad, or over those owned or controlled by multiple railway companies along a continuous route. Although Europe is crisscrossed by railways, the railroads within Europe are usually not considered transcontinental, with the possible exception of the historic Orient Express. Transcontinental railroads helped open up unpopulated interior regions of continents to exploration and settlement that would not otherwise have been feasible. In many cases","title":"Transcontinental railroad"},{"id":"470683","text":"and Emigrant Gap, over Donner Pass, and south to Truckee. They discovered a way across the Sierras that was gradual enough to be made suitable for a railroad, although it still needed a lot of work. Four northern California businessmen formed the Central Pacific Railroad: Leland Stanford, (1824–1893), President; Collis Potter Huntington, (1821–1900), Vice President; Mark Hopkins, (1813–1878), Treasurer; Charles Crocker, (1822–1888), Construction Supervisor. All became substantially wealthy from their association with the railroad. Former ophthalmologist Dr. Thomas Clark \"Doc\" Durant was nominally only a vice president of Union Pacific, so he installed a series of respected men like John","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"2955390","text":"heavy use of rolling stock wore them out. In 1864-65 the Confederate railroad network collapsed; little traffic moved in 1865. The Southern states had blocked westward rail expansion before 1860, but after secession the Pacific Railway Acts were passed in 1862, allowing the first transcontinental railroad to be completed in 1869, making possible a six-day trip from New York to San Francisco. Other transcontinentals were built in the South (Southern Pacific, Santa Fe) and along the Canada–US border (Northern Pacific, Great Northern), accelerating the settlement of the West by offering inexpensive farms and ranches on credit, carrying pioneers and supplies","title":"History of rail transport in the United States"},{"id":"470761","text":"horse or mule pulled carts, and a few railroad pulled gondolas. The construction work involved an immense amount of manual labor. Initially, Central Pacific had a hard time hiring and keeping unskilled workers on its line, as many would leave for the prospect of far more lucrative gold or silver mining options elsewhere. Despite the concerns expressed by Charles Crocker, one of the \"big four\" and a general contractor, that the Chinese were too small in stature and lacking previous experience with railroad work, they decided to try them anyway. After the first few days of trial with a few","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"2097149","text":"aloft in the scene commemorating the actual event, although a brass prop was used for the hammering sequence. Promontory Summit marks the site where the First Transcontinental Railroad was officially completed, although a direct coast-to-coast rail journey on this route was not achieved until 1873. The Mossdale Bridge spanning the San Joaquin River near Lathrop, California was completed in September 1869, connecting Sacramento, California to the network. Passengers had to cross the Missouri River by boat between Council Bluffs, Iowa and Omaha, Nebraska until the Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge was built in 1873. In the meantime, the first uninterrupted","title":"Promontory, Utah"},{"id":"470696","text":"of San Francisco. The Central Pacific hired some Canadian and British engineers and surveyors with extensive experience building railroads, but it had a difficult time finding semi-skilled labor. Most Caucasians in California preferred to work in the mines or agriculture. The railroad experimented by hiring local emigrant Chinese as manual laborers, many of whom were escaping the poverty and terrors of the Taiping Rebellion in the Guangdong province in China. When they proved themselves as workers, the CPRR from that point forward preferred to hire Chinese, and even set up recruiting efforts in Canton. Despite their small stature and lack","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470777","text":"of conditions. However, Chinese laborers did far more than mix the volatile ingredients of nitroglycerin for the Central Pacific. Their hard work was also crucial in the construction of 15 tunnels along the railroad's line through the Sierra Nevada mountains. These tunnels were about 32 feet (10 m) high and 16 feet (5 m) wide. When tunnels with vertical shafts were dug to increase construction speed, and tunneling began in the middle of the tunnel, at first hand-powered derricks were used to help remove loose rocks up the vertical shafts. These derricks were later replaced with steam hoists as work","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470712","text":"terrain, while a railroad connection to that City was already being planned for and surveyed. Efforts to survey a new, shorter, \"better\" route had been under way since 1864. By 1867, a new route was found and surveyed that went along part of the South Platte River in western Nebraska and after entering what is now the state of Wyoming, ascended a gradual sloping ridge between Lodgepole Creek and Crow Creek to Evans pass (also called Sherman's Pass) which was discovered by the Union Pacific employed English surveyor and engineer, James Evans, in about 1864. This pass now is marked","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470674","text":"The road's rail terminus was moved two months later to the Oakland Long Wharf about a mile to the north. Service between San Francisco and Oakland Pier continued to be provided by ferry. The CPRR eventually purchased of UPRR-built grade from Promontory Summit (MP 828) to Ogden, U.T. (MP 881), which became the interchange point between trains of the two roads. The transcontinental line was popularly known as the \"Overland Route\" after the principal passenger rail service that operated over the length of the line until 1962. Building a railroad line that connected the United States coast-to-coast was advocated in","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470732","text":"crew worked drilling holes on the faces and another crew collected and removed the loosened rock after each explosion. The workers were pulled off the summit tunnel and the track grading east of Donner Pass in the winter of 1865–66 as there was no way to supply them, nor quarters they could have lived in. The crews were transferred to work on bridges and track grading on the Truckee River canyon. In 1866 they put in a vertical shaft in the center of the summit tunnel and started work towards the east and west tunnel faces, giving four working faces","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470733","text":"on the summit tunnel to speed up progress. A steam engine off an old locomotive was brought up with much effort over the wagon road and used as a winch driver to help remove loosened rock from the vertical shaft and two working faces. By the winter of 1866–67, work had progressed sufficiently and a camp had been built for workers on the summit tunnel which allowed work to continue. The cross section of a tunnel face was a , oval with an vertical wall. Progress on the tunnel sped up to over per day per face when they started","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"12125447","text":"start a steamship line to California, since the Gold Rush started the next year. The company's first vessel to make the trip was packed with passengers. Pacific Mail eventually became American President Lines, which is now part of Neptune Orient Lines. Following the Steamship Company, Aspinwall then promoted a railway in Panama. The project, which began in May 1850 and was later known as the Panama Canal Railway, was the first transcontinental railroad in the Americas and was built to provide a shorter and more secure path between the United States' East and West Coasts. When completed in 1855, the","title":"William Henry Aspinwall"},{"id":"629518","text":"Beyond Toledo, the planned route would have used the Wheeling and Lake Erie Railroad (1900), Wabash Pittsburgh Terminal Railway, Little Kanawha Railroad, West Virginia Central and Pittsburgh Railway, Western Maryland Railroad, and Philadelphia and Western Railway, but the Panic of 1907 strangled the plans before the Little Kanawha section in West Virginia could be finished. The Alphabet Route was completed in 1931, providing the portion of this line east of the Mississippi River. With the merging of the railroads, only the Union Pacific Railroad and the BNSF Railway remain to carry the entire route. The completion of Canada's first transcontinental","title":"Transcontinental railroad"},{"id":"3237341","text":"water and the construction was delayed by only a few months. Trial runs were carried out from November 1861 while construction was still under way. The first trip over the whole line was in May 1862 with William Gladstone among the guests. By the end of 1862 work was complete at a cost of £1.3 million. Board of Trade inspections took place in late December 1862 and early January 1863 to approve the railway for opening. After minor signalling changes were made, approval was granted and a few days of operating trials were carried out before the grand opening on","title":"Metropolitan Railway"},{"id":"629524","text":"1910 as a connection between Puntarenas and Limón in gauge. There is activity to revive the connection between Valparaíso and Santiago in Chile and Mendoza, Argentina, through the \"Transandino\" project. Mendoza has an active connection to Buenos Aires. The old Transandino began in 1910 and ceased passenger service in 1978 and freight 4 years later. Technically a complete transcontinental link exists from Arica, Chile, to La Paz, Bolivia, to Buenos Aires, but this trans-Andean crossing is for freight only. On December 6, 2017 the Brazilian President Terner and his Bolivian counterpart Morales signed an agreement for an Atlantic - Pacific","title":"Transcontinental railroad"},{"id":"3930691","text":"the federal government's offer for assistance to expand the CNoR in 1903 and in doing so, the federal government under Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier committed to building a transcontinental system in partnership with the GTR. In keeping with the trend of railways to exploit virgin territories, the government-backed \"transcon\" would run from the port of Prince Rupert, British Columbia, across the northern portion of the prairies to Winnipeg, and from there across northern Ontario and Quebec to Quebec City where it would cross the St. Lawrence River and continue on to its eastern terminus at Moncton, New Brunswick, by way","title":"National Transcontinental Railway"},{"id":"470760","text":"carrying him to the final spike ceremony was held up by a strike by unpaid workers in Piedmont, Wyoming until he paid them for their work. Representatives of Brigham Young had less success, and failed in court to force him to honor the contract. The manual labor to build the Central Pacific's roadbed, bridges and tunnels was done primarily by many thousands of emigrant workers from China under the direction of skilled non-Chinese supervisors. The Chinese were commonly referred to at the time as \"Celestials\" and China as the \"Celestial Kingdom.\" Labor-saving devices in those days consisted primarily of wheelbarrows,","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"16014357","text":"Empire Express Empire Express: Building the First Transcontinental Railroad is a book written by David Haward Bain, published in 2000. It follows the initial conception of the idea of a transcontinental railroad, during the two decades before the Civil War, to the work of the engineers and entrepreneurs who fixed the route, assembled financing, drafted a work force and launched the two lines toward the eventual meeting point at Promontory Summit, Utah, in 1869. The story alternates between the Union Pacific driving west from Omaha and the Central Pacific blasting through the mountains from California. Bain examines the impact of","title":"Empire Express"},{"id":"470738","text":"down the eastern Sierras was done on the south side of Donner Lake with a series of switchbacks carved into the mountain. The Truckee River, which drains Lake Tahoe, had already found and scoured out the best route across the Carson Range of mountains east of the Sierras. The route down the rugged Truckee River Canyon, including required bridges, was done ahead of the main summit tunnel completion. To expedite the building of the railroad through the Truckee River canyon, the Central Pacific hauled two small locomotives, railcars, rails and other material on wagons and sleighs to what is now","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470701","text":"the U.S. Civil War ended on June 22, 1865, the Union Pacific still competed for railroad supplies with companies who were building or repairing railroads in the south, and prices rose. At that time in the United States, there were two primary standards for track gauge, as defined by the distance between the two rails. In England, the standard gauge was 4 ft 8 1⁄2 inch (1.435 m), and this had been adopted by the majority of northern railways. But much of the south had adopted a 5-foot gauge. Transferring railway cars across a break of gauge required changing out","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"16447351","text":"in a tent show. Tent shows would not have been so widespread in the United States were it not for the expansion of the railroad system. On July 1, 1862, \"President Abraham Lincoln signed into law the Pacific Railroad Act, which launched perhaps the most audacious enterprise of 19th century American civil engineering: the construction of a 1,776 mile long railroad from the Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean.\" This railroad would eventually be called the First Transcontinental Railroad, and its effect would be to open \"the American West to settlement and commerce as never before... A coast-to-coast journey that","title":"Tent show"},{"id":"470745","text":"of track from Reno to Promontory Summit in the one year before the Last Spike was driven on May 10, 1869. Central Pacific had 1,694 freight cars available by May 1869, with more under construction in their Sacramento yard. Major repairs and maintenance on the Central Pacific rolling stock was done in their Sacramento maintenance yard. Near the end of 1869, Central Pacific had 162 locomotives, of which 2 had two drivers (drive wheels), 110 had four drivers, and 50 had six drivers. The steam locomotives had been purchased in the eastern states and shipped to California by sea. Thirty-six","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"2730667","text":"His \"Northern Pacific Views\" photographically documented over the years, the routes, destinations, infrastructure and equipment of the railroad. Northern Pacific Railway The Northern Pacific Railway was a transcontinental railroad that operated across the northern tier of the western United States, from Minnesota to the Pacific Northwest. It was approved by Congress in 1864 and given nearly of land grants, which it used to raise money in Europe for construction. Construction began in 1870 and the main line opened all the way from the Great Lakes to the Pacific when former President Ulysses S. Grant drove in the final \"golden spike\"","title":"Northern Pacific Railway"},{"id":"5859236","text":"1912 in Port Augusta. Work proceeded eastwards from Kalgoorlie and westwards from Port Augusta through the years of the First World War. By 1915, the two ends of the line were just over apart with materials being delivered daily. Construction progressed steadily as the line was extended through dry and desolate regions until the two halves of the line met at Ooldea on 17 October 1917. Commonwealth Railways was established in 1917 to administer the line. The entire intercity route was not converted to standard gauge until 1970. In 2008, its engineering heritage was recognized by the installation of markers","title":"Trans-Australian Railway"},{"id":"470684","text":"Adams Dix as president of the railroad. Durant and its financing arrangements were, unlike those of the CPRR, mired in controversy and scandals. In February 1860, Iowa Representative Samuel Curtis introduced a bill to fund the railroad. It passed the House but died when it could not be reconciled with the Senate version due to opposition from southern states who wanted a southern route near the 42nd parallel. Curtis tried and failed again in 1861. After the southern states seceded from the Union, the House of Representatives approved the bill on May 6, 1862, and the Senate on June 20.","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470797","text":"bargains, among them the control of the Union Pacific Railroad and Western Union. Visible remains of the historic line are still easily located—hundreds of miles are still in service today, especially through the Sierra Nevada Mountains and canyons in Utah and Wyoming. While the original rail has long since been replaced because of age and wear, and the roadbed upgraded and repaired, the lines generally run on top of the original, handmade grade. Vista points on Interstate 80 through California's Truckee Canyon provide a panoramic view of many miles of the original Central Pacific line and of the snow sheds","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470716","text":"treeless plains across Nebraska and Wyoming. Coal shipments by rail were also looked on as a potentially major source of income—this potential is still being realized. The Union Pacific reached the new railroad town of Cheyenne in December 1867, having laid about that year. They paused over the winter, preparing to push the track over Evans (Sherman's) pass. At , Evans/Sherman's pass is the highest point reached on the transcontinental railroad. About beyond Evans/Sherman's pass, the railroad had to build an extensive bridge over the Dale Creek canyon (41.103803, −105.454797, lat., long.). The Dale Creek Crossing was one of their","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"18664258","text":"the first to evolve into a major system. In 1869, the symbolically important transcontinental railroad was completed in the US with the driving of a golden spike at Promontory, Utah. The electrical telegraph was first successfully demonstrated on 25 July 1837 between Euston and Camden Town in London. It entered commercial use on the Great Western Railway over the from Paddington station to West Drayton on 9 April 1839. In the United States, the telegraph was developed by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail. On 24 May 1844, Morse made the first public demonstration of his telegraph by sending a message","title":"History of infrastructure"},{"id":"470792","text":"the Union Pacific in 1880. On June 4, 1876, an express train called the \"Transcontinental Express\" arrived in San Francisco via the First Transcontinental Railroad only 83 hours and 39 minutes after it had left New York City. Only ten years before, the same journey would have taken months over land or weeks on ship, possibly all the way around South America. The Central Pacific got a direct route to San Francisco when it was merged with the Southern Pacific Railroad to create the Southern Pacific Company in 1885. The Union Pacific initially took over the Southern Pacific in 1901","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"12719016","text":"workers and additional equipment as well as the construction of the line from the east to the west (not just west to east). With Hoadley's firm managerial hand, construction of the railroad was finished a year in advance, despite its early troubles. The railway ran its first train on January 28, 1855, making it the first transcontinental railroad in North America. Hoadley chartered a steamship and traveled to Panama for the occasion, where he rode the train to the Pacific Ocean. Hoadley retired from the Panama Railroad in 1869.He sold his home in New York City and moved to Englewood,","title":"David Hoadley (businessman)"},{"id":"66489","text":"near Argentine Pass, the first of many silver strikes. In 1867, the Union Pacific Railroad laid its tracks west to Weir, now Julesburg, in the northeast corner of the Territory. The Union Pacific linked up with the Central Pacific Railroad at Promontory Summit, Utah, on May 10, 1869, to form the First Transcontinental Railroad. The Denver Pacific Railway reached Denver in June the following year, and the Kansas Pacific arrived two months later to forge the second line across the continent. In 1872, rich veins of silver were discovered in the San Juan Mountains on the Ute Indian reservation in","title":"Colorado"},{"id":"470687","text":"Durant enticed other investors by offering to front money for the stock they purchased in their names. This scheme enabled Durant to control about half of the railroad stock. The initial construction of UP grade traversed land owned by Durant. Durant's railroad was paid by the mile, and to further inflate its profits, the UP built oxbows of unneeded track, and by July 4, 1865, it had only reached from Omaha after 2½ years of construction. Durant manipulated market prices on his stocks by spreading rumors about which railroads he had an interest in were being considered for connection with","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"13152420","text":"with the F&S in Belfast, Washington. The first Seattle–Brownsville through train ran on November 27, 1891; regular service began on December 4. The GN transcontinental route was completed in 1893; it connected to the Seattle and Montana at Everett, Washington. In August 1902, the John Hendry-owned Vancouver, Westminster and Yukon Railway began construction of a line from the rapidly growing city of Vancouver, British Columbia to New Westminster, with a bridge crossing the Fraser River to connect with the GN. The GN gained access to Vancouver with the completion of the New Westminster Bridge and the VW&Y in late 1904.","title":"Pacific Northwest Corridor"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"470700\",\n \"text\": \"site. The Union Pacific Railroad did not start construction for another 18 months until July 1865. They were delayed by difficulties obtaining financial backing and the unavailability of workers and materials due to the Civil War. Their start point in the new city of Omaha, Nebraska was not yet connected via railroad to Council Bluffs, Iowa. Equipment needed to begin work was initially delivered to Omaha and Council Bluffs by paddle steamers on the Missouri River. The Union Pacific was so slow in beginning construction during 1865 that they sold two of the four steam locomotives they had purchased. After\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"629514\",\n \"text\": \"united the country by rail. The first of these, the \\\"Pacific Railroad\\\", was built by the Central Pacific Railroad and Union Pacific Railroad to link the San Francisco Bay at Alameda, California, with the nation's existing eastern railroad network at Council Bluffs, Iowa/Omaha, Nebraska, thereby creating the world's first transcontinental railroad when it opened in 1869. Its construction was made possible by the US government under Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862, 1864, and 1867. The world's First Transcontinental Railroad was built between 1863 and 1869 to join the eastern and western halves of the United States. Begun just before the\",\n \"title\": \"Transcontinental railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470671\",\n \"text\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad The First Transcontinental Railroad (also called the Great Transcontinental Railroad, known originally as the \\\"Pacific Railroad\\\" and later as the \\\"Overland Route\\\") was a continuous railroad line constructed between 1863 and 1869 that connected the existing eastern U.S. rail network at Omaha, Nebraska/Council Bluffs, Iowa with the Pacific coast at the Oakland Long Wharf on San Francisco Bay. The rail line was built by three private companies over public lands provided by extensive US land grants. Construction was financed by both state and US government subsidy bonds as well as by company issued mortgage bonds. The Western\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"629517\",\n \"text\": \"had learned their trade keeping the trains running during the American Civil War. The Central Pacific Railroad faced a labor shortage in the more sparsely settled West. It recruited Cantonese laborers in China, who did prodigious work building the line over and through the Sierra Nevada mountains and then across Nevada to their meeting in northern Utah. George J. Gould attempted to assemble a truly transcontinental system in the 1900s. The line from San Francisco, California, to Toledo, Ohio, was completed in 1909, consisting of the Western Pacific Railway, Denver and Rio Grande Railroad, Missouri Pacific Railroad, and Wabash Railroad.\",\n \"title\": \"Transcontinental railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5191094\",\n \"text\": \"first transcontinental railroad was the culmination of a decades-long movement to build such a line and was one of the crowning achievements of the presidency of Abraham Lincoln, completed four years after his death. The building of the railroad required enormous feats of engineering and labor in the crossing of plains and high mountains by the Union Pacific Railroad (UP) and Central Pacific Railroad, the two federally chartered enterprises that built the line westward and eastward respectively. The building of the railroad was motivated in part to bind the Union together during the strife of the American Civil War. It\",\n \"title\": \"Rail transportation in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"629522\",\n \"text\": \"first railroad to completely cross any part of the Americas and physically connect ports on the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Given the tropical rain forest environment, the terrain, and diseases such as malaria and cholera, its completion was a considerable engineering challenge. The construction took five years after ground was first broken for the line in May, 1850, cost eight million dollars, and required more than seven thousand workers drawn from \\\"every quarter of the globe.\\\" This railway was built to provide a shorter and more secure path between the United States' East and West Coasts. This need was mainly\",\n \"title\": \"Transcontinental railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470685\",\n \"text\": \"Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 into law on July 1. It authorized creation of two companies, the Central Pacific in the west and the Union Pacific in the mid-west, to build the railroad. The legislation called for building and operating a new railroad from the Missouri River at Council Bluffs, Iowa, west to Sacramento, California, and on to San Francisco Bay. A second law to supplement the first was passed in 1864. To finance the project, the act authorized the federal government to issue 30-year U.S. government bonds (at 6% interest). The railroad companies were paid $16,000/mile\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470773\",\n \"text\": \"California docks where the railroad started. On January 8, 1863, Governor Leland Stanford ceremoniously broke ground in Sacramento, California, to begin construction of the Central Pacific Railroad. After great initial progress along the Sacramento Valley, construction was slowed, first by the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, then by cutting a railroad bed up the mountains themselves. As they progressed higher in the mountains, winter snowstorms and a shortage of reliable labor compounded the problems. Consequently, after a trial crew of Chinese workers was hired and found to work successfully, the Central Pacific expanded its efforts to hire more emigrant laborers—mostly\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"629513\",\n \"text\": \"they also formed the backbones of cross-country passenger and freight transportation networks. A transcontinental railroad in the United States is any continuous rail line connecting a location on the U.S. Pacific coast with one or more of the railroads of the nation's eastern trunk line rail systems operating between the Missouri or Mississippi Rivers and the U.S. Atlantic coast. The first concrete plan for a transcontinental railroad in the United States was presented to Congress by Asa Whitney in 1845. A series of transcontinental railroads built over the last third of the 19th century created a nationwide transportation network that\",\n \"title\": \"Transcontinental railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470790\",\n \"text\": \"etc. The original track had often been laid as fast as possible with only secondary attention to maintenance and durability. The primary incentive had been getting the subsidies, which meant that upgrades of all kinds were routinely required in the following years. The Union Pacific would not connect Omaha to Council Bluffs until completing the Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge in 1872. Several years after the end of the Civil War, the competing railroads coming from Missouri finally realized their initial strategic advantage and a building boom ensued. In July 1869, the H&SJ finished the Hannibal Bridge in Kansas City\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470672\",\n \"text\": \"Pacific Railroad Company built of track from Oakland/Alameda to Sacramento, California. The Central Pacific Railroad Company of California (CPRR) constructed eastward from Sacramento to Promontory Summit, Utah Territory (U.T.). The Union Pacific built from the road's eastern terminus at Council Bluffs near Omaha, Nebraska westward to Promontory Summit. The railroad opened for through traffic on May 10, 1869 when CPRR President Leland Stanford ceremonially drove the gold \\\"Last Spike\\\" (later often referred to as the \\\"Golden Spike\\\") with a silver hammer at Promontory Summit. The coast-to-coast railroad connection revolutionized the settlement and economy of the American West. It brought the\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"629515\",\n \"text\": \"American Civil War, its construction was considered to be one of the greatest American technological feats of the 19th century. Known as the \\\"Pacific Railroad\\\" when it opened, this served as a vital link for trade, commerce, and travel and opened up vast regions of the North American heartland for settlement. Shipping and commerce could thrive away from navigable watercourses for the first time since the beginning of the nation. Much of this route, especially on the Sierra grade west of Reno, Nevada, is currently used by Amtrak's \\\"California Zephyr\\\", although some parts have been rerouted. The transcontinental railroad provided\",\n \"title\": \"Transcontinental railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"629523\",\n \"text\": \"triggered by the California Gold Rush. Over the years the railway played a key role in the construction and the subsequent operation of the Panama Canal, due to its proximity to the canal. Currently, the railway operates under the private administration of the Panama Canal Railroad Company, and its upgraded capacity complements the cargo traffic through the Panama Canal. A second Central American inter-oceanic railroad began operation in 1908 as a connection between Puerto San José and Puerto Barrios in Guatemala, but ceased passenger service to Puerto San José in 1989. A third Central American inter-oceanic railroad began operation in\",\n \"title\": \"Transcontinental railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470706\",\n \"text\": \"of track, reaching Fremont, Nebraska, and a further of roadbed. At the end of 1865, Peter A. Dey, Chief Engineer of the Union Pacific, resigned over a routing dispute with Thomas C. Durant, one of the chief financiers of the Union Pacific. With the end of the Civil War and increased government supervision in the offing, Durant hired his former M&M engineer Grenville M. Dodge to build the railroad, and the Union Pacific began a mad dash west. Former Union General John \\\"Jack\\\" Casement was hired as the new Chief Engineer of the Union Pacific. He equipped several railroad cars\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470722\",\n \"text\": \"way down the rugged Weber River Canyon to Ogden, Utah, ahead of the railroad construction. The Mormon and Union Pacific rail work was joined in the area of the present-day border between Utah and Wyoming. The longest of four tunnels built in Weber Canyon was Tunnel 2. Work on this tunnel started in October 1868 and was completed six months later. Temporary tracks were laid around it and Tunnels 3 (), 4 () and 5 () to continue work on the tracks west of the tunnels. The tunnels were all made with the new dangerous nitroglycerine explosive, which expedited work\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470723\",\n \"text\": \"but caused some fatal accidents. While building the railroad along the rugged Weber River Canyon, Mormon workers signed the Thousand Mile Tree which was lone tree alongside the track from Omaha. A historic marker has been placed there. The tracks reached Ogden, Utah, on March 27, 1869, although finishing work would continue on the tracks, tunnels and bridges in Weber Canyon for over a year. From Ogden, the railroad went north of the Great Salt Lake to Brigham City and Corinne using Mormon workers, before finally connecting with the Central Pacific Railroad at Promontory Summit in Utah territory on May\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470764\",\n \"text\": \"were in supervisory or skilled craft positions and made more money than the Chinese. Most of the early work on the Central Pacific consisted of constructing the railroad track bed, cutting and/or blasting through or around hills, filling in washes, building bridges or trestles, digging and blasting tunnels and then laying the rails over the Sierra Nevada (U.S.) mountains. Once the Central Pacific was out of the Sierras and the Carson Range, progress sped up considerably as the railroad bed could be built over nearly flat ground. In those days, the Central Pacific once did a section of of track\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"629525\",\n \"text\": \"railway. The construction will start in 2019 and will be finished in 2024. The new railway is planned to be 3750 km in length. There are two possible tracks in discussion: Both have an Atlantic end in Santos, Brazil but the Pacific ends are in Ilo, Peru and Matarani, Peru. Another longer Transcontinental freight-only railroad linking Lima, Peru, to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil is under development. Australia The Trans-Australian Railway was the first route operated by the Federal Government. In the 1940s, 1970s, and 2000s steps were taken to rationalise the gauge chaos and connect the mainland capital cities mentioned\",\n \"title\": \"Transcontinental railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470730\",\n \"text\": \"by the workers under experienced supervisors. In total, the Central Pacific had eleven tunnel projects (Nos. 3 through 13) under construction in the Sierra from 1865–68, with seven tunnels located in a stretch on the east side of Donner Summit. The tunnels were usually built by drilling a series of holes in the tunnel face, filling them with black powder and detonating it to break the rock free. The black powder was provided by the California Powder Works near Santa Cruz, California. These works had started production in 1864 after the U.S. Civil War had cut off shipments of black\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470746\",\n \"text\": \"additional locomotives were built and coming west, and twenty-eight more were under construction. There was a shortage of passenger cars and more had to be ordered. The first Central Pacific sleeper, the \\\"Silver Palace Sleeping Car\\\", arrived at Sacramento on June 8, 1868. The CPRR route passed through Newcastle and Truckee in California, Reno, Wadsworth, Winnemucca, Battle Mountain, Elko and Wells in Nevada (with many more fuel and water stops), before connecting with the Union Pacific line at Promontory Summit in the Utah Territory. When the eastern end of the CPRR was extended to Ogden by purchasing the Union Pacific\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470742\",\n \"text\": \"which was opened in 1925 when the summit section of the grade was double tracked. This routing change was made because the Track 2 and Tunnel 41 Summit crossing is far easier and less expensive to maintain and keep open in the harsh Sierra winters. On June 18, 1868, the Central Pacific reached Reno, Nevada, after completing of railroad up and over the Sierras from Sacramento, California. By then the railroad had already been prebuilt down the Truckee River on the much flatter land from Reno to Wadsworth, Nevada, where they bridged the Truckee for the last time. From there,\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470786\",\n \"text\": \"the last spike was driven, the rail network was not yet connected to the Atlantic or Pacific but merely connected Omaha to Sacramento. To get from Sacramento to the Pacific, the Central Pacific purchased the struggling Western Pacific Railroad (unrelated to the railroad of the same name that would later parallel its route) and resumed construction on it, which had halted in 1866 due to funding troubles. In November 1869, the Central Pacific finally connected Sacramento to the east side of San Francisco Bay by rail at Oakland, California, where freight and passengers completed their transcontinental link to the city\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470759\",\n \"text\": \"engines, and provision made to keep them full. The majority of the Union Pacific track across the Nebraska and Wyoming territories was built by veterans of the Union and Confederate armies, as well as many recent immigrants. Brigham Young, President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, landed contracts with the Union Pacific that offered jobs for around 2,000 members of the church with the hope that the railroad would support commerce in Utah. Church members built most of the road through Utah. Construction superintendent Durant repeatedly failed to pay the wages agreed upon. The Union Pacific train\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470675\",\n \"text\": \"1832 when Dr. Hartwell Carver published an article in the \\\"New York Courier & Enquirer\\\" advocating building a transcontinental railroad from Lake Michigan to Oregon. In 1847 he submitted to the U.S. Congress a \\\"Proposal for a Charter to Build a Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Ocean\\\", seeking a congressional charter to support his idea. Congress agreed to support the idea. Under the direction of the Department of War, the Pacific Railroad Surveys were conducted from 1853 through 1855. These included an extensive series of expeditions of the American West seeking possible routes. A report on the explorations\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19294125\",\n \"text\": \"in 1865. Some 300 miles of main line track were built in 1865-66 over the flat prairies. The Rocky Mountains posed a much more dramatic challenge, but the crews had learned to work at a much faster pace with 240 miles built in 1867, and 555 in 1868-69. The two lines were joined together in Utah on May 10, 1869, hence creating the first transcontinental railroad in North America. Interstate 80, built in the 1950s, paralleled the UP main line. In 1870 the fare in coach from Omaha to San Francisco was $33.20 (sleeper cars cost extra.). The train stopped\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Union Pacific Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"280078\",\n \"text\": \"the highway is roughly . The First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States was built in the 1860s, linking the railroad network of the eastern US with California on the Pacific coast. Finished on 10 May 1869 at the famous golden spike event at Promontory Summit, Utah, it created a nationwide mechanized transportation network that revolutionized the population and economy of the American West, catalyzing the transition from the wagon trains of previous decades to a modern transportation system. Although an accomplishment, it achieved the status of first transcontinental railroad by connecting myriad eastern US railroads to the Pacific and\",\n \"title\": \"North America\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470750\",\n \"text\": \"a swing bridge across the Missouri River between Kansas City, Missouri and Kansas City, Kansas which connected railroads on both sides of the Missouri while still allowing passage of paddle steamers on the river. After completion, this became another major east-west railroad. To speed completion of the Kansas Pacific Railroad to Denver, construction started east from Denver in March 1870 to meet the railroad coming west from Kansas city. The two crews met at a point called Comanche Crossing, Kansas Territory, on August 15, 1870. Denver was now firmly on track to becoming the largest city and the future capital\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470698\",\n \"text\": \"after a strike. The Central Pacific broke ground on January 8, 1863. Due to the lack of transportation alternatives from the manufacturing centers on the east coast, virtually all of their tools and machinery including rails, railroad switches, railroad turntables, freight and passenger cars, and steam locomotives were transported first by train to east coast ports. They were then loaded on ships which either sailed around South America's Cape Horn, or offloaded the cargo at the Isthmus of Panama, where it was sent across via paddle steamer and the Panama Railroad. The Panama Railroad gauge was 5 ft (1524 mm),\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470705\",\n \"text\": \"Territory. The river froze in the winter, and the ferries were replaced by sleighs. A bridge was not built until 1872, when the Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge was completed. After the rail line's initial climb through the Missouri River bluffs west of Omaha and out of the Missouri River Valley, the route bridged the Elkhorn River and then crossed over the new Loup River bridge as it followed the north side of the Platte River valley west through Nebraska along the general path of the Oregon, Mormon and California Trails. By December 1865, the Union Pacific had only completed\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1431491\",\n \"text\": \"1, 1862, under an act of Congress entitled Pacific Railroad Act of 1862. The act was approved by President Abraham Lincoln, and it provided for the construction of railroads from the Missouri River to the Pacific as a war measure for the preservation of the Union. It was constructed westward from Council Bluffs, Iowa to meet the Central Pacific Railroad line, which was constructed eastward from Sacramento, CA. The combined Union Pacific-Central Pacific line became known as the First Transcontinental Railroad and later the Overland Route. The line was constructed primarily by Irish labor who had learned their craft during\",\n \"title\": \"Union Pacific Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"629519\",\n \"text\": \"railroad with the driving of the Last Spike at Craigellachie, British Columbia, on November 7, 1885, is an important milestone in Canadian history. Between 1881 and 1885, the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) completed a line that spanned from the port of Montreal to the Pacific coast, fulfilling a condition of British Columbia's 1871 entry into the Canadian Confederation. The City of Vancouver, incorporated in 1886, was designated the western terminus of the line. The CPR became the first transcontinental railway company in North America in 1889 after its International Railway of Maine opened, connecting CPR to the Atlantic coast. The\",\n \"title\": \"Transcontinental railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470749\",\n \"text\": \"and the tons of ice needed by the miners as they worked ever deeper into the \\\"hot\\\" Comstock Lode ore body. In the mines, temperatures could get above at the work face and a miner often used over of ice per shift. This new railroad connected to the Central Pacific near Reno, and went through Carson City, the new capital of Nevada. After the transcontinental railroads were completed, many other railroads were built to connect up to other population centers in Utah, Wyoming, Kansas, Colorado, Oregon, Washington territories, etc. In 1869, the Kansas Pacific Railway started building the Hannibal Bridge,\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470679\",\n \"text\": \"the central route railroad was Asa Whitney. He envisioned a route from Chicago and the Great Lakes to northern California, paid for by the sale of land to settlers along the route. Whitney traveled widely to solicit support from businessmen and politicians, printed maps and pamphlets, and submitted several proposals to Congress, all at his own expense. In June 1845, he led a team along part of the proposed route to assess its feasibility. Legislation to begin construction of the \\\"Pacific Railroad\\\" (called the \\\"Memorial of Asa Whitney\\\") was first introduced to Congress by Representative Zadock Pratt. Congress did not\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3930693\",\n \"text\": \"would soon prove to be the financial straw that broke the back of Canada's railway industry during the First World War. Canada has supported two transcontinental railway systems for many years, but even in 1914 it was not clear that there was enough traffic for three. The GTPR/NTR system was surveyed and construction began in 1905 and the entire system was finished (except for the Quebec Bridge) in 1913. The task was monumental and no expense was spared in building a railway system of minimal grades and curvature. In crossing the Appalachian Mountains of eastern Quebec and northern New Brunswick,\",\n \"title\": \"National Transcontinental Railway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"629521\",\n \"text\": \"National Railway, which currently is now Canada's largest transcontinental railway, with lines running all the way from the Pacific Coast to the Atlantic Coast. The first railroad to directly connect two oceans (although not by crossing a broad \\\"continental\\\" land mass) was the Panama Rail Road. Opened in 1855, this line was designated instead as an \\\"inter-oceanic\\\" railroad crossing Central America at its narrowest point, the Isthmus of Panama, when that area was still part of Colombia. (Panama split off from Colombia in 1903 and became the independent nation of Panama). By spanning the isthmus, the line thus became the\",\n \"title\": \"Transcontinental railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"74195\",\n \"text\": \"aggressive construction policy was adopted. Macdonald confirmed that Port Moody would be the terminus of the transcontinental railway, and announced that the railway would follow the Fraser and Thompson rivers between Port Moody and Kamloops. In 1879, the federal government floated bonds in London and called for tenders to construct the section of the railway from Yale, British Columbia, to Savona's Ferry, on Kamloops Lake. The contract was awarded to Andrew Onderdonk, whose men started work on 15 May 1880. After the completion of that section, Onderdonk received contracts to build between Yale and Port Moody, and between Savona's Ferry\",\n \"title\": \"Canadian Pacific Railway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470780\",\n \"text\": \"two shifts of 12 hours each, managing the laborers. Once out of the Sierras, construction was much easier and faster. Horace Hamilton Minkler, track foreman for the Central Pacific, laid the last rail and tie before the Last Spike was driven. In order to keep the CPRR's Sierra grade open during the winter months, beginning in 1867, 37 miles of massive wooden snow sheds and galleries were built between Blue Cañon and Truckee, covering cuts and other points where there was danger of avalanches. 2,500 men and six material trains were employed in this work, which was completed in 1869.\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470787\",\n \"text\": \"by ferry. The original route from the Central Valley to the Bay skirted the Delta by heading south out of Sacramento through Stockton and crossing the San Joaquin River at Mossdale, then climbed over the Altamont Pass and reached the East Bay through Niles Canyon. The Western Pacific was originally chartered to go to San Jose, but the Central Pacific decided to build along the East Bay instead, as going from San Jose up the Peninsula to San Francisco itself would have brought it into conflict with competing interests. The railroad entered Alameda and Oakland from the south, roughly paralleling\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470774\",\n \"text\": \"Chinese. Emigrants from poverty stricken regions of China, many of which suffered from the strife of the Taiping Rebellion, seemed to be more willing to tolerate the living and working conditions on the railroad construction, and progress on the railroad continued. The increasing necessity for tunneling as they proceeded up the mountains then began to slow progress of the line yet again. The first step of construction was to survey the route and determine the locations where large excavations, tunnels and bridges would be needed. Crews could then start work in advance of the railroad reaching these locations. Supplies and\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"629520\",\n \"text\": \"construction of a transcontinental railroad strengthened the connection of British Columbia and the Northwest Territories to the Dominion of Canada they had recently joined, and acted as a bulwark against potential incursions by the United States. Subsequently, two other transcontinental lines were built in Canada: the Canadian Northern Railway (CNoR) opened another line to the Pacific in 1912, and the combined Grand Trunk Pacific Railway (GTPR)/National Transcontinental Railway (NTR) system opened in 1917 following the completion of the Quebec Bridge, although its line to the Pacific opened in 1914. The CNoR, GTPR, and NTR were nationalized to form the Canadian\",\n \"title\": \"Transcontinental railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470673\",\n \"text\": \"western states and territories into alignment with the northern Union states and made transporting passengers and goods coast-to-coast considerably quicker and less expensive. Paddle steamers linked Sacramento to the cities and their harbor facilities in the San Francisco Bay until 1869, when the CPRR completed and opened the WP grade (which the CPRR had acquired control of in 1867–68 ) to Alameda and Oakland. The first transcontinental rail passengers arrived at the Pacific Railroad's original western terminus at the Alameda Mole on September 6, 1869 where they transferred to the steamer \\\"Alameda\\\" for transport across the Bay to San Francisco.\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470721\",\n \"text\": \"4, 1868, the Union Pacific reached Evanston, having laid almost of track over the Green River and the Laramie Plains that year. By 1871, Evanston became a significant maintenance shop town equipped to carry out extensive repairs on the cars and steam locomotives. In the Utah Territory, the railroad once again diverted from the main emigrant trails to cross the Wasatch Mountains and went down the rugged Echo Canyon (Summit County, Utah) and Weber River canyon. To speed up construction as much as possible, Union Pacific contracted several thousand Mormon workers to cut, fill, trestle, bridge, blast and tunnel its\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"95215\",\n \"text\": \"1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1876 1877 1883 1885 1888 1899 1959 Central Pacific Railroad The Central Pacific Railroad (CPRR) was a rail route between California and Utah built eastwards from the West Coast in the 1860s, to complete the western part of the \\\"First Transcontinental Railroad\\\" in North America. It later became part of the Union Pacific Railroad. Many 19th century national proposals to build a transcontinental railroad failed because of the energy consumed by political disputes over slavery. With the secession of the South, the modernizers in the Republican Party controlled the US Congress. They passed legislation authorizing\",\n \"title\": \"Central Pacific Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470703\",\n \"text\": \"as possible at a minimum cost. Within a few years, nearly all railroads converted to steel rails. Time was not standardized across the United States and Canada until November 18, 1883. In 1865, each railroad set its own time to minimize scheduling errors. To communicate easily up and down the line, the railroads built telegraph lines alongside the railroad. These lines eventually superseded the original First Transcontinental Telegraph which followed much of the Mormon Trail up the North Platte River and across the very thinly populated Central Nevada Route through central Utah and Nevada. The telegraph lines along the railroad\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470724\",\n \"text\": \"10, 1869. Some Union Pacific officers declined to pay the Mormons all of the agreed upon construction costs of the work through Weber Canyon, and beyond, claiming Union Pacific poverty despite the millions they had extracted through the Crédit Mobilier of America scandal. Only partial payment was secured through court actions against Union Pacific. The Central Pacific laid of track, starting in Sacramento, California, in 1863 and continuing over the rugged Sierra Nevada mountains at Donner Pass into the new state of Nevada. The elevation change from Sacramento (elev. ) to Donner Summit (elev. ) had to be accomplished in\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"95200\",\n \"text\": \"Central Pacific Railroad The Central Pacific Railroad (CPRR) was a rail route between California and Utah built eastwards from the West Coast in the 1860s, to complete the western part of the \\\"First Transcontinental Railroad\\\" in North America. It later became part of the Union Pacific Railroad. Many 19th century national proposals to build a transcontinental railroad failed because of the energy consumed by political disputes over slavery. With the secession of the South, the modernizers in the Republican Party controlled the US Congress. They passed legislation authorizing the railroad, with financing in the form of government railroad bonds. These\",\n \"title\": \"Central Pacific Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470791\",\n \"text\": \"which was the first bridge to cross the Missouri River. This in turn connected to Kansas Pacific trains going from Kansas City to Denver, which in turn had built the Denver Pacific Railway connecting to the Union Pacific. In August 1870, the Kansas Pacific drove the last spike connecting to the Denver Pacific line at Strasburg, Colorado and the first true Atlantic to Pacific United States railroad was completed. Kansas City's head start in connecting to a true transcontinental railroad contributed to it rather than Omaha becoming the dominant rail center west of Chicago. The Kansas Pacific became part of\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5191092\",\n \"text\": \"of railroad lines had been built. The B&O's westward route reached the Ohio River in 1852, the first eastern seaboard railroad to do so. Railroad companies in the North and Midwest constructed networks that linked nearly every major city by 1860. The First Transcontinental Railroad in the U.S. was built across North America in the 1860s, linking the railroad network of the eastern U.S. with California on the Pacific coast. Finished on May 10, 1869 at the Golden spike event at Promontory Summit, Utah, it created a nationwide mechanized transportation network that revolutionized the population and economy of the American\",\n \"title\": \"Rail transportation in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470729\",\n \"text\": \"was identified as taking a long time was started as soon as its projected track location could be ascertained and work crews, supplies and road work equipment found to be sent ahead. Tunnels, trestles and bridges were nearly all built this way. The spread-out nature of the work resulted in the work being split into two divisions, with L.M. Clement taking the upper division from Blue Cañon to Truckee and Cadwalader taking the lower division from Truckee to the Nevada border. Other assistant engineers were assigned to specific tasks such as building a bridge, tunnel or trestle which was done\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1683047\",\n \"text\": \". By 1860, on the eve of civil war, the length had reached , mostly in the North. The South had much less trackage and it was geared to moving cotton short distances to river or ocean ports. The Southern railroads were destroyed during the war but were soon rebuilt. By 1890, the national system was virtually complete with . In 1869, the symbolically important transcontinental railroad was completed in the United States with the driving of a golden spike (near the city of Ogden). In Latin America in the late 19th and early 20th centuries railways were critical elements\",\n \"title\": \"History of rail transport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470709\",\n \"text\": \"Platte River, the railroad bridged the North Platte River over a bridge (nicknamed ½ mile bridge). It was built across the shallow but wide North Platte resting on piles driven by steam pile drivers. Here they built the \\\"railroad\\\" town of North Platte, Nebraska in December 1866 after completing about of track that year. In late 1866, former Major General Grenville M. Dodge was appointed Chief Engineer on the Union Pacific, but hard working General \\\"Jack\\\" Casement continued to work as chief construction \\\"boss\\\" and his brother Daniel Casement continued as financial officer. The original emigrant route across Wyoming of\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16142839\",\n \"text\": \"granted lands and construction privileges for the First Transcontinental Railroad project under the Pacific Railway Acts. Construction of this Overland Route was begun in 1863 and completed in 1869. The southern route did not become a reality until 1883, when the Southern Pacific Railroad linked New Orleans and the Gulf of Mexico with Los Angeles and the Pacific Ocean. The Memorial document is an attempt to persuade the U.S. Congress to authorize construction of the first Transcontinental Railroad via a southern route through New Mexico rather than the route that was eventually authorized by the Pacific Railway Acts of 1862\",\n \"title\": \"New Mexican Railway Company\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470784\",\n \"text\": \"they realized that the so-called \\\"Iron Horse\\\" threatened their existence. Security measures were further strengthened, and progress on the railroad continued. Six years after the groundbreaking, laborers of the Central Pacific Railroad from the west and the Union Pacific Railroad from the east met at Promontory Summit, Utah Territory. It was here on May 10, 1869, that Leland Stanford drove \\\"The Last Spike\\\" (or golden spike) that joined the rails of the transcontinental railroad. The spike is now on display at the Cantor Arts Center at Stanford University, while a second \\\"Last\\\" Golden Spike is also on display at the\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470751\",\n \"text\": \"of Colorado. The Kansas Pacific Railroad linked with the Denver Pacific Railway via Denver to Cheyenne in 1870. The original transcontinental railroad route did not pass through the two biggest cities in the so-called Great American Desert—Denver, Colorado, and Salt Lake City, Utah. Feeder railroad lines were soon built to service these two and other cities and states along the route. Modern-day Interstate 80 roughly follows the path of the railroad from Sacramento across modern day California, Nevada, Wyoming and Nebraska, with a few exceptions. Most significantly, the two routes are different between Wells, Nevada and Echo, Utah. In this\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470702\",\n \"text\": \"the wheel trucks. Alternatively, cargo was offloaded and reloaded, a time-consuming effort that delayed cargo shipments. For the transcontinental railroad, the builders adopted the English standard, what is now called standard gauge. The Bessemer process and open hearth furnace steel-making were in use by 1865, but the advantages of steel rails which lasted much longer than iron rails had not yet been demonstrated. The rails used initially in building the rail way were nearly all made of iron of a flat-bottomed modified I-beam profile weighing per or per . The railroad companies were intent on completing the project as rapidly\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470747\",\n \"text\": \"Railroad line from Promontory for about $2.8 million in 1870, it ended the short period of a boom town for Promontory, extended the Central Pacific tracks about and made Ogden a major terminus on the transcontinental railroad, as passengers and freight switched railroads there. Subsequent to the railhead's meeting at Promontory Summit, U.T., the San Joaquin River Bridge at Mossdale Crossing (near present-day Lathrop, California) was completed on September 8, 1869. As a result, the western part of the route was extended from Sacramento to the Alameda Terminal in Alameda, California, and shortly thereafter, to the Oakland Long Wharf at\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470728\",\n \"text\": \"the Sierras followed the general route of the Truckee branch of the California Trail, going east over Donner Pass and down the rugged Truckee River valley. The route over the Sierra had been plotted out by Judah in preliminary surveys before his death in 1863. Judah's deputy, Samuel S. Montague was appointed as Central Pacific's new Chief Engineer, with Lewis M. Clement as Assistant Chief Engineer and Charles Cadwalader as second assistant. To build the new railroad, detailed surveys had to be run that showed where the cuts, fills, trestles, bridges and tunnels would have to be built. Work that\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470704\",\n \"text\": \"were easier to protect and maintain. Many of the original telegraph lines were abandoned as the telegraph business was consolidated with the railroad telegraph lines. The Union Pacific's of track started at MP 0.0 in Council Bluffs, Iowa, on the eastern side of the Missouri River. Omaha was chosen by President Abraham Lincoln as the location of its Transfer Depot where up to seven railroads could transfer mail and other goods to Union Pacific trains bound for the west. Trains were initially transported across the Missouri River by ferry before they could access the western tracks beginning in Omaha, Nebraska\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"629526\",\n \"text\": \"above with standard gauge . Since 1970, when the direct standard gauge line across the country was completed, the passenger train on the Sydney to Perth line has been called the Indian Pacific. The proposed Iron Boomerang would connect iron in the Pilbara with coal in Queensland, so achieving loaded operations in both directions. Transcontinental railroad A transcontinental railroad is a contiguous network of railroad trackage that crosses a continental land mass with terminals at different oceans or continental borders. Such networks can be via the tracks of either a single railroad, or over those owned or controlled by multiple\",\n \"title\": \"Transcontinental railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2730614\",\n \"text\": \"Northern Pacific Railway The Northern Pacific Railway was a transcontinental railroad that operated across the northern tier of the western United States, from Minnesota to the Pacific Northwest. It was approved by Congress in 1864 and given nearly of land grants, which it used to raise money in Europe for construction. Construction began in 1870 and the main line opened all the way from the Great Lakes to the Pacific when former President Ulysses S. Grant drove in the final \\\"golden spike\\\" in western Montana on September 8, 1883. The railroad had about of track and served a large area,\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Pacific Railway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470748\",\n \"text\": \"Oakland Point in Oakland, California, and on to San Jose, California. Train ferries transferred some railroad cars to and from the Oakland wharves and tracks to wharves and tracks in San Francisco. Before the CPRR was completed, developers were building other feeder railroads like the Virginia and Truckee Railroad to the Comstock Lode diggings in Virginia City, Nevada, and several different extensions in California and Nevada to reach other cities there. Some of their main cargo was the thousands of cords of firewood needed for the many steam engines and pumps, cooking stoves, heating stoves etc. in Comstock Lode towns\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3622281\",\n \"text\": \"in the Western United States. The first Union Pacific Railroad, pronounced \\\"Union Pacific Rail Road\\\" was incorporated on July 1, 1862, under an act of Congress entitled Pacific Railroad Act of 1862. The act was approved by President Abraham Lincoln, and it provided for the construction of railroads from the Missouri River to the Pacific as a war measure for the preservation of the Union. It was constructed westward from Council Bluffs, Iowa to meet the Central Pacific Railroad line, which was constructed eastward from San Francisco Bay. The combined Union Pacific-Central Pacific line became known as the First Transcontinental\",\n \"title\": \"Union Pacific Corporation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1284952\",\n \"text\": \"and the Civil War delayed construction of the proposed railroad. The Southern Pacific Railroad from Los Angeles reached Yuma, Arizona, in 1877, Tucson in March 1880, Deming, New Mexico in December 1880, and El Paso in May 1881, the first railroad across the Gadsden Purchase. At the same time, 1879-1881, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad was building across New Mexico and met the Southern Pacific at Deming, New Mexico March 7, 1881, completing the second transcontinental railroad (the first, the central transcontinental, was completed May 10, 1869 at Promontory Summit, Utah). Acquiring trackage rights over the SP, from\",\n \"title\": \"Gadsden Purchase\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1431492\",\n \"text\": \"the recent Civil War. Under the guidance of its dominant stockholder Dr. Thomas Clark Durant, the namesake of the city of Durant, Iowa, the first rails were laid in Omaha. The two lines were joined together at Promontory Summit, Utah, west of Ogden on May 10, 1869, hence creating the first transcontinental railroad in North America.Subsequently, the UP purchased three Mormon-built roads: the Utah Central Railroad extending south from Ogden to Salt Lake City, the Utah Southern Railroad extending south from Salt Lake City into the Utah Valley, and the Utah Northern Railroad extending north from Ogden into Idaho. The\",\n \"title\": \"Union Pacific Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3930688\",\n \"text\": \"transportation policies. The federal government had encouraged the Grand Trunk Railway (GTR) system in the 1870s to consider building the transcontinental rail line. During the same time, a government survey party under the direction of Sandford Fleming set out across Canada to survey routes for the proposed railway. The \\\"Canadian Pacific Survey\\\", as it was called, surveyed routes to a number of Pacific Coast destinations (including Victoria on Vancouver Island). When Grand Trunk balked at building a railway using the survey, the government turned to the privately owned Canadian Pacific. CPR, one of whose directors was James J. Hill, from\",\n \"title\": \"National Transcontinental Railway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3930687\",\n \"text\": \"National Transcontinental Railway The National Transcontinental Railway (NTR) was a historic railway between Winnipeg and Moncton in Canada. Much of the line is now operated by the Canadian National Railway. The completion of construction of Canada's first transcontinental railway, the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) on November 7, 1885, preceded a tremendous economic expansion and immigration boom in western Canada during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. But the monopolistic policies of the CPR, coupled with its southerly routing (new scientific discoveries were pushing the northern boundary of cereal crops), led to increasing western discontent with the railway and federal\",\n \"title\": \"National Transcontinental Railway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470788\",\n \"text\": \"what would later become U.S. Route 50 and later still Interstates 5, 205, and 580. A more direct route was obtained with the purchase of the California Pacific Railroad, crossing the Sacramento River and proceeding southwest through Davis to Benicia, where it crossed the Carquinez Strait by means of an enormous train ferry, then followed the shores of the San Pablo and San Francisco bays to Richmond and the Port of Oakland (paralleling U.S. Route 40 which ultimately became Interstate 80). In 1930, a rail bridge across the Carquinez replaced the Benicia ferries. Very early on, the Central Pacific learned\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"629512\",\n \"text\": \"Transcontinental railroad A transcontinental railroad is a contiguous network of railroad trackage that crosses a continental land mass with terminals at different oceans or continental borders. Such networks can be via the tracks of either a single railroad, or over those owned or controlled by multiple railway companies along a continuous route. Although Europe is crisscrossed by railways, the railroads within Europe are usually not considered transcontinental, with the possible exception of the historic Orient Express. Transcontinental railroads helped open up unpopulated interior regions of continents to exploration and settlement that would not otherwise have been feasible. In many cases\",\n \"title\": \"Transcontinental railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470683\",\n \"text\": \"and Emigrant Gap, over Donner Pass, and south to Truckee. They discovered a way across the Sierras that was gradual enough to be made suitable for a railroad, although it still needed a lot of work. Four northern California businessmen formed the Central Pacific Railroad: Leland Stanford, (1824–1893), President; Collis Potter Huntington, (1821–1900), Vice President; Mark Hopkins, (1813–1878), Treasurer; Charles Crocker, (1822–1888), Construction Supervisor. All became substantially wealthy from their association with the railroad. Former ophthalmologist Dr. Thomas Clark \\\"Doc\\\" Durant was nominally only a vice president of Union Pacific, so he installed a series of respected men like John\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2955390\",\n \"text\": \"heavy use of rolling stock wore them out. In 1864-65 the Confederate railroad network collapsed; little traffic moved in 1865. The Southern states had blocked westward rail expansion before 1860, but after secession the Pacific Railway Acts were passed in 1862, allowing the first transcontinental railroad to be completed in 1869, making possible a six-day trip from New York to San Francisco. Other transcontinentals were built in the South (Southern Pacific, Santa Fe) and along the Canada–US border (Northern Pacific, Great Northern), accelerating the settlement of the West by offering inexpensive farms and ranches on credit, carrying pioneers and supplies\",\n \"title\": \"History of rail transport in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470761\",\n \"text\": \"horse or mule pulled carts, and a few railroad pulled gondolas. The construction work involved an immense amount of manual labor. Initially, Central Pacific had a hard time hiring and keeping unskilled workers on its line, as many would leave for the prospect of far more lucrative gold or silver mining options elsewhere. Despite the concerns expressed by Charles Crocker, one of the \\\"big four\\\" and a general contractor, that the Chinese were too small in stature and lacking previous experience with railroad work, they decided to try them anyway. After the first few days of trial with a few\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2097149\",\n \"text\": \"aloft in the scene commemorating the actual event, although a brass prop was used for the hammering sequence. Promontory Summit marks the site where the First Transcontinental Railroad was officially completed, although a direct coast-to-coast rail journey on this route was not achieved until 1873. The Mossdale Bridge spanning the San Joaquin River near Lathrop, California was completed in September 1869, connecting Sacramento, California to the network. Passengers had to cross the Missouri River by boat between Council Bluffs, Iowa and Omaha, Nebraska until the Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge was built in 1873. In the meantime, the first uninterrupted\",\n \"title\": \"Promontory, Utah\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470696\",\n \"text\": \"of San Francisco. The Central Pacific hired some Canadian and British engineers and surveyors with extensive experience building railroads, but it had a difficult time finding semi-skilled labor. Most Caucasians in California preferred to work in the mines or agriculture. The railroad experimented by hiring local emigrant Chinese as manual laborers, many of whom were escaping the poverty and terrors of the Taiping Rebellion in the Guangdong province in China. When they proved themselves as workers, the CPRR from that point forward preferred to hire Chinese, and even set up recruiting efforts in Canton. Despite their small stature and lack\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470777\",\n \"text\": \"of conditions. However, Chinese laborers did far more than mix the volatile ingredients of nitroglycerin for the Central Pacific. Their hard work was also crucial in the construction of 15 tunnels along the railroad's line through the Sierra Nevada mountains. These tunnels were about 32 feet (10 m) high and 16 feet (5 m) wide. When tunnels with vertical shafts were dug to increase construction speed, and tunneling began in the middle of the tunnel, at first hand-powered derricks were used to help remove loose rocks up the vertical shafts. These derricks were later replaced with steam hoists as work\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470712\",\n \"text\": \"terrain, while a railroad connection to that City was already being planned for and surveyed. Efforts to survey a new, shorter, \\\"better\\\" route had been under way since 1864. By 1867, a new route was found and surveyed that went along part of the South Platte River in western Nebraska and after entering what is now the state of Wyoming, ascended a gradual sloping ridge between Lodgepole Creek and Crow Creek to Evans pass (also called Sherman's Pass) which was discovered by the Union Pacific employed English surveyor and engineer, James Evans, in about 1864. This pass now is marked\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470674\",\n \"text\": \"The road's rail terminus was moved two months later to the Oakland Long Wharf about a mile to the north. Service between San Francisco and Oakland Pier continued to be provided by ferry. The CPRR eventually purchased of UPRR-built grade from Promontory Summit (MP 828) to Ogden, U.T. (MP 881), which became the interchange point between trains of the two roads. The transcontinental line was popularly known as the \\\"Overland Route\\\" after the principal passenger rail service that operated over the length of the line until 1962. Building a railroad line that connected the United States coast-to-coast was advocated in\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470732\",\n \"text\": \"crew worked drilling holes on the faces and another crew collected and removed the loosened rock after each explosion. The workers were pulled off the summit tunnel and the track grading east of Donner Pass in the winter of 1865–66 as there was no way to supply them, nor quarters they could have lived in. The crews were transferred to work on bridges and track grading on the Truckee River canyon. In 1866 they put in a vertical shaft in the center of the summit tunnel and started work towards the east and west tunnel faces, giving four working faces\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470733\",\n \"text\": \"on the summit tunnel to speed up progress. A steam engine off an old locomotive was brought up with much effort over the wagon road and used as a winch driver to help remove loosened rock from the vertical shaft and two working faces. By the winter of 1866–67, work had progressed sufficiently and a camp had been built for workers on the summit tunnel which allowed work to continue. The cross section of a tunnel face was a , oval with an vertical wall. Progress on the tunnel sped up to over per day per face when they started\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12125447\",\n \"text\": \"start a steamship line to California, since the Gold Rush started the next year. The company's first vessel to make the trip was packed with passengers. Pacific Mail eventually became American President Lines, which is now part of Neptune Orient Lines. Following the Steamship Company, Aspinwall then promoted a railway in Panama. The project, which began in May 1850 and was later known as the Panama Canal Railway, was the first transcontinental railroad in the Americas and was built to provide a shorter and more secure path between the United States' East and West Coasts. When completed in 1855, the\",\n \"title\": \"William Henry Aspinwall\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"629518\",\n \"text\": \"Beyond Toledo, the planned route would have used the Wheeling and Lake Erie Railroad (1900), Wabash Pittsburgh Terminal Railway, Little Kanawha Railroad, West Virginia Central and Pittsburgh Railway, Western Maryland Railroad, and Philadelphia and Western Railway, but the Panic of 1907 strangled the plans before the Little Kanawha section in West Virginia could be finished. The Alphabet Route was completed in 1931, providing the portion of this line east of the Mississippi River. With the merging of the railroads, only the Union Pacific Railroad and the BNSF Railway remain to carry the entire route. The completion of Canada's first transcontinental\",\n \"title\": \"Transcontinental railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3237341\",\n \"text\": \"water and the construction was delayed by only a few months. Trial runs were carried out from November 1861 while construction was still under way. The first trip over the whole line was in May 1862 with William Gladstone among the guests. By the end of 1862 work was complete at a cost of £1.3 million. Board of Trade inspections took place in late December 1862 and early January 1863 to approve the railway for opening. After minor signalling changes were made, approval was granted and a few days of operating trials were carried out before the grand opening on\",\n \"title\": \"Metropolitan Railway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"629524\",\n \"text\": \"1910 as a connection between Puntarenas and Limón in gauge. There is activity to revive the connection between Valparaíso and Santiago in Chile and Mendoza, Argentina, through the \\\"Transandino\\\" project. Mendoza has an active connection to Buenos Aires. The old Transandino began in 1910 and ceased passenger service in 1978 and freight 4 years later. Technically a complete transcontinental link exists from Arica, Chile, to La Paz, Bolivia, to Buenos Aires, but this trans-Andean crossing is for freight only. On December 6, 2017 the Brazilian President Terner and his Bolivian counterpart Morales signed an agreement for an Atlantic - Pacific\",\n \"title\": \"Transcontinental railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3930691\",\n \"text\": \"the federal government's offer for assistance to expand the CNoR in 1903 and in doing so, the federal government under Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier committed to building a transcontinental system in partnership with the GTR. In keeping with the trend of railways to exploit virgin territories, the government-backed \\\"transcon\\\" would run from the port of Prince Rupert, British Columbia, across the northern portion of the prairies to Winnipeg, and from there across northern Ontario and Quebec to Quebec City where it would cross the St. Lawrence River and continue on to its eastern terminus at Moncton, New Brunswick, by way\",\n \"title\": \"National Transcontinental Railway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470760\",\n \"text\": \"carrying him to the final spike ceremony was held up by a strike by unpaid workers in Piedmont, Wyoming until he paid them for their work. Representatives of Brigham Young had less success, and failed in court to force him to honor the contract. The manual labor to build the Central Pacific's roadbed, bridges and tunnels was done primarily by many thousands of emigrant workers from China under the direction of skilled non-Chinese supervisors. The Chinese were commonly referred to at the time as \\\"Celestials\\\" and China as the \\\"Celestial Kingdom.\\\" Labor-saving devices in those days consisted primarily of wheelbarrows,\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16014357\",\n \"text\": \"Empire Express Empire Express: Building the First Transcontinental Railroad is a book written by David Haward Bain, published in 2000. It follows the initial conception of the idea of a transcontinental railroad, during the two decades before the Civil War, to the work of the engineers and entrepreneurs who fixed the route, assembled financing, drafted a work force and launched the two lines toward the eventual meeting point at Promontory Summit, Utah, in 1869. The story alternates between the Union Pacific driving west from Omaha and the Central Pacific blasting through the mountains from California. Bain examines the impact of\",\n \"title\": \"Empire Express\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470738\",\n \"text\": \"down the eastern Sierras was done on the south side of Donner Lake with a series of switchbacks carved into the mountain. The Truckee River, which drains Lake Tahoe, had already found and scoured out the best route across the Carson Range of mountains east of the Sierras. The route down the rugged Truckee River Canyon, including required bridges, was done ahead of the main summit tunnel completion. To expedite the building of the railroad through the Truckee River canyon, the Central Pacific hauled two small locomotives, railcars, rails and other material on wagons and sleighs to what is now\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470701\",\n \"text\": \"the U.S. Civil War ended on June 22, 1865, the Union Pacific still competed for railroad supplies with companies who were building or repairing railroads in the south, and prices rose. At that time in the United States, there were two primary standards for track gauge, as defined by the distance between the two rails. In England, the standard gauge was 4 ft 8 1⁄2 inch (1.435 m), and this had been adopted by the majority of northern railways. But much of the south had adopted a 5-foot gauge. Transferring railway cars across a break of gauge required changing out\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16447351\",\n \"text\": \"in a tent show. Tent shows would not have been so widespread in the United States were it not for the expansion of the railroad system. On July 1, 1862, \\\"President Abraham Lincoln signed into law the Pacific Railroad Act, which launched perhaps the most audacious enterprise of 19th century American civil engineering: the construction of a 1,776 mile long railroad from the Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean.\\\" This railroad would eventually be called the First Transcontinental Railroad, and its effect would be to open \\\"the American West to settlement and commerce as never before... A coast-to-coast journey that\",\n \"title\": \"Tent show\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470745\",\n \"text\": \"of track from Reno to Promontory Summit in the one year before the Last Spike was driven on May 10, 1869. Central Pacific had 1,694 freight cars available by May 1869, with more under construction in their Sacramento yard. Major repairs and maintenance on the Central Pacific rolling stock was done in their Sacramento maintenance yard. Near the end of 1869, Central Pacific had 162 locomotives, of which 2 had two drivers (drive wheels), 110 had four drivers, and 50 had six drivers. The steam locomotives had been purchased in the eastern states and shipped to California by sea. Thirty-six\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2730667\",\n \"text\": \"His \\\"Northern Pacific Views\\\" photographically documented over the years, the routes, destinations, infrastructure and equipment of the railroad. Northern Pacific Railway The Northern Pacific Railway was a transcontinental railroad that operated across the northern tier of the western United States, from Minnesota to the Pacific Northwest. It was approved by Congress in 1864 and given nearly of land grants, which it used to raise money in Europe for construction. Construction began in 1870 and the main line opened all the way from the Great Lakes to the Pacific when former President Ulysses S. Grant drove in the final \\\"golden spike\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Pacific Railway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5859236\",\n \"text\": \"1912 in Port Augusta. Work proceeded eastwards from Kalgoorlie and westwards from Port Augusta through the years of the First World War. By 1915, the two ends of the line were just over apart with materials being delivered daily. Construction progressed steadily as the line was extended through dry and desolate regions until the two halves of the line met at Ooldea on 17 October 1917. Commonwealth Railways was established in 1917 to administer the line. The entire intercity route was not converted to standard gauge until 1970. In 2008, its engineering heritage was recognized by the installation of markers\",\n \"title\": \"Trans-Australian Railway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470684\",\n \"text\": \"Adams Dix as president of the railroad. Durant and its financing arrangements were, unlike those of the CPRR, mired in controversy and scandals. In February 1860, Iowa Representative Samuel Curtis introduced a bill to fund the railroad. It passed the House but died when it could not be reconciled with the Senate version due to opposition from southern states who wanted a southern route near the 42nd parallel. Curtis tried and failed again in 1861. After the southern states seceded from the Union, the House of Representatives approved the bill on May 6, 1862, and the Senate on June 20.\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470797\",\n \"text\": \"bargains, among them the control of the Union Pacific Railroad and Western Union. Visible remains of the historic line are still easily located—hundreds of miles are still in service today, especially through the Sierra Nevada Mountains and canyons in Utah and Wyoming. While the original rail has long since been replaced because of age and wear, and the roadbed upgraded and repaired, the lines generally run on top of the original, handmade grade. Vista points on Interstate 80 through California's Truckee Canyon provide a panoramic view of many miles of the original Central Pacific line and of the snow sheds\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470716\",\n \"text\": \"treeless plains across Nebraska and Wyoming. Coal shipments by rail were also looked on as a potentially major source of income—this potential is still being realized. The Union Pacific reached the new railroad town of Cheyenne in December 1867, having laid about that year. They paused over the winter, preparing to push the track over Evans (Sherman's) pass. At , Evans/Sherman's pass is the highest point reached on the transcontinental railroad. About beyond Evans/Sherman's pass, the railroad had to build an extensive bridge over the Dale Creek canyon (41.103803, −105.454797, lat., long.). The Dale Creek Crossing was one of their\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18664258\",\n \"text\": \"the first to evolve into a major system. In 1869, the symbolically important transcontinental railroad was completed in the US with the driving of a golden spike at Promontory, Utah. The electrical telegraph was first successfully demonstrated on 25 July 1837 between Euston and Camden Town in London. It entered commercial use on the Great Western Railway over the from Paddington station to West Drayton on 9 April 1839. In the United States, the telegraph was developed by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail. On 24 May 1844, Morse made the first public demonstration of his telegraph by sending a message\",\n \"title\": \"History of infrastructure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470792\",\n \"text\": \"the Union Pacific in 1880. On June 4, 1876, an express train called the \\\"Transcontinental Express\\\" arrived in San Francisco via the First Transcontinental Railroad only 83 hours and 39 minutes after it had left New York City. Only ten years before, the same journey would have taken months over land or weeks on ship, possibly all the way around South America. The Central Pacific got a direct route to San Francisco when it was merged with the Southern Pacific Railroad to create the Southern Pacific Company in 1885. The Union Pacific initially took over the Southern Pacific in 1901\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12719016\",\n \"text\": \"workers and additional equipment as well as the construction of the line from the east to the west (not just west to east). With Hoadley's firm managerial hand, construction of the railroad was finished a year in advance, despite its early troubles. The railway ran its first train on January 28, 1855, making it the first transcontinental railroad in North America. Hoadley chartered a steamship and traveled to Panama for the occasion, where he rode the train to the Pacific Ocean. Hoadley retired from the Panama Railroad in 1869.He sold his home in New York City and moved to Englewood,\",\n \"title\": \"David Hoadley (businessman)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"66489\",\n \"text\": \"near Argentine Pass, the first of many silver strikes. In 1867, the Union Pacific Railroad laid its tracks west to Weir, now Julesburg, in the northeast corner of the Territory. The Union Pacific linked up with the Central Pacific Railroad at Promontory Summit, Utah, on May 10, 1869, to form the First Transcontinental Railroad. The Denver Pacific Railway reached Denver in June the following year, and the Kansas Pacific arrived two months later to forge the second line across the continent. In 1872, rich veins of silver were discovered in the San Juan Mountains on the Ute Indian reservation in\",\n \"title\": \"Colorado\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470687\",\n \"text\": \"Durant enticed other investors by offering to front money for the stock they purchased in their names. This scheme enabled Durant to control about half of the railroad stock. The initial construction of UP grade traversed land owned by Durant. Durant's railroad was paid by the mile, and to further inflate its profits, the UP built oxbows of unneeded track, and by July 4, 1865, it had only reached from Omaha after 2½ years of construction. Durant manipulated market prices on his stocks by spreading rumors about which railroads he had an interest in were being considered for connection with\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13152420\",\n \"text\": \"with the F&S in Belfast, Washington. The first Seattle–Brownsville through train ran on November 27, 1891; regular service began on December 4. The GN transcontinental route was completed in 1893; it connected to the Seattle and Montana at Everett, Washington. In August 1902, the John Hendry-owned Vancouver, Westminster and Yukon Railway began construction of a line from the rapidly growing city of Vancouver, British Columbia to New Westminster, with a bridge crossing the Fraser River to connect with the GN. The GN gained access to Vancouver with the completion of the New Westminster Bridge and the VW&Y in late 1904.\",\n \"title\": \"Pacific Northwest Corridor\"\n }\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":79090,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":79090,"string":"79,090"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["7 December 1941"],"string":"[\n \"7 December 1941\"\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"when did the us enter world war 2"},"compressed_prompt":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Question:\\nPlease write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: History of United States foreign policy context: materials. The United States officially entered World War II against Germany, Japan, and Italy in December 1941, following the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. This time the U.S. was a full-fledged member of the Allies of World War II, not just an \\\"associate\\\" as in the first war. During the war, the U.S. conducted military operations on both the Atlantic and Pacific fronts. After the war and devastation of its European and Asian rivals, the United States found itself in a uniquely powerful position due to the lack of damage to its domestic industries. After 1945, the isolationist pattern\\n\\nwhen did the us enter world war 2\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 184,\n \"origin_tokens\": 184,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"14138450","text":"materials. The United States officially entered World War II against Germany, Japan, and Italy in December 1941, following the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. This time the U.S. was a full-fledged member of the Allies of World War II, not just an \"associate\" as in the first war. During the war, the U.S. conducted military operations on both the Atlantic and Pacific fronts. After the war and devastation of its European and Asian rivals, the United States found itself in a uniquely powerful position due to the lack of damage to its domestic industries. After 1945, the isolationist pattern","title":"History of United States foreign policy"},{"id":"187439","text":"Islands also fell to Allied forces during the war. The Pacific front saw major action during the Second World War, mainly between the belligerents Japan and the United States. The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on the morning of 7 December 1941 (8 December in Japan). The attack led to the United States' entry into World War II. The attack was intended as a preventive action in order to keep the U.S. Pacific Fleet from interfering with military actions the","title":"History of Oceania"},{"id":"454871","text":"in China and Indochina by mid-December. In the Pacific, US forces continued to press back the Japanese perimeter. In mid-June 1944, they began their offensive against the Mariana and Palau islands, and decisively defeated Japanese forces in the Battle of the Philippine Sea. These defeats led to the resignation of the Japanese Prime Minister, Hideki Tojo, and provided the United States with air bases to launch intensive heavy bomber attacks on the Japanese home islands. In late October, American forces invaded the Filipino island of Leyte; soon after, Allied naval forces scored another large victory in the Battle of Leyte","title":"World War II"},{"id":"454788","text":"the long Battle of the Atlantic followed. On 22 June 1941, the European Axis powers launched an invasion of the Soviet Union, opening the largest land theatre of war in history. This Eastern Front trapped the Axis, most crucially the German Wehrmacht, into a war of attrition. In December 1941, Japan launched a surprise attack on the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean. Following an immediate U.S. declaration of war against Japan, supported by one from Great Britain, the European Axis powers quickly declared war on the U.S. in solidarity with their Japanese ally. Rapid Japanese conquests","title":"World War II"},{"id":"5500609","text":"war on Japan, and Japan's allies Germany and Italy declared war on the US, bringing the US into World War II. On 8 December 1941, following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States Congress declared war on Japan at the request of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. This was followed by Germany and Italy declaring war on the United States on 11 December, bringing the country into the European theatre. The US-led Allied forces in the Pacific theatre against Japanese forces from 1941 to 1945. From 1943 to 1945, the US-led and coordinated the Western Allies' war effort in Europe","title":"Allies of World War II"},{"id":"299338","text":"in September 1914. A company of Australians and a British warship besieged the Germans and their colonial subjects, ending with a German surrender. The attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters, was a surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on the morning of 7 December 1941. The attack led to the United States' entry into World War II. The Japanese subsequently invaded New Guinea, Solomon Islands and other Pacific islands. The Japanese were turned back at the Battle of the Coral Sea and the","title":"Oceania"},{"id":"7529824","text":"Military history of the United States during World War II The military history of the United States in World War II covers the war against Germany, Italy, and Japan, starting with the 7 December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor. During the first two years of World War II, the United States had maintained formal neutrality as made official in the Quarantine Speech delivered by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1937, while supplying Britain, the Soviet Union, and China with war materiel through the Lend-Lease Act which was signed into law on 11 March 1941, as well as deploying the","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"12559783","text":"before rejoining his unit at Camp Edwards in Falmouth, Massachusetts. While there, he was promoted to captain. In early April 1943, sixteen months after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, on December 7, 1941 and the subsequent German declaration of war on the United States, four days later, which brought the United States into World War II, the 36th Division, commanded by Major General Fred L. Walker, a distinguished World War I veteran, was shipped from New York Harbor to Oran, Algeria, and was then stationed in Rabat in Morocco. The division, originally slated to participate in \"Operation Husky\", the","title":"Henry T. Waskow"},{"id":"703917","text":"Kazuo Sakamaki, was captured. The surprise attack came as a profound shock to the American people and led directly to the American entry into World War II in both the Pacific and European theaters. The following day, December 8, the United States declared war on Japan, and several days later, on December 11, Germany and Italy each declared war on the U.S. The U.S. responded with a declaration of war against Germany and Italy. Domestic support for non-interventionism, which had been fading since the Fall of France in 1940, disappeared. There were numerous historical precedents for unannounced military action by","title":"Attack on Pearl Harbor"},{"id":"7529849","text":"and Allied merchant shipping. The convoys, coming mainly from North America and predominantly going to the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, were protected for the most part by the British and Canadian navies and air forces. These forces were aided by ships and aircraft of the United States from September 13, 1941. The Germans were joined by submarines of the Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina) after their Axis ally Italy entered the war on June 10, 1940. The United States entered the war in the west with Operation Torch on 8 November 1942, after their Soviet allies had pushed","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"11195165","text":"the legality of the curfews and relocations during the war. In the 1980s, new information was used to vacate the conviction of Yasui. On September 1, 1939, Nazi Germany invaded neighboring Poland, starting World War II. After two years of combat neutrality, the United States was drawn into the war as an active participant after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt responded to fears of a fifth column composed of Japanese-Americans by issuing Executive Order 9066 on February 19, 1942. This executive order authorized the military to create zones of exclusion,","title":"Yasui v. United States"},{"id":"4457447","text":"first American-caused casualties occurred on 7 December 1941 when the attacked and sank a Japanese midget submarine near the entrance to Pearl Harbor prior to the commencement of the Japanese air attack upon Hawaii later that day. As a result of the attack on Hawaii, America declared war on Japan on 8 December 1941. Germany and Italy declared war on the United States three days later. The first planned offensive action by the United States in World War II came in January 1942 when the aircraft carrier attacked Japanese bases in the Marshall Islands. First engagement of neutral United States","title":"First engagement of neutral United States in World War II before the attack on Pearl Harbor"},{"id":"14740059","text":"down the process – it was not delivered to the U.S. Secretary of State until after the Pearl Harbor attack. Following the U.S. declaration, Japan's allies, Germany and Italy, declared war on the United States, bringing the United States fully into World War II. The attack on Pearl Harbor took place before a declaration of war by Japan had been delivered to the United States. It was originally stipulated that the attack should not commence until thirty minutes after Japan had informed the US that it was withdrawing from further peace negotiations, but the attack began before the notice could","title":"United States declaration of war on Japan"},{"id":"454791","text":"Following the Potsdam Declaration by the Allies on 26 July 1945 and the refusal of Japan to surrender under its terms, the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 and 9 August respectively. With an invasion of the Japanese archipelago imminent, the possibility of additional atomic bombings, the Soviet entry into the war against Japan and its invasion of Manchuria, Japan announced its intention to surrender on 15 August 1945, cementing total victory in Asia for the Allies. Tribunals were set up by fiat by the Allies and war crimes trials were","title":"World War II"},{"id":"7529842","text":"Argentia on 1 July. On 7 July, Britain persuaded the Althing to approve an American occupation force under a U.S.-Icelandic defense agreement, and TF 19 anchored off Reykjavík that evening. U.S. Marines commenced landing on 8 July, and disembarkation was completed on 12 July. On 6 August, the U.S. Navy established an air base at Reykjavík with the arrival of Patrol Squadron VP-73 PBY Catalinas and VP-74 PBM Mariners. U.S. Army personnel began arriving in Iceland in August, and the Marines had been transferred to the Pacific by March 1942. Up to 40,000 U.S. military personnel were stationed on the","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"19272708","text":"On 7 December 1941, the United States of America entered World War II following the bombing of Pearl Harbour in Hawaii by Japanese carrier-borne aircraft. The United Kingdom and its Commonwealth had been at war with Germany since September 1939, but now the war was truly global. Japan attacked the Philippines and Thailand, and advanced through Malaya and the Netherlands East Indies (now Indonesia). Singapore fell on 15 February 1942 and two brigades of the 8th Division of the 2nd Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF) were captured, while the third brigade was destroyed piecemeal on the islands of Timor, Ambon","title":"Mount St John Anti-Aircraft Battery"},{"id":"1965607","text":"meaning and playing of the game, in the September 1941 issue of \"The Atlantic Monthly\". A 2018 profile of Berg in \"The New York Times\" described the essay as, \"still one of the most insightful works ever penned about the game.\" With the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese on December 7, 1941, the United States was thrust into World War II. To do his part for the war effort, Berg accepted a position with Nelson Rockefeller's Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs on January 5, 1942. Nine days later, his father, Bernard, died. During the summer of","title":"Moe Berg"},{"id":"7529825","text":"U.S. military to replace the British invasion forces in Iceland. In the Pacific Theater, there was unofficial early U.S. combat activity such as the Flying Tigers. During the war, over 16 million Americans served in the United States Armed Forces, with 405,399 killed in action and 671,278 wounded. There were also 130,201 American prisoners of war, of whom 116,129 returned home after the war. Key civilian advisors to President Roosevelt included Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson, who mobilized the nation's industries and induction centers to supply the Army, commanded by General George Marshall and the Army Air Forces under","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"7529908","text":"the defeat of the German army in the Ardennes, the Allies pushed back towards the Rhine and the heart of Germany. With the capture of the Ludendorff bridge at Remagen, the Allies crossed the Rhine in March 1945. The Americans then executed a pincer movement, setting up the Ninth Army north, and the First Army south. When the Allies closed the pincer, 300,000 Germans were captured in the Ruhr Pocket. The Americans then turned east, first meeting up with the Soviets at Torgau on the Elbe River in April. The Germans surrendered Berlin to the Soviets on 2 May 1945.","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"454843","text":"a defensive war. To prevent American intervention while securing the perimeter, it was further planned to neutralise the United States Pacific Fleet and the American military presence in the Philippines from the outset. On 7 December 1941 (8 December in Asian time zones), Japan attacked British and American holdings with near-simultaneous offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific. These included an attack on the American fleets at Pearl Harbor and the Philippines, landings in Thailand and Malaya, and the Battle of Hong Kong. These attacks led the United States, United Kingdom, China, Australia and several other states to formally","title":"World War II"},{"id":"7529955","text":"Empire and Chinese forces in Burma and suffered many casualties. On 10 August 1944 the Marauders were consolidated into the 475th Infantry. The U.S. also had an adviser to Chiang Kai-shek and Joseph Stillwell. Units of the Tenth Air Force, Fourteenth Air Force, and Twentieth Air Force of the USAAF also served in the theatre, including the previously mentioned \"Flying Tigers\". Military history of the United States during World War II The military history of the United States in World War II covers the war against Germany, Italy, and Japan, starting with the 7 December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor.","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"14214755","text":"country, further increasing tension in the Pacific. In late 1941, Japan's government, led by Prime Minister and General Hideki Tojo, decided to break the US-led embargo through force of arms. On December 7, 1941, the Imperial Japanese Navy launched a surprise attack on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. This brought the US into World War II on the side of the Allies. Japan then successfully invaded the Asian colonies of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands, including the Philippines, Malaya, Hong Kong, Singapore, Burma, and the Dutch East Indies. In the early stages of the","title":"History of Japan"},{"id":"7529853","text":"island, U.S. 7th Army lost 8,781 men (2,237 killed or missing, 5,946 wounded, and 598 captured). Following the Allied victory in Sicily, Italian public sentiment swung against the war and Italian dictator Benito Mussolini. He was deposed in a coup, and the Allies struck quickly, hoping resistance would be slight. The first Allied troops landed on the Italian peninsula on 3 September 1943 and Italy surrendered on 8 September, however the Italian Social Republic was established soon afterwards. The first American troops landed at Salerno on 9 September 1943, by U.S. 5th Army, however German troops in Italy were prepared","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"454825","text":"any direct military intervention in the conflict well into 1941. In December 1940 Roosevelt accused Hitler of planning world conquest and ruled out any negotiations as useless, calling for the United States to become an \"arsenal of democracy\" and promoting Lend-Lease programmes of aid to support the British war effort. The United States started strategic planning to prepare for a full-scale offensive against Germany. At the end of September 1940, the Tripartite Pact formally united Japan, Italy and Germany as the Axis Powers. The Tripartite Pact stipulated that any country, with the exception of the Soviet Union, which attacked any","title":"World War II"},{"id":"4457445","text":"First engagement of neutral United States in World War II before the attack on Pearl Harbor Scholars have identified various events as being the first engagement of neutral United States in World War II before the attack on Pearl Harbor. They disagree on which events led to formal entry of the United States into the conflict. The first American hostile action against Axis forces was on 10 April 1941, when the destroyer attacked a German U-boat the U-52 that had just sunk a Dutch freighter \"Saleier\". \"Niblack\" was picking up survivors of the freighter when it detected a U-boat preparing","title":"First engagement of neutral United States in World War II before the attack on Pearl Harbor"},{"id":"454858","text":"civilian population. The firebombing of Hamburg was among the first attacks in this campaign, inflicting significant casualties and considerable losses on infrastructure of this important industrial center. After the Guadalcanal Campaign, the Allies initiated several operations against Japan in the Pacific. In May 1943, Canadian and US forces were sent to eliminate Japanese forces from the Aleutians. Soon after, the United States, with support from Australian and New Zealand forces, began major operations to isolate Rabaul by capturing surrounding islands, and breach the Japanese Central Pacific perimeter at the Gilbert and Marshall Islands. By the end of March 1944, the","title":"World War II"},{"id":"1403029","text":"for the European theatres, Roosevelt eventually won the favor of restoring the arms trade with belligerent nations after Germany's invasion of Poland, which is said by many to have fixed the United States economy. Total involvement in the war began after the Attack on Pearl Harbor, where isolationism began to cede. Starting in 1940 (18 months before Pearl Harbor), the nation mobilized, giving high priority to air power. American involvement in World War II in 1940–41 was limited to providing war material and financial support to Britain, the Soviet Union, and the Republic of China. The U.S. entered officially on","title":"Military history of the United States"},{"id":"7529904","text":"and adjacent eastern Lorraine, but could not clear central Alsace. During Operation Nordwind in December 1944, the 19th Army attacked north out of the Pocket in support of other German forces attacking south from the Saar into northern Alsace. In late January and early February 1945, the French First Army (reinforced by the U.S. XXI Corps) cleared the Pocket of German forces. By early 1945, events favored the Allied forces in Europe. On the Western Front the Allies had been fighting in Germany since the Battle of Aachen in October 1944 and by January had turned back the Germans in","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"13923707","text":"1941 in the United States Events from the year 1941 in the United States. At the end of this year, the United States officially enters World War II by declaring war on the Empire of Japan following the attack on Pearl Harbor. Baseball fans across the nation witnessed not one, but two of the most amazing individual efforts and achievements the game has ever known. The two measures recorded during the 1941 campaign both stand to this day and are regarded by practically all, even the most casual of fans, to be unattainable in the game today. 1941 saw the","title":"1941 in the United States"},{"id":"7529913","text":"Congress on 8 December 1941. The motion passed with only one vote against it, in both chambers. Just three days later, on 11 December 1941 Adolf Hitler declared war on the United States, and had already remarked on the evening of the date of the Japanese attack that \"We can't lose the war at all. We now have an ally which has never been conquered in 3,000 years\". Within hours of Pearl Harbor Japanese air forces from Formosa destroyed much of the U.S. Far East Air Force, based near Manila. The Japanese army invaded and trapped the American and Filipino","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"3358935","text":"war, the Imperial Japanese Navy attacked Pearl Harbor with the aim of destroying the main American battle fleet at anchor. At the same time, other Japanese forces attacked the U.S.-held Philippines and the British Empire in Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong. The USA and the United Kingdom to declare war upon Japan the next day. Four days later the U.S was brought into the European war when on December 11, 1941, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy declared war on the United States. Hitler chose to declare that the Tripartite Pact required that Germany follow Japan's declaration of war; although American","title":"Causes of World War II"},{"id":"14015290","text":"issue. Its declared decision on 31 January 1917 to target neutral shipping in a designated war-zone became the immediate cause of the entry of the United States into the war. Five American merchant ships went down in March. Outraged public opinion now overwhelmingly supported Wilson when he asked Congress for a declaration of war on April 2, 1917. Historians such as Ernest R. May have approached the process of American entry into the war as a study in how public opinion changed radically in three years' time. In 1914 most Americans called for neutrality, seeing the war a dreadful mistake","title":"American entry into World War I"},{"id":"7529850","text":"for a second front against the Germans. General Dwight Eisenhower commanded the assault on North Africa, and Major General George Patton struck at Casablanca. The United States did not have a smooth entry into the war against Nazi Germany. Early in 1943, the U.S. Army suffered a near-disastrous defeat at the Battle of the Kasserine Pass in February. The senior Allied leadership was primarily to blame for the loss as internal bickering between American General Lloyd Fredendall and the British led to mistrust and little communication, causing inadequate troop placements. The defeat could be considered a major turning point, however,","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"2560892","text":"The division, under the command of Major General Geoffrey Keyes, was activated on 15 July 1942 at Fort Riley, Kansas, by reorganizing and redesignating the white elements of the 2nd Cavalry Division. This was only seven months after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, which was followed just four days later by the German declaration of war on the United States, thus bringing the United States into World War II. After over two years of training throughout the country the 9th Armored Division, now commanded by Major General John W. Leonard, reached the United Kingdom in","title":"9th Armored Division (United States)"},{"id":"454824","text":"using U-boats against British shipping in the Atlantic. The British Home Fleet scored a significant victory on 27May 1941 by sinking the German battleship \"Bismarck\". In November 1939, the United States was taking measures to assist China and the Western Allies, and amended the Neutrality Act to allow \"cash and carry\" purchases by the Allies. In 1940, following the German capture of Paris, the size of the United States Navy was significantly increased. In September the United States further agreed to a trade of American destroyers for British bases. Still, a large majority of the American public continued to oppose","title":"World War II"},{"id":"7529841","text":"from Canada as far as the \"Mid-Atlantic Meeting Point\" (MOMP) south of Iceland, where they handed off to the RN. On 16 June 1941, after negotiation with Churchill, Roosevelt ordered the United States occupation of Iceland to replace the British invasion forces. On 22 June 1941, the US Navy sent Task Force 19 (TF 19) from Charleston, South Carolina to assemble at Argentia, Newfoundland. TF 19 included 25 warships and the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade of 194 officers and 3714 men from San Diego, California under the command of Brigadier General John Marston. Task Force 19 (TF 19) sailed from","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"7529897","text":"the Ardennes forest, along a battlefront extending southwards from Monschau to Echternach, hoping to punch a hole in the Allied lines and capture the Belgian city of Antwerp. The Allies responded slowly, allowing the German attack to create a large \"bulge\" in the Allied lines. In the initial stages of the offensive, American POW's from the 285th Field Artillery Observation Battalion were executed at the Malmedy massacre by Nazi SS and Fallschirmjäger. As the Germans pushed westward, General Eisenhower ordered the 101st Airborne and elements of the U.S. 10th Armored Division into the road junction town of Bastogne to prepare","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"7529891","text":"Allies in France. The operation was a success and forced the German Army Group G to abandon southern France and to retreat under constant Allied attacks to the Vosges Mountains. By the time the operation finished on 14 September 1944, US forces suffered 2,050 killed, captured or missing 7,750 other casualties, on 15 September 1944 the Allied forces of the operation were renamed the Sixth Army Group and placed under Eisenhower's command. The next major Allied operation came on 17 September. Devised by British General Bernard Montgomery, its primary objective was the capture of several bridges in the Netherlands. Fresh","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"7529890","text":"trapped inside. Many Germans escaped but losses in men and equipment were huge. Two days later the Allied Liberation of Paris was completed and on 30 August, the remnants of Army Group B retreated across the Seine, which ended Operation Overlord. On 15 August 1944, the US 7th Army, spearheaded by the 3rd Infantry Division and 36th Infantry Division and other Allied forces landed in southern France between Cannes and Hyères. The aim of the operation was to secure the southern half of France and one objective in particular was to capture Marseille as a main supply harbor for the","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"7529919","text":"Japanese fleet. The battle began on 4 June 1942. By the time it was over, the Japanese had lost four carriers, as opposed to one American carrier lost. The Battle of Midway was the turning point of the war in the Pacific because the United States had seized the initiative and was on the offensive for the remaining duration of the war. Following the resounding victory at Midway, the United States began a major land offensive. The Allies came up with a strategy known as Island hopping, or the bypassing of islands that either served little or no strategic importance","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"6309428","text":"between the Japan's commitment to conquer China, and America's commitment to defend China. Japan's civilian government fell and the Army under General Tojo took full control, bent on war. Japan attacked the American navy base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941. In response, the United States declared war on Japan. Japan's Axis allies, including Nazi Germany, declared war on the United States days after the attack, bringing the United States into World War II. The conflict was a bitter one, marked by atrocities such as the executions and torture of American prisoners of war by the Imperial Japanese","title":"Japan–United States relations"},{"id":"5500607","text":"were as follows: the Albanian National Liberation Front, the Chinese Red Army, the Greek National Liberation Front, the Hukbalahap, the Malayan Communist Party, the People's Republic of Mongolia, the Polish People's Army, the Tuvan People's Republic (annexed by the Soviet Union in 1944), the Viet Minh and the Yugoslav Partisans. The United States had indirectly supported Britain's war effort against Germany up to 1941 and declared its opposition to territorial aggrandizement. Materiel support to Britain was provided while the U.S. was officially neutral via the Lend-Lease Act starting in 1941. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill in","title":"Allies of World War II"},{"id":"7529880","text":"narrow roads to their advantage which slowed the American advance. After being reinforced, VII corps took control of the peninsula in fierce fighting on 19 June and launched their assault on Cherbourg on 22 June. The German garrison surrendered on 29 June, but by this time they had destroyed the port facilities, which were not made fully operational until September. The Battle of Saint-Lô is one of the three conflicts in the Battle of the Hedgerows (fr), which took place between July 9–24, 1944, just before Operation Cobra. Saint-Lô had fallen to Germany in 1940, and, after the Invasion of","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"454877","text":"history. In May 1945, Australian troops landed in Borneo, over-running the oilfields there. British, American, and Chinese forces defeated the Japanese in northern Burma in March, and the British pushed on to reach Rangoon by 3 May. Chinese forces started a counterattack in the Battle of West Hunan that occurred between 6 April and 7 June 1945. American naval and amphibious forces also moved towards Japan, taking Iwo Jima by March, and Okinawa by the end of June. At the same time, American submarines cut off Japanese imports, drastically reducing Japan's ability to supply its overseas forces. On 11 July,","title":"World War II"},{"id":"7529851","text":"because General Eisenhower replaced Fredendall with General Patton. Slowly the Allies stopped the German advance in Tunisia and by March were pushing back. In mid April, under British General Bernard Montgomery, the Allies smashed through the Mareth Line and broke the Axis defense in North Africa. On 13 May 1943, Axis troops in North Africa surrendered, leaving behind 275,000 men. Allied efforts turned towards Sicily and Italy. The first stepping stone for the Allied liberation of Europe was, in Prime Minister Winston Churchill's words, the \"soft underbelly\" of Europe on the Italian island of Sicily. Launched on 9 July 1943,","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"7529828","text":"of aviation gasoline and fuel oil, as the U.S. Navy in June 1944 captured islands within bombing range of the Japanese home islands. Strategic bombing directed by General Curtis Lemay destroyed all the major Japanese cities, as the U.S. captured Okinawa after heavy losses in spring 1945. With the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and an invasion and Soviet intervention imminent, Japan surrendered. The war against Germany involved aid to Britain, her allies, and the Soviet Union, with the U.S. supplying munitions until it could ready an invasion force. U.S. forces were first tested to a limited degree in","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"7529855","text":"1944. By early 1944 the Allied attention had turned to the western front and the Allies were taking heavy losses trying to breakthrough the Winter line at Monte Cassino. The Allies landed at Anzio on 22 January 1944 with the aim of outflanking the Gustav line and pulling Axis forces out of it so other allied armies could breakthrough. After slow progress, the Germans counterattacked in February but failed to stamp out the Allies, after months of stalemate, the Allies broke out in May 1944 and Rome fell to the Allies on 4 June 1944. Following the Normandy invasion on","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"5500572","text":"Africa. After the start of the German invasion of North Europe until the Balkan Campaign, the Netherlands, Belgium, Greece, and Yugoslavia joined the Allies. After first having cooperated with Germany in invading Poland whilst remaining neutral in the Allied-Axis conflict, the Soviet Union perforce joined the Allies in June 1941 after being invaded by Germany. The United States provided war materiel and money all along, and officially joined in December 1941 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. China had already been in a prolonged war with Japan since the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of 1937, but officially joined the","title":"Allies of World War II"},{"id":"7529917","text":"from Midway, enabling a Japanese victory. Because their ciphers were broken, the American forces only drove the Japanese out after Midway. On 11 May 1943, American and Canadian forces, spearheaded by the U.S. 7th Infantry Division landed on Attu, beginning the operation to take back the islands, by the end of May 1943 and after a series of battles, Allied forces retook Attu. On 15 August 1943, Allied forces landed on Kiska to retake it, only to find the Island abandoned by the Japanese. Having learned important lessons at Coral Sea, the United States Navy was prepared when the Japanese","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"16553734","text":"enemy counter-offensive during the German Operation Nordwind, then completed its reduction of the region by mid-March. In a lead role in Operation Undertone launched March 15th, the Seventh Army fought its way across the Rhine into Germany, capturing Nuremberg and then Munich. Elements reached Austria and crossed the Brenner Pass into Italy by May 4th, followed shortly by war's end on VE-Day, May 8, 1945. The United States officially entered World War II on 7 December 1941, after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. This was followed four days later by the German declaration of war on the United States.","title":"Seventh United States Army"},{"id":"7529829","text":"the North African Campaign and then employed more significantly with British Forces in Italy in 1943–45, where U.S. forces, representing about a third of the Allied forces deployed, bogged down after Italy surrendered and the Germans took over. Finally the main invasion of France took place in June 1944, under General Dwight D. Eisenhower. Meanwhile, the U.S. Army Air Forces and the British Royal Air Force engaged in the area bombardment of German cities and systematically targeted German transportation links and synthetic oil plants, as it knocked out what was left of the Luftwaffe post Battle of Britain in 1944.","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"165638","text":"Act of 1965, which removed racial and national barriers and resulted in significantly altering the demographic mix in the U.S. Oahu was the target of a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor by Imperial Japan on December 7, 1941. The attack on Pearl Harbor and other military and naval installations, carried out by aircraft and by midget submarines, brought the United States into World War II. In the 1950s, the power of the plantation owners was broken by the descendants of immigrant laborers, who were born in Hawaii and were U.S. citizens. They voted against the Hawaii Republican Party, strongly supported","title":"Hawaii"},{"id":"454844","text":"declare war on Japan, whereas the Soviet Union, being heavily involved in large-scale hostilities with European Axis countries, maintained its neutrality agreement with Japan. Germany, followed by the other Axis states, declared war on the United States in solidarity with Japan, citing as justification the American attacks on German war vessels that had been ordered by Roosevelt. On 1 January 1942, the Allied Big Four—the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom and the United States—and 22 smaller or exiled governments issued the Declaration by United Nations, thereby affirming the Atlantic Charter, and agreeing to not to sign a separate peace","title":"World War II"},{"id":"7529870","text":"night—built up into massive bombing of German industrial areas, notably the Ruhr, followed by attacks directly on cities such as Hamburg, Kassel, Pforzheim, Mainz and the often-criticized bombing of Dresden. The second European front that the Soviets had pressed for was finally opened on 6 June 1944, when the Allies attacked the heavily fortified Atlantic Wall. Supreme Allied commander General Dwight D. Eisenhower had delayed the attack because of bad weather, but finally the largest amphibious assault in history began. After prolonged bombing runs on the French coast by the Army Air Forces, 225 U.S. Army Rangers scaled the cliffs","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"4432513","text":"\"South Dakota\", \"Indiana\", \"Massachusetts\", and the \"Alabama\", on 8 December 1943, and also bombed by U.S. Navy carrier airplanes on the same day. See the article on the \"Washington\". Nepal declared war on Germany on 4 September 1939, and offered Gurkha troops to the United Kingdom. Like the Belgians, the Netherlands declared neutrality in 1939. In May 1940, the Netherlands was invaded after fierce resistance against the Nazis. Rotterdam and Middelburg were heavily bombed. The Dutch joined the Allies and contributed their surviving naval and armed forces to the defense of East Asia, in particular the Netherlands East Indies. Until","title":"World War II by country"},{"id":"1549619","text":"to establish its long-planned Southeast Asian empire and defensible buffer zones. The American public saw the attack as a treacherous act and rallied against the Japanese. Four days later, Adolf Hitler of Germany, and Benito Mussolini of Italy declared war on the United States, merging the separate conflicts. The United States entered the European Theatre and Pacific Theater in full force, thereby bringing the United States to World War II on the side of the Allies. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese launched offensives against Allied forces in East and Southeast Asia, with simultaneous attacks in British Hong","title":"Empire of Japan"},{"id":"703914","text":"Attack on Pearl Harbor The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Territory, on the morning of December 7, 1941. The attack, also known as the Battle of Pearl Harbor, led to the United States' entry into World War II. The Japanese military leadership referred to the attack as the Hawaii Operation and Operation AI, and as Operation Z during its planning. Japan intended the attack as a preventive action to keep the U.S. Pacific Fleet from interfering with its planned","title":"Attack on Pearl Harbor"},{"id":"18488210","text":"important base for the Australian, British, American and Dutch air forces during World War Two. On 7 December 1941, the United States of America entered World War Two following the bombing of the American fleet at Pearl Harbour in Hawaii by Japanese carrier-borne aircraft. England and its Commonwealth had been at war with Germany since September 1939, but now the war was truly global. Darwin was first bombed on 19 February 1942 and 14,000 Australians were taken prisoner following the fall of Singapore. Plans to defend Australia from an anticipated Japanese invasion and to use Queensland as a support base","title":"Acacia Ridge Air Raid Shelter"},{"id":"7529931","text":"proved decisive. Guadalcanal is an iconic episode in the annals of American military history, underscoring heroic bravery of underequipped individuals in fierce combat with a determined foe. Marines from the 1st Marine Division landed on 7 August 1942, soldiers from the Army XIV Corps reinforced and eventually replaced in late-November 1942. They quickly captured Henderson Field, and prepared defenses. In the Battle of Bloody Ridge, the Americans held off wave after wave of Japanese counterattacks before charging what was left of the Japanese. After more than six months of combat the island was firmly in control of the Allies on","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"150967","text":"former Prime Minister of Japan Noboru Takeshita to discuss shared economic issues and \"the fact that their solution will require extraordinary efforts on both sides of the Pacific.\" On December 6, 1991, Japanese Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa apologized to the United States for the attack on Pearl Harbor. The following day — the fiftieth anniversary of the attack — Bush accepted Japan's apology for the event that drew the United States into World War II. Bush urged that progress be made in improving relations between the U.S. and Japan. On June 18, 1990, White House Press Secretary Marlin Fitzwater confirmed","title":"George H. W. Bush"},{"id":"454815","text":"September 1939, Germany invaded Poland after having staged several false flag border incidents as a pretext to initiate the attack. The Battle of Westerplatte is often described as the first battle of the war. The United Kingdom responded with an ultimatum to Germany to cease military operations, and on 3 September, after the ultimatum was ignored, France, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand declared war on Germany. This alliance was joined by South Africa (6 September) and Canada (10 September). The alliance provided no direct military support to Poland, outside of a cautious French probe into the Saarland. The","title":"World War II"},{"id":"739841","text":"with increasing anti-Nazi feelings following the German invasion of Poland in September 1939 that started World War II. Roosevelt positioned the U.S. as the \"Arsenal of Democracy\", pledging full-scale financial and munitions support for the Allies – but no military personnel. This was carried out through the Lend-Lease agreements. Japan tried to neutralize America's power in the Pacific by attacking Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, which catalyzed American support to enter the war. The main contributions of the U.S. to the Allied war effort comprised money, industrial output, food, petroleum, technological innovation, and (especially 1944–45), military personnel. Much of","title":"History of the United States"},{"id":"7529915","text":"Australian forces were combined under the ABDA command but its fleet was quickly sunk in several naval battles around Java. Following their rapid advance, the Japanese started the Solomon Islands Campaign from their newly conquered main base at Rabaul in January 1942. The Japanese seized several islands including Tulagi and Guadalcanal, before they were halted by further events leading to the Guadalcanal Campaign. This campaign also converged with the New Guinea campaign. In May 1942, the United States fleet engaged the Japanese fleet during the first battle in history in which neither fleet fired directly on the other, nor did","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"7529889","text":"the Falaise–Chambois area to envelop Army Group B, the First U.S. Army forming the southern arm, the British Second Army the base and the First Canadian Army the northern arm of the encirclement. The Germans began to withdraw on 17 August and on 19 August, the Allies linked up in Chambois. Gaps were forced in the Allied lines by German counter-attacks, the biggest being a corridor forced past the 1st Polish Armoured Division on Hill 262, a commanding position at the mouth of the pocket. By the evening of 21 August, the pocket had been sealed, with c. 50,000 Germans","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"14138898","text":"United States in World War I The United States declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917, more than two and a half years after World War I started. A ceasefire and Armistice was declared on November 11, 1918. Before entering the war, the U.S. had remained neutral, though it had been an important supplier to Great Britain and the other Allied powers. The U.S. made its major contributions in terms of supplies, raw material and money, starting in 1917. American soldiers under General of the Armies John Pershing, Commander-in-Chief of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), arrived at the rate","title":"United States in World War I"},{"id":"454836","text":"The \"blitzkrieg\" phase of the war in Europe had ended. By early December, freshly mobilised reserves allowed the Soviets to achieve numerical parity with Axis troops. This, as well as intelligence data which established that a minimal number of Soviet troops in the East would be sufficient to deter any attack by the Japanese Kwantung Army, allowed the Soviets to begin a massive counter-offensive that started on 5 December all along the front and pushed German troops west. In 1939, the United States had renounced its trade treaty with Japan, and beginning with an aviation gasoline ban in July 1940,","title":"World War II"},{"id":"4445535","text":"and develop the military forces required to play a role in the war effort, and for the British to go on the offensive in its theatres of operation. The entry of the United States into the war in late 1941 injected financial, human and industrial resources into Allied operations. The US produced more than its own military forces required and armed itself and its allies for the most industrialized war in history. At the beginning of the war, the British and French placed large orders for aircraft with American manufacturers and the US Congress approved plans to increase its air","title":"Military production during World War II"},{"id":"18810245","text":"to the Soviet Union, consistent with President Roosevelt's stated policy on Russia, despite strong opposition from the Office of Production Management and others. Less than four months after SPAB was created, the United States formally entered World War II when it declared war upon Japan on December 8, 1941. SPAB seemed poised to dramatically increase in importance. However, this increased significance was short-lived; on January 16, 1942, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9024, establishing the War Production Board (WPB). The War Production Board superseded the Supply Priorities and Allocation Board and the Office of Production Management and absorbed both boards'","title":"Supply Priorities and Allocation Board"},{"id":"454873","text":"Poland, pushing from the Vistula to the Oder river in Germany, and overran East Prussia. On 4 February, Soviet, British and US leaders met for the Yalta Conference. They agreed on the occupation of post-war Germany, and on when the Soviet Union would join the war against Japan. In February, the Soviets entered Silesia and Pomerania, while Western Allies entered western Germany and closed to the Rhine river. By March, the Western Allies crossed the Rhine north and south of the Ruhr, encircling the German Army Group B. In early March, in attempts to protect her last oil reserves in","title":"World War II"},{"id":"454809","text":"Soviets, this policy would prove difficult to maintain. Japan and the Soviet Union eventually signed a Neutrality Pact in April 1941, and Japan adopted the doctrine of Nanshin-ron, promoted by the Navy, which took its focus southward, eventually leading to its war with the United States and the Western Allies. In Europe, Germany and Italy were becoming more aggressive. In March 1938, Germany annexed Austria, again provoking little response from other European powers. Encouraged, Hitler began pressing German claims on the Sudetenland, an area of Czechoslovakia with a predominantly ethnic German population. Soon the United Kingdom and France followed the","title":"World War II"},{"id":"7594704","text":"American intervention could make an impact. Tonnage sunk rose above 500,000 tons per month from February to July. It peaked at 860,000 tons in April. After July, the newly re-introduced convoy system became effective in reducing the U-boat threat. Britain was safe from starvation, while German industrial output fell, and the United States joined the war far earlier than Germany had anticipated. On 3 May 1917, during the Nivelle Offensive, the French 2nd Colonial Division, veterans of the Battle of Verdun, refused orders, arriving drunk and without their weapons. Their officers lacked the means to punish an entire division, and","title":"World War I"},{"id":"3279576","text":"have been the beginning of his personal involvement in the peace process, culminating in Japan's surrender five months later. The first U.S. raid on the Japanese main island was the Doolittle Raid of 18 April 1942, when sixteen B-25 Mitchells were launched from the to attack targets including Yokohama and Tokyo and then fly on to airfields in China. The raid was a military pinprick but a significant propaganda victory. Because they were launched prematurely, none of the aircraft had enough fuel to reach their designated landing sites, and so either crashed or ditched (except for one aircraft, which landed","title":"Strategic bombing during World War II"},{"id":"17381055","text":"all of them (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa) soon declared war on Germany. The fears in London that South Africa would take the advice of Prime Minister J. B. M. Hertzog and remain neutral were relieved when the parliament voted 80 to 67 for war, and Hertzog resigned. After the French defeat in June 1940, Britain and its empire stood alone in combat against Germany, until June 1941. The United States gave strong diplomatic, financial and material support, starting in 1940, especially through Lend Lease, which began in 1941, In August 1941, Churchill and Roosevelt met and agreed","title":"Diplomatic history of World War II"},{"id":"454787","text":"late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa, and the fall of France in mid 1940, the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire. War in the Balkans, the aerial Battle of Britain, the Blitz, and","title":"World War II"},{"id":"7529832","text":"Soviet Union as well as Britain and China. Prior to America's entry into World War II in December 1941, individual Americans volunteered to fight against the Axis powers in other nations' armed forces. Although under American law, it was illegal for United States citizens to join the armed forces of foreign nations and in doing so, they lost their citizenship, many American volunteers changed their nationality to Canadian. However Congress passed a blanket pardon in 1944. American mercenary Colonel Charles Sweeny living in London began recruiting American citizens to fight as a U.S. volunteer detachment in the French Air force,","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"7529940","text":"chose to fight on to the end, leaving only 1,000 of the original 21,000 defenders alive. The Marines suffered as well, suffering 25,000 casualties. The battle became iconic in America as the epitome of heroism in desperate hand-to-hand combat. Okinawa became the last major battle of the Pacific Theater and the Second World War. The island was to become a staging area for the eventual invasion of Japan since it was just 350 miles (550 km) south of the Japanese mainland. Marines and soldiers landed unopposed on 1 April 1945, to begin an 82-day campaign which became the largest land-sea-air","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"454876","text":"until 11 May. In the Pacific theatre, American forces accompanied by the forces of the Philippine Commonwealth advanced in the Philippines, clearing Leyte by the end of April 1945. They landed on Luzon in January 1945 and recaptured Manila in March. Fighting continued on Luzon, Mindanao, and other islands of the Philippines until the end of the war. Meanwhile, the United States Army Air Forces launched a massive firebombing campaign of strategic cities in Japan in an effort to destroy Japanese war industry and civilian morale. A devastating bombing raid of 9–10 March was the deadliest conventional bombing raid in","title":"World War II"},{"id":"4432586","text":"on the United States three days later. The United States subscribed to the Allied plan of making German defeat the priority, coordinating with the United Kingdom in most major operations. However, it also maintained a strong effort against Japan, being the primary Allied power in the Pacific Theater. The U.S. supplied valuable industrial production as the Arsenal of Democracy. After the war the United States retained military commitments to European security while providing economic investment to rebuild nations devastated during the war. Politically, the U.S. became a founding member of NATO, and hosts the United Nations in which it gained","title":"World War II by country"},{"id":"7529827","text":"in history. The Imperial Japanese Navy had the advantage, taking the Philippines as well as British and Dutch possessions, and threatening Australia but in June 1942, its main carriers were sunk during the Battle of Midway, and the Americans seized the initiative. The Pacific War became one of island hopping, so as to move air bases closer and closer to Japan. The Army, based in Australia under General Douglas MacArthur, steadily advanced across New Guinea to the Philippines, with plans to invade the Japanese home islands in late 1945. With its merchant fleet sunk by American submarines, Japan ran short","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"9972517","text":"Staff School. He was a member of the General Staff of the War Department from 1934 to 1939. He commanded regiments in Hawaii, California, Washington, and Alaska from 1939 to 1941. Although World War II had begun in September 1939, the United States, choosing to remain neutral, did not enter the conflict until December 7, 1941, due to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Corlett was promoted to the rank of major general on September 6, 1942 almost nine months after the American entry into the war, and was placed in command of the Kiska Task Force, consisting of the","title":"Charles H. Corlett"},{"id":"12962342","text":"decision. Following the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom, the United States Navy established a base on the island in 1899. On December 7, 1941, the base was attacked by the Imperial Japanese Navy airplanes and midget submarines, causing the American entry into World War II. One of the main reasons that Pearl Harbor happened was because the United States had major communication breakdowns among several branches of the U.S. armed services and departments of the U.S. government. This led to the surprise Japanese attack at the Hawaiian air base. There was no meaningful plan for the air defense of Hawaii,","title":"Pearl Harbor"},{"id":"7529936","text":"original 2,600 Japanese soldiers on the island, only 17 were still alive. In preparation of the recapture of the Philippines, the Allies started the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign to retake the Gilbert and Marshall Islands from the Japanese in summer 1943. Moving closer to Japan, the U.S. Navy decisively won the Battle of the Philippine Sea and landing forces captured the Mariana and Palau Islands in summer 1944. The goal was building airbases within range of the new B-29 bomber aimed at Japan's industrial cities. The Battle of Leyte Gulf in 23–26 October 1944, was a decisive American victory","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"7529844","text":"The USS \"Reuben James\" was sunk by \"U-552\" on 31 October 1941. On 11 December 1941, Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany , the same day that the United States declared war on Germany and Italy. The established grand strategy of the Allies was to defeat Germany and its allies in Europe first, and then focus could shift towards Japan in the Pacific. This was because two of the Allied capitals (London and Moscow) could be directly threatened by Germany, but none of the major Allied capitals were threatened by Japan. Germany was the United Kingdom's primary threat, especially after the","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"739849","text":"and achieving hard-fought victories at Iwo Jima and Okinawa in 1945. Bloodied at Okinawa, the U.S. prepared to invade Japan's home islands when B-29s dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, forcing the empire's surrender in a matter of days and thus ending World War II. The U.S. occupied Japan (and part of Germany), sending Douglas MacArthur to restructure the Japanese economy and political system along American lines. During the war, Roosevelt coined the term \"Four Powers\" to refer four major Allies of World War II, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and","title":"History of the United States"},{"id":"454884","text":"the Soviet Union. Post-war division of the world was formalised by two international military alliances, the United States-led NATO and the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact. The long period of political tensions and military competition between them, the Cold War, would be accompanied by an unprecedented arms race and proxy wars. In Asia, the United States led the occupation of Japan and administrated Japan's former islands in the Western Pacific, while the Soviets annexed Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. Korea, formerly under Japanese rule, was divided and occupied by the Soviet Union in the North and the United States in the South","title":"World War II"},{"id":"14631913","text":"for war service with the entry of the United States into World War II, on 7 December 1941, \"President Adams\" fired her guns against the enemy, a U-boat, for the first time on Christmas Day. Following the encounter, she continued her shakedown exercises, then, steamed to the Pacific and trained troops off California as she readied for her first amphibious operation. In June 1942, she embarked the 3rd Battalion, 2nd Marines, and got underway on 1 July for the South Pacific. Between 7 and 9 August, as the United States launched the first step on the island-paved path to victory","title":"USS President Adams (APA-19)"},{"id":"7529935","text":"Americans that the Japanese would fight to the bitter end. After brutal fighting in which few prisoners were taken on either side, the United States and the Allies pressed on the offensive. The landings at Tarawa on 20 November 1943, by the Americans became bogged down as armor attempting to break through the Japanese lines of defense either sank, were disabled or took on too much water to be of use. The Americans were eventually able to land a limited number of tanks and drive inland. After days of fighting they took control of Tarawa on 23 November. Of the","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"14138937","text":"Republican Warren G. Harding. Notes References United States in World War I The United States declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917, more than two and a half years after World War I started. A ceasefire and Armistice was declared on November 11, 1918. Before entering the war, the U.S. had remained neutral, though it had been an important supplier to Great Britain and the other Allied powers. The U.S. made its major contributions in terms of supplies, raw material and money, starting in 1917. American soldiers under General of the Armies John Pershing, Commander-in-Chief of the American Expeditionary","title":"United States in World War I"},{"id":"4432585","text":"government of the UK. During the Second World War, the Isle of Man had a detention camp for Axis citizens and suspected sympathisers, including members of the British Union of Fascists and the Irish Republican Army. A naval base, radar network and training stations were also established on the island. The United States was neutral early in the fight, although it steadily grew ties with the Allies and began providing increased levels of assistance to them. The United States joined the Allies in December 1941 after the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan.Germany and Italy declared war","title":"World War II by country"},{"id":"454850","text":"Army Groups. In early June, Japan put its operations into action, but the Americans, having broken Japanese naval codes in late May, were fully aware of the plans and order of battle, and used this knowledge to achieve a decisive victory at Midway over the Imperial Japanese Navy. With its capacity for aggressive action greatly diminished as a result of the Midway battle, Japan chose to focus on a belated attempt to capture Port Moresby by an overland campaign in the Territory of Papua. The Americans planned a counter-attack against Japanese positions in the southern Solomon Islands, primarily Guadalcanal, as","title":"World War II"},{"id":"6658537","text":"she was detailed to escort \"Ranger\" (CV-4) to Trinidad. They arrived 3 December. Four days later the United States entered World War II. \"Rhind\" then steamed north to patrol the waters off Bermuda. In February 1942, she shifted further north and through March escorted Icelandic convoys. In April she shepherded a convoy to the Panama Canal Zone and on the 23rd, while en route back to New York, conducted her first depth charge attack on a German submarine. The U-boat had shelled a Norwegian merchantman off New Jersey. Arriving at New York the same day, she departed again on the","title":"USS Rhind (DD-404)"},{"id":"7529903","text":"were left severely depleted of men and equipment, as survivors retreated to the defenses of the Siegfried Line. With about 610,000 men committed and some 89,000 casualties, including 19,000 killed, the Battle of the Bulge was the largest and bloodiest battle fought by the United States in World War II. The Colmar Pocket (French: Poche de Colmar; German: Brückenkopf Elsaß) was the area held in central Alsace, France by the German Nineteenth Army from November 1944 – February 1945, against the U.S. 6th Army Group during World War II. It was formed when 6th AG liberated southern and northern Alsace","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"15819501","text":"16 June 1941, after negotiation with Churchill, Roosevelt ordered the United States occupation of Iceland to replace the British invasion forces. On 22 June 1941, the U.S. Navy sent Task Force 19 (TF 19) from Charleston, South Carolina, to assemble at Argentia, Newfoundland. TF 19 included 25 warships and the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade of 194 officers and 3714 men from San Diego, California under the command of Brigadier General John Marston. Task Force 19 (TF 19) sailed from Argentia on 1 July. On 7 July, Britain persuaded the Althing to approve an American occupation force under a U.S.–Icelandic defense","title":"United States Navy in World War II"},{"id":"7529869","text":"Winston Churchill, Harris, and Carl Spaatz, but after some debate, control passed to SHAEF on 1 April 1944. When the Combined Bomber Offensive officially ended on 1 April, Allied airmen were well on the way to achieving air superiority over all of Europe. While they continued some strategic bombing, the USAAF along with the RAF turned their attention to the tactical air battle in support of the Normandy Invasion. It was not until the middle of September that the strategic bombing campaign of Germany again became the priority for the USSTAF. The twin campaigns—the USAAF by day, the RAF by","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"7529938","text":"Japanese with a trick maneuver slipped between the two American fleets and almost reached the beaches. However the Japanese communication system was even worse, and the Japanese army and navy did not cooperate, and the three Japanese fleets were each destroyed. General MacArthur fulfilled his promise to return to the Philippines by landing at Leyte on 20 October 1944. The grueling re-capture of the Philippines took place from 1944 to 1945 and included the battles of Leyte, Luzon, and Mindanao. The Americans did not bypass the small island of Iwo Jima because it wanted bases for fighter escorts; it was","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"7529854","text":"and after the Allied troops at Salerno had consolidated their beachhead, The Germans launched fierce counterattacks. However they failed to destroy the beachhead and retreated on 16 September and in October 1943 began preparing a series of defensive lines across central Italy. The US 5th Army and other Allied armies broke through the first two lines (Volturno and the Barbara Line) in October and November 1943. As winter approached, the Allies made slow progress due to the weather and the difficult terrain against the heavily defended German Winter Line, they did however manage to breakthrough the Bernhardt Line in January","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"4797964","text":"now sits on the site of the former camp, and the events of the raid have been depicted in several films. After the United States was attacked at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 by Japanese forces, it entered World War II to join the Allied forces in their fight against the Axis powers. American forces led by General Douglas MacArthur, already stationed in the Philippines as a deterrent against a Japanese invasion of the islands, were attacked by the Japanese hours after Pearl Harbor. On March 12, 1942, General MacArthur and a few select officers, on the orders of","title":"Raid at Cabanatuan"},{"id":"10733353","text":"without further investigation. Nassy continued to work for the same firm until 1934, when he decided to study painting. He was admitted to an academy of fine arts in Brussels, Belgium. In 1939, he married a Belgian and began earning a living as a portrait artist. The Germans occupied Belgium in May 1940, but Nassy and his wife did not leave. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the United States entered World War II. On April 14, 1942, four months after the United States entered the war, Nassy was arrested as an enemy national in German-occupied","title":"Josef Nassy"},{"id":"7529845","text":"Fall of France in 1940, which saw Germany overrun most of the countries of Western Europe, leaving the United Kingdom alone to combat Germany. Germany's planned invasion of the UK, Operation Sea Lion, was averted by its failure to establish air superiority in the Battle of Britain. At the same time, war with Japan in East Asia seemed increasingly likely. Although the U.S. was not yet at war with either Germany or Japan, it met with the UK on several occasions to formulate joint strategies. In the 29 March 1941 report of the ABC-1 conference, the Americans and British agreed","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"3358936","text":"destroyers escorting convoys and German U-boats were already de facto at war in the Battle of the Atlantic. This declaration effectively ended isolationist sentiment in the U.S. and the United States immediately reciprocated, formally entering the war in Europe. Causes of World War II Among the causes of World War II were Italian fascism in the 1920s, Japanese militarism and invasion of China in the 1930s, and especially the political takeover in 1933 of Germany by Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party and its aggressive foreign policy. The immediate cause was Germany invading Poland on September 1, 1939, and Britain","title":"Causes of World War II"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"14138450\",\n \"text\": \"materials. The United States officially entered World War II against Germany, Japan, and Italy in December 1941, following the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. This time the U.S. was a full-fledged member of the Allies of World War II, not just an \\\"associate\\\" as in the first war. During the war, the U.S. conducted military operations on both the Atlantic and Pacific fronts. After the war and devastation of its European and Asian rivals, the United States found itself in a uniquely powerful position due to the lack of damage to its domestic industries. After 1945, the isolationist pattern\",\n \"title\": \"History of United States foreign policy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"187439\",\n \"text\": \"Islands also fell to Allied forces during the war. The Pacific front saw major action during the Second World War, mainly between the belligerents Japan and the United States. The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on the morning of 7 December 1941 (8 December in Japan). The attack led to the United States' entry into World War II. The attack was intended as a preventive action in order to keep the U.S. Pacific Fleet from interfering with military actions the\",\n \"title\": \"History of Oceania\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"454871\",\n \"text\": \"in China and Indochina by mid-December. In the Pacific, US forces continued to press back the Japanese perimeter. In mid-June 1944, they began their offensive against the Mariana and Palau islands, and decisively defeated Japanese forces in the Battle of the Philippine Sea. These defeats led to the resignation of the Japanese Prime Minister, Hideki Tojo, and provided the United States with air bases to launch intensive heavy bomber attacks on the Japanese home islands. In late October, American forces invaded the Filipino island of Leyte; soon after, Allied naval forces scored another large victory in the Battle of Leyte\",\n \"title\": \"World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"454788\",\n \"text\": \"the long Battle of the Atlantic followed. On 22 June 1941, the European Axis powers launched an invasion of the Soviet Union, opening the largest land theatre of war in history. This Eastern Front trapped the Axis, most crucially the German Wehrmacht, into a war of attrition. In December 1941, Japan launched a surprise attack on the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean. Following an immediate U.S. declaration of war against Japan, supported by one from Great Britain, the European Axis powers quickly declared war on the U.S. in solidarity with their Japanese ally. Rapid Japanese conquests\",\n \"title\": \"World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5500609\",\n \"text\": \"war on Japan, and Japan's allies Germany and Italy declared war on the US, bringing the US into World War II. On 8 December 1941, following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States Congress declared war on Japan at the request of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. This was followed by Germany and Italy declaring war on the United States on 11 December, bringing the country into the European theatre. The US-led Allied forces in the Pacific theatre against Japanese forces from 1941 to 1945. From 1943 to 1945, the US-led and coordinated the Western Allies' war effort in Europe\",\n \"title\": \"Allies of World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"299338\",\n \"text\": \"in September 1914. A company of Australians and a British warship besieged the Germans and their colonial subjects, ending with a German surrender. The attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters, was a surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on the morning of 7 December 1941. The attack led to the United States' entry into World War II. The Japanese subsequently invaded New Guinea, Solomon Islands and other Pacific islands. The Japanese were turned back at the Battle of the Coral Sea and the\",\n \"title\": \"Oceania\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529824\",\n \"text\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II The military history of the United States in World War II covers the war against Germany, Italy, and Japan, starting with the 7 December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor. During the first two years of World War II, the United States had maintained formal neutrality as made official in the Quarantine Speech delivered by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1937, while supplying Britain, the Soviet Union, and China with war materiel through the Lend-Lease Act which was signed into law on 11 March 1941, as well as deploying the\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12559783\",\n \"text\": \"before rejoining his unit at Camp Edwards in Falmouth, Massachusetts. While there, he was promoted to captain. In early April 1943, sixteen months after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, on December 7, 1941 and the subsequent German declaration of war on the United States, four days later, which brought the United States into World War II, the 36th Division, commanded by Major General Fred L. Walker, a distinguished World War I veteran, was shipped from New York Harbor to Oran, Algeria, and was then stationed in Rabat in Morocco. The division, originally slated to participate in \\\"Operation Husky\\\", the\",\n \"title\": \"Henry T. Waskow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"703917\",\n \"text\": \"Kazuo Sakamaki, was captured. The surprise attack came as a profound shock to the American people and led directly to the American entry into World War II in both the Pacific and European theaters. The following day, December 8, the United States declared war on Japan, and several days later, on December 11, Germany and Italy each declared war on the U.S. The U.S. responded with a declaration of war against Germany and Italy. Domestic support for non-interventionism, which had been fading since the Fall of France in 1940, disappeared. There were numerous historical precedents for unannounced military action by\",\n \"title\": \"Attack on Pearl Harbor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529849\",\n \"text\": \"and Allied merchant shipping. The convoys, coming mainly from North America and predominantly going to the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, were protected for the most part by the British and Canadian navies and air forces. These forces were aided by ships and aircraft of the United States from September 13, 1941. The Germans were joined by submarines of the Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina) after their Axis ally Italy entered the war on June 10, 1940. The United States entered the war in the west with Operation Torch on 8 November 1942, after their Soviet allies had pushed\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11195165\",\n \"text\": \"the legality of the curfews and relocations during the war. In the 1980s, new information was used to vacate the conviction of Yasui. On September 1, 1939, Nazi Germany invaded neighboring Poland, starting World War II. After two years of combat neutrality, the United States was drawn into the war as an active participant after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt responded to fears of a fifth column composed of Japanese-Americans by issuing Executive Order 9066 on February 19, 1942. This executive order authorized the military to create zones of exclusion,\",\n \"title\": \"Yasui v. United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4457447\",\n \"text\": \"first American-caused casualties occurred on 7 December 1941 when the attacked and sank a Japanese midget submarine near the entrance to Pearl Harbor prior to the commencement of the Japanese air attack upon Hawaii later that day. As a result of the attack on Hawaii, America declared war on Japan on 8 December 1941. Germany and Italy declared war on the United States three days later. The first planned offensive action by the United States in World War II came in January 1942 when the aircraft carrier attacked Japanese bases in the Marshall Islands. First engagement of neutral United States\",\n \"title\": \"First engagement of neutral United States in World War II before the attack on Pearl Harbor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14740059\",\n \"text\": \"down the process – it was not delivered to the U.S. Secretary of State until after the Pearl Harbor attack. Following the U.S. declaration, Japan's allies, Germany and Italy, declared war on the United States, bringing the United States fully into World War II. The attack on Pearl Harbor took place before a declaration of war by Japan had been delivered to the United States. It was originally stipulated that the attack should not commence until thirty minutes after Japan had informed the US that it was withdrawing from further peace negotiations, but the attack began before the notice could\",\n \"title\": \"United States declaration of war on Japan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"454791\",\n \"text\": \"Following the Potsdam Declaration by the Allies on 26 July 1945 and the refusal of Japan to surrender under its terms, the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 and 9 August respectively. With an invasion of the Japanese archipelago imminent, the possibility of additional atomic bombings, the Soviet entry into the war against Japan and its invasion of Manchuria, Japan announced its intention to surrender on 15 August 1945, cementing total victory in Asia for the Allies. Tribunals were set up by fiat by the Allies and war crimes trials were\",\n \"title\": \"World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529842\",\n \"text\": \"Argentia on 1 July. On 7 July, Britain persuaded the Althing to approve an American occupation force under a U.S.-Icelandic defense agreement, and TF 19 anchored off Reykjavík that evening. U.S. Marines commenced landing on 8 July, and disembarkation was completed on 12 July. On 6 August, the U.S. Navy established an air base at Reykjavík with the arrival of Patrol Squadron VP-73 PBY Catalinas and VP-74 PBM Mariners. U.S. Army personnel began arriving in Iceland in August, and the Marines had been transferred to the Pacific by March 1942. Up to 40,000 U.S. military personnel were stationed on the\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19272708\",\n \"text\": \"On 7 December 1941, the United States of America entered World War II following the bombing of Pearl Harbour in Hawaii by Japanese carrier-borne aircraft. The United Kingdom and its Commonwealth had been at war with Germany since September 1939, but now the war was truly global. Japan attacked the Philippines and Thailand, and advanced through Malaya and the Netherlands East Indies (now Indonesia). Singapore fell on 15 February 1942 and two brigades of the 8th Division of the 2nd Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF) were captured, while the third brigade was destroyed piecemeal on the islands of Timor, Ambon\",\n \"title\": \"Mount St John Anti-Aircraft Battery\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1965607\",\n \"text\": \"meaning and playing of the game, in the September 1941 issue of \\\"The Atlantic Monthly\\\". A 2018 profile of Berg in \\\"The New York Times\\\" described the essay as, \\\"still one of the most insightful works ever penned about the game.\\\" With the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese on December 7, 1941, the United States was thrust into World War II. To do his part for the war effort, Berg accepted a position with Nelson Rockefeller's Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs on January 5, 1942. Nine days later, his father, Bernard, died. During the summer of\",\n \"title\": \"Moe Berg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529825\",\n \"text\": \"U.S. military to replace the British invasion forces in Iceland. In the Pacific Theater, there was unofficial early U.S. combat activity such as the Flying Tigers. During the war, over 16 million Americans served in the United States Armed Forces, with 405,399 killed in action and 671,278 wounded. There were also 130,201 American prisoners of war, of whom 116,129 returned home after the war. Key civilian advisors to President Roosevelt included Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson, who mobilized the nation's industries and induction centers to supply the Army, commanded by General George Marshall and the Army Air Forces under\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529908\",\n \"text\": \"the defeat of the German army in the Ardennes, the Allies pushed back towards the Rhine and the heart of Germany. With the capture of the Ludendorff bridge at Remagen, the Allies crossed the Rhine in March 1945. The Americans then executed a pincer movement, setting up the Ninth Army north, and the First Army south. When the Allies closed the pincer, 300,000 Germans were captured in the Ruhr Pocket. The Americans then turned east, first meeting up with the Soviets at Torgau on the Elbe River in April. The Germans surrendered Berlin to the Soviets on 2 May 1945.\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"454843\",\n \"text\": \"a defensive war. To prevent American intervention while securing the perimeter, it was further planned to neutralise the United States Pacific Fleet and the American military presence in the Philippines from the outset. On 7 December 1941 (8 December in Asian time zones), Japan attacked British and American holdings with near-simultaneous offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific. These included an attack on the American fleets at Pearl Harbor and the Philippines, landings in Thailand and Malaya, and the Battle of Hong Kong. These attacks led the United States, United Kingdom, China, Australia and several other states to formally\",\n \"title\": \"World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529955\",\n \"text\": \"Empire and Chinese forces in Burma and suffered many casualties. On 10 August 1944 the Marauders were consolidated into the 475th Infantry. The U.S. also had an adviser to Chiang Kai-shek and Joseph Stillwell. Units of the Tenth Air Force, Fourteenth Air Force, and Twentieth Air Force of the USAAF also served in the theatre, including the previously mentioned \\\"Flying Tigers\\\". Military history of the United States during World War II The military history of the United States in World War II covers the war against Germany, Italy, and Japan, starting with the 7 December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor.\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14214755\",\n \"text\": \"country, further increasing tension in the Pacific. In late 1941, Japan's government, led by Prime Minister and General Hideki Tojo, decided to break the US-led embargo through force of arms. On December 7, 1941, the Imperial Japanese Navy launched a surprise attack on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. This brought the US into World War II on the side of the Allies. Japan then successfully invaded the Asian colonies of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands, including the Philippines, Malaya, Hong Kong, Singapore, Burma, and the Dutch East Indies. In the early stages of the\",\n \"title\": \"History of Japan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529853\",\n \"text\": \"island, U.S. 7th Army lost 8,781 men (2,237 killed or missing, 5,946 wounded, and 598 captured). Following the Allied victory in Sicily, Italian public sentiment swung against the war and Italian dictator Benito Mussolini. He was deposed in a coup, and the Allies struck quickly, hoping resistance would be slight. The first Allied troops landed on the Italian peninsula on 3 September 1943 and Italy surrendered on 8 September, however the Italian Social Republic was established soon afterwards. The first American troops landed at Salerno on 9 September 1943, by U.S. 5th Army, however German troops in Italy were prepared\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"454825\",\n \"text\": \"any direct military intervention in the conflict well into 1941. In December 1940 Roosevelt accused Hitler of planning world conquest and ruled out any negotiations as useless, calling for the United States to become an \\\"arsenal of democracy\\\" and promoting Lend-Lease programmes of aid to support the British war effort. The United States started strategic planning to prepare for a full-scale offensive against Germany. At the end of September 1940, the Tripartite Pact formally united Japan, Italy and Germany as the Axis Powers. The Tripartite Pact stipulated that any country, with the exception of the Soviet Union, which attacked any\",\n \"title\": \"World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4457445\",\n \"text\": \"First engagement of neutral United States in World War II before the attack on Pearl Harbor Scholars have identified various events as being the first engagement of neutral United States in World War II before the attack on Pearl Harbor. They disagree on which events led to formal entry of the United States into the conflict. The first American hostile action against Axis forces was on 10 April 1941, when the destroyer attacked a German U-boat the U-52 that had just sunk a Dutch freighter \\\"Saleier\\\". \\\"Niblack\\\" was picking up survivors of the freighter when it detected a U-boat preparing\",\n \"title\": \"First engagement of neutral United States in World War II before the attack on Pearl Harbor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"454858\",\n \"text\": \"civilian population. The firebombing of Hamburg was among the first attacks in this campaign, inflicting significant casualties and considerable losses on infrastructure of this important industrial center. After the Guadalcanal Campaign, the Allies initiated several operations against Japan in the Pacific. In May 1943, Canadian and US forces were sent to eliminate Japanese forces from the Aleutians. Soon after, the United States, with support from Australian and New Zealand forces, began major operations to isolate Rabaul by capturing surrounding islands, and breach the Japanese Central Pacific perimeter at the Gilbert and Marshall Islands. By the end of March 1944, the\",\n \"title\": \"World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1403029\",\n \"text\": \"for the European theatres, Roosevelt eventually won the favor of restoring the arms trade with belligerent nations after Germany's invasion of Poland, which is said by many to have fixed the United States economy. Total involvement in the war began after the Attack on Pearl Harbor, where isolationism began to cede. Starting in 1940 (18 months before Pearl Harbor), the nation mobilized, giving high priority to air power. American involvement in World War II in 1940–41 was limited to providing war material and financial support to Britain, the Soviet Union, and the Republic of China. The U.S. entered officially on\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529904\",\n \"text\": \"and adjacent eastern Lorraine, but could not clear central Alsace. During Operation Nordwind in December 1944, the 19th Army attacked north out of the Pocket in support of other German forces attacking south from the Saar into northern Alsace. In late January and early February 1945, the French First Army (reinforced by the U.S. XXI Corps) cleared the Pocket of German forces. By early 1945, events favored the Allied forces in Europe. On the Western Front the Allies had been fighting in Germany since the Battle of Aachen in October 1944 and by January had turned back the Germans in\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13923707\",\n \"text\": \"1941 in the United States Events from the year 1941 in the United States. At the end of this year, the United States officially enters World War II by declaring war on the Empire of Japan following the attack on Pearl Harbor. Baseball fans across the nation witnessed not one, but two of the most amazing individual efforts and achievements the game has ever known. The two measures recorded during the 1941 campaign both stand to this day and are regarded by practically all, even the most casual of fans, to be unattainable in the game today. 1941 saw the\",\n \"title\": \"1941 in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529913\",\n \"text\": \"Congress on 8 December 1941. The motion passed with only one vote against it, in both chambers. Just three days later, on 11 December 1941 Adolf Hitler declared war on the United States, and had already remarked on the evening of the date of the Japanese attack that \\\"We can't lose the war at all. We now have an ally which has never been conquered in 3,000 years\\\". Within hours of Pearl Harbor Japanese air forces from Formosa destroyed much of the U.S. Far East Air Force, based near Manila. The Japanese army invaded and trapped the American and Filipino\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3358935\",\n \"text\": \"war, the Imperial Japanese Navy attacked Pearl Harbor with the aim of destroying the main American battle fleet at anchor. At the same time, other Japanese forces attacked the U.S.-held Philippines and the British Empire in Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong. The USA and the United Kingdom to declare war upon Japan the next day. Four days later the U.S was brought into the European war when on December 11, 1941, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy declared war on the United States. Hitler chose to declare that the Tripartite Pact required that Germany follow Japan's declaration of war; although American\",\n \"title\": \"Causes of World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14015290\",\n \"text\": \"issue. Its declared decision on 31 January 1917 to target neutral shipping in a designated war-zone became the immediate cause of the entry of the United States into the war. Five American merchant ships went down in March. Outraged public opinion now overwhelmingly supported Wilson when he asked Congress for a declaration of war on April 2, 1917. Historians such as Ernest R. May have approached the process of American entry into the war as a study in how public opinion changed radically in three years' time. In 1914 most Americans called for neutrality, seeing the war a dreadful mistake\",\n \"title\": \"American entry into World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529850\",\n \"text\": \"for a second front against the Germans. General Dwight Eisenhower commanded the assault on North Africa, and Major General George Patton struck at Casablanca. The United States did not have a smooth entry into the war against Nazi Germany. Early in 1943, the U.S. Army suffered a near-disastrous defeat at the Battle of the Kasserine Pass in February. The senior Allied leadership was primarily to blame for the loss as internal bickering between American General Lloyd Fredendall and the British led to mistrust and little communication, causing inadequate troop placements. The defeat could be considered a major turning point, however,\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2560892\",\n \"text\": \"The division, under the command of Major General Geoffrey Keyes, was activated on 15 July 1942 at Fort Riley, Kansas, by reorganizing and redesignating the white elements of the 2nd Cavalry Division. This was only seven months after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, which was followed just four days later by the German declaration of war on the United States, thus bringing the United States into World War II. After over two years of training throughout the country the 9th Armored Division, now commanded by Major General John W. Leonard, reached the United Kingdom in\",\n \"title\": \"9th Armored Division (United States)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"454824\",\n \"text\": \"using U-boats against British shipping in the Atlantic. The British Home Fleet scored a significant victory on 27May 1941 by sinking the German battleship \\\"Bismarck\\\". In November 1939, the United States was taking measures to assist China and the Western Allies, and amended the Neutrality Act to allow \\\"cash and carry\\\" purchases by the Allies. In 1940, following the German capture of Paris, the size of the United States Navy was significantly increased. In September the United States further agreed to a trade of American destroyers for British bases. Still, a large majority of the American public continued to oppose\",\n \"title\": \"World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529841\",\n \"text\": \"from Canada as far as the \\\"Mid-Atlantic Meeting Point\\\" (MOMP) south of Iceland, where they handed off to the RN. On 16 June 1941, after negotiation with Churchill, Roosevelt ordered the United States occupation of Iceland to replace the British invasion forces. On 22 June 1941, the US Navy sent Task Force 19 (TF 19) from Charleston, South Carolina to assemble at Argentia, Newfoundland. TF 19 included 25 warships and the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade of 194 officers and 3714 men from San Diego, California under the command of Brigadier General John Marston. Task Force 19 (TF 19) sailed from\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529897\",\n \"text\": \"the Ardennes forest, along a battlefront extending southwards from Monschau to Echternach, hoping to punch a hole in the Allied lines and capture the Belgian city of Antwerp. The Allies responded slowly, allowing the German attack to create a large \\\"bulge\\\" in the Allied lines. In the initial stages of the offensive, American POW's from the 285th Field Artillery Observation Battalion were executed at the Malmedy massacre by Nazi SS and Fallschirmjäger. As the Germans pushed westward, General Eisenhower ordered the 101st Airborne and elements of the U.S. 10th Armored Division into the road junction town of Bastogne to prepare\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529891\",\n \"text\": \"Allies in France. The operation was a success and forced the German Army Group G to abandon southern France and to retreat under constant Allied attacks to the Vosges Mountains. By the time the operation finished on 14 September 1944, US forces suffered 2,050 killed, captured or missing 7,750 other casualties, on 15 September 1944 the Allied forces of the operation were renamed the Sixth Army Group and placed under Eisenhower's command. The next major Allied operation came on 17 September. Devised by British General Bernard Montgomery, its primary objective was the capture of several bridges in the Netherlands. Fresh\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529890\",\n \"text\": \"trapped inside. Many Germans escaped but losses in men and equipment were huge. Two days later the Allied Liberation of Paris was completed and on 30 August, the remnants of Army Group B retreated across the Seine, which ended Operation Overlord. On 15 August 1944, the US 7th Army, spearheaded by the 3rd Infantry Division and 36th Infantry Division and other Allied forces landed in southern France between Cannes and Hyères. The aim of the operation was to secure the southern half of France and one objective in particular was to capture Marseille as a main supply harbor for the\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529919\",\n \"text\": \"Japanese fleet. The battle began on 4 June 1942. By the time it was over, the Japanese had lost four carriers, as opposed to one American carrier lost. The Battle of Midway was the turning point of the war in the Pacific because the United States had seized the initiative and was on the offensive for the remaining duration of the war. Following the resounding victory at Midway, the United States began a major land offensive. The Allies came up with a strategy known as Island hopping, or the bypassing of islands that either served little or no strategic importance\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6309428\",\n \"text\": \"between the Japan's commitment to conquer China, and America's commitment to defend China. Japan's civilian government fell and the Army under General Tojo took full control, bent on war. Japan attacked the American navy base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941. In response, the United States declared war on Japan. Japan's Axis allies, including Nazi Germany, declared war on the United States days after the attack, bringing the United States into World War II. The conflict was a bitter one, marked by atrocities such as the executions and torture of American prisoners of war by the Imperial Japanese\",\n \"title\": \"Japan–United States relations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5500607\",\n \"text\": \"were as follows: the Albanian National Liberation Front, the Chinese Red Army, the Greek National Liberation Front, the Hukbalahap, the Malayan Communist Party, the People's Republic of Mongolia, the Polish People's Army, the Tuvan People's Republic (annexed by the Soviet Union in 1944), the Viet Minh and the Yugoslav Partisans. The United States had indirectly supported Britain's war effort against Germany up to 1941 and declared its opposition to territorial aggrandizement. Materiel support to Britain was provided while the U.S. was officially neutral via the Lend-Lease Act starting in 1941. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill in\",\n \"title\": \"Allies of World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529880\",\n \"text\": \"narrow roads to their advantage which slowed the American advance. After being reinforced, VII corps took control of the peninsula in fierce fighting on 19 June and launched their assault on Cherbourg on 22 June. The German garrison surrendered on 29 June, but by this time they had destroyed the port facilities, which were not made fully operational until September. The Battle of Saint-Lô is one of the three conflicts in the Battle of the Hedgerows (fr), which took place between July 9–24, 1944, just before Operation Cobra. Saint-Lô had fallen to Germany in 1940, and, after the Invasion of\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"454877\",\n \"text\": \"history. In May 1945, Australian troops landed in Borneo, over-running the oilfields there. British, American, and Chinese forces defeated the Japanese in northern Burma in March, and the British pushed on to reach Rangoon by 3 May. Chinese forces started a counterattack in the Battle of West Hunan that occurred between 6 April and 7 June 1945. American naval and amphibious forces also moved towards Japan, taking Iwo Jima by March, and Okinawa by the end of June. At the same time, American submarines cut off Japanese imports, drastically reducing Japan's ability to supply its overseas forces. On 11 July,\",\n \"title\": \"World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529851\",\n \"text\": \"because General Eisenhower replaced Fredendall with General Patton. Slowly the Allies stopped the German advance in Tunisia and by March were pushing back. In mid April, under British General Bernard Montgomery, the Allies smashed through the Mareth Line and broke the Axis defense in North Africa. On 13 May 1943, Axis troops in North Africa surrendered, leaving behind 275,000 men. Allied efforts turned towards Sicily and Italy. The first stepping stone for the Allied liberation of Europe was, in Prime Minister Winston Churchill's words, the \\\"soft underbelly\\\" of Europe on the Italian island of Sicily. Launched on 9 July 1943,\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529828\",\n \"text\": \"of aviation gasoline and fuel oil, as the U.S. Navy in June 1944 captured islands within bombing range of the Japanese home islands. Strategic bombing directed by General Curtis Lemay destroyed all the major Japanese cities, as the U.S. captured Okinawa after heavy losses in spring 1945. With the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and an invasion and Soviet intervention imminent, Japan surrendered. The war against Germany involved aid to Britain, her allies, and the Soviet Union, with the U.S. supplying munitions until it could ready an invasion force. U.S. forces were first tested to a limited degree in\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529855\",\n \"text\": \"1944. By early 1944 the Allied attention had turned to the western front and the Allies were taking heavy losses trying to breakthrough the Winter line at Monte Cassino. The Allies landed at Anzio on 22 January 1944 with the aim of outflanking the Gustav line and pulling Axis forces out of it so other allied armies could breakthrough. After slow progress, the Germans counterattacked in February but failed to stamp out the Allies, after months of stalemate, the Allies broke out in May 1944 and Rome fell to the Allies on 4 June 1944. Following the Normandy invasion on\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5500572\",\n \"text\": \"Africa. After the start of the German invasion of North Europe until the Balkan Campaign, the Netherlands, Belgium, Greece, and Yugoslavia joined the Allies. After first having cooperated with Germany in invading Poland whilst remaining neutral in the Allied-Axis conflict, the Soviet Union perforce joined the Allies in June 1941 after being invaded by Germany. The United States provided war materiel and money all along, and officially joined in December 1941 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. China had already been in a prolonged war with Japan since the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of 1937, but officially joined the\",\n \"title\": \"Allies of World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529917\",\n \"text\": \"from Midway, enabling a Japanese victory. Because their ciphers were broken, the American forces only drove the Japanese out after Midway. On 11 May 1943, American and Canadian forces, spearheaded by the U.S. 7th Infantry Division landed on Attu, beginning the operation to take back the islands, by the end of May 1943 and after a series of battles, Allied forces retook Attu. On 15 August 1943, Allied forces landed on Kiska to retake it, only to find the Island abandoned by the Japanese. Having learned important lessons at Coral Sea, the United States Navy was prepared when the Japanese\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16553734\",\n \"text\": \"enemy counter-offensive during the German Operation Nordwind, then completed its reduction of the region by mid-March. In a lead role in Operation Undertone launched March 15th, the Seventh Army fought its way across the Rhine into Germany, capturing Nuremberg and then Munich. Elements reached Austria and crossed the Brenner Pass into Italy by May 4th, followed shortly by war's end on VE-Day, May 8, 1945. The United States officially entered World War II on 7 December 1941, after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. This was followed four days later by the German declaration of war on the United States.\",\n \"title\": \"Seventh United States Army\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529829\",\n \"text\": \"the North African Campaign and then employed more significantly with British Forces in Italy in 1943–45, where U.S. forces, representing about a third of the Allied forces deployed, bogged down after Italy surrendered and the Germans took over. Finally the main invasion of France took place in June 1944, under General Dwight D. Eisenhower. Meanwhile, the U.S. Army Air Forces and the British Royal Air Force engaged in the area bombardment of German cities and systematically targeted German transportation links and synthetic oil plants, as it knocked out what was left of the Luftwaffe post Battle of Britain in 1944.\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"165638\",\n \"text\": \"Act of 1965, which removed racial and national barriers and resulted in significantly altering the demographic mix in the U.S. Oahu was the target of a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor by Imperial Japan on December 7, 1941. The attack on Pearl Harbor and other military and naval installations, carried out by aircraft and by midget submarines, brought the United States into World War II. In the 1950s, the power of the plantation owners was broken by the descendants of immigrant laborers, who were born in Hawaii and were U.S. citizens. They voted against the Hawaii Republican Party, strongly supported\",\n \"title\": \"Hawaii\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"454844\",\n \"text\": \"declare war on Japan, whereas the Soviet Union, being heavily involved in large-scale hostilities with European Axis countries, maintained its neutrality agreement with Japan. Germany, followed by the other Axis states, declared war on the United States in solidarity with Japan, citing as justification the American attacks on German war vessels that had been ordered by Roosevelt. On 1 January 1942, the Allied Big Four—the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom and the United States—and 22 smaller or exiled governments issued the Declaration by United Nations, thereby affirming the Atlantic Charter, and agreeing to not to sign a separate peace\",\n \"title\": \"World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529870\",\n \"text\": \"night—built up into massive bombing of German industrial areas, notably the Ruhr, followed by attacks directly on cities such as Hamburg, Kassel, Pforzheim, Mainz and the often-criticized bombing of Dresden. The second European front that the Soviets had pressed for was finally opened on 6 June 1944, when the Allies attacked the heavily fortified Atlantic Wall. Supreme Allied commander General Dwight D. Eisenhower had delayed the attack because of bad weather, but finally the largest amphibious assault in history began. After prolonged bombing runs on the French coast by the Army Air Forces, 225 U.S. Army Rangers scaled the cliffs\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4432513\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"South Dakota\\\", \\\"Indiana\\\", \\\"Massachusetts\\\", and the \\\"Alabama\\\", on 8 December 1943, and also bombed by U.S. Navy carrier airplanes on the same day. See the article on the \\\"Washington\\\". Nepal declared war on Germany on 4 September 1939, and offered Gurkha troops to the United Kingdom. Like the Belgians, the Netherlands declared neutrality in 1939. In May 1940, the Netherlands was invaded after fierce resistance against the Nazis. Rotterdam and Middelburg were heavily bombed. The Dutch joined the Allies and contributed their surviving naval and armed forces to the defense of East Asia, in particular the Netherlands East Indies. Until\",\n \"title\": \"World War II by country\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1549619\",\n \"text\": \"to establish its long-planned Southeast Asian empire and defensible buffer zones. The American public saw the attack as a treacherous act and rallied against the Japanese. Four days later, Adolf Hitler of Germany, and Benito Mussolini of Italy declared war on the United States, merging the separate conflicts. The United States entered the European Theatre and Pacific Theater in full force, thereby bringing the United States to World War II on the side of the Allies. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese launched offensives against Allied forces in East and Southeast Asia, with simultaneous attacks in British Hong\",\n \"title\": \"Empire of Japan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"703914\",\n \"text\": \"Attack on Pearl Harbor The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Territory, on the morning of December 7, 1941. The attack, also known as the Battle of Pearl Harbor, led to the United States' entry into World War II. The Japanese military leadership referred to the attack as the Hawaii Operation and Operation AI, and as Operation Z during its planning. Japan intended the attack as a preventive action to keep the U.S. Pacific Fleet from interfering with its planned\",\n \"title\": \"Attack on Pearl Harbor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18488210\",\n \"text\": \"important base for the Australian, British, American and Dutch air forces during World War Two. On 7 December 1941, the United States of America entered World War Two following the bombing of the American fleet at Pearl Harbour in Hawaii by Japanese carrier-borne aircraft. England and its Commonwealth had been at war with Germany since September 1939, but now the war was truly global. Darwin was first bombed on 19 February 1942 and 14,000 Australians were taken prisoner following the fall of Singapore. Plans to defend Australia from an anticipated Japanese invasion and to use Queensland as a support base\",\n \"title\": \"Acacia Ridge Air Raid Shelter\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529931\",\n \"text\": \"proved decisive. Guadalcanal is an iconic episode in the annals of American military history, underscoring heroic bravery of underequipped individuals in fierce combat with a determined foe. Marines from the 1st Marine Division landed on 7 August 1942, soldiers from the Army XIV Corps reinforced and eventually replaced in late-November 1942. They quickly captured Henderson Field, and prepared defenses. In the Battle of Bloody Ridge, the Americans held off wave after wave of Japanese counterattacks before charging what was left of the Japanese. After more than six months of combat the island was firmly in control of the Allies on\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"150967\",\n \"text\": \"former Prime Minister of Japan Noboru Takeshita to discuss shared economic issues and \\\"the fact that their solution will require extraordinary efforts on both sides of the Pacific.\\\" On December 6, 1991, Japanese Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa apologized to the United States for the attack on Pearl Harbor. The following day — the fiftieth anniversary of the attack — Bush accepted Japan's apology for the event that drew the United States into World War II. Bush urged that progress be made in improving relations between the U.S. and Japan. On June 18, 1990, White House Press Secretary Marlin Fitzwater confirmed\",\n \"title\": \"George H. W. Bush\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"454815\",\n \"text\": \"September 1939, Germany invaded Poland after having staged several false flag border incidents as a pretext to initiate the attack. The Battle of Westerplatte is often described as the first battle of the war. The United Kingdom responded with an ultimatum to Germany to cease military operations, and on 3 September, after the ultimatum was ignored, France, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand declared war on Germany. This alliance was joined by South Africa (6 September) and Canada (10 September). The alliance provided no direct military support to Poland, outside of a cautious French probe into the Saarland. The\",\n \"title\": \"World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"739841\",\n \"text\": \"with increasing anti-Nazi feelings following the German invasion of Poland in September 1939 that started World War II. Roosevelt positioned the U.S. as the \\\"Arsenal of Democracy\\\", pledging full-scale financial and munitions support for the Allies – but no military personnel. This was carried out through the Lend-Lease agreements. Japan tried to neutralize America's power in the Pacific by attacking Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, which catalyzed American support to enter the war. The main contributions of the U.S. to the Allied war effort comprised money, industrial output, food, petroleum, technological innovation, and (especially 1944–45), military personnel. Much of\",\n \"title\": \"History of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529915\",\n \"text\": \"Australian forces were combined under the ABDA command but its fleet was quickly sunk in several naval battles around Java. Following their rapid advance, the Japanese started the Solomon Islands Campaign from their newly conquered main base at Rabaul in January 1942. The Japanese seized several islands including Tulagi and Guadalcanal, before they were halted by further events leading to the Guadalcanal Campaign. This campaign also converged with the New Guinea campaign. In May 1942, the United States fleet engaged the Japanese fleet during the first battle in history in which neither fleet fired directly on the other, nor did\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529889\",\n \"text\": \"the Falaise–Chambois area to envelop Army Group B, the First U.S. Army forming the southern arm, the British Second Army the base and the First Canadian Army the northern arm of the encirclement. The Germans began to withdraw on 17 August and on 19 August, the Allies linked up in Chambois. Gaps were forced in the Allied lines by German counter-attacks, the biggest being a corridor forced past the 1st Polish Armoured Division on Hill 262, a commanding position at the mouth of the pocket. By the evening of 21 August, the pocket had been sealed, with c. 50,000 Germans\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14138898\",\n \"text\": \"United States in World War I The United States declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917, more than two and a half years after World War I started. A ceasefire and Armistice was declared on November 11, 1918. Before entering the war, the U.S. had remained neutral, though it had been an important supplier to Great Britain and the other Allied powers. The U.S. made its major contributions in terms of supplies, raw material and money, starting in 1917. American soldiers under General of the Armies John Pershing, Commander-in-Chief of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), arrived at the rate\",\n \"title\": \"United States in World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"454836\",\n \"text\": \"The \\\"blitzkrieg\\\" phase of the war in Europe had ended. By early December, freshly mobilised reserves allowed the Soviets to achieve numerical parity with Axis troops. This, as well as intelligence data which established that a minimal number of Soviet troops in the East would be sufficient to deter any attack by the Japanese Kwantung Army, allowed the Soviets to begin a massive counter-offensive that started on 5 December all along the front and pushed German troops west. In 1939, the United States had renounced its trade treaty with Japan, and beginning with an aviation gasoline ban in July 1940,\",\n \"title\": \"World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4445535\",\n \"text\": \"and develop the military forces required to play a role in the war effort, and for the British to go on the offensive in its theatres of operation. The entry of the United States into the war in late 1941 injected financial, human and industrial resources into Allied operations. The US produced more than its own military forces required and armed itself and its allies for the most industrialized war in history. At the beginning of the war, the British and French placed large orders for aircraft with American manufacturers and the US Congress approved plans to increase its air\",\n \"title\": \"Military production during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18810245\",\n \"text\": \"to the Soviet Union, consistent with President Roosevelt's stated policy on Russia, despite strong opposition from the Office of Production Management and others. Less than four months after SPAB was created, the United States formally entered World War II when it declared war upon Japan on December 8, 1941. SPAB seemed poised to dramatically increase in importance. However, this increased significance was short-lived; on January 16, 1942, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9024, establishing the War Production Board (WPB). The War Production Board superseded the Supply Priorities and Allocation Board and the Office of Production Management and absorbed both boards'\",\n \"title\": \"Supply Priorities and Allocation Board\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"454873\",\n \"text\": \"Poland, pushing from the Vistula to the Oder river in Germany, and overran East Prussia. On 4 February, Soviet, British and US leaders met for the Yalta Conference. They agreed on the occupation of post-war Germany, and on when the Soviet Union would join the war against Japan. In February, the Soviets entered Silesia and Pomerania, while Western Allies entered western Germany and closed to the Rhine river. By March, the Western Allies crossed the Rhine north and south of the Ruhr, encircling the German Army Group B. In early March, in attempts to protect her last oil reserves in\",\n \"title\": \"World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"454809\",\n \"text\": \"Soviets, this policy would prove difficult to maintain. Japan and the Soviet Union eventually signed a Neutrality Pact in April 1941, and Japan adopted the doctrine of Nanshin-ron, promoted by the Navy, which took its focus southward, eventually leading to its war with the United States and the Western Allies. In Europe, Germany and Italy were becoming more aggressive. In March 1938, Germany annexed Austria, again provoking little response from other European powers. Encouraged, Hitler began pressing German claims on the Sudetenland, an area of Czechoslovakia with a predominantly ethnic German population. Soon the United Kingdom and France followed the\",\n \"title\": \"World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7594704\",\n \"text\": \"American intervention could make an impact. Tonnage sunk rose above 500,000 tons per month from February to July. It peaked at 860,000 tons in April. After July, the newly re-introduced convoy system became effective in reducing the U-boat threat. Britain was safe from starvation, while German industrial output fell, and the United States joined the war far earlier than Germany had anticipated. On 3 May 1917, during the Nivelle Offensive, the French 2nd Colonial Division, veterans of the Battle of Verdun, refused orders, arriving drunk and without their weapons. Their officers lacked the means to punish an entire division, and\",\n \"title\": \"World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3279576\",\n \"text\": \"have been the beginning of his personal involvement in the peace process, culminating in Japan's surrender five months later. The first U.S. raid on the Japanese main island was the Doolittle Raid of 18 April 1942, when sixteen B-25 Mitchells were launched from the to attack targets including Yokohama and Tokyo and then fly on to airfields in China. The raid was a military pinprick but a significant propaganda victory. Because they were launched prematurely, none of the aircraft had enough fuel to reach their designated landing sites, and so either crashed or ditched (except for one aircraft, which landed\",\n \"title\": \"Strategic bombing during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17381055\",\n \"text\": \"all of them (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa) soon declared war on Germany. The fears in London that South Africa would take the advice of Prime Minister J. B. M. Hertzog and remain neutral were relieved when the parliament voted 80 to 67 for war, and Hertzog resigned. After the French defeat in June 1940, Britain and its empire stood alone in combat against Germany, until June 1941. The United States gave strong diplomatic, financial and material support, starting in 1940, especially through Lend Lease, which began in 1941, In August 1941, Churchill and Roosevelt met and agreed\",\n \"title\": \"Diplomatic history of World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"454787\",\n \"text\": \"late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa, and the fall of France in mid 1940, the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire. War in the Balkans, the aerial Battle of Britain, the Blitz, and\",\n \"title\": \"World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529832\",\n \"text\": \"Soviet Union as well as Britain and China. Prior to America's entry into World War II in December 1941, individual Americans volunteered to fight against the Axis powers in other nations' armed forces. Although under American law, it was illegal for United States citizens to join the armed forces of foreign nations and in doing so, they lost their citizenship, many American volunteers changed their nationality to Canadian. However Congress passed a blanket pardon in 1944. American mercenary Colonel Charles Sweeny living in London began recruiting American citizens to fight as a U.S. volunteer detachment in the French Air force,\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529940\",\n \"text\": \"chose to fight on to the end, leaving only 1,000 of the original 21,000 defenders alive. The Marines suffered as well, suffering 25,000 casualties. The battle became iconic in America as the epitome of heroism in desperate hand-to-hand combat. Okinawa became the last major battle of the Pacific Theater and the Second World War. The island was to become a staging area for the eventual invasion of Japan since it was just 350 miles (550 km) south of the Japanese mainland. Marines and soldiers landed unopposed on 1 April 1945, to begin an 82-day campaign which became the largest land-sea-air\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"454876\",\n \"text\": \"until 11 May. In the Pacific theatre, American forces accompanied by the forces of the Philippine Commonwealth advanced in the Philippines, clearing Leyte by the end of April 1945. They landed on Luzon in January 1945 and recaptured Manila in March. Fighting continued on Luzon, Mindanao, and other islands of the Philippines until the end of the war. Meanwhile, the United States Army Air Forces launched a massive firebombing campaign of strategic cities in Japan in an effort to destroy Japanese war industry and civilian morale. A devastating bombing raid of 9–10 March was the deadliest conventional bombing raid in\",\n \"title\": \"World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4432586\",\n \"text\": \"on the United States three days later. The United States subscribed to the Allied plan of making German defeat the priority, coordinating with the United Kingdom in most major operations. However, it also maintained a strong effort against Japan, being the primary Allied power in the Pacific Theater. The U.S. supplied valuable industrial production as the Arsenal of Democracy. After the war the United States retained military commitments to European security while providing economic investment to rebuild nations devastated during the war. Politically, the U.S. became a founding member of NATO, and hosts the United Nations in which it gained\",\n \"title\": \"World War II by country\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529827\",\n \"text\": \"in history. The Imperial Japanese Navy had the advantage, taking the Philippines as well as British and Dutch possessions, and threatening Australia but in June 1942, its main carriers were sunk during the Battle of Midway, and the Americans seized the initiative. The Pacific War became one of island hopping, so as to move air bases closer and closer to Japan. The Army, based in Australia under General Douglas MacArthur, steadily advanced across New Guinea to the Philippines, with plans to invade the Japanese home islands in late 1945. With its merchant fleet sunk by American submarines, Japan ran short\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9972517\",\n \"text\": \"Staff School. He was a member of the General Staff of the War Department from 1934 to 1939. He commanded regiments in Hawaii, California, Washington, and Alaska from 1939 to 1941. Although World War II had begun in September 1939, the United States, choosing to remain neutral, did not enter the conflict until December 7, 1941, due to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Corlett was promoted to the rank of major general on September 6, 1942 almost nine months after the American entry into the war, and was placed in command of the Kiska Task Force, consisting of the\",\n \"title\": \"Charles H. Corlett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12962342\",\n \"text\": \"decision. Following the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom, the United States Navy established a base on the island in 1899. On December 7, 1941, the base was attacked by the Imperial Japanese Navy airplanes and midget submarines, causing the American entry into World War II. One of the main reasons that Pearl Harbor happened was because the United States had major communication breakdowns among several branches of the U.S. armed services and departments of the U.S. government. This led to the surprise Japanese attack at the Hawaiian air base. There was no meaningful plan for the air defense of Hawaii,\",\n \"title\": \"Pearl Harbor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529936\",\n \"text\": \"original 2,600 Japanese soldiers on the island, only 17 were still alive. In preparation of the recapture of the Philippines, the Allies started the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign to retake the Gilbert and Marshall Islands from the Japanese in summer 1943. Moving closer to Japan, the U.S. Navy decisively won the Battle of the Philippine Sea and landing forces captured the Mariana and Palau Islands in summer 1944. The goal was building airbases within range of the new B-29 bomber aimed at Japan's industrial cities. The Battle of Leyte Gulf in 23–26 October 1944, was a decisive American victory\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529844\",\n \"text\": \"The USS \\\"Reuben James\\\" was sunk by \\\"U-552\\\" on 31 October 1941. On 11 December 1941, Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany , the same day that the United States declared war on Germany and Italy. The established grand strategy of the Allies was to defeat Germany and its allies in Europe first, and then focus could shift towards Japan in the Pacific. This was because two of the Allied capitals (London and Moscow) could be directly threatened by Germany, but none of the major Allied capitals were threatened by Japan. Germany was the United Kingdom's primary threat, especially after the\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"739849\",\n \"text\": \"and achieving hard-fought victories at Iwo Jima and Okinawa in 1945. Bloodied at Okinawa, the U.S. prepared to invade Japan's home islands when B-29s dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, forcing the empire's surrender in a matter of days and thus ending World War II. The U.S. occupied Japan (and part of Germany), sending Douglas MacArthur to restructure the Japanese economy and political system along American lines. During the war, Roosevelt coined the term \\\"Four Powers\\\" to refer four major Allies of World War II, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and\",\n \"title\": \"History of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"454884\",\n \"text\": \"the Soviet Union. Post-war division of the world was formalised by two international military alliances, the United States-led NATO and the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact. The long period of political tensions and military competition between them, the Cold War, would be accompanied by an unprecedented arms race and proxy wars. In Asia, the United States led the occupation of Japan and administrated Japan's former islands in the Western Pacific, while the Soviets annexed Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. Korea, formerly under Japanese rule, was divided and occupied by the Soviet Union in the North and the United States in the South\",\n \"title\": \"World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14631913\",\n \"text\": \"for war service with the entry of the United States into World War II, on 7 December 1941, \\\"President Adams\\\" fired her guns against the enemy, a U-boat, for the first time on Christmas Day. Following the encounter, she continued her shakedown exercises, then, steamed to the Pacific and trained troops off California as she readied for her first amphibious operation. In June 1942, she embarked the 3rd Battalion, 2nd Marines, and got underway on 1 July for the South Pacific. Between 7 and 9 August, as the United States launched the first step on the island-paved path to victory\",\n \"title\": \"USS President Adams (APA-19)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529935\",\n \"text\": \"Americans that the Japanese would fight to the bitter end. After brutal fighting in which few prisoners were taken on either side, the United States and the Allies pressed on the offensive. The landings at Tarawa on 20 November 1943, by the Americans became bogged down as armor attempting to break through the Japanese lines of defense either sank, were disabled or took on too much water to be of use. The Americans were eventually able to land a limited number of tanks and drive inland. After days of fighting they took control of Tarawa on 23 November. Of the\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14138937\",\n \"text\": \"Republican Warren G. Harding. Notes References United States in World War I The United States declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917, more than two and a half years after World War I started. A ceasefire and Armistice was declared on November 11, 1918. Before entering the war, the U.S. had remained neutral, though it had been an important supplier to Great Britain and the other Allied powers. The U.S. made its major contributions in terms of supplies, raw material and money, starting in 1917. American soldiers under General of the Armies John Pershing, Commander-in-Chief of the American Expeditionary\",\n \"title\": \"United States in World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4432585\",\n \"text\": \"government of the UK. During the Second World War, the Isle of Man had a detention camp for Axis citizens and suspected sympathisers, including members of the British Union of Fascists and the Irish Republican Army. A naval base, radar network and training stations were also established on the island. The United States was neutral early in the fight, although it steadily grew ties with the Allies and began providing increased levels of assistance to them. The United States joined the Allies in December 1941 after the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan.Germany and Italy declared war\",\n \"title\": \"World War II by country\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"454850\",\n \"text\": \"Army Groups. In early June, Japan put its operations into action, but the Americans, having broken Japanese naval codes in late May, were fully aware of the plans and order of battle, and used this knowledge to achieve a decisive victory at Midway over the Imperial Japanese Navy. With its capacity for aggressive action greatly diminished as a result of the Midway battle, Japan chose to focus on a belated attempt to capture Port Moresby by an overland campaign in the Territory of Papua. The Americans planned a counter-attack against Japanese positions in the southern Solomon Islands, primarily Guadalcanal, as\",\n \"title\": \"World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6658537\",\n \"text\": \"she was detailed to escort \\\"Ranger\\\" (CV-4) to Trinidad. They arrived 3 December. Four days later the United States entered World War II. \\\"Rhind\\\" then steamed north to patrol the waters off Bermuda. In February 1942, she shifted further north and through March escorted Icelandic convoys. In April she shepherded a convoy to the Panama Canal Zone and on the 23rd, while en route back to New York, conducted her first depth charge attack on a German submarine. The U-boat had shelled a Norwegian merchantman off New Jersey. Arriving at New York the same day, she departed again on the\",\n \"title\": \"USS Rhind (DD-404)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529903\",\n \"text\": \"were left severely depleted of men and equipment, as survivors retreated to the defenses of the Siegfried Line. With about 610,000 men committed and some 89,000 casualties, including 19,000 killed, the Battle of the Bulge was the largest and bloodiest battle fought by the United States in World War II. The Colmar Pocket (French: Poche de Colmar; German: Brückenkopf Elsaß) was the area held in central Alsace, France by the German Nineteenth Army from November 1944 – February 1945, against the U.S. 6th Army Group during World War II. It was formed when 6th AG liberated southern and northern Alsace\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15819501\",\n \"text\": \"16 June 1941, after negotiation with Churchill, Roosevelt ordered the United States occupation of Iceland to replace the British invasion forces. On 22 June 1941, the U.S. Navy sent Task Force 19 (TF 19) from Charleston, South Carolina, to assemble at Argentia, Newfoundland. TF 19 included 25 warships and the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade of 194 officers and 3714 men from San Diego, California under the command of Brigadier General John Marston. Task Force 19 (TF 19) sailed from Argentia on 1 July. On 7 July, Britain persuaded the Althing to approve an American occupation force under a U.S.–Icelandic defense\",\n \"title\": \"United States Navy in World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529869\",\n \"text\": \"Winston Churchill, Harris, and Carl Spaatz, but after some debate, control passed to SHAEF on 1 April 1944. When the Combined Bomber Offensive officially ended on 1 April, Allied airmen were well on the way to achieving air superiority over all of Europe. While they continued some strategic bombing, the USAAF along with the RAF turned their attention to the tactical air battle in support of the Normandy Invasion. It was not until the middle of September that the strategic bombing campaign of Germany again became the priority for the USSTAF. The twin campaigns—the USAAF by day, the RAF by\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529938\",\n \"text\": \"Japanese with a trick maneuver slipped between the two American fleets and almost reached the beaches. However the Japanese communication system was even worse, and the Japanese army and navy did not cooperate, and the three Japanese fleets were each destroyed. General MacArthur fulfilled his promise to return to the Philippines by landing at Leyte on 20 October 1944. The grueling re-capture of the Philippines took place from 1944 to 1945 and included the battles of Leyte, Luzon, and Mindanao. The Americans did not bypass the small island of Iwo Jima because it wanted bases for fighter escorts; it was\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529854\",\n \"text\": \"and after the Allied troops at Salerno had consolidated their beachhead, The Germans launched fierce counterattacks. However they failed to destroy the beachhead and retreated on 16 September and in October 1943 began preparing a series of defensive lines across central Italy. The US 5th Army and other Allied armies broke through the first two lines (Volturno and the Barbara Line) in October and November 1943. As winter approached, the Allies made slow progress due to the weather and the difficult terrain against the heavily defended German Winter Line, they did however manage to breakthrough the Bernhardt Line in January\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4797964\",\n \"text\": \"now sits on the site of the former camp, and the events of the raid have been depicted in several films. After the United States was attacked at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 by Japanese forces, it entered World War II to join the Allied forces in their fight against the Axis powers. American forces led by General Douglas MacArthur, already stationed in the Philippines as a deterrent against a Japanese invasion of the islands, were attacked by the Japanese hours after Pearl Harbor. On March 12, 1942, General MacArthur and a few select officers, on the orders of\",\n \"title\": \"Raid at Cabanatuan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10733353\",\n \"text\": \"without further investigation. Nassy continued to work for the same firm until 1934, when he decided to study painting. He was admitted to an academy of fine arts in Brussels, Belgium. In 1939, he married a Belgian and began earning a living as a portrait artist. The Germans occupied Belgium in May 1940, but Nassy and his wife did not leave. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the United States entered World War II. On April 14, 1942, four months after the United States entered the war, Nassy was arrested as an enemy national in German-occupied\",\n \"title\": \"Josef Nassy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529845\",\n \"text\": \"Fall of France in 1940, which saw Germany overrun most of the countries of Western Europe, leaving the United Kingdom alone to combat Germany. Germany's planned invasion of the UK, Operation Sea Lion, was averted by its failure to establish air superiority in the Battle of Britain. At the same time, war with Japan in East Asia seemed increasingly likely. Although the U.S. was not yet at war with either Germany or Japan, it met with the UK on several occasions to formulate joint strategies. In the 29 March 1941 report of the ABC-1 conference, the Americans and British agreed\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3358936\",\n \"text\": \"destroyers escorting convoys and German U-boats were already de facto at war in the Battle of the Atlantic. This declaration effectively ended isolationist sentiment in the U.S. and the United States immediately reciprocated, formally entering the war in Europe. Causes of World War II Among the causes of World War II were Italian fascism in the 1920s, Japanese militarism and invasion of China in the 1930s, and especially the political takeover in 1933 of Germany by Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party and its aggressive foreign policy. The immediate cause was Germany invading Poland on September 1, 1939, and Britain\",\n \"title\": \"Causes of World War II\"\n }\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":79091,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":79091,"string":"79,091"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Howard Leslie Shore"],"string":"[\n \"Howard Leslie Shore\"\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who wrote lord of the rings theme music"},"compressed_prompt":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Question:\\nPlease write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring context: a system that copied recorded imagery of fire. The musical score for \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" films was composed by Howard Shore. It was performed by the 100-strong New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the London Voices, The London Oratory School Schola, and the Maori Samoan Choir, and featured several vocal soloists. Shore wrote almost four hours of finalised music for the film (of which just over three hours are used as underscore), featuring a number of non-orchestral instruments, and a large number (49-62) of leitmotives. Two original songs, \\\"Aníron\\\" and the end title theme \\\"May It\\n\\nwho wrote lord of the rings theme music\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 205,\n \"origin_tokens\": 205,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1485902","text":"a system that copied recorded imagery of fire. The musical score for \"The Lord of the Rings\" films was composed by Howard Shore. It was performed by the 100-strong New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the London Voices, The London Oratory School Schola, and the Maori Samoan Choir, and featured several vocal soloists. Shore wrote almost four hours of finalised music for the film (of which just over three hours are used as underscore), featuring a number of non-orchestral instruments, and a large number (49-62) of leitmotives. Two original songs, \"Aníron\" and the end title theme \"May It","title":"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring"},{"id":"6530345","text":"of it was composed by a New-Zealand musician collective known as Plan 9 (Jannet Roddick, David Donaldson, Stephen Roche) and David Longe, known collectively within the context of the Lord of the Rings (and The Hobbit) as \"The Elvish Impersonators.\" They composed several vocal and instrumental pieces as well musical sound effects used for the Ring and Sauron, for the Dead Marshes and for Fangorn. Other musical sound effects, added by the film's sound design department, include war horns and bells ringing. Other film compositions were made by Enya, co-producer Fran Walsh and by the actors Viggo Mortensen and Billy","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"2460969","text":"contributed. Even actors Billy Boyd, Viggo Mortensen, Liv Tyler, Miranda Otto (extended cuts only for the latter two), and Peter Jackson (for a single gong sound in the second film) contributed to the score. Fran Walsh and Philippa Boyens served as librettists, writing lyrics to various music and songs, which David Salo translated into Tolkien's languages. The third film's end song, \"Into the West\", was a tribute to a young filmmaker Jackson and Walsh befriended named Cameron Duncan, who died of cancer in 2003. Shore composed a main theme for \"The Fellowship\" rather than many different character themes, and its","title":"The Lord of the Rings (film series)"},{"id":"6530315","text":"the Rings, Shore wrote 21 hours of music. Howard Shore's composition does not utilize motifs from other scores he had written previously, or from passages of existing film or stage music, with the exception of one intentional nod to Richard Wagner's ring cycle over the end-credits of the third film. Shore wrote a long series of interrelated leitmotifs that were used, developed, combined or fragmented throughout the three scores. The motifs are attached to places, cultures, characters, objects and occurrences, and are divided into sets and subsets of related themes. Shore used his themes in defiance to the common practices","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"2095417","text":"Howard Shore Howard Leslie Shore (born October 18, 1946) is a Canadian composer who is notable for his film scores. He has composed the scores for over 80 films, most notably the scores for \"The Lord of the Rings\" and \"The Hobbit\" film trilogies. He won three Academy Awards for his work on the first trilogy, with one being for the original song \"Into the West\", an award he shared with Eurythmics lead vocalist Annie Lennox and writer/producer Fran Walsh, who wrote the lyrics. He is also a consistent collaborator with director David Cronenberg, having scored all but one of","title":"Howard Shore"},{"id":"6530303","text":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series The music of \"The Lord of the Rings\" film series was composed, orchestrated, conducted and produced by Howard Shore. The scores are often considered to represent one of the greatest achievements in the history of film music in terms of length of the score, the size of the staged forces, the unusual instrumentation, the featured soloists, the multitude of musical styles and the number of recurring musical themes used. Shore wrote many hours of music for \"The Lord of the Rings\", effectively scoring the entire film length. Over 13 hours of","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"16876830","text":"Music of The Hobbit film series The music of \"The Hobbit\" film series is composed and produced by Howard Shore, who scored all three \"The Lord of the Rings\" films, to which The Hobbit trilogy is a prequel. The score continues the style of The Lord of the Rings score, and utlizies a vast ensemble, multiple musical forms and styles, a large number of leitmotives and various unusual instruments, adding to Shore's overarching music of the Middle-earth films. Shore composed over nine hours of music, featuring 65 new musical themes and reprising 50 themes from the Lord of the Rings.","title":"Music of The Hobbit film series"},{"id":"574324","text":"over $112,000. It was released December 2017. A soundtrack for J. R. R. Tolkien's \"The Hobbit\" and \"The Lord of the Rings\" was composed by Craig Russell for the San Luis Obispo Youth Symphony. Commissioned in 1995, it was finally put on disk in 2000 by the San Luis Obispo Symphony. For the 1996 \"Star Wars\" novel \"\" (written by author Steve Perry), Lucasfilm chose Joel McNeely to write a score. This was an eccentric, experimental project, in contrast to all other soundtracks, as the composer was allowed to convey general moods and themes, rather than having to write music","title":"Soundtrack"},{"id":"2460970","text":"strength and weaknesses in volume are depicted at different points in the series. On top of that, individual themes were composed to represent different cultures. Infamously, the amount of music Shore had to write every day for the third film increased dramatically to around seven minutes. The music for the series turned out to be a success and has been voted best movie soundtrack of all time for the six years running, passing \"Schindler's List\", \"Gladiator\", \"Star Wars\" (1977), and \"Out of Africa\" respectively. Sound technicians spent the early part of the year trying to find the right sounds. Some,","title":"The Lord of the Rings (film series)"},{"id":"6530305","text":"most intricate collections of themes in the history of the cinema. The score became the most successful of Shore's career, earning three Oscars, two Golden Globes, three Grammy, and several other nominations, and some of his themes (like the Shire theme) and songs earning great popularity. The score was voted for best Soundtrack in cinema history. The score was the subject of a short documentary film called \"Howard Shore: An Introspective\", and has even earned a dedicated research-based book by musicologist Doug Adams. The scores go on being performed by choirs and orchestras around the world as symphony pieces, concert","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"6530314","text":"a rule of the Academy to not nominate sequel scores that reuse old themes, a rule that was undone specifically as to allow for the nomination of Return of the King. The latter film also won an Oscar statuette for Best Song, as well as the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score and Best Original Song. Shore's music for \"The Lord of the Rings\" has become the most successful composition of his career and one of the most popular motion picture scores in history. Along with his Music of The Hobbit film series, the prequels to the Lord of","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"6530321","text":"a resolution, creating in the process new themes for the Fourth Age. Also across the three scores, Shore changed the soundscape: incorporating more aleatoric devices and contrapuntal writing in The Two Towers, compared to The Fellowship of the Ring, and more extrovert writing for Return of the King. All of these themes were compiled into a menu by musicologist Doug Adams, who worked with Shore on the documentation of the score. Doug identified about 90 motifs (some very brief, scarcely used and/or only subtly differentiated from others) in the three Complete Recordings, by far the largest catalog of themes for","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"17784813","text":"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (soundtrack) The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on November 20, 2001. It was composed, orchestrated, and conducted by Howard Shore, and performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, the London Voices, London Oratory School Schola choir and multiple featured instrumental and vocal soloists. The album is a reduction of over three and a half hours of finalized music written for The Fellowship of the Ring. The music on the album features edited-down compositions to create a","title":"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (soundtrack)"},{"id":"6530360","text":"while also keeping reasonably with the plot progression of the film. Many of the cues are edited to create concert suites of some of the themes such as the Ringwraith theme (in \"Black Rider\"), the Durin theme (In \"Journey in the Dark\"), the Rohan theme (in \"Riders of Rohan\") and the Gondor theme (in \"The White Tree\"). All soundtrack albums of the trilogy have been released through Reprise Records, Enya's label at that time of the first soundtrack's release. While the cover art for \"The Fellowship of the Ring\" uses an original compilation of film characters, the covers for \"The","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"10276300","text":"Lord of the Rings (musical) The Lord of the Rings is the most prominent of several theatre adaptations of J. R. R. Tolkien's epic high fantasy novel of the same name, with music by A. R. Rahman, Christopher Nightingale and the band Värttinä, and book and lyrics by Matthew Warchus and Shaun McKenna. Set in the world of Middle-earth, \"The Lord of the Rings\" tells the tale of a humble hobbit who is asked to play the hero and undertake a treacherous mission to destroy an evil, magic ring without being seduced by its power. The show was first performed","title":"Lord of the Rings (musical)"},{"id":"6530353","text":"being conducted by their respective choirmaster, under Shore's supervision. Shore was insistent on not using any electronic sounds in the recording of the score, although he did use mock-ups in the preparation of the score. The film score for \"The Lord of the Rings\" incorporates extensive vocal music blended with the orchestral arrangements. The great majority of the lyrics used in the libretto are in the invented languages of Middle-earth, representing the various cultures and races in Tolkien's writings. These languages include Quenya and Sindarin associated with Elves, Adûnaic and Rohirric for Men, and Khuzdul of the Dwarves. Old English","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"6888656","text":"Leonard Rosenman Leonard Rosenman (September 7, 1924 – March 4, 2008) was an American film, television and concert composer with credits in over 130 works, including \"\", \"Beneath the Planet of the Apes\" and the animated \"The Lord of the Rings.\" Leonard Rosenman was born in Brooklyn, New York. After service in the Pacific with the United States Army Air Forces in World War II, he earned a bachelor's degree in music from the University of California, Berkeley. He also studied composition with Arnold Schoenberg, Roger Sessions and Luigi Dallapiccola. Amongst Rosenman's earliest film work was the scores for James","title":"Leonard Rosenman"},{"id":"16876849","text":"song \"The Last Goodbye\". The two-disc special edition contains two bonus tracks and five extended tracks. Music of The Hobbit film series The music of \"The Hobbit\" film series is composed and produced by Howard Shore, who scored all three \"The Lord of the Rings\" films, to which The Hobbit trilogy is a prequel. The score continues the style of The Lord of the Rings score, and utlizies a vast ensemble, multiple musical forms and styles, a large number of leitmotives and various unusual instruments, adding to Shore's overarching music of the Middle-earth films. Shore composed over nine hours of","title":"Music of The Hobbit film series"},{"id":"402284","text":"\"Journey in the Dark\", and \"Hobbits\". In 1989 the symphony was awarded the Sudler Composition Award, awarded biennially for best wind band composition. The Danish Tolkien Ensemble have released a number of albums that feature the complete poems and songs of \"The Lord of the Rings\" set to music, with some featuring recitation by Christopher Lee. Enya wrote an instrumental piece called \"Lothlórien\" in 1991, and composed two songs for the film \"\"—\"May It Be\" (sung in English and Quenya) and \"Aníron\" (sung in Sindarin). \"The Lord of the Rings\" has had a profound and wide-ranging impact on popular culture,","title":"The Lord of the Rings"},{"id":"16750552","text":"Zealand Symphony Orchestra, London Voices and Tiffin' Boys Choir, as well as two New Zealand Gamelan orchestras. The score featured themes from the previous film and the Lord of the Rings trilogy, but relied heavily on the themes of Smaug, Laketown, the Woodland Realm (including themes for Tauriel and for Legolas), etc. In the process, the themes for the company of the Dwarves were discontinued and were replaced by a new thematic identity. The original motion picture soundtrack album was released on 10 December 2013. It received positive reviews, especially for its new themes. English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran wrote and","title":"The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug"},{"id":"17784850","text":"The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (soundtrack) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King was released on November 25, 2003. It was composed, orchestrated, and conducted by Howard Shore, and performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the London Voices, and the London Oratory School Schola. The limited edition contains a bonus DVD with the track \"Use Well the Days\" by Annie Lennox, song texts, photo gallery, and the LOTR trilogy supertrailer. The score to Return of the King is the most expansive of the three: containing over four hours of finalized music, scoring","title":"The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (soundtrack)"},{"id":"5018079","text":"Aníron \"Aníron\" is a song in \"The Lord of the Rings\" film trilogy soundtrack. It is the theme for Aragorn and Arwen Evenstar. \"Aníron\" means \"I desire\" in the constructed Elvish language of Sindarin. It is featured as part of the track \"The Council of Elrond\" on the soundtrack album \"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring\". This song does not appear in Tolkien's writings; it was composed and sung by Enya, and the lyrics were written by Roma Ryan. The song was conducted by Howard Shore and performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra with Enya. In","title":"Aníron"},{"id":"6530310","text":"finalized music were recorded each day to allow for input from director Peter Jackson and revisions to the music and performance Jackson gave Shore direction and had each theme played to him as a mock-up and by the orchestra before approving it. All of the music production (which overlapped with the films' editing process) was supervised by Jackson who often asked for significant changes to the music, which is unusual for film music. Shore began his work on the music early during the production of \"\" in late 2000 and recorded the first pieces of music (the Moria sequence) in","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"6530323","text":"Williams' 18-hour composition to Star Wars features about fifty themes overall, and other film compositions (such as James Horner's Titanic) featuring but a handful, thereby making Shore's work on the Lord of the Rings films by far the most thematically-rich of any cinematic work, and when coupled with his work on The Hobbit trilogy, even rivals Wagner's Ring catalog of leitmotivs, making it not the only the most thematically complex film score but one of the most leitmotivically-nuanced works in the history of orchestral music. The themes below are as they appear across the three films, sorted out into their","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"12311154","text":"Helen Jane Long Helen Jane Long (born 10 April 1974) is a British composer, musician and pianist, best known for various advertisement contracts, her work on several film projects in a variety of genres, and, most recently, her contemporary-classic piano albums, \"Embers\" (2010) (BLE) and \"Porcelain\" (Warner Music Group). In 2003, Long worked as music assistant to Howard Shore on the film score for \"The Lord of the Rings\" trilogy. Long composed the original music for the movie thrillers \"The Only Hotel\" and \"Surveillance 24/7\". Long was born on 10 April 1974 in Hampshire, England. She began training as a","title":"Helen Jane Long"},{"id":"6530304","text":"the music (including various alternate takes) have been released across various formats. Shore conceived the score as operatic and antiquated-sounding. He made use of an immense ensemble including a large symphony orchestra (principally, the London Philharmonic Orchestra), multiple instrumental \"bands\", various choirs and vocal and instrumental soloists, requiring an ensemble ranging from 230 to 400 musicians. Throughout the composition, Shore has woven over 100 identified leitmotifs (or over 160, when considering \"the music of the Hobbit films\"), which are interrelated and categorized into groups that correspond to the Middle-earth cultures to which they relate, forming one of the greatest and","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"11114239","text":"Symphony No. 1 \"The Lord of the Rings\" Symphony No. 1 \"The Lord of the Rings\" is the first symphony for concert band written by Johan de Meij. It premiered in 1988 with the Groot Harmonieorkest van de Belgische Gidsen () conducted by Norbert Nozy. The symphony is based on literary themes from the novel by J.R.R. Tolkien. The symphony consists of five movements, each illustrating a personage or an important episode from the book: The CD by the military band Koninklijke Militaire Kapel () helped give the symphony worldwide acclaim. In 1989 the symphony was awarded the Sudler Composition","title":"Symphony No. 1 \"The Lord of the Rings\""},{"id":"6530330","text":"from The Hobbit and in Alternate forms of the Soundtrack Returning The History of the One Ring, Seduction of the Ring, Sauron, The Shire, Frodo/Hymn variant, Hobbit Outline, Hobbit End-Cap, A Hobbit's Understanding, Pity of Smeagol, The Servants of Sauron, Threat of Mordor, Descending Thirds, Mordor Skip-Beat, Footsteps of Doom, Servants of Sauron, Isengard, Uruk Hai, Orc Crawl, the Realm of Gondor, Fellowship, Strider, Heroics of Aragorn, Rivendell, Lothlorien, Elvish Pledge, Diminishment of the Elves, Evil Times, Weakness Motiv, Nameless Fear, The Balrog, Moria, The Dark Places of the World, Nature's Reclamation. Themes for One Ring Themes for Mordor Themes","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"17784817","text":"removed from the film. The album also featured extensive liner notes by music journalist Doug Adams which reviews all of the tracks and provides information about the process of composing and recording the score, as well as a detailed list of all musical instruments, people and organizations involved. The cover artwork uses the film series' logo and an inscription in Tolkien's tengwar letters, over a background that depicts the Shire, Rhudaur and Eregion in dark red. Additional music for the film was featured in The Rarities Archive release, attached to Doug Adams' book on the three film scores:Along with about","title":"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (soundtrack)"},{"id":"2095426","text":"disallowed the submission of scores which contained themes from previous work. However, the implementation of this rule change was subsequently postponed, meaning the score remained eligible. Ultimately, \"The Two Towers\" score did not receive an Academy Award nomination; Shore did, however, receive a BAFTA nomination for \"Gangs of New York\". In 2003, he composed the score for the final film in \"The Lord of the Rings trilogy\", \"\". The film was the most successful film in the trilogy and the most successful of the year. Shore won his second Oscar for Best Original Score, as well as a third for","title":"Howard Shore"},{"id":"6530313","text":"all-women choral parts), Wellington Maori-Samoan choir (for all-male choral passages in Fellowship of the Ring) and London Oratory School Schola boy choir. The New Zealand Symphony Orchestra contributed some of the early Moria music, written for an early edit of the film. A wide variety of instrumental and vocal soloists, including members of the films' cast, contributed to the scores as well. Each film calls for at least one soprano and/or alto soloist and one boy soloist. The scores for \"\" and \"\" won Academy Awards in 2002 and 2004, with The Two Towers not being nominated simply because of","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"17784818","text":"20 minutes of alternate material from the original release, about 13 minutes of alternates in the fan credits, and some additional alternates, there are almost four hours of finalized music from \"Fellowship of the Ring\". The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (soundtrack) The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on November 20, 2001. It was composed, orchestrated, and conducted by Howard Shore, and performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, the London Voices, London Oratory School Schola choir and multiple featured instrumental and","title":"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (soundtrack)"},{"id":"6530312","text":"\"\" (which was scored at a faster pace than the other two) and \"\" (with Shore also, unusually, providing an original score with new themes for the trailer, as well) with the final sessions taking place in Watford on 20 March 2004. Shore wrote the music effectively for the entire film length. In the finished film, some of the music was dialed out while other parts were looped or tracked and re-tracked, so overall about 90% of the finished film contains music. The music was performed primarily by the London Philharmonic Orchestra and three choirs: London Voices (for mixed and","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"6530354","text":"was used as an analog for Rohirric and English was used as an analog for the Common Tongue. Some of these languages had been developed extensively by Tolkien, while others were extrapolated by linguist David Salo based on the limited examples of vocabulary and linguistic style available. The libretto was derived from several sources, including songs and poems written by Tolkien, phrases from the screenplay (often sung against the corresponding dialogue or recitation) as well as original and adapted material from Shore and from screenwriters Fran Walsh, Philippa Boyens, and others, all translated by Salo while stressing good choral sounds.","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"17784854","text":"original release, about a minute of material in the fan credits, and some additional alternates, there are over four and a half hours of finalized music for \"Return of the King,\" including the music for the trailer. The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (soundtrack) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King was released on November 25, 2003. It was composed, orchestrated, and conducted by Howard Shore, and performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the London Voices, and the London Oratory School Schola. The limited edition contains a bonus DVD with the track \"Use","title":"The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (soundtrack)"},{"id":"402283","text":"also incorporated many Tolkien references into their music. American heavy metal band Megadeth released two songs titled \"This Day We Fight!\" and \"How the Story Ends\", which were both inspired by \"The Lord of the Rings\". German folk metal band Eichenschild is named for Thorin Oakenshield, a character in \"The Hobbit\", and naturally has a number of Tolkien-themed songs. They are not to be confused with the '70s folk rock band Thorin Eichenschild. In 1988, Dutch composer and trombonist Johan de Meij completed his \"Symphony No. 1 \"The Lord of the Rings\",\" which encompassed 5 movements, titled \"Gandalf\", \"Lothlórien\", \"Gollum\",","title":"The Lord of the Rings"},{"id":"6530333","text":"of Evil and the World of Men, and are as follows: The themes above have been identified by musicologist Doug Adams, namely in his Liner Notes and \"The Music of the Lord of the Rings films\" book, based on the intentions of Howard Shore as presented in the Complete Recordings. However, there are other motivs in the score, in three forms: themes that don't recur in the films or the Complete Recordings but do recur in alternate forms of the soundtracks like the Original Soundtrack or Rarities; motivs that are distinctive variants or components of existing themes, and other recurring","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"2460967","text":"composed, orchestrated, conducted, and produced the trilogy's music. He was hired in August 2000 and visited the set, and watched the assembly cuts of \"The Fellowship of the Ring\" and \"The Return of the King\". In the music, Shore included many (85 to 110) leitmotifs to represent various characters, cultures, and places - the largest catalogue of leitmotives in the history of cinema, surpassing - for comparison - that of the entire Star Wars saga. For example, there are multiple leitmotifs just for the hobbits and the Shire. Although the first film had some of its score recorded in Wellington,","title":"The Lord of the Rings (film series)"},{"id":"17784814","text":"concert-like listening experience, many of which are based on earlier drafts of the composition, written as the film was being edited. A prime example is the opening track, \"The Prophecy\", which does not contain the version of the main theme that opens the other albums (\"The History of the Ring\" motif). This was because the filmmakers intended to film a shorter prologue sequence (which a version of this track accompanied), but the idea was eventually dropped in favor of a more detailed and engaging sequence. The front cover for this CD was available in various designs. \"The Fellowship of the","title":"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (soundtrack)"},{"id":"12311156","text":"Fools and Horses\"), Dennis King of \"Black Beauty\", and Nigel Hess (composer of the film \"Ladies in Lavender\"). She has also worked with composers Jerry Goldsmith and Ron Goodwin. She was signed to a major label soon after sending out demos of her material. Long has since written scores, piano pieces, and full orchestrations for many films and television spots. In 2003 Long served as a music score assistant for composer Howard Shore on the historic film trilogy \"The Lord of the Rings\", as well as the extended DVDs. Long, who had met Shore before the films, served essentially as","title":"Helen Jane Long"},{"id":"16876844","text":"in a 2-disc format. The Geeks of Doom commented that Shore, who recorded the soundtrack at Abbey Road Studios and AIR Lyndhurst in London, re-used some of the \"magisterial musical motifs\" from his music for \"The Lord of the Rings\" soundtrack, but that he \"uses his established themes to launch into a completely original sonic adventure with turns both optimistic and dark, true to the mutual visions of Jackson and Tolkien\". The soundtrack was performed by the London Philharmonic orchestra, London Voices and Tiffin' boy choir, as well as featured vocal and instrumental soloists, namely soprano Clara Sanabras, Richard Armitage","title":"Music of The Hobbit film series"},{"id":"6530307","text":"became Shore's principal librettist for the score) and others, and saw assembled footage of all three films. Shore agreed to take the project in early 2000. He envisioned the scores to all three films as a through-composed cycle, a grand opera told in three parts, involving a large network of leitmotivs, large choral and orchestral forces (including additional \"bands\" of instruments besides the main orchestra), frequent use of singing voices, both in choirs and through a wide ensemble of vocal soloists. The score uses a neo-romantic, 19-century style and structure, derived from Shore's desire to have the music sounding antiquated,","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"402278","text":"Scrolls\" series of games as well as video games set in Middle-earth itself. Research also suggests that some consumers of fantasy games derive their motivation from trying to create an epic fantasy narrative which is influenced by \"The Lord of the Rings\". In 1965, songwriter Donald Swann, who was best known for his collaboration with Michael Flanders as Flanders & Swann, set six poems from \"The Lord of the Rings\" and one from \"The Adventures of Tom Bombadil\" (\"Errantry\") to music. When Swann met with Tolkien to play the songs for his approval, Tolkien suggested for \"Namárië\" (Galadriel's lament) a","title":"The Lord of the Rings"},{"id":"16876837","text":"(who often serve as featured soloists in the live performances of his Lord of the Rings scores), often in conjunction with the music of nature or the Elves. Unlike The Lord of the Rings, no boy soprano or young girls were used in the score. As with \"The Lord of the Rings\", the scores from \"The Hobbit\" were also largely vocal works, including choirs and soloists, as well as diegetic music and songs for the end-credits of each film. Howard Shore composed \"The Valley of Imladris\" - a diegetic piece for lute, lyre, wood flute and harp that is performed","title":"Music of The Hobbit film series"},{"id":"18363829","text":"knew. In March 2016, Hans Zimmer, who co-composed the score for \"Man of Steel\" and \"Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice\", stated that he had officially retired from the \"superhero business\". Junkie XL, who wrote and composed the soundtrack of \"Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice\" with Zimmer, was originally scoring the film. In June 2017, Danny Elfman was announced to have controversially replaced Junkie XL. Elfman had previously composed the films \"Batman\" and \"Batman Returns\", and the theme music for \"\". Elfman used the \"Batman\" theme music from the 1989 film \"Batman\". The John Williams' \"Superman\" theme was used","title":"Justice League (film)"},{"id":"6530348","text":"the overarching concept of Howard's Middle Earth music (including the music of \"the Hobbit\" films), the score has occasionally adopted diegetic music (by \"the Elvish Impersonators\") like the Misty Mountains song, as well as leaked into diegetic music (like \"Valley of Imladris\") and even into sound effects, with a war horn calling out the Erebor theme. Hence, these compositions can be viewed in much the same way that other composers will use phrases from Dies Irae as themes within their scores. These \"themes\" include the piece \"Flaming Red Hair on her feet\" which would go on to be reprised in","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"6530308","text":"but he nevertheless married it to modern and at times avant-garde techniques including atonal sections, unusual instrumental choices and orchestral set-ups, aleatoric writing, sprechstimme voices and syncopated rhythms, as well as borrowing from eastern scales, medieval styles of music, contemporary film music idioms for specific setpieces, classical idioms for some of the music of the Shire, new-age and contemporary idioms for the end-credits songs, etc. However, he insisted on staying away from electronic or synthesized music. Shore orchestrated the music himself, and conducted all of the orchestral sessions and many of the choral and soloist sessions. In keeping with his","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"6530349","text":"The Hobbit, The Old Walking Song, which appears twice in the score; Rock and Pool, which appears three times in the series; The Edge of Night which was reprised in the trailer for The Battle of the Five Armies and is related to that film's own end-credit song. These can be, to some extent, attributed to the thematic family of The Shire. Others such as the musically-produced sound-effects associated with the Ring or the Orcish war chants (recorded in a crowded Rugby stadium) can be associated with the Mordor material. Even pieces such as Aniron (which is formally dubbed \"theme","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"6530356","text":"Some of the diegetic songs were not composed by Howard Shore, but he orchestrated and conducted the orchestral accompaniment and even reprised some of them in his symphony. Diegetic Songs End-credits songs Besides the source songs, the films also feature instrumental diegetic music, mostly by The Elvish Impersonators: Including \"Flaming Red Hair on her feet\", an alternate (and unreleased) \"Flowers for Rosie\" and a piece for the Bywater Marketplace. The film also includes source drumming (set to Shore's concept of a 5/4-time beat for the Orcs), chanting and horn calls, which were all made to conform to the score. The","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"791383","text":"with Ross was co-writing and producing the official score for David Fincher's 2010 film, \"The Social Network\". Reznor and Ross received two awards for the score, a 2010 Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score for a Motion Picture, and a 2010 Oscar for Best Original Score. Reznor and Ross again collaborated with Fincher for the official score the American adaptation of the novel \"The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo\", released in December 2011, and then again on Fincher's 2014 film \"Gone Girl\" In July 2012 Reznor teamed up with video game developer Treyarch to compose the theme music for","title":"Nine Inch Nails"},{"id":"17784853","text":"also featured extensive liner notes by music journalist Doug Adams which reviews all of the tracks and provides information about the process of composing and recording the score, as well as a detailed list of all musical instruments, people and organizations involved. The cover artwork uses the film series' logo and an inscription in Tolkien's tengwar letters, over a background that depicts a map of Gondor in dark green. Additional music for the film was featured in The Rarities Archive release, attached to Doug Adams' book on the three film scores:Along with about 17 minutes of alternate material from the","title":"The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (soundtrack)"},{"id":"20235623","text":"of crucial plot points, technology, and the nature of the game's antagonist. The background music of \"Implosion: Never Lose Hope\" was composed by Kevin Penkin and performed by the Eminence Symphony Orchestra, while boss-battle tracks were composed by Taku Sakakibara of Beatmania fame and performed by his symphony orchestra gaQdan. Mixing was handled by two-time Grammy Award winner John Kurlander of \"Lord of the Rings\" Trilogy fame. The ending theme song was composed by Kevin Penkin with vocals provided by Donna Burke. The additional track \"Waiting for you to die\" was composed and performed by Alpha Legion. A 90-minute anime","title":"Implosion: Never Lose Hope"},{"id":"1489839","text":"score sees the full introduction of the Gondor theme, originally heard during Boromir's speeches at the in \"The Fellowship of the Ring\" and at Osgiliath in \"The Two Towers\" Extended Edition. Shore also used the Gondor theme with the new ascending coda (which is unique to this film) in his score for the trailer of the film. The score features the London Philharmonic Orchestra, London Voices, the London Oratory School Schola and featured vocal soloists. The score is the most expansive of the three: scoring effectively the entire movie length, not including additional music written for the trailer and various","title":"The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King"},{"id":"1485903","text":"Be\", were composed and sung by Enya, who allowed her label, Reprise Records, to release the soundtrack to this and its two sequels. In addition to these songs, Shore composed \"In Dreams\", which was sung by Edward Ross of the London Oratory School Schola. A special behind-the-scenes trailer was released in 2000. The trilogy teaser was shown before \"Thirteen Days\" and the teaser trailer before \"Pearl Harbor\". The final trailer was with the television premiere of \"Angel\" and before \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\". Both trailers appeared as Easter eggs on the \"Rush Hour 2 and Little Nicky\" DVD","title":"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring"},{"id":"1489842","text":"Gondorian soldiers from Osgiliath as the Nazgûl attack and as the eagles arrive at the Black Gates. Galway plays the flute and whistle as Frodo and Sam climb Mount Doom and as they return to the shire. Sissel sings \"Asea Aranion\", which was originally meant the score the Houses of Healing scene. The end title song, \"Into the West\", was composed by Shore with lyrics by Fran Walsh. Annie Lennox (formerly of Eurythmics) performed it and also received songwriting credit. The song was partially inspired by the premature death from cancer of a young New Zealand filmmaker named Cameron Duncan","title":"The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King"},{"id":"6530358","text":"by Howard Shore never made it into the final cut of the film trilogy or any officially released soundtracks. Among these are various alternate takes and small extensions that were micro-edited out of the film and soundtrack releases, but some have been unearthed by fans. Some additional music, including the most prominent alternate takes, was released in the Rarities Archive or played over the fan-credits of the Extended films. For instance, a special musical arrangement written for the trailer for \"\", which primarily consisted of principal leitmotives along with movie trailer-like music. Additionally, there was a song entitled \"Use Well","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"2095427","text":"Best Original Song for \"Into the West\", which he shared with Fran Walsh and Annie Lennox. Shore also won his first Golden Globe, his third and fourth Grammy (the fourth for Best Song), and was nominated for a third BAFTA. The scores of \"The Lord of the Rings\", performed primarily by the London Philharmonic Orchestra, became one of the most successful film scores ever written and the biggest success in Shore's career. In 2004, Shore again collaborated with Martin Scorsese, scoring his epic film \"The Aviator\", this time with the Brussels Philharmonic. He won a second Golden Globe for the","title":"Howard Shore"},{"id":"5018080","text":"November 2009 Enya released the album The Very Best of Enya. None of the songs on this recording are new, but the version of Aníron has alternate lyrics from the one heard in the movie or on any movie score recording. Alternate lyrics from \"The Very Best of Enya\" (2009) version of the song: Aníron \"Aníron\" is a song in \"The Lord of the Rings\" film trilogy soundtrack. It is the theme for Aragorn and Arwen Evenstar. \"Aníron\" means \"I desire\" in the constructed Elvish language of Sindarin. It is featured as part of the track \"The Council of Elrond\"","title":"Aníron"},{"id":"17784815","text":"Ring\" received critical acclaim from music critics and won the Academy Award for Best Original Score, the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album, and the World Soundtrack Award for Best Original Soundtrack. In the United Kingdom, the album peaked at number ten on the UK Albums Chart. As of December 2014, the album has sold 276,912 copies in the UK, nearly besting Adele's album. Enya's songs are nestled inside Shore's music (neither of the two songs has an isolated track) and is accompanied by his music, performed by the London Philharmonic and London Voices. Enya went on to release","title":"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (soundtrack)"},{"id":"6888661","text":"California. Leonard Rosenman earned two Academy Awards: After receiving his second Oscar he quipped \"I write original music too, you know!\" He received two additional Academy Award nominations: He also received two Emmy Awards: Leonard Rosenman Leonard Rosenman (September 7, 1924 – March 4, 2008) was an American film, television and concert composer with credits in over 130 works, including \"\", \"Beneath the Planet of the Apes\" and the animated \"The Lord of the Rings.\" Leonard Rosenman was born in Brooklyn, New York. After service in the Pacific with the United States Army Air Forces in World War II, he","title":"Leonard Rosenman"},{"id":"18000050","text":"Boys choir were recorded in AIR Lyndhurst, London. The score featured a few new themes for Dain, Gundabad (featuring a \"chorus\" of didgeridoos) and the Dwarves' war preparations, but focused more on blending and clashing the themes against one another, eventually bringing the themes to a resolution. Billy Boyd, who played Peregrin Took in \"The Lord of the Rings\", wrote and recorded the song \"The Last Goodbye\" to be played over the end credits of the film. A teaser trailer for the film was released on July 28, 2014 attached to \"Guardians of the Galaxy\", \"Into the Storm\", and \"If","title":"The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies"},{"id":"12228791","text":"theme as the bridge of the song. It was originally the main end-credits song, a direct continuation of the Breaking of the Fellowship piece, which features the Hymn variant as well. Since then, it has been arranged for many occasions, including a full symphonic version arranged by Kurt Bestor and sung by Ryan Tani and the Mormon Tabernacle Choir. The last lines pay homage to \"There and Back Again\", an alternate title for \"Lord of the Rings\" author J. R. R. Tolkien's earlier book \"The Hobbit\", which precedes and sets the background for the main story that has been adapted","title":"In Dreams (Howard Shore song)"},{"id":"6530329","text":"informs the perils of Moria. Themes for Gondor The music of Gondor and the World of men and stately and brassy, but not necessarily triumphant, the music lamenting the decay of the mortal world. Only from the later half of the Two Towers and into Return of the King are the themes of the world of men presented in more heroic settings. Themes for the Fellowship Themes for the Monsters of Middle Earth Themes for Middle Earth: The Ring Quest themes Themes for Middle Earth: \"All Shall Come to Darkness\" themes Themes for Middle Earth: \"Another Path\" theme Themes recurring","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"2460968","text":"virtually all of the trilogy's score was recorded in Watford Town Hall and mixed at Abbey Road Studios. Jackson planned to advise the score for six weeks each year in London, though for \"The Two Towers\" he stayed for twelve. As a Beatles fan, Jackson had a photo tribute done there on the zebra crossing. The score is primarily played by the London Philharmonic Orchestra (ranging from 93 to 120 players throughout the recording), London Voices, London Oratory School Schola boy choir, and many artists such as Ben Del Maestro, Enya, Renée Fleming, James Galway, Annie Lennox and Emilíana Torrini","title":"The Lord of the Rings (film series)"},{"id":"6530368","text":"The book was released with a companion CD, \"The Rarities Archives\". The CD has 21 tracks of previously unreleased music created for the films, as well as an audio interview with Howard Shore. The scores and soundtrack albums of the film trilogy have won several awards: ! colspan=\"3\" style=\"background:#fff179;\"| \"\" ! colspan=\"3\" style=\"background:#fff179;\"| \"\" ! colspan=\"3\" style=\"background:#fff179;\"| \"\" Following the theatrical release of each of the films, Howard Shore reworked the music from the films and original soundtrack releases into movements for the concert hall, eventually creating the complete \"The Lord of the Rings Symphony\", a more structured six-movement work","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"402282","text":"many heavy metal acts have been influenced by Tolkien. Blind Guardian has written many songs relating to Middle-earth, including the full concept album \"Nightfall in Middle Earth\". Almost the entire discography of Battlelore are Tolkien-themed. Summoning's music is based upon Tolkien and holds the distinction of the being the only artist to have crafted a song entirely in the Black Speech of Mordor. Gorgoroth, Cirith Ungol and Amon Amarth take their names from an area of Mordor, and Burzum take their name from the Black Speech of Mordor. The Finnish metal band Nightwish and the Norwegian metal band Tristania have","title":"The Lord of the Rings"},{"id":"6530309","text":"operatic vision, Shore used the three scripts and the book itself to write themes even before having film reels to compose to. As a result, Shore spent nearly four years on the composition, compared to a period of 6–8 weeks per film, and a week or two of recording, as practiced by most film composers. For the recording process, which extended over four weeks per film, he composed the music in long suite-like pieces for the orchestra to go through during a day of playing, rather than short cues, lending greater cohesion to the music. Only a few minutes of","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"16928162","text":"Lee Sanders Lee Sanders is an American composer who began his composing career in 2001 with his scores for New Line Cinema's \"The Lord of the Rings\" website and CBS's reality-competition show \"The Amazing Race\". Lee has won six BMI Film and Television Awards for his work, as well as the 2008 Film and Television Music Award for Outstanding Reality Show Score. His credits span dozens of television programs, films and works for theatre, video games and new media such as the 300th episode of Skeptoid with Brian Dunning. Sanders has scored hundreds of episodes of network television, including music","title":"Lee Sanders"},{"id":"2095424","text":"and Dogs\" (1996), directed by Michael Lehmann; he also collaborated on two films with Cronenberg, along with Tom Hanks' directorial debut, \"That Thing You Do!\". Shore also composed the score of the 2000 film \"The Cell\". Major success came in 2001 with his score to \"\", the first film in the highly acclaimed \"The Lord of the Rings trilogy\". The news that Shore would score the trilogy surprised some, since he was primarily associated with dark, ominous films and had never scored an epic of this scale. However, the score was hugely successful and won Shore his first Oscar, as","title":"Howard Shore"},{"id":"16876832","text":"an hour-long documentary film created for the behind-the-scenes features of The Desolation of Smaug, and is also to be featured in dedicated book by musicologist Doug Adams, set to be completed in late 2017. With these three scores added to the music of the Lord of the Rings, Howard Shore has composed over 160 leitmotifs for the Middle Earth films, creating by far the largest collection of themes in the history of cinema and one of the biggest collections for any cycle of musical compositions. Howard Shore continued his approach from the music of \"The Lord of the Rings\" films,","title":"Music of The Hobbit film series"},{"id":"10391960","text":"Chance Thomas Chance Thomas is an American composer, author, and entrepreneur. As a composer, he creates original music for animation, video games, movies, television, and virtual reality. His music has underscored both critical acclaim and commercial success, including an Oscar, an Emmy, and billions of dollars in sales worldwide. Chance is best known for scoring video games like \"DOTA 2, The Lord of the Rings Online\" and \"James Cameron’s Avatar\". He also scored Columbia Pictures’ \"The ChubbChubbs!\", which won an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film, and TV movie \"Lost Treasure Hunt\", which was nominated for two Emmy Awards.","title":"Chance Thomas"},{"id":"8364693","text":"items have all been moved to ScoringSessions.com. On October 16, 2011, SoundtrackNet was purchased by Box Office Mojo co-founder Sean Saulsbury, and renamed to Soundtrack.Net. On July 22, 2000, SoundtrackNet broke the news about Howard Shore being assigned to score \"The Lord of the Rings\" film trilogy. On October 14, 2005, SoundtrackNet revealed that Howard Shore was replaced on Peter Jackson's \"King Kong\" by composer James Newton Howard. Soundtrack.Net Soundtrack.Net (originally SoundtrackNet) is a website dedicated to film and television music. Created in 1997 by Amélie E. Koran and Dan Goldwasser at Carnegie Mellon University, Soundtrack.Net has grown over the","title":"Soundtrack.Net"},{"id":"2460987","text":"the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film. The first and third films also won the BAFTA Award for Best Film. The soundtrack for \"The Two Towers\" did not receive a nomination because of a rule prohibiting a soundtrack including music from a previous soundtrack to be eligible for nomination. This rule was changed in time for \"The Return of the King\" to receive the Oscar for Best Music Score. The New York Film Critics Circle awarded \"The Return of the King\" its Best Picture Award at the 2003 Awards Ceremony, hosted by Andrew Johnston, chair of the organization at that","title":"The Lord of the Rings (film series)"},{"id":"402281","text":"the song \"Lords of the Ring\", while Black Sabbath's song, \"The Wizard\", which appeared on their debut album, was influenced by Tolkien's hero, Gandalf. Progressive rock group Camel paid homage to the text in their lengthy composition \"Nimrodel/The Procession/The White Rider\", and progressive rock band Barclay James Harvest was inspired by the character Galadriel to write a song by that name, and used \"Bombadil\", the name of another character, as a pseudonym under which their 1972 single \"Breathless\"/\"When the City Sleeps\" was released; there are other references scattered through the BJH oeuvre. Later, from the 1980s to the present day,","title":"The Lord of the Rings"},{"id":"16876841","text":"did the orchestrations based on mock-ups and detailed sketches handed over from Shore. The London Voices and London Tiffin' Boys choir provided the choral and soloist parts for all films. Several of the end credits songs were orchestrated by Victoria Kelly (under Shore's supervision) and performed by the London Metropolitan Orchestra, conducted by Robert Ziegler. The London Voices, boy choir and Metropolitan Orchestra were recorded at Abbey Road and AIR Lyndhurst. In \"The Lord of the Rings\" original soundtrack releases, several pieces of music have been edited out of their film order so as to create a concert-like program, with","title":"Music of The Hobbit film series"},{"id":"17784844","text":"entire score for the extended versions of the film on CD, along with an additional DVD-Audio disc that offers 2.0 stereo and 5.1 surround mixes of the soundtrack. The album also featured extensive liner notes by music journalist Doug Adams which reviews all of the tracks and provides information about the process of composing and recording the score, as well as a detailed list of all musical instruments, people and organizations involved. The cover artwork uses the film series' logo and an inscription in Tolkien's tengwar letters, over a background that depicts Rohan and Fangorn in dark blue. Additional music","title":"The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (soundtrack)"},{"id":"14969419","text":"Doug Adams (music journalist) Doug Adams is a musician, author, lecturer, and educator. He is the author of \"The Music of the Lord of the Rings Films\", a book about the music in \"The Lord of the Rings\" films. Adams previously worked for Film Score Monthly where, among other articles, he wrote extensive analyses of the themes used in John Williams' Star Wars film scores. After graduate school in 2001, Adams was selected by Howard Shore to observe and document his work on \"The Lord of the Rings\" films. Adams spent just under ten years writing the book, \"The Music","title":"Doug Adams (music journalist)"},{"id":"10150204","text":"A.I. Artificial Intelligence (soundtrack) A.I. Artificial Intelligence - Music from the Motion Picture is the film score of the 2001 film of the same name, composed and conducted by John Williams. The original score was composed by Williams and featured singers Lara Fabian on two songs and Josh Groban on one. Soprano Barbara Bonney provided the vocal solos in several tracks. The album was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score (ceding to the score of \"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring\"), the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score (ceding to the score","title":"A.I. Artificial Intelligence (soundtrack)"},{"id":"402288","text":"\"The Lord of the Rings\" has been mentioned in numerous songs including \"The Ballad of Bilbo Baggins\" by Leonard Nimoy, Led Zeppelin's \"Misty Mountain Hop\", \"Over the Hills and Far Away\", \"Ramble On\", and \"The Battle of Evermore\", Genesis' song \"Stagnation\" (from \"Trespass\", 1970) was about Gollum, Rush included the song \"Rivendell\" on their second studio album Fly by Night, and Argent included the song \"Lothlorien\" on the 1971 album \"Ring of Hands\". Steve Peregrin Took (born Stephen Ross Porter) of British rock band T. Rex took his name from the hobbit Peregrin Took (better known as Pippin). Took later","title":"The Lord of the Rings"},{"id":"6530357","text":"underscore goes on to accompany most of those diegetic pieces: Mortensen's chant at the coronation is backed by soft choir and strings. \"The Edge of Night\" features string accompaniment and ends with the clarinet and than the string repeating the melody, so the contributions grow out of the score. Because a lot of the music was being recorded as the film was being edited and because the recordings were subjected to the direction of Peter Jackson, the process took several weeks for each film and produced a variety of alternate takes and changing compositions. Therefore, several pieces of music written","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"7280410","text":"Johan de Meij Johannes Abraham (Johan) de Meij (), born November 23, 1953, in Voorburg, Netherlands, is a Dutch conductor, trombonist, and composer, best known for his \"Symphony No. 1\", nicknamed \"The Lord of the Rings\" symphony. Johan de Meij received his musical training at the Royal Conservatory of The Hague, where he studied trombone and conducting. His Symphony No. 1, \"The Lord of the Rings,\" received the Sudler Composition Prize and has been recorded by several noteworthy ensembles including The London Symphony Orchestra, The North Netherlands Orchestra, The Nagoya Philharmonic, and The Amsterdam Wind Orchestra. Before turning exclusively to","title":"Johan de Meij"},{"id":"7280408","text":"Johan de Meij Johannes Abraham (Johan) de Meij (), born November 23, 1953, in Voorburg, Netherlands, is a Dutch conductor, trombonist, and composer, best known for his \"Symphony No. 1\", nicknamed \"The Lord of the Rings\" symphony. Johan de Meij received his musical training at the Royal Conservatory of The Hague, where he studied trombone and conducting. His Symphony No. 1, \"The Lord of the Rings,\" received the Sudler Composition Prize and has been recorded by several noteworthy ensembles including The London Symphony Orchestra, The North Netherlands Orchestra, The Nagoya Philharmonic, and The Amsterdam Wind Orchestra. Before turning exclusively to","title":"Johan de Meij"},{"id":"10276301","text":"in 2006 and was expected to be revived for a world tour in 2015. With a £25 million budget, it is the most expensive production in West End theatre history. London-based theatre producer Kevin Wallace and his partner, Saul Zaentz—stage and film rights holder and producer of the animated film version of 1978—in association with Toronto theatre owner David Mirvish and concert promoter Michael Cohl, produced a stage musical adaptation with a book and lyrics written by Shaun McKenna and Matthew Warchus, and music by A. R. Rahman and Värttinä, collaborating with Christopher Nightingale. The three-and-a-half-hour-long three-act production, with a","title":"Lord of the Rings (musical)"},{"id":"5966247","text":"December 5, 2014. Hans Zimmer composed the film score, emphasizing a challenge not to reuse the themes he established with the Batman character from Christopher Nolan's trilogy. Junkie XL, who provided additional music in \"Man of Steel,\" also returned for this film, helping to compose the theme for Batman. Originally, Zimmer enlisted Junkie XL to compose the Batman material, with Zimmer planning to focus solely on the Superman side of the score, but the final Batman theme was written by both composers as a collaboration. Zimmer noted that he had significant trouble in finding a new angle from which to","title":"Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice"},{"id":"11958641","text":"David Long (New Zealand musician) David Long is a musician, composer and producer. He has worked on all of Peter Jackson’s films of the last decade. In 2009 he composed additional score for Peter Jackson’s \"The Lovely Bones\". For \"\" he wrote (in collaboration with Plan 9 Music) ‘Misty Mountain’, a song for the dwarves that also features as the major theme in the score and was used as the basis for the credits song by Neil Finn. He wrote music and created musical sound design for Peter Jackson’s \"The Lord of the Rings\" and \"King Kong\" (also with Plan","title":"David Long (New Zealand musician)"},{"id":"6530366","text":"audio and vinyl on 21 September 2018. Howard Shore didn't present the albums with material that was intentionally written for a concert arrangement (although he did present the themes, one by one, to Peter Jackson in the recording process), but he did utilize unused material recorded for earlier edits of the film, edited it and/or added an alternate, \"concert\" ending in order to create formal presentations of certain thematic pieces. There are straightforward presentations of themes and pieces not written to conform to image, but usually for the finale of the theatrical credits, and for albums of other people involved","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"1485968","text":"shot against bluescreen. The musical score for \"The Two Towers\" was composed, orchestrated, and conducted by Howard Shore, who also composed the music for the other two films in the series. While the scores for its predecessor and sequel won the Academy Award for Best Score, the soundtrack for \"The Two Towers\" was not nominated. Initially there was confusion over the score's eligibility due to a new rule applying to sequels, but the Academy did declare it eligible. The score features The London Philharmonic Orchestra, London Voices, The London Oratory School Schola, and several vocal and instrumental soloists, including soprano","title":"The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers"},{"id":"6530374","text":"This trend was followed in the documentation of The Music of The Hobbit, with a 10-minute HD documentary of the score to An Unexpected Journey and a 40-minute one for The Desolation of Smaug, as well an episode of the production diary being dedicated to it. Music of The Lord of the Rings film series The music of \"The Lord of the Rings\" film series was composed, orchestrated, conducted and produced by Howard Shore. The scores are often considered to represent one of the greatest achievements in the history of film music in terms of length of the score, the","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"10391966","text":"(2001). When Sierra Online closed the doors of its California studio in 1998, Chance opened HUGEsound, located just outside Yosemite National Park. Projects scored during that time included the Oscar-winning film, \"The ChubbChubbs!\", and games like \"Peter Jackson’s King Kong\", , and \"Lord of the Rings Online\". In 2007, Chance relocated HUGEsound to Utah and continued to compose for high-profile game titles like \"\", \"Heroes of Might and Magic\", and \"DOTA 2.\" Chance Thomas' \"Lord of the Rings Online\" (LOTRO) scores are among his most acclaimed and documented work so far. Each of his compositions is based on years of","title":"Chance Thomas"},{"id":"11114240","text":"Award. An orchestral version of the piece, orchestrated by Henk de Vlieger, was premiered and recorded in 2001 to coincide with the release of the 2001 film, . In Celebration of the Symphony's 25th anniversary, De Meij conducted the Performance of the piece by the bands of Valparaiso University. Symphony No. 1 \"The Lord of the Rings\" Symphony No. 1 \"The Lord of the Rings\" is the first symphony for concert band written by Johan de Meij. It premiered in 1988 with the Groot Harmonieorkest van de Belgische Gidsen () conducted by Norbert Nozy. The symphony is based on literary","title":"Symphony No. 1 \"The Lord of the Rings\""},{"id":"6530367","text":"with the music production such as Enya. The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Shore also created a suite for chamber orchestra and flute created for Sir James Galway. The Live to Projection concerts also feature variations of some of those suites as entr'acte music. \"The Music of the Lord of the Rings Films\" () is a book which was written by Doug Adams and released on 5 October 2010. The book contains a detailed look at the themes and leitmotives in the film's music. It also contains snippets of sheet music and illustrations.","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"1265388","text":"1984 when EMI merged with Thorn Electrical Industries to become Thorn EMI. Abbey Road's success in the scoring business continued after the partnership ended. John Williams and the London Symphony Orchestra used the studios to record the scores of four films from the \"Star Wars\" franchise from \"Return of the Jedi\" in 1983 until \"Revenge of the Sith\" in 2005. All three film scores for \"The Lord of the Rings\" film trilogy (\"The Fellowship of the Ring\", \"The Two Towers\" and \"The Return of the King\"), composed by Howard Shore and performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra, were mixed at","title":"Abbey Road Studios"},{"id":"6530359","text":"the Days\" sung by Annie Lennox, which can be found on a supplementary DVD included with \"The Return of the King\" soundtrack in some packages released in 2003. If all the new material is compiled together, it would amount to about 14 hours of music. For the three films Shore worked with many vocal and instrumental soloists. Vocal Cast Performers Instrumental Recordings of the score were originally issued on single-disc albums, that closely followed the theatrical release dates of the films or presented earlier versions recorded during the film's editing. The music on the disc was arranged as a concert-piece","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"3995647","text":"of the Rings\" film trilogy composed by Howard Shore, as well as original music in Shore's image by Jamie Christopherson and Bill Brown. \"The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth (Soundtrack from the Video Game)\" was released via digital sellers on August 28, 2006, featuring 22 tracks of cues from the game by Christopherson & Brown spanning 44 minutes. The development environment and \"extreme crunch time\" for \"The Battle for Middle-earth\" led to a high-profile labor lawsuit by programmers that was settled by Electronic Arts for US $14.9 million in 2006. In the United States, the computer version","title":"The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth"},{"id":"10276314","text":"Aragorn becomes King and marries Arwen (\"City of Kings\"), but Frodo, wearied by his quest, and the great Elves must leave Middle-earth forever and sail to the lands of the West (\"Epilogue (Farewells)\"). Bidding farewell to their friend, Sam, Merry and Pippin resume their lives in the Shire (\"Finale\"). Some of the lyrics are directly inspired by Tolkien's novels, poems and related work. 'The Road Goes On' is loosely based on Bilbo's walking song spoken by Bilbo and Frodo in \"The Hobbit\" and \"The Fellowship of the Ring\" respectively. 'The Cat and the Moon' takes some of its lyrics from","title":"Lord of the Rings (musical)"},{"id":"16876839","text":"to the Mountain. The melody of the \"Misty Mountains\" song goes on to feature in the underscore. As with \"The Lord of the Rings\", Shore used an immense ensemble, including a large symphony orchestra of 94 to 96-piece; SATBB and boy choirs and featured vocal soloists; additional instruments to augment the orchestra in select passages, and onstage instrumental \"bands\" - overall over 300-pieces are used. The scores call for: Shore composed the music for the announcment trailer to the first film, but further trailer music written for the film and the following two - which was written by Audiomachine in","title":"Music of The Hobbit film series"},{"id":"6530336","text":"\"The Black Rider\"), and even the choral Outburst \"Mettanna!\" from the prologue to the Two Towers is reprised several times. There are several alternate forms of existing themes that never got past the mock-up stage, like an alternate Moria theme, an alternate, major-key version for the Ascension of Gondor, an alternate Frodo's Song and Arwen's Song. The scores contain multiple distinctive variations and fragments of themes, as well as other recurring figures, that do not constitute leitmotives, but nevertheless merit mention. First, there are multiple gestures that are at the basis of some of themes, like the \"there and back","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"17784845","text":"for the film was featured in The Rarities Archive release, attached to Doug Adams' book on the three film scores:Along with about 4 minutes of alternate material from the original release, about 8 minutes of alternates in the fan credits, and some additional alternates, there are about 3:40 minute of finalized music from \"The Two Towers\". The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (soundtrack) The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on December 10, 2002. It was composed, orchestrated, and conducted by Howard Shore, and performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the","title":"The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (soundtrack)"},{"id":"2095439","text":"Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King\". He received his fourth nomination for his work on \"Hugo\". Shore has also received six Golden Globe nominations, winning three consecutive awards for Best Original Score and Best Original Song - \"Into the West\" for \"\" (2003) and \"The Aviator\" (2004), making him the second composer (after Alan Menken) to have received consecutive Golden Globe Awards for Best Original Score. He also won three consecutive Grammy Awards for Best Score for each of the Lord of the Rings films, and received a second award in 2003 for the song \"Into the","title":"Howard Shore"},{"id":"6322683","text":"Sergei Prokofiev and Igor Stravinsky in the score to \"Star Wars.\" Williams relied less and less on references to existing music in the latter seven scores, incorporating more strains of modernist orchestral writing with each progressive score, although occasional nods continue to permeate the music. The love theme from \"Empire Strikes Back\" is closely related to Williams' composition for \"Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark\". The score to has clear resemblances to the successful scores of other contemporary composers of the time, namely Howard Shore's \"Lord of the Rings\", Hans Zimmer's \"Gladiator\" and Tan Dun's\" Crouching Tiger,","title":"Music of Star Wars"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"1485902\",\n \"text\": \"a system that copied recorded imagery of fire. The musical score for \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" films was composed by Howard Shore. It was performed by the 100-strong New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the London Voices, The London Oratory School Schola, and the Maori Samoan Choir, and featured several vocal soloists. Shore wrote almost four hours of finalised music for the film (of which just over three hours are used as underscore), featuring a number of non-orchestral instruments, and a large number (49-62) of leitmotives. Two original songs, \\\"Aníron\\\" and the end title theme \\\"May It\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530345\",\n \"text\": \"of it was composed by a New-Zealand musician collective known as Plan 9 (Jannet Roddick, David Donaldson, Stephen Roche) and David Longe, known collectively within the context of the Lord of the Rings (and The Hobbit) as \\\"The Elvish Impersonators.\\\" They composed several vocal and instrumental pieces as well musical sound effects used for the Ring and Sauron, for the Dead Marshes and for Fangorn. Other musical sound effects, added by the film's sound design department, include war horns and bells ringing. Other film compositions were made by Enya, co-producer Fran Walsh and by the actors Viggo Mortensen and Billy\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2460969\",\n \"text\": \"contributed. Even actors Billy Boyd, Viggo Mortensen, Liv Tyler, Miranda Otto (extended cuts only for the latter two), and Peter Jackson (for a single gong sound in the second film) contributed to the score. Fran Walsh and Philippa Boyens served as librettists, writing lyrics to various music and songs, which David Salo translated into Tolkien's languages. The third film's end song, \\\"Into the West\\\", was a tribute to a young filmmaker Jackson and Walsh befriended named Cameron Duncan, who died of cancer in 2003. Shore composed a main theme for \\\"The Fellowship\\\" rather than many different character themes, and its\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings (film series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530315\",\n \"text\": \"the Rings, Shore wrote 21 hours of music. Howard Shore's composition does not utilize motifs from other scores he had written previously, or from passages of existing film or stage music, with the exception of one intentional nod to Richard Wagner's ring cycle over the end-credits of the third film. Shore wrote a long series of interrelated leitmotifs that were used, developed, combined or fragmented throughout the three scores. The motifs are attached to places, cultures, characters, objects and occurrences, and are divided into sets and subsets of related themes. Shore used his themes in defiance to the common practices\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2095417\",\n \"text\": \"Howard Shore Howard Leslie Shore (born October 18, 1946) is a Canadian composer who is notable for his film scores. He has composed the scores for over 80 films, most notably the scores for \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" and \\\"The Hobbit\\\" film trilogies. He won three Academy Awards for his work on the first trilogy, with one being for the original song \\\"Into the West\\\", an award he shared with Eurythmics lead vocalist Annie Lennox and writer/producer Fran Walsh, who wrote the lyrics. He is also a consistent collaborator with director David Cronenberg, having scored all but one of\",\n \"title\": \"Howard Shore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530303\",\n \"text\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series The music of \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" film series was composed, orchestrated, conducted and produced by Howard Shore. The scores are often considered to represent one of the greatest achievements in the history of film music in terms of length of the score, the size of the staged forces, the unusual instrumentation, the featured soloists, the multitude of musical styles and the number of recurring musical themes used. Shore wrote many hours of music for \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\", effectively scoring the entire film length. Over 13 hours of\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16876830\",\n \"text\": \"Music of The Hobbit film series The music of \\\"The Hobbit\\\" film series is composed and produced by Howard Shore, who scored all three \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" films, to which The Hobbit trilogy is a prequel. The score continues the style of The Lord of the Rings score, and utlizies a vast ensemble, multiple musical forms and styles, a large number of leitmotives and various unusual instruments, adding to Shore's overarching music of the Middle-earth films. Shore composed over nine hours of music, featuring 65 new musical themes and reprising 50 themes from the Lord of the Rings.\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Hobbit film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"574324\",\n \"text\": \"over $112,000. It was released December 2017. A soundtrack for J. R. R. Tolkien's \\\"The Hobbit\\\" and \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" was composed by Craig Russell for the San Luis Obispo Youth Symphony. Commissioned in 1995, it was finally put on disk in 2000 by the San Luis Obispo Symphony. For the 1996 \\\"Star Wars\\\" novel \\\"\\\" (written by author Steve Perry), Lucasfilm chose Joel McNeely to write a score. This was an eccentric, experimental project, in contrast to all other soundtracks, as the composer was allowed to convey general moods and themes, rather than having to write music\",\n \"title\": \"Soundtrack\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2460970\",\n \"text\": \"strength and weaknesses in volume are depicted at different points in the series. On top of that, individual themes were composed to represent different cultures. Infamously, the amount of music Shore had to write every day for the third film increased dramatically to around seven minutes. The music for the series turned out to be a success and has been voted best movie soundtrack of all time for the six years running, passing \\\"Schindler's List\\\", \\\"Gladiator\\\", \\\"Star Wars\\\" (1977), and \\\"Out of Africa\\\" respectively. Sound technicians spent the early part of the year trying to find the right sounds. Some,\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings (film series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530305\",\n \"text\": \"most intricate collections of themes in the history of the cinema. The score became the most successful of Shore's career, earning three Oscars, two Golden Globes, three Grammy, and several other nominations, and some of his themes (like the Shire theme) and songs earning great popularity. The score was voted for best Soundtrack in cinema history. The score was the subject of a short documentary film called \\\"Howard Shore: An Introspective\\\", and has even earned a dedicated research-based book by musicologist Doug Adams. The scores go on being performed by choirs and orchestras around the world as symphony pieces, concert\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530314\",\n \"text\": \"a rule of the Academy to not nominate sequel scores that reuse old themes, a rule that was undone specifically as to allow for the nomination of Return of the King. The latter film also won an Oscar statuette for Best Song, as well as the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score and Best Original Song. Shore's music for \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" has become the most successful composition of his career and one of the most popular motion picture scores in history. Along with his Music of The Hobbit film series, the prequels to the Lord of\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530321\",\n \"text\": \"a resolution, creating in the process new themes for the Fourth Age. Also across the three scores, Shore changed the soundscape: incorporating more aleatoric devices and contrapuntal writing in The Two Towers, compared to The Fellowship of the Ring, and more extrovert writing for Return of the King. All of these themes were compiled into a menu by musicologist Doug Adams, who worked with Shore on the documentation of the score. Doug identified about 90 motifs (some very brief, scarcely used and/or only subtly differentiated from others) in the three Complete Recordings, by far the largest catalog of themes for\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17784813\",\n \"text\": \"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (soundtrack) The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on November 20, 2001. It was composed, orchestrated, and conducted by Howard Shore, and performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, the London Voices, London Oratory School Schola choir and multiple featured instrumental and vocal soloists. The album is a reduction of over three and a half hours of finalized music written for The Fellowship of the Ring. The music on the album features edited-down compositions to create a\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530360\",\n \"text\": \"while also keeping reasonably with the plot progression of the film. Many of the cues are edited to create concert suites of some of the themes such as the Ringwraith theme (in \\\"Black Rider\\\"), the Durin theme (In \\\"Journey in the Dark\\\"), the Rohan theme (in \\\"Riders of Rohan\\\") and the Gondor theme (in \\\"The White Tree\\\"). All soundtrack albums of the trilogy have been released through Reprise Records, Enya's label at that time of the first soundtrack's release. While the cover art for \\\"The Fellowship of the Ring\\\" uses an original compilation of film characters, the covers for \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10276300\",\n \"text\": \"Lord of the Rings (musical) The Lord of the Rings is the most prominent of several theatre adaptations of J. R. R. Tolkien's epic high fantasy novel of the same name, with music by A. R. Rahman, Christopher Nightingale and the band Värttinä, and book and lyrics by Matthew Warchus and Shaun McKenna. Set in the world of Middle-earth, \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" tells the tale of a humble hobbit who is asked to play the hero and undertake a treacherous mission to destroy an evil, magic ring without being seduced by its power. The show was first performed\",\n \"title\": \"Lord of the Rings (musical)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530353\",\n \"text\": \"being conducted by their respective choirmaster, under Shore's supervision. Shore was insistent on not using any electronic sounds in the recording of the score, although he did use mock-ups in the preparation of the score. The film score for \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" incorporates extensive vocal music blended with the orchestral arrangements. The great majority of the lyrics used in the libretto are in the invented languages of Middle-earth, representing the various cultures and races in Tolkien's writings. These languages include Quenya and Sindarin associated with Elves, Adûnaic and Rohirric for Men, and Khuzdul of the Dwarves. Old English\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6888656\",\n \"text\": \"Leonard Rosenman Leonard Rosenman (September 7, 1924 – March 4, 2008) was an American film, television and concert composer with credits in over 130 works, including \\\"\\\", \\\"Beneath the Planet of the Apes\\\" and the animated \\\"The Lord of the Rings.\\\" Leonard Rosenman was born in Brooklyn, New York. After service in the Pacific with the United States Army Air Forces in World War II, he earned a bachelor's degree in music from the University of California, Berkeley. He also studied composition with Arnold Schoenberg, Roger Sessions and Luigi Dallapiccola. Amongst Rosenman's earliest film work was the scores for James\",\n \"title\": \"Leonard Rosenman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16876849\",\n \"text\": \"song \\\"The Last Goodbye\\\". The two-disc special edition contains two bonus tracks and five extended tracks. Music of The Hobbit film series The music of \\\"The Hobbit\\\" film series is composed and produced by Howard Shore, who scored all three \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" films, to which The Hobbit trilogy is a prequel. The score continues the style of The Lord of the Rings score, and utlizies a vast ensemble, multiple musical forms and styles, a large number of leitmotives and various unusual instruments, adding to Shore's overarching music of the Middle-earth films. Shore composed over nine hours of\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Hobbit film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"402284\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Journey in the Dark\\\", and \\\"Hobbits\\\". In 1989 the symphony was awarded the Sudler Composition Award, awarded biennially for best wind band composition. The Danish Tolkien Ensemble have released a number of albums that feature the complete poems and songs of \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" set to music, with some featuring recitation by Christopher Lee. Enya wrote an instrumental piece called \\\"Lothlórien\\\" in 1991, and composed two songs for the film \\\"\\\"—\\\"May It Be\\\" (sung in English and Quenya) and \\\"Aníron\\\" (sung in Sindarin). \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" has had a profound and wide-ranging impact on popular culture,\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16750552\",\n \"text\": \"Zealand Symphony Orchestra, London Voices and Tiffin' Boys Choir, as well as two New Zealand Gamelan orchestras. The score featured themes from the previous film and the Lord of the Rings trilogy, but relied heavily on the themes of Smaug, Laketown, the Woodland Realm (including themes for Tauriel and for Legolas), etc. In the process, the themes for the company of the Dwarves were discontinued and were replaced by a new thematic identity. The original motion picture soundtrack album was released on 10 December 2013. It received positive reviews, especially for its new themes. English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran wrote and\",\n \"title\": \"The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17784850\",\n \"text\": \"The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (soundtrack) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King was released on November 25, 2003. It was composed, orchestrated, and conducted by Howard Shore, and performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the London Voices, and the London Oratory School Schola. The limited edition contains a bonus DVD with the track \\\"Use Well the Days\\\" by Annie Lennox, song texts, photo gallery, and the LOTR trilogy supertrailer. The score to Return of the King is the most expansive of the three: containing over four hours of finalized music, scoring\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5018079\",\n \"text\": \"Aníron \\\"Aníron\\\" is a song in \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" film trilogy soundtrack. It is the theme for Aragorn and Arwen Evenstar. \\\"Aníron\\\" means \\\"I desire\\\" in the constructed Elvish language of Sindarin. It is featured as part of the track \\\"The Council of Elrond\\\" on the soundtrack album \\\"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring\\\". This song does not appear in Tolkien's writings; it was composed and sung by Enya, and the lyrics were written by Roma Ryan. The song was conducted by Howard Shore and performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra with Enya. In\",\n \"title\": \"Aníron\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530310\",\n \"text\": \"finalized music were recorded each day to allow for input from director Peter Jackson and revisions to the music and performance Jackson gave Shore direction and had each theme played to him as a mock-up and by the orchestra before approving it. All of the music production (which overlapped with the films' editing process) was supervised by Jackson who often asked for significant changes to the music, which is unusual for film music. Shore began his work on the music early during the production of \\\"\\\" in late 2000 and recorded the first pieces of music (the Moria sequence) in\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530323\",\n \"text\": \"Williams' 18-hour composition to Star Wars features about fifty themes overall, and other film compositions (such as James Horner's Titanic) featuring but a handful, thereby making Shore's work on the Lord of the Rings films by far the most thematically-rich of any cinematic work, and when coupled with his work on The Hobbit trilogy, even rivals Wagner's Ring catalog of leitmotivs, making it not the only the most thematically complex film score but one of the most leitmotivically-nuanced works in the history of orchestral music. The themes below are as they appear across the three films, sorted out into their\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12311154\",\n \"text\": \"Helen Jane Long Helen Jane Long (born 10 April 1974) is a British composer, musician and pianist, best known for various advertisement contracts, her work on several film projects in a variety of genres, and, most recently, her contemporary-classic piano albums, \\\"Embers\\\" (2010) (BLE) and \\\"Porcelain\\\" (Warner Music Group). In 2003, Long worked as music assistant to Howard Shore on the film score for \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" trilogy. Long composed the original music for the movie thrillers \\\"The Only Hotel\\\" and \\\"Surveillance 24/7\\\". Long was born on 10 April 1974 in Hampshire, England. She began training as a\",\n \"title\": \"Helen Jane Long\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530304\",\n \"text\": \"the music (including various alternate takes) have been released across various formats. Shore conceived the score as operatic and antiquated-sounding. He made use of an immense ensemble including a large symphony orchestra (principally, the London Philharmonic Orchestra), multiple instrumental \\\"bands\\\", various choirs and vocal and instrumental soloists, requiring an ensemble ranging from 230 to 400 musicians. Throughout the composition, Shore has woven over 100 identified leitmotifs (or over 160, when considering \\\"the music of the Hobbit films\\\"), which are interrelated and categorized into groups that correspond to the Middle-earth cultures to which they relate, forming one of the greatest and\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11114239\",\n \"text\": \"Symphony No. 1 \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" Symphony No. 1 \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" is the first symphony for concert band written by Johan de Meij. It premiered in 1988 with the Groot Harmonieorkest van de Belgische Gidsen () conducted by Norbert Nozy. The symphony is based on literary themes from the novel by J.R.R. Tolkien. The symphony consists of five movements, each illustrating a personage or an important episode from the book: The CD by the military band Koninklijke Militaire Kapel () helped give the symphony worldwide acclaim. In 1989 the symphony was awarded the Sudler Composition\",\n \"title\": \"Symphony No. 1 \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\"\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530330\",\n \"text\": \"from The Hobbit and in Alternate forms of the Soundtrack Returning The History of the One Ring, Seduction of the Ring, Sauron, The Shire, Frodo/Hymn variant, Hobbit Outline, Hobbit End-Cap, A Hobbit's Understanding, Pity of Smeagol, The Servants of Sauron, Threat of Mordor, Descending Thirds, Mordor Skip-Beat, Footsteps of Doom, Servants of Sauron, Isengard, Uruk Hai, Orc Crawl, the Realm of Gondor, Fellowship, Strider, Heroics of Aragorn, Rivendell, Lothlorien, Elvish Pledge, Diminishment of the Elves, Evil Times, Weakness Motiv, Nameless Fear, The Balrog, Moria, The Dark Places of the World, Nature's Reclamation. Themes for One Ring Themes for Mordor Themes\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17784817\",\n \"text\": \"removed from the film. The album also featured extensive liner notes by music journalist Doug Adams which reviews all of the tracks and provides information about the process of composing and recording the score, as well as a detailed list of all musical instruments, people and organizations involved. The cover artwork uses the film series' logo and an inscription in Tolkien's tengwar letters, over a background that depicts the Shire, Rhudaur and Eregion in dark red. Additional music for the film was featured in The Rarities Archive release, attached to Doug Adams' book on the three film scores:Along with about\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2095426\",\n \"text\": \"disallowed the submission of scores which contained themes from previous work. However, the implementation of this rule change was subsequently postponed, meaning the score remained eligible. Ultimately, \\\"The Two Towers\\\" score did not receive an Academy Award nomination; Shore did, however, receive a BAFTA nomination for \\\"Gangs of New York\\\". In 2003, he composed the score for the final film in \\\"The Lord of the Rings trilogy\\\", \\\"\\\". The film was the most successful film in the trilogy and the most successful of the year. Shore won his second Oscar for Best Original Score, as well as a third for\",\n \"title\": \"Howard Shore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530313\",\n \"text\": \"all-women choral parts), Wellington Maori-Samoan choir (for all-male choral passages in Fellowship of the Ring) and London Oratory School Schola boy choir. The New Zealand Symphony Orchestra contributed some of the early Moria music, written for an early edit of the film. A wide variety of instrumental and vocal soloists, including members of the films' cast, contributed to the scores as well. Each film calls for at least one soprano and/or alto soloist and one boy soloist. The scores for \\\"\\\" and \\\"\\\" won Academy Awards in 2002 and 2004, with The Two Towers not being nominated simply because of\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17784818\",\n \"text\": \"20 minutes of alternate material from the original release, about 13 minutes of alternates in the fan credits, and some additional alternates, there are almost four hours of finalized music from \\\"Fellowship of the Ring\\\". The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (soundtrack) The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on November 20, 2001. It was composed, orchestrated, and conducted by Howard Shore, and performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, the London Voices, London Oratory School Schola choir and multiple featured instrumental and\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530312\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"\\\" (which was scored at a faster pace than the other two) and \\\"\\\" (with Shore also, unusually, providing an original score with new themes for the trailer, as well) with the final sessions taking place in Watford on 20 March 2004. Shore wrote the music effectively for the entire film length. In the finished film, some of the music was dialed out while other parts were looped or tracked and re-tracked, so overall about 90% of the finished film contains music. The music was performed primarily by the London Philharmonic Orchestra and three choirs: London Voices (for mixed and\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530354\",\n \"text\": \"was used as an analog for Rohirric and English was used as an analog for the Common Tongue. Some of these languages had been developed extensively by Tolkien, while others were extrapolated by linguist David Salo based on the limited examples of vocabulary and linguistic style available. The libretto was derived from several sources, including songs and poems written by Tolkien, phrases from the screenplay (often sung against the corresponding dialogue or recitation) as well as original and adapted material from Shore and from screenwriters Fran Walsh, Philippa Boyens, and others, all translated by Salo while stressing good choral sounds.\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17784854\",\n \"text\": \"original release, about a minute of material in the fan credits, and some additional alternates, there are over four and a half hours of finalized music for \\\"Return of the King,\\\" including the music for the trailer. The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (soundtrack) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King was released on November 25, 2003. It was composed, orchestrated, and conducted by Howard Shore, and performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the London Voices, and the London Oratory School Schola. The limited edition contains a bonus DVD with the track \\\"Use\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"402283\",\n \"text\": \"also incorporated many Tolkien references into their music. American heavy metal band Megadeth released two songs titled \\\"This Day We Fight!\\\" and \\\"How the Story Ends\\\", which were both inspired by \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\". German folk metal band Eichenschild is named for Thorin Oakenshield, a character in \\\"The Hobbit\\\", and naturally has a number of Tolkien-themed songs. They are not to be confused with the '70s folk rock band Thorin Eichenschild. In 1988, Dutch composer and trombonist Johan de Meij completed his \\\"Symphony No. 1 \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\",\\\" which encompassed 5 movements, titled \\\"Gandalf\\\", \\\"Lothlórien\\\", \\\"Gollum\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530333\",\n \"text\": \"of Evil and the World of Men, and are as follows: The themes above have been identified by musicologist Doug Adams, namely in his Liner Notes and \\\"The Music of the Lord of the Rings films\\\" book, based on the intentions of Howard Shore as presented in the Complete Recordings. However, there are other motivs in the score, in three forms: themes that don't recur in the films or the Complete Recordings but do recur in alternate forms of the soundtracks like the Original Soundtrack or Rarities; motivs that are distinctive variants or components of existing themes, and other recurring\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2460967\",\n \"text\": \"composed, orchestrated, conducted, and produced the trilogy's music. He was hired in August 2000 and visited the set, and watched the assembly cuts of \\\"The Fellowship of the Ring\\\" and \\\"The Return of the King\\\". In the music, Shore included many (85 to 110) leitmotifs to represent various characters, cultures, and places - the largest catalogue of leitmotives in the history of cinema, surpassing - for comparison - that of the entire Star Wars saga. For example, there are multiple leitmotifs just for the hobbits and the Shire. Although the first film had some of its score recorded in Wellington,\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings (film series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17784814\",\n \"text\": \"concert-like listening experience, many of which are based on earlier drafts of the composition, written as the film was being edited. A prime example is the opening track, \\\"The Prophecy\\\", which does not contain the version of the main theme that opens the other albums (\\\"The History of the Ring\\\" motif). This was because the filmmakers intended to film a shorter prologue sequence (which a version of this track accompanied), but the idea was eventually dropped in favor of a more detailed and engaging sequence. The front cover for this CD was available in various designs. \\\"The Fellowship of the\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12311156\",\n \"text\": \"Fools and Horses\\\"), Dennis King of \\\"Black Beauty\\\", and Nigel Hess (composer of the film \\\"Ladies in Lavender\\\"). She has also worked with composers Jerry Goldsmith and Ron Goodwin. She was signed to a major label soon after sending out demos of her material. Long has since written scores, piano pieces, and full orchestrations for many films and television spots. In 2003 Long served as a music score assistant for composer Howard Shore on the historic film trilogy \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\", as well as the extended DVDs. Long, who had met Shore before the films, served essentially as\",\n \"title\": \"Helen Jane Long\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16876844\",\n \"text\": \"in a 2-disc format. The Geeks of Doom commented that Shore, who recorded the soundtrack at Abbey Road Studios and AIR Lyndhurst in London, re-used some of the \\\"magisterial musical motifs\\\" from his music for \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" soundtrack, but that he \\\"uses his established themes to launch into a completely original sonic adventure with turns both optimistic and dark, true to the mutual visions of Jackson and Tolkien\\\". The soundtrack was performed by the London Philharmonic orchestra, London Voices and Tiffin' boy choir, as well as featured vocal and instrumental soloists, namely soprano Clara Sanabras, Richard Armitage\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Hobbit film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530307\",\n \"text\": \"became Shore's principal librettist for the score) and others, and saw assembled footage of all three films. Shore agreed to take the project in early 2000. He envisioned the scores to all three films as a through-composed cycle, a grand opera told in three parts, involving a large network of leitmotivs, large choral and orchestral forces (including additional \\\"bands\\\" of instruments besides the main orchestra), frequent use of singing voices, both in choirs and through a wide ensemble of vocal soloists. The score uses a neo-romantic, 19-century style and structure, derived from Shore's desire to have the music sounding antiquated,\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"402278\",\n \"text\": \"Scrolls\\\" series of games as well as video games set in Middle-earth itself. Research also suggests that some consumers of fantasy games derive their motivation from trying to create an epic fantasy narrative which is influenced by \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\". In 1965, songwriter Donald Swann, who was best known for his collaboration with Michael Flanders as Flanders & Swann, set six poems from \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" and one from \\\"The Adventures of Tom Bombadil\\\" (\\\"Errantry\\\") to music. When Swann met with Tolkien to play the songs for his approval, Tolkien suggested for \\\"Namárië\\\" (Galadriel's lament) a\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16876837\",\n \"text\": \"(who often serve as featured soloists in the live performances of his Lord of the Rings scores), often in conjunction with the music of nature or the Elves. Unlike The Lord of the Rings, no boy soprano or young girls were used in the score. As with \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\", the scores from \\\"The Hobbit\\\" were also largely vocal works, including choirs and soloists, as well as diegetic music and songs for the end-credits of each film. Howard Shore composed \\\"The Valley of Imladris\\\" - a diegetic piece for lute, lyre, wood flute and harp that is performed\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Hobbit film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18363829\",\n \"text\": \"knew. In March 2016, Hans Zimmer, who co-composed the score for \\\"Man of Steel\\\" and \\\"Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice\\\", stated that he had officially retired from the \\\"superhero business\\\". Junkie XL, who wrote and composed the soundtrack of \\\"Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice\\\" with Zimmer, was originally scoring the film. In June 2017, Danny Elfman was announced to have controversially replaced Junkie XL. Elfman had previously composed the films \\\"Batman\\\" and \\\"Batman Returns\\\", and the theme music for \\\"\\\". Elfman used the \\\"Batman\\\" theme music from the 1989 film \\\"Batman\\\". The John Williams' \\\"Superman\\\" theme was used\",\n \"title\": \"Justice League (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530348\",\n \"text\": \"the overarching concept of Howard's Middle Earth music (including the music of \\\"the Hobbit\\\" films), the score has occasionally adopted diegetic music (by \\\"the Elvish Impersonators\\\") like the Misty Mountains song, as well as leaked into diegetic music (like \\\"Valley of Imladris\\\") and even into sound effects, with a war horn calling out the Erebor theme. Hence, these compositions can be viewed in much the same way that other composers will use phrases from Dies Irae as themes within their scores. These \\\"themes\\\" include the piece \\\"Flaming Red Hair on her feet\\\" which would go on to be reprised in\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530308\",\n \"text\": \"but he nevertheless married it to modern and at times avant-garde techniques including atonal sections, unusual instrumental choices and orchestral set-ups, aleatoric writing, sprechstimme voices and syncopated rhythms, as well as borrowing from eastern scales, medieval styles of music, contemporary film music idioms for specific setpieces, classical idioms for some of the music of the Shire, new-age and contemporary idioms for the end-credits songs, etc. However, he insisted on staying away from electronic or synthesized music. Shore orchestrated the music himself, and conducted all of the orchestral sessions and many of the choral and soloist sessions. In keeping with his\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530349\",\n \"text\": \"The Hobbit, The Old Walking Song, which appears twice in the score; Rock and Pool, which appears three times in the series; The Edge of Night which was reprised in the trailer for The Battle of the Five Armies and is related to that film's own end-credit song. These can be, to some extent, attributed to the thematic family of The Shire. Others such as the musically-produced sound-effects associated with the Ring or the Orcish war chants (recorded in a crowded Rugby stadium) can be associated with the Mordor material. Even pieces such as Aniron (which is formally dubbed \\\"theme\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530356\",\n \"text\": \"Some of the diegetic songs were not composed by Howard Shore, but he orchestrated and conducted the orchestral accompaniment and even reprised some of them in his symphony. Diegetic Songs End-credits songs Besides the source songs, the films also feature instrumental diegetic music, mostly by The Elvish Impersonators: Including \\\"Flaming Red Hair on her feet\\\", an alternate (and unreleased) \\\"Flowers for Rosie\\\" and a piece for the Bywater Marketplace. The film also includes source drumming (set to Shore's concept of a 5/4-time beat for the Orcs), chanting and horn calls, which were all made to conform to the score. The\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"791383\",\n \"text\": \"with Ross was co-writing and producing the official score for David Fincher's 2010 film, \\\"The Social Network\\\". Reznor and Ross received two awards for the score, a 2010 Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score for a Motion Picture, and a 2010 Oscar for Best Original Score. Reznor and Ross again collaborated with Fincher for the official score the American adaptation of the novel \\\"The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo\\\", released in December 2011, and then again on Fincher's 2014 film \\\"Gone Girl\\\" In July 2012 Reznor teamed up with video game developer Treyarch to compose the theme music for\",\n \"title\": \"Nine Inch Nails\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17784853\",\n \"text\": \"also featured extensive liner notes by music journalist Doug Adams which reviews all of the tracks and provides information about the process of composing and recording the score, as well as a detailed list of all musical instruments, people and organizations involved. The cover artwork uses the film series' logo and an inscription in Tolkien's tengwar letters, over a background that depicts a map of Gondor in dark green. Additional music for the film was featured in The Rarities Archive release, attached to Doug Adams' book on the three film scores:Along with about 17 minutes of alternate material from the\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20235623\",\n \"text\": \"of crucial plot points, technology, and the nature of the game's antagonist. The background music of \\\"Implosion: Never Lose Hope\\\" was composed by Kevin Penkin and performed by the Eminence Symphony Orchestra, while boss-battle tracks were composed by Taku Sakakibara of Beatmania fame and performed by his symphony orchestra gaQdan. Mixing was handled by two-time Grammy Award winner John Kurlander of \\\"Lord of the Rings\\\" Trilogy fame. The ending theme song was composed by Kevin Penkin with vocals provided by Donna Burke. The additional track \\\"Waiting for you to die\\\" was composed and performed by Alpha Legion. A 90-minute anime\",\n \"title\": \"Implosion: Never Lose Hope\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1489839\",\n \"text\": \"score sees the full introduction of the Gondor theme, originally heard during Boromir's speeches at the in \\\"The Fellowship of the Ring\\\" and at Osgiliath in \\\"The Two Towers\\\" Extended Edition. Shore also used the Gondor theme with the new ascending coda (which is unique to this film) in his score for the trailer of the film. The score features the London Philharmonic Orchestra, London Voices, the London Oratory School Schola and featured vocal soloists. The score is the most expansive of the three: scoring effectively the entire movie length, not including additional music written for the trailer and various\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1485903\",\n \"text\": \"Be\\\", were composed and sung by Enya, who allowed her label, Reprise Records, to release the soundtrack to this and its two sequels. In addition to these songs, Shore composed \\\"In Dreams\\\", which was sung by Edward Ross of the London Oratory School Schola. A special behind-the-scenes trailer was released in 2000. The trilogy teaser was shown before \\\"Thirteen Days\\\" and the teaser trailer before \\\"Pearl Harbor\\\". The final trailer was with the television premiere of \\\"Angel\\\" and before \\\"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\\\". Both trailers appeared as Easter eggs on the \\\"Rush Hour 2 and Little Nicky\\\" DVD\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1489842\",\n \"text\": \"Gondorian soldiers from Osgiliath as the Nazgûl attack and as the eagles arrive at the Black Gates. Galway plays the flute and whistle as Frodo and Sam climb Mount Doom and as they return to the shire. Sissel sings \\\"Asea Aranion\\\", which was originally meant the score the Houses of Healing scene. The end title song, \\\"Into the West\\\", was composed by Shore with lyrics by Fran Walsh. Annie Lennox (formerly of Eurythmics) performed it and also received songwriting credit. The song was partially inspired by the premature death from cancer of a young New Zealand filmmaker named Cameron Duncan\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530358\",\n \"text\": \"by Howard Shore never made it into the final cut of the film trilogy or any officially released soundtracks. Among these are various alternate takes and small extensions that were micro-edited out of the film and soundtrack releases, but some have been unearthed by fans. Some additional music, including the most prominent alternate takes, was released in the Rarities Archive or played over the fan-credits of the Extended films. For instance, a special musical arrangement written for the trailer for \\\"\\\", which primarily consisted of principal leitmotives along with movie trailer-like music. Additionally, there was a song entitled \\\"Use Well\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2095427\",\n \"text\": \"Best Original Song for \\\"Into the West\\\", which he shared with Fran Walsh and Annie Lennox. Shore also won his first Golden Globe, his third and fourth Grammy (the fourth for Best Song), and was nominated for a third BAFTA. The scores of \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\", performed primarily by the London Philharmonic Orchestra, became one of the most successful film scores ever written and the biggest success in Shore's career. In 2004, Shore again collaborated with Martin Scorsese, scoring his epic film \\\"The Aviator\\\", this time with the Brussels Philharmonic. He won a second Golden Globe for the\",\n \"title\": \"Howard Shore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5018080\",\n \"text\": \"November 2009 Enya released the album The Very Best of Enya. None of the songs on this recording are new, but the version of Aníron has alternate lyrics from the one heard in the movie or on any movie score recording. Alternate lyrics from \\\"The Very Best of Enya\\\" (2009) version of the song: Aníron \\\"Aníron\\\" is a song in \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" film trilogy soundtrack. It is the theme for Aragorn and Arwen Evenstar. \\\"Aníron\\\" means \\\"I desire\\\" in the constructed Elvish language of Sindarin. It is featured as part of the track \\\"The Council of Elrond\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Aníron\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17784815\",\n \"text\": \"Ring\\\" received critical acclaim from music critics and won the Academy Award for Best Original Score, the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album, and the World Soundtrack Award for Best Original Soundtrack. In the United Kingdom, the album peaked at number ten on the UK Albums Chart. As of December 2014, the album has sold 276,912 copies in the UK, nearly besting Adele's album. Enya's songs are nestled inside Shore's music (neither of the two songs has an isolated track) and is accompanied by his music, performed by the London Philharmonic and London Voices. Enya went on to release\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6888661\",\n \"text\": \"California. Leonard Rosenman earned two Academy Awards: After receiving his second Oscar he quipped \\\"I write original music too, you know!\\\" He received two additional Academy Award nominations: He also received two Emmy Awards: Leonard Rosenman Leonard Rosenman (September 7, 1924 – March 4, 2008) was an American film, television and concert composer with credits in over 130 works, including \\\"\\\", \\\"Beneath the Planet of the Apes\\\" and the animated \\\"The Lord of the Rings.\\\" Leonard Rosenman was born in Brooklyn, New York. After service in the Pacific with the United States Army Air Forces in World War II, he\",\n \"title\": \"Leonard Rosenman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18000050\",\n \"text\": \"Boys choir were recorded in AIR Lyndhurst, London. The score featured a few new themes for Dain, Gundabad (featuring a \\\"chorus\\\" of didgeridoos) and the Dwarves' war preparations, but focused more on blending and clashing the themes against one another, eventually bringing the themes to a resolution. Billy Boyd, who played Peregrin Took in \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\", wrote and recorded the song \\\"The Last Goodbye\\\" to be played over the end credits of the film. A teaser trailer for the film was released on July 28, 2014 attached to \\\"Guardians of the Galaxy\\\", \\\"Into the Storm\\\", and \\\"If\",\n \"title\": \"The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12228791\",\n \"text\": \"theme as the bridge of the song. It was originally the main end-credits song, a direct continuation of the Breaking of the Fellowship piece, which features the Hymn variant as well. Since then, it has been arranged for many occasions, including a full symphonic version arranged by Kurt Bestor and sung by Ryan Tani and the Mormon Tabernacle Choir. The last lines pay homage to \\\"There and Back Again\\\", an alternate title for \\\"Lord of the Rings\\\" author J. R. R. Tolkien's earlier book \\\"The Hobbit\\\", which precedes and sets the background for the main story that has been adapted\",\n \"title\": \"In Dreams (Howard Shore song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530329\",\n \"text\": \"informs the perils of Moria. Themes for Gondor The music of Gondor and the World of men and stately and brassy, but not necessarily triumphant, the music lamenting the decay of the mortal world. Only from the later half of the Two Towers and into Return of the King are the themes of the world of men presented in more heroic settings. Themes for the Fellowship Themes for the Monsters of Middle Earth Themes for Middle Earth: The Ring Quest themes Themes for Middle Earth: \\\"All Shall Come to Darkness\\\" themes Themes for Middle Earth: \\\"Another Path\\\" theme Themes recurring\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2460968\",\n \"text\": \"virtually all of the trilogy's score was recorded in Watford Town Hall and mixed at Abbey Road Studios. Jackson planned to advise the score for six weeks each year in London, though for \\\"The Two Towers\\\" he stayed for twelve. As a Beatles fan, Jackson had a photo tribute done there on the zebra crossing. The score is primarily played by the London Philharmonic Orchestra (ranging from 93 to 120 players throughout the recording), London Voices, London Oratory School Schola boy choir, and many artists such as Ben Del Maestro, Enya, Renée Fleming, James Galway, Annie Lennox and Emilíana Torrini\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings (film series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530368\",\n \"text\": \"The book was released with a companion CD, \\\"The Rarities Archives\\\". The CD has 21 tracks of previously unreleased music created for the films, as well as an audio interview with Howard Shore. The scores and soundtrack albums of the film trilogy have won several awards: ! colspan=\\\"3\\\" style=\\\"background:#fff179;\\\"| \\\"\\\" ! colspan=\\\"3\\\" style=\\\"background:#fff179;\\\"| \\\"\\\" ! colspan=\\\"3\\\" style=\\\"background:#fff179;\\\"| \\\"\\\" Following the theatrical release of each of the films, Howard Shore reworked the music from the films and original soundtrack releases into movements for the concert hall, eventually creating the complete \\\"The Lord of the Rings Symphony\\\", a more structured six-movement work\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"402282\",\n \"text\": \"many heavy metal acts have been influenced by Tolkien. Blind Guardian has written many songs relating to Middle-earth, including the full concept album \\\"Nightfall in Middle Earth\\\". Almost the entire discography of Battlelore are Tolkien-themed. Summoning's music is based upon Tolkien and holds the distinction of the being the only artist to have crafted a song entirely in the Black Speech of Mordor. Gorgoroth, Cirith Ungol and Amon Amarth take their names from an area of Mordor, and Burzum take their name from the Black Speech of Mordor. The Finnish metal band Nightwish and the Norwegian metal band Tristania have\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530309\",\n \"text\": \"operatic vision, Shore used the three scripts and the book itself to write themes even before having film reels to compose to. As a result, Shore spent nearly four years on the composition, compared to a period of 6–8 weeks per film, and a week or two of recording, as practiced by most film composers. For the recording process, which extended over four weeks per film, he composed the music in long suite-like pieces for the orchestra to go through during a day of playing, rather than short cues, lending greater cohesion to the music. Only a few minutes of\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16928162\",\n \"text\": \"Lee Sanders Lee Sanders is an American composer who began his composing career in 2001 with his scores for New Line Cinema's \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" website and CBS's reality-competition show \\\"The Amazing Race\\\". Lee has won six BMI Film and Television Awards for his work, as well as the 2008 Film and Television Music Award for Outstanding Reality Show Score. His credits span dozens of television programs, films and works for theatre, video games and new media such as the 300th episode of Skeptoid with Brian Dunning. Sanders has scored hundreds of episodes of network television, including music\",\n \"title\": \"Lee Sanders\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2095424\",\n \"text\": \"and Dogs\\\" (1996), directed by Michael Lehmann; he also collaborated on two films with Cronenberg, along with Tom Hanks' directorial debut, \\\"That Thing You Do!\\\". Shore also composed the score of the 2000 film \\\"The Cell\\\". Major success came in 2001 with his score to \\\"\\\", the first film in the highly acclaimed \\\"The Lord of the Rings trilogy\\\". The news that Shore would score the trilogy surprised some, since he was primarily associated with dark, ominous films and had never scored an epic of this scale. However, the score was hugely successful and won Shore his first Oscar, as\",\n \"title\": \"Howard Shore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16876832\",\n \"text\": \"an hour-long documentary film created for the behind-the-scenes features of The Desolation of Smaug, and is also to be featured in dedicated book by musicologist Doug Adams, set to be completed in late 2017. With these three scores added to the music of the Lord of the Rings, Howard Shore has composed over 160 leitmotifs for the Middle Earth films, creating by far the largest collection of themes in the history of cinema and one of the biggest collections for any cycle of musical compositions. Howard Shore continued his approach from the music of \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" films,\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Hobbit film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10391960\",\n \"text\": \"Chance Thomas Chance Thomas is an American composer, author, and entrepreneur. As a composer, he creates original music for animation, video games, movies, television, and virtual reality. His music has underscored both critical acclaim and commercial success, including an Oscar, an Emmy, and billions of dollars in sales worldwide. Chance is best known for scoring video games like \\\"DOTA 2, The Lord of the Rings Online\\\" and \\\"James Cameron’s Avatar\\\". He also scored Columbia Pictures’ \\\"The ChubbChubbs!\\\", which won an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film, and TV movie \\\"Lost Treasure Hunt\\\", which was nominated for two Emmy Awards.\",\n \"title\": \"Chance Thomas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8364693\",\n \"text\": \"items have all been moved to ScoringSessions.com. On October 16, 2011, SoundtrackNet was purchased by Box Office Mojo co-founder Sean Saulsbury, and renamed to Soundtrack.Net. On July 22, 2000, SoundtrackNet broke the news about Howard Shore being assigned to score \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" film trilogy. On October 14, 2005, SoundtrackNet revealed that Howard Shore was replaced on Peter Jackson's \\\"King Kong\\\" by composer James Newton Howard. Soundtrack.Net Soundtrack.Net (originally SoundtrackNet) is a website dedicated to film and television music. Created in 1997 by Amélie E. Koran and Dan Goldwasser at Carnegie Mellon University, Soundtrack.Net has grown over the\",\n \"title\": \"Soundtrack.Net\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2460987\",\n \"text\": \"the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film. The first and third films also won the BAFTA Award for Best Film. The soundtrack for \\\"The Two Towers\\\" did not receive a nomination because of a rule prohibiting a soundtrack including music from a previous soundtrack to be eligible for nomination. This rule was changed in time for \\\"The Return of the King\\\" to receive the Oscar for Best Music Score. The New York Film Critics Circle awarded \\\"The Return of the King\\\" its Best Picture Award at the 2003 Awards Ceremony, hosted by Andrew Johnston, chair of the organization at that\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings (film series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"402281\",\n \"text\": \"the song \\\"Lords of the Ring\\\", while Black Sabbath's song, \\\"The Wizard\\\", which appeared on their debut album, was influenced by Tolkien's hero, Gandalf. Progressive rock group Camel paid homage to the text in their lengthy composition \\\"Nimrodel/The Procession/The White Rider\\\", and progressive rock band Barclay James Harvest was inspired by the character Galadriel to write a song by that name, and used \\\"Bombadil\\\", the name of another character, as a pseudonym under which their 1972 single \\\"Breathless\\\"/\\\"When the City Sleeps\\\" was released; there are other references scattered through the BJH oeuvre. Later, from the 1980s to the present day,\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16876841\",\n \"text\": \"did the orchestrations based on mock-ups and detailed sketches handed over from Shore. The London Voices and London Tiffin' Boys choir provided the choral and soloist parts for all films. Several of the end credits songs were orchestrated by Victoria Kelly (under Shore's supervision) and performed by the London Metropolitan Orchestra, conducted by Robert Ziegler. The London Voices, boy choir and Metropolitan Orchestra were recorded at Abbey Road and AIR Lyndhurst. In \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" original soundtrack releases, several pieces of music have been edited out of their film order so as to create a concert-like program, with\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Hobbit film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17784844\",\n \"text\": \"entire score for the extended versions of the film on CD, along with an additional DVD-Audio disc that offers 2.0 stereo and 5.1 surround mixes of the soundtrack. The album also featured extensive liner notes by music journalist Doug Adams which reviews all of the tracks and provides information about the process of composing and recording the score, as well as a detailed list of all musical instruments, people and organizations involved. The cover artwork uses the film series' logo and an inscription in Tolkien's tengwar letters, over a background that depicts Rohan and Fangorn in dark blue. Additional music\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14969419\",\n \"text\": \"Doug Adams (music journalist) Doug Adams is a musician, author, lecturer, and educator. He is the author of \\\"The Music of the Lord of the Rings Films\\\", a book about the music in \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" films. Adams previously worked for Film Score Monthly where, among other articles, he wrote extensive analyses of the themes used in John Williams' Star Wars film scores. After graduate school in 2001, Adams was selected by Howard Shore to observe and document his work on \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" films. Adams spent just under ten years writing the book, \\\"The Music\",\n \"title\": \"Doug Adams (music journalist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10150204\",\n \"text\": \"A.I. Artificial Intelligence (soundtrack) A.I. Artificial Intelligence - Music from the Motion Picture is the film score of the 2001 film of the same name, composed and conducted by John Williams. The original score was composed by Williams and featured singers Lara Fabian on two songs and Josh Groban on one. Soprano Barbara Bonney provided the vocal solos in several tracks. The album was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score (ceding to the score of \\\"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring\\\"), the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score (ceding to the score\",\n \"title\": \"A.I. Artificial Intelligence (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"402288\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" has been mentioned in numerous songs including \\\"The Ballad of Bilbo Baggins\\\" by Leonard Nimoy, Led Zeppelin's \\\"Misty Mountain Hop\\\", \\\"Over the Hills and Far Away\\\", \\\"Ramble On\\\", and \\\"The Battle of Evermore\\\", Genesis' song \\\"Stagnation\\\" (from \\\"Trespass\\\", 1970) was about Gollum, Rush included the song \\\"Rivendell\\\" on their second studio album Fly by Night, and Argent included the song \\\"Lothlorien\\\" on the 1971 album \\\"Ring of Hands\\\". Steve Peregrin Took (born Stephen Ross Porter) of British rock band T. Rex took his name from the hobbit Peregrin Took (better known as Pippin). Took later\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530357\",\n \"text\": \"underscore goes on to accompany most of those diegetic pieces: Mortensen's chant at the coronation is backed by soft choir and strings. \\\"The Edge of Night\\\" features string accompaniment and ends with the clarinet and than the string repeating the melody, so the contributions grow out of the score. Because a lot of the music was being recorded as the film was being edited and because the recordings were subjected to the direction of Peter Jackson, the process took several weeks for each film and produced a variety of alternate takes and changing compositions. Therefore, several pieces of music written\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7280410\",\n \"text\": \"Johan de Meij Johannes Abraham (Johan) de Meij (), born November 23, 1953, in Voorburg, Netherlands, is a Dutch conductor, trombonist, and composer, best known for his \\\"Symphony No. 1\\\", nicknamed \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" symphony. Johan de Meij received his musical training at the Royal Conservatory of The Hague, where he studied trombone and conducting. His Symphony No. 1, \\\"The Lord of the Rings,\\\" received the Sudler Composition Prize and has been recorded by several noteworthy ensembles including The London Symphony Orchestra, The North Netherlands Orchestra, The Nagoya Philharmonic, and The Amsterdam Wind Orchestra. Before turning exclusively to\",\n \"title\": \"Johan de Meij\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7280408\",\n \"text\": \"Johan de Meij Johannes Abraham (Johan) de Meij (), born November 23, 1953, in Voorburg, Netherlands, is a Dutch conductor, trombonist, and composer, best known for his \\\"Symphony No. 1\\\", nicknamed \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" symphony. Johan de Meij received his musical training at the Royal Conservatory of The Hague, where he studied trombone and conducting. His Symphony No. 1, \\\"The Lord of the Rings,\\\" received the Sudler Composition Prize and has been recorded by several noteworthy ensembles including The London Symphony Orchestra, The North Netherlands Orchestra, The Nagoya Philharmonic, and The Amsterdam Wind Orchestra. Before turning exclusively to\",\n \"title\": \"Johan de Meij\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10276301\",\n \"text\": \"in 2006 and was expected to be revived for a world tour in 2015. With a £25 million budget, it is the most expensive production in West End theatre history. London-based theatre producer Kevin Wallace and his partner, Saul Zaentz—stage and film rights holder and producer of the animated film version of 1978—in association with Toronto theatre owner David Mirvish and concert promoter Michael Cohl, produced a stage musical adaptation with a book and lyrics written by Shaun McKenna and Matthew Warchus, and music by A. R. Rahman and Värttinä, collaborating with Christopher Nightingale. The three-and-a-half-hour-long three-act production, with a\",\n \"title\": \"Lord of the Rings (musical)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5966247\",\n \"text\": \"December 5, 2014. Hans Zimmer composed the film score, emphasizing a challenge not to reuse the themes he established with the Batman character from Christopher Nolan's trilogy. Junkie XL, who provided additional music in \\\"Man of Steel,\\\" also returned for this film, helping to compose the theme for Batman. Originally, Zimmer enlisted Junkie XL to compose the Batman material, with Zimmer planning to focus solely on the Superman side of the score, but the final Batman theme was written by both composers as a collaboration. Zimmer noted that he had significant trouble in finding a new angle from which to\",\n \"title\": \"Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11958641\",\n \"text\": \"David Long (New Zealand musician) David Long is a musician, composer and producer. He has worked on all of Peter Jackson’s films of the last decade. In 2009 he composed additional score for Peter Jackson’s \\\"The Lovely Bones\\\". For \\\"\\\" he wrote (in collaboration with Plan 9 Music) ‘Misty Mountain’, a song for the dwarves that also features as the major theme in the score and was used as the basis for the credits song by Neil Finn. He wrote music and created musical sound design for Peter Jackson’s \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" and \\\"King Kong\\\" (also with Plan\",\n \"title\": \"David Long (New Zealand musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530366\",\n \"text\": \"audio and vinyl on 21 September 2018. Howard Shore didn't present the albums with material that was intentionally written for a concert arrangement (although he did present the themes, one by one, to Peter Jackson in the recording process), but he did utilize unused material recorded for earlier edits of the film, edited it and/or added an alternate, \\\"concert\\\" ending in order to create formal presentations of certain thematic pieces. There are straightforward presentations of themes and pieces not written to conform to image, but usually for the finale of the theatrical credits, and for albums of other people involved\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1485968\",\n \"text\": \"shot against bluescreen. The musical score for \\\"The Two Towers\\\" was composed, orchestrated, and conducted by Howard Shore, who also composed the music for the other two films in the series. While the scores for its predecessor and sequel won the Academy Award for Best Score, the soundtrack for \\\"The Two Towers\\\" was not nominated. Initially there was confusion over the score's eligibility due to a new rule applying to sequels, but the Academy did declare it eligible. The score features The London Philharmonic Orchestra, London Voices, The London Oratory School Schola, and several vocal and instrumental soloists, including soprano\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530374\",\n \"text\": \"This trend was followed in the documentation of The Music of The Hobbit, with a 10-minute HD documentary of the score to An Unexpected Journey and a 40-minute one for The Desolation of Smaug, as well an episode of the production diary being dedicated to it. Music of The Lord of the Rings film series The music of \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" film series was composed, orchestrated, conducted and produced by Howard Shore. The scores are often considered to represent one of the greatest achievements in the history of film music in terms of length of the score, the\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10391966\",\n \"text\": \"(2001). When Sierra Online closed the doors of its California studio in 1998, Chance opened HUGEsound, located just outside Yosemite National Park. Projects scored during that time included the Oscar-winning film, \\\"The ChubbChubbs!\\\", and games like \\\"Peter Jackson’s King Kong\\\", , and \\\"Lord of the Rings Online\\\". In 2007, Chance relocated HUGEsound to Utah and continued to compose for high-profile game titles like \\\"\\\", \\\"Heroes of Might and Magic\\\", and \\\"DOTA 2.\\\" Chance Thomas' \\\"Lord of the Rings Online\\\" (LOTRO) scores are among his most acclaimed and documented work so far. Each of his compositions is based on years of\",\n \"title\": \"Chance Thomas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11114240\",\n \"text\": \"Award. An orchestral version of the piece, orchestrated by Henk de Vlieger, was premiered and recorded in 2001 to coincide with the release of the 2001 film, . In Celebration of the Symphony's 25th anniversary, De Meij conducted the Performance of the piece by the bands of Valparaiso University. Symphony No. 1 \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" Symphony No. 1 \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" is the first symphony for concert band written by Johan de Meij. It premiered in 1988 with the Groot Harmonieorkest van de Belgische Gidsen () conducted by Norbert Nozy. The symphony is based on literary\",\n \"title\": \"Symphony No. 1 \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\"\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530367\",\n \"text\": \"with the music production such as Enya. The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Shore also created a suite for chamber orchestra and flute created for Sir James Galway. The Live to Projection concerts also feature variations of some of those suites as entr'acte music. \\\"The Music of the Lord of the Rings Films\\\" () is a book which was written by Doug Adams and released on 5 October 2010. The book contains a detailed look at the themes and leitmotives in the film's music. It also contains snippets of sheet music and illustrations.\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1265388\",\n \"text\": \"1984 when EMI merged with Thorn Electrical Industries to become Thorn EMI. Abbey Road's success in the scoring business continued after the partnership ended. John Williams and the London Symphony Orchestra used the studios to record the scores of four films from the \\\"Star Wars\\\" franchise from \\\"Return of the Jedi\\\" in 1983 until \\\"Revenge of the Sith\\\" in 2005. All three film scores for \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" film trilogy (\\\"The Fellowship of the Ring\\\", \\\"The Two Towers\\\" and \\\"The Return of the King\\\"), composed by Howard Shore and performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra, were mixed at\",\n \"title\": \"Abbey Road Studios\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530359\",\n \"text\": \"the Days\\\" sung by Annie Lennox, which can be found on a supplementary DVD included with \\\"The Return of the King\\\" soundtrack in some packages released in 2003. If all the new material is compiled together, it would amount to about 14 hours of music. For the three films Shore worked with many vocal and instrumental soloists. Vocal Cast Performers Instrumental Recordings of the score were originally issued on single-disc albums, that closely followed the theatrical release dates of the films or presented earlier versions recorded during the film's editing. The music on the disc was arranged as a concert-piece\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3995647\",\n \"text\": \"of the Rings\\\" film trilogy composed by Howard Shore, as well as original music in Shore's image by Jamie Christopherson and Bill Brown. \\\"The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth (Soundtrack from the Video Game)\\\" was released via digital sellers on August 28, 2006, featuring 22 tracks of cues from the game by Christopherson & Brown spanning 44 minutes. The development environment and \\\"extreme crunch time\\\" for \\\"The Battle for Middle-earth\\\" led to a high-profile labor lawsuit by programmers that was settled by Electronic Arts for US $14.9 million in 2006. In the United States, the computer version\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10276314\",\n \"text\": \"Aragorn becomes King and marries Arwen (\\\"City of Kings\\\"), but Frodo, wearied by his quest, and the great Elves must leave Middle-earth forever and sail to the lands of the West (\\\"Epilogue (Farewells)\\\"). Bidding farewell to their friend, Sam, Merry and Pippin resume their lives in the Shire (\\\"Finale\\\"). Some of the lyrics are directly inspired by Tolkien's novels, poems and related work. 'The Road Goes On' is loosely based on Bilbo's walking song spoken by Bilbo and Frodo in \\\"The Hobbit\\\" and \\\"The Fellowship of the Ring\\\" respectively. 'The Cat and the Moon' takes some of its lyrics from\",\n \"title\": \"Lord of the Rings (musical)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16876839\",\n \"text\": \"to the Mountain. The melody of the \\\"Misty Mountains\\\" song goes on to feature in the underscore. As with \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\", Shore used an immense ensemble, including a large symphony orchestra of 94 to 96-piece; SATBB and boy choirs and featured vocal soloists; additional instruments to augment the orchestra in select passages, and onstage instrumental \\\"bands\\\" - overall over 300-pieces are used. The scores call for: Shore composed the music for the announcment trailer to the first film, but further trailer music written for the film and the following two - which was written by Audiomachine in\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Hobbit film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530336\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Black Rider\\\"), and even the choral Outburst \\\"Mettanna!\\\" from the prologue to the Two Towers is reprised several times. There are several alternate forms of existing themes that never got past the mock-up stage, like an alternate Moria theme, an alternate, major-key version for the Ascension of Gondor, an alternate Frodo's Song and Arwen's Song. The scores contain multiple distinctive variations and fragments of themes, as well as other recurring figures, that do not constitute leitmotives, but nevertheless merit mention. First, there are multiple gestures that are at the basis of some of themes, like the \\\"there and back\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17784845\",\n \"text\": \"for the film was featured in The Rarities Archive release, attached to Doug Adams' book on the three film scores:Along with about 4 minutes of alternate material from the original release, about 8 minutes of alternates in the fan credits, and some additional alternates, there are about 3:40 minute of finalized music from \\\"The Two Towers\\\". The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (soundtrack) The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on December 10, 2002. It was composed, orchestrated, and conducted by Howard Shore, and performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2095439\",\n \"text\": \"Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King\\\". He received his fourth nomination for his work on \\\"Hugo\\\". Shore has also received six Golden Globe nominations, winning three consecutive awards for Best Original Score and Best Original Song - \\\"Into the West\\\" for \\\"\\\" (2003) and \\\"The Aviator\\\" (2004), making him the second composer (after Alan Menken) to have received consecutive Golden Globe Awards for Best Original Score. He also won three consecutive Grammy Awards for Best Score for each of the Lord of the Rings films, and received a second award in 2003 for the song \\\"Into the\",\n \"title\": \"Howard Shore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6322683\",\n \"text\": \"Sergei Prokofiev and Igor Stravinsky in the score to \\\"Star Wars.\\\" Williams relied less and less on references to existing music in the latter seven scores, incorporating more strains of modernist orchestral writing with each progressive score, although occasional nods continue to permeate the music. The love theme from \\\"Empire Strikes Back\\\" is closely related to Williams' composition for \\\"Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark\\\". The score to has clear resemblances to the successful scores of other contemporary composers of the time, namely Howard Shore's \\\"Lord of the Rings\\\", Hans Zimmer's \\\"Gladiator\\\" and Tan Dun's\\\" Crouching Tiger,\",\n \"title\": \"Music of Star Wars\"\n }\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":79092,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":79092,"string":"79,092"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["occupation"],"string":"[\n \"occupation\"\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"why did german workers go on strike in 1923"},"compressed_prompt":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Question:\\nPlease write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Cuno strikes context: Cuno strikes The Cuno strikes were nationwide strikes in Germany against the government of Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno in August 1923. The wave of strikes demanded, eventually with success, the resignation of the Cuno government, which occurred on 12 August 1923, after only nine months. The strikes also buoyed the hopes of the Communist International of an imminent revolution. In January 1923, the Cuno government called for passive resistance of the Belgian and French occupation of the Ruhr region. At the same time, inflation in the Weimar Republic was racing out of control, result of the reparations payments or from the\\n\\nwhy did german workers go on strike in 1923\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 185,\n \"origin_tokens\": 185,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"15784748","text":"Cuno strikes The Cuno strikes were nationwide strikes in Germany against the government of Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno in August 1923. The wave of strikes demanded, eventually with success, the resignation of the Cuno government, which occurred on 12 August 1923, after only nine months. The strikes also buoyed the hopes of the Communist International of an imminent revolution. In January 1923, the Cuno government called for passive resistance of the Belgian and French occupation of the Ruhr region. At the same time, inflation in the Weimar Republic was racing out of control, result of the reparations payments or from the","title":"Cuno strikes"},{"id":"15784755","text":"ignored by the local KPD leadership) and the local insurrection took place, as planned. Cuno strikes The Cuno strikes were nationwide strikes in Germany against the government of Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno in August 1923. The wave of strikes demanded, eventually with success, the resignation of the Cuno government, which occurred on 12 August 1923, after only nine months. The strikes also buoyed the hopes of the Communist International of an imminent revolution. In January 1923, the Cuno government called for passive resistance of the Belgian and French occupation of the Ruhr region. At the same time, inflation in the Weimar","title":"Cuno strikes"},{"id":"4735554","text":"officials. Some theories assert that to pay for passive resistance in the Ruhr, the German government began the hyperinflation that destroyed the German economy in 1923. Others state that the road to hyperinflation was well established before with the reparation payments that started on November 1921, see 1920s German inflation. In the face of economic collapse, with high unemployment and hyperinflation, the strikes were eventually called off in September 1923 by the new Gustav Stresemann coalition government, which was followed by a state of emergency. Despite this, civil unrest grew into riots and coup attempts targeted at the government of","title":"Occupation of the Ruhr"},{"id":"11927203","text":"December, a 15-fold increase. By fall 1922, Germany found itself unable to make reparations payments. The mark was by now practically worthless, making it impossible for Germany to buy foreign exchange or gold using paper marks. Instead, reparations were to be paid in goods such as coal. In January 1923, French and Belgian troops occupied the industrial region of Germany in the Ruhr valley to ensure reparations payments. Inflation was exacerbated when workers in the Ruhr went on a general strike and the German government printed more money to continue paying for their passive resistance. By November 1923, the US","title":"Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic"},{"id":"460444","text":"and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr region, Germany's most productive industrial region at the time, taking control of most mining and manufacturing companies in January 1923. Strikes were called, and passive resistance was encouraged. These strikes lasted eight months, further damaging both the economy and society. The strike prevented some goods from being produced, but one industrialist, Hugo Stinnes, was able to create a vast empire out of bankrupt companies. Because the production costs in Germany were falling almost hourly, the prices for German products were unbeatable. Stinnes made sure that he was paid in dollars, which meant that by","title":"Weimar Republic"},{"id":"15784752","text":"the strikes, supported by some in the SPD, spread from Berlin to other cities and regions, such as Hamburg, Lusatia, Saxony Province as well as the states of Saxony and Thuringia. Factories were occupied by communist workers and factory managements sent fleeing. In the Ruhr Region, there was passive resistance rather than strikes. The response to the strike surpassed even the expectations of the leadership of the KPD. In total, three-and-a-half million workers went on strike indirectly forcing Cuno and his cabinet to resign on 11 August. With the Cuno resignation on 11 August 1923, the strikes soon ended. Workers","title":"Cuno strikes"},{"id":"15784754","text":"the Cuno strikes nurtured, in Moscow, the hope of a German revolution. There had been clashes with police in several cities and dozens of workers had been killed. Leon Trotsky and other Influential members of the Soviet Politburo and the Comintern believed Germany was ready for revolution, but Heinrich Brandler, the head of the KPD, felt the timing was premature. Despite Brandler's misgivings, on 23 August 1923, the Soviet Politburo adopted a plan for a \"German October\", but the attempted coup was cancelled at the last minute. Word of the cancellation did not reach Hamburg in time (or was possibly","title":"Cuno strikes"},{"id":"12796393","text":"1919 and 1923, the Weimar Republic was in crisis and there were many violent conflicts between left- and right-wing elements. The economic situation of the population was rapidly deteriorating and by autumn 1923 hyperinflation was at its peak, which brought gains in popularity to the Communist Party. The Occupation of the Ruhr region further radicalized the political disputes. In August 1923, there was a wave of nationwide strikes against Reichskanzler Wilhelm Cuno. At the end of September, the government declared a state of emergency. On 1 October, the Black Reichswehr attempted the Küstrin Putsch. Two weeks later, on 13 October,","title":"Hamburg Uprising"},{"id":"15784749","text":"costs of the passive resistance, which made local authorities and companies boycott occupation forces while the government paid the wages of those administrations and compensated the coal and steel companies for their losses. The expenses caused the collapse of the Reichsmark, which had already been inflated. During 1923, the mark fell from 21,000 to the US dollar at the beginning of the year to 6 trillion at the end. For German society, the result was complete disaster, as people rushed out to buy things before their money lost its value, and people who had had savings saw them evaporate overnight.","title":"Cuno strikes"},{"id":"1486218","text":"were then strikes in the Krupp factory. On January 11, 1923, the Occupation of the Ruhr was carried out by the invasion of French and Belgian troops into the Ruhr. The French Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré was convinced that Germany failed to comply the demands of the Treaty of Versailles. On the morning of March 31, 1923 it came to the sad culmination of this French-German confrontation. A small French military command, occupied the Krupp car hall to seize several vehicles. This event called 13 deaths and 28 injured. The occupation of the Ruhr ended in summer 1925. Heinrich Maria","title":"Essen"},{"id":"936540","text":"of Versailles formed part of the demilitarized Rhineland. In January 1923 the whole Ruhrgebiet was occupied as a reprisal after Germany failed to fulfill World War I reparation payments as agreed in the Versailles Treaty. The German government responded with \"\"passive resistance\"\", letting workers and civil servants refuse orders and instructions by the occupation forces. Production and transport came to a standstill and the financial consequences contributed to German hyperinflation and ruined public finances in Germany and France, as well as several other countries. Passive resistance was called off in late 1923, allowing Germany to implement a currency reform and","title":"Ruhr"},{"id":"18561191","text":"the French yielded the German side some international sympathy and the French were soon becoming isolated on this issue - on 11 August, the British government sent a harshly critical memorandum to the French which explicitly endorsed the German position that the Ruhr occupation was illegal. However, by that time popular discontent inside Germany against the government and in particular against the spiralling rate of inflation was rising fast. A wave of strikes against the government began in August 1923. Also on 11 August, the Social Democrats consequently brought a motion of no confidence against the government and announced their","title":"Cuno cabinet"},{"id":"460445","text":"mid-1923, his industrial empire was worth more than the entire German economy. By the end of the year, over two hundred factories were working full-time to produce paper for the spiralling bank note production. Stinnes' empire collapsed when the government-sponsored inflation was stopped in November 1923. In 1919, one loaf of bread cost 1 mark; by 1923, the same loaf of bread cost 100 billion marks. Since striking workers were paid benefits by the state, much additional currency was printed, fuelling a period of hyperinflation. The 1920s German inflation started when Germany had no goods to trade. The government printed","title":"Weimar Republic"},{"id":"11111491","text":"and attributed mainly to Senegalese Tirailleurs. The events resulted in a widespread campaign by the German right-wing press, which dubbed them as \"The Black Shame\" (\"Die schwarze Schande\" or \"Die schwarze Schmach\") and depicted them as a form of French humiliation of the German nation. In 1923, in response to German failure to pay reparations under the Treaty of Versailles, France and Belgium occupied the industrial Ruhr area of Germany, most of which lies across the river on the east bank of the Rhine, until 1925. Many Germans were killed during civil disobedience protests. e.g. against dismissal of German officials.","title":"Occupation of the Rhineland"},{"id":"150066","text":"in Bavaria, but conservative elements in other parts of Germany attempted to overthrow the Republic in the Kapp Putsch. It was supported by parts of the \"Reichswehr\" (military) and other conservative, nationalistic and monarchist factions. After a tumultuous period of bloody street fighting in the major industrial centres, the occupation of the Ruhr by Belgian and French troops and the rise of inflation culminating in the hyperinflation of 1922–23, a debt restructuring plan and the creation of a new currency in 1924 ushered in the Golden Twenties, an era of increasing artistic innovation and liberal cultural life. Historians describe the","title":"Germany"},{"id":"2765871","text":"persisted with ruthless strategies aimed at achieving military victory, pursued expansionist and aggressive war goals and subjugated civilian life to the needs of the war and the war economy. For the labour force, that often meant 12-hour work days at minimal wages with inadequate food. The \"Hilfsdienstgesetz\" (Auxiliary Service Law) forced all men not in the armed forces to work. After the outbreak of the Russian February Revolution in 1917, the first organised strikes erupted in German armament factories in March and April, with about 300,000 workers going on strike. The strike was organized by a group called the Revolutionary","title":"German Revolution of 1918–19"},{"id":"165176","text":"Ruhr fight also led to hyperinflation, and many who lost all their fortune would become bitter enemies of the Weimar Republic, and voters of the anti-democratic right. See 1920s German inflation. In September 1923, the deteriorating economic conditions led Chancellor Gustav Stresemann to call an end to the passive resistance in the Ruhr. In November, his government introduced a new currency, the Rentenmark (later: Reichsmark), together with other measures to stop the hyperinflation. In the following six years the economic situation improved. In 1928, Germany's industrial production even regained the pre-war levels of 1913. The national elections of 1924 led","title":"History of Germany"},{"id":"2649391","text":"which resulted from uncertainty concerning the war debts and its adverse effect on the economy. In February, a strike engineered by the more reckless elements of labor among the railway employees paralyzed traffic for six days in North Germany and a part of Baden. It then collapsed, and was followed by disciplinary action against some of the instigators and also those participators in the strike who had been guilty of acts of violence and sabotage. The government, supported by public opinion, held that state employees had no right to strike, and received a vote of confidence on this point in","title":"1922 in Germany"},{"id":"7979779","text":"Hitler and National Socialism’s perceived dependence on the mass mobilization of his people, the “racial” Germans, along with the belief that Germany had lost WW I due to an unstable home front, caused the regime to be peculiarly sensitive to public, collective protests. Hitler recognized the power of collective action, advocated non-compliance toward unworthy authority (e.g. the 1923 French occupation of the Ruhr), and brought his party to power in part by mobilizing public unrest and disorder to further discredit the Weimar Republic. In power, Nazi leadersquickly banned extra-party demonstrations, fearing displays of dissent on open urban spaces might develop","title":"German resistance to Nazism"},{"id":"12796392","text":"Hamburg Uprising The Hamburg Uprising (German: \"Hamburger Aufstand\") was an insurrection during the Weimar Republic in Germany. It was started on 23 October 1923 by one of the most militant sections of the Hamburg district Communist Party (KPD), the \"KP Wasserkante\". From a military point of view, the attempt was futile and it was over within 24 hours. Rebels stormed 24 police stations, 17 in Hamburg and seven in Schleswig-Holstein Province in Prussia. Over 100 people died during the uprising. The exact details of the uprising, as well as the assessment of its impact, are controversial to this day. Between","title":"Hamburg Uprising"},{"id":"15784751","text":"Cuno government. Against the will of KPD party chairwoman Ruth Fischer, Otto Wels, the head of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) was able to forestall a general strike. Pressured by the SPD, a conference of trade unions on 10 August 1923 rejected the call for a general strike, supported the left-wing Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund. The KPD, not accepting the defeat held a meeting of all the revolutionary works councils in Greater Berlin. It called a general strike to bring down the Cuno government but was hindered from publicizing the call widely because its \"Die Rote Fahne\" had been banned. Nevertheless,","title":"Cuno strikes"},{"id":"1589841","text":"needed to rebuild its battered economy. He also wished to recover the Rhineland, as he wrote to the Crown Prince on 23 July 1923: \"The most important objective of German politics is the liberation of German territory from French and Belgian occupation. First, we must remove the strangler from our throat\". Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic would reach its peak in November 1923. Since Germany was no longer able to pay the striking workers, more and more money was printed, which finally led to hyperinflation. Stresemann introduced a new currency, the Rentenmark, to end hyperinflation. He also persuaded the French","title":"Gustav Stresemann"},{"id":"287112","text":"Hitler began planning his own coup. In January 1923, France occupied the Ruhr industrial region as a result of Germany's failure to meet its reparations payments. This led to economic chaos, the resignation of Wilhelm Cuno's government and an attempt by the German Communist Party (KPD) to stage a revolution. The reaction to these events was an upsurge of nationalist sentiment. Nazi Party membership grew sharply to about 20,000. By November, Hitler had decided that the time was right for an attempt to seize power in Munich, in the hope that the \"Reichswehr\" (the post-war German military) would mutiny against","title":"Nazi Party"},{"id":"284635","text":"When the government defaulted on their reparations payments in January 1923, French troops occupied German industrial areas along the Ruhr and widespread civil unrest followed. The National Socialist German Workers' Party (\"Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei\", NSDAP; Nazi Party) was founded in 1920. It was the renamed successor of the German Workers' Party (DAP) formed one year earlier, and one of several far-right political parties then active in Germany. The NSDAP party platform included destruction of the Weimar Republic, rejection of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, radical antisemitism, and anti-Bolshevism. They promised a strong central government, increased \"Lebensraum\" (\"living space\")","title":"Nazi Germany"},{"id":"460504","text":"individuals. The Weimar Republic had some of the most serious economic problems ever experienced by any Western democracy in history. Rampant hyperinflation, massive unemployment, and a large drop in living standards were primary factors. From 1923 to 1929, there was a short period of economic recovery, but the Great Depression of the 1930s led to a worldwide recession. Germany was particularly affected because it depended heavily on American loans. In 1926, about 2 million Germans were unemployed, which rose to around 6 million in 1932. Many blamed the Weimar Republic. That was made apparent when political parties on both right","title":"Weimar Republic"},{"id":"2525806","text":"Wilhelm Cuno Wilhelm Carl Josef Cuno (2 July 1876 – 3 January 1933) was a German businessman and politician who was the Chancellor of Germany from 1922 to 1923, for a total of 264 days. His tenure included the episode known as the Occupation of the Ruhr by French and Belgian troops and the period in which inflation in Germany accelerated notably, heading towards hyperinflation. Cuno was also general director of the Hapag shipping company. Wilhelm Carl Josef Cuno was born on 2 July 1876 in Suhl, in what was then Prussian Saxony and is now in Thuringia. He was","title":"Wilhelm Cuno"},{"id":"7330607","text":"pounds. German reparations payments ended in 1931. The war and the treaty were followed by the Hyper-inflation of the early 1920s that wreaked havoc on Germany's social structure and political stability. During that inflation, the value of the nation's currency, the Papiermark, collapsed from 8.9 per US$1 in 1918 to 4.2 trillion per US$1 by November 1923. Prosperity reigned 1923–29, supported by large bank loans from New York. The Great Depression struck Germany hard, starting in late 1929. There were no new American loans. Unemployment soared, especially in larger cities, fueling extremism and violence on the far right and far","title":"Economic history of Germany"},{"id":"15404338","text":"January 1919. By the early 1920s the party was renamed the National Socialist German Workers' Party – to attract workers away from left-wing parties such as the Social Democrats (SPD) and the Communists (KPD) – and Adolf Hitler assumed control of the organization. The National Socialist Program or \"25 Points\" was adopted in 1920 and called for a united Greater Germany that would deny citizenship to Jews or those of Jewish descent, while also supporting land reform and the nationalization of some industries. In \"Mein Kampf\" (\"My Struggle\"; 1924–1925), Hitler outlined the anti-Semitism and anti-Communism at the heart of his","title":"Nazism"},{"id":"15449460","text":"signed the Weimar Constitution into law on 11 August 1919. On 11 January 1923, the Belgian and French Army initiated the Occupation of the Ruhr that would last until 25 August 1925, in response to the failure of the Weimar Republic to pay the World War I reparations in the aftermath of World War I. In May 1923, Justice Minister Rudolf Heinze (DVP) under Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno attempted to replace the jury system with large lay judge (') courts but was defeated in the Reichstag. An Article 48 (of the Weimar Constitution) state of emergency was proclaimed by President Ebert","title":"Emminger Reform"},{"id":"15090147","text":"in January 1923, widespread civil unrest was the result. Hitler decided the time was ripe to attempt to seize control of the government with a \"coup d'état\" modelled on Benito Mussolini's 1922 March on Rome. Hess was with Hitler on the night of 8 November 1923 when he and the SA stormed a public meeting organised by Bavaria's de facto ruler, \"Staatskommissar\" (state commissioner) Gustav von Kahr, in the \"Bürgerbräukeller\", a large beer hall in Munich. Brandishing a pistol, Hitler interrupted Kahr's speech and announced that the national revolution had begun, declaring the formation of a new government with World","title":"Rudolf Hess"},{"id":"140094","text":"the Fascists. The Nazis, led by Hitler and the German war hero Erich Ludendorff, attempted a \"March on Berlin\" modeled upon the March on Rome, which resulted in the failed Beer Hall Putsch in Munich in November 1923. The conditions of economic hardship caused by the Great Depression brought about an international surge of social unrest. According to historian Philip Morgan, \"the onset of the Great Depression...was the greatest stimulus yet to the diffusion and expansion of fascism outside Italy\". Fascist propaganda blamed the problems of the long depression of the 1930s on minorities and scapegoats: “Judeo-Masonic-bolshevik” conspiracies, left-wing internationalism","title":"Fascism"},{"id":"4804123","text":"as a response to the failure of the German to ship enough coal as part of its reparations, France (and Belgium) occupied the industrial region of the Ruhr. Germany responded with passive resistance including printing vast amounts of marks to pay for the occupation, thereby causing runaway inflation. Inflation heavily damaged the German middle class (because their bank accounts became worthless) but it also damaged the French franc. France fomented a separatist movement pointing to an independent buffer state, but it collapsed after some bloodshed. The intervention was a failure, and in summer 1924 France accepted the American solution to","title":"Economic history of France"},{"id":"7979785","text":"church protests were in defense of traditions rather than an attack on the regime, they nonetheless had political consequences, the official said, with many perceiving the clergy as anti-Nazi, and a “great danger of the issue spilling over from a church affair into the political arena”. Hitler recognized that workers, through repeated strikes, might force approval of their demands and he made concessions to workers in order to preempt unrest; yet the rare but forceful public protests the regime faced were by women and Catholics, primarily. Some of the earliest work on resistance examined the Catholic record, including most spectacularly","title":"German resistance to Nazism"},{"id":"1324910","text":"units involved in the coup. On 11 January 1923, the Occupation of the Ruhr was carried out by the invasion of French and Belgian troops into the Ruhr. The French Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré was convinced that Germany failed to comply the demands of the Treaty of Versailles. On the morning of 31 March 1923, it came to the sad culmination of this French-German confrontation. Under Nazi Germany, the Old Synagogue opened in 1900 was destroyed in 1938. With a capacity of 1,300 seats, it was one of the largest Jewish houses of worship in Germany. Also, the Aplerbeck Hospital","title":"Dortmund"},{"id":"11711691","text":"Economy of Nazi Germany The German economy, like those of many other western nations, suffered the effects of the Great Depression with unemployment soaring around the Wall Street Crash of 1929. When Adolf Hitler became Chancellor in 1933, he introduced policies aimed at improving the economy. The changes included privatization of state industries, autarky, and tariffs on imports. Wages increased by 10.9% in real terms during this period. However, reduced foreign trade meant rationing in consumer goods like poultry, fruit, and clothing for many Germans. The Nazis believed in war as the primary engine of human progress, and argued that","title":"Economy of Nazi Germany"},{"id":"2055322","text":"impact of necessity. Poincaré decided to occupy the Ruhr on 11 January 1923, to extract the reparations himself. This, according to historian Sally Marks, \"was profitable and caused neither the German hyperinflation, which began in 1922 and ballooned because of German responses to the Ruhr occupation, nor the franc's 1924 collapse, which arose from French financial practices and the evaporation of reparations.\" The profits, after Ruhr-Rhineland occupation costs, were nearly 900 million gold marks. During the Ruhr crisis, Poincaré received a message from Édouard Herriot, who had been in close contact with the Soviet Foreign Commissar Georgy Chicherin that the","title":"Raymond Poincaré"},{"id":"6279563","text":"Golden Twenties The Golden Twenties, also known as The Happy Twenties, is the decade of the 1920s in Germany. The era began with the end of World War I and ended with the Wall Street Crash of 1929. The German term (\"Goldene Zwanziger\") is often applied to that country's experience of healthy economic growth, expansion of liberal values in society, and spurt in experimental and creative efforts in the field of art. Before this period, the Weimar Republic had experienced record-breaking levels of inflation of one trillion percent between January 1919 and November 1923. The inflation was so severe that","title":"Golden Twenties"},{"id":"165175","text":"the two signatories mutually cancelled all pre-war debts and renounced war claims. When Germany defaulted on its reparation payments, French and Belgian troops occupied the heavily industrialised Ruhr district (January 1923). The German government encouraged the population of the Ruhr to passive resistance: shops would not sell goods to the foreign soldiers, coal-miners would not dig for the foreign troops, trams in which members of the occupation army had taken seat would be left abandoned in the middle of the street. The passive resistance proved effective, insofar as the occupation became a loss-making deal for the French government. But the","title":"History of Germany"},{"id":"2649393","text":"Whit Monday, and the stabbing of journalist Maximilian Harden on July 3. The feeling aroused found vent in great demonstrations on the part of the republican section of the population, especially among the working classes. In certain places, \"e.g.\", Zwickau, near Magdeburg, Freiburg, Darmstadt, etc., violent exhibitions of popular resentment erupted, at times accompanied by bloodshed. The republican authorities acted with great energy, and proclaimed relentless warfare against the \"Right\". An order (invoking the infamous Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution) was issued investing the government with extraordinary powers to cope with the emergency. A few days later it was","title":"1922 in Germany"},{"id":"405621","text":"economy on the treaty, and some economists estimated that the reparations accounted for as much as one-third of the hyper-inflation. In March 1921, French and Belgian troops occupied Duisburg, which formed part of the demilitarized Rhineland, according to the Treaty of Versailles. In January 1923, French and Belgian forces occupied the rest of the Ruhr area as a reprisal after Germany failed to fulfill reparation payments demanded by the Versailles Treaty. The German government answered with \"passive resistance\", which meant that coal miners and railway workers refused to obey any instructions by the occupation forces. Production and transportation came to","title":"Treaty of Versailles"},{"id":"433522","text":"that crime levels within the economy will increase. A 2015 study published in \"The Lancet\", estimates that unemployment causes 45,000 suicides a year globally. High levels of unemployment can be causes of civil unrest, in some cases leading to revolution, and particularly totalitarianism. The fall of the Weimar Republic in 1933 and Adolf Hitler's rise to power, which culminated in World War II and the deaths of tens of millions and the destruction of much of the physical capital of Europe, is attributed to the poor economic conditions in Germany at the time, notably a high unemployment rate of above","title":"Unemployment"},{"id":"4735549","text":"occupation of the Ruhr in January 1923. Particularly galling to the French was that the timber quota the Germans defaulted on was based on an assessment of their capacity the Germans made themselves and subsequently lowered. The Allies believed that the government of Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno had defaulted on the timber deliveries deliberately as a way of testing the will of the Allies to enforce the treaty. The entire conflict was further exacerbated by a German default on coal deliveries in early January 1923, which was the thirty-fourth coal default in the previous thirty-six months. The French Premier Raymond Poincaré","title":"Occupation of the Ruhr"},{"id":"540176","text":"had been humiliated as a result of the Treaty of Versailles, which included a war guilt clause and forced Germany to pay enormous reparations payments and forfeit territories formerly controlled by German Empire and all its colonies. The pressure of the reparations on the German economy led to hyperinflation during the early 1920s. In 1923 the French occupied the Ruhr region when Germany defaulted on its reparations payments. Although Germany began to improve economically in the mid-1920s, the Great Depression created more economic hardship and a rise in political forces that advocated radical solutions to Germany's woes. The Nazis, under","title":"Axis powers"},{"id":"9793488","text":"French sponsorship. Dorten moved to France at the end of 1923 and later took French Citizenship. During 1923, Germany was shaken by adverse international developments and by a dramatic further deterioration in the economic climate: the year was one of crises. The German government fell into arrears with war reparations payments. In response, on 8 March 1921, French and Belgian troops moved in to occupy Duisburg and Düsseldorf. On 9 January 1923 the Reparations Commission determined that Germany had willfully held back from making payments due, and two days later troops occupied the rest of the Ruhr Area: thus the","title":"Rhenish Republic"},{"id":"2649392","text":"the Reichstag. A frivolous strike of the Berlin municipal workers, which left the capital without light, water, and electricity, ended after three days with an unconditional resumption of work. Food disturbances broke out at some places in the summer, but they were easily suppressed. More disturbing to the peace of the republic were the subterraneous movements which were forming in anti-republican circles. The preceding year had been marked by the murder of Matthias Erzberger. This year was marked by the aforementioned murder of Walther Rathenau, an attempt to poison Philipp Scheidemann, the lord mayor of Kassel, with prussic acid on","title":"1922 in Germany"},{"id":"11927214","text":"loans or taxes the resources they required, have printed notes for the balance.\" It was during then that French and British economic experts began to claim that Germany deliberately destroyed its economy to avoid war reparations, but both governments had conflicting views on how to handle the situation. The French declared that Germany should keep paying reparations, but Britain sought to grant a moratorium to allow financial reconstruction. Reparations accounted for about a third of the German deficit from 1920 to 1923 and so were cited by the German government as one of the main causes of hyperinflation. Other causes","title":"Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic"},{"id":"15784750","text":"Considerable portions of the labour movement were as or even more opposed to the German government than to the French occupying forces. Their motto was \"Beat Cuno and Poincaré at the Ruhr and at the Spree!\" A labour dispute in the Berlin printing industry triggered a wildcat strike, instigated by the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). The Reich printing plant was also affected, causing the banknote presses to be stopped and, before long, a noticeable lack of paper money. Workers from power stations, construction and the Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe joined the strike. The wave of strikes demanded the resignation of the","title":"Cuno strikes"},{"id":"150067","text":"period between 1924 and 1929 as one of \"partial stabilisation.\" The worldwide Great Depression hit Germany in 1929. After the federal election of 1930, Chancellor Heinrich Brüning's government was enabled by President Paul von Hindenburg to act without parliamentary approval. Brüning's government pursued a policy of fiscal austerity and deflation which caused high unemployment of nearly 30% by 1932. The Nazi Party led by Adolf Hitler won the special federal election of 1932. After a series of unsuccessful cabinets, Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933. After the Reichstag fire, a decree abrogated basic civil rights","title":"Germany"},{"id":"11711751","text":"reading Economy of Nazi Germany The German economy, like those of many other western nations, suffered the effects of the Great Depression with unemployment soaring around the Wall Street Crash of 1929. When Adolf Hitler became Chancellor in 1933, he introduced policies aimed at improving the economy. The changes included privatization of state industries, autarky, and tariffs on imports. Wages increased by 10.9% in real terms during this period. However, reduced foreign trade meant rationing in consumer goods like poultry, fruit, and clothing for many Germans. The Nazis believed in war as the primary engine of human progress, and argued","title":"Economy of Nazi Germany"},{"id":"460447","text":"1923. This led to further criticism of the Republic. On 15 November 1923, a new currency, the \"Rentenmark\", was introduced at the rate of one trillion (1,000,000,000,000) \"Papiermark\" for one \"Rentenmark\", an action known as redenomination. At that time, one U.S. dollar was equal to 4.2 \"Rentenmark\". Reparation payments were resumed, and the Ruhr was returned to Germany under the Locarno Treaties, which defined the borders between Germany, France, and Belgium. The Republic was soon under attack from both left- and right-wing sources. The radical left accused the ruling Social Democrats of having betrayed the ideals of the workers' movement","title":"Weimar Republic"},{"id":"3358903","text":"in 1939, the extent of these problems cannot explain aggression against Poland and the reasons for the outbreak of war were due to the choices made by the Nazi leadership. Mason had argued that the German working-class was always to the Nazi dictatorship; that in the over-heated German economy of the late 1930s, German workers could force employers to grant higher wages by leaving for another firm that would grant the desired wage increases; that this was a form of political resistance and this resistance forced Adolf Hitler to go to war in 1939. Thus, the outbreak of the Second","title":"Causes of World War II"},{"id":"11927218","text":"quickly. That increased monetary velocity and caused an ever-faster increase in prices, creating a vicious cycle. The government and the banks had two unacceptable alternatives. If they stopped inflation, there would be immediate bankruptcies, unemployment, strikes, hunger, violence, collapse of civil order, insurrection and possibly even revolution. If they continued the inflation, they would default on their foreign debt. However, attempting to avoid both unemployment and insolvency ultimately failed when Germany had both. Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic Hyperinflation affected the German Papiermark, the currency of the Weimar Republic, between 1921 and 1923. It caused considerable internal political instability in","title":"Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic"},{"id":"433523","text":"20%; see Great Depression in Central Europe for details. Note that the hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic is not directly blamed for the Nazi rise—the Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic occurred primarily in the period 1921–23, which was contemporary with Hitler's Beer Hall Putsch of 1923, and is blamed for damaging the credibility of democratic institutions, but the Nazis did not assume government until 1933, ten years after the hyperinflation but in the midst of high unemployment. Rising unemployment has traditionally been regarded by the public and media in any country as a key guarantor of electoral defeat for any","title":"Unemployment"},{"id":"20082082","text":"Germany, and seriously weakened the new democratic regime. When Germany defaulted on its reparation payments, French and Belgian troops occupied the heavily industrialised Ruhr district (January 1923). The German government encouraged the population of the Ruhr to passive resistance: shops would not sell goods to the foreign soldiers, coal-mines would not dig for the foreign troops, trams in which members of the occupation army had taken seat would be left abandoned in the middle of the street. The passive resistance proved effective, insofar as the occupation became a loss-making deal for the French government. But the Ruhr fight also led","title":"History of German foreign policy"},{"id":"460463","text":"global capital of fashion. Germany was more susceptible to Americanization, because of the close economic links brought about by the Dawes plan. In 1929, three years after receiving the 1926 Nobel Peace Prize, Stresemann died of a heart attack at age 51. When the New York Stock Exchange crashed in October, 1929, American loans dried up and the sharp decline of the German economy brought the \"Golden Twenties\" to an abrupt end. A wide range of progressive social reforms were carried out during and after the revolutionary period. In 1919, legislation provided for a maximum working 48-hour workweek, restrictions on","title":"Weimar Republic"},{"id":"12796400","text":"the votes rise from 12% to about 20%, though it quickly dropped back to around 12% in 1928. Hamburg Uprising The Hamburg Uprising (German: \"Hamburger Aufstand\") was an insurrection during the Weimar Republic in Germany. It was started on 23 October 1923 by one of the most militant sections of the Hamburg district Communist Party (KPD), the \"KP Wasserkante\". From a military point of view, the attempt was futile and it was over within 24 hours. Rebels stormed 24 police stations, 17 in Hamburg and seven in Schleswig-Holstein Province in Prussia. Over 100 people died during the uprising. The exact","title":"Hamburg Uprising"},{"id":"2765959","text":"against the Weimar Republic and left-wing political opponents. In 1920, the German government was briefly overthrown in a coup organized by Wolfgang Kapp (the Kapp Putsch), and a nationalist government was briefly in power. Mass public demonstrations soon forced this regime out of power. In 1921 and 1922, Matthias Erzberger and Walter Rathenau were shot by members of the ultra-nationalist Organisation Consul. The newly formed Nazi Party, under the leadership of Adolf Hitler and supported by former German army chief Erich Ludendorff, engaged in political violence against the government and left-wing political forces as well. In 1923, in what is","title":"German Revolution of 1918–19"},{"id":"3591715","text":"new business starts. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially those dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries. Farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few alternative sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most. The Weimar Republic in Germany gave way to two episodes of political and economic turmoil, the first culminated in the German hyperinflation of 1923 and the failed Beer Hall Putsch of that same year. The second convulsion, brought on by","title":"Interwar period"},{"id":"2630890","text":"Wilhelm II's Dutch home at Amerongen. Ebert and his associates were not slow to decide upon the measures to be taken against the reactionaries. They issued an appeal to the working classes to engage in a drastic general strike. The appeal, which was signed by Ebert, Bauer, and Noske, read as follows: The response to this appeal by the working classes was enthusiastic and almost universal. Except in East Prussia and to some extent in Pomerania and Silesia, the Kapp \"government\" obtained scarcely any support in the country; and the Saxon, Bavarian, Württemberg, and Baden governments all rallied to the","title":"1920 in Germany"},{"id":"2765859","text":"Freikorps (nationalist militias) to quell the communist Spartacist uprising of 4–15 January 1919 by force. The same alliance of political forces succeeded in suppressing uprisings of the left in other parts of Germany, with the result that the country was completely pacified by late 1919. Elections for the new Weimar National Assembly were held on 19 January 1919. The revolution ended on 11 August 1919, when the Weimar Constitution was adopted. In the decade after 1900, the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) was the leading force in Germany's labour movement. With 35% of the national votes and 110 seats","title":"German Revolution of 1918–19"},{"id":"450943","text":"politicians] did not make sufficient use of this imposed gift supports the hypothesis that the Weimar Republic suffered from home-made political failure\". Erik Goldstein wrote that in 1921, the payment of reparations caused a crisis and that the occupation of the Ruhr had a disastrous effect on the German economy, resulting in the German Government printing more money as the currency collapsed. Hyperinflation began and printing presses worked overtime to print Reichsbank notes; by November 1923 one US dollar was worth Ferguson writes that the policy of the Economics Minister Robert Schmidt led Germany to avoid economic collapse from 1919","title":"World War I reparations"},{"id":"20948140","text":"order for them to acclimatise themselves to Nazi interference. After World War I, Germany saw the law as a “most respected entity” upon regaining significant stability and confidence from the people. This is often credited to the work of lawyers and judges, most of them Jewish. Hitler was inspired by Mussolini and his march on Rome to gain power in Italy. The attempt began in Bavaria, Munich, on the 8th-9 of November, 1923 and is known as the “failed Beer Hall Putsch”, after being stopped by Bavarian police in Munich with 16 Nazis killed. Hitler’s resulting time in prison was","title":"Law in Nazi Germany"},{"id":"460453","text":"Germany seized the chance to make an ally. Walther Rathenau, the Jewish Foreign Minister who signed the treaty, was assassinated two months later by two ultra-nationalist army officers. Further pressure from the political right came in 1923 with the Beer Hall Putsch, also called the Munich Putsch, staged by the Nazi Party under Adolf Hitler in Munich. In 1920, the German Workers' Party had become the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), or Nazi party, and would become a driving force in the collapse of Weimar. Hitler named himself as chairman of the party in July 1921. On 8 November","title":"Weimar Republic"},{"id":"16672208","text":"1920. The strike brought the economy to a virtual stand-still and, together with the refusal of the bureaucracy to cooperate with the new government, caused the putsch to fail in a matter of days. However, in some parts of Germany, the striking workers refused to return to work and offered armed resistance to the legitimate government of president Ebert and chancellor Bauer. The most significant of these events was the Ruhr Uprising, which was crushed by Reichswehr and \"Freikorps\" in April 1920. After 1920, the former Stewards did not play a notable role in the German labour movement any more.","title":"Revolutionary Stewards"},{"id":"3847779","text":"regional economy of the Ruhr, the industrial heartland of Germany, almost to stop. The occupation authorities reacted with arrests and deportations to strikes and sabotage. Those displaced and left without income by the \"Ruhrkampf\" and their families fell back on public income support. Tax revenues plunged as economic activity slowed. The government covered its need for funds mainly by printing money. As a result, inflation spiked and the Papiermark went into freefall on the currency market. Foreign currency reserves at the Reichsbank dwindled. As hyperinflation took hold, the cabinet of Cuno resigned in August 1923 and was replaced by the","title":"German Rentenmark"},{"id":"2525813","text":"the agreements and on 11 January 1923 ordered troops to occupy the Ruhr (later joined by Belgians). This move, widely seen as illegal even outside Germany, caused the outraged Cuno government to call for passive resistance: Reparation shipments to France and Belgium were stopped, the mines were told not to make any more deliveries to these states, civil servants and Reichsbahn personnel were told to disobey orders by the occupation authorities. The Ruhr economy, the industrial heartland of Germany, came almost to a complete stop. Financial support payments by the Reich government to those inhabitants of the occupied zone affected","title":"Wilhelm Cuno"},{"id":"1816570","text":"demonstrations assumed a mass character. The strike against poor wages and working conditions overnight became a workers' revolution for democratic rights. On 17 June, Soviet tanks had to restore order. This failure delayed German unification and contributed to the fall of Beria. It started when 60 construction workers building the showpiece Stalin-Allee in East Berlin went on strike on 16 June 1953, to demand a reduction in recent work-quota increases. They called for a general strike the next day, 17 June. The general strike and protest marches turned into rioting and spread throughout East Germany. The East German police failed","title":"History of Berlin"},{"id":"12153989","text":"in February 1917 impacted politics in Germany, as it ended the legitimation used by Ebert and other pro-war SPD members that Germany was in the war against a reactionary Russian government. With the overthrow of the Tsar and revolutionary socialist agitation increased in Russia, such events influenced socialists in Germany. With rising bread shortages in Germany amid war rationing, mass strikes occurred beginning in April 1917 with 300,000 strikers taking part in a strike in Berlin. The strikers demanded bread, freedom, peace and the formation of workers' councils as was being done in Russia. Amidst the German public's uproar, the","title":"Social democracy"},{"id":"16334291","text":"Avner Offer suggests that approximately “one-fifth to one-third of food could only be obtained through illegal channels.” Driven by starvation, children would break into barns and loot orchards in search of food. Such disregard for authority effectively doubled the youth crime rate in Germany. Historian G.J. Meyer noted that, according to a report from a prominent Berlin physician, “eighty thousand children had died of starvation in 1916.” Worker strikes were also common during this time as food shortages often directly led to labor unrest. The most notable strike took place in Düsseldorf in the summer of 1917 where workers complained","title":"Turnip Winter"},{"id":"450962","text":"1923, which lay with the German government rather than reparations. According to Slavieck, the \"traditional interpretation of the treaty's impact on Germany\" was that it \"plunged the nation into an economic free fall\". This view was shared by the German people, who believed the treaty was robbing Germany of its wealth. German banker Max Warburg said the terms of the treaty were \"pillage on a global scale\". Niall Ferguson says the German view was incorrect and \"not many historians would today agree with Warburg\". However, several historians agree with Warburg. Norman Davies writes that the treaty forced Germany to \"pay","title":"World War I reparations"},{"id":"15732466","text":"after World War I would intensify the 'psychological' impact of the \"draconian peace\" on the German working class. He countered the right-wing Kapp Putsch of March 1920 by organizing a massive general strike in Germany with about 12 million employees following the joint call of the legal government and the unions. The strike immediately halted all production, transportation, mining and public services, it was \"the strongest mass movement the German proletariat ever created\" and \"gave the Kapp régime its death blow\". At that time he declined Friedrich Ebert’s offer to become Chancellor of Germany. Legien died after a short illness","title":"Carl Legien"},{"id":"17556564","text":"surrender in World War I). The largest was the \"Strike of the 100,000\", which broke out on 10 May 1941 in the Cockerill steel works in Seraing. News of the strike spread rapidly and soon at least 70,000 workers were on strike across the province of. The Germans increased workers' salaries by eight percent and the strike finished rapidly. The Germans repressed later large-scale strikes, though further important strikes occurred in November 1942 and February 1943. Passive resistance, however, could also take the form of much more minor actions, such as offering one's seat in trams to Jews, which was","title":"German occupation of Belgium during World War II"},{"id":"405622","text":"a standstill, but the financial consequences contributed to German hyperinflation and completely ruined public finances in Germany. Consequently, passive resistance was called off in late 1923. The end of passive resistance in the Ruhr allowed Germany to undertake a currency reform and to negotiate the Dawes Plan, which led to the withdrawal of French and Belgian troops from the Ruhr Area in 1925. In 1920, the head of the \"Reichswehr\" Hans von Seeckt clandestinely re-established the General Staff, by expanding the \"Truppenamt\" (Troop Office); purportedly a human resources section of the army. In March, German troops entered the Rhineland under","title":"Treaty of Versailles"},{"id":"460450","text":"in the Reichswehr. On 13 March 1920 during the Kapp Putsch, 12,000 \"Freikorps\" soldiers occupied Berlin and installed Wolfgang Kapp, a right-wing journalist, as chancellor. The national government fled to Stuttgart and called for a general strike against the putsch. The strike meant that no \"official\" pronouncements could be published, and with the civil service out on strike, the Kapp government collapsed after only four days on 17 March. Inspired by the general strikes, a workers' uprising began in the Ruhr region when 50,000 people formed a \"Red Army\" and took control of the province. The regular army and the","title":"Weimar Republic"},{"id":"3358895","text":"for their humiliation on the Weimar Republic. Adolf Hitler, a leader of the Nazi Party, attempted a coup d'état against the republic to establish a Greater German Reich known as the Beer Hall Putsch in 1923. Although this failed, Hitler gained recognition as a national hero amongst the German population. The demilitarized Rhineland and additional cutbacks on military infuriated the Germans. Although it is logical that France would want the Rhineland to be a neutral zone, the fact that France had the power to make that desire happen merely added onto the resentment of the Germans against the French. In","title":"Causes of World War II"},{"id":"3358906","text":"not Hitler's 'will' or 'intentions' that was the most important determinate on German decision-making on foreign policy. Mason argued that the Nazi leaders were deeply haunted by the November Revolution of 1918, and was most unwilling to see any fall in working class living standards out of the fear that it might provoke another November Revolution. According to Mason, by 1939, the \"overheating\" of the German economy caused by rearmament, the failure of various rearmament plans produced by the shortages of skilled workers, industrial unrest caused by the breakdown of German social policies, and the sharp drop in living standards","title":"Causes of World War II"},{"id":"3908766","text":"and merchant interests and the old land-owning and aristocratic interests. Natural factors included widespread drought in the early 1830s, and again in the 1840s, and a food crisis in the 1840s. Further complications emerged as a result of a shift in industrialization and manufacturing; as people sought jobs, they left their villages and small towns to work during the week in the cities, returning for a day and a half on weekends. The economic, social and cultural dislocation of ordinary people, the economic hardship of an economy in transition, and the pressures of meteorological disasters all contributed to growing problems","title":"Unification of Germany"},{"id":"18904681","text":"a social revolution was to be prevented and the state order must be upheld at any cost. In 1919 the Spartacist uprising challenged the power of the SPD government, but it was put down in blood and the German Communist leaders Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg were assassinated. Communist regimes briefly held power under Béla Kun in Hungary and under Kurt Eisner in Bavaria. There were further revolutionary movements in Germany until 1923, as well as in Vienna, and also in the industrial centres of northern Italy. In this period few Communists doubted, least of all Lenin and Trotsky, that","title":"History of socialism"},{"id":"20056457","text":"of its reparations, France (and Belgium) occupied the industrial region of the Ruhr. Germany responded with passive resistance including printing vast amounts of marks to pay for the occupation, thereby causing runaway inflation. Inflation heavily damaged the German middle class (because their bank accounts became worthless) but it also damaged the French franc. France fomented a separatist movement pointing to an independent buffer state, but it collapsed after some bloodshed. The intervention was a failure, and in summer 1924 France accepted the American solution to the reparations issues, as expressed in the Dawes Plan. In the 1920s, France established an","title":"International relations (1919–1939)"},{"id":"15338222","text":"February strike The February Strike () was a general strike in the German-occupied Netherlands during World War II, organized by the then-outlawed Communist Party of the Netherlands in defence of persecuted Dutch Jews and against the anti-Jewish measures and activities of the Nazis in general. The direct causes were a series of arrests and pogroms held by the Germans in the Jewish neighbourhood of Amsterdam. It started on 25 February 1941 and lasted for two days; on 26 February, 300,000 people joined the strike. The strike was harshly suppressed by the Germans after three days. The 1941 February Strike is","title":"February strike"},{"id":"284639","text":"blaze. Hitler proclaimed that the arson marked the start of a communist uprising. The Reichstag Fire Decree, imposed on 28 February 1933, rescinded most civil liberties, including rights of assembly and freedom of the press. The decree also allowed the police to detain people indefinitely without charges or a court order. The legislation was accompanied by a propaganda campaign that led to public support for the measure. Violent suppression of communists by the SA was undertaken nationwide and 4,000 members of the Communist Party of Germany were arrested. In March 1933, the Enabling Act, an amendment to the Weimar Constitution,","title":"Nazi Germany"},{"id":"11927197","text":"Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic Hyperinflation affected the German Papiermark, the currency of the Weimar Republic, between 1921 and 1923. It caused considerable internal political instability in the country, the occupation of the Ruhr by France and Belgium as well as misery for the general populace. To pay for the large costs of the ongoing First World War, Germany suspended the gold standard (the convertibility of its currency to gold) when the war broke out. Unlike the French Third Republic, which imposed its first income tax to pay for the war, German Emperor Wilhelm II and the German parliament decided","title":"Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic"},{"id":"12350909","text":"\"Articulate and energetic, they were able to gather around them many of the new workers who had joined the party.\" In 1923, Fischer appealed to a group of Nazi students, proclaiming that \"Those who call for a struggle against Jewish capital are already, gentlemen, class strugglers, even if they don’t know it. You are against Jewish capital and want to fight the speculators. Very good. Throw down the Jewish capitalists, hang them from the lamp-post, stamp on them.\" Ruth Fischer argued that the Communist Party of Germany leaders were saying: \"In no circumstances must we proclaim the general strike. The","title":"Ruth Fischer"},{"id":"460443","text":"Allied claims. The highly publicised rhetoric of 1919 about paying for all the damages and all the veterans' benefits was irrelevant for the total, but it did determine how the recipients spent their share. Germany owed reparations chiefly to France, Britain, Italy and Belgium; the US Treasury received $100 million. In the early post-war years, inflation was growing at an alarming rate, but the government simply printed more currency to pay debts. By 1923, the Republic claimed it could no longer afford the reparations payments required by the Versailles Treaty, and the government defaulted on some payments. In response, French","title":"Weimar Republic"},{"id":"936539","text":"came out victorious, but during that time, a return to an autocratic state was seen as the only way forward. Large parts of the working class went out on strike, but in the Ruhr, striking workers successfully managed to take government buildings, shocking the rest of Germany. An armed revolt was then instigated, and the Red Guard then installed a branch in the Ruhr. The people there declared the Ruhr an independent, socialist republic, but the Freikorp came back into the scene and put down the movement. In March 1921, French and Belgian troops occupied Duisburg, which under the Treaty","title":"Ruhr"},{"id":"284706","text":"payment, the Reichsbank printed money. Hitler and his economic team expected that the upcoming territorial expansion would provide the means of repaying the soaring national debt. Schacht's administration achieved a rapid decline in the unemployment rate, the largest of any country during the Great Depression. Economic recovery was uneven, with reduced hours of work and erratic availability of necessities, leading to disenchantment with the regime as early as 1934. In October 1933, the Junkers Aircraft Works was expropriated. In concert with other aircraft manufacturers and under the direction of Aviation Minister Göring, production was ramped up industry-wide. From a workforce","title":"Nazi Germany"},{"id":"4735555","text":"the Weimar Republic, including the Beer Hall Putsch. The Rhenish Republic was proclaimed at Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) in October 1923. Though the French did succeed in making their occupation of the Ruhr pay, the Germans through their passive resistance in the Ruhr and the hyperinflation that wrecked their economy, won the world's sympathy, and under heavy Anglo-American financial pressure (the simultaneous decline in the value of the franc made the French very open to pressure from Wall Street and the City), the French were forced to agree to the Dawes Plan of April 1924, which substantially lowered German reparations payments. Under","title":"Occupation of the Ruhr"},{"id":"460455","text":"While in jail, Hitler dictated \"Mein Kampf\", which laid out his ideas and future policies. Hitler now decided to focus on legal methods of gaining power. Gustav Stresemann was \"Reichskanzler\" for 100 days in 1923, and served as foreign minister from 1923–1929, a period of relative stability for the Weimar Republic, known in Germany as \"Goldene Zwanziger\" (\"Golden Twenties\"). Prominent features of this period were a growing economy and a consequent decrease in civil unrest. Once civil stability had been restored, Stresemann began stabilising the German currency, which promoted confidence in the German economy and helped the recovery that was","title":"Weimar Republic"},{"id":"284764","text":"early tribal Germanic gods and the new paganism of the Nazi extremists.\" While no unified resistance movement opposing the Nazi regime existed, acts of defiance such as sabotage and labour slowdowns took place, as well as attempts to overthrow the regime or assassinate Hitler. The banned Communist and Social Democratic parties set up resistance networks in the mid-1930s. These networks achieved little beyond fomenting unrest and initiating short-lived strikes. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler, who initially supported Hitler, changed his mind in 1936 and was later a participant in the July 20 plot. The Red Orchestra spy ring provided information to the","title":"Nazi Germany"},{"id":"3358873","text":"Causes of World War II Among the causes of World War II were Italian fascism in the 1920s, Japanese militarism and invasion of China in the 1930s, and especially the political takeover in 1933 of Germany by Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party and its aggressive foreign policy. The immediate cause was Germany invading Poland on September 1, 1939, and Britain and France declaring war on Germany on September 3, 1939. Problems arose in Weimar Germany that experienced strong currents of revanchism after the Treaty of Versailles that concluded its defeat in World War I in 1918. Dissatisfactions of treaty","title":"Causes of World War II"},{"id":"460454","text":"1923, the \"Kampfbund\", in a pact with Erich Ludendorff, took over a meeting by Bavarian prime minister Gustav von Kahr at a beer hall in Munich. Ludendorff and Hitler declared that the Weimar government was deposed and that they were planning to take control of Munich the following day. The 3,000 rebels were thwarted by the Bavarian authorities. Hitler was arrested and sentenced to five years in prison for high treason, a minimum sentence for the charge. Hitler served less than eight months in a comfortable cell, receiving a daily stream of visitors before his release on 20 December 1924.","title":"Weimar Republic"},{"id":"863309","text":"March 1933) assumption of power by Hitler after the Reichstag fire of 27 February 1933. From its inception, Hitler's régime moved quickly to introduce anti-Jewish policies. Nazi propaganda singled out the 500,000 Jews in Germany, who accounted for only 0.86% of the overall population, as an enemy within who were responsible for Germany's defeat in the First World War and for its subsequent economic disasters, such as the 1920s hyperinflation and Wall Street Crash Great Depression. Beginning in 1933, the German government enacted a series of anti-Jewish laws restricting the rights of German Jews to earn a living, to enjoy","title":"Kristallnacht"},{"id":"165171","text":"allowed. Germany was also required to pay reparations for all civilian damage caused during the war. The humiliating peace terms in the Treaty of Versailles provoked bitter indignation throughout Germany, and seriously weakened the new democratic regime. The greatest enemies of democracy had already been constituted. In December 1918, the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) was founded, and in 1919 it tried and failed to overthrow the new republic. Adolf Hitler in 1919 took control of the new National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), which failed in a coup in Munich in 1923. Both parties, as well as parties supporting","title":"History of Germany"},{"id":"450944","text":"to 1920, but that reparations accounted for most of Germany's deficit in 1921 and 1922 and that reparations were the cause of the hyperinflation. Several historians counter the argument that reparations caused the inflation and collapse of the mark. Gerhard Weinberg writes that Germany refused to pay by, and that doing so destroyed their own currency. Anthony Lentin agrees and writes that inflation was \"a consequence of the war rather than of the peace\" and that hyperinflation was a result of the \"German government's reckless issue of paper money\" during the Allied occupation of the Ruhr. British and French experts","title":"World War I reparations"},{"id":"284634","text":"with a semi-presidential system. During its tenure, it faced numerous problems, including hyperinflation, political extremism including violence from both left- and right-wing paramilitaries, contentious relationships with the Allied victors of World War I, and a series of failed attempts at coalition government by divided political parties. Severe setbacks to the German economy began after the war ended, partly because of reparations payments required under the 1919 Treaty of Versailles. The government printed money to make the payments and to repay the country's war debt, but the resulting hyperinflation led to inflated prices for consumer goods, economic chaos, and food riots.","title":"Nazi Germany"},{"id":"3591728","text":"have a real army, navy, or air force. Reparations were demanded, especially by France, involving shipments of raw materials, as well as annual payments. When Germany defaulted on its reparation payments, French and Belgian troops occupied the heavily industrialised Ruhr district (January 1923). The German government encouraged the population of the Ruhr to passive resistance: shops would not sell goods to the foreign soldiers, coal mines would not dig for the foreign troops, trams in which members of the occupation army had taken seat would be left abandoned in the middle of the street. The German government printed vast quantities","title":"Interwar period"},{"id":"460460","text":"the worst hit nations in the Great Depression. The 1920s saw a remarkable cultural renaissance in Germany. During the worst phase of hyperinflation in 1923, the clubs and bars were full of speculators who spent their daily profits so they would not lose the value the following day. Berlin intellectuals responded by condemning the excesses of capitalism, and demanding revolutionary changes on the cultural scenery. Influenced by the brief cultural explosion in the Soviet Union, German literature, cinema, theatre and musical works entered a phase of great creativity. Innovative street theatre brought plays to the public, and the cabaret scene","title":"Weimar Republic"},{"id":"9793479","text":"Great War was apportioned to (amongst others) the military or simply the French. France, like Germany, had been profoundly traumatised by the Great War and the conduct of her occupation of the left bank of the Rhine was perceived as unsympathetic, even among her Western wartime allies. Increasingly, however, blame was directed against the German government itself, in far-off Berlin. By 1923, as the German currency collapsed, the French occupation forces headquartered at Mainz (under the command of Generals Mangin and Fayolle) were having some success in their encouragement of anti-Berlin separatism in the occupied zones. After 1924, economic hardship","title":"Rhenish Republic"},{"id":"2717163","text":"of the First World War and the imposition of War Reparations at the Treaty of Versailles. As a result, the middle class lost their savings and the working class were unemployed. The Republic ended up printing money to pay its bills which lead to hyperinflation in 1923. The outcome of all of this was women, including the millions of war widows, turned to prostitution. Licentiousness and streetwalkers was common in this period and Weimar Berlin is famed for its decadence. An STD Act was discussed and adopted in 1927, it was accompanied by decriminalisation of prostitution. During the Nazi era,","title":"Prostitution in Germany"},{"id":"2765953","text":"caused an eruption of mass strikes in the Ruhr District, the Rhineland and in Saxony. Members of the USPD, the KPD and even the SPD called for a general strike that started on 4 March. Against the will of the strike leadership, the strikes escalated into street fighting in Berlin. The Prussian state government, which in the meantime had declared a state of siege, called the imperial government for help. Again Noske employed the Gardekavallerie-Schützendivision, commanded by Pabst, against the strikers in Berlin. By the end of the fighting on 16 March, they had killed approximately 1,200 people, many of","title":"German Revolution of 1918–19"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"15784748\",\n \"text\": \"Cuno strikes The Cuno strikes were nationwide strikes in Germany against the government of Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno in August 1923. The wave of strikes demanded, eventually with success, the resignation of the Cuno government, which occurred on 12 August 1923, after only nine months. The strikes also buoyed the hopes of the Communist International of an imminent revolution. In January 1923, the Cuno government called for passive resistance of the Belgian and French occupation of the Ruhr region. At the same time, inflation in the Weimar Republic was racing out of control, result of the reparations payments or from the\",\n \"title\": \"Cuno strikes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15784755\",\n \"text\": \"ignored by the local KPD leadership) and the local insurrection took place, as planned. Cuno strikes The Cuno strikes were nationwide strikes in Germany against the government of Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno in August 1923. The wave of strikes demanded, eventually with success, the resignation of the Cuno government, which occurred on 12 August 1923, after only nine months. The strikes also buoyed the hopes of the Communist International of an imminent revolution. In January 1923, the Cuno government called for passive resistance of the Belgian and French occupation of the Ruhr region. At the same time, inflation in the Weimar\",\n \"title\": \"Cuno strikes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4735554\",\n \"text\": \"officials. Some theories assert that to pay for passive resistance in the Ruhr, the German government began the hyperinflation that destroyed the German economy in 1923. Others state that the road to hyperinflation was well established before with the reparation payments that started on November 1921, see 1920s German inflation. In the face of economic collapse, with high unemployment and hyperinflation, the strikes were eventually called off in September 1923 by the new Gustav Stresemann coalition government, which was followed by a state of emergency. Despite this, civil unrest grew into riots and coup attempts targeted at the government of\",\n \"title\": \"Occupation of the Ruhr\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11927203\",\n \"text\": \"December, a 15-fold increase. By fall 1922, Germany found itself unable to make reparations payments. The mark was by now practically worthless, making it impossible for Germany to buy foreign exchange or gold using paper marks. Instead, reparations were to be paid in goods such as coal. In January 1923, French and Belgian troops occupied the industrial region of Germany in the Ruhr valley to ensure reparations payments. Inflation was exacerbated when workers in the Ruhr went on a general strike and the German government printed more money to continue paying for their passive resistance. By November 1923, the US\",\n \"title\": \"Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460444\",\n \"text\": \"and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr region, Germany's most productive industrial region at the time, taking control of most mining and manufacturing companies in January 1923. Strikes were called, and passive resistance was encouraged. These strikes lasted eight months, further damaging both the economy and society. The strike prevented some goods from being produced, but one industrialist, Hugo Stinnes, was able to create a vast empire out of bankrupt companies. Because the production costs in Germany were falling almost hourly, the prices for German products were unbeatable. Stinnes made sure that he was paid in dollars, which meant that by\",\n \"title\": \"Weimar Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15784752\",\n \"text\": \"the strikes, supported by some in the SPD, spread from Berlin to other cities and regions, such as Hamburg, Lusatia, Saxony Province as well as the states of Saxony and Thuringia. Factories were occupied by communist workers and factory managements sent fleeing. In the Ruhr Region, there was passive resistance rather than strikes. The response to the strike surpassed even the expectations of the leadership of the KPD. In total, three-and-a-half million workers went on strike indirectly forcing Cuno and his cabinet to resign on 11 August. With the Cuno resignation on 11 August 1923, the strikes soon ended. Workers\",\n \"title\": \"Cuno strikes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15784754\",\n \"text\": \"the Cuno strikes nurtured, in Moscow, the hope of a German revolution. There had been clashes with police in several cities and dozens of workers had been killed. Leon Trotsky and other Influential members of the Soviet Politburo and the Comintern believed Germany was ready for revolution, but Heinrich Brandler, the head of the KPD, felt the timing was premature. Despite Brandler's misgivings, on 23 August 1923, the Soviet Politburo adopted a plan for a \\\"German October\\\", but the attempted coup was cancelled at the last minute. Word of the cancellation did not reach Hamburg in time (or was possibly\",\n \"title\": \"Cuno strikes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12796393\",\n \"text\": \"1919 and 1923, the Weimar Republic was in crisis and there were many violent conflicts between left- and right-wing elements. The economic situation of the population was rapidly deteriorating and by autumn 1923 hyperinflation was at its peak, which brought gains in popularity to the Communist Party. The Occupation of the Ruhr region further radicalized the political disputes. In August 1923, there was a wave of nationwide strikes against Reichskanzler Wilhelm Cuno. At the end of September, the government declared a state of emergency. On 1 October, the Black Reichswehr attempted the Küstrin Putsch. Two weeks later, on 13 October,\",\n \"title\": \"Hamburg Uprising\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15784749\",\n \"text\": \"costs of the passive resistance, which made local authorities and companies boycott occupation forces while the government paid the wages of those administrations and compensated the coal and steel companies for their losses. The expenses caused the collapse of the Reichsmark, which had already been inflated. During 1923, the mark fell from 21,000 to the US dollar at the beginning of the year to 6 trillion at the end. For German society, the result was complete disaster, as people rushed out to buy things before their money lost its value, and people who had had savings saw them evaporate overnight.\",\n \"title\": \"Cuno strikes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1486218\",\n \"text\": \"were then strikes in the Krupp factory. On January 11, 1923, the Occupation of the Ruhr was carried out by the invasion of French and Belgian troops into the Ruhr. The French Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré was convinced that Germany failed to comply the demands of the Treaty of Versailles. On the morning of March 31, 1923 it came to the sad culmination of this French-German confrontation. A small French military command, occupied the Krupp car hall to seize several vehicles. This event called 13 deaths and 28 injured. The occupation of the Ruhr ended in summer 1925. Heinrich Maria\",\n \"title\": \"Essen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"936540\",\n \"text\": \"of Versailles formed part of the demilitarized Rhineland. In January 1923 the whole Ruhrgebiet was occupied as a reprisal after Germany failed to fulfill World War I reparation payments as agreed in the Versailles Treaty. The German government responded with \\\"\\\"passive resistance\\\"\\\", letting workers and civil servants refuse orders and instructions by the occupation forces. Production and transport came to a standstill and the financial consequences contributed to German hyperinflation and ruined public finances in Germany and France, as well as several other countries. Passive resistance was called off in late 1923, allowing Germany to implement a currency reform and\",\n \"title\": \"Ruhr\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18561191\",\n \"text\": \"the French yielded the German side some international sympathy and the French were soon becoming isolated on this issue - on 11 August, the British government sent a harshly critical memorandum to the French which explicitly endorsed the German position that the Ruhr occupation was illegal. However, by that time popular discontent inside Germany against the government and in particular against the spiralling rate of inflation was rising fast. A wave of strikes against the government began in August 1923. Also on 11 August, the Social Democrats consequently brought a motion of no confidence against the government and announced their\",\n \"title\": \"Cuno cabinet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460445\",\n \"text\": \"mid-1923, his industrial empire was worth more than the entire German economy. By the end of the year, over two hundred factories were working full-time to produce paper for the spiralling bank note production. Stinnes' empire collapsed when the government-sponsored inflation was stopped in November 1923. In 1919, one loaf of bread cost 1 mark; by 1923, the same loaf of bread cost 100 billion marks. Since striking workers were paid benefits by the state, much additional currency was printed, fuelling a period of hyperinflation. The 1920s German inflation started when Germany had no goods to trade. The government printed\",\n \"title\": \"Weimar Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11111491\",\n \"text\": \"and attributed mainly to Senegalese Tirailleurs. The events resulted in a widespread campaign by the German right-wing press, which dubbed them as \\\"The Black Shame\\\" (\\\"Die schwarze Schande\\\" or \\\"Die schwarze Schmach\\\") and depicted them as a form of French humiliation of the German nation. In 1923, in response to German failure to pay reparations under the Treaty of Versailles, France and Belgium occupied the industrial Ruhr area of Germany, most of which lies across the river on the east bank of the Rhine, until 1925. Many Germans were killed during civil disobedience protests. e.g. against dismissal of German officials.\",\n \"title\": \"Occupation of the Rhineland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"150066\",\n \"text\": \"in Bavaria, but conservative elements in other parts of Germany attempted to overthrow the Republic in the Kapp Putsch. It was supported by parts of the \\\"Reichswehr\\\" (military) and other conservative, nationalistic and monarchist factions. After a tumultuous period of bloody street fighting in the major industrial centres, the occupation of the Ruhr by Belgian and French troops and the rise of inflation culminating in the hyperinflation of 1922–23, a debt restructuring plan and the creation of a new currency in 1924 ushered in the Golden Twenties, an era of increasing artistic innovation and liberal cultural life. Historians describe the\",\n \"title\": \"Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2765871\",\n \"text\": \"persisted with ruthless strategies aimed at achieving military victory, pursued expansionist and aggressive war goals and subjugated civilian life to the needs of the war and the war economy. For the labour force, that often meant 12-hour work days at minimal wages with inadequate food. The \\\"Hilfsdienstgesetz\\\" (Auxiliary Service Law) forced all men not in the armed forces to work. After the outbreak of the Russian February Revolution in 1917, the first organised strikes erupted in German armament factories in March and April, with about 300,000 workers going on strike. The strike was organized by a group called the Revolutionary\",\n \"title\": \"German Revolution of 1918–19\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"165176\",\n \"text\": \"Ruhr fight also led to hyperinflation, and many who lost all their fortune would become bitter enemies of the Weimar Republic, and voters of the anti-democratic right. See 1920s German inflation. In September 1923, the deteriorating economic conditions led Chancellor Gustav Stresemann to call an end to the passive resistance in the Ruhr. In November, his government introduced a new currency, the Rentenmark (later: Reichsmark), together with other measures to stop the hyperinflation. In the following six years the economic situation improved. In 1928, Germany's industrial production even regained the pre-war levels of 1913. The national elections of 1924 led\",\n \"title\": \"History of Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2649391\",\n \"text\": \"which resulted from uncertainty concerning the war debts and its adverse effect on the economy. In February, a strike engineered by the more reckless elements of labor among the railway employees paralyzed traffic for six days in North Germany and a part of Baden. It then collapsed, and was followed by disciplinary action against some of the instigators and also those participators in the strike who had been guilty of acts of violence and sabotage. The government, supported by public opinion, held that state employees had no right to strike, and received a vote of confidence on this point in\",\n \"title\": \"1922 in Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7979779\",\n \"text\": \"Hitler and National Socialism’s perceived dependence on the mass mobilization of his people, the “racial” Germans, along with the belief that Germany had lost WW I due to an unstable home front, caused the regime to be peculiarly sensitive to public, collective protests. Hitler recognized the power of collective action, advocated non-compliance toward unworthy authority (e.g. the 1923 French occupation of the Ruhr), and brought his party to power in part by mobilizing public unrest and disorder to further discredit the Weimar Republic. In power, Nazi leadersquickly banned extra-party demonstrations, fearing displays of dissent on open urban spaces might develop\",\n \"title\": \"German resistance to Nazism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12796392\",\n \"text\": \"Hamburg Uprising The Hamburg Uprising (German: \\\"Hamburger Aufstand\\\") was an insurrection during the Weimar Republic in Germany. It was started on 23 October 1923 by one of the most militant sections of the Hamburg district Communist Party (KPD), the \\\"KP Wasserkante\\\". From a military point of view, the attempt was futile and it was over within 24 hours. Rebels stormed 24 police stations, 17 in Hamburg and seven in Schleswig-Holstein Province in Prussia. Over 100 people died during the uprising. The exact details of the uprising, as well as the assessment of its impact, are controversial to this day. Between\",\n \"title\": \"Hamburg Uprising\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15784751\",\n \"text\": \"Cuno government. Against the will of KPD party chairwoman Ruth Fischer, Otto Wels, the head of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) was able to forestall a general strike. Pressured by the SPD, a conference of trade unions on 10 August 1923 rejected the call for a general strike, supported the left-wing Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund. The KPD, not accepting the defeat held a meeting of all the revolutionary works councils in Greater Berlin. It called a general strike to bring down the Cuno government but was hindered from publicizing the call widely because its \\\"Die Rote Fahne\\\" had been banned. Nevertheless,\",\n \"title\": \"Cuno strikes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1589841\",\n \"text\": \"needed to rebuild its battered economy. He also wished to recover the Rhineland, as he wrote to the Crown Prince on 23 July 1923: \\\"The most important objective of German politics is the liberation of German territory from French and Belgian occupation. First, we must remove the strangler from our throat\\\". Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic would reach its peak in November 1923. Since Germany was no longer able to pay the striking workers, more and more money was printed, which finally led to hyperinflation. Stresemann introduced a new currency, the Rentenmark, to end hyperinflation. He also persuaded the French\",\n \"title\": \"Gustav Stresemann\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"287112\",\n \"text\": \"Hitler began planning his own coup. In January 1923, France occupied the Ruhr industrial region as a result of Germany's failure to meet its reparations payments. This led to economic chaos, the resignation of Wilhelm Cuno's government and an attempt by the German Communist Party (KPD) to stage a revolution. The reaction to these events was an upsurge of nationalist sentiment. Nazi Party membership grew sharply to about 20,000. By November, Hitler had decided that the time was right for an attempt to seize power in Munich, in the hope that the \\\"Reichswehr\\\" (the post-war German military) would mutiny against\",\n \"title\": \"Nazi Party\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"284635\",\n \"text\": \"When the government defaulted on their reparations payments in January 1923, French troops occupied German industrial areas along the Ruhr and widespread civil unrest followed. The National Socialist German Workers' Party (\\\"Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei\\\", NSDAP; Nazi Party) was founded in 1920. It was the renamed successor of the German Workers' Party (DAP) formed one year earlier, and one of several far-right political parties then active in Germany. The NSDAP party platform included destruction of the Weimar Republic, rejection of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, radical antisemitism, and anti-Bolshevism. They promised a strong central government, increased \\\"Lebensraum\\\" (\\\"living space\\\")\",\n \"title\": \"Nazi Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460504\",\n \"text\": \"individuals. The Weimar Republic had some of the most serious economic problems ever experienced by any Western democracy in history. Rampant hyperinflation, massive unemployment, and a large drop in living standards were primary factors. From 1923 to 1929, there was a short period of economic recovery, but the Great Depression of the 1930s led to a worldwide recession. Germany was particularly affected because it depended heavily on American loans. In 1926, about 2 million Germans were unemployed, which rose to around 6 million in 1932. Many blamed the Weimar Republic. That was made apparent when political parties on both right\",\n \"title\": \"Weimar Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2525806\",\n \"text\": \"Wilhelm Cuno Wilhelm Carl Josef Cuno (2 July 1876 – 3 January 1933) was a German businessman and politician who was the Chancellor of Germany from 1922 to 1923, for a total of 264 days. His tenure included the episode known as the Occupation of the Ruhr by French and Belgian troops and the period in which inflation in Germany accelerated notably, heading towards hyperinflation. Cuno was also general director of the Hapag shipping company. Wilhelm Carl Josef Cuno was born on 2 July 1876 in Suhl, in what was then Prussian Saxony and is now in Thuringia. He was\",\n \"title\": \"Wilhelm Cuno\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7330607\",\n \"text\": \"pounds. German reparations payments ended in 1931. The war and the treaty were followed by the Hyper-inflation of the early 1920s that wreaked havoc on Germany's social structure and political stability. During that inflation, the value of the nation's currency, the Papiermark, collapsed from 8.9 per US$1 in 1918 to 4.2 trillion per US$1 by November 1923. Prosperity reigned 1923–29, supported by large bank loans from New York. The Great Depression struck Germany hard, starting in late 1929. There were no new American loans. Unemployment soared, especially in larger cities, fueling extremism and violence on the far right and far\",\n \"title\": \"Economic history of Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15404338\",\n \"text\": \"January 1919. By the early 1920s the party was renamed the National Socialist German Workers' Party – to attract workers away from left-wing parties such as the Social Democrats (SPD) and the Communists (KPD) – and Adolf Hitler assumed control of the organization. The National Socialist Program or \\\"25 Points\\\" was adopted in 1920 and called for a united Greater Germany that would deny citizenship to Jews or those of Jewish descent, while also supporting land reform and the nationalization of some industries. In \\\"Mein Kampf\\\" (\\\"My Struggle\\\"; 1924–1925), Hitler outlined the anti-Semitism and anti-Communism at the heart of his\",\n \"title\": \"Nazism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15449460\",\n \"text\": \"signed the Weimar Constitution into law on 11 August 1919. On 11 January 1923, the Belgian and French Army initiated the Occupation of the Ruhr that would last until 25 August 1925, in response to the failure of the Weimar Republic to pay the World War I reparations in the aftermath of World War I. In May 1923, Justice Minister Rudolf Heinze (DVP) under Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno attempted to replace the jury system with large lay judge (') courts but was defeated in the Reichstag. An Article 48 (of the Weimar Constitution) state of emergency was proclaimed by President Ebert\",\n \"title\": \"Emminger Reform\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15090147\",\n \"text\": \"in January 1923, widespread civil unrest was the result. Hitler decided the time was ripe to attempt to seize control of the government with a \\\"coup d'état\\\" modelled on Benito Mussolini's 1922 March on Rome. Hess was with Hitler on the night of 8 November 1923 when he and the SA stormed a public meeting organised by Bavaria's de facto ruler, \\\"Staatskommissar\\\" (state commissioner) Gustav von Kahr, in the \\\"Bürgerbräukeller\\\", a large beer hall in Munich. Brandishing a pistol, Hitler interrupted Kahr's speech and announced that the national revolution had begun, declaring the formation of a new government with World\",\n \"title\": \"Rudolf Hess\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"140094\",\n \"text\": \"the Fascists. The Nazis, led by Hitler and the German war hero Erich Ludendorff, attempted a \\\"March on Berlin\\\" modeled upon the March on Rome, which resulted in the failed Beer Hall Putsch in Munich in November 1923. The conditions of economic hardship caused by the Great Depression brought about an international surge of social unrest. According to historian Philip Morgan, \\\"the onset of the Great Depression...was the greatest stimulus yet to the diffusion and expansion of fascism outside Italy\\\". Fascist propaganda blamed the problems of the long depression of the 1930s on minorities and scapegoats: “Judeo-Masonic-bolshevik” conspiracies, left-wing internationalism\",\n \"title\": \"Fascism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4804123\",\n \"text\": \"as a response to the failure of the German to ship enough coal as part of its reparations, France (and Belgium) occupied the industrial region of the Ruhr. Germany responded with passive resistance including printing vast amounts of marks to pay for the occupation, thereby causing runaway inflation. Inflation heavily damaged the German middle class (because their bank accounts became worthless) but it also damaged the French franc. France fomented a separatist movement pointing to an independent buffer state, but it collapsed after some bloodshed. The intervention was a failure, and in summer 1924 France accepted the American solution to\",\n \"title\": \"Economic history of France\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7979785\",\n \"text\": \"church protests were in defense of traditions rather than an attack on the regime, they nonetheless had political consequences, the official said, with many perceiving the clergy as anti-Nazi, and a “great danger of the issue spilling over from a church affair into the political arena”. Hitler recognized that workers, through repeated strikes, might force approval of their demands and he made concessions to workers in order to preempt unrest; yet the rare but forceful public protests the regime faced were by women and Catholics, primarily. Some of the earliest work on resistance examined the Catholic record, including most spectacularly\",\n \"title\": \"German resistance to Nazism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1324910\",\n \"text\": \"units involved in the coup. On 11 January 1923, the Occupation of the Ruhr was carried out by the invasion of French and Belgian troops into the Ruhr. The French Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré was convinced that Germany failed to comply the demands of the Treaty of Versailles. On the morning of 31 March 1923, it came to the sad culmination of this French-German confrontation. Under Nazi Germany, the Old Synagogue opened in 1900 was destroyed in 1938. With a capacity of 1,300 seats, it was one of the largest Jewish houses of worship in Germany. Also, the Aplerbeck Hospital\",\n \"title\": \"Dortmund\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11711691\",\n \"text\": \"Economy of Nazi Germany The German economy, like those of many other western nations, suffered the effects of the Great Depression with unemployment soaring around the Wall Street Crash of 1929. When Adolf Hitler became Chancellor in 1933, he introduced policies aimed at improving the economy. The changes included privatization of state industries, autarky, and tariffs on imports. Wages increased by 10.9% in real terms during this period. However, reduced foreign trade meant rationing in consumer goods like poultry, fruit, and clothing for many Germans. The Nazis believed in war as the primary engine of human progress, and argued that\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of Nazi Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2055322\",\n \"text\": \"impact of necessity. Poincaré decided to occupy the Ruhr on 11 January 1923, to extract the reparations himself. This, according to historian Sally Marks, \\\"was profitable and caused neither the German hyperinflation, which began in 1922 and ballooned because of German responses to the Ruhr occupation, nor the franc's 1924 collapse, which arose from French financial practices and the evaporation of reparations.\\\" The profits, after Ruhr-Rhineland occupation costs, were nearly 900 million gold marks. During the Ruhr crisis, Poincaré received a message from Édouard Herriot, who had been in close contact with the Soviet Foreign Commissar Georgy Chicherin that the\",\n \"title\": \"Raymond Poincaré\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6279563\",\n \"text\": \"Golden Twenties The Golden Twenties, also known as The Happy Twenties, is the decade of the 1920s in Germany. The era began with the end of World War I and ended with the Wall Street Crash of 1929. The German term (\\\"Goldene Zwanziger\\\") is often applied to that country's experience of healthy economic growth, expansion of liberal values in society, and spurt in experimental and creative efforts in the field of art. Before this period, the Weimar Republic had experienced record-breaking levels of inflation of one trillion percent between January 1919 and November 1923. The inflation was so severe that\",\n \"title\": \"Golden Twenties\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"165175\",\n \"text\": \"the two signatories mutually cancelled all pre-war debts and renounced war claims. When Germany defaulted on its reparation payments, French and Belgian troops occupied the heavily industrialised Ruhr district (January 1923). The German government encouraged the population of the Ruhr to passive resistance: shops would not sell goods to the foreign soldiers, coal-miners would not dig for the foreign troops, trams in which members of the occupation army had taken seat would be left abandoned in the middle of the street. The passive resistance proved effective, insofar as the occupation became a loss-making deal for the French government. But the\",\n \"title\": \"History of Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2649393\",\n \"text\": \"Whit Monday, and the stabbing of journalist Maximilian Harden on July 3. The feeling aroused found vent in great demonstrations on the part of the republican section of the population, especially among the working classes. In certain places, \\\"e.g.\\\", Zwickau, near Magdeburg, Freiburg, Darmstadt, etc., violent exhibitions of popular resentment erupted, at times accompanied by bloodshed. The republican authorities acted with great energy, and proclaimed relentless warfare against the \\\"Right\\\". An order (invoking the infamous Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution) was issued investing the government with extraordinary powers to cope with the emergency. A few days later it was\",\n \"title\": \"1922 in Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"405621\",\n \"text\": \"economy on the treaty, and some economists estimated that the reparations accounted for as much as one-third of the hyper-inflation. In March 1921, French and Belgian troops occupied Duisburg, which formed part of the demilitarized Rhineland, according to the Treaty of Versailles. In January 1923, French and Belgian forces occupied the rest of the Ruhr area as a reprisal after Germany failed to fulfill reparation payments demanded by the Versailles Treaty. The German government answered with \\\"passive resistance\\\", which meant that coal miners and railway workers refused to obey any instructions by the occupation forces. Production and transportation came to\",\n \"title\": \"Treaty of Versailles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"433522\",\n \"text\": \"that crime levels within the economy will increase. A 2015 study published in \\\"The Lancet\\\", estimates that unemployment causes 45,000 suicides a year globally. High levels of unemployment can be causes of civil unrest, in some cases leading to revolution, and particularly totalitarianism. The fall of the Weimar Republic in 1933 and Adolf Hitler's rise to power, which culminated in World War II and the deaths of tens of millions and the destruction of much of the physical capital of Europe, is attributed to the poor economic conditions in Germany at the time, notably a high unemployment rate of above\",\n \"title\": \"Unemployment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4735549\",\n \"text\": \"occupation of the Ruhr in January 1923. Particularly galling to the French was that the timber quota the Germans defaulted on was based on an assessment of their capacity the Germans made themselves and subsequently lowered. The Allies believed that the government of Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno had defaulted on the timber deliveries deliberately as a way of testing the will of the Allies to enforce the treaty. The entire conflict was further exacerbated by a German default on coal deliveries in early January 1923, which was the thirty-fourth coal default in the previous thirty-six months. The French Premier Raymond Poincaré\",\n \"title\": \"Occupation of the Ruhr\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"540176\",\n \"text\": \"had been humiliated as a result of the Treaty of Versailles, which included a war guilt clause and forced Germany to pay enormous reparations payments and forfeit territories formerly controlled by German Empire and all its colonies. The pressure of the reparations on the German economy led to hyperinflation during the early 1920s. In 1923 the French occupied the Ruhr region when Germany defaulted on its reparations payments. Although Germany began to improve economically in the mid-1920s, the Great Depression created more economic hardship and a rise in political forces that advocated radical solutions to Germany's woes. The Nazis, under\",\n \"title\": \"Axis powers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9793488\",\n \"text\": \"French sponsorship. Dorten moved to France at the end of 1923 and later took French Citizenship. During 1923, Germany was shaken by adverse international developments and by a dramatic further deterioration in the economic climate: the year was one of crises. The German government fell into arrears with war reparations payments. In response, on 8 March 1921, French and Belgian troops moved in to occupy Duisburg and Düsseldorf. On 9 January 1923 the Reparations Commission determined that Germany had willfully held back from making payments due, and two days later troops occupied the rest of the Ruhr Area: thus the\",\n \"title\": \"Rhenish Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2649392\",\n \"text\": \"the Reichstag. A frivolous strike of the Berlin municipal workers, which left the capital without light, water, and electricity, ended after three days with an unconditional resumption of work. Food disturbances broke out at some places in the summer, but they were easily suppressed. More disturbing to the peace of the republic were the subterraneous movements which were forming in anti-republican circles. The preceding year had been marked by the murder of Matthias Erzberger. This year was marked by the aforementioned murder of Walther Rathenau, an attempt to poison Philipp Scheidemann, the lord mayor of Kassel, with prussic acid on\",\n \"title\": \"1922 in Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11927214\",\n \"text\": \"loans or taxes the resources they required, have printed notes for the balance.\\\" It was during then that French and British economic experts began to claim that Germany deliberately destroyed its economy to avoid war reparations, but both governments had conflicting views on how to handle the situation. The French declared that Germany should keep paying reparations, but Britain sought to grant a moratorium to allow financial reconstruction. Reparations accounted for about a third of the German deficit from 1920 to 1923 and so were cited by the German government as one of the main causes of hyperinflation. Other causes\",\n \"title\": \"Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15784750\",\n \"text\": \"Considerable portions of the labour movement were as or even more opposed to the German government than to the French occupying forces. Their motto was \\\"Beat Cuno and Poincaré at the Ruhr and at the Spree!\\\" A labour dispute in the Berlin printing industry triggered a wildcat strike, instigated by the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). The Reich printing plant was also affected, causing the banknote presses to be stopped and, before long, a noticeable lack of paper money. Workers from power stations, construction and the Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe joined the strike. The wave of strikes demanded the resignation of the\",\n \"title\": \"Cuno strikes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"150067\",\n \"text\": \"period between 1924 and 1929 as one of \\\"partial stabilisation.\\\" The worldwide Great Depression hit Germany in 1929. After the federal election of 1930, Chancellor Heinrich Brüning's government was enabled by President Paul von Hindenburg to act without parliamentary approval. Brüning's government pursued a policy of fiscal austerity and deflation which caused high unemployment of nearly 30% by 1932. The Nazi Party led by Adolf Hitler won the special federal election of 1932. After a series of unsuccessful cabinets, Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933. After the Reichstag fire, a decree abrogated basic civil rights\",\n \"title\": \"Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11711751\",\n \"text\": \"reading Economy of Nazi Germany The German economy, like those of many other western nations, suffered the effects of the Great Depression with unemployment soaring around the Wall Street Crash of 1929. When Adolf Hitler became Chancellor in 1933, he introduced policies aimed at improving the economy. The changes included privatization of state industries, autarky, and tariffs on imports. Wages increased by 10.9% in real terms during this period. However, reduced foreign trade meant rationing in consumer goods like poultry, fruit, and clothing for many Germans. The Nazis believed in war as the primary engine of human progress, and argued\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of Nazi Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460447\",\n \"text\": \"1923. This led to further criticism of the Republic. On 15 November 1923, a new currency, the \\\"Rentenmark\\\", was introduced at the rate of one trillion (1,000,000,000,000) \\\"Papiermark\\\" for one \\\"Rentenmark\\\", an action known as redenomination. At that time, one U.S. dollar was equal to 4.2 \\\"Rentenmark\\\". Reparation payments were resumed, and the Ruhr was returned to Germany under the Locarno Treaties, which defined the borders between Germany, France, and Belgium. The Republic was soon under attack from both left- and right-wing sources. The radical left accused the ruling Social Democrats of having betrayed the ideals of the workers' movement\",\n \"title\": \"Weimar Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3358903\",\n \"text\": \"in 1939, the extent of these problems cannot explain aggression against Poland and the reasons for the outbreak of war were due to the choices made by the Nazi leadership. Mason had argued that the German working-class was always to the Nazi dictatorship; that in the over-heated German economy of the late 1930s, German workers could force employers to grant higher wages by leaving for another firm that would grant the desired wage increases; that this was a form of political resistance and this resistance forced Adolf Hitler to go to war in 1939. Thus, the outbreak of the Second\",\n \"title\": \"Causes of World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11927218\",\n \"text\": \"quickly. That increased monetary velocity and caused an ever-faster increase in prices, creating a vicious cycle. The government and the banks had two unacceptable alternatives. If they stopped inflation, there would be immediate bankruptcies, unemployment, strikes, hunger, violence, collapse of civil order, insurrection and possibly even revolution. If they continued the inflation, they would default on their foreign debt. However, attempting to avoid both unemployment and insolvency ultimately failed when Germany had both. Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic Hyperinflation affected the German Papiermark, the currency of the Weimar Republic, between 1921 and 1923. It caused considerable internal political instability in\",\n \"title\": \"Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"433523\",\n \"text\": \"20%; see Great Depression in Central Europe for details. Note that the hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic is not directly blamed for the Nazi rise—the Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic occurred primarily in the period 1921–23, which was contemporary with Hitler's Beer Hall Putsch of 1923, and is blamed for damaging the credibility of democratic institutions, but the Nazis did not assume government until 1933, ten years after the hyperinflation but in the midst of high unemployment. Rising unemployment has traditionally been regarded by the public and media in any country as a key guarantor of electoral defeat for any\",\n \"title\": \"Unemployment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20082082\",\n \"text\": \"Germany, and seriously weakened the new democratic regime. When Germany defaulted on its reparation payments, French and Belgian troops occupied the heavily industrialised Ruhr district (January 1923). The German government encouraged the population of the Ruhr to passive resistance: shops would not sell goods to the foreign soldiers, coal-mines would not dig for the foreign troops, trams in which members of the occupation army had taken seat would be left abandoned in the middle of the street. The passive resistance proved effective, insofar as the occupation became a loss-making deal for the French government. But the Ruhr fight also led\",\n \"title\": \"History of German foreign policy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460463\",\n \"text\": \"global capital of fashion. Germany was more susceptible to Americanization, because of the close economic links brought about by the Dawes plan. In 1929, three years after receiving the 1926 Nobel Peace Prize, Stresemann died of a heart attack at age 51. When the New York Stock Exchange crashed in October, 1929, American loans dried up and the sharp decline of the German economy brought the \\\"Golden Twenties\\\" to an abrupt end. A wide range of progressive social reforms were carried out during and after the revolutionary period. In 1919, legislation provided for a maximum working 48-hour workweek, restrictions on\",\n \"title\": \"Weimar Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12796400\",\n \"text\": \"the votes rise from 12% to about 20%, though it quickly dropped back to around 12% in 1928. Hamburg Uprising The Hamburg Uprising (German: \\\"Hamburger Aufstand\\\") was an insurrection during the Weimar Republic in Germany. It was started on 23 October 1923 by one of the most militant sections of the Hamburg district Communist Party (KPD), the \\\"KP Wasserkante\\\". From a military point of view, the attempt was futile and it was over within 24 hours. Rebels stormed 24 police stations, 17 in Hamburg and seven in Schleswig-Holstein Province in Prussia. Over 100 people died during the uprising. The exact\",\n \"title\": \"Hamburg Uprising\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2765959\",\n \"text\": \"against the Weimar Republic and left-wing political opponents. In 1920, the German government was briefly overthrown in a coup organized by Wolfgang Kapp (the Kapp Putsch), and a nationalist government was briefly in power. Mass public demonstrations soon forced this regime out of power. In 1921 and 1922, Matthias Erzberger and Walter Rathenau were shot by members of the ultra-nationalist Organisation Consul. The newly formed Nazi Party, under the leadership of Adolf Hitler and supported by former German army chief Erich Ludendorff, engaged in political violence against the government and left-wing political forces as well. In 1923, in what is\",\n \"title\": \"German Revolution of 1918–19\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3591715\",\n \"text\": \"new business starts. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially those dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries. Farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few alternative sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most. The Weimar Republic in Germany gave way to two episodes of political and economic turmoil, the first culminated in the German hyperinflation of 1923 and the failed Beer Hall Putsch of that same year. The second convulsion, brought on by\",\n \"title\": \"Interwar period\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2630890\",\n \"text\": \"Wilhelm II's Dutch home at Amerongen. Ebert and his associates were not slow to decide upon the measures to be taken against the reactionaries. They issued an appeal to the working classes to engage in a drastic general strike. The appeal, which was signed by Ebert, Bauer, and Noske, read as follows: The response to this appeal by the working classes was enthusiastic and almost universal. Except in East Prussia and to some extent in Pomerania and Silesia, the Kapp \\\"government\\\" obtained scarcely any support in the country; and the Saxon, Bavarian, Württemberg, and Baden governments all rallied to the\",\n \"title\": \"1920 in Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2765859\",\n \"text\": \"Freikorps (nationalist militias) to quell the communist Spartacist uprising of 4–15 January 1919 by force. The same alliance of political forces succeeded in suppressing uprisings of the left in other parts of Germany, with the result that the country was completely pacified by late 1919. Elections for the new Weimar National Assembly were held on 19 January 1919. The revolution ended on 11 August 1919, when the Weimar Constitution was adopted. In the decade after 1900, the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) was the leading force in Germany's labour movement. With 35% of the national votes and 110 seats\",\n \"title\": \"German Revolution of 1918–19\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"450943\",\n \"text\": \"politicians] did not make sufficient use of this imposed gift supports the hypothesis that the Weimar Republic suffered from home-made political failure\\\". Erik Goldstein wrote that in 1921, the payment of reparations caused a crisis and that the occupation of the Ruhr had a disastrous effect on the German economy, resulting in the German Government printing more money as the currency collapsed. Hyperinflation began and printing presses worked overtime to print Reichsbank notes; by November 1923 one US dollar was worth Ferguson writes that the policy of the Economics Minister Robert Schmidt led Germany to avoid economic collapse from 1919\",\n \"title\": \"World War I reparations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20948140\",\n \"text\": \"order for them to acclimatise themselves to Nazi interference. After World War I, Germany saw the law as a “most respected entity” upon regaining significant stability and confidence from the people. This is often credited to the work of lawyers and judges, most of them Jewish. Hitler was inspired by Mussolini and his march on Rome to gain power in Italy. The attempt began in Bavaria, Munich, on the 8th-9 of November, 1923 and is known as the “failed Beer Hall Putsch”, after being stopped by Bavarian police in Munich with 16 Nazis killed. Hitler’s resulting time in prison was\",\n \"title\": \"Law in Nazi Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460453\",\n \"text\": \"Germany seized the chance to make an ally. Walther Rathenau, the Jewish Foreign Minister who signed the treaty, was assassinated two months later by two ultra-nationalist army officers. Further pressure from the political right came in 1923 with the Beer Hall Putsch, also called the Munich Putsch, staged by the Nazi Party under Adolf Hitler in Munich. In 1920, the German Workers' Party had become the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), or Nazi party, and would become a driving force in the collapse of Weimar. Hitler named himself as chairman of the party in July 1921. On 8 November\",\n \"title\": \"Weimar Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16672208\",\n \"text\": \"1920. The strike brought the economy to a virtual stand-still and, together with the refusal of the bureaucracy to cooperate with the new government, caused the putsch to fail in a matter of days. However, in some parts of Germany, the striking workers refused to return to work and offered armed resistance to the legitimate government of president Ebert and chancellor Bauer. The most significant of these events was the Ruhr Uprising, which was crushed by Reichswehr and \\\"Freikorps\\\" in April 1920. After 1920, the former Stewards did not play a notable role in the German labour movement any more.\",\n \"title\": \"Revolutionary Stewards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3847779\",\n \"text\": \"regional economy of the Ruhr, the industrial heartland of Germany, almost to stop. The occupation authorities reacted with arrests and deportations to strikes and sabotage. Those displaced and left without income by the \\\"Ruhrkampf\\\" and their families fell back on public income support. Tax revenues plunged as economic activity slowed. The government covered its need for funds mainly by printing money. As a result, inflation spiked and the Papiermark went into freefall on the currency market. Foreign currency reserves at the Reichsbank dwindled. As hyperinflation took hold, the cabinet of Cuno resigned in August 1923 and was replaced by the\",\n \"title\": \"German Rentenmark\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2525813\",\n \"text\": \"the agreements and on 11 January 1923 ordered troops to occupy the Ruhr (later joined by Belgians). This move, widely seen as illegal even outside Germany, caused the outraged Cuno government to call for passive resistance: Reparation shipments to France and Belgium were stopped, the mines were told not to make any more deliveries to these states, civil servants and Reichsbahn personnel were told to disobey orders by the occupation authorities. The Ruhr economy, the industrial heartland of Germany, came almost to a complete stop. Financial support payments by the Reich government to those inhabitants of the occupied zone affected\",\n \"title\": \"Wilhelm Cuno\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1816570\",\n \"text\": \"demonstrations assumed a mass character. The strike against poor wages and working conditions overnight became a workers' revolution for democratic rights. On 17 June, Soviet tanks had to restore order. This failure delayed German unification and contributed to the fall of Beria. It started when 60 construction workers building the showpiece Stalin-Allee in East Berlin went on strike on 16 June 1953, to demand a reduction in recent work-quota increases. They called for a general strike the next day, 17 June. The general strike and protest marches turned into rioting and spread throughout East Germany. The East German police failed\",\n \"title\": \"History of Berlin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12153989\",\n \"text\": \"in February 1917 impacted politics in Germany, as it ended the legitimation used by Ebert and other pro-war SPD members that Germany was in the war against a reactionary Russian government. With the overthrow of the Tsar and revolutionary socialist agitation increased in Russia, such events influenced socialists in Germany. With rising bread shortages in Germany amid war rationing, mass strikes occurred beginning in April 1917 with 300,000 strikers taking part in a strike in Berlin. The strikers demanded bread, freedom, peace and the formation of workers' councils as was being done in Russia. Amidst the German public's uproar, the\",\n \"title\": \"Social democracy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16334291\",\n \"text\": \"Avner Offer suggests that approximately “one-fifth to one-third of food could only be obtained through illegal channels.” Driven by starvation, children would break into barns and loot orchards in search of food. Such disregard for authority effectively doubled the youth crime rate in Germany. Historian G.J. Meyer noted that, according to a report from a prominent Berlin physician, “eighty thousand children had died of starvation in 1916.” Worker strikes were also common during this time as food shortages often directly led to labor unrest. The most notable strike took place in Düsseldorf in the summer of 1917 where workers complained\",\n \"title\": \"Turnip Winter\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"450962\",\n \"text\": \"1923, which lay with the German government rather than reparations. According to Slavieck, the \\\"traditional interpretation of the treaty's impact on Germany\\\" was that it \\\"plunged the nation into an economic free fall\\\". This view was shared by the German people, who believed the treaty was robbing Germany of its wealth. German banker Max Warburg said the terms of the treaty were \\\"pillage on a global scale\\\". Niall Ferguson says the German view was incorrect and \\\"not many historians would today agree with Warburg\\\". However, several historians agree with Warburg. Norman Davies writes that the treaty forced Germany to \\\"pay\",\n \"title\": \"World War I reparations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15732466\",\n \"text\": \"after World War I would intensify the 'psychological' impact of the \\\"draconian peace\\\" on the German working class. He countered the right-wing Kapp Putsch of March 1920 by organizing a massive general strike in Germany with about 12 million employees following the joint call of the legal government and the unions. The strike immediately halted all production, transportation, mining and public services, it was \\\"the strongest mass movement the German proletariat ever created\\\" and \\\"gave the Kapp régime its death blow\\\". At that time he declined Friedrich Ebert’s offer to become Chancellor of Germany. Legien died after a short illness\",\n \"title\": \"Carl Legien\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17556564\",\n \"text\": \"surrender in World War I). The largest was the \\\"Strike of the 100,000\\\", which broke out on 10 May 1941 in the Cockerill steel works in Seraing. News of the strike spread rapidly and soon at least 70,000 workers were on strike across the province of. The Germans increased workers' salaries by eight percent and the strike finished rapidly. The Germans repressed later large-scale strikes, though further important strikes occurred in November 1942 and February 1943. Passive resistance, however, could also take the form of much more minor actions, such as offering one's seat in trams to Jews, which was\",\n \"title\": \"German occupation of Belgium during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"405622\",\n \"text\": \"a standstill, but the financial consequences contributed to German hyperinflation and completely ruined public finances in Germany. Consequently, passive resistance was called off in late 1923. The end of passive resistance in the Ruhr allowed Germany to undertake a currency reform and to negotiate the Dawes Plan, which led to the withdrawal of French and Belgian troops from the Ruhr Area in 1925. In 1920, the head of the \\\"Reichswehr\\\" Hans von Seeckt clandestinely re-established the General Staff, by expanding the \\\"Truppenamt\\\" (Troop Office); purportedly a human resources section of the army. In March, German troops entered the Rhineland under\",\n \"title\": \"Treaty of Versailles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460450\",\n \"text\": \"in the Reichswehr. On 13 March 1920 during the Kapp Putsch, 12,000 \\\"Freikorps\\\" soldiers occupied Berlin and installed Wolfgang Kapp, a right-wing journalist, as chancellor. The national government fled to Stuttgart and called for a general strike against the putsch. The strike meant that no \\\"official\\\" pronouncements could be published, and with the civil service out on strike, the Kapp government collapsed after only four days on 17 March. Inspired by the general strikes, a workers' uprising began in the Ruhr region when 50,000 people formed a \\\"Red Army\\\" and took control of the province. The regular army and the\",\n \"title\": \"Weimar Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3358895\",\n \"text\": \"for their humiliation on the Weimar Republic. Adolf Hitler, a leader of the Nazi Party, attempted a coup d'état against the republic to establish a Greater German Reich known as the Beer Hall Putsch in 1923. Although this failed, Hitler gained recognition as a national hero amongst the German population. The demilitarized Rhineland and additional cutbacks on military infuriated the Germans. Although it is logical that France would want the Rhineland to be a neutral zone, the fact that France had the power to make that desire happen merely added onto the resentment of the Germans against the French. In\",\n \"title\": \"Causes of World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3358906\",\n \"text\": \"not Hitler's 'will' or 'intentions' that was the most important determinate on German decision-making on foreign policy. Mason argued that the Nazi leaders were deeply haunted by the November Revolution of 1918, and was most unwilling to see any fall in working class living standards out of the fear that it might provoke another November Revolution. According to Mason, by 1939, the \\\"overheating\\\" of the German economy caused by rearmament, the failure of various rearmament plans produced by the shortages of skilled workers, industrial unrest caused by the breakdown of German social policies, and the sharp drop in living standards\",\n \"title\": \"Causes of World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3908766\",\n \"text\": \"and merchant interests and the old land-owning and aristocratic interests. Natural factors included widespread drought in the early 1830s, and again in the 1840s, and a food crisis in the 1840s. Further complications emerged as a result of a shift in industrialization and manufacturing; as people sought jobs, they left their villages and small towns to work during the week in the cities, returning for a day and a half on weekends. The economic, social and cultural dislocation of ordinary people, the economic hardship of an economy in transition, and the pressures of meteorological disasters all contributed to growing problems\",\n \"title\": \"Unification of Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18904681\",\n \"text\": \"a social revolution was to be prevented and the state order must be upheld at any cost. In 1919 the Spartacist uprising challenged the power of the SPD government, but it was put down in blood and the German Communist leaders Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg were assassinated. Communist regimes briefly held power under Béla Kun in Hungary and under Kurt Eisner in Bavaria. There were further revolutionary movements in Germany until 1923, as well as in Vienna, and also in the industrial centres of northern Italy. In this period few Communists doubted, least of all Lenin and Trotsky, that\",\n \"title\": \"History of socialism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20056457\",\n \"text\": \"of its reparations, France (and Belgium) occupied the industrial region of the Ruhr. Germany responded with passive resistance including printing vast amounts of marks to pay for the occupation, thereby causing runaway inflation. Inflation heavily damaged the German middle class (because their bank accounts became worthless) but it also damaged the French franc. France fomented a separatist movement pointing to an independent buffer state, but it collapsed after some bloodshed. The intervention was a failure, and in summer 1924 France accepted the American solution to the reparations issues, as expressed in the Dawes Plan. In the 1920s, France established an\",\n \"title\": \"International relations (1919–1939)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15338222\",\n \"text\": \"February strike The February Strike () was a general strike in the German-occupied Netherlands during World War II, organized by the then-outlawed Communist Party of the Netherlands in defence of persecuted Dutch Jews and against the anti-Jewish measures and activities of the Nazis in general. The direct causes were a series of arrests and pogroms held by the Germans in the Jewish neighbourhood of Amsterdam. It started on 25 February 1941 and lasted for two days; on 26 February, 300,000 people joined the strike. The strike was harshly suppressed by the Germans after three days. The 1941 February Strike is\",\n \"title\": \"February strike\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"284639\",\n \"text\": \"blaze. Hitler proclaimed that the arson marked the start of a communist uprising. The Reichstag Fire Decree, imposed on 28 February 1933, rescinded most civil liberties, including rights of assembly and freedom of the press. The decree also allowed the police to detain people indefinitely without charges or a court order. The legislation was accompanied by a propaganda campaign that led to public support for the measure. Violent suppression of communists by the SA was undertaken nationwide and 4,000 members of the Communist Party of Germany were arrested. In March 1933, the Enabling Act, an amendment to the Weimar Constitution,\",\n \"title\": \"Nazi Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11927197\",\n \"text\": \"Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic Hyperinflation affected the German Papiermark, the currency of the Weimar Republic, between 1921 and 1923. It caused considerable internal political instability in the country, the occupation of the Ruhr by France and Belgium as well as misery for the general populace. To pay for the large costs of the ongoing First World War, Germany suspended the gold standard (the convertibility of its currency to gold) when the war broke out. Unlike the French Third Republic, which imposed its first income tax to pay for the war, German Emperor Wilhelm II and the German parliament decided\",\n \"title\": \"Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12350909\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Articulate and energetic, they were able to gather around them many of the new workers who had joined the party.\\\" In 1923, Fischer appealed to a group of Nazi students, proclaiming that \\\"Those who call for a struggle against Jewish capital are already, gentlemen, class strugglers, even if they don’t know it. You are against Jewish capital and want to fight the speculators. Very good. Throw down the Jewish capitalists, hang them from the lamp-post, stamp on them.\\\" Ruth Fischer argued that the Communist Party of Germany leaders were saying: \\\"In no circumstances must we proclaim the general strike. The\",\n \"title\": \"Ruth Fischer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460443\",\n \"text\": \"Allied claims. The highly publicised rhetoric of 1919 about paying for all the damages and all the veterans' benefits was irrelevant for the total, but it did determine how the recipients spent their share. Germany owed reparations chiefly to France, Britain, Italy and Belgium; the US Treasury received $100 million. In the early post-war years, inflation was growing at an alarming rate, but the government simply printed more currency to pay debts. By 1923, the Republic claimed it could no longer afford the reparations payments required by the Versailles Treaty, and the government defaulted on some payments. In response, French\",\n \"title\": \"Weimar Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"936539\",\n \"text\": \"came out victorious, but during that time, a return to an autocratic state was seen as the only way forward. Large parts of the working class went out on strike, but in the Ruhr, striking workers successfully managed to take government buildings, shocking the rest of Germany. An armed revolt was then instigated, and the Red Guard then installed a branch in the Ruhr. The people there declared the Ruhr an independent, socialist republic, but the Freikorp came back into the scene and put down the movement. In March 1921, French and Belgian troops occupied Duisburg, which under the Treaty\",\n \"title\": \"Ruhr\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"284706\",\n \"text\": \"payment, the Reichsbank printed money. Hitler and his economic team expected that the upcoming territorial expansion would provide the means of repaying the soaring national debt. Schacht's administration achieved a rapid decline in the unemployment rate, the largest of any country during the Great Depression. Economic recovery was uneven, with reduced hours of work and erratic availability of necessities, leading to disenchantment with the regime as early as 1934. In October 1933, the Junkers Aircraft Works was expropriated. In concert with other aircraft manufacturers and under the direction of Aviation Minister Göring, production was ramped up industry-wide. From a workforce\",\n \"title\": \"Nazi Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4735555\",\n \"text\": \"the Weimar Republic, including the Beer Hall Putsch. The Rhenish Republic was proclaimed at Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) in October 1923. Though the French did succeed in making their occupation of the Ruhr pay, the Germans through their passive resistance in the Ruhr and the hyperinflation that wrecked their economy, won the world's sympathy, and under heavy Anglo-American financial pressure (the simultaneous decline in the value of the franc made the French very open to pressure from Wall Street and the City), the French were forced to agree to the Dawes Plan of April 1924, which substantially lowered German reparations payments. Under\",\n \"title\": \"Occupation of the Ruhr\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460455\",\n \"text\": \"While in jail, Hitler dictated \\\"Mein Kampf\\\", which laid out his ideas and future policies. Hitler now decided to focus on legal methods of gaining power. Gustav Stresemann was \\\"Reichskanzler\\\" for 100 days in 1923, and served as foreign minister from 1923–1929, a period of relative stability for the Weimar Republic, known in Germany as \\\"Goldene Zwanziger\\\" (\\\"Golden Twenties\\\"). Prominent features of this period were a growing economy and a consequent decrease in civil unrest. Once civil stability had been restored, Stresemann began stabilising the German currency, which promoted confidence in the German economy and helped the recovery that was\",\n \"title\": \"Weimar Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"284764\",\n \"text\": \"early tribal Germanic gods and the new paganism of the Nazi extremists.\\\" While no unified resistance movement opposing the Nazi regime existed, acts of defiance such as sabotage and labour slowdowns took place, as well as attempts to overthrow the regime or assassinate Hitler. The banned Communist and Social Democratic parties set up resistance networks in the mid-1930s. These networks achieved little beyond fomenting unrest and initiating short-lived strikes. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler, who initially supported Hitler, changed his mind in 1936 and was later a participant in the July 20 plot. The Red Orchestra spy ring provided information to the\",\n \"title\": \"Nazi Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3358873\",\n \"text\": \"Causes of World War II Among the causes of World War II were Italian fascism in the 1920s, Japanese militarism and invasion of China in the 1930s, and especially the political takeover in 1933 of Germany by Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party and its aggressive foreign policy. The immediate cause was Germany invading Poland on September 1, 1939, and Britain and France declaring war on Germany on September 3, 1939. Problems arose in Weimar Germany that experienced strong currents of revanchism after the Treaty of Versailles that concluded its defeat in World War I in 1918. Dissatisfactions of treaty\",\n \"title\": \"Causes of World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460454\",\n \"text\": \"1923, the \\\"Kampfbund\\\", in a pact with Erich Ludendorff, took over a meeting by Bavarian prime minister Gustav von Kahr at a beer hall in Munich. Ludendorff and Hitler declared that the Weimar government was deposed and that they were planning to take control of Munich the following day. The 3,000 rebels were thwarted by the Bavarian authorities. Hitler was arrested and sentenced to five years in prison for high treason, a minimum sentence for the charge. Hitler served less than eight months in a comfortable cell, receiving a daily stream of visitors before his release on 20 December 1924.\",\n \"title\": \"Weimar Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"863309\",\n \"text\": \"March 1933) assumption of power by Hitler after the Reichstag fire of 27 February 1933. From its inception, Hitler's régime moved quickly to introduce anti-Jewish policies. Nazi propaganda singled out the 500,000 Jews in Germany, who accounted for only 0.86% of the overall population, as an enemy within who were responsible for Germany's defeat in the First World War and for its subsequent economic disasters, such as the 1920s hyperinflation and Wall Street Crash Great Depression. Beginning in 1933, the German government enacted a series of anti-Jewish laws restricting the rights of German Jews to earn a living, to enjoy\",\n \"title\": \"Kristallnacht\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"165171\",\n \"text\": \"allowed. Germany was also required to pay reparations for all civilian damage caused during the war. The humiliating peace terms in the Treaty of Versailles provoked bitter indignation throughout Germany, and seriously weakened the new democratic regime. The greatest enemies of democracy had already been constituted. In December 1918, the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) was founded, and in 1919 it tried and failed to overthrow the new republic. Adolf Hitler in 1919 took control of the new National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), which failed in a coup in Munich in 1923. Both parties, as well as parties supporting\",\n \"title\": \"History of Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"450944\",\n \"text\": \"to 1920, but that reparations accounted for most of Germany's deficit in 1921 and 1922 and that reparations were the cause of the hyperinflation. Several historians counter the argument that reparations caused the inflation and collapse of the mark. Gerhard Weinberg writes that Germany refused to pay by, and that doing so destroyed their own currency. Anthony Lentin agrees and writes that inflation was \\\"a consequence of the war rather than of the peace\\\" and that hyperinflation was a result of the \\\"German government's reckless issue of paper money\\\" during the Allied occupation of the Ruhr. British and French experts\",\n \"title\": \"World War I reparations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"284634\",\n \"text\": \"with a semi-presidential system. During its tenure, it faced numerous problems, including hyperinflation, political extremism including violence from both left- and right-wing paramilitaries, contentious relationships with the Allied victors of World War I, and a series of failed attempts at coalition government by divided political parties. Severe setbacks to the German economy began after the war ended, partly because of reparations payments required under the 1919 Treaty of Versailles. The government printed money to make the payments and to repay the country's war debt, but the resulting hyperinflation led to inflated prices for consumer goods, economic chaos, and food riots.\",\n \"title\": \"Nazi Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3591728\",\n \"text\": \"have a real army, navy, or air force. Reparations were demanded, especially by France, involving shipments of raw materials, as well as annual payments. When Germany defaulted on its reparation payments, French and Belgian troops occupied the heavily industrialised Ruhr district (January 1923). The German government encouraged the population of the Ruhr to passive resistance: shops would not sell goods to the foreign soldiers, coal mines would not dig for the foreign troops, trams in which members of the occupation army had taken seat would be left abandoned in the middle of the street. The German government printed vast quantities\",\n \"title\": \"Interwar period\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460460\",\n \"text\": \"the worst hit nations in the Great Depression. The 1920s saw a remarkable cultural renaissance in Germany. During the worst phase of hyperinflation in 1923, the clubs and bars were full of speculators who spent their daily profits so they would not lose the value the following day. Berlin intellectuals responded by condemning the excesses of capitalism, and demanding revolutionary changes on the cultural scenery. Influenced by the brief cultural explosion in the Soviet Union, German literature, cinema, theatre and musical works entered a phase of great creativity. Innovative street theatre brought plays to the public, and the cabaret scene\",\n \"title\": \"Weimar Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9793479\",\n \"text\": \"Great War was apportioned to (amongst others) the military or simply the French. France, like Germany, had been profoundly traumatised by the Great War and the conduct of her occupation of the left bank of the Rhine was perceived as unsympathetic, even among her Western wartime allies. Increasingly, however, blame was directed against the German government itself, in far-off Berlin. By 1923, as the German currency collapsed, the French occupation forces headquartered at Mainz (under the command of Generals Mangin and Fayolle) were having some success in their encouragement of anti-Berlin separatism in the occupied zones. After 1924, economic hardship\",\n \"title\": \"Rhenish Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2717163\",\n \"text\": \"of the First World War and the imposition of War Reparations at the Treaty of Versailles. As a result, the middle class lost their savings and the working class were unemployed. The Republic ended up printing money to pay its bills which lead to hyperinflation in 1923. The outcome of all of this was women, including the millions of war widows, turned to prostitution. Licentiousness and streetwalkers was common in this period and Weimar Berlin is famed for its decadence. An STD Act was discussed and adopted in 1927, it was accompanied by decriminalisation of prostitution. During the Nazi era,\",\n \"title\": \"Prostitution in Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2765953\",\n \"text\": \"caused an eruption of mass strikes in the Ruhr District, the Rhineland and in Saxony. Members of the USPD, the KPD and even the SPD called for a general strike that started on 4 March. Against the will of the strike leadership, the strikes escalated into street fighting in Berlin. The Prussian state government, which in the meantime had declared a state of siege, called the imperial government for help. Again Noske employed the Gardekavallerie-Schützendivision, commanded by Pabst, against the strikers in Berlin. By the end of the fighting on 16 March, they had killed approximately 1,200 people, many of\",\n \"title\": \"German Revolution of 1918–19\"\n }\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":79093,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":79093,"string":"79,093"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["David Ross","Rashad Jennings"],"string":"[\n \"David Ross\",\n \"Rashad Jennings\"\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"dancing with the stars athletes 2018 guest judges"},"compressed_prompt":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Question:\\nPlease write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 23) context: reigning champion Peta Murgatroyd, who was expecting a child, Mark Ballas, Tony Dovolani, Edyta Śliwińska, and Karina Smirnoff. Keo Motsepe returned, but as a member of the show's dance troupe. The full cast of celebrities and pros was revealed on August 30, 2016, on \\\"Good Morning America\\\". Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews return as hosts, and Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, and Bruno Tonioli return as judges. On August 26, 2016, it was reported that Julianne Hough would return to the show as a judge following a hiatus. Due to a personal tragedy involving her boyfriend, Erin Andrews took\\n\\ndancing with the stars athletes 2018 guest judges\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 222,\n \"origin_tokens\": 223,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"19692885","text":"include reigning champion Peta Murgatroyd, who was expecting a child, Mark Ballas, Tony Dovolani, Edyta Śliwińska, and Karina Smirnoff. Keo Motsepe returned, but as a member of the show's dance troupe. The full cast of celebrities and pros was revealed on August 30, 2016, on \"Good Morning America\". Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews return as hosts, and Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, and Bruno Tonioli return as judges. On August 26, 2016, it was reported that Julianne Hough would return to the show as a judge following a hiatus. Due to a personal tragedy involving her boyfriend, Erin Andrews took","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 23)"},{"id":"5325638","text":"return for seasons 25 and 26. Several former contestants appeared as judges in episode 200 (in season 11), including Hélio Castroneves, Mel B, Drew Lachey, Gilles Marini, Kelly Osbourne, and Emmitt Smith. Other celebrities, most often those who are associated with the world of dancing, former professional dancers, and past contestants have appeared as the fourth judge or in absence of one of the main judges, including Paula Abdul, Donnie Burns, Nick Carter, Cher, Maksim Chmerkovskiy, Michael Flatley, Kevin Hart, Jessie J, Rashad Jennings, Baz Luhrmann, Ricky Martin, Idina Menzel, Abby Lee Miller, Mandy Moore, Olivia Newton-John, Kenny Ortega, Donny","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)"},{"id":"20513605","text":"The five professionals from last season that are not returning are Cheryl Burke, Mark Ballas, Maksim Chmerkovskiy, Peta Murgatroyd, and Valentin Chmerkovskiy. The cast was announced on April 13 on \"Good Morning America\". Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews returned as hosts, while Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, and Bruno Tonioli returned as judges. On May 7, season 24 champion Rashad Jennings returned as a guest judge. On May 14, season 24 runner-up David Ross returned as a guest judge. The dance troupe for season 26 consists of season 25 troupe members Artur Adamski, Brandon Armstrong, Hayley Erbert, and Britt Stewart.","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 26)"},{"id":"20314074","text":"as the first celebrity competing for the season partnered with Emma Slater. On September 6, the rest of the cast was revealed on \"Good Morning America\". Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews returned as hosts, while Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, and Bruno Tonioli returned as judges. Julianne Hough did not return as a permanent judge this season, though she did return as a guest judge during the first night of the finals. On October 23, singer Shania Twain joined the panel as a guest judge. The dance troupe members for the season are former pros Sasha Farber and Jenna Johnson,","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 25)"},{"id":"18692176","text":"style to a new song that was coached by one of the three judges, as well as a freestyle routine. On the second night, the three remaining finalists performed a fusion challenge that was learned in only 24 hours. The celebrities and professional partners will dance one of these routines for each corresponding week: There were three guest judges during the course of the season. The first, season 19 champion Alfonso Ribeiro, was a judge for Week 3. Former pro dancer and season 18 champion, Maksim Chmerkovskiy, joined the judging panel for Week 5. The following week, Olivia Newton-John appeared","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 21)"},{"id":"14599947","text":"in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli.\" Individual judges' scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Guest judge, Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli In addition to recapping the week's earlier performances by the competitors, each results show features one or more guest musical performers/acts who perform at least one song. During each song, guest dancers perform a choreographed dance. Santana performed \"Oye Como Va\", while Corky Ballas, Cheryl Burke, Maksim Chmerkovskiy, Tony Dovolani, Kym Johnson, and Anna","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 11)"},{"id":"12832103","text":"one of the contestants who would compete on Season 24 of \"Dancing with the Stars\" and was paired with professional dancer Emma Slater. Jennings and Slater went on to win the competition on May 23, 2017. It was Slater's first win on the competition show and Jennings is the fourth NFL player to win the show. In November 2017, Jennings returned to 25th season in Week eight, to participate in a trio Cha-cha-cha with Drew Scott and his professional partner Emma Slater. In May 2018, Jennings returned to the ballroom as guest judge for Week 2 of season 26. Jennings","title":"Rashad Jennings"},{"id":"17701336","text":"are required to dance with each other for 20 seconds on the dance floor without their partners. \"Individual judges scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Kenny Ortega, Bruno Tonioli\". The semifinalists performed two unlearned dances to songs by American music icons. The celebrities were also able to speak with people who they consider \"icons\". Candace, Charlie, Amy, James, and Meryl each received advice from Angela Thomas, Scott Hamilton, Oprah Winfrey, L.A. Reid, and season 6 winner Kristi Yamaguchi respectively. The four finalists performed two","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 18)"},{"id":"20721699","text":"Jordan Fisher and finalist Frankie Muniz serve as hosts. Two-time pro champion Valentin Chmerkovskiy, Emmy Award winning choreographer Mandy Moore, and \"DWTS\" \"Athletes\" celebrity champion Adam Rippon serve as judges. The \"Dancing with the Stars: Juniors\" troupe consists of Makeila Lawrence, Cody Bingham, Reese Hatala, Sebastian Jozuka, and Daniel Novikov. They are mentored by \"Dancing with the Stars\" troupe member Morgan Larson. This table only counts dances scored on a 30-point scale. The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges' 30-point scale are as follows: Scores are based upon a potential 30-point maximum. \"Individual judges' scores","title":"Dancing with the Stars: Juniors"},{"id":"6918942","text":"\"Dicko\" Dickson and Bruno Tonioli have also appeared as guest judges throughout the series, providing feedback and scores as part of their judging role. Pamela Anderson, Damian Whitewood, Olivia Newton-John and Dame Edna Everage have also appeared as guest judges, but providing comments and feedback only. Key: Previous Current The following are the dances performed by couples on \"Dancing with the Stars\". In addition, each couple in the final round performs a dance of any style or combination of styles of their choosing, called \"freestyle\". In late 2005, the winners of series two (Tom Williams) and three (Ada Nicodemou) competed","title":"Dancing with the Stars (Australian TV series)"},{"id":"20029153","text":"Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Julianne Hough, and Bruno Tonioli returned as judges. On April 24, former contestant Nick Carter joined the panel as a guest judge, filling in for Hough who was on tour. On May 1, choreographer Mandy Moore also filled in for Hough as a guest judge. This table only counts dances scored on a 40-point scale. (The points awarded in Week 7 for winning either immunity or the dance-offs are not included in these totals.) The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges' 40-point scale are as follows: Scores are based upon a","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 24)"},{"id":"14599944","text":"Theme Week\" and a \"Rock n' Roll Week\", in which couples performed the Paso doble or the Tango and danced in a Rock n' Roll marathon. Fan favorites from previous seasons also came back to judge the couples, who re-created their most memorable routines on the 200th episode; these guest judges were Hélio Castroneves, Kelly Osbourne, Emmitt Smith, Drew Lachey, Gilles Marini, and Mel B. Kristi Yamaguchi and Apolo Ohno also served as team captains for the team dances. Yamaguchi's team consisted of Rick & Cheryl, Kyle & Lacey and Bristol & Mark, while Brandy & Maksim, Jennifer & Derek","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 11)"},{"id":"20513603","text":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 26) Season twenty-six of \"Dancing with the Stars\", titled Dancing with the Stars: Athletes, premiered on April 30, 2018, on the ABC network. The four-week season, the shortest ever, features a cast of current and former athletes. This is the first season where more than one couple is eliminated each week. On May 21, 2018, Olympic figure skater Adam Rippon and Jenna Johnson were announced the winners, marking the first win for Johnson. Rippon is the first openly gay winner. NFL player Josh Norman, with Sharna Burgess, and former Olympic Figure Skater Tonya Harding,","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 26)"},{"id":"20840595","text":"Milo and Witney placed second, Evanna and Keo placed third, while Alexis and Alan placed fourth. The thirteen professional dancers were revealed on \"Good Morning America\" on August 28, 2018. The ten professionals from last season returned, along with Cheryl Burke and Valentin Chmerkovskiy, who both last competed in season 25. Troupe dancer Brandon Armstrong made his debut in the pro lineup. Nancy McKeon was announced as the first celebrity competing for the season, partnered with Chmerkovskiy. On September 12, the rest of the cast was revealed on \"Good Morning America\". Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews returned as hosts, while","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 27)"},{"id":"16403172","text":"dealership commercials, alongside former teammate Kirk Cousins and current teammate Ryan Kerrigan. In September 2017, Norman donated 100,000 to the recovery efforts following the devastation Puerto Rico received after Hurricane Maria impacted the island earlier that month. In April 2018, Norman was announced as one of the celebrities to compete on season 26 of the American television show \"Dancing with the Stars\". He was partnered with professional dancer Sharna Burgess, where he eventually progressed to the finals, finishing as the runner-up behind figure skater Adam Rippon. During the 2018 Major League Baseball All-Star Game event week, Norman participated in a","title":"Josh Norman"},{"id":"20469346","text":"order from left to right: Brian Redmond, Loraine Barry, Darren Bennett.\" Due to an illness, Darren Bennett filled in for Julian Benson. Guest act: Series 1 champions, Aidan O'Mahony and Valeria Milova performing a Charleston to 'I Got a Woman' \"Individual judges scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Brian Redmond, Loraine Barry, Darren Bennett.\" Darren Bennett filled in for Julian Benson. Guest act: Brendan Cole and Faye Huddleston performing a Rumba to 'Fields of Gold' Julian Benson returned to the panel following a two-week absence. Guest act: Gavin James","title":"Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 2)"},{"id":"20255883","text":"for the label Brandy Melville. Ren appeared in a series of advertisements for the mobile game \"\". She launched an activewear line called Ren Active. Ren was named a \"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit\" 2018 Rookie of the year. On September 12, 2018, Ren was announced as one of the celebrities who will compete on season 27 of \"Dancing with the Stars\". Her professional partner was Alan Bersten. Ren and Bersten reached the finals and came in fourth place on November 19, 2018. Her mother, a health nutritionist expert, died in 2014 due to breast cancer. Following the death of her mother,","title":"Alexis Ren"},{"id":"7220900","text":"from a mini stroke, Biermann had to withdraw from the competition during Week 3 because she was not clear to travel. For season 22, he was partnered with actress Marla Maples. They were eliminated on April 11, 2016 and came in 10th place. Dovolani did not return for seasons 23, 24, 25. On February 8th, 2018, Dovolani revealed that he has officially left Dancing With The Stars. The additional score of 9.5 was awarded by guest judge Paula Abdul. The additional score of Week 3 was given by Robin Roberts For this week only, as part of the \"Partner Switch-Up\"","title":"Tony Dovolani"},{"id":"390103","text":"got the job. Twain guest starred on the Comedy Central series \"Broad City\", in a September 2017 episode titled \"Twaining Day\". On October 23, 2017, Twain appeared as a guest judge on the 25th season of \"Dancing with the Stars\" during the show's \"Movie Night\", and also performed her song \"Soldier\". Twain will be a guest judge on the 10th Season of \"Rupaul's Drag Race\". In November 2018, Twain appeared in the reality talent show \"Real Country\", as an executive producer and co-presenter with Jake Owen and Travis Tritt. In January 2005, Twain joined Scentstories by Febreze to create a","title":"Shania Twain"},{"id":"14402668","text":"fourth season, all the judges from season 3 returned except for Evaggelinos, while Giorgos Liagkas, Eugenia Manolidou and Themos Anastasiadis were guest judges for the 4th, 8th and 9th week respectively. In the fifth season all the judges from season 4 returned. Lakis Gavalas is the fifth judge in fifth season. In the sixth season Kostalas and Velikova will return as judges, while Giorgos Liagas and, former contestant, Eleonora Meleti will join the judging panel. Color key: A total of 84 celebrities have appeared during the 6 seasons of the series. Twelve celebrities participated in the first season, 14 in","title":"Dancing with the Stars (Greek TV series)"},{"id":"5976536","text":"- UK - Champions, and seven times undefeated United States International Latin Champions. They retired in 1996. Ballas judges professional competitions and teaches. He is based in Los Angeles, California and Houston, Texas. Ballas has trained many of \"Dancing with the Stars\"' professionals including Karina Smirnoff, Julianne Hough, Derek Hough, Tony Dovolani, Edyta Sliwinska, Alec Mazo, Brian Fortuna, Jonathan Roberts, Anna Trebunskaya, Jessie DeSoto and, his son, Mark Ballas. On August 25, 2008, the show's producers announced Corky himself would compete as a pro on season 7, alongside his son and former pupils. He was partnered with 82-year-old actress Cloris","title":"Corky Ballas"},{"id":"5325663","text":"it was announced that the series would begin airing on October 7, 2018, with filming taking place during August 2018. Professional skateboarder Sky Brown, junior pro JT Church and pro mentor Alan Bernsten were announced as the winners on December 9th, 2018. An unofficial live tour show called \"Dancing Pros: Live!\" toured with several \"Dancing\" pros since 2010. A \"Dancing with the Stars: Live!\" official tour was announced on November 3, 2014, for the 2014–2015 season starting on December 27, 2014, in Niagara Falls, New York and ending February 15, 2015, hitting 33 cities. A second tour, “Dancing with the","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)"},{"id":"1800568","text":"sport, Ohno has worked as a motivational speaker, philanthropist, started a nutritional supplement business called 8 Zone, and in 2007, competed on and won the reality TV show \"Dancing with the Stars\". Ohno later became host of a revival of \"Minute to Win It\" on Game Show Network and served as a commentator for NBC's coverage of the 2014 Winter Games in Sochi and the 2018 Winter Games in Pyeongchang. Ohno was born in Seattle, Washington, to a Japanese-born father, and a European American mother, Jerrie Lee. Ohno's parents divorced when he was an infant, and he was raised in","title":"Apolo Ohno"},{"id":"20840594","text":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 27) Season twenty-seven of \"Dancing with the Stars\" premiered on September 24, 2018, on the ABC network. On November 19, 2018, Radio personality Bobby Bones and Sharna Burgess were announced the winners, marking the first win for Burgess. Disney Channel star Milo Manheim with Witney Carson, actress and activist Evanna Lynch with Keo Motsepe, and model and social media personality Alexis Ren with Alan Bersten were announced as runners-up during the live finale show, but the order of finish was not revealed on the program. ABC only revealed after the show was over that","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 27)"},{"id":"20469343","text":"Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 2) Dancing with the Stars returned for a second series on 7 January 2018 on RTÉ One. Loraine Barry, Brian Redmond and Julian Benson returned to the judging panel for a second year, while Amanda Byram and Nicky Byrne also returned as hosts. Sean Smullen did not return for this series, however all other professional dancers did. Sean was replaced by former \"\" professional champion, Robert Rowiński. The competition was won by Jake Carter alongside professional partner Karen Byrne. On 25 March 2018, RTÉ announced that it would return for a third series in","title":"Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 2)"},{"id":"3427149","text":"the title role of Tracey Thurman, and \"The Wrong Woman,\" portraying a woman framed for killing her boss. In 2003, McKeon starred in the film \"Comfort and Joy.\" In 2018, McKeon was announced as one of the celebrities to compete on season 27 of \"Dancing with the Stars\". She is partnered with professional dancer Valentin Chmerkovskiy. She was the third celebrity eliminated from the season on October 8. While McKeon was on \"The Facts of Life\", she and her parents were granted a private audience with Pope John Paul II. McKeon lives in Austin, Texas. She and husband Marc Andrus","title":"Nancy McKeon"},{"id":"17333173","text":"were scored on their ability to interpret the music, transition from one song to another, and stay on time. Cher was announced as a guest judge for week eight, when Len will be taking another week off. Each couple performed an individual, unlearned dance and a Halloween-themed team freestyle. The teams were chosen by the highest scoring couples Amber & Derek (Team \"FoxingAwesome\") and Elizabeth & Val (Team \"Spooky BomBom\"). \"Individual judges scores and votes in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Cher, Bruno Tonioli.\" All of the dance routines were","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 17)"},{"id":"18279462","text":"competed on Season 16).. Tom Bergeron returns as host alongside Erin Andrews. Len Goodman, Carrie Ann Inaba, Julianne Hough, and Bruno Tonioli return as judges. Joining Lindsay Arnold, Sasha Farber, Henry Byalikov and Jenna Johnson in the troupe this season are Brittany Cherry (from the tenth season of \"So You Think You Can Dance\" and the 2014–15 DWTS Live Tour) and Alan Bersten (also from the tenth season of \"So You Think You Can Dance\"). This table only counts for dances scored on a 40-point scale. The dances from the second round in week 9, which were out of 30,","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 20)"},{"id":"13392101","text":"the bolero, lambada, two-step, and the Charleston. The cast was unveiled on the Monday, August 17, 2009, edition of \"Good Morning America\", returning to the announcement format of most seasons past. Tom Bergeron and Samantha Harris returned as the show's hosts. Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli, and Carrie Ann Inaba continue as the judges this season, with Baz Luhrmann appearing as a guest judge in week two, temporarily replacing Len Goodman. Pro pairings were officially announced on August 24, 2009. This was Samantha Harris' last season as co-host. Donny Osmond, was the winner in the competition, with singer Mýa as runner-up,","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 9)"},{"id":"20029156","text":"danced with Alan Bersten on account of Maksim Chmerkovskiy's injury. Season 9 winner Donny Osmond sang \"I'll Make a Man Out of You\" live while Normani Kordei and Valentin Chmerkovskiy danced. Auli'i Cravalho sang \"How Far I'll Go\" live while Simone Biles and Sasha Farber danced. \"Individual judges' scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Nick Carter, Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli.\" The couples danced one unlearned dance and a team dance to songs from some of the most popular boy bands and girl groups throughout history. Argentine","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 24)"},{"id":"17701338","text":"of the live shows, a celebrity guest judge was present at the judges table to comment on and score the dance routines. As a result, the judges table had four judges instead of three and a dance couple could receive a top score of 40 points for their dance. \"Good Morning America\" anchor Robin Roberts was the first celebrity guest judge on March 31. The final guest judge, Kenny Ortega, appeared on the week nine semifinals, and the two-night finale was scored by the three original judges only. Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 18) Season eighteen of \"Dancing with","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 18)"},{"id":"18692166","text":"at different dates through different media. The full cast of celebrities and professional dancers was revealed on September 2, 2015, on \"GMA.\" During the show, two celebrities (Kim Zolciak-Biermann and Tamar Braxton) withdrew \"during\" the competition due to health issues, marking the first time two contestants withdrew in midseason (Nancy O'Dell and Jewel both withdrew from Season 8 before the first episode). Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews returned as hosts, while judges Carrie Ann Inaba, Julianne Hough, and Bruno Tonioli all returned this season. After twenty seasons, Len Goodman did not return this season as a judge; in a video","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 21)"},{"id":"3407319","text":"recording songs for Odyssey, including Tanya Tucker, John Conlee, Steve Wariner, Collin Raye, Mark Wills, Jamie O'Neal, Heidi Newfield, Bobby Bare, Kelly Lang, Jim Brown, Danny Shirley, Doug Supernaw and Marty Raybon, among others. More information about Odyssey can be found by visiting Schneider's website. Schneider took part In the \"Word Of Promise\" Audio Bible series, which featured the voices of many famous actors and actresses. He voiced the character of James in the Book of James. On September 12, 2018, Schneider was announced as one of the celebrities who would compete on season 27 of \"Dancing with the Stars\".","title":"John Schneider (screen actor)"},{"id":"19364207","text":"was the first celebrity revealed on \"Good Morning America\" on March 2, 2016, while TV meteorologist Ginger Zee was also revealed on that show two days later, March 4. The remaining celebrities and professionals dancers were later revealed, also on \"Good Morning America\", on March 8. Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews returned as hosts, while judges Carrie Ann Inaba and Bruno Tonioli returned this season. Head judge Len Goodman has returned after missing last season, while Julianne Hough, who served as a judge during the previous three seasons, did not return. This table only counts dances scored on a 30-point","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 22)"},{"id":"17750785","text":"Tom Bergeron returned as host alongside Erin Andrews. Len Goodman, Carrie Ann Inaba and Bruno Tonioli all returned as judges, while former professional and two-time champion Julianne Hough joined the panel as the permanent fourth judge of the season. Ray Chew also returned as bandleader. Leah Remini filled in as co-host on October 20, 2014, due to Erin Andrews' commitment with Fox to cover the 2014 World Series. Henry Byalikov, did not return as a pro this season, but returned to the show's dance troupe. Allison Holker, a contestant on season two of \"So You Think You Can Dance\" and","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 19)"},{"id":"20029152","text":"In the following days, Lindsay Arnold, Sharna Burgess, Witney Carson, Artem Chigvintsev, Valentin Chmerkovskiy, Sasha Farber, Gleb Savchenko, and Emma Slater were all confirmed to be returning as professional dancers. Also, Kym Herjavec (who last competed in season 20) and Keo Motsepe (who last competed in season 22) were confirmed to be returning as professional dancers. Pros from the previous season not returning included Cheryl Burke, Allison Holker, Derek Hough, and Jenna Johnson. The full list of celebrities and pros was announced on March 1, 2017, on \"Good Morning America\". Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews returned as hosts, and Carrie","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 24)"},{"id":"15001900","text":"All six episodes of the show were broadcast. The host is Vernon Kay and doing color commentary is retired Ice Dancer Tanith Belbin. The judges were Johnny Weir, Dick Button, and Laurieann Gibson. The 6 celebrities and professional ice skaters were: This table only counts for dances scored on a 30-points scale (the extra points from the group skate in week 5 are not included). According to the traditional 30-point scale: \"Unless indicated otherwise, individual judges scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Laurieann Gibson, Johnny Weir, Dick Button.\"* Brandon","title":"Skating with the Stars"},{"id":"14141479","text":"the FIL \"Sprint\" World Cup event at the Calgary track. On February 11, 2018, Mazdzer won a silver medal at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang. In April 2018, Mazdzer was announced as one of the celebrities for season 26 of \"Dancing with the Stars\". He was partnered with professional dancer Witney Carson. He was eliminated in the third week of the four-week season. Mazdzer resides in Saranac Lake, New York. Chris Mazdzer Christopher \"Chris\" Mazdzer (; born June 26, 1988) is an American luger who has been active internationally since 2001. He competed at the 2010 Winter Olympics in","title":"Chris Mazdzer"},{"id":"20513608","text":"decade in sports. Paso doble and quickstep are introduced. \"Individual judges' scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, David Ross, Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli.\" The couples performed one unlearned dance dedicated to the \"MVP\" in their lives, and participated in \"ballroom battle\" dance-offs for extra points. Former contestants were brought in to mentor the couples for the ballroom battles. Nastia Liukin mentored Jennie & Keo and Tonya & Sasha. Meryl Davis, season 18 champion, mentored Adam & Jenna and Mirai & Alan. Von Miller mentored Chris &","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 26)"},{"id":"15959821","text":"2015, Redfoo was announced as one of the celebrities who will compete on the 20th season of \"Dancing with the Stars\". He was partnered with professional dancer Emma Slater. He had been a guest judge on the 18th season of the show, and is the first guest judge ever to return as a contestant. He and Slater were the first couple eliminated from the competition on March 23, 2015. On May 1, 2015, Redfoo announced that he would not be returning for the seventh season of \"The X Factor Australia\". Redfoo announced his second album near the end of December,","title":"Redfoo"},{"id":"16744816","text":"2018. On September 12, 2018, Glaser was announced as one of the celebrities who will compete on season 27 of \"Dancing with the Stars\". Her professional partner was Gleb Savchenko. They were the first couple eliminated from the competition on September 25. Glaser played a small role in Henry Phillips' 2009 film \"Punching the Clown\". She also appeared as herself in Jordan Brady's documentary \"I Am Comic\", and its sequel, \"I Am Road Comic\". Glaser had a role in the Judd Apatow-directed film \"Trainwreck\" (2015). Glaser has voiced opinions on rape culture, following the Brock Turner case, suggesting Judge Aaron","title":"Nikki Glaser"},{"id":"18692171","text":"a host; he was absent to be with his ailing father. Alfonso Ribeiro filled in for Bergeron. Pro dancer Allison Holker announced that she was pregnant with her second child. She continued to dance with Andy Grammer until their elimination several episodes later. \"Individual judges scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Julianne Hough, Maksim Chmerkovskiy, Bruno Tonioli\". Couples performed one unlearned dance with a different partner selected by the general public; due to the nature of the week, no elimination took place. Argentine tango is introduced.","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 21)"},{"id":"5325653","text":"online contest is also usually held so that viewers can submit drawings of outfits for the performance. The show celebrated its 100th episode on Tuesday, May 6, 2008, during week 8 of season 6. More than 30 former cast members and pros returned, with interviews with Stacy Keibler, Lisa Rinna, Jerry Springer, Vivica A. Fox, Joey Fatone, Kenny Mayne, Sabrina Bryan, and former winners Kelly Monaco, Drew Lachey, and Apolo Anton Ohno. Other appearances, besides the season 6 cast, included Paula Abdul (in a video introduction), Jane Seymour, Ian Ziering, Mark Cuban, Wayne Newton, Leeza Gibbons, Harry Hamlin, Shandi Finnessey,","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)"},{"id":"12801775","text":"the same seat at the judges table throughout the two seasons. Prior to the grande finale, the three main judges are joined by two celebrity guest judges each week. Guest judges have included Pam Tillis, Paula Abdul, Pamela Anderson, Eve, Ariana Grande, Neil Patrick Harris, Kathy Griffin, Debbie Harry, Khloé Kardashian, La Toya Jackson, Adam Lambert, Demi Lovato, Bob Mackie, Rose McGowan, Olivia Newton-John, Rebecca Romijn, Gigi Hadid, Sharon Osbourne, Dan Savage, John Waters, Michelle Williams, Candis Cayne, Martha Wash, Natalie Cole, Dita Von Teese, Niecy Nash, Debbie Reynolds, Vanessa Williams, Wilmer Valderrama, The Pointer Sisters, Trina, Leah Remini, The","title":"RuPaul's Drag Race"},{"id":"13532489","text":"Bruno Tonioli was judging as was Todd McKenney, Helen Richey and Mark Wilson. Toni and Henry finished a clear 1st place with a Cha-Cha-Cha scoring 35 with 9s from all the judges except Bruno. Paul and Eliza finished 2nd with 29 points for their Foxtrot. James and Jade finished last and scored just 18 points. Week 2: The second show features guest judge Bruno Tonioli and the other three main judges. Cal and Craig may not have been the best in Week 1 but they turned it round and finished 1st with 34 points for their Tango. Red and Ana","title":"Dancing with the Stars (Australian season 8)"},{"id":"20470258","text":"listed in this order from left to right: Brian Redmond, Loraine Barry, Darren Bennett.\" Darren Bennett once again filled in for Julian Benson this week. \"Individual judges scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Brian Redmond, Loraine Barry, Darren Bennett.\" As with the previous two weeks, Darren Bennett once again filled in for Julian Benson. Guest act: The cast of \"Sunny Afternoon,\" performing 'Lola' and 'You Really Got Me'. \"Individual judges scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Brian Redmond,","title":"Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 1)"},{"id":"1800603","text":"reality show \"Dancing with the Stars\" with his partner Julianne Hough. He returned for the 15th Season which features all-star celebrities. Ohno's interests in fashion led him to be a guest judge on the fashion reality show \"\" in 2008, and to an endorsement deal with Omega, the maker of luxury watches, in 2010. Omega President Stephen Urquhart said, \"We are very proud to support Apolo here in Vancouver and congratulate him on his outstanding performance. He is poised to make history of his own here and we are thrilled that he is part of the Omega family\". He also","title":"Apolo Ohno"},{"id":"5325637","text":"4 of season 21, due to Bergeron's ailing father. The regular judges are Len Goodman, who serves as head judge, Carrie Ann Inaba, and Bruno Tonioli. Goodman was absent for much of season 19, all of season 21, and much of season 23. Julianne Hough, who was a professional dancing partner for seasons 4–8, was added as a full-time judge on the panel for three seasons, 19–21, after having been a guest judge in the previous two seasons. She did not return for season 22. Hough did return as a full-time judge for seasons 23 and 24 but did not","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)"},{"id":"20478174","text":"scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Rachel White, Camilla Sacre-Dallerup, Julz Tocker.\" Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand series 7) The seventh series of \"Dancing with the Stars\" premiered on 29 April 2018 on Three, and is hosted by Dai Henwood and Sharyn Casey. Camilla Sacre-Dallerup, Julz Tocker, and Rachel White are the series' judges; Sacre-Dullerup serves as the head judge. Sam Hayes won the competition on 1 July 2018. This table only counts for dances scored on a 30-point scale. The best and worst performances in each dance","title":"Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand series 7)"},{"id":"20513604","text":"with Sasha Farber, were both announced as runners-up during the live finale show. However, it was revealed later that Josh and Sharna placed second, while Tonya and Sasha placed third. The professional dancers were announced on April 12, 2018. The eight professionals returning from last season are Lindsay Arnold, Alan Bersten, Sharna Burgess, Witney Carson, Artem Chigvintsev, Keo Motsepe, Gleb Savchenko, and Emma Slater. The two remaining professional dancers were both in the troupe last season, and have previously been professional dancers on the show: Sasha Farber (last competed in season 24) and Jenna Johnson (last competed in season 23).","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 26)"},{"id":"11633567","text":"female host. In season 14 both hosts were replaced by Krzysztof Ibisz, well-known television host and Anna Głogowska, dancer, television host and the winner of 13th season. She was the female host in seasons 14–17. In season 18 Anna Głogowska was replaced by Paulina Sykut-Jeżyna as the female host. The judging panel is composed of Iwona Szymańska-Pavlović, retired professional dancer and currently a dancing judge, Michał Malitowski, professional dancer, Ola Jordan, professional dancer and \"Strictly Come Dancing\" winner and Andrzej Grabowski, an actor and comedian. The show pairs a number of celebrities with professional ballroom dancers who each week compete","title":"Dancing with the Stars: Taniec z gwiazdami"},{"id":"16813943","text":"Fosters\", \"The Bachelor\", \"Teen Wolf\", \"Awkward\", \"Once Upon a Time\", \"Orange Is the New Black\", \"Game of Thrones\", \"Defiance\", \"Dancing with the Stars\", \"So You Think You Can Dance\", \"Pretty Little Liars\", and more. Notable guests on the network include: Emmy-winners Aaron Paul and Michelle Stafford; Emmy-nominated Alan Cumming; hosts Ali Landry, Sherri Shepherd, and Mario Lopez; \"Dancing with the Stars\"' s Chelsie Hightower, Derek Hough, Karina Smirnoff, Kym Johnson, Lindsay Arnold, Maks and Val Chmerkovskiy; \"So You Think You Can Dance Canada\" contestant Tara Jean Popowich; WWE Divas Melina Perez and Trish Stratus; actors Michael Jai White, Sam Witwer, Sarah","title":"AfterBuzz TV"},{"id":"15461868","text":"French Fry Day 2018, YouTube personality Miranda Sings in collaboration with Dunkin Donuts, released an adapted version of Friday, as part of the Donut Fries marketing strategy. On June 7, 2018, Black appeared as a contestant in of the reality television musical competition series \"\", broadcast on Fox. The series is hosted by Fergie and judged by Sean Combs, Meghan Trainor and DJ Khaled. Black sang \"Bye Bye Bye\" from NSYNC for her audition, and received the go-ahead for the next round with \"three blue rings\" from all three judges. In the next round, she picked contestant James Graham from","title":"Rebecca Black"},{"id":"17518653","text":"judges will both replace Horner. Former champion and current \"Dancing with the Stars USA\" professional, Kym Johnson and actor/tap dancer Adam Garcia became the newest additions to the judges table, alongside McKenney and Richey. Twelve contestants and professional dancers participated in this season. The celebrities cast were revealed on 27 August 2013, via the networkers website, along with their professional partners and on \"Today Tonight\". This season also marks the show's return to the Tuesday 7.30pm timeslot as it has not been presented in this format since season 7. This was the first time three professional dancers had suffered injuries","title":"Dancing with the Stars (Australian season 13)"},{"id":"20029157","text":"tango was performed for the first time in the season. Maksim Chmerkovskiy returned to dance with Heather Morris after a four-week recovery period, but they were ultimately eliminated that night after receiving a perfect score. Before the show began, the show paid tribute to \"Happy Days\" actress Erin Moran, who died two days earlier. \"Individual judges' scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Mandy Moore, Bruno Tonioli.\" The couples performed one unlearned dance, capturing the spirit of a specific movie genre. The couple with the","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 24)"},{"id":"20553242","text":"returned as the judges of the show. Also, Giorgos Liagas and former season 2 contestant, Eleonora Meleti joined the judging panel. The sixth season of the show marks the first season which includes 16 cleberities, the biggest number of celebritis thus far. The celebrities who compete this season are 9 women and 7 men; Pinelopi Anastasopoulou, Evridiki Valavani, Vicky Kavoura, Maria Kalavria, Maria Korinthiou, Myriella Kourenti, Christina Lampiri, Dorothea Merkouri, Annie Pantazi, Dionysis Alertas, Anthimos Ananiadis, Antonis Vlontakis, Alberto Eskenazi, Vangelis Kakouriotis, Michalis Seitis, and Kostas Tsouros. The professional partners were revealed on 17 January 2018. On the 6th live","title":"Dancing with the Stars (Greece season 6)"},{"id":"20513609","text":"Witney and Josh & Sharna. Contemporary, jive and rumba are introduced. The final three couples performed one unlearned dance inspired by their journey on the show and a freestyle. Jazz is introduced. The celebrities and professional partners will dance one of these routines for each corresponding week: Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 26) Season twenty-six of \"Dancing with the Stars\", titled Dancing with the Stars: Athletes, premiered on April 30, 2018, on the ABC network. The four-week season, the shortest ever, features a cast of current and former athletes. This is the first season where more than one couple","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 26)"},{"id":"20721697","text":"Dancing with the Stars: Juniors Dancing with the Stars: Juniors is an American children's dance competition television series that premiered on October 7, 2018 on ABC. It is a spin-off of the \"Dancing with the Stars\" series. The format of the show features celebrity children (either in their own right or having celebrity parentage) paired with professional junior ballroom dancers and mentored by an adult professional dancer. The couples compete against each other by performing choreographed dance routines in front of a panel of judges. Like \"Dancing with the Stars\", the scores used for eliminations are based 50% on judges","title":"Dancing with the Stars: Juniors"},{"id":"6918940","text":"Brown. In 2013, Brown was replaced by \"Sunrise\" weather presenter Edwina Bartholomew. In 2015, Shane Bourne replaced Daniel MacPherson as co-host. It was announced in September 2018 that in 2019 a 16th season would commence. A whole new cast and crew will be involved in a new production with a 'fresh look' with Grant Denyer and Amanda Keller co-hosting. Key: Previous Current From seasons 1 to 7, the judging panel consisted of four primary judges: Todd McKenney, Helen Richey, Paul Mercurio and Mark Wilson. At the start of season 8, Mercurio left the judging panel. Before the eleventh season began,","title":"Dancing with the Stars (Australian TV series)"},{"id":"18692172","text":"Tom Bergeron also returned to his hosting duties this week; the episode was dedicated to the memory of his father, Raymond, who died earlier in the day. \"Individual judges scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Julianne Hough, Olivia Newton-John, Bruno Tonioli.\" Couples performed one unlearned dance that paid tribute to iconic dance performances from films and music videos; Leah Remini filled in for Erin Andrews. Couples performed one unlearned dance and a team dance to Halloween themes and songs; Leah Remini once again filled in for","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 21)"},{"id":"5325662","text":"ABC on November 22, 2010. The series was canceled after one season. On May 16, 2017, a \"\" spin-off was announced. The dance competition spin-off was originally set to premiere in the spring of 2018 on ABC, and the format of the show will feature celebrity children and the children of celebrities paired with professional junior ballroom dancers. In January 2018, ABC stated that \"Dancing with the Stars: Juniors\" is still in the works, but didn't develop as quickly they hoped it would. \"Athletes\" aired in its place, with \"Juniors\" originally slated to air that summer. However, In May 2018,","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)"},{"id":"3127163","text":"ABC's \"Dancing With The Stars\", paired with pro Cheryl Burke. They came in sixth place. He was also host of the \"Jace Hall Show\" for five episodes. Fox appeared as a contestant on \"Are You Smarter than a Fifth Grader?\", in season 3. He was a special guest judge during season 4 of \"RuPaul's Drag Race\". And in 2017, Fox was a contestant on the \"Chopped\" Star Power actors competition. Fox came in second place. On December 18, 2015, Rick Fox announced that he had purchased professional \"League of Legends\" team Gravity Gaming (which re-branded into Echo Fox) of the","title":"Rick Fox"},{"id":"20721698","text":"scores and 50% on audience voting. There is no home audience voting like its parent series though, and voting is limited to the direct in-studio audience members during each week's episode recording. Each audience member uses a hand-held voting device to advance their preferred dancing team to the next round, with the team having the least votes and lowest judges scores overall eliminated. On August 1, 2018, the junior professional dancers and adult mentors were revealed. On September 25, during the second episode of season 27 of \"DWTS\", the junior celebrities were announced. \"Dancing with the Stars\" season 25 winner","title":"Dancing with the Stars: Juniors"},{"id":"12726125","text":"perfect . Lawrence Taylor & Edyta Śliwińska ended up with the lowest score, a for their Waltz, and they were later eliminated. Week 8: Melissa suffered a hairline fracture in her ribs, and could not perform her Jive live. Instead, the judges' scores were based on her rehearsal video. She received the lowest score of the night, a . Lil' Kim & Derek received the highest score, a for their Paso doble. Team Tango (Gilles & Cheryl, Lil' Kim & Derek, and Ty Murray & Chelsie Hightower) managed to beat Team Mambo (Shawn & Mark, Lacey Schwimmer & Tony, and","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 8)"},{"id":"18692169","text":"the show. On Tuesday, the remaining couples performed routines that celebrated the hometowns of the remaining pro partners, with another couple being eliminated. Charleston, contemporary, jazz, paso doble, rumba, tango, and waltz are introduced. \"Individual judges scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Alfonso Ribeiro, Julianne Hough, Bruno Tonioli.\" Couples performed one unlearned dance to famous TV theme songs; samba and Viennese Waltz are introduced. After suffering a mini-stroke, Kim Zolciak-Biermann was able to rehearse, but her doctors refused to clear her for air travel. As a","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 21)"},{"id":"7141503","text":"Sochi. During the Sochi broadcast, she presented daily features for \"The Olympic Zone\", a 30-minute daily show for NBC affiliates, covering all aspects of the Games. In 2018, Liukin competed on \"American Ninja Warrior\", taking part in the Red Nose Day special edition. She finished all the obstacles in Stage 1, with the help of Barclay Stockett. Liukin is also a professional speaker on such subjects as Olympians and women in sports. Liukin later returned to Dancing with the Stars during season 27 to be a trio partner to Mary Lou Retton and Sasha Farber. Liukin has her own line","title":"Nastia Liukin"},{"id":"20478173","text":"Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand series 7) The seventh series of \"Dancing with the Stars\" premiered on 29 April 2018 on Three, and is hosted by Dai Henwood and Sharyn Casey. Camilla Sacre-Dallerup, Julz Tocker, and Rachel White are the series' judges; Sacre-Dullerup serves as the head judge. Sam Hayes won the competition on 1 July 2018. This table only counts for dances scored on a 30-point scale. The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges' 30-point scale are as follows: Scores are based upon a potential 30-point maximum (team dances are excluded). \"Individual judges'","title":"Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand series 7)"},{"id":"14166114","text":"artist Drake's music video for \"God's Plan\". On July 18, 2018, Brown was announced as the cover athlete for \"Madden NFL 19\". On March 8, 2016, Brown was announced as one of the celebrities who competed on season 22 of \"Dancing with the Stars\". He was paired with professional dancer Sharna Burgess. Brown and Burgess were eliminated during the semifinals of the show and finished the competition in fourth place overall. Antonio Brown Antonio Tavaris Brown Sr. (born July 10, 1988) is an American football wide receiver for the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League (NFL). Raised in Liberty","title":"Antonio Brown"},{"id":"18279461","text":"and Karina Smirnoff. Kym Johnson returns as a professional dancer after taking three seasons off to judge the Australian version of the show. Eleven of the celebrity competitors and their professional partners were revealed on \"Good Morning America\" on February 24, 2015. Witney Carson's celebrity partner was reported to be Chris Soules from \"The Bachelor\" on March 4, 2015; this was confirmed six days later, after that show's finale, by \"Good Morning America\". At the age of 14, Willow Shields is the youngest contestant ever to compete on the show (taking the record from Zendaya, who was 16 when she","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 20)"},{"id":"5325640","text":"celebrity partners. The first troupe in season 12 included Oksana Dmytrenko, Tristan MacManus, Peta Murgatroyd, Kiki Nyemchek, Nicole Volynets, and Ted Volynets. Members of the season 27 troupe are Artur Adamski, Hayley Erbert, Britt Stewart, Morgan Larson and Vladislav Kvartin. Other past troupe members include Brandon Armstrong, Lindsay Arnold, Alan Bersten, Sharna Burgess, Henry Byalikov, Witney Carson, Brittany Cherry, Dasha Chesnokova, Artem Chigvintsev, Sasha Farber, Shannon Holtzapffel, Dennis Jauch, Jenna Johnson, Kiril Kulish, Tristan MacManus, Keo Motsepe, Kiki Nyemchek, Sonny Fredie Pedersen, Gleb Savchenko, Emma Slater and Julz Tocker. Key: For 17 seasons, the Harold Wheeler orchestra and singers provided","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)"},{"id":"17701335","text":"the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Redfoo, Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli\". \"Individual judges scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Ricky Martin, Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli\". \"Individual judges scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Abby Lee Miller, Bruno Tonioli\". Although billed as \"dance duels,\" the two celebrities in each dance receive the same score. During the routine, the celebrities","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 18)"},{"id":"12726130","text":"perfect 30 on the freestyle. This table only counts for dances scored on a traditional 30-points scale. The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges' marks are as follows: David Alan Grier, Denise Richards, Chuck Wicks and Holly Madison did not land on this Unless indicated otherwise, individual judges scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli. * Due to an injury, Melissa Rycroft was unable to perform her Jive, or as part of Team Mambo, on the live show.","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 8)"},{"id":"17900892","text":"the stage musical version of \"Dirty Dancing\" in 2016 and 2017. He currently performs in the US tour for the stage musical of \"The Bodyguard\" In Weeks 1 and 2, special guest judge Bruno Tonioli was part of the judging panel, and scores were out of 40 instead of 30. Henry Byalikov Henry Byalikov is an Australian reality show personality and dancer. He best known for his appearances on \"Dancing with the Stars\". Byalikov began his dancing career at the age of 9. When he was only 11, he became the Australian Juvenile Graded Latin Champion. He also acquired other","title":"Henry Byalikov"},{"id":"17750787","text":"extra points from Week 8 are not included). The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges' 40-point scale are as follows: Scores are based upon a potential 40-point maximum. \"Unless indicated otherwise, individual judges scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Julianne Hough, Bruno Tonioli.\" Couples performed the cha-cha-cha, foxtrot or jive. Couples performed one unlearned dance to some of their favorite songs; jazz, rumba, salsa and samba are introduced. \"Individual judges scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 19)"},{"id":"15186431","text":"from Donnie Burns in week 7 are not included). The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges' marks are as follows: Petra Němcová is the only star to not land on this list. According to the traditional 30-point scale: Unless indicated otherwise, individual judges scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli. Individual judges scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Donnie Burns, Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 12)"},{"id":"20840596","text":"Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, and Bruno Tonioli returned as judges. The dance troupe for season 27 consists of season 26 troupe members Artur Adamski, Hayley Erbert, Britt Stewart, and Morgan Larson, along with newcomer Vladislav Kvartin. This table only counts dances scored on a 30-point scale. The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges' 30-point scale are as follows: Scores are based upon a potential 30-point maximum. \"Individual judges' scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli.\" On the","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 27)"},{"id":"19660824","text":"Dancing with the Stars (Irish TV series) Dancing with the Stars is an Irish reality television series, airing on RTÉ One that started on 8 January 2017, and is hosted by Amanda Byram and Nicky Byrne. The show is based on the original UK version, \"Strictly Come Dancing\" and is part of the \"Dancing with the Stars\" franchise. The judging panel consists of Julian Benson, Loraine Barry and Brian Redmond. On 28 August 2018, Amanda Byram confirmed that she will not be returning as a presenter in 2019. On 30 October 2018, Jennifer Zamparelli was confirmed as Byram's replacement. In","title":"Dancing with the Stars (Irish TV series)"},{"id":"15186437","text":"Dovolani. On the same episode, Pitbull (featuring Ne-Yo and Nayer) performed \"Give Me Everything\", which also featured his own dance troupe. Brooke Burke (season 7 champion and current co-host), Apolo Anton Ohno (Season 4 champion), Donny Osmond (Season 9 champion), Warren Sapp (Season 7 finalist) also returned to provide color commentary on their memorable individual freestyle routines. In addition, the dance troupe and professional dancers performed two medleys. Season 2 winners Drew Lachey and Cheryl Burke also returned and performed their fan favorite freestyle, \"Save a Horse, Ride a Cowboy.\" The final results show featured performances by The Black Eyed","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 12)"},{"id":"19655485","text":"Latin Championships for three consecutive years between 2012 and 2014. In 2015, AJ & Chloe also became the British Open Youth Latin Champions and the European Youth Latin Champions. In 2013, Pritchard and his professional dance partner Chloe Hewitt auditioned for \"Britain's Got Talent\", receiving acclaim from the judges and audience. The pair eventually reached the live semi-finals. AJ has a younger brother, Curtis, a fellow professional, who appeared in the 2017 series of \"Dancing with the Stars\" in Ireland and toured with Natalie Lowe, Louis Smith and Jay McGuiness in the stage show \"Rip It Up\". In September 2018","title":"AJ Pritchard"},{"id":"16366238","text":"14/30 for their cha-cha-cha. \"Individual judges' scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Todd, Helen, Joshua.\" Notes: Kerri-Anne & Carmello topped the leader board with 27/30 for their marvelous foxtrot. Jessica & Damien were at the bottom with a terrible 8/30 for their jive. Then Bottom two were Vogue & Christopher and Erin & Gleb. Erin was eliminated with the least number of votes . \"Individual judges scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Todd, Helen, Joshua.\" Danielle & Damian","title":"Dancing with the Stars (Australian season 12)"},{"id":"20314075","text":"and season 24 troupe members Artur Adamski, Brandon Armstrong, Hayley Erbert, and Britt Stewart. This table only counts dances scored on a 30-point scale (scores by guest judges are excluded). The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges' 30-point scale (scores by guest judges are excluded) are as follows: Scores are based upon a potential 30-point maximum (team dances and scores by guest judges are excluded). \"Individual judges' scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli.\" The couples danced the","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 25)"},{"id":"3003431","text":"of the show. He was eliminated from the show on the episode which aired on February 2, 2015. Damon appeared on the Animal Planet show \"Tanked\". Damon appeared on \"MTV Cribs\" where he gave a tour of his home near Orlando, Florida. In April 2018, Damon was announced as one of the celebrities who will compete on season 26 of \"Dancing with the Stars\". He was partnered with professional dancer Emma Slater. He was eliminated on the first episode, and he placed in 9th place. Damon has had two marriages and has fathered eight children. Damon married his high school","title":"Johnny Damon"},{"id":"19364212","text":"and a freestyle. On the second night, the couples danced a fusion dance that fused two dance styles. The celebrities and professional partners will dance one of these routines for each corresponding week: Beginning in week four of the live shows, a celebrity guest judge was present at the judges table to comment on and score the dance routines. Season 16 runner-up Zendaya was the first celebrity guest judge on April 11. Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 22) Season twenty-two of \"Dancing with the Stars\" premiered March 21, 2016, on the ABC network. Hosts Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 22)"},{"id":"16653321","text":"celebrities chose a dance style for one of their opponents, as well as getting their style of dance chosen by a fellow competitor. Paula Abdul served as guest judge. Hélio & Chelsie would have danced Broadway, chosen by Shawn & Derek, had they not been eliminated. The two couples with the highest total cumulative points/average became \"team captains\" and chose teams to join them in the Team Freestyle; these captains were Gilles & Peta and Shawn & Derek. Gilles & Peta's team consists of Kelly & Val, Emmitt & Cheryl, and Kirstie & Maks. Shawn & Derek's team consists of","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 15)"},{"id":"20469345","text":"later in the show. On 20 December 2017, previously confirmed celebrity, Aoife Walsh, was forced to pull out of the show due to injury; she was replaced by Alannah Beirne. This table only counts for dances scored on a traditional 30-points scale. The highest and lowest performances in each dance according to the judges' scale are as follows. \"Unless indicated otherwise, individual judges scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Brian Redmond, Loraine Barry, Julian Benson. \"Individual judges scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this","title":"Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 2)"},{"id":"12069964","text":"Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli.\" \"Individual judges scores in charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Michael Flatley, Bruno Tonioli.\" Len Goodman is with Kenny Mayne and Jerry Rice. Cody Linley did these dances with substitute partner Edyta Śliwińska. * Misty May-Treanor and Maksim Chmerkovskiy could not perform an encore due to Misty still recovering from the Achilles tendon injury that had forced her to withdraw. Toni Braxton and Alec Mazo did not perform their encore due to Toni recuperating from a recent surgery. Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 7)","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 7)"},{"id":"20115661","text":"Affairs and Policy leader for Baker Hughes, Karen Knuston; CNN White House reporter, Kate Bennett; casting director, Patrick Rush; actor, Rusty Joiner; Miss America 1978, Susan Perkins Botsford; and dancer and actress, Vivian Nixon. The panel of judges on the final night of competition on September 10, 2017 included country singer, Thomas Rhett; actress, author, and model, Molly Sims; Grammy-nominated singer and actress, Jordin Sparks; People Magazine's Editor in Chief, Jess Cagle; journalist, actress, and CEO of AfterBuzz TV, Maria Menounos; Miss America 2014, Nina Davuluri; and Olympic gold medalist, Tara Lipinski. § America's Choice Miss America 2018 Miss America","title":"Miss America 2018"},{"id":"14963405","text":"Belfast. Sisco Gomez, Louise Redknapp, Nigel Lythgoe and Arlene Phillips all returned to the judging panel for series two. Singer and The X Factor winner Alexandra Burke appeared as a guest judge during the audition stages. Singer and actor John Barrowman appeared as a guest judge during week six of the live shows, in place of Lythgoe. Top 20: \"Don't Stop The Music\"—Rihanna (Jazz; Choreographer: Mandy Moore)
Top 10 Boys: \"It's A Man's Man's Man's World\"—James Brown (Contemporary; Choreographer: Sarah Boulter)
Top 10 Girls: \"Fighter\"—Christina Aguilera\" (Lyrical jazz; Choreographer: Kevan Allen) Overnight ratings are taken from Digital Spy and official","title":"So You Think You Can Dance (UK series 2)"},{"id":"20029154","text":"potential 40-point maximum. \"Individual judges' scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Julianne Hough, Bruno Tonioli.\" The couples danced the cha-cha-cha, quickstep, salsa, tango, or Viennese Waltz. At the end, the show paid tribute to season 11 contestant, Florence Henderson who died three days after last season's finale. The couples danced one unlearned dance. Foxtrot, jazz, jive, and paso doble are introduced. Due to a calf muscle injury, Maksim Chmerkovskiy was unable to perform, so Heather Morris danced with troupe member Alan Bersten instead. The","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 24)"},{"id":"16813941","text":"up the ABTV Network. The hosts are an eclectic and knowledgeable mix of celebrities, personalities, and industry professionals. The roster of hosts includes over 400 and can be viewed on their website. Notable hosts include WWE ring announcer Lilian Garcia, \"Dancing with the Stars\" professional dancer Anna Trebunskaya, \"Access Hollywood\"' s Scott \"Movie\" Mantz, WWE Divas Torrie Wilson, Candice Michelle, and Maria Kanellis, actress Kat Bailess, \"Extra\"' s Ben Lyons, \"Big Brother\" winner and runner-up Rachel Reilly and Porsche Briggs, \"Survivor\"' s Jerri Manthey, \"Real World\"' s Mark Long, \"The Huffington Post\"' s Eboni Williams, Zap2it's Jenna Busch, Fanhattan's Roth Cornet, Black Hollywood Live' s Derrial","title":"AfterBuzz TV"},{"id":"5325655","text":"Top 10 voted for dances on the show was reported to celebrate the following week when the 200th show would be. On the actual 200th show, several dances were performed again on the show and six of the past fan favorites came back to judge; Helio Castroneves, Emmitt Smith, Drew Lachey, Kelly Osbourne, Gilles Marini, Mel B, and more. The couples re-created their most memorable routines on the 200th episode; Kristi Yamaguchi and Apolo Ohno served as team captains for the team dances. Yamaguchi's team consisted of Rick & Cheryl, Kyle & Lacey and Bristol & Mark, while Brandy &","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)"},{"id":"19364210","text":"left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Maksim Chmerkovskiy, Bruno Tonioli\". The celebrities performed one unlearned dance with a different partner selected by the general public; due to the nature of the week, no elimination took place. The couples performed one unlearned dance that paid tribute to iconic dance performances from films, music videos, or live performances; Bollywood is introduced. The couples performed one unlearned dance and a team dance to songs from popular musical icons. \"Individual judges scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 22)"},{"id":"14752620","text":"Derval O'Rourke and new coach, Donncha O'Callaghan. In 2016, Anna hosted a weekly sport segment on TV3's \"The Seven O'Clock Show\" with Martin King and Lucy Kennedy. She was also a contributor on Marty Morrissey's weekly RTÉ Radio 1 show, The Marty Squad. In 2017, she was announced as the pitch-side presenter of eir Sport's Match Night Live. In 2018, she competed in Dancing With the stars (DWTS) second series in Ireland. Her dancing partner is Kai Widdrington. Anna Geary Anna Geary (born 28 July 1988) is a camogie player and television personality from Milford, Co. Cork, Ireland. Anna is","title":"Anna Geary"},{"id":"20314079","text":"They included Kelly Monaco, Rashad Jennings, Laurie Hernandez, Kristi Yamaguchi, Alfonso Ribeiro and Corbin Bleu. The couples performed an unlearned dance using music chosen by the pros, as well as a dance that reinterpreted an iconic routine from a previous season. \"Individual judges' scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Julianne Hough, Bruno Tonioli.\" On the first night, the couples performed a redemption dance and a freestyle. On the second night, the final three couples danced their favorite routine and a fusion dance of two","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 25)"},{"id":"19692892","text":"performed one musical theatre-inspired dance and a team-up dance with another couple, which involved the celebrities dancing side-by-side to the same song (and, for a few moments, without the assistance of their pro partners) and receiving the same set of scores from the judges for the routine. Waltz is introduced. Jenna Johnson stepped in to dance with James Hinchcliffe again this week due to Sharna Burgess' knee injury. \"Individual judges' scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Julianne Hough, Bruno Tonioli.\" The couples performed an unlearned dance","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 23)"},{"id":"5485967","text":"main cast member. In 2018, he was announced as one of the celebrities to compete on season 27 of \"Dancing with the Stars\", being paired with the professional dancer Cheryl Burke. They received the first perfect score of the season (30/30) in Week 3 for a samba. They also received a second perfect score in week 6 (30/30) during the special Halloween episode while performing a jive. On semi final, he was shockingly eliminated. Juan Pablo Di Pace Juan Pablo Di Pace is an Argentinian actor, singer and director. Di Pace began his career in the United Kingdom, performing in","title":"Juan Pablo Di Pace"},{"id":"17701333","text":"Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli\". At the beginning of the show, it was announced by Bergeron and Andrews that there would be a double elimination this week. \"Individual judges scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Robin Roberts, Bruno Tonioli\". At the beginning of the show, it was announced that Billy Dee Williams was advised to withdraw from the competition due to a chronic back problem. Therefore, no one was eliminated at the end of the show. \"Individual judges scores in the chart","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 18)"},{"id":"17333175","text":"right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Maksim Chmerkovskiy, Bruno Tonioli.\" In a new twist to the competition, the couples performed two different dance styles to the original version (plugged) and an acoustic version (unplugged) of the same song. Also this week, \"bad boy\" of the ballroom Maksim Chmerkovskiy, returned to the show as a guest judge alongside Inaba, Goodman and Tonioli. The unplugged versions of Corbin & Karina's Rumba and Amber & Derek's Viennese Waltz were performed by Kerli. Noah Guthrie performed the unplugged version of Bill E. & Emma's Argentine tango. The four finalists dance for the coveted mirror","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 17)"},{"id":"17750792","text":"routines for each corresponding week: At different points of the season, celebrity guest judges filled in for Len Goodman to comment on and score the dance routines. Comedian and actor Kevin Hart was the first celebrity guest judge on September 29, 2014. On October 6, \"America\" voted online and the average score was posted as the fourth \"judge\". On October 13, 2014, the guest judge was singer Jessie J. The last guest judge was rapper Pitbull on October 20, 2014. Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 19) Season nineteen of \"Dancing with the Stars\" premiered on September 15, 2014. On","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 19)"},{"id":"19364205","text":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 22) Season twenty-two of \"Dancing with the Stars\" premiered March 21, 2016, on the ABC network. Hosts Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews returned, as did judges Carrie Ann Inaba and Bruno Tonioli. Len Goodman returned as head judge, after being absent for the previous season. On May 24, 2016, Nyle DiMarco and his partner Peta Murgatroyd were crowned champions; this was Murgatroyd's second win on the show, as she also won season 14 with Donald Driver. DiMarco is also the first Deaf contestant to win the show. Paige VanZant and Mark Ballas finished second,","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 22)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"19692885\",\n \"text\": \"include reigning champion Peta Murgatroyd, who was expecting a child, Mark Ballas, Tony Dovolani, Edyta Śliwińska, and Karina Smirnoff. Keo Motsepe returned, but as a member of the show's dance troupe. The full cast of celebrities and pros was revealed on August 30, 2016, on \\\"Good Morning America\\\". Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews return as hosts, and Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, and Bruno Tonioli return as judges. On August 26, 2016, it was reported that Julianne Hough would return to the show as a judge following a hiatus. Due to a personal tragedy involving her boyfriend, Erin Andrews took\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 23)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5325638\",\n \"text\": \"return for seasons 25 and 26. Several former contestants appeared as judges in episode 200 (in season 11), including Hélio Castroneves, Mel B, Drew Lachey, Gilles Marini, Kelly Osbourne, and Emmitt Smith. Other celebrities, most often those who are associated with the world of dancing, former professional dancers, and past contestants have appeared as the fourth judge or in absence of one of the main judges, including Paula Abdul, Donnie Burns, Nick Carter, Cher, Maksim Chmerkovskiy, Michael Flatley, Kevin Hart, Jessie J, Rashad Jennings, Baz Luhrmann, Ricky Martin, Idina Menzel, Abby Lee Miller, Mandy Moore, Olivia Newton-John, Kenny Ortega, Donny\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20513605\",\n \"text\": \"The five professionals from last season that are not returning are Cheryl Burke, Mark Ballas, Maksim Chmerkovskiy, Peta Murgatroyd, and Valentin Chmerkovskiy. The cast was announced on April 13 on \\\"Good Morning America\\\". Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews returned as hosts, while Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, and Bruno Tonioli returned as judges. On May 7, season 24 champion Rashad Jennings returned as a guest judge. On May 14, season 24 runner-up David Ross returned as a guest judge. The dance troupe for season 26 consists of season 25 troupe members Artur Adamski, Brandon Armstrong, Hayley Erbert, and Britt Stewart.\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 26)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20314074\",\n \"text\": \"as the first celebrity competing for the season partnered with Emma Slater. On September 6, the rest of the cast was revealed on \\\"Good Morning America\\\". Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews returned as hosts, while Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, and Bruno Tonioli returned as judges. Julianne Hough did not return as a permanent judge this season, though she did return as a guest judge during the first night of the finals. On October 23, singer Shania Twain joined the panel as a guest judge. The dance troupe members for the season are former pros Sasha Farber and Jenna Johnson,\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 25)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18692176\",\n \"text\": \"style to a new song that was coached by one of the three judges, as well as a freestyle routine. On the second night, the three remaining finalists performed a fusion challenge that was learned in only 24 hours. The celebrities and professional partners will dance one of these routines for each corresponding week: There were three guest judges during the course of the season. The first, season 19 champion Alfonso Ribeiro, was a judge for Week 3. Former pro dancer and season 18 champion, Maksim Chmerkovskiy, joined the judging panel for Week 5. The following week, Olivia Newton-John appeared\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 21)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14599947\",\n \"text\": \"in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli.\\\" Individual judges' scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Guest judge, Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli In addition to recapping the week's earlier performances by the competitors, each results show features one or more guest musical performers/acts who perform at least one song. During each song, guest dancers perform a choreographed dance. Santana performed \\\"Oye Como Va\\\", while Corky Ballas, Cheryl Burke, Maksim Chmerkovskiy, Tony Dovolani, Kym Johnson, and Anna\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 11)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12832103\",\n \"text\": \"one of the contestants who would compete on Season 24 of \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\" and was paired with professional dancer Emma Slater. Jennings and Slater went on to win the competition on May 23, 2017. It was Slater's first win on the competition show and Jennings is the fourth NFL player to win the show. In November 2017, Jennings returned to 25th season in Week eight, to participate in a trio Cha-cha-cha with Drew Scott and his professional partner Emma Slater. In May 2018, Jennings returned to the ballroom as guest judge for Week 2 of season 26. Jennings\",\n \"title\": \"Rashad Jennings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17701336\",\n \"text\": \"are required to dance with each other for 20 seconds on the dance floor without their partners. \\\"Individual judges scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Kenny Ortega, Bruno Tonioli\\\". The semifinalists performed two unlearned dances to songs by American music icons. The celebrities were also able to speak with people who they consider \\\"icons\\\". Candace, Charlie, Amy, James, and Meryl each received advice from Angela Thomas, Scott Hamilton, Oprah Winfrey, L.A. Reid, and season 6 winner Kristi Yamaguchi respectively. The four finalists performed two\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 18)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20721699\",\n \"text\": \"Jordan Fisher and finalist Frankie Muniz serve as hosts. Two-time pro champion Valentin Chmerkovskiy, Emmy Award winning choreographer Mandy Moore, and \\\"DWTS\\\" \\\"Athletes\\\" celebrity champion Adam Rippon serve as judges. The \\\"Dancing with the Stars: Juniors\\\" troupe consists of Makeila Lawrence, Cody Bingham, Reese Hatala, Sebastian Jozuka, and Daniel Novikov. They are mentored by \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\" troupe member Morgan Larson. This table only counts dances scored on a 30-point scale. The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges' 30-point scale are as follows: Scores are based upon a potential 30-point maximum. \\\"Individual judges' scores\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars: Juniors\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6918942\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Dicko\\\" Dickson and Bruno Tonioli have also appeared as guest judges throughout the series, providing feedback and scores as part of their judging role. Pamela Anderson, Damian Whitewood, Olivia Newton-John and Dame Edna Everage have also appeared as guest judges, but providing comments and feedback only. Key: Previous Current The following are the dances performed by couples on \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\". In addition, each couple in the final round performs a dance of any style or combination of styles of their choosing, called \\\"freestyle\\\". In late 2005, the winners of series two (Tom Williams) and three (Ada Nicodemou) competed\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (Australian TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20029153\",\n \"text\": \"Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Julianne Hough, and Bruno Tonioli returned as judges. On April 24, former contestant Nick Carter joined the panel as a guest judge, filling in for Hough who was on tour. On May 1, choreographer Mandy Moore also filled in for Hough as a guest judge. This table only counts dances scored on a 40-point scale. (The points awarded in Week 7 for winning either immunity or the dance-offs are not included in these totals.) The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges' 40-point scale are as follows: Scores are based upon a\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 24)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14599944\",\n \"text\": \"Theme Week\\\" and a \\\"Rock n' Roll Week\\\", in which couples performed the Paso doble or the Tango and danced in a Rock n' Roll marathon. Fan favorites from previous seasons also came back to judge the couples, who re-created their most memorable routines on the 200th episode; these guest judges were Hélio Castroneves, Kelly Osbourne, Emmitt Smith, Drew Lachey, Gilles Marini, and Mel B. Kristi Yamaguchi and Apolo Ohno also served as team captains for the team dances. Yamaguchi's team consisted of Rick & Cheryl, Kyle & Lacey and Bristol & Mark, while Brandy & Maksim, Jennifer & Derek\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 11)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20513603\",\n \"text\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 26) Season twenty-six of \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\", titled Dancing with the Stars: Athletes, premiered on April 30, 2018, on the ABC network. The four-week season, the shortest ever, features a cast of current and former athletes. This is the first season where more than one couple is eliminated each week. On May 21, 2018, Olympic figure skater Adam Rippon and Jenna Johnson were announced the winners, marking the first win for Johnson. Rippon is the first openly gay winner. NFL player Josh Norman, with Sharna Burgess, and former Olympic Figure Skater Tonya Harding,\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 26)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20840595\",\n \"text\": \"Milo and Witney placed second, Evanna and Keo placed third, while Alexis and Alan placed fourth. The thirteen professional dancers were revealed on \\\"Good Morning America\\\" on August 28, 2018. The ten professionals from last season returned, along with Cheryl Burke and Valentin Chmerkovskiy, who both last competed in season 25. Troupe dancer Brandon Armstrong made his debut in the pro lineup. Nancy McKeon was announced as the first celebrity competing for the season, partnered with Chmerkovskiy. On September 12, the rest of the cast was revealed on \\\"Good Morning America\\\". Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews returned as hosts, while\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 27)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16403172\",\n \"text\": \"dealership commercials, alongside former teammate Kirk Cousins and current teammate Ryan Kerrigan. In September 2017, Norman donated 100,000 to the recovery efforts following the devastation Puerto Rico received after Hurricane Maria impacted the island earlier that month. In April 2018, Norman was announced as one of the celebrities to compete on season 26 of the American television show \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\". He was partnered with professional dancer Sharna Burgess, where he eventually progressed to the finals, finishing as the runner-up behind figure skater Adam Rippon. During the 2018 Major League Baseball All-Star Game event week, Norman participated in a\",\n \"title\": \"Josh Norman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20469346\",\n \"text\": \"order from left to right: Brian Redmond, Loraine Barry, Darren Bennett.\\\" Due to an illness, Darren Bennett filled in for Julian Benson. Guest act: Series 1 champions, Aidan O'Mahony and Valeria Milova performing a Charleston to 'I Got a Woman' \\\"Individual judges scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Brian Redmond, Loraine Barry, Darren Bennett.\\\" Darren Bennett filled in for Julian Benson. Guest act: Brendan Cole and Faye Huddleston performing a Rumba to 'Fields of Gold' Julian Benson returned to the panel following a two-week absence. Guest act: Gavin James\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 2)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20255883\",\n \"text\": \"for the label Brandy Melville. Ren appeared in a series of advertisements for the mobile game \\\"\\\". She launched an activewear line called Ren Active. Ren was named a \\\"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit\\\" 2018 Rookie of the year. On September 12, 2018, Ren was announced as one of the celebrities who will compete on season 27 of \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\". Her professional partner was Alan Bersten. Ren and Bersten reached the finals and came in fourth place on November 19, 2018. Her mother, a health nutritionist expert, died in 2014 due to breast cancer. Following the death of her mother,\",\n \"title\": \"Alexis Ren\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7220900\",\n \"text\": \"from a mini stroke, Biermann had to withdraw from the competition during Week 3 because she was not clear to travel. For season 22, he was partnered with actress Marla Maples. They were eliminated on April 11, 2016 and came in 10th place. Dovolani did not return for seasons 23, 24, 25. On February 8th, 2018, Dovolani revealed that he has officially left Dancing With The Stars. The additional score of 9.5 was awarded by guest judge Paula Abdul. The additional score of Week 3 was given by Robin Roberts For this week only, as part of the \\\"Partner Switch-Up\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Tony Dovolani\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"390103\",\n \"text\": \"got the job. Twain guest starred on the Comedy Central series \\\"Broad City\\\", in a September 2017 episode titled \\\"Twaining Day\\\". On October 23, 2017, Twain appeared as a guest judge on the 25th season of \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\" during the show's \\\"Movie Night\\\", and also performed her song \\\"Soldier\\\". Twain will be a guest judge on the 10th Season of \\\"Rupaul's Drag Race\\\". In November 2018, Twain appeared in the reality talent show \\\"Real Country\\\", as an executive producer and co-presenter with Jake Owen and Travis Tritt. In January 2005, Twain joined Scentstories by Febreze to create a\",\n \"title\": \"Shania Twain\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14402668\",\n \"text\": \"fourth season, all the judges from season 3 returned except for Evaggelinos, while Giorgos Liagkas, Eugenia Manolidou and Themos Anastasiadis were guest judges for the 4th, 8th and 9th week respectively. In the fifth season all the judges from season 4 returned. Lakis Gavalas is the fifth judge in fifth season. In the sixth season Kostalas and Velikova will return as judges, while Giorgos Liagas and, former contestant, Eleonora Meleti will join the judging panel. Color key: A total of 84 celebrities have appeared during the 6 seasons of the series. Twelve celebrities participated in the first season, 14 in\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (Greek TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5976536\",\n \"text\": \"- UK - Champions, and seven times undefeated United States International Latin Champions. They retired in 1996. Ballas judges professional competitions and teaches. He is based in Los Angeles, California and Houston, Texas. Ballas has trained many of \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\"' professionals including Karina Smirnoff, Julianne Hough, Derek Hough, Tony Dovolani, Edyta Sliwinska, Alec Mazo, Brian Fortuna, Jonathan Roberts, Anna Trebunskaya, Jessie DeSoto and, his son, Mark Ballas. On August 25, 2008, the show's producers announced Corky himself would compete as a pro on season 7, alongside his son and former pupils. He was partnered with 82-year-old actress Cloris\",\n \"title\": \"Corky Ballas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5325663\",\n \"text\": \"it was announced that the series would begin airing on October 7, 2018, with filming taking place during August 2018. Professional skateboarder Sky Brown, junior pro JT Church and pro mentor Alan Bernsten were announced as the winners on December 9th, 2018. An unofficial live tour show called \\\"Dancing Pros: Live!\\\" toured with several \\\"Dancing\\\" pros since 2010. A \\\"Dancing with the Stars: Live!\\\" official tour was announced on November 3, 2014, for the 2014–2015 season starting on December 27, 2014, in Niagara Falls, New York and ending February 15, 2015, hitting 33 cities. A second tour, “Dancing with the\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1800568\",\n \"text\": \"sport, Ohno has worked as a motivational speaker, philanthropist, started a nutritional supplement business called 8 Zone, and in 2007, competed on and won the reality TV show \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\". Ohno later became host of a revival of \\\"Minute to Win It\\\" on Game Show Network and served as a commentator for NBC's coverage of the 2014 Winter Games in Sochi and the 2018 Winter Games in Pyeongchang. Ohno was born in Seattle, Washington, to a Japanese-born father, and a European American mother, Jerrie Lee. Ohno's parents divorced when he was an infant, and he was raised in\",\n \"title\": \"Apolo Ohno\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20840594\",\n \"text\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 27) Season twenty-seven of \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\" premiered on September 24, 2018, on the ABC network. On November 19, 2018, Radio personality Bobby Bones and Sharna Burgess were announced the winners, marking the first win for Burgess. Disney Channel star Milo Manheim with Witney Carson, actress and activist Evanna Lynch with Keo Motsepe, and model and social media personality Alexis Ren with Alan Bersten were announced as runners-up during the live finale show, but the order of finish was not revealed on the program. ABC only revealed after the show was over that\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 27)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20469343\",\n \"text\": \"Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 2) Dancing with the Stars returned for a second series on 7 January 2018 on RTÉ One. Loraine Barry, Brian Redmond and Julian Benson returned to the judging panel for a second year, while Amanda Byram and Nicky Byrne also returned as hosts. Sean Smullen did not return for this series, however all other professional dancers did. Sean was replaced by former \\\"\\\" professional champion, Robert Rowiński. The competition was won by Jake Carter alongside professional partner Karen Byrne. On 25 March 2018, RTÉ announced that it would return for a third series in\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 2)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3427149\",\n \"text\": \"the title role of Tracey Thurman, and \\\"The Wrong Woman,\\\" portraying a woman framed for killing her boss. In 2003, McKeon starred in the film \\\"Comfort and Joy.\\\" In 2018, McKeon was announced as one of the celebrities to compete on season 27 of \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\". She is partnered with professional dancer Valentin Chmerkovskiy. She was the third celebrity eliminated from the season on October 8. While McKeon was on \\\"The Facts of Life\\\", she and her parents were granted a private audience with Pope John Paul II. McKeon lives in Austin, Texas. She and husband Marc Andrus\",\n \"title\": \"Nancy McKeon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17333173\",\n \"text\": \"were scored on their ability to interpret the music, transition from one song to another, and stay on time. Cher was announced as a guest judge for week eight, when Len will be taking another week off. Each couple performed an individual, unlearned dance and a Halloween-themed team freestyle. The teams were chosen by the highest scoring couples Amber & Derek (Team \\\"FoxingAwesome\\\") and Elizabeth & Val (Team \\\"Spooky BomBom\\\"). \\\"Individual judges scores and votes in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Cher, Bruno Tonioli.\\\" All of the dance routines were\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 17)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18279462\",\n \"text\": \"competed on Season 16).. Tom Bergeron returns as host alongside Erin Andrews. Len Goodman, Carrie Ann Inaba, Julianne Hough, and Bruno Tonioli return as judges. Joining Lindsay Arnold, Sasha Farber, Henry Byalikov and Jenna Johnson in the troupe this season are Brittany Cherry (from the tenth season of \\\"So You Think You Can Dance\\\" and the 2014–15 DWTS Live Tour) and Alan Bersten (also from the tenth season of \\\"So You Think You Can Dance\\\"). This table only counts for dances scored on a 40-point scale. The dances from the second round in week 9, which were out of 30,\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 20)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13392101\",\n \"text\": \"the bolero, lambada, two-step, and the Charleston. The cast was unveiled on the Monday, August 17, 2009, edition of \\\"Good Morning America\\\", returning to the announcement format of most seasons past. Tom Bergeron and Samantha Harris returned as the show's hosts. Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli, and Carrie Ann Inaba continue as the judges this season, with Baz Luhrmann appearing as a guest judge in week two, temporarily replacing Len Goodman. Pro pairings were officially announced on August 24, 2009. This was Samantha Harris' last season as co-host. Donny Osmond, was the winner in the competition, with singer Mýa as runner-up,\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 9)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20029156\",\n \"text\": \"danced with Alan Bersten on account of Maksim Chmerkovskiy's injury. Season 9 winner Donny Osmond sang \\\"I'll Make a Man Out of You\\\" live while Normani Kordei and Valentin Chmerkovskiy danced. Auli'i Cravalho sang \\\"How Far I'll Go\\\" live while Simone Biles and Sasha Farber danced. \\\"Individual judges' scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Nick Carter, Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli.\\\" The couples danced one unlearned dance and a team dance to songs from some of the most popular boy bands and girl groups throughout history. Argentine\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 24)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17701338\",\n \"text\": \"of the live shows, a celebrity guest judge was present at the judges table to comment on and score the dance routines. As a result, the judges table had four judges instead of three and a dance couple could receive a top score of 40 points for their dance. \\\"Good Morning America\\\" anchor Robin Roberts was the first celebrity guest judge on March 31. The final guest judge, Kenny Ortega, appeared on the week nine semifinals, and the two-night finale was scored by the three original judges only. Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 18) Season eighteen of \\\"Dancing with\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 18)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18692166\",\n \"text\": \"at different dates through different media. The full cast of celebrities and professional dancers was revealed on September 2, 2015, on \\\"GMA.\\\" During the show, two celebrities (Kim Zolciak-Biermann and Tamar Braxton) withdrew \\\"during\\\" the competition due to health issues, marking the first time two contestants withdrew in midseason (Nancy O'Dell and Jewel both withdrew from Season 8 before the first episode). Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews returned as hosts, while judges Carrie Ann Inaba, Julianne Hough, and Bruno Tonioli all returned this season. After twenty seasons, Len Goodman did not return this season as a judge; in a video\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 21)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3407319\",\n \"text\": \"recording songs for Odyssey, including Tanya Tucker, John Conlee, Steve Wariner, Collin Raye, Mark Wills, Jamie O'Neal, Heidi Newfield, Bobby Bare, Kelly Lang, Jim Brown, Danny Shirley, Doug Supernaw and Marty Raybon, among others. More information about Odyssey can be found by visiting Schneider's website. Schneider took part In the \\\"Word Of Promise\\\" Audio Bible series, which featured the voices of many famous actors and actresses. He voiced the character of James in the Book of James. On September 12, 2018, Schneider was announced as one of the celebrities who would compete on season 27 of \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"John Schneider (screen actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19364207\",\n \"text\": \"was the first celebrity revealed on \\\"Good Morning America\\\" on March 2, 2016, while TV meteorologist Ginger Zee was also revealed on that show two days later, March 4. The remaining celebrities and professionals dancers were later revealed, also on \\\"Good Morning America\\\", on March 8. Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews returned as hosts, while judges Carrie Ann Inaba and Bruno Tonioli returned this season. Head judge Len Goodman has returned after missing last season, while Julianne Hough, who served as a judge during the previous three seasons, did not return. This table only counts dances scored on a 30-point\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 22)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17750785\",\n \"text\": \"Tom Bergeron returned as host alongside Erin Andrews. Len Goodman, Carrie Ann Inaba and Bruno Tonioli all returned as judges, while former professional and two-time champion Julianne Hough joined the panel as the permanent fourth judge of the season. Ray Chew also returned as bandleader. Leah Remini filled in as co-host on October 20, 2014, due to Erin Andrews' commitment with Fox to cover the 2014 World Series. Henry Byalikov, did not return as a pro this season, but returned to the show's dance troupe. Allison Holker, a contestant on season two of \\\"So You Think You Can Dance\\\" and\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 19)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20029152\",\n \"text\": \"In the following days, Lindsay Arnold, Sharna Burgess, Witney Carson, Artem Chigvintsev, Valentin Chmerkovskiy, Sasha Farber, Gleb Savchenko, and Emma Slater were all confirmed to be returning as professional dancers. Also, Kym Herjavec (who last competed in season 20) and Keo Motsepe (who last competed in season 22) were confirmed to be returning as professional dancers. Pros from the previous season not returning included Cheryl Burke, Allison Holker, Derek Hough, and Jenna Johnson. The full list of celebrities and pros was announced on March 1, 2017, on \\\"Good Morning America\\\". Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews returned as hosts, and Carrie\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 24)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15001900\",\n \"text\": \"All six episodes of the show were broadcast. The host is Vernon Kay and doing color commentary is retired Ice Dancer Tanith Belbin. The judges were Johnny Weir, Dick Button, and Laurieann Gibson. The 6 celebrities and professional ice skaters were: This table only counts for dances scored on a 30-points scale (the extra points from the group skate in week 5 are not included). According to the traditional 30-point scale: \\\"Unless indicated otherwise, individual judges scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Laurieann Gibson, Johnny Weir, Dick Button.\\\" * Brandon\",\n \"title\": \"Skating with the Stars\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14141479\",\n \"text\": \"the FIL \\\"Sprint\\\" World Cup event at the Calgary track. On February 11, 2018, Mazdzer won a silver medal at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang. In April 2018, Mazdzer was announced as one of the celebrities for season 26 of \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\". He was partnered with professional dancer Witney Carson. He was eliminated in the third week of the four-week season. Mazdzer resides in Saranac Lake, New York. Chris Mazdzer Christopher \\\"Chris\\\" Mazdzer (; born June 26, 1988) is an American luger who has been active internationally since 2001. He competed at the 2010 Winter Olympics in\",\n \"title\": \"Chris Mazdzer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20513608\",\n \"text\": \"decade in sports. Paso doble and quickstep are introduced. \\\"Individual judges' scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, David Ross, Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli.\\\" The couples performed one unlearned dance dedicated to the \\\"MVP\\\" in their lives, and participated in \\\"ballroom battle\\\" dance-offs for extra points. Former contestants were brought in to mentor the couples for the ballroom battles. Nastia Liukin mentored Jennie & Keo and Tonya & Sasha. Meryl Davis, season 18 champion, mentored Adam & Jenna and Mirai & Alan. Von Miller mentored Chris &\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 26)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15959821\",\n \"text\": \"2015, Redfoo was announced as one of the celebrities who will compete on the 20th season of \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\". He was partnered with professional dancer Emma Slater. He had been a guest judge on the 18th season of the show, and is the first guest judge ever to return as a contestant. He and Slater were the first couple eliminated from the competition on March 23, 2015. On May 1, 2015, Redfoo announced that he would not be returning for the seventh season of \\\"The X Factor Australia\\\". Redfoo announced his second album near the end of December,\",\n \"title\": \"Redfoo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16744816\",\n \"text\": \"2018. On September 12, 2018, Glaser was announced as one of the celebrities who will compete on season 27 of \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\". Her professional partner was Gleb Savchenko. They were the first couple eliminated from the competition on September 25. Glaser played a small role in Henry Phillips' 2009 film \\\"Punching the Clown\\\". She also appeared as herself in Jordan Brady's documentary \\\"I Am Comic\\\", and its sequel, \\\"I Am Road Comic\\\". Glaser had a role in the Judd Apatow-directed film \\\"Trainwreck\\\" (2015). Glaser has voiced opinions on rape culture, following the Brock Turner case, suggesting Judge Aaron\",\n \"title\": \"Nikki Glaser\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18692171\",\n \"text\": \"a host; he was absent to be with his ailing father. Alfonso Ribeiro filled in for Bergeron. Pro dancer Allison Holker announced that she was pregnant with her second child. She continued to dance with Andy Grammer until their elimination several episodes later. \\\"Individual judges scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Julianne Hough, Maksim Chmerkovskiy, Bruno Tonioli\\\". Couples performed one unlearned dance with a different partner selected by the general public; due to the nature of the week, no elimination took place. Argentine tango is introduced.\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 21)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5325653\",\n \"text\": \"online contest is also usually held so that viewers can submit drawings of outfits for the performance. The show celebrated its 100th episode on Tuesday, May 6, 2008, during week 8 of season 6. More than 30 former cast members and pros returned, with interviews with Stacy Keibler, Lisa Rinna, Jerry Springer, Vivica A. Fox, Joey Fatone, Kenny Mayne, Sabrina Bryan, and former winners Kelly Monaco, Drew Lachey, and Apolo Anton Ohno. Other appearances, besides the season 6 cast, included Paula Abdul (in a video introduction), Jane Seymour, Ian Ziering, Mark Cuban, Wayne Newton, Leeza Gibbons, Harry Hamlin, Shandi Finnessey,\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12801775\",\n \"text\": \"the same seat at the judges table throughout the two seasons. Prior to the grande finale, the three main judges are joined by two celebrity guest judges each week. Guest judges have included Pam Tillis, Paula Abdul, Pamela Anderson, Eve, Ariana Grande, Neil Patrick Harris, Kathy Griffin, Debbie Harry, Khloé Kardashian, La Toya Jackson, Adam Lambert, Demi Lovato, Bob Mackie, Rose McGowan, Olivia Newton-John, Rebecca Romijn, Gigi Hadid, Sharon Osbourne, Dan Savage, John Waters, Michelle Williams, Candis Cayne, Martha Wash, Natalie Cole, Dita Von Teese, Niecy Nash, Debbie Reynolds, Vanessa Williams, Wilmer Valderrama, The Pointer Sisters, Trina, Leah Remini, The\",\n \"title\": \"RuPaul's Drag Race\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13532489\",\n \"text\": \"Bruno Tonioli was judging as was Todd McKenney, Helen Richey and Mark Wilson. Toni and Henry finished a clear 1st place with a Cha-Cha-Cha scoring 35 with 9s from all the judges except Bruno. Paul and Eliza finished 2nd with 29 points for their Foxtrot. James and Jade finished last and scored just 18 points. Week 2: The second show features guest judge Bruno Tonioli and the other three main judges. Cal and Craig may not have been the best in Week 1 but they turned it round and finished 1st with 34 points for their Tango. Red and Ana\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (Australian season 8)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20470258\",\n \"text\": \"listed in this order from left to right: Brian Redmond, Loraine Barry, Darren Bennett.\\\" Darren Bennett once again filled in for Julian Benson this week. \\\"Individual judges scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Brian Redmond, Loraine Barry, Darren Bennett.\\\" As with the previous two weeks, Darren Bennett once again filled in for Julian Benson. Guest act: The cast of \\\"Sunny Afternoon,\\\" performing 'Lola' and 'You Really Got Me'. \\\"Individual judges scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Brian Redmond,\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 1)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1800603\",\n \"text\": \"reality show \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\" with his partner Julianne Hough. He returned for the 15th Season which features all-star celebrities. Ohno's interests in fashion led him to be a guest judge on the fashion reality show \\\"\\\" in 2008, and to an endorsement deal with Omega, the maker of luxury watches, in 2010. Omega President Stephen Urquhart said, \\\"We are very proud to support Apolo here in Vancouver and congratulate him on his outstanding performance. He is poised to make history of his own here and we are thrilled that he is part of the Omega family\\\". He also\",\n \"title\": \"Apolo Ohno\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5325637\",\n \"text\": \"4 of season 21, due to Bergeron's ailing father. The regular judges are Len Goodman, who serves as head judge, Carrie Ann Inaba, and Bruno Tonioli. Goodman was absent for much of season 19, all of season 21, and much of season 23. Julianne Hough, who was a professional dancing partner for seasons 4–8, was added as a full-time judge on the panel for three seasons, 19–21, after having been a guest judge in the previous two seasons. She did not return for season 22. Hough did return as a full-time judge for seasons 23 and 24 but did not\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20478174\",\n \"text\": \"scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Rachel White, Camilla Sacre-Dallerup, Julz Tocker.\\\" Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand series 7) The seventh series of \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\" premiered on 29 April 2018 on Three, and is hosted by Dai Henwood and Sharyn Casey. Camilla Sacre-Dallerup, Julz Tocker, and Rachel White are the series' judges; Sacre-Dullerup serves as the head judge. Sam Hayes won the competition on 1 July 2018. This table only counts for dances scored on a 30-point scale. The best and worst performances in each dance\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand series 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20513604\",\n \"text\": \"with Sasha Farber, were both announced as runners-up during the live finale show. However, it was revealed later that Josh and Sharna placed second, while Tonya and Sasha placed third. The professional dancers were announced on April 12, 2018. The eight professionals returning from last season are Lindsay Arnold, Alan Bersten, Sharna Burgess, Witney Carson, Artem Chigvintsev, Keo Motsepe, Gleb Savchenko, and Emma Slater. The two remaining professional dancers were both in the troupe last season, and have previously been professional dancers on the show: Sasha Farber (last competed in season 24) and Jenna Johnson (last competed in season 23).\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 26)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11633567\",\n \"text\": \"female host. In season 14 both hosts were replaced by Krzysztof Ibisz, well-known television host and Anna Głogowska, dancer, television host and the winner of 13th season. She was the female host in seasons 14–17. In season 18 Anna Głogowska was replaced by Paulina Sykut-Jeżyna as the female host. The judging panel is composed of Iwona Szymańska-Pavlović, retired professional dancer and currently a dancing judge, Michał Malitowski, professional dancer, Ola Jordan, professional dancer and \\\"Strictly Come Dancing\\\" winner and Andrzej Grabowski, an actor and comedian. The show pairs a number of celebrities with professional ballroom dancers who each week compete\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars: Taniec z gwiazdami\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16813943\",\n \"text\": \"Fosters\\\", \\\"The Bachelor\\\", \\\"Teen Wolf\\\", \\\"Awkward\\\", \\\"Once Upon a Time\\\", \\\"Orange Is the New Black\\\", \\\"Game of Thrones\\\", \\\"Defiance\\\", \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\", \\\"So You Think You Can Dance\\\", \\\"Pretty Little Liars\\\", and more. Notable guests on the network include: Emmy-winners Aaron Paul and Michelle Stafford; Emmy-nominated Alan Cumming; hosts Ali Landry, Sherri Shepherd, and Mario Lopez; \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\"' s Chelsie Hightower, Derek Hough, Karina Smirnoff, Kym Johnson, Lindsay Arnold, Maks and Val Chmerkovskiy; \\\"So You Think You Can Dance Canada\\\" contestant Tara Jean Popowich; WWE Divas Melina Perez and Trish Stratus; actors Michael Jai White, Sam Witwer, Sarah\",\n \"title\": \"AfterBuzz TV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15461868\",\n \"text\": \"French Fry Day 2018, YouTube personality Miranda Sings in collaboration with Dunkin Donuts, released an adapted version of Friday, as part of the Donut Fries marketing strategy. On June 7, 2018, Black appeared as a contestant in of the reality television musical competition series \\\"\\\", broadcast on Fox. The series is hosted by Fergie and judged by Sean Combs, Meghan Trainor and DJ Khaled. Black sang \\\"Bye Bye Bye\\\" from NSYNC for her audition, and received the go-ahead for the next round with \\\"three blue rings\\\" from all three judges. In the next round, she picked contestant James Graham from\",\n \"title\": \"Rebecca Black\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17518653\",\n \"text\": \"judges will both replace Horner. Former champion and current \\\"Dancing with the Stars USA\\\" professional, Kym Johnson and actor/tap dancer Adam Garcia became the newest additions to the judges table, alongside McKenney and Richey. Twelve contestants and professional dancers participated in this season. The celebrities cast were revealed on 27 August 2013, via the networkers website, along with their professional partners and on \\\"Today Tonight\\\". This season also marks the show's return to the Tuesday 7.30pm timeslot as it has not been presented in this format since season 7. This was the first time three professional dancers had suffered injuries\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (Australian season 13)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20029157\",\n \"text\": \"tango was performed for the first time in the season. Maksim Chmerkovskiy returned to dance with Heather Morris after a four-week recovery period, but they were ultimately eliminated that night after receiving a perfect score. Before the show began, the show paid tribute to \\\"Happy Days\\\" actress Erin Moran, who died two days earlier. \\\"Individual judges' scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Mandy Moore, Bruno Tonioli.\\\" The couples performed one unlearned dance, capturing the spirit of a specific movie genre. The couple with the\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 24)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20553242\",\n \"text\": \"returned as the judges of the show. Also, Giorgos Liagas and former season 2 contestant, Eleonora Meleti joined the judging panel. The sixth season of the show marks the first season which includes 16 cleberities, the biggest number of celebritis thus far. The celebrities who compete this season are 9 women and 7 men; Pinelopi Anastasopoulou, Evridiki Valavani, Vicky Kavoura, Maria Kalavria, Maria Korinthiou, Myriella Kourenti, Christina Lampiri, Dorothea Merkouri, Annie Pantazi, Dionysis Alertas, Anthimos Ananiadis, Antonis Vlontakis, Alberto Eskenazi, Vangelis Kakouriotis, Michalis Seitis, and Kostas Tsouros. The professional partners were revealed on 17 January 2018. On the 6th live\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (Greece season 6)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20513609\",\n \"text\": \"Witney and Josh & Sharna. Contemporary, jive and rumba are introduced. The final three couples performed one unlearned dance inspired by their journey on the show and a freestyle. Jazz is introduced. The celebrities and professional partners will dance one of these routines for each corresponding week: Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 26) Season twenty-six of \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\", titled Dancing with the Stars: Athletes, premiered on April 30, 2018, on the ABC network. The four-week season, the shortest ever, features a cast of current and former athletes. This is the first season where more than one couple\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 26)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20721697\",\n \"text\": \"Dancing with the Stars: Juniors Dancing with the Stars: Juniors is an American children's dance competition television series that premiered on October 7, 2018 on ABC. It is a spin-off of the \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\" series. The format of the show features celebrity children (either in their own right or having celebrity parentage) paired with professional junior ballroom dancers and mentored by an adult professional dancer. The couples compete against each other by performing choreographed dance routines in front of a panel of judges. Like \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\", the scores used for eliminations are based 50% on judges\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars: Juniors\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6918940\",\n \"text\": \"Brown. In 2013, Brown was replaced by \\\"Sunrise\\\" weather presenter Edwina Bartholomew. In 2015, Shane Bourne replaced Daniel MacPherson as co-host. It was announced in September 2018 that in 2019 a 16th season would commence. A whole new cast and crew will be involved in a new production with a 'fresh look' with Grant Denyer and Amanda Keller co-hosting. Key: Previous Current From seasons 1 to 7, the judging panel consisted of four primary judges: Todd McKenney, Helen Richey, Paul Mercurio and Mark Wilson. At the start of season 8, Mercurio left the judging panel. Before the eleventh season began,\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (Australian TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18692172\",\n \"text\": \"Tom Bergeron also returned to his hosting duties this week; the episode was dedicated to the memory of his father, Raymond, who died earlier in the day. \\\"Individual judges scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Julianne Hough, Olivia Newton-John, Bruno Tonioli.\\\" Couples performed one unlearned dance that paid tribute to iconic dance performances from films and music videos; Leah Remini filled in for Erin Andrews. Couples performed one unlearned dance and a team dance to Halloween themes and songs; Leah Remini once again filled in for\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 21)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5325662\",\n \"text\": \"ABC on November 22, 2010. The series was canceled after one season. On May 16, 2017, a \\\"\\\" spin-off was announced. The dance competition spin-off was originally set to premiere in the spring of 2018 on ABC, and the format of the show will feature celebrity children and the children of celebrities paired with professional junior ballroom dancers. In January 2018, ABC stated that \\\"Dancing with the Stars: Juniors\\\" is still in the works, but didn't develop as quickly they hoped it would. \\\"Athletes\\\" aired in its place, with \\\"Juniors\\\" originally slated to air that summer. However, In May 2018,\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3127163\",\n \"text\": \"ABC's \\\"Dancing With The Stars\\\", paired with pro Cheryl Burke. They came in sixth place. He was also host of the \\\"Jace Hall Show\\\" for five episodes. Fox appeared as a contestant on \\\"Are You Smarter than a Fifth Grader?\\\", in season 3. He was a special guest judge during season 4 of \\\"RuPaul's Drag Race\\\". And in 2017, Fox was a contestant on the \\\"Chopped\\\" Star Power actors competition. Fox came in second place. On December 18, 2015, Rick Fox announced that he had purchased professional \\\"League of Legends\\\" team Gravity Gaming (which re-branded into Echo Fox) of the\",\n \"title\": \"Rick Fox\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20721698\",\n \"text\": \"scores and 50% on audience voting. There is no home audience voting like its parent series though, and voting is limited to the direct in-studio audience members during each week's episode recording. Each audience member uses a hand-held voting device to advance their preferred dancing team to the next round, with the team having the least votes and lowest judges scores overall eliminated. On August 1, 2018, the junior professional dancers and adult mentors were revealed. On September 25, during the second episode of season 27 of \\\"DWTS\\\", the junior celebrities were announced. \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\" season 25 winner\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars: Juniors\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12726125\",\n \"text\": \"perfect . Lawrence Taylor & Edyta Śliwińska ended up with the lowest score, a for their Waltz, and they were later eliminated. Week 8: Melissa suffered a hairline fracture in her ribs, and could not perform her Jive live. Instead, the judges' scores were based on her rehearsal video. She received the lowest score of the night, a . Lil' Kim & Derek received the highest score, a for their Paso doble. Team Tango (Gilles & Cheryl, Lil' Kim & Derek, and Ty Murray & Chelsie Hightower) managed to beat Team Mambo (Shawn & Mark, Lacey Schwimmer & Tony, and\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 8)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18692169\",\n \"text\": \"the show. On Tuesday, the remaining couples performed routines that celebrated the hometowns of the remaining pro partners, with another couple being eliminated. Charleston, contemporary, jazz, paso doble, rumba, tango, and waltz are introduced. \\\"Individual judges scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Alfonso Ribeiro, Julianne Hough, Bruno Tonioli.\\\" Couples performed one unlearned dance to famous TV theme songs; samba and Viennese Waltz are introduced. After suffering a mini-stroke, Kim Zolciak-Biermann was able to rehearse, but her doctors refused to clear her for air travel. As a\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 21)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7141503\",\n \"text\": \"Sochi. During the Sochi broadcast, she presented daily features for \\\"The Olympic Zone\\\", a 30-minute daily show for NBC affiliates, covering all aspects of the Games. In 2018, Liukin competed on \\\"American Ninja Warrior\\\", taking part in the Red Nose Day special edition. She finished all the obstacles in Stage 1, with the help of Barclay Stockett. Liukin is also a professional speaker on such subjects as Olympians and women in sports. Liukin later returned to Dancing with the Stars during season 27 to be a trio partner to Mary Lou Retton and Sasha Farber. Liukin has her own line\",\n \"title\": \"Nastia Liukin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20478173\",\n \"text\": \"Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand series 7) The seventh series of \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\" premiered on 29 April 2018 on Three, and is hosted by Dai Henwood and Sharyn Casey. Camilla Sacre-Dallerup, Julz Tocker, and Rachel White are the series' judges; Sacre-Dullerup serves as the head judge. Sam Hayes won the competition on 1 July 2018. This table only counts for dances scored on a 30-point scale. The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges' 30-point scale are as follows: Scores are based upon a potential 30-point maximum (team dances are excluded). \\\"Individual judges'\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand series 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14166114\",\n \"text\": \"artist Drake's music video for \\\"God's Plan\\\". On July 18, 2018, Brown was announced as the cover athlete for \\\"Madden NFL 19\\\". On March 8, 2016, Brown was announced as one of the celebrities who competed on season 22 of \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\". He was paired with professional dancer Sharna Burgess. Brown and Burgess were eliminated during the semifinals of the show and finished the competition in fourth place overall. Antonio Brown Antonio Tavaris Brown Sr. (born July 10, 1988) is an American football wide receiver for the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League (NFL). Raised in Liberty\",\n \"title\": \"Antonio Brown\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18279461\",\n \"text\": \"and Karina Smirnoff. Kym Johnson returns as a professional dancer after taking three seasons off to judge the Australian version of the show. Eleven of the celebrity competitors and their professional partners were revealed on \\\"Good Morning America\\\" on February 24, 2015. Witney Carson's celebrity partner was reported to be Chris Soules from \\\"The Bachelor\\\" on March 4, 2015; this was confirmed six days later, after that show's finale, by \\\"Good Morning America\\\". At the age of 14, Willow Shields is the youngest contestant ever to compete on the show (taking the record from Zendaya, who was 16 when she\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 20)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5325640\",\n \"text\": \"celebrity partners. The first troupe in season 12 included Oksana Dmytrenko, Tristan MacManus, Peta Murgatroyd, Kiki Nyemchek, Nicole Volynets, and Ted Volynets. Members of the season 27 troupe are Artur Adamski, Hayley Erbert, Britt Stewart, Morgan Larson and Vladislav Kvartin. Other past troupe members include Brandon Armstrong, Lindsay Arnold, Alan Bersten, Sharna Burgess, Henry Byalikov, Witney Carson, Brittany Cherry, Dasha Chesnokova, Artem Chigvintsev, Sasha Farber, Shannon Holtzapffel, Dennis Jauch, Jenna Johnson, Kiril Kulish, Tristan MacManus, Keo Motsepe, Kiki Nyemchek, Sonny Fredie Pedersen, Gleb Savchenko, Emma Slater and Julz Tocker. Key: For 17 seasons, the Harold Wheeler orchestra and singers provided\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17701335\",\n \"text\": \"the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Redfoo, Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli\\\". \\\"Individual judges scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Ricky Martin, Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli\\\". \\\"Individual judges scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Abby Lee Miller, Bruno Tonioli\\\". Although billed as \\\"dance duels,\\\" the two celebrities in each dance receive the same score. During the routine, the celebrities\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 18)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12726130\",\n \"text\": \"perfect 30 on the freestyle. This table only counts for dances scored on a traditional 30-points scale. The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges' marks are as follows: David Alan Grier, Denise Richards, Chuck Wicks and Holly Madison did not land on this Unless indicated otherwise, individual judges scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli. * Due to an injury, Melissa Rycroft was unable to perform her Jive, or as part of Team Mambo, on the live show.\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 8)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17900892\",\n \"text\": \"the stage musical version of \\\"Dirty Dancing\\\" in 2016 and 2017. He currently performs in the US tour for the stage musical of \\\"The Bodyguard\\\" In Weeks 1 and 2, special guest judge Bruno Tonioli was part of the judging panel, and scores were out of 40 instead of 30. Henry Byalikov Henry Byalikov is an Australian reality show personality and dancer. He best known for his appearances on \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\". Byalikov began his dancing career at the age of 9. When he was only 11, he became the Australian Juvenile Graded Latin Champion. He also acquired other\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Byalikov\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17750787\",\n \"text\": \"extra points from Week 8 are not included). The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges' 40-point scale are as follows: Scores are based upon a potential 40-point maximum. \\\"Unless indicated otherwise, individual judges scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Julianne Hough, Bruno Tonioli.\\\" Couples performed the cha-cha-cha, foxtrot or jive. Couples performed one unlearned dance to some of their favorite songs; jazz, rumba, salsa and samba are introduced. \\\"Individual judges scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 19)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15186431\",\n \"text\": \"from Donnie Burns in week 7 are not included). The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges' marks are as follows: Petra Němcová is the only star to not land on this list. According to the traditional 30-point scale: Unless indicated otherwise, individual judges scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli. Individual judges scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Donnie Burns, Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 12)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20840596\",\n \"text\": \"Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, and Bruno Tonioli returned as judges. The dance troupe for season 27 consists of season 26 troupe members Artur Adamski, Hayley Erbert, Britt Stewart, and Morgan Larson, along with newcomer Vladislav Kvartin. This table only counts dances scored on a 30-point scale. The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges' 30-point scale are as follows: Scores are based upon a potential 30-point maximum. \\\"Individual judges' scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli.\\\" On the\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 27)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19660824\",\n \"text\": \"Dancing with the Stars (Irish TV series) Dancing with the Stars is an Irish reality television series, airing on RTÉ One that started on 8 January 2017, and is hosted by Amanda Byram and Nicky Byrne. The show is based on the original UK version, \\\"Strictly Come Dancing\\\" and is part of the \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\" franchise. The judging panel consists of Julian Benson, Loraine Barry and Brian Redmond. On 28 August 2018, Amanda Byram confirmed that she will not be returning as a presenter in 2019. On 30 October 2018, Jennifer Zamparelli was confirmed as Byram's replacement. In\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (Irish TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15186437\",\n \"text\": \"Dovolani. On the same episode, Pitbull (featuring Ne-Yo and Nayer) performed \\\"Give Me Everything\\\", which also featured his own dance troupe. Brooke Burke (season 7 champion and current co-host), Apolo Anton Ohno (Season 4 champion), Donny Osmond (Season 9 champion), Warren Sapp (Season 7 finalist) also returned to provide color commentary on their memorable individual freestyle routines. In addition, the dance troupe and professional dancers performed two medleys. Season 2 winners Drew Lachey and Cheryl Burke also returned and performed their fan favorite freestyle, \\\"Save a Horse, Ride a Cowboy.\\\" The final results show featured performances by The Black Eyed\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 12)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19655485\",\n \"text\": \"Latin Championships for three consecutive years between 2012 and 2014. In 2015, AJ & Chloe also became the British Open Youth Latin Champions and the European Youth Latin Champions. In 2013, Pritchard and his professional dance partner Chloe Hewitt auditioned for \\\"Britain's Got Talent\\\", receiving acclaim from the judges and audience. The pair eventually reached the live semi-finals. AJ has a younger brother, Curtis, a fellow professional, who appeared in the 2017 series of \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\" in Ireland and toured with Natalie Lowe, Louis Smith and Jay McGuiness in the stage show \\\"Rip It Up\\\". In September 2018\",\n \"title\": \"AJ Pritchard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16366238\",\n \"text\": \"14/30 for their cha-cha-cha. \\\"Individual judges' scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Todd, Helen, Joshua.\\\" Notes: Kerri-Anne & Carmello topped the leader board with 27/30 for their marvelous foxtrot. Jessica & Damien were at the bottom with a terrible 8/30 for their jive. Then Bottom two were Vogue & Christopher and Erin & Gleb. Erin was eliminated with the least number of votes . \\\"Individual judges scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Todd, Helen, Joshua.\\\" Danielle & Damian\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (Australian season 12)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20314075\",\n \"text\": \"and season 24 troupe members Artur Adamski, Brandon Armstrong, Hayley Erbert, and Britt Stewart. This table only counts dances scored on a 30-point scale (scores by guest judges are excluded). The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges' 30-point scale (scores by guest judges are excluded) are as follows: Scores are based upon a potential 30-point maximum (team dances and scores by guest judges are excluded). \\\"Individual judges' scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli.\\\" The couples danced the\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 25)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3003431\",\n \"text\": \"of the show. He was eliminated from the show on the episode which aired on February 2, 2015. Damon appeared on the Animal Planet show \\\"Tanked\\\". Damon appeared on \\\"MTV Cribs\\\" where he gave a tour of his home near Orlando, Florida. In April 2018, Damon was announced as one of the celebrities who will compete on season 26 of \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\". He was partnered with professional dancer Emma Slater. He was eliminated on the first episode, and he placed in 9th place. Damon has had two marriages and has fathered eight children. Damon married his high school\",\n \"title\": \"Johnny Damon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19364212\",\n \"text\": \"and a freestyle. On the second night, the couples danced a fusion dance that fused two dance styles. The celebrities and professional partners will dance one of these routines for each corresponding week: Beginning in week four of the live shows, a celebrity guest judge was present at the judges table to comment on and score the dance routines. Season 16 runner-up Zendaya was the first celebrity guest judge on April 11. Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 22) Season twenty-two of \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\" premiered March 21, 2016, on the ABC network. Hosts Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 22)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16653321\",\n \"text\": \"celebrities chose a dance style for one of their opponents, as well as getting their style of dance chosen by a fellow competitor. Paula Abdul served as guest judge. Hélio & Chelsie would have danced Broadway, chosen by Shawn & Derek, had they not been eliminated. The two couples with the highest total cumulative points/average became \\\"team captains\\\" and chose teams to join them in the Team Freestyle; these captains were Gilles & Peta and Shawn & Derek. Gilles & Peta's team consists of Kelly & Val, Emmitt & Cheryl, and Kirstie & Maks. Shawn & Derek's team consists of\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 15)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20469345\",\n \"text\": \"later in the show. On 20 December 2017, previously confirmed celebrity, Aoife Walsh, was forced to pull out of the show due to injury; she was replaced by Alannah Beirne. This table only counts for dances scored on a traditional 30-points scale. The highest and lowest performances in each dance according to the judges' scale are as follows. \\\"Unless indicated otherwise, individual judges scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Brian Redmond, Loraine Barry, Julian Benson. \\\"Individual judges scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 2)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12069964\",\n \"text\": \"Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli.\\\" \\\"Individual judges scores in charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Michael Flatley, Bruno Tonioli.\\\" Len Goodman is with Kenny Mayne and Jerry Rice. Cody Linley did these dances with substitute partner Edyta Śliwińska. * Misty May-Treanor and Maksim Chmerkovskiy could not perform an encore due to Misty still recovering from the Achilles tendon injury that had forced her to withdraw. Toni Braxton and Alec Mazo did not perform their encore due to Toni recuperating from a recent surgery. Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 7)\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20115661\",\n \"text\": \"Affairs and Policy leader for Baker Hughes, Karen Knuston; CNN White House reporter, Kate Bennett; casting director, Patrick Rush; actor, Rusty Joiner; Miss America 1978, Susan Perkins Botsford; and dancer and actress, Vivian Nixon. The panel of judges on the final night of competition on September 10, 2017 included country singer, Thomas Rhett; actress, author, and model, Molly Sims; Grammy-nominated singer and actress, Jordin Sparks; People Magazine's Editor in Chief, Jess Cagle; journalist, actress, and CEO of AfterBuzz TV, Maria Menounos; Miss America 2014, Nina Davuluri; and Olympic gold medalist, Tara Lipinski. § America's Choice Miss America 2018 Miss America\",\n \"title\": \"Miss America 2018\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14963405\",\n \"text\": \"Belfast. Sisco Gomez, Louise Redknapp, Nigel Lythgoe and Arlene Phillips all returned to the judging panel for series two. Singer and The X Factor winner Alexandra Burke appeared as a guest judge during the audition stages. Singer and actor John Barrowman appeared as a guest judge during week six of the live shows, in place of Lythgoe. Top 20: \\\"Don't Stop The Music\\\"—Rihanna (Jazz; Choreographer: Mandy Moore)
Top 10 Boys: \\\"It's A Man's Man's Man's World\\\"—James Brown (Contemporary; Choreographer: Sarah Boulter)
Top 10 Girls: \\\"Fighter\\\"—Christina Aguilera\\\" (Lyrical jazz; Choreographer: Kevan Allen) Overnight ratings are taken from Digital Spy and official\",\n \"title\": \"So You Think You Can Dance (UK series 2)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20029154\",\n \"text\": \"potential 40-point maximum. \\\"Individual judges' scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Julianne Hough, Bruno Tonioli.\\\" The couples danced the cha-cha-cha, quickstep, salsa, tango, or Viennese Waltz. At the end, the show paid tribute to season 11 contestant, Florence Henderson who died three days after last season's finale. The couples danced one unlearned dance. Foxtrot, jazz, jive, and paso doble are introduced. Due to a calf muscle injury, Maksim Chmerkovskiy was unable to perform, so Heather Morris danced with troupe member Alan Bersten instead. The\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 24)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16813941\",\n \"text\": \"up the ABTV Network. The hosts are an eclectic and knowledgeable mix of celebrities, personalities, and industry professionals. The roster of hosts includes over 400 and can be viewed on their website. Notable hosts include WWE ring announcer Lilian Garcia, \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\" professional dancer Anna Trebunskaya, \\\"Access Hollywood\\\"' s Scott \\\"Movie\\\" Mantz, WWE Divas Torrie Wilson, Candice Michelle, and Maria Kanellis, actress Kat Bailess, \\\"Extra\\\"' s Ben Lyons, \\\"Big Brother\\\" winner and runner-up Rachel Reilly and Porsche Briggs, \\\"Survivor\\\"' s Jerri Manthey, \\\"Real World\\\"' s Mark Long, \\\"The Huffington Post\\\"' s Eboni Williams, Zap2it's Jenna Busch, Fanhattan's Roth Cornet, Black Hollywood Live' s Derrial\",\n \"title\": \"AfterBuzz TV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5325655\",\n \"text\": \"Top 10 voted for dances on the show was reported to celebrate the following week when the 200th show would be. On the actual 200th show, several dances were performed again on the show and six of the past fan favorites came back to judge; Helio Castroneves, Emmitt Smith, Drew Lachey, Kelly Osbourne, Gilles Marini, Mel B, and more. The couples re-created their most memorable routines on the 200th episode; Kristi Yamaguchi and Apolo Ohno served as team captains for the team dances. Yamaguchi's team consisted of Rick & Cheryl, Kyle & Lacey and Bristol & Mark, while Brandy &\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19364210\",\n \"text\": \"left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Maksim Chmerkovskiy, Bruno Tonioli\\\". The celebrities performed one unlearned dance with a different partner selected by the general public; due to the nature of the week, no elimination took place. The couples performed one unlearned dance that paid tribute to iconic dance performances from films, music videos, or live performances; Bollywood is introduced. The couples performed one unlearned dance and a team dance to songs from popular musical icons. \\\"Individual judges scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 22)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14752620\",\n \"text\": \"Derval O'Rourke and new coach, Donncha O'Callaghan. In 2016, Anna hosted a weekly sport segment on TV3's \\\"The Seven O'Clock Show\\\" with Martin King and Lucy Kennedy. She was also a contributor on Marty Morrissey's weekly RTÉ Radio 1 show, The Marty Squad. In 2017, she was announced as the pitch-side presenter of eir Sport's Match Night Live. In 2018, she competed in Dancing With the stars (DWTS) second series in Ireland. Her dancing partner is Kai Widdrington. Anna Geary Anna Geary (born 28 July 1988) is a camogie player and television personality from Milford, Co. Cork, Ireland. Anna is\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Geary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20314079\",\n \"text\": \"They included Kelly Monaco, Rashad Jennings, Laurie Hernandez, Kristi Yamaguchi, Alfonso Ribeiro and Corbin Bleu. The couples performed an unlearned dance using music chosen by the pros, as well as a dance that reinterpreted an iconic routine from a previous season. \\\"Individual judges' scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Julianne Hough, Bruno Tonioli.\\\" On the first night, the couples performed a redemption dance and a freestyle. On the second night, the final three couples danced their favorite routine and a fusion dance of two\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 25)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19692892\",\n \"text\": \"performed one musical theatre-inspired dance and a team-up dance with another couple, which involved the celebrities dancing side-by-side to the same song (and, for a few moments, without the assistance of their pro partners) and receiving the same set of scores from the judges for the routine. Waltz is introduced. Jenna Johnson stepped in to dance with James Hinchcliffe again this week due to Sharna Burgess' knee injury. \\\"Individual judges' scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Julianne Hough, Bruno Tonioli.\\\" The couples performed an unlearned dance\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 23)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5485967\",\n \"text\": \"main cast member. In 2018, he was announced as one of the celebrities to compete on season 27 of \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\", being paired with the professional dancer Cheryl Burke. They received the first perfect score of the season (30/30) in Week 3 for a samba. They also received a second perfect score in week 6 (30/30) during the special Halloween episode while performing a jive. On semi final, he was shockingly eliminated. Juan Pablo Di Pace Juan Pablo Di Pace is an Argentinian actor, singer and director. Di Pace began his career in the United Kingdom, performing in\",\n \"title\": \"Juan Pablo Di Pace\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17701333\",\n \"text\": \"Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli\\\". At the beginning of the show, it was announced by Bergeron and Andrews that there would be a double elimination this week. \\\"Individual judges scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Robin Roberts, Bruno Tonioli\\\". At the beginning of the show, it was announced that Billy Dee Williams was advised to withdraw from the competition due to a chronic back problem. Therefore, no one was eliminated at the end of the show. \\\"Individual judges scores in the chart\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 18)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17333175\",\n \"text\": \"right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Maksim Chmerkovskiy, Bruno Tonioli.\\\" In a new twist to the competition, the couples performed two different dance styles to the original version (plugged) and an acoustic version (unplugged) of the same song. Also this week, \\\"bad boy\\\" of the ballroom Maksim Chmerkovskiy, returned to the show as a guest judge alongside Inaba, Goodman and Tonioli. The unplugged versions of Corbin & Karina's Rumba and Amber & Derek's Viennese Waltz were performed by Kerli. Noah Guthrie performed the unplugged version of Bill E. & Emma's Argentine tango. The four finalists dance for the coveted mirror\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 17)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17750792\",\n \"text\": \"routines for each corresponding week: At different points of the season, celebrity guest judges filled in for Len Goodman to comment on and score the dance routines. Comedian and actor Kevin Hart was the first celebrity guest judge on September 29, 2014. On October 6, \\\"America\\\" voted online and the average score was posted as the fourth \\\"judge\\\". On October 13, 2014, the guest judge was singer Jessie J. The last guest judge was rapper Pitbull on October 20, 2014. Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 19) Season nineteen of \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\" premiered on September 15, 2014. On\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 19)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19364205\",\n \"text\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 22) Season twenty-two of \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\" premiered March 21, 2016, on the ABC network. Hosts Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews returned, as did judges Carrie Ann Inaba and Bruno Tonioli. Len Goodman returned as head judge, after being absent for the previous season. On May 24, 2016, Nyle DiMarco and his partner Peta Murgatroyd were crowned champions; this was Murgatroyd's second win on the show, as she also won season 14 with Donald Driver. DiMarco is also the first Deaf contestant to win the show. Paige VanZant and Mark Ballas finished second,\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 22)\"\n }\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":79094,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":79094,"string":"79,094"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["2011"],"string":"[\n \"2011\"\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"last time a canadian team made the stanley cup finals"},"compressed_prompt":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Question:\\nPlease write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: 2011 Stanley Cup Finals context: season record (117 points). They were also the first Canadian team to have home ice advantage in the Finals since the Montreal Canadiens had it for the 1993 Stanley Cup Finals. The Canadiens' victory in 1993 was also the last time a Canadian team won the Stanley Cup. As of the 2017–18 season, this was the last Stanley Cup Finals to feature a Canadian team and that the Finals went the full seven games. On June 1, 2011, NHL commissioner Gary Bettman made an announcement that Colin Campbell would be stepping down as the league's head disciplinarian to be replaced\\n\\nlast time a canadian team made the stanley cup finals\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 185,\n \"origin_tokens\": 185,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"14479008","text":"season record (117 points). They were also the first Canadian team to have home ice advantage in the Finals since the Montreal Canadiens had it for the 1993 Stanley Cup Finals. The Canadiens' victory in 1993 was also the last time a Canadian team won the Stanley Cup. As of the 2017–18 season, this was the last Stanley Cup Finals to feature a Canadian team and that the Finals went the full seven games. On June 1, 2011, NHL commissioner Gary Bettman made an announcement that Colin Campbell would be stepping down as the league's head disciplinarian to be replaced","title":"2011 Stanley Cup Finals"},{"id":"4969676","text":"games to one to win the team's 24th Stanley Cup. The year 1993 was the 100th anniversary of the first awarding of the Stanley Cup in 1893, and the first Finals to start in the month of June. The 1993 Canadiens are also the last Stanley Cup championship team to be composed solely of North American-born players. To date, this is the last Stanley Cup finals won by a Canadian team. The series is remembered for Kings defenceman Marty McSorley's penalty late in the third period of game two for using an illegal stick, in what proved to be the","title":"1993 Stanley Cup Finals"},{"id":"11076876","text":"for the fifth game. The Canadiens had few problems with a tired Kings team in the fifth game, winning 4–1, and earning their 24th Stanley Cup in team history. Patrick Roy was named the winner of the Conn Smythe Trophy. It was their most recent Stanley Cup championship as of 2018, and the last time a Canadian team won the Cup. Roy would win two more Stanley Cups with the Colorado Avalanche in 1996 and 2001. Montreal's draft picks at the 1992 NHL Entry Draft 1992–93 Montreal Canadiens season The 1992–93 Montreal Canadiens season was the Montreal Canadiens' 76th season","title":"1992–93 Montreal Canadiens season"},{"id":"11076864","text":"1992–93 Montreal Canadiens season The 1992–93 Montreal Canadiens season was the Montreal Canadiens' 76th season in the NHL, and their 84th overall. Coming off of a disappointing second round playoff exit against the Boston Bruins during the 1991–92 season, the 3rd straight season the Bruins had defeated the Habs in the playoffs, the Canadiens were champions for the 1992–93 NHL season. As of , the Canadiens are the most recent Canadian-based team to win the Stanley Cup, having won the 1993 Stanley Cup Finals. In the off-season, the Canadiens would replace head coach Pat Burns and hire former Quebec Nordiques,","title":"1992–93 Montreal Canadiens season"},{"id":"17334276","text":"2014 Stanley Cup playoffs The 2014 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League (NHL) began on April 16, 2014 and ended June 13, 2014 when the Los Angeles Kings defeated the New York Rangers four games to one in the Stanley Cup Final. For the first time since 1973, only one Canadian team qualified for the playoffs: the Montreal Canadiens. This was also the first time since the 1978 Stanley Cup playoffs that no playoff games were played in Western Canada. The Detroit Red Wings increased their consecutive playoff appearance streak to 23 seasons, the longest streak at the","title":"2014 Stanley Cup playoffs"},{"id":"15136365","text":"all the Canadian teams have qualified for the playoffs on five other occasions – 1969 (Montreal and Toronto), 1975, 1976 and 1979 (Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver), and 1986 (the same seven as in 1983), the last time to date (as of 2018) that all active Canadian teams qualified. This is also the most recent time that the Toronto Maple Leafs and the Detroit Red Wings missed the playoffs in the same season. In the Wales Conference, the Patrick Division champion Philadelphia Flyers were upset by the New York Rangers in the first round. The defending champion Islanders had qualified second","title":"1983 Stanley Cup playoffs"},{"id":"10008716","text":"in the NBA playoffs. Despite having more American-based teams than Canadian-based ones throughout much of the NHL's existence (dating back to the Original Six era when it was two Canadian clubs to four American ones, and now 7 to 24 since 2017), there have been only two times in league history where none of the Canadian teams qualified for the postseason: 1970 and 2016. However, the 1993 Montreal Canadiens remain the last Canadian club to go all the way and win the Stanley Cup. The Stanley Cup playoffs MVP award, the Conn Smythe Trophy is based on the \"entire\" NHL","title":"Stanley Cup playoffs"},{"id":"13361544","text":"1986 Stanley Cup playoffs The 1986 Stanley Cup playoffs, the championship of the National Hockey League (NHL) began on April 9, after the conclusion of the 1985–86 NHL season. The playoffs concluded on May 24 with the champion Montreal Canadiens defeating the Calgary Flames 4–1 to win the series four games to one and win the Stanley Cup. This was the last time to date that all active Canadian teams have qualified in the same season. It is also the second time that all seven active teams at the time qualified, the first occurring three years earlier. The playoffs of","title":"1986 Stanley Cup playoffs"},{"id":"12417023","text":"Thrashers became the second franchise known as the Winnipeg Jets (2011). The Coyotes would later rebrand themselves as the Arizona Coyotes following the 2013–14 season. In 1993, the Montreal Canadiens celebrated the Stanley Cup's 100th anniversary with their 24th championship. They remain the last Canadian team to capture the trophy. The 1994 New York Rangers broke the Curse of 1940, winning their first title in 54 years. The renaissance of the Original Six would continue as the Detroit Red Wings (Stanley Cup winners in , , and ), Chicago Blackhawks (winners in , and ) and Boston Bruins (winners in","title":"History of the National Hockey League (1992–present)"},{"id":"759274","text":"The Montreal Canadiens have won the Cup a record 24 times and are the most recent Canadian-based team to win the cup, having won it in 1993, while the Detroit Red Wings have won the Cup 11 times, the most of any United States-based NHL team, most recently in 2008. After the Lord Stanley of Preston was appointed by Queen Victoria as Governor General of Canada on June 11, 1888, he and his family became highly enthusiastic about ice hockey. Stanley was first exposed to the game at Montreal's 1889 Winter Carnival, where he saw the Montreal Victorias play the","title":"Stanley Cup"},{"id":"5548472","text":"1988–89 NHL season The 1988–89 NHL season was the 72nd season of the National Hockey League. The Calgary Flames won an all-Canadian Stanley Cup final against the Montreal Canadiens four games to two. As of the end of the 2017-18 NHL season this is the last time two Canadian teams faced each other for the Stanley Cup. This year saw the start of Wayne Gretzky's tenure with the Los Angeles Kings, having been traded in the off-season after leading the Edmonton Oilers to the 1988 Stanley Cup. Coinciding with Gretzky's acquisition, the team also changed its uniforms and colours for","title":"1988–89 NHL season"},{"id":"11929603","text":"make the playoffs. Wayne Gretzky also missed the playoffs for the first time in his career. Conversely, the San Jose Sharks became the first post-1990 expansion team to make the playoffs. All series played between Central and Pacific Division teams had a 2–3–2 format to reduce travel. This was the last Canadian team appearance in the Final until 2004, and as of the end of 2017–18, remains the most recent time that two Canadian teams made it to the conference finals in the same year. The following teams qualified for the playoffs: The New York Rangers entered the playoffs as","title":"1994 Stanley Cup playoffs"},{"id":"18828236","text":"2016 Stanley Cup playoffs The 2016 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League (NHL) began on April 13, 2016 and ended on June 12, 2016, with the Pittsburgh Penguins defeating the San Jose Sharks four games to two in the 2016 Stanley Cup Finals. For only the second time in league history (1970 being the only other time), none of the NHL's Canadian-based teams, seven in total, qualified for the postseason. In addition, for the second season in a row and only the fifth time since joining the league in 1979, all four former WHA teams (the Edmonton Oilers,","title":"2016 Stanley Cup playoffs"},{"id":"5712873","text":"This decision proved to be a good one just like when the Canadiens rode rookie goalie Ken Dryden to a Stanley Cup championship in 1971. In the Final, the Canadiens beat the Calgary Flames, who were also riding a rookie netminder, Mike Vernon. Patrick Roy won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the playoff MVP and had a sparkling 1.92 goals against average along with 15 wins. The 1986 Stanley Cup playoffs are the last time to date (as of 2016) that all active Canadian teams have qualified in the same season. It is also the second time that all seven","title":"1985–86 NHL season"},{"id":"14479018","text":"This was Vancouver's third appearance in the Stanley Cup Finals. In their other Finals appearance before 1994, which came during their Cinderella run of , they were swept by the Islanders. The most recent Canada-based NHL team to win the Stanley Cup was the Montreal Canadiens in . The Canucks were the first team from Canada to make it to the Finals since the Ottawa Senators in . With Vancouver having hosted the 2010 Winter Olympics, the Canucks hoped to mirror what had happened following the other two Olympic Games held in Canada, in which the host city's NHL team","title":"2011 Stanley Cup Finals"},{"id":"16378070","text":"Canadian teams have played each other in the playoffs. In all, four Canadian teams qualified for the playoffs (Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, and Vancouver), the most since 2006. For the second time in three years, all three teams from California made the playoffs. For the first time since 2007, and for only the third time in history, \"all\" four former WHA teams; Carolina (formerly the Hartford Whalers), Colorado (formerly the Quebec Nordiques), Edmonton, and Phoenix (formerly the Winnipeg Jets) missed the playoffs in the same year. For the first time ever, the final five teams remaining in the playoffs were the","title":"2013 Stanley Cup playoffs"},{"id":"11929615","text":"Canucks were the last Canadian team to play for the Stanley Cup until the Calgary Flames. This was the longest streak that Canadian teams did not qualify for the Finals from 1994–2004 (10 years). Prior to this the longest streak of Canadian teams missing the Finals was just three years. 1994 Stanley Cup playoffs The 1994 Stanley Cup playoffs, the championship of the National Hockey League (NHL), began after the conclusion of the 1993–94 NHL season. The sixteen teams that qualified, eight from each conference, played best-of-seven game series for conference quarterfinals, semifinals and championships; and then the conference champions","title":"1994 Stanley Cup playoffs"},{"id":"11963692","text":"final, with the Flames emerging victorious in six games. It was the only time a visiting team defeated the Canadiens to win the Cup on Forum ice. The Stanley Cup celebrated its 100th anniversary in 1993, returning again to Canada with the Canadiens' 24th Stanley Cup victory, the most recent NHL championship won by a Canadian team. After losing the first game of their Adams Division semi-final to the Quebec Nordiques in overtime, the Canadiens won ten overtime games en route to the title, setting an NHL record for most consecutive overtime victories in a playoff year. As with the","title":"History of the Montreal Canadiens"},{"id":"531755","text":"team worldwide, and the only existing NHL club to predate the founding of the NHL. One of the oldest North American professional sports franchises, the Canadiens' history predates that of every other Canadian franchise outside football as well as every American franchise outside baseball and the National Football League's Arizona Cardinals. The franchise is one of the \"Original Six\" teams, a description used for the teams that made up the NHL from 1942 until the 1967 expansion. The team's championship season in 1992–93 was the last time a Canadian team won the Stanley Cup. The Canadiens have won the Stanley","title":"Montreal Canadiens"},{"id":"11963641","text":"playoff year and is the most recent Canadian team to win the Stanley Cup. In 2003, Montreal participated in the first regular season outdoor game in NHL history, defeating the Edmonton Oilers in the Heritage Classic. The Hockey Hall of Fame has inducted over 50 former Canadiens players, as well as ten executives. The team has retired 15 numbers, representing 17 players, and has honoured ten off-ice personnel in its Builder's Row. In November 1909, industrialist Ambrose O'Brien of Renfrew, Ontario, was in Montreal to purchase supplies for a railway contract. At the request of the Renfrew Creamery Kings hockey","title":"History of the Montreal Canadiens"},{"id":"3683552","text":"three goals per game. Only 68 shutouts were recorded during the regular season. Twenty-one players reached the 100-point plateau and fourteen reached the 50-goal plateau. The Montreal Canadiens won their league-leading 24th Cup by defeating the Los Angeles Kings four games to one. , this is the last time that a Canadian team has won the Stanley Cup. This was the final season of the Wales and Campbell Conferences, and the Adams, Patrick, Norris, and Smythe divisions. Both the conferences and the divisions would be renamed to reflect geography rather than the league's history for the following season. This was","title":"1992–93 NHL season"},{"id":"19552259","text":"since 2013, and the fourth time since 2002, all three Eastern Canadian teams (Montreal Canadiens, Ottawa Senators, and Toronto Maple Leafs) qualified for the playoffs. In all, five Canadian-based teams made the playoffs, matching 2015, after a season in which none of the seven teams in Canada contended. Five Original Six teams made the playoffs, with only the previously mentioned Red Wings failing to make it. The first round saw eighteen overtime games, eclipsing the previous record of seventeen overtime games in the first round set in 2013. There were 27 total overtime games in these playoffs, one short of","title":"2017 Stanley Cup playoffs"},{"id":"10367312","text":"the Western Conference's top three seeded teams, the Vancouver Canucks 4-3, the Detroit Red Wings 4-2 and the San Jose Sharks 4-2, in that order. This brought a Canadian team to the Finals for the first time in 10 years; Vancouver lost to the New York Rangers in the 1994 Stanley Cup Finals. The first game, at St. Pete Times Forum, saw the Flames win 4–1. Dave Andreychuk began the game with a record 634 career goals without a Stanley Cup Finals appearance. Calgary only got 19 shots off against the Lightning defense, but more than one-fifth found the net.","title":"2004 Stanley Cup Finals"},{"id":"10599784","text":"1986 Stanley Cup Finals The 1986 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League's (NHL) 1985–86 season, and the culmination of the 1986 Stanley Cup playoffs. It was contested between the Calgary Flames (in their first Final appearance) and the Montreal Canadiens (in their 32nd). The Canadiens would win the best-of-seven series, four games to one, to win their 23rd Stanley Cup, and their 17th in their last 18 Finals appearances dating back to . It was the first all-Canadian finals since Montreal lost to the Toronto Maple Leafs in , the last year of the","title":"1986 Stanley Cup Finals"},{"id":"5548480","text":"debut in playoffs): The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1988–89 (listed with their last team): Ron Hextall, Philadelphia Flyers, First goaltender to score a goal in post-season. 1988–89 NHL season The 1988–89 NHL season was the 72nd season of the National Hockey League. The Calgary Flames won an all-Canadian Stanley Cup final against the Montreal Canadiens four games to two. As of the end of the 2017-18 NHL season this is the last time two Canadian teams faced each other for the Stanley Cup. This year saw the","title":"1988–89 NHL season"},{"id":"11963691","text":"to their 23rd Stanley Cup championship in over the Calgary Flames in the first all-Canadian Stanley Cup final since . The 1986 Canadiens were young and led by rookie head coach Jean Perron and forward Claude Lemieux, in addition to Roy, who became the youngest player in NHL history to win the Conn Smythe Trophy. Brian Skrudland, another rookie, scored the game-winning goal just nine seconds into overtime of the second game of the finals — the fastest overtime goal in NHL history. The two teams met again in the 1989 Stanley Cup Finals, the most recent all-Canadian Stanley Cup","title":"History of the Montreal Canadiens"},{"id":"2927014","text":"four-five matchup saw Colorado and Dallas meet. The Calgary Flames, a sixth seed, defeated the Canucks, the Red Wings and the Sharks to become the first Canadian team to reach the Stanley Cup Finals in ten years, since the Canucks lost to the Rangers in . They faced the Tampa Bay Lightning, who defeated the Islanders in five, swept the Canadiens and defeated the Flyers in seven games. The Lightning beat the Flames in the Stanley Cup Finals, four games to three. With the Flames having a 3–2 series lead and the series going back to Calgary for Game 6,","title":"2003–04 NHL season"},{"id":"9998674","text":"Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player of the playoffs. The Calgary Flames and the Vancouver Canucks both missed the playoffs this year. This would not happen again until 2014, when all four Western Canadian teams missed the playoffs. For the first time in history, only two Original Six teams made it to the playoffs (Toronto and Detroit). This would only happen again in 2001 (Toronto and Detroit), 2007 (New York Rangers and Detroit), and 2018 (Boston and Toronto). Also for the first time, the Boston Bruins and the Montreal Canadiens missed the playoffs in the same season. In addition,","title":"2000 Stanley Cup playoffs"},{"id":"4969682","text":"in the Montreal Forum, and the last time Wayne Gretzky competed in the Finals. The Kings were appearing in the Finals for the first time in their 26-year history. It was Montreal's most recent appearance in the Stanley Cup, and its victory is the most recent championship won by a Canadian team. In game one at the Montreal Forum, the Kings jumped out to a 1–0 lead on Luc Robitaille's power-play goal at 3:03 of the first period. The Canadiens tied the game late in the first on Ed Ronan's goal at 18:09 (although it was merely a pass that","title":"1993 Stanley Cup Finals"},{"id":"10403669","text":"1989 Stanley Cup Finals The 1989 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League's (NHL) 1988–89 season, and the culmination of the 1989 Stanley Cup playoffs. It was contested between the Calgary Flames and the Montreal Canadiens, the top two teams during the regular season. It is also the most recent time that the Finals series was played entirely in Canada, and was the second time in the decade that the Canadiens and Flames met in the Finals. The Flames defeated the Canadiens in six games to win their first, and as of 2018, only Stanley","title":"1989 Stanley Cup Finals"},{"id":"14607344","text":"Tampa Bay Lightning. The Canadiens were the most penalized team in the League, with 327 power-play opportunities against. The Canadiens attempted to win the Stanley Cup for the first time since 1993. Their 2010 Stanley Cup playoffs run was their most successful since their 1993 Stanley Cup, going to the Eastern Conference Final, but losing to the Philadelphia Flyers in five games. On April 5, 2011, the Canadiens qualified for the 2011 Stanley Cup playoffs with a 2–1 overtime victory against the Chicago Blackhawks. On April 9, 2011, it was determined that the Canadiens would play the Boston Bruins in","title":"2010–11 Montreal Canadiens season"},{"id":"10403671","text":"without a single playoff series victory. This was also the second-to-last of eight consecutive Finals where either the Flames or their provincial rival Edmonton Oilers represented Alberta in the Stanley Cup Finals. Both Calgary and Montreal were the only two teams to win the Stanley Cup in the 1980s other than the New York Islanders and the Edmonton Oilers. This was the Canadiens' first defeat in a Finals since 1967. It is also, as of 2018, their most recent defeat; the Canadiens won their most recent Cup in 1993. The defeat was Patrick Roy's only Cup Finals where he was","title":"1989 Stanley Cup Finals"},{"id":"10047030","text":"United States (previous Canadian teams in the last few Stanley Cup Finals were the 2004 Calgary Flames and the 2006 Edmonton Oilers, and not counting the 2004–05 NHL season lockout). The series marked the first time that two teams from the early-'90s expansion era faced each other in the final. (Anaheim had started play in 1993, Ottawa in 1992) It was the first final since 1999 where neither finalist had won the Stanley Cup previously (the NHL does not recognize the championships of the original Ottawa Senators as part of the current franchise's history). As well, this was the third","title":"2007 Stanley Cup Finals"},{"id":"18029923","text":"to clinch a playoff spot. Also, the Calgary Flames returned to the playoffs after a six-year absence. In total, five Canadian NHL teams qualified for the post-season, the most since 2004. The Los Angeles Kings became the first defending Stanley Cup champions since the Carolina Hurricanes in 2007 to fail to make the playoffs. The Boston Bruins failed to make the playoffs for the first time since 2007 and became the first reigning Presidents' Trophy winners to miss the post-season since the Buffalo Sabres in 2008 (and the third overall). In addition, the San Jose Sharks failed to make the","title":"2015 Stanley Cup playoffs"},{"id":"13584085","text":"They became the first team in league history to defeat three division champions \"en route\" to becoming the first Canadian team to make it to the Stanley Cup Finals since the Canucks in 1994. The Flames' first victim was the Northwest Division champion Vancouver Canucks, whom they defeated in seven games. It was the Flames' first playoff series win since they won the 1989 final. The Flames then upset the Presidents' Trophy winning Detroit Red Wings in six games. After eliminating the Pacific Division champion San Jose Sharks, also in six games, in the Western Conference Final, the Flames earned","title":"Calgary Flames"},{"id":"10532479","text":"continued regular season play after receiving emergency financing from the NHL. Despite the off-ice problems, they had a successful year, compared to their early day woes. The Presidents' Trophy awarded to the Senators made them the first Canadian team to win it since the Calgary Flames in their championship season of , and the first Eastern Conference team to win it since the New York Rangers' title in the 1994 Stanley Cup Finals. In the playoffs, they defeated their former teammate Alexei Yashin and his New York Islanders, then the Philadelphia Flyers before coming within one game of making it","title":"2002–03 Ottawa Senators season"},{"id":"531756","text":"Cup more times than any other franchise. They have won 24 Stanley Cups, 23 of them since the founding of the NHL and 22 of them since 1927, when NHL teams became the only ones to compete for the Stanley Cup. On a percentage basis, as of 2014, the franchise has won 25.3% of all Stanley Cup championships contested after the Challenge Cup era, making it the second most successful professional sports team of the traditional four major sports of Canada and the United States, behind only the Boston Celtics. The Canadiens also had the most championships by a team","title":"Montreal Canadiens"},{"id":"11076906","text":"1956–57 Montreal Canadiens season The 1956–57 Montreal Canadiens season was the club's 48th season of play. The Canadiens would place second in the league to qualify for the playoffs. The Canadiens defeated the Boston Bruins to win the Stanley Cup for the ninth time in team history and for the second year in a row. The Canadiens qualified for the playoffs in second place. The Canadien then faced off against the New York Rangers, winning the best-of-seven series 4–1 to advance to the final against Boston. Boston Bruins vs. Montreal Canadiens \"Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 1\"
","title":"1956–57 Montreal Canadiens season"},{"id":"11076907","text":"1956–57 Montreal Canadiens season The 1956–57 Montreal Canadiens season was the club's 48th season of play. The Canadiens would place second in the league to qualify for the playoffs. The Canadiens defeated the Boston Bruins to win the Stanley Cup for the ninth time in team history and for the second year in a row. The Canadiens qualified for the playoffs in second place. The Canadien then faced off against the New York Rangers, winning the best-of-seven series 4–1 to advance to the final against Boston. Boston Bruins vs. Montreal Canadiens \"Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 1\" Some records have to meet NFL minimum","title":"Super Bowl XXXIII"},{"id":"2085429","text":"was placed on probation by the NCAA. Over thirty of his former players have also become college or professional football coaches. Broyles is known for producing high quality coaches and the prestigious \"Broyles Award\", the annual award for best assistant coach, is named after him. Barry Switzer, Johnny Majors, Joe Gibbs, Hayden Fry, and Jimmy Johnson all served under Broyles and have combined to win five collegiate national championships and six Super Bowls. Broyles' assistants have won more than 40 conference titles. Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones played on Broyles' 1964 Championship team. Broyles' tenure as men's athletic director has","title":"Frank Broyles"},{"id":"376024","text":"of the nine Super Bowl winners hailed from the NFC, the other four from the AFC. Following up the Saints' win in Super Bowl XLIV, the 2010 season brought the Green Bay Packers their fourth Super Bowl (XLV) victory and record thirteenth NFL championship overall with the defeat of the Pittsburgh Steelers in February 2011. In Super Bowl XLVI, the New York Giants won another title by defeating the New England Patriots. In Super Bowl XLVII the Baltimore Ravens snapped the NFC's three-game winning streak in a 34–31 victory over the San Francisco 49ers. Super Bowl XLVIII, played at New","title":"Super Bowl"},{"id":"15206382","text":"Dan Quinn (American football) Daniel Patrick Quinn (born September 11, 1970) is an American football coach who is the current head coach of the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League (NFL). He previously served as the defensive coordinator of the Seattle Seahawks from 2013 to 2014, whose defense led the team to two consecutive Super Bowl appearances, winning Super Bowl XLVIII. Born in Morristown, New Jersey, Quinn grew up in nearby Morris Township and played high school football at Morristown High School in Morristown, from which he graduated in 1989. He attended Salisbury State University (now Salisbury University), an","title":"Dan Quinn (American football)"},{"id":"3910795","text":"Tony Dungy Anthony Kevin Dungy ( ; born October 6, 1955) is a former professional American football player and coach in the National Football League (NFL). Dungy was head coach of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers from 1996 to 2001, and head coach of the Indianapolis Colts from 2002 to 2008. Dungy became the first black head coach to win the Super Bowl when his Colts defeated the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XLI. Dungy set a new NFL record for consecutive playoff appearances by a head coach in 2008 after securing his tenth straight playoff appearance with a win against","title":"Tony Dungy"},{"id":"1944504","text":"the third most successful professional football coach overall (behind Don Shula and George Halas), with a combined 290 wins in the NFL and CFL. Grant was elected to the Canadian Football Hall of Fame in 1983 and to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1994. He was the first coach in the history of professional football to guide teams to the Grey Cup and the Super Bowl. Grant attended the University of Minnesota and was a three-sport athlete, in football, basketball, and baseball. After college, he played for the Minneapolis Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA), the Philadelphia","title":"Bud Grant"},{"id":"162700","text":"Packers have won 13 league championships, the most in NFL history, with nine pre–Super Bowl NFL titles and four Super Bowl victories. The Packers won the first two Super Bowls in 1967 and 1968 and were the only NFL team to defeat the American Football League (AFL) prior to the AFL–NFL merger. The Vince Lombardi Trophy is named after the Packers' coach of the same name, who guided them to their first two Super Bowls. Their two subsequent Super Bowl wins came in 1996 and 2010. The Packers are long-standing adversaries of the Chicago Bears, Minnesota Vikings, and Detroit Lions,","title":"Green Bay Packers"},{"id":"3114587","text":"champion Denver Broncos by a score of 20–18. In the 2016 season, Belichick's Patriots recorded a 14-2 record, which was good for the #1 seed for the AFC playoffs. They reached Super Bowl LI, where they defeated the Atlanta Falcons in a comeback victory by a score of 34–28 in overtime. The Patriots were down 28–3 at one point in the third quarter. With the victory, Belichick won his record fifth Super Bowl title as a head coach. In the 2017 season, Belichick's Patriots went 13-3, setting an NFL record 8th consecutive 12-or-more win seasons, capturing their 9th consecutive AFC","title":"Bill Belichick"},{"id":"7887585","text":"Ron Botchan Ronald Leslie Botchan (born February 15, 1935) is a retired American football official from the National Football League (NFL). Prior to that he was an American football linebacker in the American Football League from 1960 to 1962. As an official, Botchan worked as an umpire for nearly his entire NFL career and wore the number 110. Regarded as the \"NFL's best umpire\" by the media, Botchan was assigned to a record-number five Super Bowls: XX in 1986, XXVII in 1993, XXIX in 1995, XXXI in 1997, and XXXIV in 2000. He was also an alternate in Super Bowl","title":"Ron Botchan"},{"id":"7379666","text":"1922, 1923, and 1924 with the Bulldogs and in 1926 with the Yellow Jackets. He compiled a 58-16-7 record in six years as a head coach in the National Football League (NFL), the best win percentage () of any coach in NFL history with a minimum 50 wins. He is also the only coach to win NFL championships with three different clubs. Chamberlin was born in Blue Springs, Nebraska, in 1894. He was raised with five siblings on a family farm in Blue Springs. He graduated from Blue Springs High School in 1911. In the fall of 1911, Chamberlin enrolled","title":"Guy Chamberlin"},{"id":"106450","text":"17, 1993 the Cowboys went to Candlestick Park and defeated the 49ers 30–20 to clinch their first Super Bowl berth since 1978. Dallas defeated the Buffalo Bills 52–17 in Super Bowl XXVII, during which they forced a record nine turnovers. Johnson became the first coach to claim a national championship in college football and a Super Bowl victory in professional football. Despite starting the 1993 season 0–2, they again defeated the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXVIII, 30–13 (becoming the first team in NFL history to win a Super Bowl after starting 0–2). Dallas finished the regular season 12–4 as","title":"Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"4344238","text":"Dan Reeves Daniel Edward Reeves (born January 19, 1944) is a former American football running back and coach in the National Football League (NFL). Over the course of his 38 years in the NFL, Reeves participated in a combined nine Super Bowls as player and coach, the second-most in league history behind Bill Belichick's eleven. He served as a head coach for 23 seasons, primarily with the Denver Broncos and the Atlanta Falcons. As a player, he spent the entirety of his eight-season career with the Dallas Cowboys. Reeves made his first two Super Bowl appearances during his playing career,","title":"Dan Reeves"},{"id":"3344953","text":"head coach of the Pittsburgh Steelers on January 27, 1969, after Penn State coach Joe Paterno turned down an offer for the position. He was the youngest coach in NFL history at the time. Steelers owner Art Rooney would later credit Don Shula as the person who recommended Noll as a head coach. Noll implemented a defensive system in Pittsburgh that became the legendary \"Steel Curtain\" defense. His coaching style earned him the nickname of The Emperor Chaz by sports announcer Myron Cope. Noll was the first head coach to win four Super Bowls, coaching the Steelers to victory in","title":"Chuck Noll"},{"id":"2158412","text":"assistant with the Oakland Raiders in 1976, and as a head coach for the Raiders in 1980 and 1983. Flores was the NFL's first minority head coach to win a Super Bowl, winning twice – Super Bowl XV with the Oakland Raiders and Super Bowl XVIII with the Los Angeles Raiders. After a 5–10 finish to the 1987 season, Flores moved to the Raiders' front office, but left after just one year to become the president and general manager of the Seattle Seahawks. He returned to coaching as the Seahawks head coach in 1992, but was fired after the 1994","title":"Tom Flores"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"17562986\",\n \"text\": \"as a head coach). Vance Joseph, Doug Marrone, Sean McVay, Matt Nagy and Dirk Koetter are the only coaches who have never won or lost a Super Bowl having never made it to one. Six of the coaches have won a Super Bowl as head coach with their current teams, John Harbaugh, Bill Belichick, Sean Payton, Pete Carroll, Doug Pederson and Mike Tomlin. To group all wins or losses together, double left click on heading. Active NFL head coach career Super Bowl history There are 32 head coaches in the National Football League (NFL) for the 32 respective teams. Twenty-one\",\n \"title\": \"Active NFL head coach career Super Bowl history\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19118159\",\n \"text\": \"points. This would also be a record fifth Super Bowl victory for the Brady–Belichick quarterback-head coach combo. For Tom Brady, this would be his fifth. With the Super Bowl win, he broke his tie with hall of fame quarterbacks Joe Montana and Terry Bradshaw who both have four wins each. Moreover, head coach Bill Belichick's fifth Super Bowl meant he surpassed Hall of Fame coach Chuck Noll (4) for most wins in the Super Bowl by a head coach. Two-time Pro Bowl linebacker and 2008 AP NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year Jerod Mayo announced his retirement in February 2016.\",\n \"title\": \"2016 New England Patriots season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20917187\",\n \"text\": \"predictability of opposing teams, and meetings with Tom Brady that only covered how to beat Baltimore Ravens All-Pro safety Ed Reed. Belichick is third all-time for wins as a coach. He is the longest tenured active coach in the NFL, and has won the most postseason games, at 28. He is the only coach to win three Super Bowls in four years and the only head coach in NFL history to have won 5 Super Bowls. Brady attended college at University of Michigan, where he battled for the starting role. He would lead the Wolverines to the 1999 Rose Bowl,\",\n \"title\": \"Brady/Belichick Era\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17562985\",\n \"text\": \"Active NFL head coach career Super Bowl history There are 32 head coaches in the National Football League (NFL) for the 32 respective teams. Twenty-one of the current head coaches have won at least one Super Bowl as either a head coach, assistant coach, or as a player throughout their career in the NFL while all but 5 have participated in at least one. Bill Belichick has the most Super Bowl wins throughout his career among active head coaches with 7 (5 as a head coach and 2 as a defensive coordinator), as well the most losses with 4 (3\",\n \"title\": \"Active NFL head coach career Super Bowl history\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2158405\",\n \"text\": \"Tom Flores Thomas Raymond Flores (born March 21, 1937) is a Mexican-American former professional football coach and player. He and Mike Ditka are the only two people in National Football League history to win a Super Bowl as a player, assistant coach, and head coach (Super Bowl IV as a player for the Chiefs, Super Bowl XI as an assistant coach of the Raiders, and Super Bowl XV and Super Bowl XVIII as head coach of the Raiders). Flores was also the first Hispanic starting quarterback and the first minority head coach in professional football history to win a Super\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Flores\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3344941\",\n \"text\": \"moribund Steelers (which had played in only one post-season game in its previous 36 years, a 21–0 loss), and turned it into a perennial contender. As a head coach, Noll won four Super Bowls, four AFC titles, and nine Central Division championships, compiled a 209–156–1 overall record, a 16–8 post-season record, and had winning records in 15 of his final 20 seasons. His four Super Bowl victories rank 2nd behind Bill Belichick for the most of any head coach in NFL history. Between his playing and head coaching tenures, Noll won a total of six NFL Championships as well as\",\n \"title\": \"Chuck Noll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3114563\",\n \"text\": \"in Super Bowl LII was the Patriots' tenth, the most of any team. Belichick is the NFL's longest-tenured active head coach, and currently third all-time in regular season coaching wins in the NFL at 251, and first in playoff coaching wins with 28. He completed his 40th season as an NFL coach in 2014 and won his fifth Super Bowl as a head coach following the 2016 season, surpassing former Pittsburgh Steelers head coach Chuck Noll as the only head coach to win five Super Bowls. He is one of only five head coaches with four or more titles in\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Belichick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1581784\",\n \"text\": \"with his 20 consecutive winning seasons, which is considered to be his most impressive professional accomplishment. In addition to his record 20 consecutive winning seasons from 1966 to 1985, Landry won two Super Bowl titles in VI and XII, five NFC titles, and 13 Divisional titles. He compiled a 270–178–6 record, the fourth-most wins all-time for an NFL coach, and his 20 career playoff victories are the second most of any coach in NFL history. Landry was also named the NFL Coach of the Year in 1966 and the NFC Coach of the Year in 1975. From 1966 to 1982,\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Landry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3114562\",\n \"text\": \"appearances in the AFC Championship Game, and eight Super Bowl appearances. He was named the AP NFL Coach of the Year for the 2003, 2007, and 2010 seasons. His teams won Super Bowls XXXVI, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLIX, and LI and lost Super Bowls XLII, XLVI, and LII. Belichick's appearance in Super Bowl LII extended his record to eight Bowls as a head coach, as well as being a record eleventh participation in a Super Bowl in any capacity. This also tied him with Neal Dahlen for the most Super Bowl wins in any capacity with seven. In addition, their appearance\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Belichick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3114560\",\n \"text\": \"Bill Belichick William Stephen Belichick (; born April 16, 1952) is an American football coach who is the head coach of the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). Belichick has extensive authority over the Patriots' football operations, effectively making him the general manager of the team as well. He holds numerous coaching records, including winning a record five Super Bowls as a head coach. Belichick began his coaching career in 1975, and by 1985, was the defensive coordinator for New York Giants head coach Bill Parcells. Parcells and Belichick won two Super Bowls together (XXI and XXV),\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Belichick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19118262\",\n \"text\": \"touchdown, winning Super Bowl LI for the Patriots, 34–28. With the victory, the Patriots won their fifth Super Bowl, tying them with the Dallas Cowboys and San Francisco 49ers for the second most of all time. The win was also the fifth Super Bowl victory for Tom Brady and Bill Belichick, both setting records (Belichick surpassing Chuck Noll for most Super Bowl wins by a head coach, and Brady surpassing Joe Montana and Terry Bradshaw for most Super Bowl wins by a quarterback). Brady was named Super Bowl MVP for the fourth time, also setting a record. The following are\",\n \"title\": \"2016 New England Patriots season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2978682\",\n \"text\": \"Divisional Round of the playoffs by a score of 23-15. In the NFC Championship Game, cornerback Richard Sherman tipped a Colin Kaepernick pass into the waiting arms of Malcolm Smith to secure a 23-17 win over the 49ers. On February 2, 2014, Carroll led the Seattle Seahawks to their first Super Bowl win in franchise history after defeating the Denver Broncos, 43–8, in Super Bowl XLVIII. Carroll joined Barry Switzer and Jimmy Johnson as the only coaches to win both an NCAA championship and a Super Bowl. At age 62, Carroll was the third-oldest coach to win a Super Bowl.\",\n \"title\": \"Pete Carroll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8800172\",\n \"text\": \"2000, he was hired by the Patriots, where he won another three Super Bowls with the team (Super Bowl XXXVI, Super Bowl XXXVIII, and Super Bowl XXXIX). On February 11, 2011, Woicik finalized a deal to rejoin the Cowboys in the same position he had in New England. Mike Woicik Mike Woicik (born September 26, 1956) is an American football strength and conditioning coach for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL). He holds the record for second-most Super Bowl rings won by a coach (behind Bill Belichick) with six, winning three with the Cowboys and three with\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Woicik\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2158415\",\n \"text\": \"released in 1992. Flores also coauthored “Tales of the Oakland Raiders” (2002). Tom is still involved with the Raiders for various events. Tom Flores Thomas Raymond Flores (born March 21, 1937) is a Mexican-American former professional football coach and player. He and Mike Ditka are the only two people in National Football League history to win a Super Bowl as a player, assistant coach, and head coach (Super Bowl IV as a player for the Chiefs, Super Bowl XI as an assistant coach of the Raiders, and Super Bowl XV and Super Bowl XVIII as head coach of the Raiders).\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Flores\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2168631\",\n \"text\": \"Hank Stram Henry Louis \\\"Hank\\\" Stram (; January 3, 1923 – July 4, 2005) was an American football coach. He is best known for his 15-year tenure with the Dallas Texans/Kansas City Chiefs of the American Football League (AFL) and National Football League (NFL). Stram won three AFL championships, more than any other coach in the league's history. He then won Super Bowl IV with the Chiefs, thus earning the 1969 World Championship of Professional Football. He also coached the most victories (87), had the most post-season games (7) and the best post-season record in the AFL (5–2). Stram is\",\n \"title\": \"Hank Stram\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3114564\",\n \"text\": \"NFL history. He is also the only head coach in NFL history to win three Super Bowl championships in a four-year span. Belichick was born in Nashville, Tennessee, the son of Jeannette (Munn) and Steve Belichick. He was raised in Annapolis, Maryland, where his father was an assistant football coach at the United States Naval Academy. Belichick has cited his father as one of his most important football mentors, and Belichick often studied football with his father. He graduated from Annapolis High School in 1970 with classmate Sally Brice-O'Hara. While there, he played football and lacrosse, with the latter being\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Belichick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8800170\",\n \"text\": \"Mike Woicik Mike Woicik (born September 26, 1956) is an American football strength and conditioning coach for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL). He holds the record for second-most Super Bowl rings won by a coach (behind Bill Belichick) with six, winning three with the Cowboys and three with the New England Patriots. Woicik has also authored a book \\\"Total Conditioning for Football: The Syracuse Way\\\" (1985). Woicik graduated from Westwood High School in Westwood, Massachusetts before attending Boston College where he earned a bachelor's degree in history. He then went to Springfield College to receive his\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Woicik\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4817593\",\n \"text\": \"victory over the Oakland Raiders and a berth in Super Bowl V. Perkins went on to win a Super Bowl ring after the Colts beat the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowl V. Perkins coached in the NFL as an assistant for the New England Patriots (1974–1977) and San Diego Chargers (1978) before becoming head coach of the New York Giants from 1979 to 1982. Although he only had one winning season, he helped build the team that his successor, Bill Parcells, won two Super Bowls in 1986 and 1990. Perkins hired future NFL head coaches Parcells, Bill Belichick and Romeo\",\n \"title\": \"Ray Perkins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4236252\",\n \"text\": \"a Pro Bowl and Super Bowl quarterback in the 2005 NFL season (much as he did with Favre in the 1990s), and coached Shaun Alexander to the NFL's MVP, a 2005 rushing title, and an NFL record 28 touchdowns in a single season. With the 2005 NFC Championship win, Holmgren became the fifth member of a small coaching fraternity that has taken two different NFL franchises to the Super Bowl, joining Bill Parcells, Dan Reeves, Don Shula, Dick Vermeil, and John Fox. Had the Seahawks won Super Bowl XL, he would have become the first head coach in NFL history\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Holmgren\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394658\",\n \"text\": \"and dominate Dallas' young defense. Finally, Jimmy Johnson was looking to become the first head coach to win a college football national championship (University of Miami in 1987) and a Super Bowl. As of today, Johnson, Cowboys' successor Barry Switzer, and current Seattle Seahawks head coach Pete Carroll remain the only coaches ever to achieve this goal. This became last of five Super Bowl games played at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena. Two other Super Bowl games were played nearby at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. As previously mentioned, this would be the seventh and final (to date) Super Bowl\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXVII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14073394\",\n \"text\": \"former NFL guard and center who became an analyst for NFL Total Access after his retirement. He is also the host of Put Up Your Dukes. 2009- Tony Dungy was the first African-American coach to win a Super Bowl as he led the Indianapolis Colts in 2007. Dungy joined Mike Ditka and Tom Flores as the only individuals to win the Super Bowl as both a player and head coach. He is the author of 4 New York Times winning novels. His most recent book was titled \\\"Uncommon: Finding Your Path to Significance\\\". Dungy has been involved in numerous charitable\",\n \"title\": \"Jimmy Raye Youth Foundation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2160332\",\n \"text\": \"to find talent in the draft, make savvy trades (namely, the trade of Herschel Walker, which yielded six high draft picks and a number of players from the Minnesota Vikings), and by signing quality players as free agents in the age before the NFL had imposed a salary cap, such as Jay Novacek. Johnson served as head coach of the Cowboys from 1989 through 1993. He is one of only six men in NFL history (including Vince Lombardi, Don Shula, Chuck Noll, Mike Shanahan, and Bill Belichick) to coach consecutive Super Bowl winners, winning Super Bowl XXVII in 1992 and\",\n \"title\": \"Jimmy Johnson (American football coach)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11570025\",\n \"text\": \"team in American professional sports during that time frame. This approach has proven to be rewarding, given that the Steelers have won six Super Bowls in the post AFL–NFL merger era – with all three coaches (Chuck Noll, Bill Cowher, and Mike Tomlin) having won at least one Super Bowl and two AFC championships apiece – and the team being a playoff contender in most years. Dan Rooney's influence as chairman of the league's diversity committee made it a requirement for any team seeking a new head coach to include an interview with at least one minority candidate during that\",\n \"title\": \"Rooney family\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2024617\",\n \"text\": \"San Francisco. The following year, Ditka's coaching career hit its pinnacle on January 26, 1986, with a 46–10 win over the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XX at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana. Ditka has stated that one of his biggest regrets in life was not letting Walter Payton score a touchdown in the Super Bowl, instead opting for Jim McMahon to run it in twice and rookie defensive tackle William \\\"The Refrigerator\\\" Perry to run it in once. In 1985, Ditka led the Bears to a 15–1 record, and he was named NFL Coach of the\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Ditka\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3090386\",\n \"text\": \"(1995) , and \\\"The Little Black Book of Coaching: Motivating People to be Winners\\\" (2001); , both with Kendra Blanchard. Don Shula Donald Francis Shula (born January 4, 1930) is a former professional American football coach and player who is best known as the head coach of the Miami Dolphins, the team he led to two Super Bowl victories, and to the only perfect season in the history of the National Football League (NFL). He was previously the head coach of the Baltimore Colts, with whom he won the 1968 NFL Championship. Shula was drafted out of John Carroll University\",\n \"title\": \"Don Shula\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"376013\",\n \"text\": \"the 20 Super Bowls during these two decades, including 13 straight from Super Bowl XIX to Super Bowl XXXI. The NFC's winning streak was only interrupted when the Los Angeles Raiders routed the Washington Redskins, 38-9 in Super Bowl XVIII. The most successful team of the 1980s was the San Francisco 49ers, which featured the West Coast offense of Hall of Fame head coach Bill Walsh. This offense was led by three-time Super Bowl MVP and Hall of Fame quarterback Joe Montana, Super Bowl MVP and Hall of Fame wide receiver Jerry Rice, running back Roger Craig, and defensive safety/cornerback\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2489690\",\n \"text\": \"Weeb Ewbank Wilbur Charles \\\"Weeb\\\" Ewbank (May 6, 1907 – November 17, 1998) was an American professional football coach. He led the Baltimore Colts to NFL championships in 1958 and 1959 and the New York Jets to victory in Super Bowl III in 1969. He is the only coach to win a championship in both the National Football League (NFL) and American Football League (AFL). Ewbank grew up in Indiana and attended Miami University in Ohio, where he was a multi-sport star who led his baseball, basketball and football teams to state championships. He immediately began a coaching career after\",\n \"title\": \"Weeb Ewbank\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394830\",\n \"text\": \"NFL's all-time leading rusher in 2002 before he was released by the team after that season. 1995 was statistically the best season for the Cowboys' triplets, although all three have stated that the 1995 Super Bowl was easily the toughest of the three Super Bowl runs. The Cowboys also became the first team to win Super Bowls under three different head coaches (Tom Landry in Super Bowls VI and XII, Jimmy Johnson in Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII, and Switzer). Two other teams have since won Super Bowl championships under three different coaches, with the Green Bay Packers winning under\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"375992\",\n \"text\": \"conference champions to determine the NFL's league champion. Currently, the National Football Conference leads the league with 27 wins to 25 wins for the American Football Conference. The Pittsburgh Steelers have the most Super Bowl championship titles, with six. The New England Patriots have the most Super Bowl appearances, with ten. Charles Haley and Tom Brady both have five Super Bowl rings, which is the record for the most rings won by a single player. The day on which the Super Bowl is played, now considered by some as an unofficial American national holiday, is called \\\"Super Bowl Sunday\\\". It\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394178\",\n \"text\": \"of four Super Bowl titles. Chuck Noll, the last link to Pittsburgh's dynasty, retired from coaching following the 1991 season. Only Bill Belichick matched (and later surpassed) Noll's four Vince Lombardi Trophies as a head coach. The Steelers' record of four Super Bowls in six seasons has yet to be matched. Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XIV, Super Bowl XIV Play Finder Pit, Super Bowl XIV Play Finder LA Completions/attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted The following records were set in Super Bowl XIV, according to the official NFL.com box score and the ProFootball reference.com game summary.
Some records have\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3090349\",\n \"text\": \"coached a perfect season and broke the record of longest shutout, this time with his team on the winning side, not giving up any points until 2:07 remained. The Dolphins repeated as Super Bowl champions the following season, as they defeated the Minnesota Vikings 24–7. He currently holds the NFL record for most career wins as a head coach, with 347. Shula was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1997. Shula was born in Grand River, Ohio, a small town along the Lake Erie shore in the northeastern part of the state. His parents, Dan and Mary,\",\n \"title\": \"Don Shula\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"447885\",\n \"text\": \"Vince Lombardi Vincent Thomas Lombardi (June 11, 1913 – September 3, 1970) was an American football player, coach, and executive in the National Football League (NFL). He is best known as the head coach of the Green Bay Packers during the 1960s, where he led the team to three straight and five total NFL Championships in seven years, in addition to winning the first two Super Bowls at the conclusion of the 1966 and 1967 NFL seasons. Following his sudden death from cancer in 1970, the NFL Super Bowl trophy was named in his honor. He was enshrined in the\",\n \"title\": \"Vince Lombardi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2057360\",\n \"text\": \"Bill Parcells Duane Charles \\\"Bill\\\" Parcells (born August 22, 1941), also known as The Big Tuna, is a former American football coach, best known as a head coach in the National Football League (NFL) for 19 seasons. He rose to prominence as the head coach of the New York Giants, whom he led to two Super Bowl titles. Parcells later served as the head coach of the New England Patriots, New York Jets, and Dallas Cowboys. Throughout his career, he coached teams that were in a period of decline and turned them into postseason contenders. He is the only coach\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Parcells\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16858043\",\n \"text\": \"fifth, moving them into a three-way tie with the Dallas Cowboys and the San Francisco 49ers for second place on the all-time Super Bowl wins list, trailing only the Pittsburgh Steelers who have six victories. New England, after finishing the regular season with a league-best 14–2 record, advanced to their record-setting ninth Super Bowl appearance, their second in three years, and their seventh under the leadership of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady. The Falcons entered the game after completing an 11–5 regular season record, and were trying to win their first Super Bowl title, having lost their\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl LI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4084574\",\n \"text\": \"unit when he took over the Washington Redskins in the early 1970s. His first special teams coach, Dick Vermeil, won a Super Bowl as head coach of the St. Louis Rams. His second special teams coach, Marv Levy, led the Buffalo Bills to four consecutive Super Bowl appearances in the early 1990s. Levy came to his staff after being the first special teams coach in the NFL having been hired by Philadelphia Eagles coach Jerry Williams in 1969. Allen had the third best winning percentage in the NFL (.681), exceeded only by Vince Lombardi (.736) and John Madden (.731). He\",\n \"title\": \"George Allen (American football coach)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7024303\",\n \"text\": \"in the Super Bowl with 3 different teams. Pearson also holds the distinction of being one of the few, if not the only, players to have been led by Don Shula, Chuck Noll and Tom Landry — three of the greatest coaches in NFL history with eight Super Bowl titles among them. Not only were his coaches Hall of Famers, but also his quarterbacks (Johnny Unitas, Terry Bradshaw and Roger Staubach), fellow running backs (Lenny Moore, Franco Harris and Tony Dorsett) are also enshrined in Canton. In 1981, Pearson teamed with self-promoter Janie Tilford to form Pro-Style Associates. Pro-Style began\",\n \"title\": \"Preston Pearson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4185113\",\n \"text\": \"for the Bears. Tony Dungy is the third man to win the Super Bowl as a head coach as well as a player, following Tom Flores and Mike Ditka. For the Colts, Rhodes rushed for 113 yards and a touchdown, while also catching an 8-yard reception. Addai rushed for 77 yards and caught 10 passes for 66 yards. Wilkins returned four kickoffs for 89 yards and 3 punts for 42 yards. Adam Vinatieri became the first kicker ever to play in five Super Bowls and the first to win four Super Bowl rings. Vinatieri's three field goals and two extra\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3910812\",\n \"text\": \"America, behind Darren Arbet of the San Jose Sabercats (Arena Football League) who won ArenaBowl XVI in 2002 and Pinball Clemons of the Toronto Argonauts (Canadian Football League) who won the 92nd Grey Cup in 2004. Dungy also became the sixth man to play in a Super Bowl and be the head coach of a Super Bowl team. He joins Dan Reeves, Sam Wyche, Mike Ditka, Forrest Gregg and Tom Flores. Ron Rivera also accomplished this feat with the Carolina Panthers in 2015. After the win in Super Bowl XLI, Dungy became the third man to win Super Bowls both\",\n \"title\": \"Tony Dungy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"286642\",\n \"text\": \"the record for most Super Bowls reached (eight) and won (five) by a head coach–quarterback tandem, and most Super Bowl appearances overall (ten). Currently, the team is tied with the 49ers and Cowboys for the second most Super Bowl wins with five, after the Steelers, who have six. On November 16, 1959, Boston business executive Billy Sullivan was awarded the eighth and final franchise of the developing American Football League (AFL). The following winter, locals were allowed to submit ideas for the Boston football team's official name. The most popular choice – and the one that Sullivan selected – was\",\n \"title\": \"New England Patriots\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5732070\",\n \"text\": \"The secondary was led by pro bowl safety Troy Polamalu, who won the NFL Defensive Player of the Year Award, tying his career-best seven interceptions and returning them for 101 yards and a touchdown. Coach Mike Tomlin, already the youngest coach to ever win a Super Bowl, became the youngest coach ever to make it to the Super Bowl twice at age 38. The Pittsburgh Steelers had also accomplished going to the Super Bowl in five different decades; and, in every decade since the post AFL-NFL merger. 1970s: 1975, 1976, and 1979. 1980s: 1980. 1990s: 1996. 2000s: 2006 and 2009.\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10582353\",\n \"text\": \"the most wins in Raiders history. Madden's overall winning percentage including playoff games ranks second in league history. He won a Super Bowl and never had a losing season as a head coach. Madden had a winning record as a head coach against Tom Landry, Don Shula, Chuck Noll and Bud Grant, who are generally regarded as the top coaches of his era. From 1979 through 2008, Madden worked as a color commentator/analyst on NFL games for all four major American television networks. After working lower profile contests for CBS during his first two years, he was elevated to the\",\n \"title\": \"John Madden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1944517\",\n \"text\": \"Bowls (VIII, IX, and XI) under Grant and lose each one, but he was the first coach to lead a team to four Super Bowls. He retired after the 1983 NFL season and was succeeded by Les Steckel, who led the team to a 3-13 record the following season. Steckel was fired as head coach after the 1984 season and Grant returned as coach for the Vikings in 1985. After one season where he returned the club to a 7–9 record, he stepped down again. Grant retired as the eighth most successful coach in NFL history with an overall record\",\n \"title\": \"Bud Grant\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20044014\",\n \"text\": \"Associated Press NFL Coach of the Year Award The Associated Press National Football League Coach of the Year Award is presented annually by the Associated Press (AP) to the National Football League (NFL) coach adjudged to have had the most outstanding season. It has been awarded since the 1957 season. Since 2011, the winner has been announced at the annual NFL Honors ceremony held the day before the Super Bowl. Don Shula has won the most AP NFL Coach of the Year awards, receiving four during his 33-year head coaching career: three with the Baltimore Colts and one with the\",\n \"title\": \"Associated Press NFL Coach of the Year Award\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394826\",\n \"text\": \"win five Super Bowl championships, winning two with San Francisco (XXIII and XXIV) and two previously with Dallas (XXVII and XXVIII). Barry Switzer became the second head coach, after former Cowboys head coach Jimmy Johnson, to win a college football national championship (University of Oklahoma 1974, 1975, 1985) and a Super Bowl title. After a many-year long tradition of presenting the Vince Lombardi Trophy to the winning team in its locker room after the game, the NFL began the tradition of presenting the trophy on the field. The outcome of the game had rather large ramifications for two soon-to-be free\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10259943\",\n \"text\": \"zone. Gibbs, who earned induction into the Pro Football Hall of Fame for his work as Redskins head coach, is also the first head coach in NFL history to win 3 Super Bowls with 3 different quarterbacks: Joe Theismann, Doug Williams, and Mark Rypien. Norv Turner, a former Washington Redskins and San Diego Chargers head coach, and offensive coordinator of the Dallas Cowboys, San Francisco 49ers and currently the Carolina Panthers, also implements a version of the Coryell style of offense. The Turner strain of Coryell offenses are still very reliant on a good receiving TE. Norv Turner strains sometimes\",\n \"title\": \"Air Coryell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2024607\",\n \"text\": \"assistant coach for the Cowboys in Super Bowl XII, and coaching the Bears to victory in Super Bowl XX. He was named to both the NFL's 50th and 75th Anniversary All-Time Team. As a coach for the Bears for 11 years he was twice both the AP and UPI NFL Coach of Year (1985 and 1988). He also coached the New Orleans Saints for three years. Ditka and Tom Flores are the only people to win an NFL title as a player, an assistant coach, and a head coach. Ditka, Flores, Gary Kubiak, and Doug Pederson are also the only\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Ditka\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4344240\",\n \"text\": \"defeated by his former team, the Broncos. As a head coach, Reeves is only one of five to lead two different franchises to a Super Bowl appearance, and has the most Super Bowl appearances without a victory at four, along with Bud Grant and Marv Levy. He is also tied with Jeff Fisher for the NFL record of most regular-season losses as a head coach at 165, although both have overall winning records. Born in Rome, Georgia, Reeves grew up in Americus, Georgia. He attended Americus High School, where he participated in football, baseball and basketball. After he missed four\",\n \"title\": \"Dan Reeves\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5683097\",\n \"text\": \"Harp, Herman Hickman, Stu Holcomb, Frank Lauterbur, Vince Lombardi, John Sauer, Richard Voris, Murray Warmath, Bob Woodruff, and Bill Yeoman. Legendary fighter pilot Colonel Robin Olds also served as an assistant coach to Blaik. Dietzel, while at LSU, and Murray Warmath, while at Minnesota, won national championships as head coaches. Gillman, while head coach of the San Diego Chargers won an AFL championship. Lombardi, as head coach of the Green Bay Packers, won five NFL titles and the first two Super Bowls. During Blaik's tenure, the Army team adopted the nicknames \\\"Black Knights\\\" and \\\"Black Knights of the Hudson\\\", which\",\n \"title\": \"Earl Blaik\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9862428\",\n \"text\": \"defense created three lost fumbles and an interception and scored a defensive touchdown to power the team to a 24-10 victory, the third NFL title for the franchise. Von Miller, who had 2.5 sacks and two forced fumbles, was named the game's Most Valuable Player. Peyton Manning made history as the first quarterback to start and win a Super Bowl for two teams. Gary Kubiak became the fourth coach to win a Super Bowl in his first year with a new team. The Broncos' third championship tied them for seventh-most Super Bowl wins all-time, along with the Washington Redskins and\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Denver Broncos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"376012\",\n \"text\": \"seasons. Nine players and three coaches and administrators on the team have been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Pittsburgh still remains the only team to win back-to-back Super Bowls twice and four Super Bowls in a six-year period. The Steelers' dynasty was interrupted only by the Oakland Raiders' Super Bowl XI win and the Cowboys winning their second Super Bowl of the decade. In the 1980s and 1990s, the tables turned for the AFC, as the NFC dominated the Super Bowls of the new decade and most of those in the 1990s. The NFC won 16 of\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9002022\",\n \"text\": \"York Giants), Ray Lewis (2000 and 2012 Baltimore Ravens), Peyton Manning (2006 Indianapolis Colts and 2015 Denver Broncos), and LeGarrette Blount (2016 New England Patriots and 2017 Philadelphia Eagles). Ernie Accorsi and Rich Dalrymple are the only non-players or coaches to be interviewed for the series—both were team administrators. Of the \\\"Blue Ribbon\\\" top 20 teams, the San Francisco 49ers and Dallas Cowboys are represented most often as a franchise with three championship teams each. The Green Bay Packers, Pittsburgh Steelers, and Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders are each represented twice. According to Steve Sabol, president of NFL Films, only 20 teams\",\n \"title\": \"America's Game: The Super Bowl Champions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2527999\",\n \"text\": \"part of Manning's career, \\\"his record-breaking stats were written off because of the Colts' postseason failures\\\"; conversely he posted poor statistics in the 2015 regular season and Super Bowl 50, which would be his final season, but nonetheless won his second Super Bowl thanks to his team's defense. Manning is also the only quarterback in NFL history to make the Super Bowl four times with four head coaches (Dungy, Caldwell, Fox and Kubiak). Despite concerns about his arm strength and mobility, Manning was selected first overall in the 1998 NFL Draft by the Indianapolis Colts. Although many considered Washington State\",\n \"title\": \"Peyton Manning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2073148\",\n \"text\": \"Mike McCarthy (American football) Michael John McCarthy (born November 10, 1963) is an American football coach. He is most well known for being the head coach of the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL) from 2006 to 2018, leading them to a win in Super Bowl XLV over his hometown team, the Pittsburgh Steelers. He was previously the offensive coordinator for the San Francisco 49ers and New Orleans Saints. McCarthy was born and raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. His father was a firefighter and Pittsburgh Police officer as well as a bar owner, who raised McCarthy as a\",\n \"title\": \"Mike McCarthy (American football)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4236238\",\n \"text\": \"Mike Holmgren Michael George Holmgren (born June 15, 1948) is a former American football coach and executive, most recently serving as president of the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL). Holmgren began his NFL career as a quarterbacks' coach and later as an offensive coordinator with the San Francisco 49ers, where they won Super Bowl XXIII and XXIV. He served as the head coach of the Green Bay Packers from 1992 to 1998, appearing in two Super Bowls, and of the Seattle Seahawks from 1999 to 2008. Prior to his career in the NFL, Holmgren coached football at\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Holmgren\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"376010\",\n \"text\": \"14–7 victory in Super Bowl VII, becoming the first and only team to finish an entire perfect regular and postseason. The Dolphins would repeat as league champions by winning Super Bowl VIII a year later. In the late 1970s, the Steelers became the first NFL dynasty of the post-merger era by winning four Super Bowls (IX, X, XIII, and XIV) in six years. They were led by head coach Chuck Noll, the play of offensive stars Terry Bradshaw, Franco Harris, Lynn Swann, John Stallworth, and Mike Webster, and their dominant \\\"Steel Curtain\\\" defense, led by \\\"Mean\\\" Joe Greene, L. C.\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2158413\",\n \"text\": \"season following three disappointing seasons. His 83 wins with the Raiders are the second-most in franchise history, behind only Madden. Flores left Pro Football with a lifetime coaching record of 97–87 (52.7%), as well as an 8–3 playoff record, with two Super Bowl victories. Flores, Jimmy Johnson, and George Seifert are the only eligible coaches with two such victories who have \\\"not\\\" been selected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame. From 1997 until his dismissal in 2018, Flores served as color commentator alongside play-by-play announcer Greg Papa for the Raiders Radio Network. Flores served as coach of the American\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Flores\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4777157\",\n \"text\": \"week, he coached the Giants to a 20–17 overtime victory over the San Francisco 49ers in the NFC Championship game to set up a Super Bowl rematch with the New England Patriots. On February 5, 2012, Coughlin's Giants defeated the Patriots 21–17 in Super Bowl XLVI, thus making Coughlin the oldest head coach to win a Super Bowl. On June 6, 2012 it was announced he had signed a contract extension to keep him with the Giants until at least 2014. At the same time, Coughlin announced that he would like to coach into his seventies. In July 2012, Coughlin\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Coughlin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"313754\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl, and he is only the second African-American coach to ever win the Super Bowl (Tony Dungy was the first). The 2010 season made Tomlin the only coach to reach the Super Bowl twice before the age of 40. Tomlin led the team to his second Super Bowl (Super Bowl XLV) on Feb. 6, 2011. However, the Steelers were defeated in their eighth Super Bowl appearance by the Green Bay Packers by the score of 31–25. The Steelers recorded their 400th victory in 2012 after defeating the Washington Redskins. Through the 2016 season, Tomlin's record is 111–63, including playoffs.\",\n \"title\": \"Pittsburgh Steelers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9372830\",\n \"text\": \"still, Joe Gibbs won 3 Super Bowls running his version of the Coryell offense when he was head coach of the Washington Redskins from 1981-1992 (He also served as Redskins head coach from 2004-2007). Gibbs, who earned induction into the Hall of Fame as a head coach, is the only coach to win 3 Super Bowls with 3 different quarterbacks (Joe Theismann, Doug Williams and Mark Rypien). Around 2011, Bill Belichick increasingly adopted an up-tempo, no-huddle offense for his team. The idea behind this strategy is for the offense to call plays rapidly without pause and without a huddle. The\",\n \"title\": \"New England Patriots strategy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"393931\",\n \"text\": \"Football League. The Dolphins would not win another playoff game until 1982, and they have not won a Super Bowl since. They would appear in but lose two more, XVII and XIX. As of July 1, 2018, this is the earliest Super Bowl from which both head coaches are still living. Don Shula and Bud Grant are the only living coaches from any of the first ten Super Bowls. Jim Langer ended his career with the Vikings in 1981, allowing him to play for the franchise closest to his native South Dakota. Langer lost his starting center job in 1980\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl VIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"374784\",\n \"text\": \"engineered what some consider the greatest drive in Super Bowl history, as he drove the team 92 yards for the winning touchdown on a pass to John Taylor with only 34 seconds left, as they captured their third Super bowl championship with a score of 20–16. Jerry Rice was named Super Bowl MVP. After Super Bowl XXIII, Bill Walsh retired as head coach; his defensive coordinator and handpicked successor, George Seifert, took over as head coach. In the 1989 NFL season, Joe Montana threw for 3,521 yards and 26 touchdowns, with only 8 interceptions, giving him a 112.4 quarterback rating,\",\n \"title\": \"San Francisco 49ers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2199979\",\n \"text\": \"coach Bill Belichick have combined to form the most successful quarterback-head coach tandem in NFL history, winning more regular season games and postseason games than any other such duo as well as appearing in eight Super Bowls. All of these events set new NFL records. In his second season, Brady took over as the starting quarterback after Drew Bledsoe was injured. He led the Patriots to first place in the AFC East and a victory over the favored St. Louis Rams in Super Bowl XXXVI, winning his first Super Bowl MVP award. Despite the Patriots' missing the playoffs the following\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Brady\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"376014\",\n \"text\": \"Ronnie Lott. Under their leadership, the 49ers won four Super Bowls in the decade (XVI, XIX, XXIII, and XXIV) and made nine playoff appearances between 1981 and 1990, including eight division championships, becoming the second dynasty of the post-merger NFL. The 1980s also produced the 1985 Chicago Bears, who posted an 18–1 record under head coach Mike Ditka; quarterback Jim McMahon; and Hall of Fame running back Walter Payton. Their team won Super Bowl XX in dominant fashion. The Washington Redskins and New York Giants were also top teams of this period; the Redskins won Super Bowls XVII, XXII, and\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19417790\",\n \"text\": \"defensive coordinator for the Detroit Lions for the 1960-62 seasons. He was also the head coach for both the Baltimore Colts (1963-1969) and the Miami Dolphins (1970-1995). In his 32 seasons as a head coach, Shula won fourteen Division titles, five AFC Championships, two Super Bowls (VII, VIII) and the 1968 NFL Championship. He holds several NFL records including the record for most NFL regular season wins (328) and the Miami Dolphins' record for most career wins (257). The completion of Don Shula Stadium added new locker rooms and coaches' offices to the complex. It also replaced the old weight\",\n \"title\": \"Don Shula Stadium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3090382\",\n \"text\": \"investment banker Jackson Stephens. Shula has been deeply religious throughout his life. He said in 1974, at the peak of his coaching career, that he attended mass every morning. Shula once considered becoming a Catholic priest, but decided he could not commit to being both priest and coach. Shula set numerous records in his 33 seasons as a head coach. He is the all-time leader in victories with 347. He is first in most games coached (526), most consecutive seasons coached (33), and Super Bowl losses (four, tied with Bud Grant, Dan Reeves, and Marv Levy). His teams won seven\",\n \"title\": \"Don Shula\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3394631\",\n \"text\": \"Bart Starr Bryan Bartlett \\\"Bart\\\" Starr (born January 9, 1934) is a former professional American football player and coach. He played quarterback for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL) from 1956 through 1971. Starr is the only quarterback in NFL history to lead a team to three consecutive league championships (1965–67). Starr and New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady are tied for total NFL championships, at five each. Starr led his team to victories in the first two Super Bowls: I and II. As the Packers' head coach, he was less successful, compiling a 52–76–3 ()\",\n \"title\": \"Bart Starr\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4346972\",\n \"text\": \"Dom Capers Ernest Dominic \\\"Dom\\\" Capers (born August 7, 1950) is a former American football coach. Capers served as the head coach for the National Football League (NFL)'s Carolina Panthers from 1995 to 1998 and for the Houston Texans from 2002 to 2005 during both teams' first years in the league. He is the only individual to serve two different NFL expansion teams as their inaugural head coach. Capers has also served as an assistant coach, most prominently as the defensive coordinator of the Green Bay Packers from 2009 to 2017, with whom he helped win a Super Bowl title\",\n \"title\": \"Dom Capers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3090347\",\n \"text\": \"Don Shula Donald Francis Shula (born January 4, 1930) is a former professional American football coach and player who is best known as the head coach of the Miami Dolphins, the team he led to two Super Bowl victories, and to the only perfect season in the history of the National Football League (NFL). He was previously the head coach of the Baltimore Colts, with whom he won the 1968 NFL Championship. Shula was drafted out of John Carroll University in the 1951 NFL Draft, and he played professionally as a defensive back for the Cleveland Browns, Baltimore Colts, and\",\n \"title\": \"Don Shula\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2978641\",\n \"text\": \"Pete Carroll Peter Clay Carroll (born September 15, 1951) is an American football coach who is the head coach and executive vice president of the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL). He is a former head coach of the New York Jets, New England Patriots, and the USC Trojans of the University of Southern California (USC). Carroll is one of only three football coaches who have won both a Super Bowl and a college football national championship. Carroll is the oldest head coach currently working in the NFL. Carroll was born in San Francisco, California, the son of\",\n \"title\": \"Pete Carroll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17074603\",\n \"text\": \"to own and operate the team. Former Pittsburgh Steelers head coach Chuck Noll died at age 82 on June 13. Noll was widely credited with building the Steelers' dynasty of the 1970s. He coached the team to four Super Bowl victories. When he was hired in 1969, the Steelers had not won a single title in nearly 40 years. He coached multiple Hall of Fame players including: Terry Bradshaw, \\\"Mean\\\" Joe Greene, Mike Webster, Jack Ham, Jack Lambert, Lynn Swann, John Stallworth, and Franco Harris. Noll was a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Earl Morrall died on\",\n \"title\": \"2014 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"393808\",\n \"text\": \"didn't put us into any holes we couldn't get out of\\\". Colts defensive end Bubba Smith would later refuse to wear his Super Bowl V ring because of the \\\"sloppy\\\" play. Don McCafferty became the first rookie head coach to win a Super Bowl. The feat was not repeated until George Seifert led the San Francisco 49ers to victory in Super Bowl XXIV. McCafferty was also the first Super Bowl-winning coach who did not wear coat and tie, opting for a short-sleeved T-shirt with a mock turtleneck. Two rule changes that were adopted before the 1974 season were: These would\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl V\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3082472\",\n \"text\": \"businesses in the United States, at one point controlling over 2 billion square feet of retail real estate space nationwide. In addition, DeBartolo was actively involved in franchise ownership and sports management, becoming one of the most successful and generous owners in professional sports. His ownership of the 49ers proved especially notable. During his twenty-three years owning the team, beginning in 1977, the 49ers won an unprecedented five Super Bowls under coaches Bill Walsh and George Seifert: Super Bowl XVI in 1982, XIX in 1985, XXIII in 1989, XXIV 1990, and XXIX in 1995. From the early 1980s through the\",\n \"title\": \"Edward J. DeBartolo Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8886022\",\n \"text\": \"the quiet Green Bay dressing room, Lombardi said he was \\\"happy for Buck\\\". \\\"Seeing he's going to retire, that's a nice note for him to go out on.\\\" Shaw was the oldest head coach to win an NFL championship for over 39 years, until Dick Vermeil's victory with the St. Louis Rams in Super Bowl XXXIV in early 2000. After retiring from coaching, Shaw returned to California to work for a paper products company, and spent the later years of his life in Menlo Park. He and his wife had two married daughters who also lived in California. In 1962,\",\n \"title\": \"Buck Shaw\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10956936\",\n \"text\": \"1979 to 1999, he coached the San Francisco 49ers offensive line. During his 21 years with the 49ers, the team won five Super Bowls (Super Bowl XVI, Super Bowl XIX, Super Bowl XXIII, Super Bowl XXIV, and Super Bowl XXIX) and 13 NFC West championships. McKittrick is one of only four coaches, the others being George Seifert, Ray Rhodes and Bill McPherson, to be a part of all five of the 49ers' Super Bowl-winning teams. McKittrick's success derived from his ability to get the most effect out of unheralded talent. The 49ers' offensive line that won the various Super Bowls\",\n \"title\": \"Bobb McKittrick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3090375\",\n \"text\": \"all his success, the Dolphins' January, 1974 Super Bowl win over the Minnesota Vikings proved to be Shula's last championship. Despite consistent success in the regular season, Shula was unable to win in the postseason, failing in 12 trips to the playoffs—including two more Super Bowl appearances—before retiring after the 1995 season. His retirement following that regular season ended one of the greatest coaching legacies in NFL history. He set numerous records in his 33 seasons as a head coach. He is first in most games coached (526), most consecutive seasons coached (33), and Super Bowl Appearances—six, appearing once with\",\n \"title\": \"Don Shula\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8800171\",\n \"text\": \"master's degree in physical education. Woicik began his coaching career as the track coach and weight room coordinator at Springfield from 1978 to 1980. He then was hired as a strength and conditioning coach by Syracuse University, where he stayed through 1989. Woicik earned his first NFL coaching job in 1990 with the Cowboys as their strength and conditioning coach. In his six-year stint, the team won three Super Bowls (Super Bowl XXVII, Super Bowl XXVIII, and Super Bowl XXX). He then served the New Orleans Saints in the same capacity from the 1997 season through the 1999 season. In\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Woicik\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11073007\",\n \"text\": \"a warning. Teerlinck has coached on three Super Bowl winners: Denver Broncos: Super Bowl XXXII, Super Bowl XXXIII Indianapolis Colts: Super Bowl John Teerlinck John Teerlinck (born 1951) is a former American football player and coach. Teerlinck coached 32 National Football League playoff games, including six Championship games and four Super Bowls. Teerlinck earned three Super Bowl rings with two teams (Denver Broncos 1997, 1998 and Indianapolis Colts 2006). Regarded by some as the greatest defensive line coach of all time, Teerlinck established an NFL presence in the early 1990s. \\\"John Teerlinck is kind of like Mr. Miyagi\\\", John Randle\",\n \"title\": \"John Teerlinck\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7959123\",\n \"text\": \"contract with the Giants was not renewed after the 1978 NFL season, most likely as the result of a famous loss to the Philadelphia Eagles on November 19, 1978. McVay moved on to an administrative position with the San Francisco 49ers in 1980. He collaborated with head coach Bill Walsh in one of the most successful dynasties in NFL history. As vice president/director of football operations, he presided over five Super Bowl-winning seasons. He was named NFL Executive of the Year in 1989. He retired from the 49ers in 1996. McVay's grandson, Sean, is the head coach for the Los\",\n \"title\": \"John McVay\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9869815\",\n \"text\": \"49ers held on for a 38–28 victory after Dallas scored a late touchdown, qualifying them for their fifth Super Bowl, and the first to be played by two teams from California. The 49ers steamrolled the San Diego Chargers, becoming the first team to win a record five Super Bowls. With a record 6 touchdown passes, Steve Young was named the game's MVP. Their run of 5 Super Bowl wins in 14 seasons (1981–1994) solidified them as one of the all-time greatest NFL teams. The 49ers made the playoffs in 1995, 1996, and 1997, being eliminated each season by the Green\",\n \"title\": \"History of the San Francisco 49ers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"376011\",\n \"text\": \"Greenwood, Ernie Holmes, Mel Blount, Jack Ham, and Jack Lambert. The coaches and administrators also were part of the dynasty's greatness as evidenced by the team's \\\"final pieces\\\" being part of the famous 1974 draft. The selections in that class have been considered the best by any pro franchise ever, as Pittsburgh selected four future Hall of Famers, the most for any team in any sport in a single draft. The Steelers were the first team to win three and then four Super Bowls and appeared in six AFC Championship Games during the decade, making the playoffs in eight straight\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"28987\",\n \"text\": \"Bradshaw and Joe Greene, and ultimately winning four Super Bowls in the 1970s. Since the 1970 merger, the Steelers have the NFL's highest winning percentage, the most total victories, the most trips to either conference championship game, are tied for the second most trips to the Super Bowl (with the Dallas Cowboys and Denver Broncos, trailing only the New England Patriots), and have won an NFL-record six Super Bowl championships. Perhaps the greatest social legacy of the AFL was the domino effect of its policy of being more liberal than the entrenched NFL in offering opportunity for black players. While\",\n \"title\": \"American Football League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9860104\",\n \"text\": \"NFL record 25 rushing touchdowns. After crushing the Eagles 30-11 in the divisional playoffs, the Cowboys earned their 8th NFC Championship title by defeating the Green Bay Packers 38–27 at Texas Stadium. The Cowboys then topped the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XXX 27–17, avenging two four-point losses to Pittsburgh in Super Bowls X and XIII. Coach Switzer followed Johnson to become the second coach to claim a National Championship in college football and a Super Bowl victory in professional football. Only one other coach, Pete Carroll, has since accomplished this feat. The Cowboys have not been back to the\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4191781\",\n \"text\": \"Shanahan attended the wedding of George W. Bush's daughter Jenna Bush, who was the former college roommate of Shanahan's daughter. In July 2016, Shanahan hosted a fundraiser for Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump. In October 2016, Shanahan spoke on Trump's behalf at a campaign rally in Loveland, Colorado. Mike Shanahan Michael Edward Shanahan (born August 24, 1952) is a American football coach for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL) from 1995 to 2008. During his 14 seasons with the Broncos, he led the team to consecutive Super Bowl victories in XXXII and XXXIII, as well as the\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Shanahan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4236247\",\n \"text\": \"the NFL. His years with the 49ers have led to later success mentoring other young assistants and Holmgren is one of the larger branches of the Sid Gillman coaching tree, from which Walsh and Seifert descended. Holmgren was head coach of the Green Bay Packers from 1992 to 1998, which became one of the most successful coaching stints in NFL history. As head coach of the Packers, Holmgren posted a 75–37–0 (67.0%) regular-season record, a 9–5 (64.3%) postseason mark, and two Super Bowl appearances, including a 35–21 victory over the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XXXI. By winning at\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Holmgren\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1491940\",\n \"text\": \"as the only NFL players at that time to earn 5 Super Bowl rings (Haley was also with the 49ers for Super Bowls XXIII and XXIV, and later earned rings when the Dallas Cowboys won Super Bowls XXVII, XXVIII, and XXX). The Raiders became the first team to appear in Super Bowls under four head coaches. John Rauch coached them in Super Bowl II, John Madden (who himself called Super Bowl XXXVII on ABC), coached them in Super Bowl XI and Tom Flores coached them in Super Bowl XV and XVIII. The teams combined for the most second half points\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXXVII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1581807\",\n \"text\": \"the Cowboys in the 1970s. That gave Landry an edge in preparation, because he knew what to expect from his opponent based on down and distance. Now, every NFL team has a quality control coach, and most have two. Landry produced a very large coaching tree. In 1986, five NFL head coaches were former Landry assistants: Mike Ditka, Dan Reeves, John Mackovic, Gene Stallings, and Raymond Berry. While Tom Landry's Cowboys are known for their two Super Bowls against Chuck Noll and the Pittsburgh Steelers, Landry also led Dallas to three other Super Bowls, and they were a Bart Starr\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Landry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394968\",\n \"text\": \"intercepted 3 times. Dan Reeves became the fourth head coach to lose four Super Bowls, joining Bud Grant, Don Shula, and Marv Levy. Reeves lost Super Bowls XXI, XXII, and XXIV while coaching the Broncos. Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XXXIII, Super Bowl XXXIII Play Finder Den, Super Bowl XXXIII Play Finder Atl, USA Today Super Bowl XXXIII Play by Play Completions/attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted The following records were set in Super Bowl XXXIII, according to the official NFL.com boxscore, the 2017 NFL Record & Fact Book and the Pro-Football-Reference.com game summary.
Some records have to meet NFL minimum\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXXIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2085429\",\n \"text\": \"was placed on probation by the NCAA. Over thirty of his former players have also become college or professional football coaches. Broyles is known for producing high quality coaches and the prestigious \\\"Broyles Award\\\", the annual award for best assistant coach, is named after him. Barry Switzer, Johnny Majors, Joe Gibbs, Hayden Fry, and Jimmy Johnson all served under Broyles and have combined to win five collegiate national championships and six Super Bowls. Broyles' assistants have won more than 40 conference titles. Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones played on Broyles' 1964 Championship team. Broyles' tenure as men's athletic director has\",\n \"title\": \"Frank Broyles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"376024\",\n \"text\": \"of the nine Super Bowl winners hailed from the NFC, the other four from the AFC. Following up the Saints' win in Super Bowl XLIV, the 2010 season brought the Green Bay Packers their fourth Super Bowl (XLV) victory and record thirteenth NFL championship overall with the defeat of the Pittsburgh Steelers in February 2011. In Super Bowl XLVI, the New York Giants won another title by defeating the New England Patriots. In Super Bowl XLVII the Baltimore Ravens snapped the NFC's three-game winning streak in a 34–31 victory over the San Francisco 49ers. Super Bowl XLVIII, played at New\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15206382\",\n \"text\": \"Dan Quinn (American football) Daniel Patrick Quinn (born September 11, 1970) is an American football coach who is the current head coach of the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League (NFL). He previously served as the defensive coordinator of the Seattle Seahawks from 2013 to 2014, whose defense led the team to two consecutive Super Bowl appearances, winning Super Bowl XLVIII. Born in Morristown, New Jersey, Quinn grew up in nearby Morris Township and played high school football at Morristown High School in Morristown, from which he graduated in 1989. He attended Salisbury State University (now Salisbury University), an\",\n \"title\": \"Dan Quinn (American football)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3910795\",\n \"text\": \"Tony Dungy Anthony Kevin Dungy ( ; born October 6, 1955) is a former professional American football player and coach in the National Football League (NFL). Dungy was head coach of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers from 1996 to 2001, and head coach of the Indianapolis Colts from 2002 to 2008. Dungy became the first black head coach to win the Super Bowl when his Colts defeated the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XLI. Dungy set a new NFL record for consecutive playoff appearances by a head coach in 2008 after securing his tenth straight playoff appearance with a win against\",\n \"title\": \"Tony Dungy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1944504\",\n \"text\": \"the third most successful professional football coach overall (behind Don Shula and George Halas), with a combined 290 wins in the NFL and CFL. Grant was elected to the Canadian Football Hall of Fame in 1983 and to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1994. He was the first coach in the history of professional football to guide teams to the Grey Cup and the Super Bowl. Grant attended the University of Minnesota and was a three-sport athlete, in football, basketball, and baseball. After college, he played for the Minneapolis Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA), the Philadelphia\",\n \"title\": \"Bud Grant\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"162700\",\n \"text\": \"Packers have won 13 league championships, the most in NFL history, with nine pre–Super Bowl NFL titles and four Super Bowl victories. The Packers won the first two Super Bowls in 1967 and 1968 and were the only NFL team to defeat the American Football League (AFL) prior to the AFL–NFL merger. The Vince Lombardi Trophy is named after the Packers' coach of the same name, who guided them to their first two Super Bowls. Their two subsequent Super Bowl wins came in 1996 and 2010. The Packers are long-standing adversaries of the Chicago Bears, Minnesota Vikings, and Detroit Lions,\",\n \"title\": \"Green Bay Packers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3114587\",\n \"text\": \"champion Denver Broncos by a score of 20–18. In the 2016 season, Belichick's Patriots recorded a 14-2 record, which was good for the #1 seed for the AFC playoffs. They reached Super Bowl LI, where they defeated the Atlanta Falcons in a comeback victory by a score of 34–28 in overtime. The Patriots were down 28–3 at one point in the third quarter. With the victory, Belichick won his record fifth Super Bowl title as a head coach. In the 2017 season, Belichick's Patriots went 13-3, setting an NFL record 8th consecutive 12-or-more win seasons, capturing their 9th consecutive AFC\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Belichick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7887585\",\n \"text\": \"Ron Botchan Ronald Leslie Botchan (born February 15, 1935) is a retired American football official from the National Football League (NFL). Prior to that he was an American football linebacker in the American Football League from 1960 to 1962. As an official, Botchan worked as an umpire for nearly his entire NFL career and wore the number 110. Regarded as the \\\"NFL's best umpire\\\" by the media, Botchan was assigned to a record-number five Super Bowls: XX in 1986, XXVII in 1993, XXIX in 1995, XXXI in 1997, and XXXIV in 2000. He was also an alternate in Super Bowl\",\n \"title\": \"Ron Botchan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7379666\",\n \"text\": \"1922, 1923, and 1924 with the Bulldogs and in 1926 with the Yellow Jackets. He compiled a 58-16-7 record in six years as a head coach in the National Football League (NFL), the best win percentage () of any coach in NFL history with a minimum 50 wins. He is also the only coach to win NFL championships with three different clubs. Chamberlin was born in Blue Springs, Nebraska, in 1894. He was raised with five siblings on a family farm in Blue Springs. He graduated from Blue Springs High School in 1911. In the fall of 1911, Chamberlin enrolled\",\n \"title\": \"Guy Chamberlin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"106450\",\n \"text\": \"17, 1993 the Cowboys went to Candlestick Park and defeated the 49ers 30–20 to clinch their first Super Bowl berth since 1978. Dallas defeated the Buffalo Bills 52–17 in Super Bowl XXVII, during which they forced a record nine turnovers. Johnson became the first coach to claim a national championship in college football and a Super Bowl victory in professional football. Despite starting the 1993 season 0–2, they again defeated the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXVIII, 30–13 (becoming the first team in NFL history to win a Super Bowl after starting 0–2). Dallas finished the regular season 12–4 as\",\n \"title\": \"Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4344238\",\n \"text\": \"Dan Reeves Daniel Edward Reeves (born January 19, 1944) is a former American football running back and coach in the National Football League (NFL). Over the course of his 38 years in the NFL, Reeves participated in a combined nine Super Bowls as player and coach, the second-most in league history behind Bill Belichick's eleven. He served as a head coach for 23 seasons, primarily with the Denver Broncos and the Atlanta Falcons. As a player, he spent the entirety of his eight-season career with the Dallas Cowboys. Reeves made his first two Super Bowl appearances during his playing career,\",\n \"title\": \"Dan Reeves\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3344953\",\n \"text\": \"head coach of the Pittsburgh Steelers on January 27, 1969, after Penn State coach Joe Paterno turned down an offer for the position. He was the youngest coach in NFL history at the time. Steelers owner Art Rooney would later credit Don Shula as the person who recommended Noll as a head coach. Noll implemented a defensive system in Pittsburgh that became the legendary \\\"Steel Curtain\\\" defense. His coaching style earned him the nickname of The Emperor Chaz by sports announcer Myron Cope. Noll was the first head coach to win four Super Bowls, coaching the Steelers to victory in\",\n \"title\": \"Chuck Noll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2158412\",\n \"text\": \"assistant with the Oakland Raiders in 1976, and as a head coach for the Raiders in 1980 and 1983. Flores was the NFL's first minority head coach to win a Super Bowl, winning twice – Super Bowl XV with the Oakland Raiders and Super Bowl XVIII with the Los Angeles Raiders. After a 5–10 finish to the 1987 season, Flores moved to the Raiders' front office, but left after just one year to become the president and general manager of the Seattle Seahawks. He returned to coaching as the Seahawks head coach in 1992, but was fired after the 1994\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Flores\"\n }\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":79073,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":79073,"string":"79,073"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Dolly Parton"],"string":"[\n \"Dolly Parton\"\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who sang i'll always love you first"},"compressed_prompt":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Question:\\nPlease write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: I Will Always Love You context: I Will Always Love You \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" is a song originally written and recorded in 1973 by American singer-songwriter Dolly Parton. Her country version of the track was released in 1974 as a single and was written as a farewell to her one-time partner and mentor of seven years, Porter Wagoner, following Parton's decision to pursue a solo career. Parton's version of \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" was a commercial success. It reached number one on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Songs chart twice. It first reached number one in June 1974, and then in October 1982, with\\n\\nwho sang i'll always love you first\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 191,\n \"origin_tokens\": 191,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"5020216","text":"I Will Always Love You \"I Will Always Love You\" is a song originally written and recorded in 1973 by American singer-songwriter Dolly Parton. Her country version of the track was released in 1974 as a single and was written as a farewell to her one-time partner and mentor of seven years, Porter Wagoner, following Parton's decision to pursue a solo career. Parton's version of \"I Will Always Love You\" was a commercial success. It reached number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart twice. It first reached number one in June 1974, and then in October 1982, with","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"5020226","text":"Wagoner's split. In 1992, R&B singer Whitney Houston recorded a new arrangement of \"I Will Always Love You\" for the soundtrack to \"\", her film debut. The song has a saxophone solo by Kirk Whalum. She was originally to record Jimmy Ruffin's \"What Becomes of the Brokenhearted\" as the lead single from \"The Bodyguard\". However, when it was discovered the song was to be used for \"Fried Green Tomatoes\", Houston requested a different song. It was her co-star Kevin Costner who suggested \"I Will Always Love You\", playing her Linda Ronstadt's 1975 version from her album \"Prisoner in Disguise\". Producer","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"5020221","text":"that most people don't know that Dolly Parton wrote [the track]\". Several times (long before Whitney Houston recorded the song), Dolly Parton suggested to singer Patti Labelle that she record \"I Will Always Love You\" because she felt Patti could have sung it so well. However, Patti admitted she kept putting off the opportunity to do so and later deeply regretted it after she heard Whitney Houston's rendition. During its original release in 1974, \"I Will Always Love You\" reached number four in Canada on the Canadian \"RPM\" Country Tracks chart and peaked at number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"13971655","text":"I'll Always Love You (The Spinners song) \"I'll Always Love You\" is a song co-written by William \"Mickey\" Stevenson and Ivy Jo Hunter and produced by Stevenson and Hunter as a single for The Spinners on the Motown Records label. The single became the Detroit-reared group's first charting single on the Motown Records company since they had signed with the company in 1964 (and their third charting hit over all). The song was a top 40 pop single on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in the United States, on which it peaked at number 35. On the \"Billboard\" R&B singles chart,","title":"I'll Always Love You (The Spinners song)"},{"id":"13971656","text":"\"I'll Always Love You\" peaked at number 8. The song featured lead vocals by the group's main lead singer, Bobby Smith. I'll Always Love You (The Spinners song) \"I'll Always Love You\" is a song co-written by William \"Mickey\" Stevenson and Ivy Jo Hunter and produced by Stevenson and Hunter as a single for The Spinners on the Motown Records label. The single became the Detroit-reared group's first charting single on the Motown Records company since they had signed with the company in 1964 (and their third charting hit over all). The song was a top 40 pop single on","title":"I'll Always Love You (The Spinners song)"},{"id":"5020218","text":"in music history. Houston's version of \"I Will Always Love You\" re-entered the charts in 2012 after her death, making it the second single ever to reach the top three on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in separate chart runs. The song has been recorded by many other significant artists including Linda Ronstadt and John Doe. Country music singer-songwriter Dolly Parton wrote the song in 1973 for her one-time partner and mentor Porter Wagoner, from whom she was separating professionally after a seven-year partnership. She recorded it in RCA's Studio B in Nashville on June 13, 1973. \"I Will Always Love","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"15015485","text":"I'll Always Love You (Michael Johnson song) \"I'll Always Love You\" is a single by Michael Johnson, released in 1979 along with his fifth album, \"Dialogue\". Despite failing to chart in the Hot 100, this song is a big hit in the Philippines. In 1979, the song was covered by Canadian country singer Anne Murray from her album of the same title under Capitol Records. \"I'll Always Love You\" was covered by Filipino pop/R&B singer Nina in February 2006 under Warner Music Philippines. The song was recorded for the promotion of GMA Films' 2006 romantic movie \"I Will Always Love","title":"I'll Always Love You (Michael Johnson song)"},{"id":"5020249","text":"Tour, Beyoncé also sang the opening lines of \"I Will Always Love You\" prior to the performance of \"Halo\" as the final song of the tour. At the 2017 Commencement of the University of Southern California, Will Ferrell sang \"I Will Always Love You\" to the graduating class. See Washington Post commentary: I Will Always Love You \"I Will Always Love You\" is a song originally written and recorded in 1973 by American singer-songwriter Dolly Parton. Her country version of the track was released in 1974 as a single and was written as a farewell to her one-time partner and","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"5020223","text":"version of \"I Will Always Love You\" made the \"Billboard\" country chart and peaked at number 15. Parton and Gill were awarded the CMA's \"Vocal Event of the Year\" award in 1996 for their recording of the song. Another duet version of the song was released in 2017 with Michael Bolton from his album Songs of Cinema. When the 1974 recording of the song was reaching number one on the country charts, Elvis Presley indicated that he wanted to cover the song. Parton was interested until Presley's manager, Colonel Tom Parker, told her that it was standard procedure for the","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"9029823","text":"but I just have to tell you. I love your voice.\" This single was her first crossover hit, being her first song on the adult contemporary radio format and her only song to chart on the R&B chart. It reached number three on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 on September 24, 1988. I'll Always Love You (Taylor Dayne song) \"I'll Always Love You\" is a song by American singer Taylor Dayne and the third single from her debut album, \"Tell It to My Heart\". The song is a romantic ballad, showcasing Dayne's softer side—after the first two singles released were mainly","title":"I'll Always Love You (Taylor Dayne song)"},{"id":"5020248","text":"all the great music that she left behind. I will always have a very special piece of her in the song we shared together and had the good fortune to share with the world. Rest in peace, Whitney. Again, we will always love you. In 2012, following Whitney Houston's death, American singer Beyoncé performed a tribute to Houston during her revue in Atlantic City, New Jersey at the Revel resort. She began the performance of her song \"Halo\" singing the first verse of \"I Will Always Love You\" a cappella. Later, in 2013, during her The Mrs. Carter Show World","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"16275834","text":"I'll Still Love You \"I'll Still Love You\" is a song written by English musician George Harrison and first released in 1976 by his former Beatles bandmate Ringo Starr. Produced by Arif Mardin, the track appeared on Starr's debut album for Atlantic Records and Polydor, \"Ringo's Rotogravure\". The composition had a long recording history before then, having been written in 1970 as \"Whenever\", after which it was copyrighted with the title \"When Every Song Is Sung\". Harrison originally intended the song for Welsh singer Shirley Bassey, who had a hit in the summer of 1970 with a cover version of","title":"I'll Still Love You"},{"id":"5020229","text":"performance was included on the 1999 release \"Divas Live '99\", and on the 2014 CD/DVD release of \"\", a 1994 performance of the song was included as well. The single spent 14 weeks at the top of the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, which at the time was a record. It became Houston's longest run at number one, surpassing her previous record of three weeks with the \"Greatest Love of All\" in 1986. It is also the longest running number one single from a soundtrack album. It debuted at number 40 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, and became Houston's tenth number","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"16275843","text":"Harrison and Spector co-produced the sessions. Basic tracks for this and the other songs were taped at Abbey Road Studios with some of the musicians who had played on \"All Things Must Pass\" – including Jim Gordon, Klaus Voormann and Gary Wright – along with Leon Russell on piano. The recording was not completed, however, since Phil Spector's erratic behaviour led to the project being abandoned. Issued on Apple Records in April 1971, the single \"Try Some, Buy Some\" was the only official Ronnie Spector release from these sessions. Due to his commitment to the Bangladesh relief effort, Harrison's music-making","title":"I'll Still Love You"},{"id":"9029821","text":"I'll Always Love You (Taylor Dayne song) \"I'll Always Love You\" is a song by American singer Taylor Dayne and the third single from her debut album, \"Tell It to My Heart\". The song is a romantic ballad, showcasing Dayne's softer side—after the first two singles released were mainly freestyle, dance-pop tracks—paving her way to the adult contemporary charts. It features sensuous love lyrics accompanied by a saxophone instrumental performed by Richie Cannata, who has played for other mainstream acts, including the Billy Joel Band. Dayne was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal for her performance","title":"I'll Always Love You (Taylor Dayne song)"},{"id":"459659","text":"in the top 100 because of rising ticket prices since the time the film was released. The film's soundtrack also enjoyed success. Houston executive-produced and contributed six songs for the motion picture's . \"Rolling Stone\" said it is \"nothing more than pleasant, tasteful and urbane\". The soundtrack's lead single was \"I Will Always Love You\", written and originally recorded by Dolly Parton in 1974. Houston's version of the song was acclaimed by many critics, regarding it as her \"signature song\" or \"iconic performance\". \"Rolling Stone\" and \"USA Today\" called her rendition \"the tour-de-force\". The single peaked at number one on","title":"Whitney Houston"},{"id":"5020219","text":"You\" was issued on June 6, 1974, as the second single from Parton's thirteenth solo studio album, \"Jolene\" (1974). In 1982, Parton re-recorded the song, when it was included on the soundtrack to the film \"The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas\". In addition to the 1982 re-recording for the soundtrack album, Parton's original 1974 recording of the song also appeared in Martin Scorsese's film \"Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore\", and the 1996 film \"It's My Party.\" The song also won Parton Female Vocalist of the Year at the 1975 CMA Awards. Author Curtis W. Ellison stated that the song \"speaks","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"5020227","text":"David Foster re-arranged the song as a soul ballad. Her record company did not feel a song with an a cappella introduction would be as successful; however, Houston and Costner insisted on retaining it. When Parton heard that Houston was using Ronstadt's recording as a template, she called Foster to give him the final verse, which was missing from the Ronstadt recording, as she felt it was important to the song. The tenor saxophone solo was played by Kirk Whalum. Whitney Houston's recording is not the only version of the song featured in the movie. In a scene where she","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"15804079","text":"New Year's Rockin' Eve\" on December 31, 2011. A writer of \"Essence\" magazine noted that she performed a \"powerful rendition\" of the song further adding that she \"looked and sounded glorious\". In May 2012, during , a video montage of Beyoncé holding her child Blue Ivy Carter, drinking a pint of Guinness, and going whale-watching was shown while the song was played in the background, before she began singing the first verse of Whitney Houston's \"I Will Always Love You\". The live performance for \"I Was Here\" as part of 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé, where it served as the","title":"I Was Here (song)"},{"id":"2500105","text":"adult contemporary format. Whitney Houston's quiet storm hits included \"All the Man That I Need\" (1990) and \"I Will Always Love You\" (1992). Houston's \"I Will Always Love You\", a song from the 1992 hit film \"The Bodyguard\", spent 14 weeks on top of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 a record at the time, and sold over 40 million copies worldwide. It is the best selling single by a female act of all time. In the 1990s, Mariah Carey's career originated in quiet storm, with hit singles such as \"Vision of Love\" (1990) and \"Love Takes Time\" (1990). Her albums \"Music","title":"1990s in music"},{"id":"5020217","text":"her re-recording on the soundtrack of the movie version of \"The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas.\" Thus, she achieved the number one position twice with the same song, a rare feat that Chubby Checker had done previously with \"The Twist\" becoming number one in 1960 and again in 1962. Whitney Houston recorded her version of the song for the 1992 film \"The Bodyguard\". Her single spent 14 weeks at number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart making it one of the best-selling singles of all time. It also holds the record for being the best-selling single by a woman","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"8661669","text":"I Will Love You \"I Will Love You\" is a song written by Shelby Flint and Barry DeVorzon. Flint recorded it as a track on her eponymous debut album in 1961. In 1962, The Lettermen released their version of the song on their album \"Jim, Tony, and Bob\". In 1963, Richard Chamberlain released his version as the final single from his 1962 album \"Richard Chamberlain Sings\". This version met with moderate success, placing on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 at number 65. Another remake was released in 1971, when Paige Claire included her version as a track on her eponymous debut","title":"I Will Love You"},{"id":"12750730","text":"was written by Meredith Brothers, but in a maneuver that was typical of the music business at the time, store owner Azrael wound up listed as a co-writer. Their next session of songs, recorded on October 6, 1950, included their second single \"I’ll Always Love You\", another ballad that featuring Warren’s strong lead ably supported by the warbling Cardinals. They also recorded an R&B version of \"Wheel of Fortune\" later to be released as their 3rd single in February 1951. Between February and March 1951, various versions of the song were pop hits for Kay Starr (#1), Bobby Wayne (#6),","title":"The Cardinals"},{"id":"5020222","text":"Country Songs chart, becoming one of the best selling singles of 1974. When Parton re-recorded the song in 1982 for the soundtrack of the film \"The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas\", the track was issued as a single and once again charted at number one on Hot Country Songs — making her the first artist ever to earn a number one record twice with the same song., the 1982 version also reached #53 on Billboard's Hot 100 and #17 on its adult contemporary charts. After recording a duet with Vince Gill in 1995 for the album \"Something Special\", the duet","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"10117862","text":"the title cut \"Eyes That See in the Dark\" also charted on the UK Singles Chart, spending six weeks in the top 100. The song \"I Will Always Love You\" featured on this album was written by Barry and Maurice Gibb, and is not the same as the more famous song of the same name, which was written by Dolly Parton. Kenny Rogers would later record a rendition of the Dolly Parton song, for his 1996 covers album \"Vote for Love\". The song \"Buried Treasure\" is not to be confused with Rogers's 1978 song \"Buried Treasures\", which appears on his","title":"Eyes That See in the Dark"},{"id":"14964222","text":"The Original Spinners The Original Spinners (released in the UK as The Detroit Spinners) is the 1967 debut album by The Spinners for Motown Records. The LP includes the group's earliest singles on the label (such as Top 20 R&B hits \"I'll Always Love You\" and \"Truly Yours\"), as well as their first ever single \"That's What Girls Are Made For\" (which was released on the already defunct Tri-Phi Record label). None of the group's other material from Tri-Phi appear on this album. The lineup on the cover features Bobby Smith, Edgar \"Chico\" Edwards, Henry Fambrough, Billy Henderson, and Pervis","title":"The Original Spinners"},{"id":"459625","text":"All My Love for You\" in 1985 to \"Where Do Broken Hearts Go\" in 1988. Houston made her screen acting debut in the romantic thriller film \"The Bodyguard\" (1992). She recorded seven songs for the film's soundtrack, including \"I Will Always Love You\", which received the Grammy Award for Record of the Year and became the best-selling single by a woman in music history. The soundtrack album received the Grammy Award for Album of the Year and remains the world's best-selling soundtrack album of all time. Houston made other high-profile film appearances, including \"Waiting to Exhale\" (1995) and \"The Preacher's","title":"Whitney Houston"},{"id":"16275848","text":"their two albums together, titled \"Wedding Album\". Harrison participated in the session for \"When Every Song Is Sung\". According to Tom Petty, who was a Shelter artist at the time, recording took place at Russell's home studio in Encino, with Ringo Starr also at the session. As before, this attempt failed to produce a finished recording of the song. Starr was another admirer of the song, describing it in an \"NME\" interview as \"a big ballady thing\" and a track \"I've always loved\". In April 1976, John Lennon and Paul McCartney had each agreed to donate a song and participate","title":"I'll Still Love You"},{"id":"9267719","text":"I Love You Always Forever \"I Love You Always Forever\" is a song recorded by Welsh singer Donna Lewis from her debut album, \"Now in a Minute\" (1996). Written by Lewis, and produced by Lewis and Kevin Killen, it was released as the album's lead single in the US on 14 May 1996 and in the UK on 22 August 1996. Inspired by H. E. Bates' novel \"Love for Lydia\", \"I Love You Always Forever\" is a pop song in which the singer declares her endless love for her significant other. The song was a commercial hit, peaking at number","title":"I Love You Always Forever"},{"id":"16275835","text":"his Beatles composition \"Something\". Although Harrison recorded \"When Every Song Is Sung\" himself during the sessions for \"All Things Must Pass\" that year, it was not included on his album. He went on to produce recordings of the track by former Ronette Ronnie Spector in February 1971, and Cilla Black in August 1972, but neither version was completed for release. Mary Hopkin and Leon and Mary Russell also attempted the song during the first half of the 1970s, with Harrison participating in the Russells' recording. A later version by Black – produced by David Mackay and titled \"I'll Still Love","title":"I'll Still Love You"},{"id":"5020242","text":"Disc Awards in 1993 for International Song of the Year, and a 1994 International Song of the Year Special Award for Japanese sales of over one million units. In 2015, \"I Will Always Love You\" was named the #1 Song of the Rock Era in the book \"The Top 500 Songs of the Rock Era: 1955-2015\". After Whitney Houston's recording of the song became a hit in 1992, the tabloid press began reporting on a 'feud' between the two performers, stemming from Dolly Parton allegedly reneging on an agreement that she would not perform the song for a number of","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"8893533","text":"Lovin' You \"Lovin' You\" is a 1975 song originally performed by American singer Minnie Riperton from her second studio album \"Perfect Angel\" (1974). It was written by Riperton and Richard Rudolph, produced by Rudolph and Stevie Wonder, and released on January 13, 1975. It became a number one hit on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 on April 5, 1975. Additionally, it reached number two on the UK Singles chart, and number three on the \"Billboard\" R&B chart. In the US, \"Billboard\" ranked it as the number 13 song for 1975. The song is especially known for Riperton's use of the","title":"Lovin' You"},{"id":"5020231","text":"Contemporary, and R&B chart simultaneously for a record-equaling five weeks; Ray Charles' \"I Can't Stop Loving You\" in 1962 achieved the same feat on the same charts. The song stayed at number one in the United States throughout January and February 1993, making it the first time \"Billboard\" did not rank a new number one single until March of the new year. Houston's \"I Will Always Love You\" was also the year-end single of 1993 in the US. Similarly, in the UK, Houston's version was ranked the number one single of 1992, and then made the countdown again in 1993","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"110177","text":"Ricky Van Shelton, \"Rockin' Years\" (1991) reached number one, though Parton's greatest commercial fortune of the decade came when Whitney Houston recorded \"I Will Always Love You\" for the soundtrack of the feature film \"The Bodyguard\" (1992). Both the single and the album were massively successful. Parton's soundtrack album from the 1992 film, \"Straight Talk\", however, was less successful. But her 1993 album \"Slow Dancing with the Moon\" won critical acclaim and did well on the charts, reaching number four on the country albums chart, and number 16 on the \"Billboard\" 200 album chart. She recorded \"The Day I Fall","title":"Dolly Parton"},{"id":"8661670","text":"album. I Will Love You \"I Will Love You\" is a song written by Shelby Flint and Barry DeVorzon. Flint recorded it as a track on her eponymous debut album in 1961. In 1962, The Lettermen released their version of the song on their album \"Jim, Tony, and Bob\". In 1963, Richard Chamberlain released his version as the final single from his 1962 album \"Richard Chamberlain Sings\". This version met with moderate success, placing on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 at number 65. Another remake was released in 1971, when Paige Claire included her version as a track on her eponymous","title":"I Will Love You"},{"id":"6587880","text":"I'll Be Loving You (Forever) \"I'll Be Loving You (Forever)\" is a 1989 ballad song from New Kids on the Block. The lead vocals were sung by Jordan Knight. The third single from the group's second album, \"Hangin' Tough\", it peaked at number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, while peaking at number five in the UK. \"I'll Be Loving You (Forever)\" rose from #56 to #41 the week of April 15, 1989 as \"You Got It (The Right Stuff)\" was descending from the Top 40. The single proved to be a popular single in the early summer of 1989,","title":"I'll Be Loving You (Forever)"},{"id":"16275841","text":"Things Must Pass\" in 1970 but did not include it on the album. The sessions took place between late May and August that year, at London's Abbey Road and Trident studios. According to bootlegs subsequently compiled from the sessions, 44 takes of the song were taped. The recordings reveal a musical arrangement featuring acoustic guitars, piano, bass, drums and jazz-inflected horns. Along with other unreleased material from the \"All Things Must Pass\" sessions, Harrison's \"When Every Song Is Sung\" became available in the 1990s on unofficial outtake compilations such as \"Songs for Patti\", some of which list the track as","title":"I'll Still Love You"},{"id":"5020228","text":"dances with Kevin Costner, a version by John Doe can be heard playing on a jukebox. Houston's version appears at No. 9 on NME's Greatest No 1 Singles in History list. In 2004, Houston's version of \"I Will Always Love You\" finished at #65 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema. It was also ranked at number 22 on \"The Guardian's\" list of Britain's favorite 100 songs, published in May 2002. In February 2014, the song was placed at number six on \"Billboard\" list of the Top 50 'Love' Songs of All Time. A live","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"5678081","text":"million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling soundtrack album and one of the top 5 best-selling albums of all time. The lead single from the soundtrack, \"I Will Always Love You\", topped the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart for a then-record-breaking fourteen weeks and was certified 6× Platinum by the RIAA, peaked at number one on the charts in nearly every country and sold 20 million copies worldwide, becoming one of the best-selling singles of all time. Houston contributed three songs, including her 11th number-one single \"Exhale (Shoop Shoop)\" on the 7x platinum soundtrack album, \"Waiting to Exhale\" (November 1995). The following","title":"Whitney Houston albums discography"},{"id":"10151697","text":"Records in February 1967, their debut single, \"I'll Always Love You\" / \"Save Your Love\", produced by John Schroeder, was released. Following this, Henry returned to the United States; and Geoff Dean contracted tuberculosis to be replaced by Andy Petre (born Andrew Charles Malcolm Glywn Petre). That April, the instrumental single \"Soul Sauce\" / \"I Wish I Could Jerk Like My Uncle Cyril\" was released. Mike Patto then joined the band, and took on a prominent role as vocalist and songwriter. When Petre quit, the drum stool was filled by John Halsey (born 23 February 1945, Highgate, North London). They","title":"Timebox (band)"},{"id":"11833448","text":"Rump Shaker (song) \"Rump Shaker\" is a song by American hip-hop group Wreckx-N-Effect. It was released in August 1992 as the lead single from their second album \"Hard or Smooth\". It features production and guest vocals from Teddy Riley, brother of Wreckx member Markell Riley. Due to the massive success of Whitney Houston's version of \"I Will Always Love You,\" the song would advance to No. 2 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, and No. 2 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks. Nevertheless, it peaked at No. 1 on the Hot Rap Singles, and No. 9 on the Hot Dance","title":"Rump Shaker (song)"},{"id":"9029822","text":"on \"I'll Always Love You\" in 1989. The song was also nominated for Best R&B Song that year. In 1988, Filipina singer Sharon Cuneta covered her version and featured on her comedy movie, \"Jack & Jill Sa America\" released by VIVA Entertainment in the Philippines. In 1989, Tito Nieves Released a Salsa version which is on his album, \"Yo Quiero Cantar\". In 2012, Dayne performed this song live on \"This American Life\", using it to serenade comedian Tig Notaro, who, every time she had previously encountered Dayne, used to greet her by saying, \"Excuse me, I'm sorry to bother you,","title":"I'll Always Love You (Taylor Dayne song)"},{"id":"2788902","text":"a digital download in the US and the UK in July 2011. The song has reached number 23 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The third US single will be \"I Got This\". The non-single track \"Don't Look Down\" reached number 70 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Hudson played a nun in the Farrelly brothers film \"The Three Stooges\" (2012). The day after the death of Whitney Houston, Hudson paid tribute to her by singing Houston's iconic \"I Will Always Love You\" during the 54th Grammy Awards held on February 12, 2012 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles,","title":"Jennifer Hudson"},{"id":"5020238","text":"a foreign female artist at the time, despite not topping the charts. Houston's version was later called her \"signature song\". Stephen Holden of \"The New York Times\" said it was a \"magnificent rendition\", commentingHouston transforms a plaintive country ballad into a towering pop-gospel assertion of lasting devotion to a departing lover. Her voice breaking and tensing, she treats the song as a series of emotional bursts in a steady climb toward a final full-out declamation. Along the way, her virtuosic gospel embellishments enhance the emotion and never seem merely ornamental.Writing for \"USA Today\" on November 17, 1992, James T. Jones","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"14964224","text":"also leads all the remaining tracks on this album) and Henry Fambrough, Edwards does not have any other leads on this album. The Original Spinners The Original Spinners (released in the UK as The Detroit Spinners) is the 1967 debut album by The Spinners for Motown Records. The LP includes the group's earliest singles on the label (such as Top 20 R&B hits \"I'll Always Love You\" and \"Truly Yours\"), as well as their first ever single \"That's What Girls Are Made For\" (which was released on the already defunct Tri-Phi Record label). None of the group's other material from","title":"The Original Spinners"},{"id":"5214414","text":"Taylor Dayne Taylor Dayne (born Leslie Wunderman; March 7, 1962), is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. She rose to fame in 1987 after her debut single \"Tell It to My Heart\" reached number one across several international music charts. Dayne achieved three additional number one singles, including \"Love Will Lead You Back\", \"Prove Your Love\", and \"I'll Always Love You\". Taylor has sold over 75 million albums and singles worldwide, earned three Grammy Award nominations, an American Music Award, and multiple New York Music Awards. She has also received New York Hall of Fame honors and was ranked at","title":"Taylor Dayne"},{"id":"110165","text":"their final release being 1975's \"Say Forever You'll Be Mine\". In 1974, her song, \"I Will Always Love You\", written about her professional break from Wagoner, went to number one on the country chart. Around the same time, Elvis Presley indicated that he wanted to record the song. Parton was interested until Presley's wily manager, Colonel Tom Parker, told her that it was standard procedure for the songwriter to sign over half of the publishing rights to any song recorded by Presley. Parton refused. That decision has been credited with helping to make her many millions of dollars in royalties","title":"Dolly Parton"},{"id":"18509658","text":"Always Love You \"Always Love You\" () is a song by South Korean singer Kim Hyung-jun featuring Sunny Hill's Kota, released on August 13, 2013. The mid-tempo ballad song, which was made available during the time of summer, was co-produced by Kim himself. The accompanying music video was filmed by directors Kim Do Yeon and Park Jong Chul. \"Always Love You\" was written by composers Jang Young-wan (장영완) and Tae Bong-i (태봉이) with additional writing by lyricist Iyuna (이유나). The song was produced by Kim Hyung-jun, himself with the help of LOEN Entertainment and his label S-Plus Entertainment. On August","title":"Always Love You"},{"id":"5557196","text":"\"I Will Always Love You\", both #1 hits for Parton in 1974, both sung by Parton on the show. During the opening credits, Parton emerges from a swing and then comes out to sing an opening song (either a cover of a then-current hit, or occasionally one of her own hits). At the closing of the show, Parton speaks the recitation from \"I Will Always Love You\": \"And I hope life treats you kind, and I hope that you have all you ever dream of. I wish you joy and lots and lots of happiness, but above all this, I","title":"Dolly!"},{"id":"3362563","text":"Motown Records. In 1964, the Spinners made their debut at the Apollo Theater and were received with high favor. \"I'll Always Love You\" hit number 35 in 1965. From 1966 to 1969, the group released one single a year, but only the 1966 single \"Truly Yours\" peaked on the \"Billboard 100\" R&B chart at number 16. With limited commercial success, Motown assigned the Spinners as road managers, chaperones, and chauffeurs for other groups, and even as shipping clerks. G. C. Cameron replaced Edgar \"Chico\" Edwards in 1967, and in 1969, the group switched to the Motown-owned V.I.P. imprint. In 1970,","title":"The Spinners (American R&B group)"},{"id":"16275842","text":"\"I'll Still Love You\". The available take is missing the start of the performance and its lyrics appear to be incomplete. AllMusic critic Richie Unterberger describes this early version of the song as \"haunting\" and \"a noteworthy find\" among outtakes from Harrison's 1970 triple album. \"When Every Song Is Sung\" was one of up to six Harrison compositions recorded in February 1971 for what was intended to be a debut solo album by Ronnie Spector. The latter was the former lead singer of the Ronettes and the wife of Harrison's \"All Things Must Pass\" co-producer, Phil Spector. As in 1970,","title":"I'll Still Love You"},{"id":"5020220","text":"about the breakup of a relationship between a man and a woman that does not descend into unremitting domestic turmoil, but instead envisions parting with respect – because of the initiative of the woman\". According to sheet music published at musicnotes.com by Hal Leonard Corporation, the country love track is set in a time signature of common time with a tempo of 66 beats per minute. (Larghetto/Adagio) Although Parton found much success with the song, many people are unaware of its origin; during an interview, Parton's manager Danny Nozel said that \"one thing we found out from \"American Idol\" is","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"4439226","text":"she was able to create tension and exercise control. She was masterful in her ability to produce warm, rich timbres. With innovative articulation, a deft control of dynamics, and a flair for dramatic performances, Holloway was a singer's singer. Later in 1964, Holloway won a spot on Dick Clark's \"Caravan of Stars\" tour on the condition that then-struggling Motown girl group The Supremes join them. During the tour, the Supremes' star rose following the release of \"Where Did Our Love Go\". Motown issued Holloway's debut album, \"Every Little Bit Hurts\", and released the modestly successful ballad, \"I'll Always Love You\",","title":"Brenda Holloway"},{"id":"5020234","text":"weeks. Only a few hours after Houston's death on February 11, 2012, \"I Will Always Love You\" topped the US iTunes charts. Also, in the week following her death, the single returned to the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 after almost 20 years, debuting at number 7, and becoming a posthumous top-ten single for Houston, the first one since 2001. The song eventually peaked at No. 3, two spots shy of becoming the first song to return to the No. 1 position after falling off the chart since \"The Twist\" by Chubby Checker. It debuted on the \"Billboard\" Hot Digital Singles Chart","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"12187822","text":"Broken Hearted Me \"Broken Hearted Me\" is a song written by Randy Goodrum, originally recorded by England Dan & John Ford Coley in 1978, and later covered by Canadian country and pop music singer Anne Murray. It was released in September 1979 as the first single from her album \"I'll Always Love You\". The song reached No. 1 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart in December, and was her third chart-topper for the year. She also recorded a version of the song in Spanish, which was released on vinyl, and later on CD. \"Broken Hearted Me\" was Murray's fourth","title":"Broken Hearted Me"},{"id":"5020232","text":"where it was ranked number nine, marking the first time any artist or group had the same single ranked in the top 10 of the year-end review two years in a row. In Australia, it was the number 17 single of 1992 and the number two song of 1993. Houston's single was also an international success, peaking at number one of the singles charts in almost all countries, including the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles, where it spent 13 weeks at the top. The single ruled the summit position for ten weeks in Australia, five weeks in Austria, seven weeks for","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"5020244","text":"In a statement to \"Billboard\" on the day of Houston's death in February 2012, Parton said:Mine is only one of the millions of hearts broken over the death of Whitney Houston. I will always be grateful and in awe of the wonderful performance she did on my song and I can truly say from the bottom of my heart, 'Whitney, I will always love you. You will be missed.' The single's music video, is credited to Alan Smithee (Nick Brandt removed his name due to the way Clive Davis re-edited the video), and produced by Rob Newman. It begins with","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"8893539","text":"re-recorded the song again for her 2006 album \"Every Woman Dreams\". Lovin' You \"Lovin' You\" is a 1975 song originally performed by American singer Minnie Riperton from her second studio album \"Perfect Angel\" (1974). It was written by Riperton and Richard Rudolph, produced by Rudolph and Stevie Wonder, and released on January 13, 1975. It became a number one hit on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 on April 5, 1975. Additionally, it reached number two on the UK Singles chart, and number three on the \"Billboard\" R&B chart. In the US, \"Billboard\" ranked it as the number 13 song for","title":"Lovin' You"},{"id":"4076465","text":"track and hit single from Hill's second album, is also included as a bonus track. \"Better Days\" was previously recorded by Bekka & Billy on their debut album. \"Love Will Always Win\" was later issued as a single by Garth Brooks and Trisha Yearwood from Brooks' album \"The Lost Sessions\". \"I Love You\" was originally recorded by Celine Dion for her album, \"Falling into You\". The album was released on April 21, 1998 and was certified six-times Platinum by the RIAA for shipments of over six million copies in the United States. North American version International version – \"Love Will","title":"Faith (Faith Hill album)"},{"id":"5732350","text":"on August 24, 1996. Houston sang the short-edited version of the song along with \"I Will Always Love You,\" which were followed by a standing ovation, at the 1st BET Awards on June 19, 2001, becoming the first artist ever to be given the Lifetime Achievement Award. Though \"I Have Nothing\" is one of Houston's notable hits during her career, the song was performed solely on The Bodyguard World Tour (1993–94) among her ten tours. Houston performed the song as the final part of a medley which included the aforementioned songs from Broadway shows on first North American leg of","title":"I Have Nothing"},{"id":"14221398","text":"I'll Still Be Loving You \"I'll Still Be Loving You\" is a song recorded by American country music group Restless Heart. It was released in January 1987 as the second single from the album \"Wheels\". The song was written by Todd Cerney, Pam Rose, Mary Ann Kennedy and Pat Bunch, and was Restless Heart's second number-one country single. It went to number 1 on Hot Country Songs for one week and spent 25 weeks on the chart. The single also was a hit on the Adult Contemporary chart and gave the band their first exposure on the pop charts, where","title":"I'll Still Be Loving You"},{"id":"2909578","text":"out in 1978. The first single, \"Bluer Than Blue\", became Johnson's first Top 40 hit, peaking at No. 12 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart in the summer of 1978; the song became a chart-topping single on the Adult Contemporary chart. \"Almost Like Being in Love\" went to No. 91 on the R&B chart while hitting the Top 5 on the AC chart and the Top 40 on the pop chart. His next EMI album, \"Dialogue\", provided his third big hit, \"This Night Won't Last Forever\" and a Gold Record for European sales of \"I'll Always Love You\". Johnson recorded","title":"Michael Johnson (singer)"},{"id":"16359860","text":"concert, in honor of those returning from the Gulf War. The concert was released in VHS that same year and was certified Gold for shipments of 50,000 units by the RIAA. \"I Will Always Love You\" was the music video for the lead single off for Houston's 1992 film debut \"The Bodyguard\". Having sold over 42 million copies worldwide, the soundtrack is the best-selling soundtrack album of all time. In 1995 and 1996, Houston starred in and contributed on the soundtracks for two films: \"Waiting to Exhale\" (1995), which generated the music video for the song \"Exhale (Shoop Shoop)\"; and","title":"Whitney Houston videography"},{"id":"1769247","text":"The use of melisma is a common feature of artists such as Deniece Williams, Stevie Wonder, Luther Vandross, Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey, Beyoncé, Christina Aguilera, among others. The use of melismatic vocals in pop music slowly grew in the 1980s. Deniece Williams topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart in May 1984, with Let's Hear It for the Boy with her melismatic vocals. Although other artists used melisma before, Houston, her rendition of Dolly Parton's love song \"I Will Always Love You\" pushed the technique into the mainstream in the '90s. The trend in R&B singers is considered to have been","title":"Melisma"},{"id":"16275856","text":"the \"makeweight bagatelles\" on side two of \"Rotogravure\". As listed in the musicians' credits on the \"Ringo's Rotogravure\" LP: I'll Still Love You \"I'll Still Love You\" is a song written by English musician George Harrison and first released in 1976 by his former Beatles bandmate Ringo Starr. Produced by Arif Mardin, the track appeared on Starr's debut album for Atlantic Records and Polydor, \"Ringo's Rotogravure\". The composition had a long recording history before then, having been written in 1970 as \"Whenever\", after which it was copyrighted with the title \"When Every Song Is Sung\". Harrison originally intended the song","title":"I'll Still Love You"},{"id":"5020247","text":"the song as a tribute during the 54th Grammy Awards, the day after Houston's death, alongside images of musicians who had died in 2011 and 2012, including Amy Winehouse and Etta James. The song was played at Houston's funeral as her casket was brought out of the church. Parton complimented Hudson on her performance, saying,I was brought to tears again last night, as I'm sure many were, when Jennifer Hudson sang \"I Will Always Love You\" on the Grammys in memory of Whitney. Like everybody else, I am still in shock. But I know that Whitney will live forever in","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"11833452","text":"Shelton, who used the clip to serve as the primary inspiration behind her 1998 film debut \"Ride\". Rump Shaker (song) \"Rump Shaker\" is a song by American hip-hop group Wreckx-N-Effect. It was released in August 1992 as the lead single from their second album \"Hard or Smooth\". It features production and guest vocals from Teddy Riley, brother of Wreckx member Markell Riley. Due to the massive success of Whitney Houston's version of \"I Will Always Love You,\" the song would advance to No. 2 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, and No. 2 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks. Nevertheless,","title":"Rump Shaker (song)"},{"id":"5214416","text":"Arista Records as Taylor Dayne, her first song to crack the top ten was the dance-pop hit \"Tell It to My Heart\" in late 1987. The song was an instant smash worldwide, peaking in the top five of most major markets worldwide, and achieving a peak of number one in many countries, including West Germany. Six more U.S. top-ten hits followed including \"Prove Your Love\", \"I'll Always Love You\", \"Don't Rush Me\", \"With Every Beat of My Heart\", \"Love Will Lead You Back\" and \"I'll Be Your Shelter\". These were followed by the No. 12 hit \"Heart of Stone\". In","title":"Taylor Dayne"},{"id":"8669590","text":"otherwise as she saw it as an opportunity to travel to Los Angeles. For her audition she sang Whitney Houston's version of \"I Will Always Love You\" and alongside Ana Maria Lombo, Maile Misajon, Ivette Sosa, and Rosanna Tavarez, established the girl group Eden's Crush. Their debut single, \"Get Over Yourself\", was released in March 2001 and debuted at number eight on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and became the first female act to debut at number one on the Hot 100 Singles Sales chart. Their debut studio album, \"Popstars\" (2001), debuted at number six on the \"Billboard\" 200 chart. They","title":"Nicole Scherzinger"},{"id":"10925925","text":"Kirk Whalum Kirk Whalum (born July 11, 1958) is an American jazz saxophonist and songwriter. He toured with Whitney Houston for more than seven years and soloed in her single \"I Will Always Love You\", the best-selling single by a female artist in music history. He was also featured on many Luther Vandross albums, most often playing on the singer's covers of older pop and R&B standards such as \"Anyone Who Had a Heart\", \"I (Who Have Nothing)\", and \"Love Won't Let Me Wait\". Whalum has recorded a series of well received solo albums and film soundtracks, with music ranging","title":"Kirk Whalum"},{"id":"10162876","text":"them to her Vee-Jay Records label, making their first recordings in mid 1954. After a string of unsuccessful singles, they recorded \"At My Front Door\" (also known as \"Crazy Little Mama\") in 1955, and it rose to # 1 on the US \"Billboard\" R&B chart, and # 17 on the US pop chart. Their follow-up, \"I’ll Be Forever Loving You\", also made the R&B top ten in early 1956. After Basset and Nickens left the group, they continued to record as a quartet. The original group split up in 1957. Moses stayed in Chicago and formed a new version of","title":"The El Dorados"},{"id":"5020230","text":"one entry two weeks later. It also dominated other \"Billboard\" charts, spending 14 weeks at the top of \"Billboard\" Hot 100 Single Sales chart, and 11 weeks at number one on its Hot 100 Airplay chart. The song also remained at number one for five weeks on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks, and for 11 weeks on the Hot R&B Singles chart becoming the longest running number one on the R&B charts at the time; it remained in the top 40 for 24 weeks. It became Arista Records' biggest hit. The song was number one on the Hot 100, Adult","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"5020243","text":"months while Houston's version was on the charts, so as not to compete with Houston's recording. However, both Parton and Houston dispelled any rumors, speaking glowingly of one another in interviews. Houston praised Parton for writing a beautiful song. In return, Parton thanked Houston for bringing her song to a wider audience and increasing the amount of royalties for her song in the process. Dolly Parton also gave a live interview, confirming this. When Houston won the Record of the Year award at the 1994 Grammy Awards for the recording, Parton (along with David Foster) presented her with the award.","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"11687884","text":"'80s and '90s, he played drums for Michael Jackson and Whitney Houston. He played on Whitney's famous hit, \"I Will Always Love You\". Lawson has a one note \"solo\" in the song, where he hits the toms before Whitney's dramatic vocal finale. He said that this was his favorite solo of his career. In addition to the artists listed above, Lawson collaborated with Quincy Jones, Bette Midler, Russell Ferrante, Toto, Al Jarreau, George Benson, Lionel Richie, and George Duke. He also co-authored The Pointer Sisters' hit \"Uh-Uh\", and co-produced their album \"Serious Slammin'\" and the Fattburger hit \"Good News\". He","title":"Ricky Lawson"},{"id":"4914624","text":"a remix of \"I’m Every Woman\". \"The Bodyguard\" remains the best-selling soundtrack album of all time, selling over 42 million copies worldwide. Houston served as executive producer (as she did on her previous release \"I'm Your Baby Tonight\"), giving her full control over the song selections for this album. Houston planned to record \"What Becomes of the Broken Hearted\" as the film's theme song, however, when they learned it would be used in the film \"Fried Green Tomatoes\", they searched for another song. Kevin Costner, the film's co-star, thought of recording \"I Will Always Love You\", originally released by Dolly","title":"The Bodyguard (soundtrack)"},{"id":"8099226","text":"the top-100 list was started by Billboard after the peak of the song's popularity). The song was nominated for the 1955 Academy Award for Best Original Song but lost to \"Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing\" from the film of the same name. I'll Never Stop Loving You (1955 song) \"I'll Never Stop Loving You\" is a popular music song, with music written by Nicholas Brodzsky and lyrics by Sammy Cahn for the 1955 film \"Love Me or Leave Me\". The song was published in 1955. The recording by Doris Day was released by Columbia Records as catalog number 40505. It","title":"I'll Never Stop Loving You (1955 song)"},{"id":"4785343","text":"Who's Lovin' You \"Who's Lovin' You\" is a Motown soul song, written in 1960 by William \"Smokey\" Robinson. The song has been recorded by many different artists including The Miracles, who recorded the 1960 original version, The Temptations, The Supremes, Terence Trent D'arby, Brenda and The Tabulations, John Farnham, Human Nature, En Vogue, Michael Bublé and Giorgia Todrani and Jessica Mauboy. The most famous version is attributed to The Jackson 5. Twelve-year-old singer Shaheen Jafargholi performed the song at Michael Jackson's public memorial service in July 2009. The song was written by Smokey Robinson for his group The Miracles, who","title":"Who's Lovin' You"},{"id":"5020224","text":"songwriter to sign over half of the publishing rights to any song Elvis recorded. Parton refused. She recalls:I said, 'I'm really sorry,' and I cried all night. I mean, it was like the worst thing. You know, it's like, Oh, my God … Elvis Presley.' And other people were saying, 'You're nuts. It's Elvis Presley.' ...I said, 'I can't do that. Something in my heart says, 'Don't do that. And I just didn't do it... He would have killed it. But anyway, so he didn't. Then when Whitney [Houston's version] came out, I made enough money to buy Graceland. In","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"5020240","text":"hip for the MOR songbird.\" Stewart Mason of AllMusic found Houston's cover \"repulsively overwrought... so boomingly bombastic and glutinous with self-approbation that the tenderness of Dolly Parton's song is lost in the mire\". \"I Will Always Love You\" won the 1994 Grammy Award for Record of the Year, and Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, her third award for this category after earlier awards in 1986 and 1988. During the Grammy Award telecast, the Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female was presented to Houston by composer Dolly Parton and David Foster. The single topped the 1993","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"18589902","text":"five years (1989–1994) when Houston was catapulted in the worldwide success of her film debut \"The Bodyguard\" and its subsequent soundtrack. Filming took 20 days to shoot and was primarily filmed in Los Angeles and Santa Clarita, California. Canadian R&B singer Deborah Cox performs all of Houston's vocals in the film, including \"I Will Always Love You\", \"I'm Your Baby Tonight\", \"I'm Every Woman\", \"Jesus Loves Me\" and \"The Greatest Love of All\". In addition, songwriting/production team The Jackie Boyz performed Brown's vocals for \"Every Little Step\" in the Soul Train Awards scene. In 1989, Whitney Houston (Yaya DaCosta) is","title":"Whitney (2015 film)"},{"id":"5020237","text":"2009, the single had sold 4,591,000 copies, and had become the second best-selling physical single in US alone, only behind Elton John's single in 1997. In the United Kingdom, the single sold over 1,550,000 copies, becoming the tenth best-selling single of the 1990s, and was certified two times Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) on January 1, 1993. It was certified Platinum for shipments of over 500,000 copies by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie (BVMI) in Germany. In Japan, \"I Will Always Love You\" sold over 810,000 copies, staying for 27 weeks on the chart, and became the best-selling single by","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"15648913","text":"her solo hits regularly appeared in the top 10, as did her duets with Wagoner. Her first chart-topper, 1970's \"Joshua\", followed by 1971's \"Coat of Many Colors\", 1972's \"Touch Your Woman\", and \"Traveling Man\" and \"Jolene\", both from 1973, all reached the top 10 on the U.S. country singles charts, with \"Jolene\" becoming her second No. 1 single in February 1974. In mid-1974, Parton split with Wagoner and his show in order to expand her career as a solo artist, writing and recording the No. 1 hit, \"I Will Always Love You\" as a tribute to Wagoner. Following her departure","title":"Dolly Parton singles discography"},{"id":"8721895","text":"on Philippines' \"FHM\" 100 Sexiest Women in the World. In the same year, she collaborated with American singer Joe Pizzulo in his album, \"All the Best\". In 2006, she dated long-time friend and fellow acoustic singer Nyoy Volante, but the two broke up a year later. In February 2006, she was chosen to sing the theme song for \"I Will Always Love You\", which eventually became the highest-grossing movie of GMA Films. In June of the same year, Goldilocks Bakeshop chose her as spokesperson for their 40th anniversary (40 Thoughtful Years), where she recorded the promotional song \"Araw Mo\". In","title":"Nina Girado"},{"id":"5712972","text":"most known for being the first single that Simpson professionally recorded with Lachey. (The couple recorded several other duets, including, \"A Whole New World\" and \"Baby, It's Cold Outside\".) Simpson developed and nurtured her talent in her local Baptist church, where her father worked as the congregation's youth minister. At age twelve, she unsuccessfully auditioned for \"The Mickey Mouse Club\". While attending a church camp, at the age of 13, Simpson sang Whitney Houston's \"I Will Always Love You\" and an arrangement of \"Amazing Grace\". One of the camp's visitors was launching a Gospel music record label and saw great","title":"Where You Are (Jessica Simpson song)"},{"id":"5020258","text":"end credits and is referred on the soundtrack as \"\"Aladdin\"'s Theme\". The version peaked at number one on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart on March 6, 1993, replacing Whitney Houston's \"I Will Always Love You\", which had spent a then-record 14 weeks at the top of the chart. It went gold and sold 600,000 copies domestically. The track peaked at number 12 in the UK Singles Chart in 1992. The song is the first and so far only song from a Disney animated film to top the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The single version was later included on Belle's","title":"A Whole New World"},{"id":"11156444","text":"I Will Always Love You (film) I Will Always Love You is a Philippine movie starring Richard Gutierrez and Angel Locsin. The theme song of the film, \"I'll Always Love You\", was performed by Nina. Justin (Richard Gutierrez) is a rich, smart, confident mestizo from a private school in Manila while Cecille (Angel Locsin) is a simple scholar from a rural public school. The two fall for each other against the wishes of his parents, (Jean Garcia and Lloyd Samartino). They want him to marry Donna (Bianca King), their business partner’s daughter. His parents order Justin to study in the","title":"I Will Always Love You (film)"},{"id":"5020246","text":"scenes. 'UK / Europe 12\" vinyl single UK / Europe / US 7\" vinyl single US / Europe Maxi-CD single Maxi-CD singles (1999 Remixes) !scope=\"col\" colspan=\"3\"| Digital Jennifer Hudson performed the song in front of Houston, who received The BET Honors Award for Entertainer Lifetime Achievement spanning over 25 years in the industry. The 2010 BET Honors Awards was held at the Warner Theatre in Washington, D.C. and aired on February 1, 2010. Since Houston's death in 2012, many other artists have performed tributes to the late singer's version of the song, including on February 12, 2012, when Hudson performed","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"5419710","text":"I'll Make Love to You \"I'll Make Love to You\" is a 1994 number-one hit single by R&B group Boyz II Men for the Motown label. The song, which was written by Babyface, was the lead single from their second album \"II\". The single was a massive commercial success. It held the number one position on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 for 14 weeks, from August 27 to November 26, 1994. At the time, the song tied a record for the most weeks at number one that had been set by Whitney Houston's \"I Will Always Love You\" in late 1992","title":"I'll Make Love to You"},{"id":"5214417","text":"the United States, she achieved three gold singles, with \"Tell It to My Heart\", \"I'll Always Love You,\" and \"Love Will Lead You Back.\" \"I'll Always Love You,\" a change-of-pace ballad compared to Dayne's earlier releases, was her breakout hit on the Adult Contemporary charts in 1988 and paved the way for future uptempo dance tracks such as \"Don't Rush Me\" (1988) and \"With Every Beat Of My Heart\" (1989) to gain acceptance at Adult Contemporary radio. In 1990, \"Love Will Lead You Back\", a Diane Warren composition, peaked at No. 1 on both the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and the","title":"Taylor Dayne"},{"id":"16285545","text":"released on January 6. The music video features MBLAQ's Lee Joon. \"Singing Got Better\" reached number one on Korea's major charts: Mnet, Bugs, Olleh, Soribada, Naver Music, Daum Music, and Genie. Ailee again made an appearance on an episode of on April 12, 2014. The theme for the episode was \"American Songs Famous in South Korea\", and Ailee was chosen first to which she performed a rousing and emotional rendition of Whitney Houston's \"I Will Always Love You\", a song originally written and recorded by country singer Dolly Parton released in 1974. She received 409 points for her performance, despite","title":"Ailee"},{"id":"16275844","text":"was limited for much of 1971 and the following year. In early August 1972, shortly after the UK release of the \"Concert for Bangladesh\" film, he resumed his role as a record producer with a session for a new Cilla Black single, the A-side of which was to be \"When Every Song Is Sung\". The recording took place at Apple Studio in London, during Black's day off from her summer variety season in Blackpool. Among the support musicians were Voormann, Ringo Starr and Eric Clapton. A second Harrison composition, \"You Got to Stay With Me\", was also attempted at the","title":"I'll Still Love You"},{"id":"4153008","text":"Love Me Do \"Love Me Do\" is the debut single by the English rock band the Beatles, backed by \"P.S. I Love You\". When the single was originally released in the United Kingdom on 5 October 1962, it peaked at No. 17; in 1982 it was re-promoted (not re-issued, retaining the same catalogue number) and reached No. 4. In the United States the single was a No. 1 hit in 1964. In 2013, recordings of the song that were released in 1962 entered the public domain in Europe. The song was written several years before it was recorded, and prior","title":"Love Me Do"},{"id":"2070966","text":"one #1 Billboard Hot 100 hit with \"Strangers in the Night\" in 1966. Frankie Valli (who was portrayed in the play Jersey Boys) had 7 #1 Hot 100 hits in the 1960s and 1970s, including \"December 1963 (Oh, What a Night)\". Kool & the Gang had a #1 Hot 100 hit with \"Celebration\" in 1981. Bon Jovi had 4 #1 Hot 100 hits, including \"Living on a Prayer\" in 1987. Whitney Houston (d. 2012) had 11 #1 Hot 100 hits in the 1980s and 1990s, including \"I Will Always Love You\" in 1992. P.M. Dawn had one #1 hit with","title":"Music of New Jersey"},{"id":"17027735","text":"song is the 1992 Whitney Houston version of \"I Will Always Love You\", which sold over 20 million copies. The song had originally been written and recorded in 1973 by American singer-songwriter, Dolly Parton, and topped the country charts in 1974. It was written as a farewell to her one-time partner and mentor of seven years, Porter Wagoner, following Parton's decision to pursue a solo career. Other high-selling breakup songs include \"I Will Survive\" (14 million copies), \"Un-Break My Heart\" by Toni Braxton in 1996 (10 million copies), \"Believe\" by Cher in 1998 (10 million copies) and \"Careless Whisper\" by","title":"Breakup song"},{"id":"6439162","text":"a major hit on radio stations nationwide and became their first top-ten single in \"Billboard\" Hot 100, peaking at number ten. The second single was \"You Got It (The Right Stuff)\", a worldwide hit which peaked at number three on the Billboard charts. \"I'll Be Loving You (Forever)\", a ballad, was the third single released and became their first number-one in \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The title track was released next and also reached number one. \"Cover Girl\" was the fifth released; it peaked at number two. \"My Favorite Girl\" was released in January 1990 as a promotional single sent to","title":"Hangin' Tough"},{"id":"3916279","text":"Man\", Lady Gaga's \"Born This Way\" and Ariana Grande's \"Break Free\" are considered as gay anthems for the new generation. Famous soundtracks as \"I Will Always Love You\" by Whitney Houston from \"The Bodyguard\", \"There You'll Be\" by Faith Hill from \"Pearl Harbor\", \"Can't Fight the Moonlight\" by LeAnn Rimes from \"Coyote Ugly\", \"It's Raining Men\" by Geri Halliwell from \"Bridget Jones's Diary\", \"Lady Marmalade\" by Christina Aguilera, Mýa, Lil' Kim and Pink from \"Moulin Rouge!\" and \"We Can\" by LeAnn Rimes from \"\" are beloved by gay community and are considered as gay anthems. The main single of I","title":"Gay anthem"},{"id":"4826757","text":"Andrews planned on dancing in her school's talent show, but her sister convinced her to sing Dolly Parton's \"I Will Always Love You\" instead. At 11, she put her first band together. Meanwhile, after someone sent a song of her singing to producer Byron Gallimore, Andrews signed with DreamWorks Records Nashville and soon began working on her first album. Prior to its release, she began opening for Faith Hill on her Fall 1998 tour, as well as for Tim McGraw (also produced by Gallimore) for his New Year's Eve concert. At the age of 15, Andrews released her debut album,","title":"Jessica Andrews"},{"id":"17288705","text":"I'll Always Love My Mama \"I'll Always Love My Mama\" is a 1973 single by the Philly soul group The Intruders. Released from their album \"Save the Children\", it is a song commonly played on Mother's Day. Written by Gamble & Huff and co-written by McFadden & Whitehead, the song reached #36 on the pop chart and #6 on the R&B charts in the summer of 1973. It was recorded as a long LP track, which was broken down into Parts 1 and 2 for the single release. The song was inspired by Kenny Gamble's mother, Ruby, who died in","title":"I'll Always Love My Mama"},{"id":"5020225","text":"Curtis W. Ellison's book, \"Country Music Culture: From Hard Times to Heaven\" (1995), he stated: \"In the early 1990s, when ambiguity in romantic relationships accompanies changing expectations for both men and women, this song demonstrates Dolly Parton's appeal as a songwriter in the pop music market.\" Ken Knight, author of \"The Midnight Show: Late Night Cable-TV \"Guy-Flicks\" of the '80s\" (2008), commented that Parton is the only singer who can sing \"I Will Always Love You\" and \"make it memorable\". Writer Paul Simpson criticized the singer, stating that the track was only written to \"soften the blow\" of Parton and","title":"I Will Always Love You"},{"id":"11726831","text":"The Spinners first hit record in 1961, \"That's What Girls Are Made For\" (which has been inaccurately credited to the group's mentor and former Moonglows lead singer, the late Harvey Fuqua). Smith also sang lead on most of their Motown material during the 1960s, such as the charting singles like \"Truly Yours\" (1966) and \"I'll Always Love You\" (1965); almost all of the group's pre-Motown material on Fuqua's Tri-Phi Records label, and also on The Spinners' biggest Atlantic Records hits. These included \"I'll Be Around\", \"Could It Be I'm Falling in Love\", \"They Just Can't Stop It the (Games People","title":"Bobby Smith (rhythm and blues singer)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"5020216\",\n \"text\": \"I Will Always Love You \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" is a song originally written and recorded in 1973 by American singer-songwriter Dolly Parton. Her country version of the track was released in 1974 as a single and was written as a farewell to her one-time partner and mentor of seven years, Porter Wagoner, following Parton's decision to pursue a solo career. Parton's version of \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" was a commercial success. It reached number one on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Songs chart twice. It first reached number one in June 1974, and then in October 1982, with\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020226\",\n \"text\": \"Wagoner's split. In 1992, R&B singer Whitney Houston recorded a new arrangement of \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" for the soundtrack to \\\"\\\", her film debut. The song has a saxophone solo by Kirk Whalum. She was originally to record Jimmy Ruffin's \\\"What Becomes of the Brokenhearted\\\" as the lead single from \\\"The Bodyguard\\\". However, when it was discovered the song was to be used for \\\"Fried Green Tomatoes\\\", Houston requested a different song. It was her co-star Kevin Costner who suggested \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\", playing her Linda Ronstadt's 1975 version from her album \\\"Prisoner in Disguise\\\". Producer\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020221\",\n \"text\": \"that most people don't know that Dolly Parton wrote [the track]\\\". Several times (long before Whitney Houston recorded the song), Dolly Parton suggested to singer Patti Labelle that she record \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" because she felt Patti could have sung it so well. However, Patti admitted she kept putting off the opportunity to do so and later deeply regretted it after she heard Whitney Houston's rendition. During its original release in 1974, \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" reached number four in Canada on the Canadian \\\"RPM\\\" Country Tracks chart and peaked at number one on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13971655\",\n \"text\": \"I'll Always Love You (The Spinners song) \\\"I'll Always Love You\\\" is a song co-written by William \\\"Mickey\\\" Stevenson and Ivy Jo Hunter and produced by Stevenson and Hunter as a single for The Spinners on the Motown Records label. The single became the Detroit-reared group's first charting single on the Motown Records company since they had signed with the company in 1964 (and their third charting hit over all). The song was a top 40 pop single on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 in the United States, on which it peaked at number 35. On the \\\"Billboard\\\" R&B singles chart,\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Always Love You (The Spinners song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13971656\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"I'll Always Love You\\\" peaked at number 8. The song featured lead vocals by the group's main lead singer, Bobby Smith. I'll Always Love You (The Spinners song) \\\"I'll Always Love You\\\" is a song co-written by William \\\"Mickey\\\" Stevenson and Ivy Jo Hunter and produced by Stevenson and Hunter as a single for The Spinners on the Motown Records label. The single became the Detroit-reared group's first charting single on the Motown Records company since they had signed with the company in 1964 (and their third charting hit over all). The song was a top 40 pop single on\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Always Love You (The Spinners song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020218\",\n \"text\": \"in music history. Houston's version of \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" re-entered the charts in 2012 after her death, making it the second single ever to reach the top three on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 in separate chart runs. The song has been recorded by many other significant artists including Linda Ronstadt and John Doe. Country music singer-songwriter Dolly Parton wrote the song in 1973 for her one-time partner and mentor Porter Wagoner, from whom she was separating professionally after a seven-year partnership. She recorded it in RCA's Studio B in Nashville on June 13, 1973. \\\"I Will Always Love\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15015485\",\n \"text\": \"I'll Always Love You (Michael Johnson song) \\\"I'll Always Love You\\\" is a single by Michael Johnson, released in 1979 along with his fifth album, \\\"Dialogue\\\". Despite failing to chart in the Hot 100, this song is a big hit in the Philippines. In 1979, the song was covered by Canadian country singer Anne Murray from her album of the same title under Capitol Records. \\\"I'll Always Love You\\\" was covered by Filipino pop/R&B singer Nina in February 2006 under Warner Music Philippines. The song was recorded for the promotion of GMA Films' 2006 romantic movie \\\"I Will Always Love\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Always Love You (Michael Johnson song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020249\",\n \"text\": \"Tour, Beyoncé also sang the opening lines of \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" prior to the performance of \\\"Halo\\\" as the final song of the tour. At the 2017 Commencement of the University of Southern California, Will Ferrell sang \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" to the graduating class. See Washington Post commentary: I Will Always Love You \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" is a song originally written and recorded in 1973 by American singer-songwriter Dolly Parton. Her country version of the track was released in 1974 as a single and was written as a farewell to her one-time partner and\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020223\",\n \"text\": \"version of \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" made the \\\"Billboard\\\" country chart and peaked at number 15. Parton and Gill were awarded the CMA's \\\"Vocal Event of the Year\\\" award in 1996 for their recording of the song. Another duet version of the song was released in 2017 with Michael Bolton from his album Songs of Cinema. When the 1974 recording of the song was reaching number one on the country charts, Elvis Presley indicated that he wanted to cover the song. Parton was interested until Presley's manager, Colonel Tom Parker, told her that it was standard procedure for the\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9029823\",\n \"text\": \"but I just have to tell you. I love your voice.\\\" This single was her first crossover hit, being her first song on the adult contemporary radio format and her only song to chart on the R&B chart. It reached number three on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 on September 24, 1988. I'll Always Love You (Taylor Dayne song) \\\"I'll Always Love You\\\" is a song by American singer Taylor Dayne and the third single from her debut album, \\\"Tell It to My Heart\\\". The song is a romantic ballad, showcasing Dayne's softer side—after the first two singles released were mainly\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Always Love You (Taylor Dayne song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020248\",\n \"text\": \"all the great music that she left behind. I will always have a very special piece of her in the song we shared together and had the good fortune to share with the world. Rest in peace, Whitney. Again, we will always love you. In 2012, following Whitney Houston's death, American singer Beyoncé performed a tribute to Houston during her revue in Atlantic City, New Jersey at the Revel resort. She began the performance of her song \\\"Halo\\\" singing the first verse of \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" a cappella. Later, in 2013, during her The Mrs. Carter Show World\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16275834\",\n \"text\": \"I'll Still Love You \\\"I'll Still Love You\\\" is a song written by English musician George Harrison and first released in 1976 by his former Beatles bandmate Ringo Starr. Produced by Arif Mardin, the track appeared on Starr's debut album for Atlantic Records and Polydor, \\\"Ringo's Rotogravure\\\". The composition had a long recording history before then, having been written in 1970 as \\\"Whenever\\\", after which it was copyrighted with the title \\\"When Every Song Is Sung\\\". Harrison originally intended the song for Welsh singer Shirley Bassey, who had a hit in the summer of 1970 with a cover version of\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Still Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020229\",\n \"text\": \"performance was included on the 1999 release \\\"Divas Live '99\\\", and on the 2014 CD/DVD release of \\\"\\\", a 1994 performance of the song was included as well. The single spent 14 weeks at the top of the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, which at the time was a record. It became Houston's longest run at number one, surpassing her previous record of three weeks with the \\\"Greatest Love of All\\\" in 1986. It is also the longest running number one single from a soundtrack album. It debuted at number 40 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, and became Houston's tenth number\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16275843\",\n \"text\": \"Harrison and Spector co-produced the sessions. Basic tracks for this and the other songs were taped at Abbey Road Studios with some of the musicians who had played on \\\"All Things Must Pass\\\" – including Jim Gordon, Klaus Voormann and Gary Wright – along with Leon Russell on piano. The recording was not completed, however, since Phil Spector's erratic behaviour led to the project being abandoned. Issued on Apple Records in April 1971, the single \\\"Try Some, Buy Some\\\" was the only official Ronnie Spector release from these sessions. Due to his commitment to the Bangladesh relief effort, Harrison's music-making\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Still Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9029821\",\n \"text\": \"I'll Always Love You (Taylor Dayne song) \\\"I'll Always Love You\\\" is a song by American singer Taylor Dayne and the third single from her debut album, \\\"Tell It to My Heart\\\". The song is a romantic ballad, showcasing Dayne's softer side—after the first two singles released were mainly freestyle, dance-pop tracks—paving her way to the adult contemporary charts. It features sensuous love lyrics accompanied by a saxophone instrumental performed by Richie Cannata, who has played for other mainstream acts, including the Billy Joel Band. Dayne was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal for her performance\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Always Love You (Taylor Dayne song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"459659\",\n \"text\": \"in the top 100 because of rising ticket prices since the time the film was released. The film's soundtrack also enjoyed success. Houston executive-produced and contributed six songs for the motion picture's . \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" said it is \\\"nothing more than pleasant, tasteful and urbane\\\". The soundtrack's lead single was \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\", written and originally recorded by Dolly Parton in 1974. Houston's version of the song was acclaimed by many critics, regarding it as her \\\"signature song\\\" or \\\"iconic performance\\\". \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" and \\\"USA Today\\\" called her rendition \\\"the tour-de-force\\\". The single peaked at number one on\",\n \"title\": \"Whitney Houston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020219\",\n \"text\": \"You\\\" was issued on June 6, 1974, as the second single from Parton's thirteenth solo studio album, \\\"Jolene\\\" (1974). In 1982, Parton re-recorded the song, when it was included on the soundtrack to the film \\\"The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas\\\". In addition to the 1982 re-recording for the soundtrack album, Parton's original 1974 recording of the song also appeared in Martin Scorsese's film \\\"Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore\\\", and the 1996 film \\\"It's My Party.\\\" The song also won Parton Female Vocalist of the Year at the 1975 CMA Awards. Author Curtis W. Ellison stated that the song \\\"speaks\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020227\",\n \"text\": \"David Foster re-arranged the song as a soul ballad. Her record company did not feel a song with an a cappella introduction would be as successful; however, Houston and Costner insisted on retaining it. When Parton heard that Houston was using Ronstadt's recording as a template, she called Foster to give him the final verse, which was missing from the Ronstadt recording, as she felt it was important to the song. The tenor saxophone solo was played by Kirk Whalum. Whitney Houston's recording is not the only version of the song featured in the movie. In a scene where she\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15804079\",\n \"text\": \"New Year's Rockin' Eve\\\" on December 31, 2011. A writer of \\\"Essence\\\" magazine noted that she performed a \\\"powerful rendition\\\" of the song further adding that she \\\"looked and sounded glorious\\\". In May 2012, during , a video montage of Beyoncé holding her child Blue Ivy Carter, drinking a pint of Guinness, and going whale-watching was shown while the song was played in the background, before she began singing the first verse of Whitney Houston's \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\". The live performance for \\\"I Was Here\\\" as part of 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé, where it served as the\",\n \"title\": \"I Was Here (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2500105\",\n \"text\": \"adult contemporary format. Whitney Houston's quiet storm hits included \\\"All the Man That I Need\\\" (1990) and \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" (1992). Houston's \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\", a song from the 1992 hit film \\\"The Bodyguard\\\", spent 14 weeks on top of the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 a record at the time, and sold over 40 million copies worldwide. It is the best selling single by a female act of all time. In the 1990s, Mariah Carey's career originated in quiet storm, with hit singles such as \\\"Vision of Love\\\" (1990) and \\\"Love Takes Time\\\" (1990). Her albums \\\"Music\",\n \"title\": \"1990s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020217\",\n \"text\": \"her re-recording on the soundtrack of the movie version of \\\"The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas.\\\" Thus, she achieved the number one position twice with the same song, a rare feat that Chubby Checker had done previously with \\\"The Twist\\\" becoming number one in 1960 and again in 1962. Whitney Houston recorded her version of the song for the 1992 film \\\"The Bodyguard\\\". Her single spent 14 weeks at number one on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart making it one of the best-selling singles of all time. It also holds the record for being the best-selling single by a woman\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8661669\",\n \"text\": \"I Will Love You \\\"I Will Love You\\\" is a song written by Shelby Flint and Barry DeVorzon. Flint recorded it as a track on her eponymous debut album in 1961. In 1962, The Lettermen released their version of the song on their album \\\"Jim, Tony, and Bob\\\". In 1963, Richard Chamberlain released his version as the final single from his 1962 album \\\"Richard Chamberlain Sings\\\". This version met with moderate success, placing on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 at number 65. Another remake was released in 1971, when Paige Claire included her version as a track on her eponymous debut\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12750730\",\n \"text\": \"was written by Meredith Brothers, but in a maneuver that was typical of the music business at the time, store owner Azrael wound up listed as a co-writer. Their next session of songs, recorded on October 6, 1950, included their second single \\\"I’ll Always Love You\\\", another ballad that featuring Warren’s strong lead ably supported by the warbling Cardinals. They also recorded an R&B version of \\\"Wheel of Fortune\\\" later to be released as their 3rd single in February 1951. Between February and March 1951, various versions of the song were pop hits for Kay Starr (#1), Bobby Wayne (#6),\",\n \"title\": \"The Cardinals\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020222\",\n \"text\": \"Country Songs chart, becoming one of the best selling singles of 1974. When Parton re-recorded the song in 1982 for the soundtrack of the film \\\"The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas\\\", the track was issued as a single and once again charted at number one on Hot Country Songs — making her the first artist ever to earn a number one record twice with the same song., the 1982 version also reached #53 on Billboard's Hot 100 and #17 on its adult contemporary charts. After recording a duet with Vince Gill in 1995 for the album \\\"Something Special\\\", the duet\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10117862\",\n \"text\": \"the title cut \\\"Eyes That See in the Dark\\\" also charted on the UK Singles Chart, spending six weeks in the top 100. The song \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" featured on this album was written by Barry and Maurice Gibb, and is not the same as the more famous song of the same name, which was written by Dolly Parton. Kenny Rogers would later record a rendition of the Dolly Parton song, for his 1996 covers album \\\"Vote for Love\\\". The song \\\"Buried Treasure\\\" is not to be confused with Rogers's 1978 song \\\"Buried Treasures\\\", which appears on his\",\n \"title\": \"Eyes That See in the Dark\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14964222\",\n \"text\": \"The Original Spinners The Original Spinners (released in the UK as The Detroit Spinners) is the 1967 debut album by The Spinners for Motown Records. The LP includes the group's earliest singles on the label (such as Top 20 R&B hits \\\"I'll Always Love You\\\" and \\\"Truly Yours\\\"), as well as their first ever single \\\"That's What Girls Are Made For\\\" (which was released on the already defunct Tri-Phi Record label). None of the group's other material from Tri-Phi appear on this album. The lineup on the cover features Bobby Smith, Edgar \\\"Chico\\\" Edwards, Henry Fambrough, Billy Henderson, and Pervis\",\n \"title\": \"The Original Spinners\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"459625\",\n \"text\": \"All My Love for You\\\" in 1985 to \\\"Where Do Broken Hearts Go\\\" in 1988. Houston made her screen acting debut in the romantic thriller film \\\"The Bodyguard\\\" (1992). She recorded seven songs for the film's soundtrack, including \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\", which received the Grammy Award for Record of the Year and became the best-selling single by a woman in music history. The soundtrack album received the Grammy Award for Album of the Year and remains the world's best-selling soundtrack album of all time. Houston made other high-profile film appearances, including \\\"Waiting to Exhale\\\" (1995) and \\\"The Preacher's\",\n \"title\": \"Whitney Houston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16275848\",\n \"text\": \"their two albums together, titled \\\"Wedding Album\\\". Harrison participated in the session for \\\"When Every Song Is Sung\\\". According to Tom Petty, who was a Shelter artist at the time, recording took place at Russell's home studio in Encino, with Ringo Starr also at the session. As before, this attempt failed to produce a finished recording of the song. Starr was another admirer of the song, describing it in an \\\"NME\\\" interview as \\\"a big ballady thing\\\" and a track \\\"I've always loved\\\". In April 1976, John Lennon and Paul McCartney had each agreed to donate a song and participate\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Still Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9267719\",\n \"text\": \"I Love You Always Forever \\\"I Love You Always Forever\\\" is a song recorded by Welsh singer Donna Lewis from her debut album, \\\"Now in a Minute\\\" (1996). Written by Lewis, and produced by Lewis and Kevin Killen, it was released as the album's lead single in the US on 14 May 1996 and in the UK on 22 August 1996. Inspired by H. E. Bates' novel \\\"Love for Lydia\\\", \\\"I Love You Always Forever\\\" is a pop song in which the singer declares her endless love for her significant other. The song was a commercial hit, peaking at number\",\n \"title\": \"I Love You Always Forever\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16275835\",\n \"text\": \"his Beatles composition \\\"Something\\\". Although Harrison recorded \\\"When Every Song Is Sung\\\" himself during the sessions for \\\"All Things Must Pass\\\" that year, it was not included on his album. He went on to produce recordings of the track by former Ronette Ronnie Spector in February 1971, and Cilla Black in August 1972, but neither version was completed for release. Mary Hopkin and Leon and Mary Russell also attempted the song during the first half of the 1970s, with Harrison participating in the Russells' recording. A later version by Black – produced by David Mackay and titled \\\"I'll Still Love\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Still Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020242\",\n \"text\": \"Disc Awards in 1993 for International Song of the Year, and a 1994 International Song of the Year Special Award for Japanese sales of over one million units. In 2015, \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" was named the #1 Song of the Rock Era in the book \\\"The Top 500 Songs of the Rock Era: 1955-2015\\\". After Whitney Houston's recording of the song became a hit in 1992, the tabloid press began reporting on a 'feud' between the two performers, stemming from Dolly Parton allegedly reneging on an agreement that she would not perform the song for a number of\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8893533\",\n \"text\": \"Lovin' You \\\"Lovin' You\\\" is a 1975 song originally performed by American singer Minnie Riperton from her second studio album \\\"Perfect Angel\\\" (1974). It was written by Riperton and Richard Rudolph, produced by Rudolph and Stevie Wonder, and released on January 13, 1975. It became a number one hit on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 on April 5, 1975. Additionally, it reached number two on the UK Singles chart, and number three on the \\\"Billboard\\\" R&B chart. In the US, \\\"Billboard\\\" ranked it as the number 13 song for 1975. The song is especially known for Riperton's use of the\",\n \"title\": \"Lovin' You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020231\",\n \"text\": \"Contemporary, and R&B chart simultaneously for a record-equaling five weeks; Ray Charles' \\\"I Can't Stop Loving You\\\" in 1962 achieved the same feat on the same charts. The song stayed at number one in the United States throughout January and February 1993, making it the first time \\\"Billboard\\\" did not rank a new number one single until March of the new year. Houston's \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" was also the year-end single of 1993 in the US. Similarly, in the UK, Houston's version was ranked the number one single of 1992, and then made the countdown again in 1993\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"110177\",\n \"text\": \"Ricky Van Shelton, \\\"Rockin' Years\\\" (1991) reached number one, though Parton's greatest commercial fortune of the decade came when Whitney Houston recorded \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" for the soundtrack of the feature film \\\"The Bodyguard\\\" (1992). Both the single and the album were massively successful. Parton's soundtrack album from the 1992 film, \\\"Straight Talk\\\", however, was less successful. But her 1993 album \\\"Slow Dancing with the Moon\\\" won critical acclaim and did well on the charts, reaching number four on the country albums chart, and number 16 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" 200 album chart. She recorded \\\"The Day I Fall\",\n \"title\": \"Dolly Parton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8661670\",\n \"text\": \"album. I Will Love You \\\"I Will Love You\\\" is a song written by Shelby Flint and Barry DeVorzon. Flint recorded it as a track on her eponymous debut album in 1961. In 1962, The Lettermen released their version of the song on their album \\\"Jim, Tony, and Bob\\\". In 1963, Richard Chamberlain released his version as the final single from his 1962 album \\\"Richard Chamberlain Sings\\\". This version met with moderate success, placing on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 at number 65. Another remake was released in 1971, when Paige Claire included her version as a track on her eponymous\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6587880\",\n \"text\": \"I'll Be Loving You (Forever) \\\"I'll Be Loving You (Forever)\\\" is a 1989 ballad song from New Kids on the Block. The lead vocals were sung by Jordan Knight. The third single from the group's second album, \\\"Hangin' Tough\\\", it peaked at number one on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, while peaking at number five in the UK. \\\"I'll Be Loving You (Forever)\\\" rose from #56 to #41 the week of April 15, 1989 as \\\"You Got It (The Right Stuff)\\\" was descending from the Top 40. The single proved to be a popular single in the early summer of 1989,\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Be Loving You (Forever)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16275841\",\n \"text\": \"Things Must Pass\\\" in 1970 but did not include it on the album. The sessions took place between late May and August that year, at London's Abbey Road and Trident studios. According to bootlegs subsequently compiled from the sessions, 44 takes of the song were taped. The recordings reveal a musical arrangement featuring acoustic guitars, piano, bass, drums and jazz-inflected horns. Along with other unreleased material from the \\\"All Things Must Pass\\\" sessions, Harrison's \\\"When Every Song Is Sung\\\" became available in the 1990s on unofficial outtake compilations such as \\\"Songs for Patti\\\", some of which list the track as\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Still Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020228\",\n \"text\": \"dances with Kevin Costner, a version by John Doe can be heard playing on a jukebox. Houston's version appears at No. 9 on NME's Greatest No 1 Singles in History list. In 2004, Houston's version of \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" finished at #65 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema. It was also ranked at number 22 on \\\"The Guardian's\\\" list of Britain's favorite 100 songs, published in May 2002. In February 2014, the song was placed at number six on \\\"Billboard\\\" list of the Top 50 'Love' Songs of All Time. A live\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5678081\",\n \"text\": \"million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling soundtrack album and one of the top 5 best-selling albums of all time. The lead single from the soundtrack, \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\", topped the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart for a then-record-breaking fourteen weeks and was certified 6× Platinum by the RIAA, peaked at number one on the charts in nearly every country and sold 20 million copies worldwide, becoming one of the best-selling singles of all time. Houston contributed three songs, including her 11th number-one single \\\"Exhale (Shoop Shoop)\\\" on the 7x platinum soundtrack album, \\\"Waiting to Exhale\\\" (November 1995). The following\",\n \"title\": \"Whitney Houston albums discography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10151697\",\n \"text\": \"Records in February 1967, their debut single, \\\"I'll Always Love You\\\" / \\\"Save Your Love\\\", produced by John Schroeder, was released. Following this, Henry returned to the United States; and Geoff Dean contracted tuberculosis to be replaced by Andy Petre (born Andrew Charles Malcolm Glywn Petre). That April, the instrumental single \\\"Soul Sauce\\\" / \\\"I Wish I Could Jerk Like My Uncle Cyril\\\" was released. Mike Patto then joined the band, and took on a prominent role as vocalist and songwriter. When Petre quit, the drum stool was filled by John Halsey (born 23 February 1945, Highgate, North London). They\",\n \"title\": \"Timebox (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11833448\",\n \"text\": \"Rump Shaker (song) \\\"Rump Shaker\\\" is a song by American hip-hop group Wreckx-N-Effect. It was released in August 1992 as the lead single from their second album \\\"Hard or Smooth\\\". It features production and guest vocals from Teddy Riley, brother of Wreckx member Markell Riley. Due to the massive success of Whitney Houston's version of \\\"I Will Always Love You,\\\" the song would advance to No. 2 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, and No. 2 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks. Nevertheless, it peaked at No. 1 on the Hot Rap Singles, and No. 9 on the Hot Dance\",\n \"title\": \"Rump Shaker (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9029822\",\n \"text\": \"on \\\"I'll Always Love You\\\" in 1989. The song was also nominated for Best R&B Song that year. In 1988, Filipina singer Sharon Cuneta covered her version and featured on her comedy movie, \\\"Jack & Jill Sa America\\\" released by VIVA Entertainment in the Philippines. In 1989, Tito Nieves Released a Salsa version which is on his album, \\\"Yo Quiero Cantar\\\". In 2012, Dayne performed this song live on \\\"This American Life\\\", using it to serenade comedian Tig Notaro, who, every time she had previously encountered Dayne, used to greet her by saying, \\\"Excuse me, I'm sorry to bother you,\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Always Love You (Taylor Dayne song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2788902\",\n \"text\": \"a digital download in the US and the UK in July 2011. The song has reached number 23 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The third US single will be \\\"I Got This\\\". The non-single track \\\"Don't Look Down\\\" reached number 70 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Hudson played a nun in the Farrelly brothers film \\\"The Three Stooges\\\" (2012). The day after the death of Whitney Houston, Hudson paid tribute to her by singing Houston's iconic \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" during the 54th Grammy Awards held on February 12, 2012 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles,\",\n \"title\": \"Jennifer Hudson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020238\",\n \"text\": \"a foreign female artist at the time, despite not topping the charts. Houston's version was later called her \\\"signature song\\\". Stephen Holden of \\\"The New York Times\\\" said it was a \\\"magnificent rendition\\\", commentingHouston transforms a plaintive country ballad into a towering pop-gospel assertion of lasting devotion to a departing lover. Her voice breaking and tensing, she treats the song as a series of emotional bursts in a steady climb toward a final full-out declamation. Along the way, her virtuosic gospel embellishments enhance the emotion and never seem merely ornamental.Writing for \\\"USA Today\\\" on November 17, 1992, James T. Jones\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14964224\",\n \"text\": \"also leads all the remaining tracks on this album) and Henry Fambrough, Edwards does not have any other leads on this album. The Original Spinners The Original Spinners (released in the UK as The Detroit Spinners) is the 1967 debut album by The Spinners for Motown Records. The LP includes the group's earliest singles on the label (such as Top 20 R&B hits \\\"I'll Always Love You\\\" and \\\"Truly Yours\\\"), as well as their first ever single \\\"That's What Girls Are Made For\\\" (which was released on the already defunct Tri-Phi Record label). None of the group's other material from\",\n \"title\": \"The Original Spinners\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5214414\",\n \"text\": \"Taylor Dayne Taylor Dayne (born Leslie Wunderman; March 7, 1962), is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. She rose to fame in 1987 after her debut single \\\"Tell It to My Heart\\\" reached number one across several international music charts. Dayne achieved three additional number one singles, including \\\"Love Will Lead You Back\\\", \\\"Prove Your Love\\\", and \\\"I'll Always Love You\\\". Taylor has sold over 75 million albums and singles worldwide, earned three Grammy Award nominations, an American Music Award, and multiple New York Music Awards. She has also received New York Hall of Fame honors and was ranked at\",\n \"title\": \"Taylor Dayne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"110165\",\n \"text\": \"their final release being 1975's \\\"Say Forever You'll Be Mine\\\". In 1974, her song, \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\", written about her professional break from Wagoner, went to number one on the country chart. Around the same time, Elvis Presley indicated that he wanted to record the song. Parton was interested until Presley's wily manager, Colonel Tom Parker, told her that it was standard procedure for the songwriter to sign over half of the publishing rights to any song recorded by Presley. Parton refused. That decision has been credited with helping to make her many millions of dollars in royalties\",\n \"title\": \"Dolly Parton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18509658\",\n \"text\": \"Always Love You \\\"Always Love You\\\" () is a song by South Korean singer Kim Hyung-jun featuring Sunny Hill's Kota, released on August 13, 2013. The mid-tempo ballad song, which was made available during the time of summer, was co-produced by Kim himself. The accompanying music video was filmed by directors Kim Do Yeon and Park Jong Chul. \\\"Always Love You\\\" was written by composers Jang Young-wan (장영완) and Tae Bong-i (태봉이) with additional writing by lyricist Iyuna (이유나). The song was produced by Kim Hyung-jun, himself with the help of LOEN Entertainment and his label S-Plus Entertainment. On August\",\n \"title\": \"Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5557196\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"I Will Always Love You\\\", both #1 hits for Parton in 1974, both sung by Parton on the show. During the opening credits, Parton emerges from a swing and then comes out to sing an opening song (either a cover of a then-current hit, or occasionally one of her own hits). At the closing of the show, Parton speaks the recitation from \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\": \\\"And I hope life treats you kind, and I hope that you have all you ever dream of. I wish you joy and lots and lots of happiness, but above all this, I\",\n \"title\": \"Dolly!\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3362563\",\n \"text\": \"Motown Records. In 1964, the Spinners made their debut at the Apollo Theater and were received with high favor. \\\"I'll Always Love You\\\" hit number 35 in 1965. From 1966 to 1969, the group released one single a year, but only the 1966 single \\\"Truly Yours\\\" peaked on the \\\"Billboard 100\\\" R&B chart at number 16. With limited commercial success, Motown assigned the Spinners as road managers, chaperones, and chauffeurs for other groups, and even as shipping clerks. G. C. Cameron replaced Edgar \\\"Chico\\\" Edwards in 1967, and in 1969, the group switched to the Motown-owned V.I.P. imprint. In 1970,\",\n \"title\": \"The Spinners (American R&B group)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16275842\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"I'll Still Love You\\\". The available take is missing the start of the performance and its lyrics appear to be incomplete. AllMusic critic Richie Unterberger describes this early version of the song as \\\"haunting\\\" and \\\"a noteworthy find\\\" among outtakes from Harrison's 1970 triple album. \\\"When Every Song Is Sung\\\" was one of up to six Harrison compositions recorded in February 1971 for what was intended to be a debut solo album by Ronnie Spector. The latter was the former lead singer of the Ronettes and the wife of Harrison's \\\"All Things Must Pass\\\" co-producer, Phil Spector. As in 1970,\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Still Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020220\",\n \"text\": \"about the breakup of a relationship between a man and a woman that does not descend into unremitting domestic turmoil, but instead envisions parting with respect – because of the initiative of the woman\\\". According to sheet music published at musicnotes.com by Hal Leonard Corporation, the country love track is set in a time signature of common time with a tempo of 66 beats per minute. (Larghetto/Adagio) Although Parton found much success with the song, many people are unaware of its origin; during an interview, Parton's manager Danny Nozel said that \\\"one thing we found out from \\\"American Idol\\\" is\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4439226\",\n \"text\": \"she was able to create tension and exercise control. She was masterful in her ability to produce warm, rich timbres. With innovative articulation, a deft control of dynamics, and a flair for dramatic performances, Holloway was a singer's singer. Later in 1964, Holloway won a spot on Dick Clark's \\\"Caravan of Stars\\\" tour on the condition that then-struggling Motown girl group The Supremes join them. During the tour, the Supremes' star rose following the release of \\\"Where Did Our Love Go\\\". Motown issued Holloway's debut album, \\\"Every Little Bit Hurts\\\", and released the modestly successful ballad, \\\"I'll Always Love You\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Brenda Holloway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020234\",\n \"text\": \"weeks. Only a few hours after Houston's death on February 11, 2012, \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" topped the US iTunes charts. Also, in the week following her death, the single returned to the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 after almost 20 years, debuting at number 7, and becoming a posthumous top-ten single for Houston, the first one since 2001. The song eventually peaked at No. 3, two spots shy of becoming the first song to return to the No. 1 position after falling off the chart since \\\"The Twist\\\" by Chubby Checker. It debuted on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Digital Singles Chart\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12187822\",\n \"text\": \"Broken Hearted Me \\\"Broken Hearted Me\\\" is a song written by Randy Goodrum, originally recorded by England Dan & John Ford Coley in 1978, and later covered by Canadian country and pop music singer Anne Murray. It was released in September 1979 as the first single from her album \\\"I'll Always Love You\\\". The song reached No. 1 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles chart in December, and was her third chart-topper for the year. She also recorded a version of the song in Spanish, which was released on vinyl, and later on CD. \\\"Broken Hearted Me\\\" was Murray's fourth\",\n \"title\": \"Broken Hearted Me\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020232\",\n \"text\": \"where it was ranked number nine, marking the first time any artist or group had the same single ranked in the top 10 of the year-end review two years in a row. In Australia, it was the number 17 single of 1992 and the number two song of 1993. Houston's single was also an international success, peaking at number one of the singles charts in almost all countries, including the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles, where it spent 13 weeks at the top. The single ruled the summit position for ten weeks in Australia, five weeks in Austria, seven weeks for\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020244\",\n \"text\": \"In a statement to \\\"Billboard\\\" on the day of Houston's death in February 2012, Parton said:Mine is only one of the millions of hearts broken over the death of Whitney Houston. I will always be grateful and in awe of the wonderful performance she did on my song and I can truly say from the bottom of my heart, 'Whitney, I will always love you. You will be missed.' The single's music video, is credited to Alan Smithee (Nick Brandt removed his name due to the way Clive Davis re-edited the video), and produced by Rob Newman. It begins with\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8893539\",\n \"text\": \"re-recorded the song again for her 2006 album \\\"Every Woman Dreams\\\". Lovin' You \\\"Lovin' You\\\" is a 1975 song originally performed by American singer Minnie Riperton from her second studio album \\\"Perfect Angel\\\" (1974). It was written by Riperton and Richard Rudolph, produced by Rudolph and Stevie Wonder, and released on January 13, 1975. It became a number one hit on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 on April 5, 1975. Additionally, it reached number two on the UK Singles chart, and number three on the \\\"Billboard\\\" R&B chart. In the US, \\\"Billboard\\\" ranked it as the number 13 song for\",\n \"title\": \"Lovin' You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4076465\",\n \"text\": \"track and hit single from Hill's second album, is also included as a bonus track. \\\"Better Days\\\" was previously recorded by Bekka & Billy on their debut album. \\\"Love Will Always Win\\\" was later issued as a single by Garth Brooks and Trisha Yearwood from Brooks' album \\\"The Lost Sessions\\\". \\\"I Love You\\\" was originally recorded by Celine Dion for her album, \\\"Falling into You\\\". The album was released on April 21, 1998 and was certified six-times Platinum by the RIAA for shipments of over six million copies in the United States. North American version International version – \\\"Love Will\",\n \"title\": \"Faith (Faith Hill album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5732350\",\n \"text\": \"on August 24, 1996. Houston sang the short-edited version of the song along with \\\"I Will Always Love You,\\\" which were followed by a standing ovation, at the 1st BET Awards on June 19, 2001, becoming the first artist ever to be given the Lifetime Achievement Award. Though \\\"I Have Nothing\\\" is one of Houston's notable hits during her career, the song was performed solely on The Bodyguard World Tour (1993–94) among her ten tours. Houston performed the song as the final part of a medley which included the aforementioned songs from Broadway shows on first North American leg of\",\n \"title\": \"I Have Nothing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14221398\",\n \"text\": \"I'll Still Be Loving You \\\"I'll Still Be Loving You\\\" is a song recorded by American country music group Restless Heart. It was released in January 1987 as the second single from the album \\\"Wheels\\\". The song was written by Todd Cerney, Pam Rose, Mary Ann Kennedy and Pat Bunch, and was Restless Heart's second number-one country single. It went to number 1 on Hot Country Songs for one week and spent 25 weeks on the chart. The single also was a hit on the Adult Contemporary chart and gave the band their first exposure on the pop charts, where\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Still Be Loving You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2909578\",\n \"text\": \"out in 1978. The first single, \\\"Bluer Than Blue\\\", became Johnson's first Top 40 hit, peaking at No. 12 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart in the summer of 1978; the song became a chart-topping single on the Adult Contemporary chart. \\\"Almost Like Being in Love\\\" went to No. 91 on the R&B chart while hitting the Top 5 on the AC chart and the Top 40 on the pop chart. His next EMI album, \\\"Dialogue\\\", provided his third big hit, \\\"This Night Won't Last Forever\\\" and a Gold Record for European sales of \\\"I'll Always Love You\\\". Johnson recorded\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Johnson (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16359860\",\n \"text\": \"concert, in honor of those returning from the Gulf War. The concert was released in VHS that same year and was certified Gold for shipments of 50,000 units by the RIAA. \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" was the music video for the lead single off for Houston's 1992 film debut \\\"The Bodyguard\\\". Having sold over 42 million copies worldwide, the soundtrack is the best-selling soundtrack album of all time. In 1995 and 1996, Houston starred in and contributed on the soundtracks for two films: \\\"Waiting to Exhale\\\" (1995), which generated the music video for the song \\\"Exhale (Shoop Shoop)\\\"; and\",\n \"title\": \"Whitney Houston videography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1769247\",\n \"text\": \"The use of melisma is a common feature of artists such as Deniece Williams, Stevie Wonder, Luther Vandross, Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey, Beyoncé, Christina Aguilera, among others. The use of melismatic vocals in pop music slowly grew in the 1980s. Deniece Williams topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart in May 1984, with Let's Hear It for the Boy with her melismatic vocals. Although other artists used melisma before, Houston, her rendition of Dolly Parton's love song \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" pushed the technique into the mainstream in the '90s. The trend in R&B singers is considered to have been\",\n \"title\": \"Melisma\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16275856\",\n \"text\": \"the \\\"makeweight bagatelles\\\" on side two of \\\"Rotogravure\\\". As listed in the musicians' credits on the \\\"Ringo's Rotogravure\\\" LP: I'll Still Love You \\\"I'll Still Love You\\\" is a song written by English musician George Harrison and first released in 1976 by his former Beatles bandmate Ringo Starr. Produced by Arif Mardin, the track appeared on Starr's debut album for Atlantic Records and Polydor, \\\"Ringo's Rotogravure\\\". The composition had a long recording history before then, having been written in 1970 as \\\"Whenever\\\", after which it was copyrighted with the title \\\"When Every Song Is Sung\\\". Harrison originally intended the song\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Still Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020247\",\n \"text\": \"the song as a tribute during the 54th Grammy Awards, the day after Houston's death, alongside images of musicians who had died in 2011 and 2012, including Amy Winehouse and Etta James. The song was played at Houston's funeral as her casket was brought out of the church. Parton complimented Hudson on her performance, saying,I was brought to tears again last night, as I'm sure many were, when Jennifer Hudson sang \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" on the Grammys in memory of Whitney. Like everybody else, I am still in shock. But I know that Whitney will live forever in\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11833452\",\n \"text\": \"Shelton, who used the clip to serve as the primary inspiration behind her 1998 film debut \\\"Ride\\\". Rump Shaker (song) \\\"Rump Shaker\\\" is a song by American hip-hop group Wreckx-N-Effect. It was released in August 1992 as the lead single from their second album \\\"Hard or Smooth\\\". It features production and guest vocals from Teddy Riley, brother of Wreckx member Markell Riley. Due to the massive success of Whitney Houston's version of \\\"I Will Always Love You,\\\" the song would advance to No. 2 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, and No. 2 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks. Nevertheless,\",\n \"title\": \"Rump Shaker (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5214416\",\n \"text\": \"Arista Records as Taylor Dayne, her first song to crack the top ten was the dance-pop hit \\\"Tell It to My Heart\\\" in late 1987. The song was an instant smash worldwide, peaking in the top five of most major markets worldwide, and achieving a peak of number one in many countries, including West Germany. Six more U.S. top-ten hits followed including \\\"Prove Your Love\\\", \\\"I'll Always Love You\\\", \\\"Don't Rush Me\\\", \\\"With Every Beat of My Heart\\\", \\\"Love Will Lead You Back\\\" and \\\"I'll Be Your Shelter\\\". These were followed by the No. 12 hit \\\"Heart of Stone\\\". In\",\n \"title\": \"Taylor Dayne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8669590\",\n \"text\": \"otherwise as she saw it as an opportunity to travel to Los Angeles. For her audition she sang Whitney Houston's version of \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" and alongside Ana Maria Lombo, Maile Misajon, Ivette Sosa, and Rosanna Tavarez, established the girl group Eden's Crush. Their debut single, \\\"Get Over Yourself\\\", was released in March 2001 and debuted at number eight on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 and became the first female act to debut at number one on the Hot 100 Singles Sales chart. Their debut studio album, \\\"Popstars\\\" (2001), debuted at number six on the \\\"Billboard\\\" 200 chart. They\",\n \"title\": \"Nicole Scherzinger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10925925\",\n \"text\": \"Kirk Whalum Kirk Whalum (born July 11, 1958) is an American jazz saxophonist and songwriter. He toured with Whitney Houston for more than seven years and soloed in her single \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\", the best-selling single by a female artist in music history. He was also featured on many Luther Vandross albums, most often playing on the singer's covers of older pop and R&B standards such as \\\"Anyone Who Had a Heart\\\", \\\"I (Who Have Nothing)\\\", and \\\"Love Won't Let Me Wait\\\". Whalum has recorded a series of well received solo albums and film soundtracks, with music ranging\",\n \"title\": \"Kirk Whalum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10162876\",\n \"text\": \"them to her Vee-Jay Records label, making their first recordings in mid 1954. After a string of unsuccessful singles, they recorded \\\"At My Front Door\\\" (also known as \\\"Crazy Little Mama\\\") in 1955, and it rose to # 1 on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" R&B chart, and # 17 on the US pop chart. Their follow-up, \\\"I’ll Be Forever Loving You\\\", also made the R&B top ten in early 1956. After Basset and Nickens left the group, they continued to record as a quartet. The original group split up in 1957. Moses stayed in Chicago and formed a new version of\",\n \"title\": \"The El Dorados\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020230\",\n \"text\": \"one entry two weeks later. It also dominated other \\\"Billboard\\\" charts, spending 14 weeks at the top of \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 Single Sales chart, and 11 weeks at number one on its Hot 100 Airplay chart. The song also remained at number one for five weeks on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks, and for 11 weeks on the Hot R&B Singles chart becoming the longest running number one on the R&B charts at the time; it remained in the top 40 for 24 weeks. It became Arista Records' biggest hit. The song was number one on the Hot 100, Adult\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020243\",\n \"text\": \"months while Houston's version was on the charts, so as not to compete with Houston's recording. However, both Parton and Houston dispelled any rumors, speaking glowingly of one another in interviews. Houston praised Parton for writing a beautiful song. In return, Parton thanked Houston for bringing her song to a wider audience and increasing the amount of royalties for her song in the process. Dolly Parton also gave a live interview, confirming this. When Houston won the Record of the Year award at the 1994 Grammy Awards for the recording, Parton (along with David Foster) presented her with the award.\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11687884\",\n \"text\": \"'80s and '90s, he played drums for Michael Jackson and Whitney Houston. He played on Whitney's famous hit, \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\". Lawson has a one note \\\"solo\\\" in the song, where he hits the toms before Whitney's dramatic vocal finale. He said that this was his favorite solo of his career. In addition to the artists listed above, Lawson collaborated with Quincy Jones, Bette Midler, Russell Ferrante, Toto, Al Jarreau, George Benson, Lionel Richie, and George Duke. He also co-authored The Pointer Sisters' hit \\\"Uh-Uh\\\", and co-produced their album \\\"Serious Slammin'\\\" and the Fattburger hit \\\"Good News\\\". He\",\n \"title\": \"Ricky Lawson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4914624\",\n \"text\": \"a remix of \\\"I’m Every Woman\\\". \\\"The Bodyguard\\\" remains the best-selling soundtrack album of all time, selling over 42 million copies worldwide. Houston served as executive producer (as she did on her previous release \\\"I'm Your Baby Tonight\\\"), giving her full control over the song selections for this album. Houston planned to record \\\"What Becomes of the Broken Hearted\\\" as the film's theme song, however, when they learned it would be used in the film \\\"Fried Green Tomatoes\\\", they searched for another song. Kevin Costner, the film's co-star, thought of recording \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\", originally released by Dolly\",\n \"title\": \"The Bodyguard (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8099226\",\n \"text\": \"the top-100 list was started by Billboard after the peak of the song's popularity). The song was nominated for the 1955 Academy Award for Best Original Song but lost to \\\"Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing\\\" from the film of the same name. I'll Never Stop Loving You (1955 song) \\\"I'll Never Stop Loving You\\\" is a popular music song, with music written by Nicholas Brodzsky and lyrics by Sammy Cahn for the 1955 film \\\"Love Me or Leave Me\\\". The song was published in 1955. The recording by Doris Day was released by Columbia Records as catalog number 40505. It\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Never Stop Loving You (1955 song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4785343\",\n \"text\": \"Who's Lovin' You \\\"Who's Lovin' You\\\" is a Motown soul song, written in 1960 by William \\\"Smokey\\\" Robinson. The song has been recorded by many different artists including The Miracles, who recorded the 1960 original version, The Temptations, The Supremes, Terence Trent D'arby, Brenda and The Tabulations, John Farnham, Human Nature, En Vogue, Michael Bublé and Giorgia Todrani and Jessica Mauboy. The most famous version is attributed to The Jackson 5. Twelve-year-old singer Shaheen Jafargholi performed the song at Michael Jackson's public memorial service in July 2009. The song was written by Smokey Robinson for his group The Miracles, who\",\n \"title\": \"Who's Lovin' You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020224\",\n \"text\": \"songwriter to sign over half of the publishing rights to any song Elvis recorded. Parton refused. She recalls:I said, 'I'm really sorry,' and I cried all night. I mean, it was like the worst thing. You know, it's like, Oh, my God … Elvis Presley.' And other people were saying, 'You're nuts. It's Elvis Presley.' ...I said, 'I can't do that. Something in my heart says, 'Don't do that. And I just didn't do it... He would have killed it. But anyway, so he didn't. Then when Whitney [Houston's version] came out, I made enough money to buy Graceland. In\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020240\",\n \"text\": \"hip for the MOR songbird.\\\" Stewart Mason of AllMusic found Houston's cover \\\"repulsively overwrought... so boomingly bombastic and glutinous with self-approbation that the tenderness of Dolly Parton's song is lost in the mire\\\". \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" won the 1994 Grammy Award for Record of the Year, and Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, her third award for this category after earlier awards in 1986 and 1988. During the Grammy Award telecast, the Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female was presented to Houston by composer Dolly Parton and David Foster. The single topped the 1993\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18589902\",\n \"text\": \"five years (1989–1994) when Houston was catapulted in the worldwide success of her film debut \\\"The Bodyguard\\\" and its subsequent soundtrack. Filming took 20 days to shoot and was primarily filmed in Los Angeles and Santa Clarita, California. Canadian R&B singer Deborah Cox performs all of Houston's vocals in the film, including \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\", \\\"I'm Your Baby Tonight\\\", \\\"I'm Every Woman\\\", \\\"Jesus Loves Me\\\" and \\\"The Greatest Love of All\\\". In addition, songwriting/production team The Jackie Boyz performed Brown's vocals for \\\"Every Little Step\\\" in the Soul Train Awards scene. In 1989, Whitney Houston (Yaya DaCosta) is\",\n \"title\": \"Whitney (2015 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020237\",\n \"text\": \"2009, the single had sold 4,591,000 copies, and had become the second best-selling physical single in US alone, only behind Elton John's single in 1997. In the United Kingdom, the single sold over 1,550,000 copies, becoming the tenth best-selling single of the 1990s, and was certified two times Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) on January 1, 1993. It was certified Platinum for shipments of over 500,000 copies by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie (BVMI) in Germany. In Japan, \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" sold over 810,000 copies, staying for 27 weeks on the chart, and became the best-selling single by\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15648913\",\n \"text\": \"her solo hits regularly appeared in the top 10, as did her duets with Wagoner. Her first chart-topper, 1970's \\\"Joshua\\\", followed by 1971's \\\"Coat of Many Colors\\\", 1972's \\\"Touch Your Woman\\\", and \\\"Traveling Man\\\" and \\\"Jolene\\\", both from 1973, all reached the top 10 on the U.S. country singles charts, with \\\"Jolene\\\" becoming her second No. 1 single in February 1974. In mid-1974, Parton split with Wagoner and his show in order to expand her career as a solo artist, writing and recording the No. 1 hit, \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" as a tribute to Wagoner. Following her departure\",\n \"title\": \"Dolly Parton singles discography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8721895\",\n \"text\": \"on Philippines' \\\"FHM\\\" 100 Sexiest Women in the World. In the same year, she collaborated with American singer Joe Pizzulo in his album, \\\"All the Best\\\". In 2006, she dated long-time friend and fellow acoustic singer Nyoy Volante, but the two broke up a year later. In February 2006, she was chosen to sing the theme song for \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\", which eventually became the highest-grossing movie of GMA Films. In June of the same year, Goldilocks Bakeshop chose her as spokesperson for their 40th anniversary (40 Thoughtful Years), where she recorded the promotional song \\\"Araw Mo\\\". In\",\n \"title\": \"Nina Girado\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5712972\",\n \"text\": \"most known for being the first single that Simpson professionally recorded with Lachey. (The couple recorded several other duets, including, \\\"A Whole New World\\\" and \\\"Baby, It's Cold Outside\\\".) Simpson developed and nurtured her talent in her local Baptist church, where her father worked as the congregation's youth minister. At age twelve, she unsuccessfully auditioned for \\\"The Mickey Mouse Club\\\". While attending a church camp, at the age of 13, Simpson sang Whitney Houston's \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" and an arrangement of \\\"Amazing Grace\\\". One of the camp's visitors was launching a Gospel music record label and saw great\",\n \"title\": \"Where You Are (Jessica Simpson song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020258\",\n \"text\": \"end credits and is referred on the soundtrack as \\\"\\\"Aladdin\\\"'s Theme\\\". The version peaked at number one on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart on March 6, 1993, replacing Whitney Houston's \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\", which had spent a then-record 14 weeks at the top of the chart. It went gold and sold 600,000 copies domestically. The track peaked at number 12 in the UK Singles Chart in 1992. The song is the first and so far only song from a Disney animated film to top the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. The single version was later included on Belle's\",\n \"title\": \"A Whole New World\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11156444\",\n \"text\": \"I Will Always Love You (film) I Will Always Love You is a Philippine movie starring Richard Gutierrez and Angel Locsin. The theme song of the film, \\\"I'll Always Love You\\\", was performed by Nina. Justin (Richard Gutierrez) is a rich, smart, confident mestizo from a private school in Manila while Cecille (Angel Locsin) is a simple scholar from a rural public school. The two fall for each other against the wishes of his parents, (Jean Garcia and Lloyd Samartino). They want him to marry Donna (Bianca King), their business partner’s daughter. His parents order Justin to study in the\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020246\",\n \"text\": \"scenes. 'UK / Europe 12\\\" vinyl single UK / Europe / US 7\\\" vinyl single US / Europe Maxi-CD single Maxi-CD singles (1999 Remixes) !scope=\\\"col\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\"| Digital Jennifer Hudson performed the song in front of Houston, who received The BET Honors Award for Entertainer Lifetime Achievement spanning over 25 years in the industry. The 2010 BET Honors Awards was held at the Warner Theatre in Washington, D.C. and aired on February 1, 2010. Since Houston's death in 2012, many other artists have performed tributes to the late singer's version of the song, including on February 12, 2012, when Hudson performed\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5419710\",\n \"text\": \"I'll Make Love to You \\\"I'll Make Love to You\\\" is a 1994 number-one hit single by R&B group Boyz II Men for the Motown label. The song, which was written by Babyface, was the lead single from their second album \\\"II\\\". The single was a massive commercial success. It held the number one position on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 for 14 weeks, from August 27 to November 26, 1994. At the time, the song tied a record for the most weeks at number one that had been set by Whitney Houston's \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" in late 1992\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Make Love to You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5214417\",\n \"text\": \"the United States, she achieved three gold singles, with \\\"Tell It to My Heart\\\", \\\"I'll Always Love You,\\\" and \\\"Love Will Lead You Back.\\\" \\\"I'll Always Love You,\\\" a change-of-pace ballad compared to Dayne's earlier releases, was her breakout hit on the Adult Contemporary charts in 1988 and paved the way for future uptempo dance tracks such as \\\"Don't Rush Me\\\" (1988) and \\\"With Every Beat Of My Heart\\\" (1989) to gain acceptance at Adult Contemporary radio. In 1990, \\\"Love Will Lead You Back\\\", a Diane Warren composition, peaked at No. 1 on both the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 and the\",\n \"title\": \"Taylor Dayne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16285545\",\n \"text\": \"released on January 6. The music video features MBLAQ's Lee Joon. \\\"Singing Got Better\\\" reached number one on Korea's major charts: Mnet, Bugs, Olleh, Soribada, Naver Music, Daum Music, and Genie. Ailee again made an appearance on an episode of on April 12, 2014. The theme for the episode was \\\"American Songs Famous in South Korea\\\", and Ailee was chosen first to which she performed a rousing and emotional rendition of Whitney Houston's \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\", a song originally written and recorded by country singer Dolly Parton released in 1974. She received 409 points for her performance, despite\",\n \"title\": \"Ailee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16275844\",\n \"text\": \"was limited for much of 1971 and the following year. In early August 1972, shortly after the UK release of the \\\"Concert for Bangladesh\\\" film, he resumed his role as a record producer with a session for a new Cilla Black single, the A-side of which was to be \\\"When Every Song Is Sung\\\". The recording took place at Apple Studio in London, during Black's day off from her summer variety season in Blackpool. Among the support musicians were Voormann, Ringo Starr and Eric Clapton. A second Harrison composition, \\\"You Got to Stay With Me\\\", was also attempted at the\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Still Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4153008\",\n \"text\": \"Love Me Do \\\"Love Me Do\\\" is the debut single by the English rock band the Beatles, backed by \\\"P.S. I Love You\\\". When the single was originally released in the United Kingdom on 5 October 1962, it peaked at No. 17; in 1982 it was re-promoted (not re-issued, retaining the same catalogue number) and reached No. 4. In the United States the single was a No. 1 hit in 1964. In 2013, recordings of the song that were released in 1962 entered the public domain in Europe. The song was written several years before it was recorded, and prior\",\n \"title\": \"Love Me Do\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2070966\",\n \"text\": \"one #1 Billboard Hot 100 hit with \\\"Strangers in the Night\\\" in 1966. Frankie Valli (who was portrayed in the play Jersey Boys) had 7 #1 Hot 100 hits in the 1960s and 1970s, including \\\"December 1963 (Oh, What a Night)\\\". Kool & the Gang had a #1 Hot 100 hit with \\\"Celebration\\\" in 1981. Bon Jovi had 4 #1 Hot 100 hits, including \\\"Living on a Prayer\\\" in 1987. Whitney Houston (d. 2012) had 11 #1 Hot 100 hits in the 1980s and 1990s, including \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" in 1992. P.M. Dawn had one #1 hit with\",\n \"title\": \"Music of New Jersey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17027735\",\n \"text\": \"song is the 1992 Whitney Houston version of \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\", which sold over 20 million copies. The song had originally been written and recorded in 1973 by American singer-songwriter, Dolly Parton, and topped the country charts in 1974. It was written as a farewell to her one-time partner and mentor of seven years, Porter Wagoner, following Parton's decision to pursue a solo career. Other high-selling breakup songs include \\\"I Will Survive\\\" (14 million copies), \\\"Un-Break My Heart\\\" by Toni Braxton in 1996 (10 million copies), \\\"Believe\\\" by Cher in 1998 (10 million copies) and \\\"Careless Whisper\\\" by\",\n \"title\": \"Breakup song\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6439162\",\n \"text\": \"a major hit on radio stations nationwide and became their first top-ten single in \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, peaking at number ten. The second single was \\\"You Got It (The Right Stuff)\\\", a worldwide hit which peaked at number three on the Billboard charts. \\\"I'll Be Loving You (Forever)\\\", a ballad, was the third single released and became their first number-one in \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. The title track was released next and also reached number one. \\\"Cover Girl\\\" was the fifth released; it peaked at number two. \\\"My Favorite Girl\\\" was released in January 1990 as a promotional single sent to\",\n \"title\": \"Hangin' Tough\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3916279\",\n \"text\": \"Man\\\", Lady Gaga's \\\"Born This Way\\\" and Ariana Grande's \\\"Break Free\\\" are considered as gay anthems for the new generation. Famous soundtracks as \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" by Whitney Houston from \\\"The Bodyguard\\\", \\\"There You'll Be\\\" by Faith Hill from \\\"Pearl Harbor\\\", \\\"Can't Fight the Moonlight\\\" by LeAnn Rimes from \\\"Coyote Ugly\\\", \\\"It's Raining Men\\\" by Geri Halliwell from \\\"Bridget Jones's Diary\\\", \\\"Lady Marmalade\\\" by Christina Aguilera, Mýa, Lil' Kim and Pink from \\\"Moulin Rouge!\\\" and \\\"We Can\\\" by LeAnn Rimes from \\\"\\\" are beloved by gay community and are considered as gay anthems. The main single of I\",\n \"title\": \"Gay anthem\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4826757\",\n \"text\": \"Andrews planned on dancing in her school's talent show, but her sister convinced her to sing Dolly Parton's \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" instead. At 11, she put her first band together. Meanwhile, after someone sent a song of her singing to producer Byron Gallimore, Andrews signed with DreamWorks Records Nashville and soon began working on her first album. Prior to its release, she began opening for Faith Hill on her Fall 1998 tour, as well as for Tim McGraw (also produced by Gallimore) for his New Year's Eve concert. At the age of 15, Andrews released her debut album,\",\n \"title\": \"Jessica Andrews\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17288705\",\n \"text\": \"I'll Always Love My Mama \\\"I'll Always Love My Mama\\\" is a 1973 single by the Philly soul group The Intruders. Released from their album \\\"Save the Children\\\", it is a song commonly played on Mother's Day. Written by Gamble & Huff and co-written by McFadden & Whitehead, the song reached #36 on the pop chart and #6 on the R&B charts in the summer of 1973. It was recorded as a long LP track, which was broken down into Parts 1 and 2 for the single release. The song was inspired by Kenny Gamble's mother, Ruby, who died in\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Always Love My Mama\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020225\",\n \"text\": \"Curtis W. Ellison's book, \\\"Country Music Culture: From Hard Times to Heaven\\\" (1995), he stated: \\\"In the early 1990s, when ambiguity in romantic relationships accompanies changing expectations for both men and women, this song demonstrates Dolly Parton's appeal as a songwriter in the pop music market.\\\" Ken Knight, author of \\\"The Midnight Show: Late Night Cable-TV \\\"Guy-Flicks\\\" of the '80s\\\" (2008), commented that Parton is the only singer who can sing \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" and \\\"make it memorable\\\". Writer Paul Simpson criticized the singer, stating that the track was only written to \\\"soften the blow\\\" of Parton and\",\n \"title\": \"I Will Always Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11726831\",\n \"text\": \"The Spinners first hit record in 1961, \\\"That's What Girls Are Made For\\\" (which has been inaccurately credited to the group's mentor and former Moonglows lead singer, the late Harvey Fuqua). Smith also sang lead on most of their Motown material during the 1960s, such as the charting singles like \\\"Truly Yours\\\" (1966) and \\\"I'll Always Love You\\\" (1965); almost all of the group's pre-Motown material on Fuqua's Tri-Phi Records label, and also on The Spinners' biggest Atlantic Records hits. These included \\\"I'll Be Around\\\", \\\"Could It Be I'm Falling in Love\\\", \\\"They Just Can't Stop It the (Games People\",\n \"title\": \"Bobby Smith (rhythm and blues singer)\"\n }\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":79074,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":79074,"string":"79,074"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["10.3.4"],"string":"[\n \"10.3.4\"\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"what is the most recent version of final cut pro"},"compressed_prompt":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Question:\\nPlease write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Final Cut Pro context: Final Cut Pro Final Cut Pro is a series of non-linear video editing software programs first developed by Macromedia Inc. and later Apple Inc. The most recent version, Final Cut Pro X 10.4.4, runs on Intel-based Mac computers powered by macOS High Sierra or later. The software allows users to log and transfer video onto a hard drive (internal or external), where it can be edited, processed, and output to a wide variety of formats. The fully rewritten Final Cut Pro X was introduced by Apple in 2011, with the last version of the legacy Final Cut Pro being version\\n\\nwhat is the most recent version of final cut pro\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 179,\n \"origin_tokens\": 179,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"2623003","text":"Final Cut Pro Final Cut Pro is a series of non-linear video editing software programs first developed by Macromedia Inc. and later Apple Inc. The most recent version, Final Cut Pro X 10.4.4, runs on Intel-based Mac computers powered by macOS High Sierra or later. The software allows users to log and transfer video onto a hard drive (internal or external), where it can be edited, processed, and output to a wide variety of formats. The fully rewritten Final Cut Pro X was introduced by Apple in 2011, with the last version of the legacy Final Cut Pro being version","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"2623033","text":"audio waveform display, filter effects, etc. Final Cut Pro Final Cut Pro is a series of non-linear video editing software programs first developed by Macromedia Inc. and later Apple Inc. The most recent version, Final Cut Pro X 10.4.4, runs on Intel-based Mac computers powered by macOS High Sierra or later. The software allows users to log and transfer video onto a hard drive (internal or external), where it can be edited, processed, and output to a wide variety of formats. The fully rewritten Final Cut Pro X was introduced by Apple in 2011, with the last version of the","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"2623027","text":"July 23, 2009, Final Cut Pro 7/Final Cut Studio 3 (not officially designated as such by Apple but adopted by most users to describe the 2009 changes) was released, but it was not yet a 64-bit application. Final Cut Pro X was announced on April 12, 2011 and released on June 21. It is a 64-bit application completely rebuilt with a new interface, workflow enhancements and automation, and new features such as ColorSync integration, resolution-independent playback system, system scaling with Core Animation, and more. The three Final Cut Studio apps, Color, Soundtrack Pro, and DVD Studio Pro were dropped, while","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"2623029","text":"or its sale to a third party by January 1, 2012. The initiator of the petition was banned from the Apple discussion forums. By January 2014, the petition had received well over 9,000 signatures. On October 27, 2016, Apple unveiled Final Cut Pro 10.3, which included a redesigned interface, enhanced window resizing, extended multiple display support, support for the Touch Bar on the new MacBook Pro, and an updated version of the Magnetic Timeline. In December 2017, Apple updated Final Cut Pro X to version 10.4, which included enhanced color editing tools, 360º video editing support and support for HDR.","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"16279229","text":"allowing the user an uninterrupted experience. Final Cut Pro X was developed for macOS and is not supported on the Windows Platform. Training and Certification is available by Apple for Final Cut Pro X. Final Cut Pro X was made available for purchase and download on the Mac App Store on June 21, 2011 along with new versions of Motion and Compressor. Since then the application has been updated a few times each year with new features, bug fixes, native codec support, and overall improvements with stability. Many features found in Final Cut Pro 7 that were missing in Final","title":"Final Cut Pro X"},{"id":"5244009","text":"Final Cut Studio Final Cut Studio is a discontinued professional video and audio production suite for Mac OS X from Apple Inc., and a direct competitor to Avid Media Composer in the high-end movie production industry. It was developed from 2005 to 2011. Three of its primary applications - Final Cut Pro X (not compatible with previous versions of Final Cut), Motion, and Compressor - continue to be developed and are published as separate applications on the Mac App Store. The legacy boxed version of Final Cut Studio was last made available only through Apple's phone sales, and therefore not","title":"Final Cut Studio"},{"id":"16279234","text":"Range (HDR) video, During the NAB Show 2018 Apple released version 10.4.1. Closed Captioning was introduced as well as support for ProRes RAW. Version 10.4.1 requires Mac OS version 10.13.2 High Sierra. For a complete overview of the changes made, see Apple's release notes. Final Cut Pro X was announced in April 2011 simultaneously at the Los Angeles Final Cut Pro Users Group held at Bally's Las Vegas and at the NAB Show in the Las Vegas Convention Center and released in June 2011. The reaction was extremely mixed, with veteran filmmaker Walter Murch initially saying, \"I can't use this,\"","title":"Final Cut Pro X"},{"id":"4582174","text":"Final Cut Express Final Cut Express is a discontinued video editing software suite created by Apple Inc. It was the consumer version of Final Cut Pro and was designed for advanced editing of digital video as well as high-definition video, which was used by many amateur and professional videographers. Final Cut Express was considered a step above iMovie in terms of capabilities, but a step underneath Final Cut Pro and its suite of applications. As of June 21, 2011, Final Cut Express was discontinued, in favor of Final Cut Pro X. Final Cut Express 1.0, based on Final Cut Pro","title":"Final Cut Express"},{"id":"5244010","text":"online or in Apple Stores. As of 2017, Final Cut Pro 7 is no longer supported and will not run on macOS High Sierra. Final Cut Studio version 3, the final release upon discontinuation of the suite, contains six main applications and several smaller applications used in content creation. The applications are designed to integrate as a suite, to form a workflow. In particular: Final Cut Pro and Motion also integrate directly with Apple's discontinued Shake, a digital compositing package. Production Suite is a software compilation by Apple used for digital video editing. Production Suite contains Final Cut Pro HD,","title":"Final Cut Studio"},{"id":"5244011","text":"DVD Studio Pro 3, and Apple Motion. The compilation's component applications were announced at the National Association of Broadcasters in April 2004, and the compilation was released in August 2004. Final Cut Studio was introduced at the National Association of Broadcasters in April 2005, as the successor to Production Suite. It added new versions of all the Production Suite applications: Final Cut Pro, DVD Studio Pro and Motion. It also introduces a new application, Soundtrack Pro, which is a new version of Soundtrack, formerly included with Final Cut Pro. In January 2006, Final Cut Studio became the only way to","title":"Final Cut Studio"},{"id":"16279227","text":"Final Cut Pro X Final Cut Pro X (pronounced \"Final Cut Pro Ten\") is a professional non-linear video editing application published by Apple Inc. as part of their Pro Apps family of software programs. It was released on June 21, 2011 for sale in the Mac App Store. It is the controversial successor to Final Cut Pro and both editors are incompatible and have quite different approaches to editing. Final Cut Pro X shares some of both its code and interface design philosophy with Apple’s consumer video editing software, iMovie. While inheriting the name from its predecessor, Final Cut Pro,","title":"Final Cut Pro X"},{"id":"2623025","text":"and high speed storage.) Final Cut Pro 5 was announced at a pre-NAB event in April, and shipped in May 2005. Final Cut Pro 5 added support for the burgeoning HDV format for compressed HD, which had previously been supported in Final Cut Pro's \"scaled-down\" cousin, Final Cut Express. Final Cut Pro 5 also added support for Panasonic's P2 format for the recording of DVCPRO HD video to memory cards rather than tape. In January 2006, Apple stopped selling Final Cut Pro as a stand-alone product. In March 2006 the Universal Binary 5.1 version was released as part of Final","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"4582175","text":"3, was released at Macworld Conference and Expo in San Francisco in 2003. The second version, based on Final Cut Pro 4, was released at Macworld San Francisco in 2004. The third version, capable of editing high definition video, was also announced at Macworld San Francisco a year later, and was released as Final Cut Express HD in February 2005. It was based on Final Cut Pro HD (version 4.5) and included LiveType 1.2 and Soundtrack 1.2. Final Cut Express version 3.5 was released with little fanfare in May 2006 as a Universal Binary. In addition to improving real-time rendering","title":"Final Cut Express"},{"id":"2623028","text":"Motion 5 and Compressor 4 were released onto the Mac App Store. In its initial release, Final Cut Pro X was met with mixed reviews as many video editors eschewed its dramatic departure from the traditional editing interface and the dropping of many legacy (and some non-legacy) features. At the time of the initial release, a significant number of long-time Final Cut Pro users considered the new product to be an unsatisfactory product undeserving to be part of Final Cut Pro product line. An online petition was started demanding either the continued development of the legacy Final Cut Pro product","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"2623023","text":"It included three new applications: Compressor, used for the transcoding between video formats; LiveType for advanced titling (such as the creation of animated lower thirds); and Soundtrack, for royalty-free music soundtrack creation. It also bundled Cinema Tools, which was previously sold separately for filmmakers working with telecine. Also in 2003, Apple launched Final Cut Express, a less expensive version of Final Cut Pro. It uses the same interface as Final Cut Pro, but it lacks some of the film-specific tools and other advanced options, limiting the feature set for non-professional editors. In January 2005, Soundtrack and LiveType, previously only available","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"2623024","text":"with Final Cut Pro, were added to Express, and features were added to edit HDV. Soundtrack was subsequently removed with Final Cut Express 4. In June 2011, Final Cut Express was officially discontinued, in favor of Final Cut Pro X. In April 2004, version 4.5 of Final Cut Pro was introduced and branded by Apple as \"Final Cut Pro HD\" due to its native support for Panasonic's tape-based DVCPRO HD format for compressed 720p and 1080i HD over FireWire. (The software had been capable of uncompressed HD editing since version 3.0, but at the time had required expensive video cards","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"5244012","text":"purchase any of the individual major applications. In March 2006, Apple released the Universal Binary version as Final Cut Studio 1.1. Final Cut Studio has been positioned as an all-in-one production workflow system because of its integration of film, motion graphics and audio post-production tools in one suite. It is analogous to the iLife suite, which is aimed at consumers, insomuch as iMovie is the consumer counterpart of Final Cut Pro; GarageBand 3 is a consumer version of Logic Pro; and iDVD is the cut-down version of DVD Studio Pro. Like Motion, iMovie includes Core Image effects that can be","title":"Final Cut Studio"},{"id":"2623026","text":"Cut Studio. Upgrades were achieved by sending the original installation discs back to Apple with a fee. One noticeable difference is that the Intel versions of Final Cut and Motion no longer recognize After Effects plug-ins. Instead, Apple released its own universal plug-in architecture FxPlug. On April 15, 2007, Apple revealed Final Cut Pro 6.0, as the cornerstone of the Final Cut Studio 2 bundle. Once again, Apple did not have a booth at NAB 2009, however the product was well represented on the show floor in various booths. The RED Camera team relied heavily on FCP during development. On","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"4582181","text":"the highly regarded noise removal tool. Soundtrack was removed from Final Cut Express 4, which lowered its price and may have encouraged people to buy Logic Express. Final Cut Express Final Cut Express is a discontinued video editing software suite created by Apple Inc. It was the consumer version of Final Cut Pro and was designed for advanced editing of digital video as well as high-definition video, which was used by many amateur and professional videographers. Final Cut Express was considered a step above iMovie in terms of capabilities, but a step underneath Final Cut Pro and its suite of","title":"Final Cut Express"},{"id":"2623005","text":"some kind. Final Cut Pro provides non-linear, non-destructive editing of any QuickTime-compatible video format including DV, HDV, P2 MXF (DVCProHD), XDCAM (via plug-in), 2K, 4K and 5K film formats and can import projects directly from iMovie for iOS. It supports a number of simultaneously composited video tracks (limited mainly by video form capability); unlimited audio tracks; multi-camera editing for combining video from multiple camera sources; 360º video editing support; as well as the standard ripple, roll, slip, slide, scrub, razor blade and time remapping edit functions. It comes with a range of video transitions and a range of video and","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"4768375","text":"Final Cut Studio suite. The 4.0.3 update, released in the same month, upgrades the program to the finalized HD DVD 1.0 specification. It also supports the native H.264 specification. The 4.2 update, which shipped with the Final Cut Studio 2 release, was simply a compatibility update and did not add any major new features. See also a release history in context with the rest of Final Cut Studio. DVD Studio Pro has a graphical \"map\" view, which shows all the menus, tracks and scripts in the project as color-coded tiles, with the connections between them as arrows. New menus, layered","title":"DVD Studio Pro"},{"id":"16279233","text":"Final Cut Pro X as well as its companion application, Motion. The Color Board merged with a new Color Correction effect to allow for more flexibility in stacking layers of effects. The ability to apply a Keying or Shape Mask directly to any effect was also introduced. Version 10.3 introduced an entirely new interface and an improved magnetic timeline. Support for iXML metadata when importing audio. Audio editing vastly improved. Audio roles can be shown in lanes. REC 2020 color import, edit and export. MXF support. Version 10.4.0 introduced color wheels and color curves, 360º video editing and High Dynamic","title":"Final Cut Pro X"},{"id":"16279231","text":"third-party app X2Pro which uses FCPXML. Another method is to use Logic Pro X to make an AAF. With version 10.0.6 released on October 23, 2012 Apple introduced native Redcode Raw support as well as MXF support through a third party plugin. MXF was eventually natively supported by version 10.1.4. Prior to the introduction of version 10.1.0 Project and Event Libraries were separate folders. Events contained all the original media and Project Libraries contained the actual edited Projects on timelines. The Project and Event Libraries were stored in a user’s Movie folder or on the root level of an external","title":"Final Cut Pro X"},{"id":"2623032","text":"file extension codice_1. The latest version of Final Cut Pro, Final Cut Pro X, uses a new file extension; codice_2. Apple has come under some criticism for not supporting the older codice_1 project files, when it does support importing iMovie projects (codice_4 files). This concern has been addressed through the use of third party software, allowing for the migration of legacy FCP file formats into working FCPX libraries and projects. The software is called 7toX and was developed by Philip Hodgetts. Either captured from tape or loaded/imported from the file system. Files which are generated by Final Cut Pro, i.e.","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"4582177","text":"for the movies they created in Final Cut. The price was dropped from $299 for version 3.5 to $199 for version 4.0. In June 2011, Final Cut Express was officially discontinued, in favor of Final Cut Pro X. Final Cut Express' interface was identical to that of Final Cut Pro, but lacks some film-specific features, including Cinema Tools, multi-cam editing, batch capture, and a time code view. The program performed 32 undo operations, while Final Cut Pro did 99 . Features the program did include were: One feature of Final Cut Express that was not available in Final Cut Pro","title":"Final Cut Express"},{"id":"19017846","text":"which was announced on March 21, 2016, and released on March 31 that same year. On June 5, 2017, a second generation of iPad Pro was announced, which features A10X Fusion processors, with basic storage of 64 GB, and optional 512 GB. Upgraded displays include a new 10.5-inch version to replace the 9.7-inch model, while the 12.9-inch version was refreshed. Following this announcement, the first generation iPad Pros, both 9.7 and 12.9 inch, were discontinued. The third generation of iPad Pro was announced on October 30, 2018. It is available in two screen sizes: and . They feature full screen","title":"IPad Pro"},{"id":"16279236","text":"within the first six months of the product's life. EDL export, a product of the early days of videotape editing, is now supported through third-party software and creating an AAF (a newer version of OMF) for passing projects to ProTools through X2Pro. Since then, in some people's opinions, some of Final Cut Pro X's initial shortcomings have been fixed. Apple announced in April 2018 that there are more than 2.5 Million users of Final Cut Pro X.. Since its release, FCP X has supported the construction of Effect, Title, Transition, and Title plugins by publishing custom built effects from Apple","title":"Final Cut Pro X"},{"id":"2623030","text":"The new version also supports the HEVC video format and HEIF photo format. Final Cut Pro X 10.4 has also gained the ability to import projects from iMovie for iOS, and now supported enhanced performance on the iMac Pro. A Final Cut Pro Project technically consists of separate files: The location of the Media and the Render/Cache Files is not standardised. Final Cut Pro can be configured where to store them. Some users have a central directory where they store all their Source/Render/Cache files, some set those file paths to their specific project directory, so that they have all project","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"2286702","text":"to an every other year release of major number installments. CS5.5 was presented on April 12, 2011, as an in-between program until CS6. The update helped developers optimize websites for a variety of tablets, smart phones, and other devices. At the same time, Adobe announced a subscription-based pay service as an alternative to full purchase. On July 1, 2011, Adobe Systems announced its Switcher Program, which will allow people who had purchased any version of Apple's Final Cut Pro (or Avid Media Composer) to receive a 50 percent discount on Creative Suite CS5.5 Production Premium or Premiere Pro CS5.5. Not","title":"Adobe Creative Suite"},{"id":"10068382","text":"for purchase on April 8, 2008. On July 23, 2009 Final Cut Server was upgraded from v1.1.1 to v1.5. The release corresponded to the release of a new version of Final Cut Studio. The upgrade changed the pricing structure by eliminating the original 10-client license and reducing the cost of the unlimited client to $999. Upgrades from v1.1.1 to v1.5 for both the unlimited license and the older 10-client license were $299. With the purchase of the upgrade, the 10-client license was converted into an unlimited client license. Notable features upgraded in version 1.5 include the addition of global searches","title":"Final Cut Server"},{"id":"16279228","text":"Final Cut Pro X is a completely re-written application. As a native 64-bit application it takes advantage of more than 4GB of RAM. It utilizes all CPU cores with Grand Central Dispatch. Open CL support allows GPU accelerated processing for improved performance for playback, rendering, and transcoding. It is resolution-independent, supporting images sizes from SD to beyond 4K. Final Cut Pro X supports playback of many native camera and audio formats. It can also transcode video clips to the Apple ProRes codec for improved performance. Many tasks are performed in the background such as auto-saving, rendering, transcoding, and media management,","title":"Final Cut Pro X"},{"id":"16279230","text":"Cut Pro X on its initial release have subsequently been added such as: XML import and export, server support, multicam editing, chapter markers, and broadcast monitor support. Because Final Cut Pro X abandoned a track-based timeline in favor of the Magnetic Timeline initially there were limitations in exporting audio stems for Broadcast and Distribution needs. On September 9, 2011 version 10.0.1 was released with a new solution to this problem, the introduction of Video and Audio Roles. Clips are assigned Roles and upon Sharing a Project the user could export Multitrack Quicktime Files or Stems. AAF export is done with","title":"Final Cut Pro X"},{"id":"16279237","text":"Motion. This has led to a third-party ecosystem of developers building effects from simple color corrections to complex templates. Third-party plug-ins can also be created through Apple's FxPlug SDK. As Projects, Events, and Libraries are stored in a database format, this has allowed many third party developers to build workflow tools by utilizing FCPXML. Final Cut Pro X Final Cut Pro X (pronounced \"Final Cut Pro Ten\") is a professional non-linear video editing application published by Apple Inc. as part of their Pro Apps family of software programs. It was released on June 21, 2011 for sale in the Mac","title":"Final Cut Pro X"},{"id":"4607089","text":"Logic Pro Studio 9 no longer allows users to access any microtunings in Scala format other than those provided with the software by Apple. Released as successor to Logic Pro 9 on July 16, 2013, \"Logic Pro X\" (10.0.0) included a new, single-window customizable interface, with a design in line with Final Cut Pro X, as well as new features. New tools in this release are \"Drummer\", a virtual session player that automatically plays along with your song in a wide variety of drumming styles and techniques, and \"Flex Pitch\", a Flex Time equivalent for pitch editing in audio recordings.","title":"Logic Pro"},{"id":"7069265","text":"Compressor (software) Compressor is a video and audio media compression and encoding application for use with Final Cut Studio and Logic Studio on macOS. It can be used with Qmaster for clustering. The application used to be available as part of Final Cut Pro, Soundtrack Pro, Motion, and DVD Studio Pro, but after those stand-alone products were discontinued, it became available as part of Final Cut Studio and Logic Studio. With the release of Final Cut Pro X and Motion 5, Compressor was upgraded to version 4 and is available to purchase separately on the Mac App Store for $49.99.","title":"Compressor (software)"},{"id":"2592621","text":"Soundtrack Pro Soundtrack Pro is a discontinued music composing and audio editing application made by Apple Inc. featured in Logic Studio and Final Cut Studio that included a collection of just over 5,000 royalty free professional instrument loops and sound effects. It was discontinued with the release of Final Cut Pro X, Motion 5, and Compressor 4. An earlier incarnation of the package, Soundtrack, was first sold as part of Apple's Final Cut Pro 4 video editor, released in April 2003. It was then released as a stand-alone product, but due to low demand it was discontinued. The main concept","title":"Soundtrack Pro"},{"id":"1989288","text":"and is no longer available in iMovie or Final Cut Pro X. iMovie 10.0 was released on October 22, 2013 by Apple Inc. This version of iMovie was a complete redesign with more options to share a movie, more movie and trailer theme options from iMovie for iOS, easier to make picture-in-pictures, cutaways, side-by-sides etc., more realistic green-screen effects and easier refinements. iMovie 10.1 was released on October 13, 2015. It allowed for 4K video editing and included a major user interface overhaul, as well as the removal of some peripheral features. On June 7, 2010, Steve Jobs announced in","title":"IMovie"},{"id":"16876123","text":"PDZK-LT2 for Apples Final Cut Pro X downloadable at http://www.sonycreativesoftware.com. Version 10.2 of Final Cut Pro X supports XAVC-S natively. For XAVC S, CyberLink PowerDirector, Adobe Premiere Elements, Apple's iMovie 10, Pinnacle Studio 18 Ultimate and Sony Movie Studio Platinum support it for editing and production. XAVC XAVC is a recording format that was introduced by Sony on October 30, 2012. XAVC is a format that will be licensed to companies that want to make XAVC products. XAVC uses level 5.2 of H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, which is the highest level supported by that video standard. XAVC can support 4K resolution (4096","title":"XAVC"},{"id":"4582176","text":"with Dynamic RT, version 3.5 upgraded LiveType to version 2.0 and Soundtrack to version 1.5. In November 2007, Apple released Final Cut Express 4, which although it did not support real-time editing in the AVCHD format (it only allowed for transcoding AVCHD to Apple Intermediate Codec (AIC) provided that the camera was actually attached to the computer - it did not convert AVCHD files stored elsewhere and is currently for Intel processors only), imported iMovie '08 projects and included 50 new filters. It did not include Soundtrack 1.5, but it still included LiveType which enables users to create advanced text","title":"Final Cut Express"},{"id":"11097592","text":"released. On 7 March 2017, Visual Studio 2017 was released for general availability. On 14 March 2017, first fix was released for Visual Studio 2017 due to failures during installation or opening solutions in the first release. On 5 April 2017, Visual Studio 2017 15.1 was released and added support for targeting the .NET Framework 4.7. On 10 May 2017, Visual Studio 2017 15.2 was released and added a new workload, \"Data Science and Analytical Applications Workload\". An update to fix the dark color theme was released on 12 May 2017. On 14 August 2017, Visual Studio 2017 15.3 was","title":"Microsoft Visual Studio"},{"id":"2623018","text":"of the main show floor. At the demonstration, both Mac and Windows versions were shown. The Mac version was working with a Truevision RTX dual stream real time card with limited real time effects. When no purchaser could be found, Apple purchased the team as a defensive move. When Apple could not find a buyer in turn, it continued development work, focusing on adding FireWire/DV support and introduced Final Cut Pro at NAB 1999. In order that Final Cut Pro would be supported from the beginning with third-party self-paced and instructor-led training, Apple worked with DVcreators.net, who released a training","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"7895672","text":"4K resolution video in Final Cut Pro X. Drive performance, connected via PCIe, is also widely mentioned as a strong point. Technical reviewers praised the OpenCL API under which the machine's powerful twin GPUs and its multi-core CPU can be treated as a single pool of computing power. However, in late 2013 through early 2014, some reviewers have noted the lack of internal expandability, second CPU, serviceability, and questioned the then-limited offerings via Thunderbolt 2 ports. By 2016, reviewers started to agree that the Mac Pro was lacking in functionality and power, and should be updated by Apple. Apple later","title":"Mac Pro"},{"id":"11097593","text":"released and added support for targeting .NET Core 2.0. An update (15.3.1) was released four days later to address a Git vulnerability with submodules (CVE 2017-1000117). On October 10, 2017, Visual Studio 15.4 was released. On December 4, 2017, Visual Studio 15.5 was released. This update contained major performance improvements, new features, as well as bug fixes. On March 6, 2018, Visual Studio 15.6 was released. It includes updates to unit testing and performance. On May 7, 2018, Visual Studio 15.7 was released. It included updates across the board including, the installer, editor, debugger among others. Almost all point releases,","title":"Microsoft Visual Studio"},{"id":"3632622","text":"directly to version 10. Like with Mac OS X, the products were not upgrades to previous versions, but brand new programs, branded as QuickTime X and Final Cut Pro X, but unlike Apple's desktop operating systems, there were no major versions 8 or 9. As with , however, minor releases are denoted using a third digit, rather than a second digit. Consequently, major releases for these programs also employ the second digit, as Apple does with OS X. In WWDC 2016, they announced that Mac OS X will now onwards be called macOS. Sun's Java has at times had a","title":"Software versioning"},{"id":"2623006","text":"audio filters such as keying tools, mattes and vocal de-poppers and de-essers. It also has multiple color correction tools including color wheels, sliders and curves, video scopes and a selection of generators, such as slugs, test cards, and noise. The legacy (v. 7.0.3 and earlier) Final Cut (Pro and Express) interface was designed around non-computerized editing work-flows, with four main windows that replicate tried-and-trusted methods of organising, viewing and editing physical tape or film media. The browser, where source media files (or clips) are listed, replicates the editor's traditional film \"bins\" or stacks of videotapes. The Viewer, where individual media","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"2623031","text":"files at one place. After having finished a project, one can erase everything but the project file, to save disk space, and at a later time Final Cut Pro can re-capture/re-link all source data and recalculate all render and cache data, provided it can access all linked sources. The first versions of Final Cut Pro and Final Cut Express used a binary file which contained all montage information such as timecode information, clip's in/out-points, size/crop/position, composition nesting, filter settings, automation data, etc. More recent editions of Final Cut Pro and Final Cut Express, before Final Cut Pro X, used the","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"9811147","text":"Medien had released an exclusive retail PC version of the game in Germany in 2014, containing Book One and a Steam season pass key. After the release of the fifth and final episode, Red Thread Games started working on the updated and final version of the entire game. This version was released on 5 May 2017 for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One by the publisher Deep Silver, and on 21 July for Windows, OS X, and Linux, where it was subtitled \"The Final Cut\". A number of limited boxed editions were additionally offered as incentives to the supporters on Kickstarter,","title":"Dreamfall Chapters"},{"id":"16492720","text":"and bluetooth 4.0, where the original PS4 only supports 2.4GHz Wi-Fi and outdated 2.1 bluetooth connection. It was released on September 15, 2016, with a 500 GB model at the same price as the original version of the PlayStation 4. On April 18, 2017, Sony announced that it had replaced the 500 GB base model with a new 1 TB version, with no change in pricing. PlayStation 4 Pro (codenamed Neo) was announced on September 7, 2016, and launched worldwide on November 10, 2016. Its model number is CUH-7000. It is an upgraded version of the PlayStation 4 with improved","title":"PlayStation 4"},{"id":"15785823","text":"2018. The new model offers some similar features and functionality to the HERO5 and HERO6, like a touchscreen and built in timelapse video mode, but with slightly lower resolution and framerate, and lacking the GPS functionality and exposure control. The HERO7 White, HERO7 Silver and HERO7 Black are the latest GoPro cameras, released on September 30, 2018. HERO7 Black offers new \"HyperSmooth\" video stabilization, improved timelapse video capabilities, and livestreaming. Karma Drone became available October 23, 2016. The drone is compatible with the HERO5 and HERO4 Black and Silver. The Drone has 20 minutes of battery life. The stabilizer can","title":"GoPro"},{"id":"12490870","text":"for performance and stability. RawTherapee 4.1 was released on 21 May, 2014. RawTherapee 4.2 was released on 24 October, 2014. RawTherapee 5.0 was released on 22 January 2017. There are two variants tagged as 5.0: one uses GTK2, and the other GTK3. Both variants are identical in every way except for the graphical toolkit. RawTherapee 5.0-r1 was released on 2 February, 2017. This revision is functionally the same, but includes a few bug fixes which came to light after the 5.0 release. RawTherapee 5.1 was released on 15 May 2017. Major new features include Pentax Pixel Shift support, the Dynamic","title":"RawTherapee"},{"id":"7895673","text":"revealed in 2017 that the thermal core design had limited the ability to upgrade the Mac Pro's GPUs and that a new design was under development, to be released sometime after 2017. On September 18, 2018, the Mac Pro surpassed the Macintosh Plus's production life record for an unchanged Mac model, with the Plus having remained on sale unchanged for 1,734 days. In April 2018, Apple confirmed that a new redesigned Mac Pro will be released in 2019 to replace the 2nd generation Mac Pro. The iMac Pro, released in December 2017, serves as a stopgap release between the two","title":"Mac Pro"},{"id":"19548122","text":"CarPlay, the update added a quick-access multitasking screen with the three most recently used apps, and added functionality for the Maps app to find electric vehicle charging stations. iOS 10.3.1 was released on April 3, 2017, with bug fixes and security improvements, including a fix for a Wi-Fi vulnerability discovered by Google's Project Zero team of security researchers. iOS 10.3.2 was released on May 15, 2017, with bug fixes and security improvements. iOS 10.3.3 was released on July 19, 2017, with new wallpapers for the 12.9-inch iPad Pro, along with bug fixes and security improvements, including a fix for a","title":"IOS 10"},{"id":"5244013","text":"applied in real time. In the Macworld Conference and Expo 2005, Steve Jobs, former CEO of Apple, declared 2005 to be the \"Year of HD\". To this end, the HD features of Final Cut Studio were emphasized, such that a little HD logo was placed on the box for each individual Studio application, as well as the Final Cut Studio box. Final Cut Pro supports nearly all High Definition formats (HDV, DVCPRO HD, AVCHD, and uncompressed HD) and Soundtrack Pro and Motion can import these formats too, where they can be played back on an external monitor. DVD Studio Pro","title":"Final Cut Studio"},{"id":"19123432","text":"almost 400 TV models have support for HLG which includes TV models from Finlux, Hisense, Hitachi, LG, Panasonic, Philips, Samsung, Sony, and Toshiba. On December 6, 2017, Qualcomm announced the Qualcomm Snapdragon 845 which includes support for HLG. On December 14, 2017, Apple released a firmware update for Final Cut Pro X which includes support for HLG. On December 14, 2017, DirecTV began broadcasting HLG HDR on their 4K Channels 104 and 106. On April 12, 2018, Vizio announced HLG support for their 2018 models. Hybrid Log-Gamma Hybrid Log-Gamma (HLG) is a high dynamic range (HDR) standard that was jointly","title":"Hybrid Log-Gamma"},{"id":"18547308","text":"as a manual, one-time update from the Microsoft Office website. All versions following 15.25 will be 64-bit only. Office for Mac received Touch Bar support in an update on February 16, 2017, following the launch of the 2016 MacBook Pro models. As with previous versions, Office 2016 is made available in several distinct editions aimed towards different markets. All traditional editions of Microsoft Office 2016 contain Word, Excel, PowerPoint and OneNote and are licensed for use on one computer. Five traditional editions of Office 2016 were released for Windows: Three traditional editions of Office 2016 were released for Mac: The","title":"Microsoft Office 2016"},{"id":"2592630","text":"(to the same file). The program also allows multitrack projects to be exported directly with Compressor settings. Soundtrack Pro Soundtrack Pro is a discontinued music composing and audio editing application made by Apple Inc. featured in Logic Studio and Final Cut Studio that included a collection of just over 5,000 royalty free professional instrument loops and sound effects. It was discontinued with the release of Final Cut Pro X, Motion 5, and Compressor 4. An earlier incarnation of the package, Soundtrack, was first sold as part of Apple's Final Cut Pro 4 video editor, released in April 2003. It was","title":"Soundtrack Pro"},{"id":"11097590","text":"first Community Technology Preview (CTP) was released on 3 June 2014 and the Release Candidate was released on 29 April 2015; Visual Studio 2015 was officially announced as the final name on 12 November 2014. Visual Studio 2015 RTM was released on 20 July 2015. Visual Studio 2015 Update 1 was released on 30 November 2015. Visual Studio 2015 Update 2 was released on 30 March 2016. Visual Studio 2015 Update 3 was released on 27 June 2016. Initially referred to as Visual Studio \"15\", it was released on 7 March 2017. The first Preview was released on 30 March","title":"Microsoft Visual Studio"},{"id":"9246413","text":"PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 on November 7, 2007. Download and retail versions for Mac OS X were released by Aspyr in September 2008. As of May 2009, \"Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare\" has sold over 13 million copies. \"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered\" is a remastered version of \"\" that was released alongside the Legacy Edition, Legacy Pro Edition and Digital Deluxe Edition of \"\" on November 4, 2016, for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and PC. It was later released standalone on June 27, 2017, for PS4, and July 27, 2017, for Xbox One and PC. The","title":"Call of Duty"},{"id":"2592623","text":"stand-alone product has been dropped again. Soundtrack Pro adds features for professional audio engineers and sound designers, and focuses more on sound editing than the original Soundtrack. Since September 2007 Soundtrack Pro also comes as part of the Logic Studio bundle, Apple's own audio and midi sequencing software. But it was removed from Logic Studio when Logic Pro was moved to the App Store on December 8, 2011. Soundtrack Pro 2 is included in Final Cut Studio 2 (2008). Also see a release history in context with the rest of Final Cut Studio. Soundtrack Pro has two main modes: multitrack","title":"Soundtrack Pro"},{"id":"2623016","text":"that digital editing, provides Final Cut Pro users with several editing options. Users can also set their own customisable keyboard preferences. Randy Ubillos created the first three versions of Adobe Premiere, the first popular digital video editing application. Before version 5 was released, Ubillos' group was hired by Macromedia to create KeyGrip, built from the ground up as a more professional video-editing program based on Apple QuickTime. Macromedia could not release the product without causing its partner Truevision some issues with Microsoft, as KeyGrip was, in part, based on technology from Microsoft licensed to Truevision and then in turn to","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"18820946","text":"issue for iPhone SE. However, iOS 9.3.2 bricked some 9.7-inch iPad Pros, preventing them from being used. Apple pulled the update for iPad Pro on May 20, 2016, and re-released 9.3.2 for the device on June 2, 2016, fixing the issue. iOS 9.3.3 was released on July 18, 2016, with bug fixes and performance improvements. iOS 9.3.4 was released on August 4, 2016, with a fix for a memory corruption issue that could enable an app \"to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges\". The update consequently patched an iOS jailbreaking method used by the Chinese programming group Pangu Team. iOS","title":"IOS 9"},{"id":"14238943","text":"and hardware, but also includes Touch ID and available in gold color. In September, 2015, the iPad Pro was announced, which included a 12.9-inch screen, and a 9.7-inch version was announced in March 2016, with the addition of 256 GB option for both iPad Pro models. On March 21, 2017, a new iPad was announced. The hardware includes an A9 processor and is designed to be a budget version of the iPad. In June 2017, the iPad Pro's second generation hardware was announced to have 12.9 and 10.5-inch screens. On March 28, 2018, the new iPad 9.7-inch 2018 model (6th","title":"IPad"},{"id":"2623015","text":"a clip is changed by control-clicking or right-clicking on the clip and selecting it from the cascading contextual menu, or by selecting the mode from the application's 'modify' menu. For either matte modes, the clip that will perform the key is placed overneath the fill clip on the Timeline. For more advanced compositing Final Cut Pro is compatible with Apple's Shake (discontinued) and Apple Motion software. Final Cut Pro uses a set of hot-keys to select the tools. There are almost 400 keyboard commands that allow the user to increase the speed of edits. This combined with the nonlinear approach","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"8138696","text":"Pro theme Pro Theme is a GUI style used by Apple Inc. for its Mac OS X operating system. It is reserved for Apple's high-end video, music and image editing products, such as Final Cut Pro HD, Soundtrack Pro and Aperture. The most notable difference between Pro and Apple's other GUI styles is the abandonment of white and vibrantly coloured icons. Pro applications also use a much smaller typeface than the other themes. The Pro theme is based on a private Framework called ProKit.framework, which is stored in the computer's /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/ folder. It is not available for use in non-Apple","title":"Pro theme"},{"id":"10071317","text":"Color (software) Color was a professional color grading software application produced by Apple Inc. for their Mac OS X operating system. It is one of the major applications included as part of Apple's Final Cut Studio 3 video production suite. It was discontinued with the release of Final Cut Pro X, Motion 5, and Compressor 4. The application was originally called FinalTouch and was developed by Silicon Color, until the company was acquired by Apple in October 2006. Motion picture images often look whitewashed or grayed out when scanned directly off of the negative during telecine. One basic purpose of","title":"Color (software)"},{"id":"1410605","text":"2012\". macOS Sierra was announced on June 13, 2016, during the WWDC keynote speech. It was released publicly on September 20, 2016. macOS High Sierra was announced on June 5, 2017, during the WWDC keynote speech. It was released on September 25, 2017. The release includes many under-the-hood improvements, including a switch to Apple File System (APFS), the introduction of Metal 2, support for HEVC video, and improvements to VR support. In addition, numerous changes were made to standard applications including Photos, Safari, Notes, and Spotlight. macOS Mojave was announced on June 4, 2018, during the WWDC keynote speech. It","title":"MacOS version history"},{"id":"11097589","text":"was released on 20 January 2014. Visual Studio 2013.1 is a targeted update that addresses some key areas of customer feedback. \"Visual Studio 2013 Update 2\" (Visual Studio 2013.2) was released on 12 May 2014. Visual Studio 2013 Update 3 was released on 4 August 2014. With this update, Visual Studio provides an option to disable the all-caps menus, which was introduced in VS2012. \"Visual Studio 2013 Update 4\" (Visual Studio 2013.4) was released on 12 November 2014. \"Visual Studio 2013 Update 5\" (Visual Studio 2013.5) was released on 20 July 2015. Initially referred to as Visual Studio \"14\", the","title":"Microsoft Visual Studio"},{"id":"10068383","text":"accessible to your workgroup, integration of Active Directory permission sets, improved search engine performance, and an expanded line of proxy settings. On June 21, 2011, Apple announced the end-of-life of the Final Cut Server product, in favor of Final Cut Pro X. Final Cut Server Final Cut Server was Apple's server-based backend for managing Final Cut Studio files (in particular Final Cut Pro) and workflow automation, based on Proximity's artbox package. Final Cut Server can catalogue any file type and allows for the addition of custom metadata to make those files searchable. Final Cut Server runs on Apple hardware but","title":"Final Cut Server"},{"id":"19017847","text":"displays, with the 11 inch model replacing the 10.5 inch model of the previous generation. They also feature up to 1 TB of storage and Face ID. The 12.9-inch version of the iPad Pro was announced during an Apple Special Event on September 9, 2015. It was released on November 11, 2015 with gold, silver, and space gray color options. Prices ranging from US$799.99 to $1,229.99 based on storage size and cellular connectivity. On March 21, 2016, the 9.7 inch version of the iPad Pro was announced at an Apple keynote with an additional rose gold color option. The 9.7","title":"IPad Pro"},{"id":"10071318","text":"\"Color\" is to add the vibrancy and richness of color back to the video once it is transferred to a digital format, normally for further editing. Color 1.5 was introduced on July 23, 2009 along with the new Final Cut Studio 2009. Color (software) Color was a professional color grading software application produced by Apple Inc. for their Mac OS X operating system. It is one of the major applications included as part of Apple's Final Cut Studio 3 video production suite. It was discontinued with the release of Final Cut Pro X, Motion 5, and Compressor 4. The application","title":"Color (software)"},{"id":"20193346","text":"IMac Pro iMac Pro is an all-in-one personal computer and workstation designed, manufactured, and sold by Apple Inc. starting December 14, 2017. Unlike the Mac Pro, Apple claims the iMac Pro is the most powerful Mac ever made. The iMac Pro comes with a custom Apple T2 chip (which stores encrypted keys) and a custom version of macOS High Sierra which allows the user to lock down the booting process (using the Startup Security Utility). The iMac Pro was introduced at WWDC on June 5, 2017 and was released in December 2017, with a starting price of US$4999. Some of","title":"IMac Pro"},{"id":"335593","text":"XP is 13.0.1. Adobe also announced that CS6 will be the last suite sold with perpetual licenses in favor of the new Creative Cloud subscriptions, though they will continue to provide OS compatibility support as well as bug fixes and security updates as necessary. Photoshop CC (14.0) was launched on June 18, 2013. As the next major version after CS6, it is only available as part of a Creative Cloud subscription, the full version of which costs $49 every month. Major features in this version include All-new Smart Sharpen, Intelligent Upsampling, and Camera Shake Reduction for reducing blur caused by","title":"Adobe Photoshop"},{"id":"11097591","text":"2016. Visual Studio \"15\" Preview 2 was released 10 May 2016. Visual Studio \"15\" Preview 3 was released on 7 July 2016. Visual Studio \"15\" Preview 4 was released on 22 August 2016. Visual Studio \"15\" Preview 5 was released on 5 October 2016. , Visual Studio is making the Ethereum Solidity language available to developers. On 14 November 2016, for a brief period of time, Microsoft released a blog post revealing Visual Studio 2017 product name version alongside upcoming features. On 16 November 2016, \"Visual Studio 2017\" was announced as the final name, and Visual Studio 2017 RC was","title":"Microsoft Visual Studio"},{"id":"18547303","text":"Microsoft Office 2016 Microsoft Office 2016 (codenamed Office 16) is a version of the Microsoft Office productivity suite, succeeding both Office 2013 and Office for Mac 2011, and preceding Office 2019 for both platforms. It was released on macOS on July 9, 2015 and on Microsoft Windows on September 22, 2015 for Office 365 subscribers. Mainstream support ends on October 13, 2020, and extended support ends on October 14, 2025. The perpetually licensed version on macOS and Windows was released on September 22, 2015. Since its successor Office 2019 only supports Windows 10 or Windows Server 2016, this is the","title":"Microsoft Office 2016"},{"id":"4768372","text":"DVD Studio Pro DVD Studio Pro is a discontinued high-end software tool published by Apple Inc. to allow users to create DVD masters to be sent out for replication at production houses. Its tight integration with other Apple applications allowed users to take Final Cut Pro and Motion projects and render them into the DVD format without encoding to intermediary formats. This streamlined the production workflow and reduces overhead. It was discontinued with the release of Final Cut Pro X, Motion 5, and Compressor 4. Apple bought Astarte's DVDirector in 2000, re-releasing it as DVD Studio Pro in 2001. Version","title":"DVD Studio Pro"},{"id":"795156","text":"various companies made offers, Keygrip was purchased by Apple as Steve Jobs wanted a product to compete with Adobe Premiere in the desktop video market. At around the same time, Avid—now with Windows versions of its editing software—was considering abandoning the Macintosh platform. Apple released Final Cut Pro in 1999, and despite not being taken seriously at first by professionals, it has evolved into a serious competitor to entry level's Avid's systems. Another leap came in the late 1990s with the launch of DV-based video formats for consumer and professional use. With DV came IEEE 1394 (FireWire/iLink), a simple and","title":"Non-linear editing system"},{"id":"16279232","text":"hard drive. These Libraries automatically opened in Final Cut Pro X depending on which hard drives were mounted. That all changed on December 19, 2013 when Project and Event Libraries were merged into a new Library model. Libraries contained Events which in turn contained Projects. And unlike before Libraries could be opened and closed by the user. Media could be stored internally in the Library or kept outside the Library. On June 27, 2014 media management was further refined with the release of version 10.1.2. During the NAB Show 2015 Apple released version 10.2.0. 3D Titles were introduced directly in","title":"Final Cut Pro X"},{"id":"2623020","text":"2003, Apple announced a program for Premiere users to trade in their discs for a free copy of Final Cut Express or a $500 discount on Final Cut Pro. Final Cut Pro benefited from the relative maturity of QuickTime and its native support for then-new DV cameras connected with FireWire (IEEE1394). The first fully Broadcast quality, Worldwide Distributed TV show produced on Final Cut Pro was 2000's WOW! Women of Wrestling, using the Pinnacle CinéWave uncompressed video card. The Oxygen Network was a beta site for Final Cut Pro in late 1999 through network launch in early 2000. Shows like","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"2623004","text":"7.0.3. Since the early 2000´s, Final Cut Pro has developed a large and expanding user base, mainly video hobbyists and independent filmmakers. It had also made inroads with film and television editors who have traditionally used Avid Technology's Media Composer. According to a 2007 SCRI study, Final Cut Pro made up 49% of the United States professional editing market, with Avid at 22%. A published survey in 2008 by the American Cinema Editors Guild placed their users at 21% Final Cut Pro (and growing from previous surveys of this group), while all others were still on an Avid system of","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"6689962","text":"in the following year; this version was then included in Final Cut Express HD in 2005. Version 2 of LiveType was then released with version 5 of Final Cut Pro, and this was included in version 3.5 of Final Cut Express in May 2006. The program was packaged with Final Cut Studio until version 3. It is still packaged with Final Cut Express; it is not available to purchase separately. See also a release history in context with the rest of Final Cut Studio. LiveType 2 includes over 11GB of content - including fonts, textures, objects, templates and effects. It","title":"LiveType"},{"id":"13425185","text":"This version included some new apps and extension APIs, some changes to improve stability and performance and 43 security fixes. The remainder of the Chromium releases for the year were just bug and security fix updates, with no other significant changes. Chromium 50.0, released on 18 January 2016, added support for Brotli compression via the codice_3 Accept-encoding header. Chrome 54, released on 12 October 2016 and based upon Chromium 54, introduced support for HTML Custom Elements. The remainder of the Chromium releases for 2016 were only bug and security fix updates, with no other significant changes. Chromium 59.0, released on","title":"Chromium (web browser)"},{"id":"2760476","text":"III or AMD Athlon XP. MPC-HC 1.7.13 is also the final version and the program has been officially discontinued as of July 16, 2017, due to a shortage of active developers with C/C++ experience. Its source code on GitHub was last updated on August 27, 2017, a month and a half after the official final version.. Unofficial versions from the same developer responsible for MPC 6.4.9.1 started appearing in January 2018. These builds contain small fixes/improvements, updated internal codecs (LAV Filters), AV1 support, and updates to some other external components. Binary releases are available, as well as source code. \"Media","title":"Media Player Classic"},{"id":"7069267","text":"well as the ability to use Compressor to produce a compliant package to submit video content for distribution to the iTunes Store. Compressor (software) Compressor is a video and audio media compression and encoding application for use with Final Cut Studio and Logic Studio on macOS. It can be used with Qmaster for clustering. The application used to be available as part of Final Cut Pro, Soundtrack Pro, Motion, and DVD Studio Pro, but after those stand-alone products were discontinued, it became available as part of Final Cut Studio and Logic Studio. With the release of Final Cut Pro X","title":"Compressor (software)"},{"id":"335594","text":"camera shake. Editable Rounded Rectangles and an update to Adobe Camera Raw (8.0) were also included. Since the initial launch, Adobe has released two additional feature-bearing updates. The first, version 14.1, was launched on September 9, 2013. The major features in this version were Adobe Generator, a Node.js-based platform for creating plug-ins for Photoshop. Photoshop 14.1 shipped with two plug-ins, one to automatically generate image assets based on an extension in the layer name, and another to automatically generate assets for Adobe Edge Reflow. Version 14.2 was released on January 15, 2014. Major features include Perspective Warp, Linked Smart Objects,","title":"Adobe Photoshop"},{"id":"17351285","text":"these discs on a 4K capable USB 3.0 external disc drive. The decision not to upgrade was predicated primarily on cost. A limited translucent case-version of the PS4 Pro was released in August 2018, which include minor hardware updates. This new system, model number CUH-7100, besides offering a larger hard drive, used a quieter fan that helped to reduce the noise levels. It also drew power at a consistent rate compared to the CUH-7000, though ran slightly hotter than the launch system. A second minor hardware refresh, with model number CUH-7200, was first released in bundles with \"Red Dead Redemption","title":"PlayStation 4 technical specifications"},{"id":"2623017","text":"Macromedia. The terms of the IP licensing deal stated that it was not to be used in conjunction with QuickTime. Thus, Macromedia was forced to keep the product off the market until a solution could be found. At the same time, the company decided to focus more on applications that would support the web, so they sought to find a buyer for their non-web applications, including KeyGrip, which by 1998 was renamed Final Cut. Final Cut was shown in private room demonstrations as a 0.9 alpha at the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) exposition in 1998 after Macromedia pulled out","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"20968439","text":"seconds of 8-bit uncompressed digital video. A few years later, in 1991, Adobe released its first version of Premiere for the Mac, a program that has since become an industry standard for editing and is now commonly used for video manipulation. In 1999, Apple released Final Cut Pro, which competed with Adobe Premiere and was used in the production major films such as \"The Rules of Attraction\" and \"No Country for Old Men\". Face detection became a major research subject in the early 2000s that has continued to be studied in the present. In 2017, an amateur coder named “DeepFakes”","title":"Video manipulation"},{"id":"11381374","text":"Portrait Professional Portrait Professional or Portrait Pro is a Windows and Mac based portrait imaging enhancement software targeted at professional and keen amateur photographers. Developed by Anthropics Technology Ltd and first released in July 2006, it has been in continuous development ever since. The current software, version 17, was released October 11, 2017, the previous version, 15, was released in September 2015. PortraitPro, PortraitPro Studio, and PortraitPro Studio Max are image editors for Windows and Mac OS X, specifically targeted at editing portrait photographs. Rather than using brushes alone as a traditional image editor does, the user of Portrait Professional","title":"Portrait Professional"},{"id":"16492676","text":"been shipped worldwide, surpassing lifetime sales of its predecessor, the PlayStation 3. On September 7, 2016, Sony unveiled the PlayStation 4 Pro, a high-end version of the console with an upgraded GPU and higher CPU clock rate to support enhanced performance and 4K resolution on supported titles. The company also released a variant of the original model with a smaller form factor, and the release of a patch to add HDR support to all existing consoles. According to lead architect Mark Cerny, development of Sony's fourth video game console began as early as 2008. Less than two years earlier, the","title":"PlayStation 4"},{"id":"2970637","text":"the title of the new album, \"Thank You for Today\", and shared the lead single from the album, \"Gold Rush.\". Following this, on July 19, 2018, \"I Dreamt We Spoke Again\" was released. \"Autumn Love\" was the last single to be released on August 1, 2018. The album was released on August 17, 2018. It is the band's first album without Chris Walla, and the first album to feature Depper and Rae. Lauren Mayberry was also featured on the album, contributing vocals on \"Northern Lights\". On August 28, 2018, the album ranked No. 1 on the Billboard Top Rock Albums","title":"Death Cab for Cutie"},{"id":"13425186","text":"4 March 2017, added support for the Animated Portable Network Graphics (APNG) file format. The remainder of the Chromium releases for 2017 were only bug and security fix updates, with no other significant changes. Chromium 66.0, first released on 20 January 2018, introduced audio muting for all autoplaying video content by default. Chromium 69.0, first released on 19 July 2018 and stable version on 04 September 2018, introduced new material theme as part of 10 years project anniversary. Chromium 71, was first released on 1 September 2018 and resulted in Chrome 71, released on 4 December 2018. This version incorporated","title":"Chromium (web browser)"},{"id":"16615252","text":"Microsoft Office 2013 Microsoft Office 2013 (codenamed Office 15) is a version of Microsoft Office, a productivity suite for Microsoft Windows. It is the successor to Microsoft Office 2010 and the predecessor to Microsoft Office 2016. It includes extended file format support, user interface updates and support for touch among its new features. Office 2013 is suitable for IA-32 and x64 systems and requires Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 R2 or a later version of either. A version of Office 2013 comes included on Windows RT devices. Mainstream support ended on April 10, 2018. Extended support ends on April 11,","title":"Microsoft Office 2013"},{"id":"13024163","text":"5K resolution allowing 4K video to be played at its native resolution in Final Cut Pro, with room for toolbars on the side. On June 6, 2017, Apple’s 21.5-inch iMac, which has a full HD resolution display and the latest Intel 7th generation i5 processor, was announced. The iMac has Turbo Boost up to 3.6GHz supported, and 1 TB hard drive. Apple’s iMac with 4K display has Intel Core i5 quad-core processor with 3GHz or 3.4GHz clock speed. The RAM on board is 8GB, and it will support Turbo boost of up to 3.8GHz. This iMac has options of 1TB","title":"IMac"},{"id":"15785822","text":"to cloud and voice controls. The HERO6 Black was introduced on September 28, 2017. The camera is waterproof up to 10 m, supports 4K HEVC video recording at up to 60 fps and 1080p at up to 240 fps, automatic upload of footage to cloud, voice controls and 5 GHz Wi-Fi. It will be the first GoPro with its own custom system on a chip (SoC) the GP1. The high-end Fusion was released November 24, 2017. It has two cameras and can record 360° Panorama video. The HERO (2018 edition) is a new entry level camera, introduced on March 29,","title":"GoPro"},{"id":"335588","text":"technologies under development, including three-dimensional brushes and warping tools. In May 2011, Adobe Creative Suite 5.5 (CS5.5) was released, with new versions of some of the applications. Its version of Photoshop, 12.1, is identical to the concurrently released update for Photoshop CS5, version 12.0.4, except for support for the new subscription pricing that was introduced with CS5.5. CS5 introduces new tools such as the Content-Aware Fill, Refine Edge, Mixer Brush, Bristle Tips and Puppet Warp. The community also had a hand in the additions made to CS5 as 30 new features and improvements were included by request. These include automatic","title":"Adobe Photoshop"},{"id":"2623022","text":"motion picture \"The Rules of Attraction\" was edited on beta versions of Final Cut Pro 3, proving to the film industry that successful matchback to 24fps could be achieved with a \"consumer\" off-the-shelf product. Roger Avary, the film's director became the spokesperson for Final Cut Pro, appearing in print advertisements worldwide. His advocacy of the product gave confidence to mainstream editors such as Walter Murch, that the product was ready for \"prime time.\" In August 2002, the application won a Primetime Emmy Engineering Award for its impact on the television industry. Final Cut Pro 4 was announced in April 2003.","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"19487011","text":"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered is a first-person shooter video game developed by Raven Software and published by Activision. A remastered version of \"\", it was initially only made available as part of the special editions of \"\", which was released worldwide on November 4, 2016, for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Microsoft Windows. A standalone version of \"Modern Warfare Remastered\" was released on June 27, 2017, for the PlayStation 4, and the Xbox One and Microsoft Windows the following month. \"Modern Warfare Remastered\" began as a result of a fan-made online","title":"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered"},{"id":"2623007","text":"files can be previewed and trimmed, replicates the source monitor of older tape-based systems. The Canvas replicates the \"program\" monitor in such systems, where the edited material is viewed. The Timeline, where media are assembled into a sequence, replicates the physically edited film or master tape of earlier systems. There is also a small Toolbox window and two audio-level indicators for the left and right audio channels. Both the Viewer and Canvas have a shuttle interface (for variable-speed scanning, forwards or backwards through a clip) and a jogging interface for frame-by-frame advancing. As in most digital non-linear editing applications, the","title":"Final Cut Pro"},{"id":"2800690","text":"and image stabilisation), Final Cut Pro 5 integration and extensions to their open, extensible scripting language and SDK. Shake 4 had no IRIX version. At the NAB event in April 2006, Apple announced that Shake 4.1 would be a Universal Binary version and would ship in May that year. It was actually released on June 20, 2006 and was rebranded as a companion for Final Cut Studio; as such, its price was dropped from $2999 to $499 for Mac OS X (but remained the same for Linux). At the same time, Apple also announced that they would end support for","title":"Shake (software)"},{"id":"2623014","text":"it obscures whatever is below it. The size of a video clip can be altered, and the clips can be cropped, among many other settings that can be changed. Opacity levels can also be altered, as well as animated over the course of the clip using keyframes, defined either on a graphical overlay, or in the Viewer's 'motion' tab, where precise percentage opacity values can be entered. Final Cut also has more than a dozen common compositing modes that can be applied to clips, such as Add, Subtract, Difference, Screen, Multiply, Overlay, and Travel Matte Luma/Alpha. The compositing mode for","title":"Final Cut Pro"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"2623003\",\n \"text\": \"Final Cut Pro Final Cut Pro is a series of non-linear video editing software programs first developed by Macromedia Inc. and later Apple Inc. The most recent version, Final Cut Pro X 10.4.4, runs on Intel-based Mac computers powered by macOS High Sierra or later. The software allows users to log and transfer video onto a hard drive (internal or external), where it can be edited, processed, and output to a wide variety of formats. The fully rewritten Final Cut Pro X was introduced by Apple in 2011, with the last version of the legacy Final Cut Pro being version\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623033\",\n \"text\": \"audio waveform display, filter effects, etc. Final Cut Pro Final Cut Pro is a series of non-linear video editing software programs first developed by Macromedia Inc. and later Apple Inc. The most recent version, Final Cut Pro X 10.4.4, runs on Intel-based Mac computers powered by macOS High Sierra or later. The software allows users to log and transfer video onto a hard drive (internal or external), where it can be edited, processed, and output to a wide variety of formats. The fully rewritten Final Cut Pro X was introduced by Apple in 2011, with the last version of the\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623027\",\n \"text\": \"July 23, 2009, Final Cut Pro 7/Final Cut Studio 3 (not officially designated as such by Apple but adopted by most users to describe the 2009 changes) was released, but it was not yet a 64-bit application. Final Cut Pro X was announced on April 12, 2011 and released on June 21. It is a 64-bit application completely rebuilt with a new interface, workflow enhancements and automation, and new features such as ColorSync integration, resolution-independent playback system, system scaling with Core Animation, and more. The three Final Cut Studio apps, Color, Soundtrack Pro, and DVD Studio Pro were dropped, while\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623029\",\n \"text\": \"or its sale to a third party by January 1, 2012. The initiator of the petition was banned from the Apple discussion forums. By January 2014, the petition had received well over 9,000 signatures. On October 27, 2016, Apple unveiled Final Cut Pro 10.3, which included a redesigned interface, enhanced window resizing, extended multiple display support, support for the Touch Bar on the new MacBook Pro, and an updated version of the Magnetic Timeline. In December 2017, Apple updated Final Cut Pro X to version 10.4, which included enhanced color editing tools, 360º video editing support and support for HDR.\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16279229\",\n \"text\": \"allowing the user an uninterrupted experience. Final Cut Pro X was developed for macOS and is not supported on the Windows Platform. Training and Certification is available by Apple for Final Cut Pro X. Final Cut Pro X was made available for purchase and download on the Mac App Store on June 21, 2011 along with new versions of Motion and Compressor. Since then the application has been updated a few times each year with new features, bug fixes, native codec support, and overall improvements with stability. Many features found in Final Cut Pro 7 that were missing in Final\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro X\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5244009\",\n \"text\": \"Final Cut Studio Final Cut Studio is a discontinued professional video and audio production suite for Mac OS X from Apple Inc., and a direct competitor to Avid Media Composer in the high-end movie production industry. It was developed from 2005 to 2011. Three of its primary applications - Final Cut Pro X (not compatible with previous versions of Final Cut), Motion, and Compressor - continue to be developed and are published as separate applications on the Mac App Store. The legacy boxed version of Final Cut Studio was last made available only through Apple's phone sales, and therefore not\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16279234\",\n \"text\": \"Range (HDR) video, During the NAB Show 2018 Apple released version 10.4.1. Closed Captioning was introduced as well as support for ProRes RAW. Version 10.4.1 requires Mac OS version 10.13.2 High Sierra. For a complete overview of the changes made, see Apple's release notes. Final Cut Pro X was announced in April 2011 simultaneously at the Los Angeles Final Cut Pro Users Group held at Bally's Las Vegas and at the NAB Show in the Las Vegas Convention Center and released in June 2011. The reaction was extremely mixed, with veteran filmmaker Walter Murch initially saying, \\\"I can't use this,\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro X\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4582174\",\n \"text\": \"Final Cut Express Final Cut Express is a discontinued video editing software suite created by Apple Inc. It was the consumer version of Final Cut Pro and was designed for advanced editing of digital video as well as high-definition video, which was used by many amateur and professional videographers. Final Cut Express was considered a step above iMovie in terms of capabilities, but a step underneath Final Cut Pro and its suite of applications. As of June 21, 2011, Final Cut Express was discontinued, in favor of Final Cut Pro X. Final Cut Express 1.0, based on Final Cut Pro\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Express\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5244010\",\n \"text\": \"online or in Apple Stores. As of 2017, Final Cut Pro 7 is no longer supported and will not run on macOS High Sierra. Final Cut Studio version 3, the final release upon discontinuation of the suite, contains six main applications and several smaller applications used in content creation. The applications are designed to integrate as a suite, to form a workflow. In particular: Final Cut Pro and Motion also integrate directly with Apple's discontinued Shake, a digital compositing package. Production Suite is a software compilation by Apple used for digital video editing. Production Suite contains Final Cut Pro HD,\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5244011\",\n \"text\": \"DVD Studio Pro 3, and Apple Motion. The compilation's component applications were announced at the National Association of Broadcasters in April 2004, and the compilation was released in August 2004. Final Cut Studio was introduced at the National Association of Broadcasters in April 2005, as the successor to Production Suite. It added new versions of all the Production Suite applications: Final Cut Pro, DVD Studio Pro and Motion. It also introduces a new application, Soundtrack Pro, which is a new version of Soundtrack, formerly included with Final Cut Pro. In January 2006, Final Cut Studio became the only way to\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16279227\",\n \"text\": \"Final Cut Pro X Final Cut Pro X (pronounced \\\"Final Cut Pro Ten\\\") is a professional non-linear video editing application published by Apple Inc. as part of their Pro Apps family of software programs. It was released on June 21, 2011 for sale in the Mac App Store. It is the controversial successor to Final Cut Pro and both editors are incompatible and have quite different approaches to editing. Final Cut Pro X shares some of both its code and interface design philosophy with Apple’s consumer video editing software, iMovie. While inheriting the name from its predecessor, Final Cut Pro,\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro X\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623025\",\n \"text\": \"and high speed storage.) Final Cut Pro 5 was announced at a pre-NAB event in April, and shipped in May 2005. Final Cut Pro 5 added support for the burgeoning HDV format for compressed HD, which had previously been supported in Final Cut Pro's \\\"scaled-down\\\" cousin, Final Cut Express. Final Cut Pro 5 also added support for Panasonic's P2 format for the recording of DVCPRO HD video to memory cards rather than tape. In January 2006, Apple stopped selling Final Cut Pro as a stand-alone product. In March 2006 the Universal Binary 5.1 version was released as part of Final\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4582175\",\n \"text\": \"3, was released at Macworld Conference and Expo in San Francisco in 2003. The second version, based on Final Cut Pro 4, was released at Macworld San Francisco in 2004. The third version, capable of editing high definition video, was also announced at Macworld San Francisco a year later, and was released as Final Cut Express HD in February 2005. It was based on Final Cut Pro HD (version 4.5) and included LiveType 1.2 and Soundtrack 1.2. Final Cut Express version 3.5 was released with little fanfare in May 2006 as a Universal Binary. In addition to improving real-time rendering\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Express\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623028\",\n \"text\": \"Motion 5 and Compressor 4 were released onto the Mac App Store. In its initial release, Final Cut Pro X was met with mixed reviews as many video editors eschewed its dramatic departure from the traditional editing interface and the dropping of many legacy (and some non-legacy) features. At the time of the initial release, a significant number of long-time Final Cut Pro users considered the new product to be an unsatisfactory product undeserving to be part of Final Cut Pro product line. An online petition was started demanding either the continued development of the legacy Final Cut Pro product\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623023\",\n \"text\": \"It included three new applications: Compressor, used for the transcoding between video formats; LiveType for advanced titling (such as the creation of animated lower thirds); and Soundtrack, for royalty-free music soundtrack creation. It also bundled Cinema Tools, which was previously sold separately for filmmakers working with telecine. Also in 2003, Apple launched Final Cut Express, a less expensive version of Final Cut Pro. It uses the same interface as Final Cut Pro, but it lacks some of the film-specific tools and other advanced options, limiting the feature set for non-professional editors. In January 2005, Soundtrack and LiveType, previously only available\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623024\",\n \"text\": \"with Final Cut Pro, were added to Express, and features were added to edit HDV. Soundtrack was subsequently removed with Final Cut Express 4. In June 2011, Final Cut Express was officially discontinued, in favor of Final Cut Pro X. In April 2004, version 4.5 of Final Cut Pro was introduced and branded by Apple as \\\"Final Cut Pro HD\\\" due to its native support for Panasonic's tape-based DVCPRO HD format for compressed 720p and 1080i HD over FireWire. (The software had been capable of uncompressed HD editing since version 3.0, but at the time had required expensive video cards\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5244012\",\n \"text\": \"purchase any of the individual major applications. In March 2006, Apple released the Universal Binary version as Final Cut Studio 1.1. Final Cut Studio has been positioned as an all-in-one production workflow system because of its integration of film, motion graphics and audio post-production tools in one suite. It is analogous to the iLife suite, which is aimed at consumers, insomuch as iMovie is the consumer counterpart of Final Cut Pro; GarageBand 3 is a consumer version of Logic Pro; and iDVD is the cut-down version of DVD Studio Pro. Like Motion, iMovie includes Core Image effects that can be\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623026\",\n \"text\": \"Cut Studio. Upgrades were achieved by sending the original installation discs back to Apple with a fee. One noticeable difference is that the Intel versions of Final Cut and Motion no longer recognize After Effects plug-ins. Instead, Apple released its own universal plug-in architecture FxPlug. On April 15, 2007, Apple revealed Final Cut Pro 6.0, as the cornerstone of the Final Cut Studio 2 bundle. Once again, Apple did not have a booth at NAB 2009, however the product was well represented on the show floor in various booths. The RED Camera team relied heavily on FCP during development. On\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4582181\",\n \"text\": \"the highly regarded noise removal tool. Soundtrack was removed from Final Cut Express 4, which lowered its price and may have encouraged people to buy Logic Express. Final Cut Express Final Cut Express is a discontinued video editing software suite created by Apple Inc. It was the consumer version of Final Cut Pro and was designed for advanced editing of digital video as well as high-definition video, which was used by many amateur and professional videographers. Final Cut Express was considered a step above iMovie in terms of capabilities, but a step underneath Final Cut Pro and its suite of\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Express\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623005\",\n \"text\": \"some kind. Final Cut Pro provides non-linear, non-destructive editing of any QuickTime-compatible video format including DV, HDV, P2 MXF (DVCProHD), XDCAM (via plug-in), 2K, 4K and 5K film formats and can import projects directly from iMovie for iOS. It supports a number of simultaneously composited video tracks (limited mainly by video form capability); unlimited audio tracks; multi-camera editing for combining video from multiple camera sources; 360º video editing support; as well as the standard ripple, roll, slip, slide, scrub, razor blade and time remapping edit functions. It comes with a range of video transitions and a range of video and\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4768375\",\n \"text\": \"Final Cut Studio suite. The 4.0.3 update, released in the same month, upgrades the program to the finalized HD DVD 1.0 specification. It also supports the native H.264 specification. The 4.2 update, which shipped with the Final Cut Studio 2 release, was simply a compatibility update and did not add any major new features. See also a release history in context with the rest of Final Cut Studio. DVD Studio Pro has a graphical \\\"map\\\" view, which shows all the menus, tracks and scripts in the project as color-coded tiles, with the connections between them as arrows. New menus, layered\",\n \"title\": \"DVD Studio Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16279233\",\n \"text\": \"Final Cut Pro X as well as its companion application, Motion. The Color Board merged with a new Color Correction effect to allow for more flexibility in stacking layers of effects. The ability to apply a Keying or Shape Mask directly to any effect was also introduced. Version 10.3 introduced an entirely new interface and an improved magnetic timeline. Support for iXML metadata when importing audio. Audio editing vastly improved. Audio roles can be shown in lanes. REC 2020 color import, edit and export. MXF support. Version 10.4.0 introduced color wheels and color curves, 360º video editing and High Dynamic\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro X\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16279231\",\n \"text\": \"third-party app X2Pro which uses FCPXML. Another method is to use Logic Pro X to make an AAF. With version 10.0.6 released on October 23, 2012 Apple introduced native Redcode Raw support as well as MXF support through a third party plugin. MXF was eventually natively supported by version 10.1.4. Prior to the introduction of version 10.1.0 Project and Event Libraries were separate folders. Events contained all the original media and Project Libraries contained the actual edited Projects on timelines. The Project and Event Libraries were stored in a user’s Movie folder or on the root level of an external\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro X\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623032\",\n \"text\": \"file extension codice_1. The latest version of Final Cut Pro, Final Cut Pro X, uses a new file extension; codice_2. Apple has come under some criticism for not supporting the older codice_1 project files, when it does support importing iMovie projects (codice_4 files). This concern has been addressed through the use of third party software, allowing for the migration of legacy FCP file formats into working FCPX libraries and projects. The software is called 7toX and was developed by Philip Hodgetts. Either captured from tape or loaded/imported from the file system. Files which are generated by Final Cut Pro, i.e.\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4582177\",\n \"text\": \"for the movies they created in Final Cut. The price was dropped from $299 for version 3.5 to $199 for version 4.0. In June 2011, Final Cut Express was officially discontinued, in favor of Final Cut Pro X. Final Cut Express' interface was identical to that of Final Cut Pro, but lacks some film-specific features, including Cinema Tools, multi-cam editing, batch capture, and a time code view. The program performed 32 undo operations, while Final Cut Pro did 99 . Features the program did include were: One feature of Final Cut Express that was not available in Final Cut Pro\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Express\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19017846\",\n \"text\": \"which was announced on March 21, 2016, and released on March 31 that same year. On June 5, 2017, a second generation of iPad Pro was announced, which features A10X Fusion processors, with basic storage of 64 GB, and optional 512 GB. Upgraded displays include a new 10.5-inch version to replace the 9.7-inch model, while the 12.9-inch version was refreshed. Following this announcement, the first generation iPad Pros, both 9.7 and 12.9 inch, were discontinued. The third generation of iPad Pro was announced on October 30, 2018. It is available in two screen sizes: and . They feature full screen\",\n \"title\": \"IPad Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16279236\",\n \"text\": \"within the first six months of the product's life. EDL export, a product of the early days of videotape editing, is now supported through third-party software and creating an AAF (a newer version of OMF) for passing projects to ProTools through X2Pro. Since then, in some people's opinions, some of Final Cut Pro X's initial shortcomings have been fixed. Apple announced in April 2018 that there are more than 2.5 Million users of Final Cut Pro X.. Since its release, FCP X has supported the construction of Effect, Title, Transition, and Title plugins by publishing custom built effects from Apple\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro X\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623030\",\n \"text\": \"The new version also supports the HEVC video format and HEIF photo format. Final Cut Pro X 10.4 has also gained the ability to import projects from iMovie for iOS, and now supported enhanced performance on the iMac Pro. A Final Cut Pro Project technically consists of separate files: The location of the Media and the Render/Cache Files is not standardised. Final Cut Pro can be configured where to store them. Some users have a central directory where they store all their Source/Render/Cache files, some set those file paths to their specific project directory, so that they have all project\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2286702\",\n \"text\": \"to an every other year release of major number installments. CS5.5 was presented on April 12, 2011, as an in-between program until CS6. The update helped developers optimize websites for a variety of tablets, smart phones, and other devices. At the same time, Adobe announced a subscription-based pay service as an alternative to full purchase. On July 1, 2011, Adobe Systems announced its Switcher Program, which will allow people who had purchased any version of Apple's Final Cut Pro (or Avid Media Composer) to receive a 50 percent discount on Creative Suite CS5.5 Production Premium or Premiere Pro CS5.5. Not\",\n \"title\": \"Adobe Creative Suite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10068382\",\n \"text\": \"for purchase on April 8, 2008. On July 23, 2009 Final Cut Server was upgraded from v1.1.1 to v1.5. The release corresponded to the release of a new version of Final Cut Studio. The upgrade changed the pricing structure by eliminating the original 10-client license and reducing the cost of the unlimited client to $999. Upgrades from v1.1.1 to v1.5 for both the unlimited license and the older 10-client license were $299. With the purchase of the upgrade, the 10-client license was converted into an unlimited client license. Notable features upgraded in version 1.5 include the addition of global searches\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Server\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16279228\",\n \"text\": \"Final Cut Pro X is a completely re-written application. As a native 64-bit application it takes advantage of more than 4GB of RAM. It utilizes all CPU cores with Grand Central Dispatch. Open CL support allows GPU accelerated processing for improved performance for playback, rendering, and transcoding. It is resolution-independent, supporting images sizes from SD to beyond 4K. Final Cut Pro X supports playback of many native camera and audio formats. It can also transcode video clips to the Apple ProRes codec for improved performance. Many tasks are performed in the background such as auto-saving, rendering, transcoding, and media management,\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro X\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16279230\",\n \"text\": \"Cut Pro X on its initial release have subsequently been added such as: XML import and export, server support, multicam editing, chapter markers, and broadcast monitor support. Because Final Cut Pro X abandoned a track-based timeline in favor of the Magnetic Timeline initially there were limitations in exporting audio stems for Broadcast and Distribution needs. On September 9, 2011 version 10.0.1 was released with a new solution to this problem, the introduction of Video and Audio Roles. Clips are assigned Roles and upon Sharing a Project the user could export Multitrack Quicktime Files or Stems. AAF export is done with\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro X\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16279237\",\n \"text\": \"Motion. This has led to a third-party ecosystem of developers building effects from simple color corrections to complex templates. Third-party plug-ins can also be created through Apple's FxPlug SDK. As Projects, Events, and Libraries are stored in a database format, this has allowed many third party developers to build workflow tools by utilizing FCPXML. Final Cut Pro X Final Cut Pro X (pronounced \\\"Final Cut Pro Ten\\\") is a professional non-linear video editing application published by Apple Inc. as part of their Pro Apps family of software programs. It was released on June 21, 2011 for sale in the Mac\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro X\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4607089\",\n \"text\": \"Logic Pro Studio 9 no longer allows users to access any microtunings in Scala format other than those provided with the software by Apple. Released as successor to Logic Pro 9 on July 16, 2013, \\\"Logic Pro X\\\" (10.0.0) included a new, single-window customizable interface, with a design in line with Final Cut Pro X, as well as new features. New tools in this release are \\\"Drummer\\\", a virtual session player that automatically plays along with your song in a wide variety of drumming styles and techniques, and \\\"Flex Pitch\\\", a Flex Time equivalent for pitch editing in audio recordings.\",\n \"title\": \"Logic Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7069265\",\n \"text\": \"Compressor (software) Compressor is a video and audio media compression and encoding application for use with Final Cut Studio and Logic Studio on macOS. It can be used with Qmaster for clustering. The application used to be available as part of Final Cut Pro, Soundtrack Pro, Motion, and DVD Studio Pro, but after those stand-alone products were discontinued, it became available as part of Final Cut Studio and Logic Studio. With the release of Final Cut Pro X and Motion 5, Compressor was upgraded to version 4 and is available to purchase separately on the Mac App Store for $49.99.\",\n \"title\": \"Compressor (software)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2592621\",\n \"text\": \"Soundtrack Pro Soundtrack Pro is a discontinued music composing and audio editing application made by Apple Inc. featured in Logic Studio and Final Cut Studio that included a collection of just over 5,000 royalty free professional instrument loops and sound effects. It was discontinued with the release of Final Cut Pro X, Motion 5, and Compressor 4. An earlier incarnation of the package, Soundtrack, was first sold as part of Apple's Final Cut Pro 4 video editor, released in April 2003. It was then released as a stand-alone product, but due to low demand it was discontinued. The main concept\",\n \"title\": \"Soundtrack Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1989288\",\n \"text\": \"and is no longer available in iMovie or Final Cut Pro X. iMovie 10.0 was released on October 22, 2013 by Apple Inc. This version of iMovie was a complete redesign with more options to share a movie, more movie and trailer theme options from iMovie for iOS, easier to make picture-in-pictures, cutaways, side-by-sides etc., more realistic green-screen effects and easier refinements. iMovie 10.1 was released on October 13, 2015. It allowed for 4K video editing and included a major user interface overhaul, as well as the removal of some peripheral features. On June 7, 2010, Steve Jobs announced in\",\n \"title\": \"IMovie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16876123\",\n \"text\": \"PDZK-LT2 for Apples Final Cut Pro X downloadable at http://www.sonycreativesoftware.com. Version 10.2 of Final Cut Pro X supports XAVC-S natively. For XAVC S, CyberLink PowerDirector, Adobe Premiere Elements, Apple's iMovie 10, Pinnacle Studio 18 Ultimate and Sony Movie Studio Platinum support it for editing and production. XAVC XAVC is a recording format that was introduced by Sony on October 30, 2012. XAVC is a format that will be licensed to companies that want to make XAVC products. XAVC uses level 5.2 of H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, which is the highest level supported by that video standard. XAVC can support 4K resolution (4096\",\n \"title\": \"XAVC\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4582176\",\n \"text\": \"with Dynamic RT, version 3.5 upgraded LiveType to version 2.0 and Soundtrack to version 1.5. In November 2007, Apple released Final Cut Express 4, which although it did not support real-time editing in the AVCHD format (it only allowed for transcoding AVCHD to Apple Intermediate Codec (AIC) provided that the camera was actually attached to the computer - it did not convert AVCHD files stored elsewhere and is currently for Intel processors only), imported iMovie '08 projects and included 50 new filters. It did not include Soundtrack 1.5, but it still included LiveType which enables users to create advanced text\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Express\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11097592\",\n \"text\": \"released. On 7 March 2017, Visual Studio 2017 was released for general availability. On 14 March 2017, first fix was released for Visual Studio 2017 due to failures during installation or opening solutions in the first release. On 5 April 2017, Visual Studio 2017 15.1 was released and added support for targeting the .NET Framework 4.7. On 10 May 2017, Visual Studio 2017 15.2 was released and added a new workload, \\\"Data Science and Analytical Applications Workload\\\". An update to fix the dark color theme was released on 12 May 2017. On 14 August 2017, Visual Studio 2017 15.3 was\",\n \"title\": \"Microsoft Visual Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623018\",\n \"text\": \"of the main show floor. At the demonstration, both Mac and Windows versions were shown. The Mac version was working with a Truevision RTX dual stream real time card with limited real time effects. When no purchaser could be found, Apple purchased the team as a defensive move. When Apple could not find a buyer in turn, it continued development work, focusing on adding FireWire/DV support and introduced Final Cut Pro at NAB 1999. In order that Final Cut Pro would be supported from the beginning with third-party self-paced and instructor-led training, Apple worked with DVcreators.net, who released a training\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7895672\",\n \"text\": \"4K resolution video in Final Cut Pro X. Drive performance, connected via PCIe, is also widely mentioned as a strong point. Technical reviewers praised the OpenCL API under which the machine's powerful twin GPUs and its multi-core CPU can be treated as a single pool of computing power. However, in late 2013 through early 2014, some reviewers have noted the lack of internal expandability, second CPU, serviceability, and questioned the then-limited offerings via Thunderbolt 2 ports. By 2016, reviewers started to agree that the Mac Pro was lacking in functionality and power, and should be updated by Apple. Apple later\",\n \"title\": \"Mac Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11097593\",\n \"text\": \"released and added support for targeting .NET Core 2.0. An update (15.3.1) was released four days later to address a Git vulnerability with submodules (CVE 2017-1000117). On October 10, 2017, Visual Studio 15.4 was released. On December 4, 2017, Visual Studio 15.5 was released. This update contained major performance improvements, new features, as well as bug fixes. On March 6, 2018, Visual Studio 15.6 was released. It includes updates to unit testing and performance. On May 7, 2018, Visual Studio 15.7 was released. It included updates across the board including, the installer, editor, debugger among others. Almost all point releases,\",\n \"title\": \"Microsoft Visual Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3632622\",\n \"text\": \"directly to version 10. Like with Mac OS X, the products were not upgrades to previous versions, but brand new programs, branded as QuickTime X and Final Cut Pro X, but unlike Apple's desktop operating systems, there were no major versions 8 or 9. As with , however, minor releases are denoted using a third digit, rather than a second digit. Consequently, major releases for these programs also employ the second digit, as Apple does with OS X. In WWDC 2016, they announced that Mac OS X will now onwards be called macOS. Sun's Java has at times had a\",\n \"title\": \"Software versioning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623006\",\n \"text\": \"audio filters such as keying tools, mattes and vocal de-poppers and de-essers. It also has multiple color correction tools including color wheels, sliders and curves, video scopes and a selection of generators, such as slugs, test cards, and noise. The legacy (v. 7.0.3 and earlier) Final Cut (Pro and Express) interface was designed around non-computerized editing work-flows, with four main windows that replicate tried-and-trusted methods of organising, viewing and editing physical tape or film media. The browser, where source media files (or clips) are listed, replicates the editor's traditional film \\\"bins\\\" or stacks of videotapes. The Viewer, where individual media\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623031\",\n \"text\": \"files at one place. After having finished a project, one can erase everything but the project file, to save disk space, and at a later time Final Cut Pro can re-capture/re-link all source data and recalculate all render and cache data, provided it can access all linked sources. The first versions of Final Cut Pro and Final Cut Express used a binary file which contained all montage information such as timecode information, clip's in/out-points, size/crop/position, composition nesting, filter settings, automation data, etc. More recent editions of Final Cut Pro and Final Cut Express, before Final Cut Pro X, used the\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9811147\",\n \"text\": \"Medien had released an exclusive retail PC version of the game in Germany in 2014, containing Book One and a Steam season pass key. After the release of the fifth and final episode, Red Thread Games started working on the updated and final version of the entire game. This version was released on 5 May 2017 for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One by the publisher Deep Silver, and on 21 July for Windows, OS X, and Linux, where it was subtitled \\\"The Final Cut\\\". A number of limited boxed editions were additionally offered as incentives to the supporters on Kickstarter,\",\n \"title\": \"Dreamfall Chapters\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16492720\",\n \"text\": \"and bluetooth 4.0, where the original PS4 only supports 2.4GHz Wi-Fi and outdated 2.1 bluetooth connection. It was released on September 15, 2016, with a 500 GB model at the same price as the original version of the PlayStation 4. On April 18, 2017, Sony announced that it had replaced the 500 GB base model with a new 1 TB version, with no change in pricing. PlayStation 4 Pro (codenamed Neo) was announced on September 7, 2016, and launched worldwide on November 10, 2016. Its model number is CUH-7000. It is an upgraded version of the PlayStation 4 with improved\",\n \"title\": \"PlayStation 4\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15785823\",\n \"text\": \"2018. The new model offers some similar features and functionality to the HERO5 and HERO6, like a touchscreen and built in timelapse video mode, but with slightly lower resolution and framerate, and lacking the GPS functionality and exposure control. The HERO7 White, HERO7 Silver and HERO7 Black are the latest GoPro cameras, released on September 30, 2018. HERO7 Black offers new \\\"HyperSmooth\\\" video stabilization, improved timelapse video capabilities, and livestreaming. Karma Drone became available October 23, 2016. The drone is compatible with the HERO5 and HERO4 Black and Silver. The Drone has 20 minutes of battery life. The stabilizer can\",\n \"title\": \"GoPro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12490870\",\n \"text\": \"for performance and stability. RawTherapee 4.1 was released on 21 May, 2014. RawTherapee 4.2 was released on 24 October, 2014. RawTherapee 5.0 was released on 22 January 2017. There are two variants tagged as 5.0: one uses GTK2, and the other GTK3. Both variants are identical in every way except for the graphical toolkit. RawTherapee 5.0-r1 was released on 2 February, 2017. This revision is functionally the same, but includes a few bug fixes which came to light after the 5.0 release. RawTherapee 5.1 was released on 15 May 2017. Major new features include Pentax Pixel Shift support, the Dynamic\",\n \"title\": \"RawTherapee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7895673\",\n \"text\": \"revealed in 2017 that the thermal core design had limited the ability to upgrade the Mac Pro's GPUs and that a new design was under development, to be released sometime after 2017. On September 18, 2018, the Mac Pro surpassed the Macintosh Plus's production life record for an unchanged Mac model, with the Plus having remained on sale unchanged for 1,734 days. In April 2018, Apple confirmed that a new redesigned Mac Pro will be released in 2019 to replace the 2nd generation Mac Pro. The iMac Pro, released in December 2017, serves as a stopgap release between the two\",\n \"title\": \"Mac Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19548122\",\n \"text\": \"CarPlay, the update added a quick-access multitasking screen with the three most recently used apps, and added functionality for the Maps app to find electric vehicle charging stations. iOS 10.3.1 was released on April 3, 2017, with bug fixes and security improvements, including a fix for a Wi-Fi vulnerability discovered by Google's Project Zero team of security researchers. iOS 10.3.2 was released on May 15, 2017, with bug fixes and security improvements. iOS 10.3.3 was released on July 19, 2017, with new wallpapers for the 12.9-inch iPad Pro, along with bug fixes and security improvements, including a fix for a\",\n \"title\": \"IOS 10\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5244013\",\n \"text\": \"applied in real time. In the Macworld Conference and Expo 2005, Steve Jobs, former CEO of Apple, declared 2005 to be the \\\"Year of HD\\\". To this end, the HD features of Final Cut Studio were emphasized, such that a little HD logo was placed on the box for each individual Studio application, as well as the Final Cut Studio box. Final Cut Pro supports nearly all High Definition formats (HDV, DVCPRO HD, AVCHD, and uncompressed HD) and Soundtrack Pro and Motion can import these formats too, where they can be played back on an external monitor. DVD Studio Pro\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19123432\",\n \"text\": \"almost 400 TV models have support for HLG which includes TV models from Finlux, Hisense, Hitachi, LG, Panasonic, Philips, Samsung, Sony, and Toshiba. On December 6, 2017, Qualcomm announced the Qualcomm Snapdragon 845 which includes support for HLG. On December 14, 2017, Apple released a firmware update for Final Cut Pro X which includes support for HLG. On December 14, 2017, DirecTV began broadcasting HLG HDR on their 4K Channels 104 and 106. On April 12, 2018, Vizio announced HLG support for their 2018 models. Hybrid Log-Gamma Hybrid Log-Gamma (HLG) is a high dynamic range (HDR) standard that was jointly\",\n \"title\": \"Hybrid Log-Gamma\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18547308\",\n \"text\": \"as a manual, one-time update from the Microsoft Office website. All versions following 15.25 will be 64-bit only. Office for Mac received Touch Bar support in an update on February 16, 2017, following the launch of the 2016 MacBook Pro models. As with previous versions, Office 2016 is made available in several distinct editions aimed towards different markets. All traditional editions of Microsoft Office 2016 contain Word, Excel, PowerPoint and OneNote and are licensed for use on one computer. Five traditional editions of Office 2016 were released for Windows: Three traditional editions of Office 2016 were released for Mac: The\",\n \"title\": \"Microsoft Office 2016\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2592630\",\n \"text\": \"(to the same file). The program also allows multitrack projects to be exported directly with Compressor settings. Soundtrack Pro Soundtrack Pro is a discontinued music composing and audio editing application made by Apple Inc. featured in Logic Studio and Final Cut Studio that included a collection of just over 5,000 royalty free professional instrument loops and sound effects. It was discontinued with the release of Final Cut Pro X, Motion 5, and Compressor 4. An earlier incarnation of the package, Soundtrack, was first sold as part of Apple's Final Cut Pro 4 video editor, released in April 2003. It was\",\n \"title\": \"Soundtrack Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11097590\",\n \"text\": \"first Community Technology Preview (CTP) was released on 3 June 2014 and the Release Candidate was released on 29 April 2015; Visual Studio 2015 was officially announced as the final name on 12 November 2014. Visual Studio 2015 RTM was released on 20 July 2015. Visual Studio 2015 Update 1 was released on 30 November 2015. Visual Studio 2015 Update 2 was released on 30 March 2016. Visual Studio 2015 Update 3 was released on 27 June 2016. Initially referred to as Visual Studio \\\"15\\\", it was released on 7 March 2017. The first Preview was released on 30 March\",\n \"title\": \"Microsoft Visual Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9246413\",\n \"text\": \"PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 on November 7, 2007. Download and retail versions for Mac OS X were released by Aspyr in September 2008. As of May 2009, \\\"Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare\\\" has sold over 13 million copies. \\\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered\\\" is a remastered version of \\\"\\\" that was released alongside the Legacy Edition, Legacy Pro Edition and Digital Deluxe Edition of \\\"\\\" on November 4, 2016, for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and PC. It was later released standalone on June 27, 2017, for PS4, and July 27, 2017, for Xbox One and PC. The\",\n \"title\": \"Call of Duty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2592623\",\n \"text\": \"stand-alone product has been dropped again. Soundtrack Pro adds features for professional audio engineers and sound designers, and focuses more on sound editing than the original Soundtrack. Since September 2007 Soundtrack Pro also comes as part of the Logic Studio bundle, Apple's own audio and midi sequencing software. But it was removed from Logic Studio when Logic Pro was moved to the App Store on December 8, 2011. Soundtrack Pro 2 is included in Final Cut Studio 2 (2008). Also see a release history in context with the rest of Final Cut Studio. Soundtrack Pro has two main modes: multitrack\",\n \"title\": \"Soundtrack Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623016\",\n \"text\": \"that digital editing, provides Final Cut Pro users with several editing options. Users can also set their own customisable keyboard preferences. Randy Ubillos created the first three versions of Adobe Premiere, the first popular digital video editing application. Before version 5 was released, Ubillos' group was hired by Macromedia to create KeyGrip, built from the ground up as a more professional video-editing program based on Apple QuickTime. Macromedia could not release the product without causing its partner Truevision some issues with Microsoft, as KeyGrip was, in part, based on technology from Microsoft licensed to Truevision and then in turn to\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18820946\",\n \"text\": \"issue for iPhone SE. However, iOS 9.3.2 bricked some 9.7-inch iPad Pros, preventing them from being used. Apple pulled the update for iPad Pro on May 20, 2016, and re-released 9.3.2 for the device on June 2, 2016, fixing the issue. iOS 9.3.3 was released on July 18, 2016, with bug fixes and performance improvements. iOS 9.3.4 was released on August 4, 2016, with a fix for a memory corruption issue that could enable an app \\\"to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges\\\". The update consequently patched an iOS jailbreaking method used by the Chinese programming group Pangu Team. iOS\",\n \"title\": \"IOS 9\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14238943\",\n \"text\": \"and hardware, but also includes Touch ID and available in gold color. In September, 2015, the iPad Pro was announced, which included a 12.9-inch screen, and a 9.7-inch version was announced in March 2016, with the addition of 256 GB option for both iPad Pro models. On March 21, 2017, a new iPad was announced. The hardware includes an A9 processor and is designed to be a budget version of the iPad. In June 2017, the iPad Pro's second generation hardware was announced to have 12.9 and 10.5-inch screens. On March 28, 2018, the new iPad 9.7-inch 2018 model (6th\",\n \"title\": \"IPad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623015\",\n \"text\": \"a clip is changed by control-clicking or right-clicking on the clip and selecting it from the cascading contextual menu, or by selecting the mode from the application's 'modify' menu. For either matte modes, the clip that will perform the key is placed overneath the fill clip on the Timeline. For more advanced compositing Final Cut Pro is compatible with Apple's Shake (discontinued) and Apple Motion software. Final Cut Pro uses a set of hot-keys to select the tools. There are almost 400 keyboard commands that allow the user to increase the speed of edits. This combined with the nonlinear approach\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8138696\",\n \"text\": \"Pro theme Pro Theme is a GUI style used by Apple Inc. for its Mac OS X operating system. It is reserved for Apple's high-end video, music and image editing products, such as Final Cut Pro HD, Soundtrack Pro and Aperture. The most notable difference between Pro and Apple's other GUI styles is the abandonment of white and vibrantly coloured icons. Pro applications also use a much smaller typeface than the other themes. The Pro theme is based on a private Framework called ProKit.framework, which is stored in the computer's /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/ folder. It is not available for use in non-Apple\",\n \"title\": \"Pro theme\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10071317\",\n \"text\": \"Color (software) Color was a professional color grading software application produced by Apple Inc. for their Mac OS X operating system. It is one of the major applications included as part of Apple's Final Cut Studio 3 video production suite. It was discontinued with the release of Final Cut Pro X, Motion 5, and Compressor 4. The application was originally called FinalTouch and was developed by Silicon Color, until the company was acquired by Apple in October 2006. Motion picture images often look whitewashed or grayed out when scanned directly off of the negative during telecine. One basic purpose of\",\n \"title\": \"Color (software)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1410605\",\n \"text\": \"2012\\\". macOS Sierra was announced on June 13, 2016, during the WWDC keynote speech. It was released publicly on September 20, 2016. macOS High Sierra was announced on June 5, 2017, during the WWDC keynote speech. It was released on September 25, 2017. The release includes many under-the-hood improvements, including a switch to Apple File System (APFS), the introduction of Metal 2, support for HEVC video, and improvements to VR support. In addition, numerous changes were made to standard applications including Photos, Safari, Notes, and Spotlight. macOS Mojave was announced on June 4, 2018, during the WWDC keynote speech. It\",\n \"title\": \"MacOS version history\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11097589\",\n \"text\": \"was released on 20 January 2014. Visual Studio 2013.1 is a targeted update that addresses some key areas of customer feedback. \\\"Visual Studio 2013 Update 2\\\" (Visual Studio 2013.2) was released on 12 May 2014. Visual Studio 2013 Update 3 was released on 4 August 2014. With this update, Visual Studio provides an option to disable the all-caps menus, which was introduced in VS2012. \\\"Visual Studio 2013 Update 4\\\" (Visual Studio 2013.4) was released on 12 November 2014. \\\"Visual Studio 2013 Update 5\\\" (Visual Studio 2013.5) was released on 20 July 2015. Initially referred to as Visual Studio \\\"14\\\", the\",\n \"title\": \"Microsoft Visual Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10068383\",\n \"text\": \"accessible to your workgroup, integration of Active Directory permission sets, improved search engine performance, and an expanded line of proxy settings. On June 21, 2011, Apple announced the end-of-life of the Final Cut Server product, in favor of Final Cut Pro X. Final Cut Server Final Cut Server was Apple's server-based backend for managing Final Cut Studio files (in particular Final Cut Pro) and workflow automation, based on Proximity's artbox package. Final Cut Server can catalogue any file type and allows for the addition of custom metadata to make those files searchable. Final Cut Server runs on Apple hardware but\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Server\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19017847\",\n \"text\": \"displays, with the 11 inch model replacing the 10.5 inch model of the previous generation. They also feature up to 1 TB of storage and Face ID. The 12.9-inch version of the iPad Pro was announced during an Apple Special Event on September 9, 2015. It was released on November 11, 2015 with gold, silver, and space gray color options. Prices ranging from US$799.99 to $1,229.99 based on storage size and cellular connectivity. On March 21, 2016, the 9.7 inch version of the iPad Pro was announced at an Apple keynote with an additional rose gold color option. The 9.7\",\n \"title\": \"IPad Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10071318\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Color\\\" is to add the vibrancy and richness of color back to the video once it is transferred to a digital format, normally for further editing. Color 1.5 was introduced on July 23, 2009 along with the new Final Cut Studio 2009. Color (software) Color was a professional color grading software application produced by Apple Inc. for their Mac OS X operating system. It is one of the major applications included as part of Apple's Final Cut Studio 3 video production suite. It was discontinued with the release of Final Cut Pro X, Motion 5, and Compressor 4. The application\",\n \"title\": \"Color (software)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20193346\",\n \"text\": \"IMac Pro iMac Pro is an all-in-one personal computer and workstation designed, manufactured, and sold by Apple Inc. starting December 14, 2017. Unlike the Mac Pro, Apple claims the iMac Pro is the most powerful Mac ever made. The iMac Pro comes with a custom Apple T2 chip (which stores encrypted keys) and a custom version of macOS High Sierra which allows the user to lock down the booting process (using the Startup Security Utility). The iMac Pro was introduced at WWDC on June 5, 2017 and was released in December 2017, with a starting price of US$4999. Some of\",\n \"title\": \"IMac Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"335593\",\n \"text\": \"XP is 13.0.1. Adobe also announced that CS6 will be the last suite sold with perpetual licenses in favor of the new Creative Cloud subscriptions, though they will continue to provide OS compatibility support as well as bug fixes and security updates as necessary. Photoshop CC (14.0) was launched on June 18, 2013. As the next major version after CS6, it is only available as part of a Creative Cloud subscription, the full version of which costs $49 every month. Major features in this version include All-new Smart Sharpen, Intelligent Upsampling, and Camera Shake Reduction for reducing blur caused by\",\n \"title\": \"Adobe Photoshop\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11097591\",\n \"text\": \"2016. Visual Studio \\\"15\\\" Preview 2 was released 10 May 2016. Visual Studio \\\"15\\\" Preview 3 was released on 7 July 2016. Visual Studio \\\"15\\\" Preview 4 was released on 22 August 2016. Visual Studio \\\"15\\\" Preview 5 was released on 5 October 2016. , Visual Studio is making the Ethereum Solidity language available to developers. On 14 November 2016, for a brief period of time, Microsoft released a blog post revealing Visual Studio 2017 product name version alongside upcoming features. On 16 November 2016, \\\"Visual Studio 2017\\\" was announced as the final name, and Visual Studio 2017 RC was\",\n \"title\": \"Microsoft Visual Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18547303\",\n \"text\": \"Microsoft Office 2016 Microsoft Office 2016 (codenamed Office 16) is a version of the Microsoft Office productivity suite, succeeding both Office 2013 and Office for Mac 2011, and preceding Office 2019 for both platforms. It was released on macOS on July 9, 2015 and on Microsoft Windows on September 22, 2015 for Office 365 subscribers. Mainstream support ends on October 13, 2020, and extended support ends on October 14, 2025. The perpetually licensed version on macOS and Windows was released on September 22, 2015. Since its successor Office 2019 only supports Windows 10 or Windows Server 2016, this is the\",\n \"title\": \"Microsoft Office 2016\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4768372\",\n \"text\": \"DVD Studio Pro DVD Studio Pro is a discontinued high-end software tool published by Apple Inc. to allow users to create DVD masters to be sent out for replication at production houses. Its tight integration with other Apple applications allowed users to take Final Cut Pro and Motion projects and render them into the DVD format without encoding to intermediary formats. This streamlined the production workflow and reduces overhead. It was discontinued with the release of Final Cut Pro X, Motion 5, and Compressor 4. Apple bought Astarte's DVDirector in 2000, re-releasing it as DVD Studio Pro in 2001. Version\",\n \"title\": \"DVD Studio Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"795156\",\n \"text\": \"various companies made offers, Keygrip was purchased by Apple as Steve Jobs wanted a product to compete with Adobe Premiere in the desktop video market. At around the same time, Avid—now with Windows versions of its editing software—was considering abandoning the Macintosh platform. Apple released Final Cut Pro in 1999, and despite not being taken seriously at first by professionals, it has evolved into a serious competitor to entry level's Avid's systems. Another leap came in the late 1990s with the launch of DV-based video formats for consumer and professional use. With DV came IEEE 1394 (FireWire/iLink), a simple and\",\n \"title\": \"Non-linear editing system\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16279232\",\n \"text\": \"hard drive. These Libraries automatically opened in Final Cut Pro X depending on which hard drives were mounted. That all changed on December 19, 2013 when Project and Event Libraries were merged into a new Library model. Libraries contained Events which in turn contained Projects. And unlike before Libraries could be opened and closed by the user. Media could be stored internally in the Library or kept outside the Library. On June 27, 2014 media management was further refined with the release of version 10.1.2. During the NAB Show 2015 Apple released version 10.2.0. 3D Titles were introduced directly in\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro X\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623020\",\n \"text\": \"2003, Apple announced a program for Premiere users to trade in their discs for a free copy of Final Cut Express or a $500 discount on Final Cut Pro. Final Cut Pro benefited from the relative maturity of QuickTime and its native support for then-new DV cameras connected with FireWire (IEEE1394). The first fully Broadcast quality, Worldwide Distributed TV show produced on Final Cut Pro was 2000's WOW! Women of Wrestling, using the Pinnacle CinéWave uncompressed video card. The Oxygen Network was a beta site for Final Cut Pro in late 1999 through network launch in early 2000. Shows like\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623004\",\n \"text\": \"7.0.3. Since the early 2000´s, Final Cut Pro has developed a large and expanding user base, mainly video hobbyists and independent filmmakers. It had also made inroads with film and television editors who have traditionally used Avid Technology's Media Composer. According to a 2007 SCRI study, Final Cut Pro made up 49% of the United States professional editing market, with Avid at 22%. A published survey in 2008 by the American Cinema Editors Guild placed their users at 21% Final Cut Pro (and growing from previous surveys of this group), while all others were still on an Avid system of\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6689962\",\n \"text\": \"in the following year; this version was then included in Final Cut Express HD in 2005. Version 2 of LiveType was then released with version 5 of Final Cut Pro, and this was included in version 3.5 of Final Cut Express in May 2006. The program was packaged with Final Cut Studio until version 3. It is still packaged with Final Cut Express; it is not available to purchase separately. See also a release history in context with the rest of Final Cut Studio. LiveType 2 includes over 11GB of content - including fonts, textures, objects, templates and effects. It\",\n \"title\": \"LiveType\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13425185\",\n \"text\": \"This version included some new apps and extension APIs, some changes to improve stability and performance and 43 security fixes. The remainder of the Chromium releases for the year were just bug and security fix updates, with no other significant changes. Chromium 50.0, released on 18 January 2016, added support for Brotli compression via the codice_3 Accept-encoding header. Chrome 54, released on 12 October 2016 and based upon Chromium 54, introduced support for HTML Custom Elements. The remainder of the Chromium releases for 2016 were only bug and security fix updates, with no other significant changes. Chromium 59.0, released on\",\n \"title\": \"Chromium (web browser)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2760476\",\n \"text\": \"III or AMD Athlon XP. MPC-HC 1.7.13 is also the final version and the program has been officially discontinued as of July 16, 2017, due to a shortage of active developers with C/C++ experience. Its source code on GitHub was last updated on August 27, 2017, a month and a half after the official final version.. Unofficial versions from the same developer responsible for MPC 6.4.9.1 started appearing in January 2018. These builds contain small fixes/improvements, updated internal codecs (LAV Filters), AV1 support, and updates to some other external components. Binary releases are available, as well as source code. \\\"Media\",\n \"title\": \"Media Player Classic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7069267\",\n \"text\": \"well as the ability to use Compressor to produce a compliant package to submit video content for distribution to the iTunes Store. Compressor (software) Compressor is a video and audio media compression and encoding application for use with Final Cut Studio and Logic Studio on macOS. It can be used with Qmaster for clustering. The application used to be available as part of Final Cut Pro, Soundtrack Pro, Motion, and DVD Studio Pro, but after those stand-alone products were discontinued, it became available as part of Final Cut Studio and Logic Studio. With the release of Final Cut Pro X\",\n \"title\": \"Compressor (software)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"335594\",\n \"text\": \"camera shake. Editable Rounded Rectangles and an update to Adobe Camera Raw (8.0) were also included. Since the initial launch, Adobe has released two additional feature-bearing updates. The first, version 14.1, was launched on September 9, 2013. The major features in this version were Adobe Generator, a Node.js-based platform for creating plug-ins for Photoshop. Photoshop 14.1 shipped with two plug-ins, one to automatically generate image assets based on an extension in the layer name, and another to automatically generate assets for Adobe Edge Reflow. Version 14.2 was released on January 15, 2014. Major features include Perspective Warp, Linked Smart Objects,\",\n \"title\": \"Adobe Photoshop\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17351285\",\n \"text\": \"these discs on a 4K capable USB 3.0 external disc drive. The decision not to upgrade was predicated primarily on cost. A limited translucent case-version of the PS4 Pro was released in August 2018, which include minor hardware updates. This new system, model number CUH-7100, besides offering a larger hard drive, used a quieter fan that helped to reduce the noise levels. It also drew power at a consistent rate compared to the CUH-7000, though ran slightly hotter than the launch system. A second minor hardware refresh, with model number CUH-7200, was first released in bundles with \\\"Red Dead Redemption\",\n \"title\": \"PlayStation 4 technical specifications\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623017\",\n \"text\": \"Macromedia. The terms of the IP licensing deal stated that it was not to be used in conjunction with QuickTime. Thus, Macromedia was forced to keep the product off the market until a solution could be found. At the same time, the company decided to focus more on applications that would support the web, so they sought to find a buyer for their non-web applications, including KeyGrip, which by 1998 was renamed Final Cut. Final Cut was shown in private room demonstrations as a 0.9 alpha at the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) exposition in 1998 after Macromedia pulled out\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20968439\",\n \"text\": \"seconds of 8-bit uncompressed digital video. A few years later, in 1991, Adobe released its first version of Premiere for the Mac, a program that has since become an industry standard for editing and is now commonly used for video manipulation. In 1999, Apple released Final Cut Pro, which competed with Adobe Premiere and was used in the production major films such as \\\"The Rules of Attraction\\\" and \\\"No Country for Old Men\\\". Face detection became a major research subject in the early 2000s that has continued to be studied in the present. In 2017, an amateur coder named “DeepFakes”\",\n \"title\": \"Video manipulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11381374\",\n \"text\": \"Portrait Professional Portrait Professional or Portrait Pro is a Windows and Mac based portrait imaging enhancement software targeted at professional and keen amateur photographers. Developed by Anthropics Technology Ltd and first released in July 2006, it has been in continuous development ever since. The current software, version 17, was released October 11, 2017, the previous version, 15, was released in September 2015. PortraitPro, PortraitPro Studio, and PortraitPro Studio Max are image editors for Windows and Mac OS X, specifically targeted at editing portrait photographs. Rather than using brushes alone as a traditional image editor does, the user of Portrait Professional\",\n \"title\": \"Portrait Professional\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16492676\",\n \"text\": \"been shipped worldwide, surpassing lifetime sales of its predecessor, the PlayStation 3. On September 7, 2016, Sony unveiled the PlayStation 4 Pro, a high-end version of the console with an upgraded GPU and higher CPU clock rate to support enhanced performance and 4K resolution on supported titles. The company also released a variant of the original model with a smaller form factor, and the release of a patch to add HDR support to all existing consoles. According to lead architect Mark Cerny, development of Sony's fourth video game console began as early as 2008. Less than two years earlier, the\",\n \"title\": \"PlayStation 4\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2970637\",\n \"text\": \"the title of the new album, \\\"Thank You for Today\\\", and shared the lead single from the album, \\\"Gold Rush.\\\". Following this, on July 19, 2018, \\\"I Dreamt We Spoke Again\\\" was released. \\\"Autumn Love\\\" was the last single to be released on August 1, 2018. The album was released on August 17, 2018. It is the band's first album without Chris Walla, and the first album to feature Depper and Rae. Lauren Mayberry was also featured on the album, contributing vocals on \\\"Northern Lights\\\". On August 28, 2018, the album ranked No. 1 on the Billboard Top Rock Albums\",\n \"title\": \"Death Cab for Cutie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13425186\",\n \"text\": \"4 March 2017, added support for the Animated Portable Network Graphics (APNG) file format. The remainder of the Chromium releases for 2017 were only bug and security fix updates, with no other significant changes. Chromium 66.0, first released on 20 January 2018, introduced audio muting for all autoplaying video content by default. Chromium 69.0, first released on 19 July 2018 and stable version on 04 September 2018, introduced new material theme as part of 10 years project anniversary. Chromium 71, was first released on 1 September 2018 and resulted in Chrome 71, released on 4 December 2018. This version incorporated\",\n \"title\": \"Chromium (web browser)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16615252\",\n \"text\": \"Microsoft Office 2013 Microsoft Office 2013 (codenamed Office 15) is a version of Microsoft Office, a productivity suite for Microsoft Windows. It is the successor to Microsoft Office 2010 and the predecessor to Microsoft Office 2016. It includes extended file format support, user interface updates and support for touch among its new features. Office 2013 is suitable for IA-32 and x64 systems and requires Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 R2 or a later version of either. A version of Office 2013 comes included on Windows RT devices. Mainstream support ended on April 10, 2018. Extended support ends on April 11,\",\n \"title\": \"Microsoft Office 2013\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13024163\",\n \"text\": \"5K resolution allowing 4K video to be played at its native resolution in Final Cut Pro, with room for toolbars on the side. On June 6, 2017, Apple’s 21.5-inch iMac, which has a full HD resolution display and the latest Intel 7th generation i5 processor, was announced. The iMac has Turbo Boost up to 3.6GHz supported, and 1 TB hard drive. Apple’s iMac with 4K display has Intel Core i5 quad-core processor with 3GHz or 3.4GHz clock speed. The RAM on board is 8GB, and it will support Turbo boost of up to 3.8GHz. This iMac has options of 1TB\",\n \"title\": \"IMac\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15785822\",\n \"text\": \"to cloud and voice controls. The HERO6 Black was introduced on September 28, 2017. The camera is waterproof up to 10 m, supports 4K HEVC video recording at up to 60 fps and 1080p at up to 240 fps, automatic upload of footage to cloud, voice controls and 5 GHz Wi-Fi. It will be the first GoPro with its own custom system on a chip (SoC) the GP1. The high-end Fusion was released November 24, 2017. It has two cameras and can record 360° Panorama video. The HERO (2018 edition) is a new entry level camera, introduced on March 29,\",\n \"title\": \"GoPro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"335588\",\n \"text\": \"technologies under development, including three-dimensional brushes and warping tools. In May 2011, Adobe Creative Suite 5.5 (CS5.5) was released, with new versions of some of the applications. Its version of Photoshop, 12.1, is identical to the concurrently released update for Photoshop CS5, version 12.0.4, except for support for the new subscription pricing that was introduced with CS5.5. CS5 introduces new tools such as the Content-Aware Fill, Refine Edge, Mixer Brush, Bristle Tips and Puppet Warp. The community also had a hand in the additions made to CS5 as 30 new features and improvements were included by request. These include automatic\",\n \"title\": \"Adobe Photoshop\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623022\",\n \"text\": \"motion picture \\\"The Rules of Attraction\\\" was edited on beta versions of Final Cut Pro 3, proving to the film industry that successful matchback to 24fps could be achieved with a \\\"consumer\\\" off-the-shelf product. Roger Avary, the film's director became the spokesperson for Final Cut Pro, appearing in print advertisements worldwide. His advocacy of the product gave confidence to mainstream editors such as Walter Murch, that the product was ready for \\\"prime time.\\\" In August 2002, the application won a Primetime Emmy Engineering Award for its impact on the television industry. Final Cut Pro 4 was announced in April 2003.\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19487011\",\n \"text\": \"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered is a first-person shooter video game developed by Raven Software and published by Activision. A remastered version of \\\"\\\", it was initially only made available as part of the special editions of \\\"\\\", which was released worldwide on November 4, 2016, for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Microsoft Windows. A standalone version of \\\"Modern Warfare Remastered\\\" was released on June 27, 2017, for the PlayStation 4, and the Xbox One and Microsoft Windows the following month. \\\"Modern Warfare Remastered\\\" began as a result of a fan-made online\",\n \"title\": \"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623007\",\n \"text\": \"files can be previewed and trimmed, replicates the source monitor of older tape-based systems. The Canvas replicates the \\\"program\\\" monitor in such systems, where the edited material is viewed. The Timeline, where media are assembled into a sequence, replicates the physically edited film or master tape of earlier systems. There is also a small Toolbox window and two audio-level indicators for the left and right audio channels. Both the Viewer and Canvas have a shuttle interface (for variable-speed scanning, forwards or backwards through a clip) and a jogging interface for frame-by-frame advancing. As in most digital non-linear editing applications, the\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2800690\",\n \"text\": \"and image stabilisation), Final Cut Pro 5 integration and extensions to their open, extensible scripting language and SDK. Shake 4 had no IRIX version. At the NAB event in April 2006, Apple announced that Shake 4.1 would be a Universal Binary version and would ship in May that year. It was actually released on June 20, 2006 and was rebranded as a companion for Final Cut Studio; as such, its price was dropped from $2999 to $499 for Mac OS X (but remained the same for Linux). At the same time, Apple also announced that they would end support for\",\n \"title\": \"Shake (software)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2623014\",\n \"text\": \"it obscures whatever is below it. The size of a video clip can be altered, and the clips can be cropped, among many other settings that can be changed. Opacity levels can also be altered, as well as animated over the course of the clip using keyframes, defined either on a graphical overlay, or in the Viewer's 'motion' tab, where precise percentage opacity values can be entered. Final Cut also has more than a dozen common compositing modes that can be applied to clips, such as Add, Subtract, Difference, Screen, Multiply, Overlay, and Travel Matte Luma/Alpha. The compositing mode for\",\n \"title\": \"Final Cut Pro\"\n }\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":79075,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":79075,"string":"79,075"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Dan Castellaneta"],"string":"[\n \"Dan Castellaneta\"\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who does the voice of the genie in aladdin 2"},"compressed_prompt":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Question:\\nPlease write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Genie (Disney) context: his own copy of the Keyblade (excluding the Limit Form in \\\"Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix\\\"). The Genie also appears briefly in \\\"Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days\\\", interacting with Xion and Roxas as they make their way back to Agrabah. Genie (Disney) The Genie is a fictional jinni appearing in Walt Disney Pictures' animated feature film \\\"Aladdin\\\" (1992). He was voiced by Robin Williams in the first film. Following a contract dispute between Williams and the Walt Disney Company, Dan Castellaneta voiced the Genie throughout the direct-to-video feature \\\"The Return of Jafar\\\", as well as the television series, before Williams reprised\\n\\nwho does the voice of the genie in aladdin 2\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 204,\n \"origin_tokens\": 204,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"19250991","text":"his own copy of the Keyblade (excluding the Limit Form in \"Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix\"). The Genie also appears briefly in \"Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days\", interacting with Xion and Roxas as they make their way back to Agrabah. Genie (Disney) The Genie is a fictional jinni appearing in Walt Disney Pictures' animated feature film \"Aladdin\" (1992). He was voiced by Robin Williams in the first film. Following a contract dispute between Williams and the Walt Disney Company, Dan Castellaneta voiced the Genie throughout the direct-to-video feature \"The Return of Jafar\", as well as the television series, before Williams reprised","title":"Genie (Disney)"},{"id":"19250974","text":"Genie (Disney) The Genie is a fictional jinni appearing in Walt Disney Pictures' animated feature film \"Aladdin\" (1992). He was voiced by Robin Williams in the first film. Following a contract dispute between Williams and the Walt Disney Company, Dan Castellaneta voiced the Genie throughout the direct-to-video feature \"The Return of Jafar\", as well as the television series, before Williams reprised the role for the final installment, \"Aladdin and the King of Thieves\", as well as for the character's own mini-series, \"Great Minds Think for Themselves\". Castellaneta voiced the Genie in \"Aladdin in Nasira's Revenge\" and later the \"Kingdom Hearts\"","title":"Genie (Disney)"},{"id":"714900","text":"\"Desperate Housewives\". He appeared as the Genie in the \"Aladdin\" sequel \"The Return of Jafar\" and on the 1994 \"Aladdin\" television series. The Genie had been voiced by Robin Williams in \"Aladdin\", and Castellaneta described replacing him as \"sort of like stepping into \"Hamlet\" after Laurence Olivier did it, how can you win?\" He also provided Genie's voice in the \"Kingdom Hearts\" video game series for both Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II (with archived audio used for and its remake as well as for the later HD collections HD 1.5 Remix and HD 2.5 Remix). Castellaneta portrayed Aaron Spelling","title":"Dan Castellaneta"},{"id":"12605297","text":"dubbed it \"Act II’s standout\". This song is playable in the video game \"Just Dance 2014\". Prince Ali (song) \"Prince Ali\" and its reprise are two musical numbers from the 1992 Disney animated film \"Aladdin\". The first part was performed by Robin Williams in his role as the Genie and the reprise is performed by Jonathan Freeman in his role as Jafar. The song performed by Williams was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 50th Golden Globe Awards in 1993. After Williams' death in 2014, the first part of the song received extensive airplay","title":"Prince Ali (song)"},{"id":"12605294","text":"Prince Ali (song) \"Prince Ali\" and its reprise are two musical numbers from the 1992 Disney animated film \"Aladdin\". The first part was performed by Robin Williams in his role as the Genie and the reprise is performed by Jonathan Freeman in his role as Jafar. The song performed by Williams was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 50th Golden Globe Awards in 1993. After Williams' death in 2014, the first part of the song received extensive airplay on UK National Radio. The film version cut a conceived intro for the song and two","title":"Prince Ali (song)"},{"id":"20267437","text":"2016, Disney announced Guy Ritchie would direct a live-action \"Aladdin\" remake. Smith was the first member of the cast to join, signing on to voice Genie in July 2017, and later that month Massoud and Scott were confirmed for the two lead roles. Principal photography began that September at Longcross Studios in Surrey, England, also filming in the Wadi Rum Desert in Jordan, and lasted until January 2018. \"Aladdin\" is scheduled to be released in the United States on May 24, 2019. On October 10, 2016, it was announced that Guy Ritchie would direct a live-action \"Aladdin\" film with John","title":"Aladdin (2019 film)"},{"id":"6561979","text":"Jim Meskimen James Ross Meskimen (born September 10, 1959) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, voice actor and impressionist. He is also known for his voice-over work in video games. Meskimen was born in Los Angeles, California, the son of Freeman Meskimen and Marion Ross. Meskimen portrayed the father of Mary-Kate Olsen and Ashley Olsen's characters in \"Our Lips Are Sealed\". He portrayed Officer Wholihan in \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas\". He voices Thom Cat, Neighbor John, and Stumpy in the \"Thom Cat\" short film on \"Random! Cartoons\". Meskimen provided the voice of the Genie in the \"Aladdin\" franchise (which","title":"Jim Meskimen"},{"id":"2274168","text":"announced in January 1995 that a third film was in production, and later in June, that it was scheduled for a home video release in 1996. In September 1995, it was confirmed that Robin Williams would reprise the role of the Genie reportedly for a $1 million salary after he received an apology from Joe Roth for Disney breaching an agreement not to use his voice to merchandise products inspired by \"Aladdin\". With Williams on board, all recordings and animation footage of Dan Castellaneta as the Genie was scrapped, and all of the Genie's scenes were rewritten to fit Williams'","title":"Aladdin and the King of Thieves"},{"id":"815120","text":"which apparently really \"clashed\" with the Williams' wilder home decor. Williams refused to sign on for \"The Return of Jafar\" so it was Dan Castellaneta that voiced the Genie. When Jeffrey Katzenberg was replaced by Joe Roth as Walt Disney Studios chairman, Roth organized a public apology to Williams. Williams would, in turn, reprise the role in the 1996 direct-to-video sequel \"Aladdin and the King of Thieves\". Composer Alan Menken and songwriters Howard Ashman and Tim Rice were praised for creating a soundtrack that is \"consistently good, rivaling the best of Disney's other animated musicals from the '90s.\" Menken and","title":"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)"},{"id":"5398729","text":"of such animation halved the production time. Most of the film's $24 million budget was spent on the animation and the soundtrack. The film marked Robin Williams's first animation role, with the character Batty Koda being created specifically for him. Williams provided 14 hours worth of improvised lines for the part which had been originally conceived as an 8-minute role. Director Bill Kroyer was so impressed with the voice work he ended up tripling the screen time given to the character. Williams went on to provide the critically applauded voice of the Genie in Disney's \"Aladdin\" later the same year.","title":"FernGully: The Last Rainforest"},{"id":"2274150","text":"fall-out over the use of his voice in the marketing campaign for \"Aladdin\", Robin Williams refused to reprise the role of the Genie, and was instead replaced by Dan Castellaneta (best known for voicing Homer Simpson). Stones also claimed that Williams participated in selecting Castellaneta to voice the Genie. It was also the first \"Aladdin\" full-length production without the original voice of Sultan, Douglas Seale. He was replaced by Val Bettin, who reprised his role in the franchise's animated series and \"Aladdin and the King of Thieves\". Instead of the film receiving a theatrical release, Steve Feldstein, director of public","title":"The Return of Jafar"},{"id":"1361376","text":"January 18, 2019. Next, Smith will portray The Genie (originally played by Robin Williams) in a live-action film adaptation of Disney's \"Aladdin\", directed by Guy Ritchie, which is scheduled to be released on May 24, 2019. Lastly, Smith will appear as an assassin who faces off against himself, a clone who is younger and in his prime in Ang Lee's \"Gemini Man\", scheduled for release on October 4, 2019. Smith married Sheree Zampino in 1992. Their son Willard Carroll \"Trey\" Smith III was born on November 11, 1992. Smith married actress Jada Koren Pinkett in 1997. Together they have two","title":"Will Smith"},{"id":"17785467","text":"to direct the film. Filming began in July 2017 and continued through January 2018. On July 15, at the D23 Expo it was announced that Naomi Scott and Will Smith were cast as Princess Jasmine and Genie, respectively, along with newcomer Mena Massoud being cast as Aladdin. The film is scheduled to be released on May 24, 2019. Shortly after \"The Return of Jafar\", an animated series was produced. The episodes focused on Aladdin's adventures after the events of the second film. The \"Aladdin\" characters later made a crossover with \"Hercules: The Animated Series\", and were featured as guests in","title":"Aladdin (franchise)"},{"id":"16565845","text":"Mantra (actor) Mantra (born Puranjit Dasgupta, 21 August 1982) is a Mumbai-based actor, director and producer. Apart from this, Mantra, the owner of Mantramugdh Productions is also known for having received several accolades as a theatre actor, television presenter, radio jockey, model and voice over artist. Currently, he is playing the iconic character of “Genie” in an Indian version of globally popular Disney India's broadway style musical “ALADDIN”. He can also be seen as one of the leading roles in Bollywood's most talked about stoner comedy film “High Jack” bannered under Phantom Films and OTT video service Viu India, a","title":"Mantra (actor)"},{"id":"17189982","text":"and The Jungle Book 2 and also for Genie from Disney's Aladdin, that was dubbed and aired on Disney Channel India in 2005. Shashital has also dubbed for Bollywood actors. He is considered to be official dubbing artist for Bollywood actor, Amitabh Bachchan, as well as for such other Bollywood actors as Salman Khan, Sunny Deol, Sanjay Dutt and Dharmendra. Chetan Shashital Chetan Shashital (Konkani: चेतन शाशितल \"Cētana Śāśitala\", born 1968 in Mumbai, also known as Chetan Sashital or The Big C for his expertise in the voice-acting industry) is an Indian actor, voice actor and singer, who is mostly","title":"Chetan Shashital"},{"id":"4612416","text":"TV counterparts, with the notable exceptions of Dan Castellaneta filling in for Robin Williams in the Genie role (like in \"The Return of Jafar\"), and Val Bettin as the Sultan (who replaced Douglas Seale after the original film). Unlike \"The Little Mermaid\", the series does not feature any musical numbers. The series originally aired as a preview on The Disney Channel in early 1994, and in September of that year it began airing concurrently on the syndicated The Disney Afternoon block and on Saturday mornings on CBS (prior to Disney's purchase of rival ABC). Disney Channel reran the series from","title":"Aladdin (animated TV series)"},{"id":"10922343","text":"De Niro, Sean Connery, Sylvester Stallone, Richard Burton, Richard Harris, Dustin Hoffman, Charlton Heston and Marlon Brando. His credits include the role of the Genie in the Italian version of the \"Aladdin\" film series and the Dragon in \"Dragonheart\". Gigi Proietti Luigi \"Gigi\" Proietti (born November 2, 1940) is an Italian actor, voice actor, comedian, director, musician and singer. He was born in Rome to Romano Proietti, a man from Umbria, and Giovanna Ceci, a housewife. During his youth he was keen on singing and on playing guitar, piano, accordion and double bass in several Roman night clubs. He enrolled","title":"Gigi Proietti"},{"id":"16257667","text":"\"The Phantom of the Opera\". Max Bialystok in Mel Brooks' musical comedy The Producers. In 1979 he created the musical and comedy group Linie 3 together with Thomas Eje and Anders Bircow. He has performed with the best Symphony orchestras in Denmark. Kristensen is the localized Danish voice of \"Lumiere\" in Disney's \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"Genie\" in Disney's \"Aladdin\", Berkeley Beetle in Don Bluth's Thumbelina (1994 film), and \"Woody\" in \"Toy Story\" 1, 2, and 3. Ramon in Happy Feet and Happy Feet Two On Television Kristensen was one of the main characters in season two of The Killing","title":"Preben Kristensen"},{"id":"639863","text":"writer was \"struck by the breadth\" and radical diversity of most roles Williams portrayed. Terry Gilliam, who co-founded \"Monty Python\" and directed Williams in two of his films, \"The Fisher King\" and \"The Adventures of Baron Munchausen\" (1988), said in 1992 that Williams had the ability to \"go from manic to mad to tender and vulnerable ... [Williams had] the most unique mind on the planet. There's nobody like him out there.\" Williams voiced characters in several animated films. His voice role as the Genie in the animated musical \"Aladdin\" (1992) was written for him. The film's directors stated that","title":"Robin Williams"},{"id":"815117","text":"based on Disney workers. Beast, Sebastian from \"The Little Mermaid\", and Pinocchio make brief appearances, and the wardrobe of the Genie at the end of the film—Goofy hat, Hawaiian shirt, and sandals—are a reference to a short film that Robin Williams did for the Disney-MGM Studios tour in the late 1980s. In gratitude for his success with Touchstone Pictures' \"Good Morning, Vietnam\", Robin Williams voiced the Genie for SAG scale pay ($75,000) instead of his asking fee of $8 million, on condition that his name or image not be used for marketing, and his (supporting) character not take more than","title":"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)"},{"id":"20267439","text":"Princess Jasmine commenced in March 2017, with principal production set to begin in the UK in July 2017 until January 2018. On April 19, 2017, it was reported that either Gabriel Iglesias or Will Smith was in talks for the role of Genie, for which the latter was confirmed in July. In May 2017, it was revealed that Jade Thirlwall was in talks for the part of Princess Jasmine. On July 11, 2017, it was revealed that principal production on \"Aladdin\" had been pushed back by a month, to August 2017, due to struggles in finding the right actor to","title":"Aladdin (2019 film)"},{"id":"17785471","text":"storyline of the original film. In \"Kingdom Hearts II\", it is a mixture of \"Aladdin\" and \"The Return of Jafar\". Genie is also a recurring summon in the series. Aladdin, Jasmine, and the Genie appeared in the 2011 motion-controlled game, \"\", as meet-and-greet characters. \"Aladdin\" was also referenced throughout the \"Disney Infinity\" series via power discs and in-game toys, with Aladdin and Jasmine being added to the series as playable characters in the series' second game, \"\". \"Disney's Aladdin\" was developed for the Mega Drive by Virgin Interactive's studio of Virgin Games USA and published by Sega in 1993. This","title":"Aladdin (franchise)"},{"id":"9317302","text":"in his street rat clothes. Aladdin, Jasmine, Carpet, Abu and Genie make cameo appearances in the Hong Kong Disneyland version of It's a Small World. In the Broadway musical adaptation, Aladdin is played by actor Adam Jacobs. Aladdin (Disney character) Aladdin is a fictional character and the titular protagonist of Walt Disney Pictures's 31st animated feature film \"Aladdin\" (1992) based on Aladdin, a folk tale of Middle Eastern origin. He is voiced by American actor Scott Weinger, while his singing voice is provided by Brad Kane. He also stars in the two direct-to-video sequels \"The Return of Jafar\" (1994) and","title":"Aladdin (Disney character)"},{"id":"815142","text":"in July, but was delayed due to Disney having trouble finding the right people to play Aladdin and Jasmine. British actress Naomi Scott and Indian actress Tara Sutaria were being considered to play Jasmine. For the role of Aladdin, British actors Riz Ahmed and Dev Patel were initially considered, but it was later decided that a newcomer should be cast in the role. In July 2017, it was announced that Egyptian-Canadian actor Mena Massoud had been cast as Aladdin, Scott as Jasmine, and Smith as the Genie. At the 2017 D23 Expo, Menken announced that he would be co-writing new","title":"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)"},{"id":"14851404","text":"the voice of Genie in the Hebrew version of the Disney animated film \"Aladdin\" and its two sequels. In 1999, he played the titular character of the straight to video fairy tale medley, \"Pim Pam Po\". Since the 2000s Tzafir mainly participates in Israeli children's stage shows and children video stories on DVD and video. In 2008 Tzafir participated in the Israeli drama series \"Danny Hollywood\" alongside Gila Almagor. In the 1960s Tzafir married Yael, who also produces Tzafir's entertainment shows. From this marriage Tzafir has three children, including the successful Israeli film actor and TV director Yoav Tzafir. In","title":"Tuvia Tzafir"},{"id":"18028224","text":"James Monroe Iglehart James Monroe Iglehart (born September 4, 1974) is an American stage actor and singer. Iglehart is perhaps best known for his Tony Award-winning performance as the Genie in the original Broadway production of \"Aladdin\". Iglehart assumed the role of Marquis de Lafayette/Thomas Jefferson in the Broadway company of \"Hamilton\" in April 2017. Iglehart attended Cal State Hayward and started his career in California, performing in \"Bat Boy\" at TheatreWorks, Palo Alto, California and as Teen Angel in \"Grease\" at the American Musical Theatre, San Jose, California. In 2005, he directed \"Bat Boy the Musical\" at Ray of","title":"James Monroe Iglehart"},{"id":"18028227","text":"in the Mt. Eden High School show choir and married her in 2002. James Monroe Iglehart James Monroe Iglehart (born September 4, 1974) is an American stage actor and singer. Iglehart is perhaps best known for his Tony Award-winning performance as the Genie in the original Broadway production of \"Aladdin\". Iglehart assumed the role of Marquis de Lafayette/Thomas Jefferson in the Broadway company of \"Hamilton\" in April 2017. Iglehart attended Cal State Hayward and started his career in California, performing in \"Bat Boy\" at TheatreWorks, Palo Alto, California and as Teen Angel in \"Grease\" at the American Musical Theatre, San","title":"James Monroe Iglehart"},{"id":"815141","text":"death. In October 2016, it was reported that Disney was developing a live-action adaptation of \"Aladdin\" with Guy Ritchie signed on to direct the film. John August is writing the script, which will reportedly retain the musical elements of the original film, while Dan Lin is attached as producer. Lin revealed that they were looking for a diverse cast. In April 2017, Will Smith entered talks to play the Genie. The following month, Jade Thirlwall entered talks to portray the role of Jasmine. Alan Menken said filming was slated to begin August 2017. Production had originally been scheduled to begin","title":"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)"},{"id":"19250975","text":"series of video games by Square Enix and Disney Interactive Studios for both \"Kingdom Hearts\" and \"Kingdom Hearts II\" (with archived audio used in other Kingdom Hearts games). Jim Meskimen took over the role in \"Disney Think Fast\" (2008) and \"Kinect Disneyland Adventures\" (2011) and currently voices him, after Williams' death in 2014. Will Smith is set to play a live-action version of the character in a 2019 live-action adaptation of the 1992 film. As well as largely driving the plot in the first film, the Genie serves as comic relief in each of his appearances. He is shown to","title":"Genie (Disney)"},{"id":"12463733","text":"screen is a reference to the \"1984\" Apple commercial. The scene where Homer is on a flying carpet is a parody of the film \"Aladdin\"; the Genie also makes an appearance. \"The Simpsons\" regular Dan Castellaneta does the voice of the Genie in this episode. He had previously voiced the Genie in the \"Aladdin\" television series, \"The Return of Jafar\", and the \"Kingdom Hearts\" video game series. Steve Mobbs operating a series of holographic screens with his hands is a reference to the 2002 film \"Minority Report\". The episode features Minnie Riperton's song \"Lovin' You\" and Miles Davis' \"Moon Dreams\",","title":"MyPods and Boomsticks"},{"id":"12499881","text":"An official music video is available online. Friend Like Me \"Friend Like Me\" is a song from the 1992 Disney film \"Aladdin\". It was performed by Robin Williams in his role as the Genie. The song was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 65th Academy Awards and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 50th Golden Globe Awards in 1993. The song was originally designed as a Cab Calloway-style big band number. After Robin Williams was cast, it was retooled as a more comedic, pop-culture-filled song. ScreenCrush explains that remnants of the","title":"Friend Like Me"},{"id":"19250990","text":"Aladdin wishes the Genie free from his lamp. He then becomes a summon for Sora. The Genie has much less screen time and much less to do with the plot in \"Kingdom Hearts II\". Like in \"The Return of Jafar\", he goes off to see the world along with Carpet. He misses most of the action, but arrives near the end of Sora's first visit and disturbs Pete when he is about to free Jafar from his lamp. Also, the Genie once again becomes a summon partner for Sora, but his newest feature is copying Sora's Drive forms and wielding","title":"Genie (Disney)"},{"id":"17785466","text":"came to fruition. On July 15, 2015, it was reported that a live-action prequel to \"Aladdin\" is currently in development under the title \"Genies\". The new film will reportedly focus on genies and their realm and reveal how Aladdin's genie ended up in the lamp. The film is being written by Damian Shannon and Mark Swift. Tripp Vinson will serve as a producer through Vinson Films. On October 10, 2016, Deadline reported that Disney is developing a live-action Aladdin movie, with John August writing the script and Dan Lin producing. The site also reported that Guy Ritchie is in talks","title":"Aladdin (franchise)"},{"id":"17192549","text":"as Iago, Irvine Iqbal as the Sultan, Nathan Amzi as Babkak, Stephen Rahman-Hughes as Kassim and Rachid Sabitri as Omar. As previously announced, Trevor Dion Nicholas made his London stage debut as Genie. The special effects are created by Jim Steinmeyer, the master illusionist who helped David Copperfield. It will run until 31 August 2019, to make way for a revival of \"Mary Poppins\". \"Aladdin\" had its Australian premiere in Sydney at the Capitol Theatre on August 11, 2016, where it played until February 19, 2017. Following performances in Sydney, \"Aladdin\" transferred to Melbourne in April 2017. Following the Melbourne","title":"Aladdin (2011 musical)"},{"id":"11813783","text":"similar in their protectable elements as a matter of law\". In November 2010, Owen Wilson, Larry the Cable Guy, Michael Caine, Emily Mortimer, Jason Isaacs, Joe Mantegna, Peter Jacobson, Bonnie Hunt, Tony Shalhoub, Cheech Marin, and Thomas Kretschmann were confirmed as the voice talent featured in the film. From November 2010 until May 2011, Disney released information about the other voice talent, including Jenifer Lewis, Katherine Helmond, Michael Wallis, Darrell Waltrip, Franco Nero, Vanessa Redgrave, Bruce Campbell, Sig Hansen, Michel Michelis, Jeff Gordon, Lewis Hamilton, Brent Musburger, David Hobbs, John Turturro, and Eddie Izzard. The \"Cars 2\" soundtrack was released","title":"Cars 2"},{"id":"12499877","text":"Friend Like Me \"Friend Like Me\" is a song from the 1992 Disney film \"Aladdin\". It was performed by Robin Williams in his role as the Genie. The song was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 65th Academy Awards and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 50th Golden Globe Awards in 1993. The song was originally designed as a Cab Calloway-style big band number. After Robin Williams was cast, it was retooled as a more comedic, pop-culture-filled song. ScreenCrush explains that remnants of the previous version of the film can be","title":"Friend Like Me"},{"id":"16044711","text":"not transformed, as he mimicked Williams, and at the end of the scene he is shown on the roof suggesting that Disney did not let the show portray Williams' role as the Genie from \"Aladdin\". The audience sees the world through Stewie's eyes as Lois changes him, Meg wishes him to keep her ring (Stewie stating this is a \"Red Flag\"), and his friends ask him to go down the slide at the playground (doing a reference to the film \"National Lampoon's Vacation\" in the process). Later, Stewie secures a Twinkie to stuff in Brian's tail pipe on his car","title":"Family Guy Viewer Mail 2"},{"id":"309606","text":"December 2009, Anderson guest-starred as \"Genie of the Lamp\" in the pantomime \"Aladdin\" at the New Wimbledon Theatre in Wimbledon, south-west London, UK. Anderson took over the role from comedian Ruby Wax, with former EastEnders actress Anita Dobson and comedian Paul O'Grady also booked for the role. In 2010, she appeared in the short film \"The Commuter\" directed by the McHenry Brothers and shot entirely on the Nokia N8 smartphone as promotion for the phone in the UK. Anderson was featured in a beach-themed editorial, shot by Mario Testino for Brazilian \"Vogue\"s June 2013 \"Body Issue\". In November 2010, Anderson","title":"Pamela Anderson"},{"id":"11002745","text":"Aladdin (1958 film) Aladdin is a 1958 musical fantasy written especially for television with a book by S.J. Perelman and music and lyrics by Cole Porter, telecast in color on the \"DuPont Show of the Month\" by CBS. It was Porter's very last musical score. Columbia Records issued both monophonic and stereophonic LP's of the songs with members of the original TV cast, which included Cyril Ritchard, Dennis King, Basil Rathbone, Anna Maria Alberghetti, Geoffrey Holder (as the Genie), Sal Mineo (as Aladdin,) and Una Merkel (as Aladdin's mother). Sony Records has digitally remastered the stereo recording for release on","title":"Aladdin (1958 film)"},{"id":"17192544","text":"Theatre from July 7 to 31, 2011. Jonathan Freeman, who voiced Jafar in the film, played the role in the stage adaptation. Adam Jacobs and Courtney Reed played Aladdin and Jasmine, despite the characters being Middle Eastern. Additional cast included James Monroe Iglehart as Genie; Clifton Davis as the Sultan; Don Darryl Rivera as Iago; and, playing Omar, Kassim and Babkak, a trio of characters originally conceived by the film's creators but ultimately replaced by Abu, were Andrew Keenan-Bolger, Brian Gonzales and Brandon O'Neill, respectively. Disney’s colourblind casting policy meant ethnicity was not considered in the casting process which sparked","title":"Aladdin (2011 musical)"},{"id":"18028225","text":"Light Theatre. He has played Mitch Mahoney in \"The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee\" on Broadway as a replacement starting in April 2007. He originated the role of Bobby in \"Memphis\" on Broadway in October 2009. Iglehart performed the role of the Genie in \"Aladdin\" on Broadway, a performance for which he won the 2014 Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Musical and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical for this role. When asked about the role, he said, \"It's not as exhausting as you think. I'm kind of an energetic guy","title":"James Monroe Iglehart"},{"id":"20267436","text":"Aladdin (2019 film) Aladdin is an upcoming American musical romantic fantasy adventure film directed by Guy Ritchie, from the screenplay co-written with John August and Vanessa Taylor, and produced by Walt Disney Pictures. It is a live-action adaptation of Disney's 1992 animated film of the same name, which is in turn based on the Arabic folktale of the same name from \"One Thousand and One Nights\" and the French interpretation by Antoine Galland. The film stars Mena Massoud as the title character alongside Will Smith, Naomi Scott, Marwan Kenzari, Navid Negahban, Nasim Pedrad, Billy Magnussen, and Numan Acar. In October","title":"Aladdin (2019 film)"},{"id":"14191508","text":"Avatar 2 Avatar 2 is an upcoming American epic science fiction film directed, produced, and co-written by James Cameron, and is the second film in the \"Avatar\" franchise. Cameron is producing the film with Jon Landau, with Josh Friedman originally announced as his co-writer; it was later announced that Cameron, Friedman, Rick Jaffa, Amanda Silver, and Shane Salerno took a part in the writing process of all sequels before being attributed separate scripts, making the eventual writing credits unclear. Cast members Sam Worthington, Zoe Saldana, Stephen Lang, Giovanni Ribisi, Joel David Moore, Dileep Rao, CCH Pounder, and Matt Gerald are","title":"Avatar 2"},{"id":"13275156","text":"being delayed until March 2011 \"due to huge international interest and some exciting overseas opportunities\", but to date they have never been released. In 2014 Jafargholi performed as 'The Genie' in The New Victoria Theatre's pantomime, 'Aladdin'. In May 2016, Jafargholi joined the cast of the BBC soap opera, \"EastEnders\", portraying Shakil Kazemi. His character was killed off two years later in May 2018 in a controversial knife-crime storyline where Shakil was stabbed and killed by a gang. On 1 August 2018, it was announced that Jafargholi had joined the cast of \"Casualty\" as nurse Marty Kirkby. Shaheen Jafargholi Shaheen","title":"Shaheen Jafargholi"},{"id":"20267443","text":"Navid Negahban as the Sultan. When asked about Ritchie's take on the film, Pasek & Paul described it as \"very muscular and action-packed\". Despite initial reports, the animal characters Abu the monkey, Iago the parrot, and Rajah the tiger from the original film will be appearing in some capacity. Principal photography commenced on September 6, 2017, at Longcross Studios in Longcross, Surrey, England, and concluded on January 24, 2018. Part of the film was shot in Wadi Rum Desert, Jordan. Reshoots took place during the month of August 2018. At the 2017 D23 Expo, Alan Menken announced that he will","title":"Aladdin (2019 film)"},{"id":"18178082","text":"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 is a 2017 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team Guardians of the Galaxy, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to 2014's \"Guardians of the Galaxy\" and the fifteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Written and directed by James Gunn, the film stars an ensemble cast featuring Chris Pratt, Zoe Saldana, Dave Bautista, Vin Diesel, Bradley Cooper, Michael Rooker, Karen Gillan, Pom Klementieff, Elizabeth Debicki, Chris Sullivan, Sean Gunn, Sylvester Stallone, and Kurt","title":"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2"},{"id":"8735381","text":"scored his biggest hit with Rubens's song \"Everybody's Awfully Good to Me.\" He then played in \"The School Girl\" (1903) and subsequently toured America in the piece, but he mostly remained at the Gaiety for the next dozen years, starring in a number of hits and becoming one of the biggest stars of the Edwardian era. His roles in these hits included The Hon. Guy Scrymgeour in \"The Orchid\" (1903), Gustave Babori in \"The Spring Chicken\" (1905), Genie of The Lamp in \"The New Aladdin\" (1906), Otto, the prince, in \"The Girls of Gottenberg\" (1907), Hughie in \"Our Miss Gibbs\"","title":"George Grossmith Jr."},{"id":"15352884","text":"actually archival recordings by his original voice actor, Clarence Nash. Tony Anselmo, Donald's current voice actor, recorded only five new lines for the character in this attraction (such as the scene where Donald Duck hums to the tune of the song \"Be Our Guest\" from Disney's \"Beauty and the Beast\"). The theater doors open. Mickey Mouse is performing with his PhilharMagic Orchestra at the Fantasyland Concert Hall. Inside, there are posters advertising the Concert Hall's past productions and performers, such as Hades from \"Hercules\", Ariel from \"The Little Mermaid\", Genie from \"Aladdin\", Wheezy from \"Toy Story 2\", Willie the Whale","title":"Mickey's PhilharMagic"},{"id":"19250978","text":"his 2014 death, with critics considering the Genie to have been his most memorable performance. \"Aladdin\" composer Alan Menken lamented that Williams was a \"a brilliant, adorable, hilarious, compassionate, vulnerable manifestation of the human condition.\" The Genie first appears in \"Aladdin\", where he is released from a magical oil lamp by the titular character in the collapsed Cave of Wonders. After he explains that he can grant three wishes, Aladdin, knowing that Genie would only grant his wish to get out of the cave if he used one of his wishes, dupes him into freeing Aladdin and Abu from the","title":"Genie (Disney)"},{"id":"10466809","text":"Jordan Metcalfe Jordan Metcalfe (born 24 May 1986) is an English actor best known for his role as Adil the Genie in the children's comedy \"Genie in the House\", screened in the UK and the Netherlands on Nickelodeon, in Germany on Nick Germany, in France on Canal J and Spain on Antena 3 (.NEOX). He finished recording a second series of \"Genie in the House\" in September 2007, for broadcast from November 2008. Metcalfe has appeared as Jake in \"The Queen's Nose\" in 2003. He has played the roles of Chris Travis in \"Heartbeat\", Andy Murphy in \"Casualty\", and Kieran","title":"Jordan Metcalfe"},{"id":"1441330","text":"him, Aladdin finds himself trapped in the cave. Aladdin is still wearing a magic ring the sorcerer has lent him. When he rubs his hands in despair, he inadvertently rubs the ring and a jinnī (or \"genie\") appears who releases him from the cave so that he can return to his mother—still carrying the lamp. When his mother tries to clean the lamp, so they can sell it to buy food for their supper, a second far more powerful genie appears who is bound to do the bidding of the person holding the lamp. With the aid of the genie","title":"Aladdin"},{"id":"3672408","text":"video, directed by Patterson and Candace Reckinger, was completed in January 1992 and appears on Patterson + Reckinger's Vimeo channel. The original animation was done by Chris Bailey, Tom Sito and Eric Goldberg, who at the time was the lead animator of the Genie character in Disney's \"Aladdin\" feature film. According to producer John Kafka, nobody was sure what to do with Skat after the videos were finished. Virgin Music and Universal Pictures talked of a live-action/animation hybrid feature film, but nothing ever materialized. MC Skat Kat also appeared in \"Yakety Yak, Take It Back\", an all-star public service music","title":"MC Skat Kat"},{"id":"5628075","text":"2010 Drama Desk Award, Unique Theatrical Experience. He performed in Los Angeles at The Blank Theatre Company production of \"The Temperamentals\", running from April 9-May 22, 2011 at the 2nd Stage Theatre. He played the role of Genie in the production of \"Aladdin\" in St. Louis at the Muny from July 5–13, 2012. In 2011, Tartaglia was named a \"Givenik Ambassador\" from the Broadway / charity site Givenik. Tartaglia hosts a radio show on Sirius XM On Broadway called \"Sunday Funday with John Tartaglia\". In 2016, he created the series \"Splash and Bubbles\" for PBS Kids, where he voices Splash","title":"John Tartaglia"},{"id":"815140","text":"the Cobbler\" being labeled a rip-off of \"Aladdin\". On July 15, 2015, the studio announced the development of a live-action comedy adventure prequel called \"Genies\". The film was being written by Mark Swift and Damian Shannon, while Tripp Vinson was on board to produce via his Vinson Films banner. It was intended to serve as a lead to the live-action \"Aladdin\" film. On November 8, Disney revealed it had originally planned to use Robin Williams' unused lines from the 1991–92 recording sessions for the film, but his will prohibited the studio from using his likeness for twenty-five years after his","title":"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)"},{"id":"815118","text":"25% of space on advertising artwork, since Williams' film \"Toys\" was scheduled for release one month after \"Aladdin\"s debut. For financial reasons, the studio went back on the deal on both counts, especially in poster art by having the Genie in 25% of the image, but having other major and supporting characters portrayed considerably smaller. The Disney Hyperion book \"Aladdin: The Making of an Animated Film\" listed both of Williams' characters \"The Peddler\" and \"The Genie\" ahead of main characters, but was forced to refer to him only as \"the actor signed to play the Genie\". Disney, while not using","title":"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)"},{"id":"13717036","text":"L. Jackson reprise their roles as War Machine and Nick Fury, respectively. Cheadle and Jackson are the only actors from the film to return to voice their video game counterparts. Veteran voice actors Steven Blum and Phil LaMarr also lend their talent, with Steven Blum voicing the characters Mauler and Ghost, while Phil LaMarr provides additional dialogue for War Machine. Veteran animator Eric Goldberg voiced A.I.M. soldiers. John Eric Bentley also provided additional dialogue for Nick Fury. The game has received generally unfavorable reviews, with Metacritic scores of 44 and 45 out of 100 for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox","title":"Iron Man 2 (video game)"},{"id":"815119","text":"Williams's name in commercials as per the contract, used his voice for the Genie in the commercials and used the Genie character to sell toys and fast food tie-ins, without having to pay Williams additional money; Williams unhappily quipped at the time: \"The only reason Mickey Mouse has three fingers is because he can't pick up a check.\" Disney attempted to assuage Williams by sending him a Pablo Picasso painting worth more than $1 million at the time, but this move failed to repair the damaged relationship, as the painting was a self-portrait of the artist as Vincent van Gogh","title":"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)"},{"id":"19250980","text":"he can legally court Princess Jasmine. Genie goes into hiding after leading a parade to the Agrabah palace. Genie is released again when Aladdin is shackled, gagged, and thrown off a cliff into the ocean by Jafar's guards. He rescues Aladdin as the second wish upon liberally interpreting Aladdin's nodding head. Later, Genie has a falling out with Aladdin when he starts to think he may have to break his promise to use the third wish, out of fear of what will happen should someone find out he is not royalty. Iago the parrot soon steals Genie's lamp and delivers","title":"Genie (Disney)"},{"id":"1477160","text":"by his designs, and Hirschfeld became an artistic consultant for the segment; the segment's director, Eric Goldberg, is a longtime fan of his work. Further evidence of Goldberg's admiration for Hirschfeld can be found in Goldberg's character design and animation of the genie in \"Aladdin\" (1992). He was the subject of the Oscar-nominated documentary film, \"\" (1996). In 1943, Hirschfeld married one of Europe's most famous actresses, Dolly Haas. They were married for more than 50 years, and had a daughter, Nina. Hirschfeld is known for hiding Nina's name, written in capital letters (\"NINA\"), in most of the drawings he","title":"Al Hirschfeld"},{"id":"17192548","text":"Productions and Tim Rice officially announced that the show would open in the summer 2016 in the West End and that auditions would be held from August through September 2015. In October 2015, it was announced that the show would officially open on June 9, 2016, with previews beginning May 27, and that Trevor Dion Nicholas would be playing the Genie. The official opening was later delayed till June 15, 2016. In November 2015 full cast was announced. Dean John-Wilson would play the role of Aladdin alongside Jade Ewen as Jasmine. Don Gallagher would play Jafar, Peter Howe would join","title":"Aladdin (2011 musical)"},{"id":"8166906","text":"Val Bettin Valentine John \"Val\" Bettin (born August 1, 1923) is a retired American actor and voice actor, known for using an English accent in all of his roles. He is perhaps best known for voicing Dr. David Q. Dawson in the 1986 Disney animated film \"The Great Mouse Detective\" and the Sultan in \"The Return of Jafar\" and \"Aladdin and the King of Thieves\", the two direct-to-video sequels to Disney's \"Aladdin\" as well as the TV show, taking over for Douglas Seale. Bettin also hosted \"The Storyteller\", a children's show on Chicago television in the late 1950s. He was","title":"Val Bettin"},{"id":"12893285","text":"and starred as the genie, reprising the role originally played by Burl Ives. The film also took inspiration from the folk tale of Aladdin. The soundtrack album was composed by R. Govardhanam and the lyrics were written by Kannadasan. Kannadasan, who wanted to join the Indian National Congress was waiting for the acceptance from the then Congress President K. Kamaraj, which made him to write the lines \"Antha Sivagami maganidam seithi cholladi, ennai serum naal parka cholladi, veru yeverodum naan pesa vaarthai yethadi\" (Tell Sivagami's son to fix the date to enrol me), indirectly referring to Kamaraj (whose mother's name","title":"Pattanathil Bhootham"},{"id":"8362194","text":"often changed to reflect current events in the news and popular culture. The musical replaced the venue's previous show, \"The Power of Blast\", which played from 2001 to 2002. Alan Menken composed and wrote lyrics for a new song for this production, called \"To Be Free\". Buena Vista Records released an official soundtrack to the production in 2003. This is an original cast recording, and includes almost every piece of music used in the show. The main cast on the recording is Miles Wesley (Aladdin), Deedee Magno (Jasmine), Nick Santa Maria (Genie), Lance Roberts (Jafar) and Jamila Ajibade (Narrator). Orchestrations","title":"Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular"},{"id":"13470905","text":"Kung Fu Panda 2 Kung Fu Panda 2 is a 2011 American computer-animated comedy-drama martial arts film produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Paramount Pictures. The sequel to 2008's \"Kung Fu Panda\", it is the second installment in the \"Kung Fu Panda\" franchise, and was directed by Jennifer Yuh Nelson in her directorial debut. The film stars Jack Black, Angelina Jolie, Dustin Hoffman, Seth Rogen, Lucy Liu, David Cross, James Hong, and Jackie Chan reprising their character roles from the first film, with Gary Oldman, Michelle Yeoh, Danny McBride, Dennis Haysbert, Jean-Claude Van Damme and Victor Garber voicing new","title":"Kung Fu Panda 2"},{"id":"18178125","text":"including one for \"Doctor Strange,\" to limit the amount of travel Lee had to do. Additional filming for \"Vol. 2\" took place in Cartersville, Georgia, a state park north of Portland, Oregon, and in St. Charles, Missouri. The Georgia International Convention Center served as additional soundstage space after pre-production on \"\" (2017) began at several Pinewood Atlanta soundstages. Principal photography wrapped on June 16, 2016. At San Diego Comic-Con 2016, Russell and Debicki were revealed to be playing Ego, Quill's father, and Ayesha, respectively. Sylvester Stallone was also revealed to be in the film, with his role later revealed as","title":"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2"},{"id":"17785465","text":"However, this time, with Iago on Aladdin's side, Abis Mal becomes Jafar's new henchman. Now, Aladdin and co. must find a way to thwart Jafar, with his limitless genie power. In 1996, the second sequel to \"Aladdin\", \"Aladdin and the King of Thieves\" was released on video. The story concludes as Aladdin and Jasmine are about to have their wedding and Aladdin discovers that his father is still alive, but is the king of all thieves in Agrabah. In 2005, screenwriter Robert Reece, who co-wrote \"\" and \"\", pitched a fourth \"Aladdin\" feature to DisneyToon Studios execs, although it never","title":"Aladdin (franchise)"},{"id":"815143","text":"songs for the film with Academy Award winners Pasek and Paul (\"La La Land\") while Vanessa Taylor (\"Game of Thrones\", \"The Shape of Water\") would re-write the script. In August 2017, Marwan Kenzari, Nasim Pedrad, and Numan Acar joined the cast as Jafar, Dalia, and Hakim, respectively. The following month, Billy Magnussen and Navid Negahban were cast as Prince Anders and the Sultan, respectively. Filming began on September 6, 2017 at Longcross Studios and concluded on January 24, 2018. The film is scheduled for release on May 24, 2019. Aladdin (1992 Disney film) Aladdin is a 1992 American animated musical","title":"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)"},{"id":"8521460","text":"by Allen Maldonado, Choice Skinner (as James Choice Skinner), Adesegun Shofu Produced by Darkan & Luji \"The Genie\" Performed by Poc Dawone Additional Vocals by Mahogany & Shawn Walker Vocal Production by Darkan, Poc Dawone & Luji \"The Genie\" Engineered and Mixed by Darkan & Luji \"The Genie\" Courtesy of Da Truth Records. 27. \"Friggin' In The Riggin'\" Performed by Salty Dick Arranged by Jerry Bryant (BMI) Published by Old Fashioned Music (BMI) Courtesy of NOMA Music. 28. \"You're Gay\" Performed by Denise Nolin Words and Music by Bill Solly (ASCAP) Courtesy of Bill Solly Music (ASCAP) Courtesy of NOMA","title":"National Lampoon's Dorm Daze 2"},{"id":"19250988","text":"\"Aladdin and the King of Thieves\", the Genie appears to be just as powerful as he was in the first film, as he has no problem with anything he tries, something that implies that his reduction of power was merely temporary. The Genie cameos in the \"\" crossover episode \"Hercules and the Arabian Night\", in which he punches Pain and Panic back to the Underworld when they are tricked into looking into the lamp by Aladdin. The Genie also is a guest in \"Disney's House of Mouse\", and acts as host in the video game \"\". The Genie appears in","title":"Genie (Disney)"},{"id":"17570087","text":"called \"Dinosaur\". There, he also helped design Genie from \"Aladdin\" to be put as an attraction in Disneyland Tokyo. He also worked for DreamWorks where he was an animator for and worked in Warner Brothers Studio to animate \"Scooby-Doo\". The same years he worked a Sony Pictures Entertainment where he worked on such sequels as Men in Black 2 and Stuart Little 2. Later on he got employed to work in EA Games where he was a lead animator in the \"Medal of Honor\" series. In 2006, he left EA and moved to the Blue Ridge Mountains outside of Asheville,","title":"Christopher Oakley (animator)"},{"id":"19417303","text":"Chennai 600028 II Chennai 600028 II: Second Innings is a 2016 Indian Tamil-language sports comedy film co-produced, written and directed by Venkat Prabhu, who also produces the film along with S. P. B. Charan under Black Ticket Company and Capital Film Works. The film, which is a sequel to \"Chennai 600028\" (2007), features several cast members from the earlier film including Jai, Shiva, Premji, Aravind Akash and Nithin Sathya. The film's score and soundtrack is composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja. The film was released on 9 December 2016 to positive reviews and performed well at the box office. The film","title":"Chennai 600028 II"},{"id":"815115","text":"the antagonists darker ones such as red and black, and Agrabah and its palace use the neutral color yellow. Computer animation was used for some elements of the film, such as the tiger entrance of the Cave of Wonders and the scene where Aladdin tries to escape the collapsing cave. Musker and Clements created the Genie with Robin Williams in mind; even though Katzenberg suggested actors such as John Candy, Steve Martin, and Eddie Murphy, Williams was approached and eventually accepted the role. Williams came for voice recording sessions during breaks in the shooting of two other films he was","title":"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)"},{"id":"3172412","text":"Scott Weinger Scott Weinger (born October 5, 1975) is an American actor, voice actor, writer and producer, best known as the voice of the title character in Disney's \"Aladdin\". Weinger reprised the role in the two direct-to-video sequels, the television series of the same name, and the \"Kingdom Hearts\" and \"Disney Infinity\" video game series. He is also known for playing Steve Hale on the ABC sitcom \"Full House\" and its Netflix sequel \"Fuller House\". He is also a writer and producer for television, including for ABC's \"Galavant\" and \"Black-ish\". He was a co-executive producer of ABC's \"The Muppets\". Weinger","title":"Scott Weinger"},{"id":"2049286","text":"in which the two feuded on the set of \"MADtv\" and in World Championship Wrestling; this culminated in a grudge match on \"WCW Monday Nitro\", where Hart decisively defeated Sasso. Hart donned his \"Hit Man\" singlet, along with additional costume, and executed wrestling maneuvers on villain characters, as part of his performance as the Genie in a 2004 stage production of \"Aladdin\". He reprised the role in 2006. Hart was the subject of the 1998 documentary, \"\", which chronicled many of the events in Hart's personal and professional life from September 1996 to November 1997, including the Montreal Screwjob and","title":"Bret Hart"},{"id":"20322850","text":"Thomas Doherty (actor) Thomas Doherty (born 21 April 1995) is a Scottish actor, best known for his roles as Harry Hook in Disney Channel's \"Descendants 2\" and as Sean in the British musical comedy-drama, \"The Lodge\". Doherty was born and raised in Edinburgh, Scotland. He has an older brother and younger sister, and his parents were both in the banking business. Doherty began acting at the age of 5 and also played football. Doherty joined Lothian Youth Arts and Musicals Company and played a variety of roles, including his debut as Disney's Aladdin. Doherty attended Royal High School in Edinburgh.","title":"Thomas Doherty (actor)"},{"id":"13258718","text":"Tony Maudsley Tony Maudsley (born 30 January 1968) is an English actor, best known for playing Kenneth DuBeke in the ITV comedy series \"Benidorm\". He also played Graham in \" The Job Lot\". Maudsley made his panto debut in 2016 as Dame Trott in Jack and the Beanstalk, at the Theatre Royal, Nottingham. He returned to pantomime the year after, playing a completely different part - the Genie of the Lamp, in Aladdin, at the Swansea Grand Theatre. His career started when he landed a role in the film, \"A Life for a Life\", in 1998 where he played the","title":"Tony Maudsley"},{"id":"17192564","text":"is top grade. It will become a classic.\" \"The Globe and Mail\" reviewer gave the show 2.5 stars out of 4, however, saying that it was \"strictly for the kiddies\". The \"Toronto Star\" gave the musical the same rating, and said \"You’re likely to hear the sound of deafening applause [during the] show-stopping staging of 'A Friend Like Me' and James Monroe Iglehart’s blessedly bravura performance as the Genie. It’s the kind of exhilarating moment we go to the theatre for. But ... nothing before or after it in Aladdin lives up to those six sublime minutes.\" \"The Vancouver Sun\"","title":"Aladdin (2011 musical)"},{"id":"17326211","text":"actors John and Euphemia \"Effie\" (née Murray) Ellsler. She first appeared on stage at the age of three in Cleveland, Ohio at the Academy of Music; by then under the management of her father. Ellsler's first role was the Genie of the Ring in a production called, \"Aladdin; or, The Wonderful Lamp \". At age four she was cast as Little Eva in an adaptation of Harriet Beecher Stowe's \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\". As a young girl Ellsler would often be asked to play juvenile roles with her father’s stock company while attending school at the local Ursuline Convent and, with","title":"Effie Ellsler"},{"id":"16659559","text":"Avengers: Age of Ultron Avengers: Age of Ultron is a 2015 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to 2012's \"The Avengers\" and the eleventh film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film was written and directed by Joss Whedon and features an ensemble cast that includes Robert Downey Jr., Chris Hemsworth, Mark Ruffalo, Chris Evans, Scarlett Johansson, Jeremy Renner, Don Cheadle, Aaron Taylor-Johnson, Elizabeth Olsen, Paul Bettany, Cobie Smulders, Anthony Mackie, Hayley Atwell, Idris Elba, Stellan Skarsgård,","title":"Avengers: Age of Ultron"},{"id":"1631946","text":"Paul Bettany Paul Bettany (born 27 May 1971) is an English actor. He is known for his voice role as J.A.R.V.I.S. and as the Vision in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, specifically the films \"Iron Man\" (2008), \"Iron Man 2\" (2010), \"The Avengers\" (2012), \"Iron Man 3\" (2013), \"\" (2015), \"\" (2016), \"\" (2018), and \"\" (2019). He first came to the attention of mainstream audiences when he appeared in the British film \"Gangster No. 1\" (2000), and director Brian Helgeland's film \"A Knight's Tale\" (2001). He has gone on to appear in a wide variety of films, including \"A Beautiful","title":"Paul Bettany"},{"id":"13275146","text":"playing Danny – the child of a crazed gun-wielding father and took part in an episode of the medical drama series \"Casualty\" playing Christy Skinner, a patient with incurable hiccups. Jafargholi has also toured on stage as a young Michael Jackson in \"Thriller – Live\". Minor work includes UK touring productions of \"Macbeth\" (character – Son of Macduff), \"The King and I\" and \"Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat\" (choir). He has also performed as the genie of the lamp in Aladdin. He appeared, un-credited, in \"Mine All Mine\", \"A Way of Life\" and a short film called \"Day at","title":"Shaheen Jafargholi"},{"id":"10466811","text":"the Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith in 2004. He has also worked in theatre playing the roles of the Artful Dodger in \"Oliver Twist\", Nibs in \"Peter Pan\", Jack in \"The Dreaming\", and Young Katurian in \"The Pillowman\". Metcalfe lives in Highbury, London. in 2014 Metcalfe toured in the production The Hyperchondriac alongside Sir Tony Robinson and Imogen Stubbs Jordan Metcalfe Jordan Metcalfe (born 24 May 1986) is an English actor best known for his role as Adil the Genie in the children's comedy \"Genie in the House\", screened in the UK and the Netherlands on Nickelodeon, in Germany on Nick Germany,","title":"Jordan Metcalfe"},{"id":"17192550","text":"engagement, the production will transfer to Brisbane and Perth. Australian native, Ainsley Melham, played the role of Aladdin, American actress, Arielle Jacobs, played the role of Princess Jasmine, and American actor, Michael James Scott, played the role of Genie in the original Australian production. The Sydney and Melbourne production also performed an autism-friendly adaptation of the show which had the \"removal of strobe lighting and pyrotechnics, reduction of any jarring sounds and house lights being dimmed (instead of off)\" in order to provide a more supportive environment for autistic patrons. Disney Theatrical launched a North American tour at Chicago's Palace","title":"Aladdin (2011 musical)"},{"id":"5705669","text":"to his flute. He finished last in a field of 19 participating countries. During his career, Loiri has sold over 730,000 certified records in Finland and is currently the fifth-best-selling soloist and ninth-best-selling artist of all time in the country. He was the voice of the Genie in the Finnish dub of Disney's Aladdin, even performing the musical number \"Friend Like Me\". Loiri appeared in the premiere of Aulis Sallinen's opera \"Kullervo\" in Los Angeles in 1992, creating the role of the blind singer. Loiri has also had a lifelong interest in sports. He held the office of Chairman of","title":"Vesa-Matti Loiri"},{"id":"2805274","text":"Shrek 2 Shrek 2 is a 2004 American computer-animated, comedy film directed by Andrew Adamson, Kelly Asbury and Conrad Vernon. It is the sequel to 2001's \"Shrek\" and the second installment in the \"Shrek\" film franchise. The film stars Mike Myers, Eddie Murphy and Cameron Diaz, who reprise their respective voice roles of Shrek, Donkey, and Fiona. They are joined by new characters voiced by Antonio Banderas, Julie Andrews, John Cleese, Rupert Everett, and Jennifer Saunders. \"Shrek 2\" takes place following the events of the first film, with Shrek and Donkey meeting Fiona's parents as her zealous Fairy Godmother, who","title":"Shrek 2"},{"id":"13189893","text":"Iron Man 2 Iron Man 2 is a 2010 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Iron Man, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures. It is the sequel to 2008's \"Iron Man\", and is the third film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Directed by Jon Favreau and written by Justin Theroux, the film stars Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man, alongside Gwyneth Paltrow, Don Cheadle, Scarlett Johansson, Sam Rockwell, Mickey Rourke, and Samuel L. Jackson. Six months after the events of \"Iron Man\", Tony Stark is resisting calls by the United","title":"Iron Man 2"},{"id":"1342076","text":"his last stage performances was as Malvolio in \"Twelfth Night\" at the Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park (1990), where he demonstrated the fine line between pathos and comedy to perfection. He also played the genie in the lamp in \"Aladdin\" at the Theatre Royal, Newcastle, in the 1990s. He also played the genie on the \"Sooty Show\". He also voiced Gorilla on \"The Giddy Game Show\". He played Mephistopheles, alongside James Warwick in the title role of an Oxford Stage Company regional touring production of \"Doctor Faustus\" in 1987. He was a member of the oldest theatrical fraternity in the","title":"Bernard Bresslaw"},{"id":"9317296","text":"Wonders, where he meets a sentient magic carpet and is commanded to only get a magic lamp. He gets it, but Abu's grabbing of a giant gem causes the cave to collapse. Aladdin, Abu, and the carpet are left in the cave. Abu delivers the lamp to Aladdin, and when he rubs it, a giant blue Genie appears, telling Aladdin he will fulfill three wishes. After leaving the collapsed cave with the Genie's help, he decides to become a prince in order to win Jasmine's heart. In the first direct-to-video sequel, \"The Return of Jafar\" (1994), Jasmine begins to question","title":"Aladdin (Disney character)"},{"id":"19250741","text":"Drago, son of Ivan Drago, the powerful athlete who killed Adonis' father Apollo Creed. A \"Creed\" sequel was confirmed in January 2016, although due to both Coogler and Jordan's involvement in \"Black Panther\", the film was delayed, with Coogler ultimately being replaced by Caple. Stallone completed the script in July 2017 and announced Lundgren would be reprising his role as Drago, and filming began in Philadelphia in March 2018, lasting through July. \"Creed II\" was released in the United States by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures on November 21, 2018. The film has grossed over $133 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews","title":"Creed II"},{"id":"18178092","text":"destroy the Guardians, naming him Adam; and a group of uninterested Watchers abandon their informant, who is discussing his experiences on Earth. Additionally, reprising their roles from the first film are Laura Haddock as Meredith Quill, Gregg Henry as her father, Seth Green as the voice of Howard the Duck, and canine actor Fred as Cosmo. Members of Yondu's Ravager crew appearing in the film include Evan Jones as Retch, Jimmy Urine as Half-Nut, Stephen Blackehart as Brahl, Steve Agee as Gef, Mike Escamilla as Scrote, Joe Fria as Oblo, Terence Rosemore as Narblik, and Tommy Flanagan as Tullk, as","title":"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2"},{"id":"16651286","text":"\"poor subtitle translation not only spoiled the fun of watching it, but also made it difficult to understand its humor.\" \"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2\" was released on May 5, 2017, again written and directed by James Gunn. Pratt, Saldana, Bautista, Diesel, Cooper, Rooker, Gillan, and Sean Gunn all reprise their roles in the film, and are joined by Pom Klementieff as Mantis, Elizabeth Debicki as Ayesha, Chris Sullivan as Taserface, and Kurt Russell as Quill's father Ego. In April 2017, Gunn announced he would return to write and direct \"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3\". However, in July","title":"Guardians of the Galaxy (film)"},{"id":"815097","text":"and Douglas Seale. The film follows Aladdin, an Arabian street urchin, who finds a magic lamp containing a genie. In order to hide the lamp from the Grand vizier, he disguises himself as a wealthy prince, and tries to impress the Sultan and his daughter. Lyricist Howard Ashman first pitched the idea, and the screenplay went through three drafts before then-Walt Disney Studios president Jeffrey Katzenberg agreed to its production. The animators based their designs on the work of caricaturist Al Hirschfeld, and computers were used for finishing the artwork and creating some animated elements. The musical score was written","title":"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)"},{"id":"18714641","text":"scattershot rehash of a script.\" On Metacritic, the film has a score of 34 out of 100 based on 42 critics, indicating \"generally unfavorable reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"C+\" on an A+ to F scale, the same grade earned by its predecessor. Zoolander 2 Zoolander 2 is a 2016 American action-comedy film directed by Ben Stiller and written by John Hamburg, Justin Theroux, Stiller and Nicholas Stoller. It is the sequel to the 2001 film \"Zoolander\" and stars Stiller, Owen Wilson, Will Ferrell, Penélope Cruz and Kristen Wiig. Filming took place from","title":"Zoolander 2"},{"id":"2295431","text":"album has sold an estimated 1.5 million copies worldwide. The album also reached number 37 on the ARIA charts in Australia, her highest peak in the country to date. The album's second single, \"Crush\", was released on August 28, 2001; it peaked at number 35 on the \"Billboard\" Pop Songs chart, and it climbed to number 25 on the ARIA Charts. Moore made her feature film debut in 2001, where she voiced a Girl Bear Cub in the comedy \"Dr. Dolittle 2,\" which starred Eddie Murphy. Later that year, Moore co-starred with Anne Hathaway in the comedy \"The Princess Diaries,\"","title":"Mandy Moore"},{"id":"815126","text":"a sample of 69 reviews, with an average rating of 8.1/10. The site's consensus reads, \"A highly entertaining entry in Disney's renaissance era, \"Aladdin\" is beautifully drawn, with near-classic songs and a cast of scene-stealing characters.\" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 86 out of 100 based on 25 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\". Most critics' praise went to Robin Williams' performance as Genie, with Janet Maslin of \"The New York Times\" declaring that children \"needn't know precisely what Mr. Williams is evoking to understand how funny he is.\" Warner Bros. Cartoons director Chuck Jones even called","title":"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)"},{"id":"5100323","text":"James D'Arcy James D'Arcy (born Simon Richard D'Arcy; 24 August 1975) is an English actor. He is best known for his portrayals of Howard Stark's butler, Edwin Jarvis, in the Marvel Entertainment and ABC series, \"Agent Carter\", and murder suspect Lee Ashworth in the second series of the ITV series \"Broadchurch\". D'Arcy also co-starred as Colonel Winnant in Christopher Nolan's action-thriller \"Dunkirk\" (2017). D'Arcy was born on 24 August 1975 in Amersham, Buckinghamshire, and was raised in Fulham, London with his younger sister, Charlotte, by their mother, Caroline, a nurse. His father died when he was young. He has family","title":"James D'Arcy"},{"id":"8166908","text":"wife died in 2007 at age 82. Val Bettin Valentine John \"Val\" Bettin (born August 1, 1923) is a retired American actor and voice actor, known for using an English accent in all of his roles. He is perhaps best known for voicing Dr. David Q. Dawson in the 1986 Disney animated film \"The Great Mouse Detective\" and the Sultan in \"The Return of Jafar\" and \"Aladdin and the King of Thieves\", the two direct-to-video sequels to Disney's \"Aladdin\" as well as the TV show, taking over for Douglas Seale. Bettin also hosted \"The Storyteller\", a children's show on Chicago","title":"Val Bettin"},{"id":"2182758","text":"Lee Ermey, John Morris and Laurie Metcalf all reprise their character roles from the original film. They are joined by Joan Cusack, Jodi Benson, Kelsey Grammer, Estelle Harris and Wayne Knight who voice some of the new characters introduced. Disney initially envisioned \"Toy Story 2\" as a direct-to-video sequel. The film began production in a building separated from Pixar, on a small scale, as most of the main Pixar staff were busy working on \"A Bug's Life\" (1998). When story reels proved promising, Disney upgraded the film to theatrical release, but Pixar was unhappy with the film's quality. Lasseter and","title":"Toy Story 2"},{"id":"16142451","text":"Quinn in Update 2 and Poison Ivy in Update 3). Each of these updates also added more skins and achievements, and raised the level cap. The voice cast includes: Kevin Conroy (Batman), Mark Hamill (The Joker), Tara Strong (Harley Quinn), Fred Tatasciore (Solomon Grundy, Mr. Hammer), Troy Baker (Two-Face, Robin), Corey Burton (Hugo Strange), Larry Grimm (Deathstroke), Amy Carle (Poison Ivy) instead of Tasia Valenza. Eurogamer called it addictive. Gamezebo summarized it \"too easy, too short, and completely devoid of a story – but \"Batman Arkham City Lockdown\" is also a fast-paced, finger-swiping good time that looks stunning, keeps you","title":"Batman: Arkham City Lockdown"},{"id":"20298503","text":"is a memorial for Adam West, who portrayed Batman. It also stated \"Rest Well, Bright Knight\". In a scene exclusive to the Blu-Ray edition, Dr. Quinzel busts Joker out of prison dressed as her new persona of Harley Quinn. A sequel to \"\", entitled \"Batman vs. Two-Face\", was planned to be released in 2017 with William Shatner voicing Two-Face as the main antagonist. On June 9, 2017, Batman's voice actor Adam West died from leukemia. Despite this, according to Bleeding Cool, West and Shatner recorded their lines separately with West finishing his lines by October 2016. Burt Ward and Julie","title":"Batman vs. Two-Face"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"19250991\",\n \"text\": \"his own copy of the Keyblade (excluding the Limit Form in \\\"Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix\\\"). The Genie also appears briefly in \\\"Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days\\\", interacting with Xion and Roxas as they make their way back to Agrabah. Genie (Disney) The Genie is a fictional jinni appearing in Walt Disney Pictures' animated feature film \\\"Aladdin\\\" (1992). He was voiced by Robin Williams in the first film. Following a contract dispute between Williams and the Walt Disney Company, Dan Castellaneta voiced the Genie throughout the direct-to-video feature \\\"The Return of Jafar\\\", as well as the television series, before Williams reprised\",\n \"title\": \"Genie (Disney)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19250974\",\n \"text\": \"Genie (Disney) The Genie is a fictional jinni appearing in Walt Disney Pictures' animated feature film \\\"Aladdin\\\" (1992). He was voiced by Robin Williams in the first film. Following a contract dispute between Williams and the Walt Disney Company, Dan Castellaneta voiced the Genie throughout the direct-to-video feature \\\"The Return of Jafar\\\", as well as the television series, before Williams reprised the role for the final installment, \\\"Aladdin and the King of Thieves\\\", as well as for the character's own mini-series, \\\"Great Minds Think for Themselves\\\". Castellaneta voiced the Genie in \\\"Aladdin in Nasira's Revenge\\\" and later the \\\"Kingdom Hearts\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Genie (Disney)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"714900\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Desperate Housewives\\\". He appeared as the Genie in the \\\"Aladdin\\\" sequel \\\"The Return of Jafar\\\" and on the 1994 \\\"Aladdin\\\" television series. The Genie had been voiced by Robin Williams in \\\"Aladdin\\\", and Castellaneta described replacing him as \\\"sort of like stepping into \\\"Hamlet\\\" after Laurence Olivier did it, how can you win?\\\" He also provided Genie's voice in the \\\"Kingdom Hearts\\\" video game series for both Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II (with archived audio used for and its remake as well as for the later HD collections HD 1.5 Remix and HD 2.5 Remix). Castellaneta portrayed Aaron Spelling\",\n \"title\": \"Dan Castellaneta\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12605297\",\n \"text\": \"dubbed it \\\"Act II’s standout\\\". This song is playable in the video game \\\"Just Dance 2014\\\". Prince Ali (song) \\\"Prince Ali\\\" and its reprise are two musical numbers from the 1992 Disney animated film \\\"Aladdin\\\". The first part was performed by Robin Williams in his role as the Genie and the reprise is performed by Jonathan Freeman in his role as Jafar. The song performed by Williams was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 50th Golden Globe Awards in 1993. After Williams' death in 2014, the first part of the song received extensive airplay\",\n \"title\": \"Prince Ali (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12605294\",\n \"text\": \"Prince Ali (song) \\\"Prince Ali\\\" and its reprise are two musical numbers from the 1992 Disney animated film \\\"Aladdin\\\". The first part was performed by Robin Williams in his role as the Genie and the reprise is performed by Jonathan Freeman in his role as Jafar. The song performed by Williams was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 50th Golden Globe Awards in 1993. After Williams' death in 2014, the first part of the song received extensive airplay on UK National Radio. The film version cut a conceived intro for the song and two\",\n \"title\": \"Prince Ali (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20267437\",\n \"text\": \"2016, Disney announced Guy Ritchie would direct a live-action \\\"Aladdin\\\" remake. Smith was the first member of the cast to join, signing on to voice Genie in July 2017, and later that month Massoud and Scott were confirmed for the two lead roles. Principal photography began that September at Longcross Studios in Surrey, England, also filming in the Wadi Rum Desert in Jordan, and lasted until January 2018. \\\"Aladdin\\\" is scheduled to be released in the United States on May 24, 2019. On October 10, 2016, it was announced that Guy Ritchie would direct a live-action \\\"Aladdin\\\" film with John\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (2019 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6561979\",\n \"text\": \"Jim Meskimen James Ross Meskimen (born September 10, 1959) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, voice actor and impressionist. He is also known for his voice-over work in video games. Meskimen was born in Los Angeles, California, the son of Freeman Meskimen and Marion Ross. Meskimen portrayed the father of Mary-Kate Olsen and Ashley Olsen's characters in \\\"Our Lips Are Sealed\\\". He portrayed Officer Wholihan in \\\"How the Grinch Stole Christmas\\\". He voices Thom Cat, Neighbor John, and Stumpy in the \\\"Thom Cat\\\" short film on \\\"Random! Cartoons\\\". Meskimen provided the voice of the Genie in the \\\"Aladdin\\\" franchise (which\",\n \"title\": \"Jim Meskimen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2274168\",\n \"text\": \"announced in January 1995 that a third film was in production, and later in June, that it was scheduled for a home video release in 1996. In September 1995, it was confirmed that Robin Williams would reprise the role of the Genie reportedly for a $1 million salary after he received an apology from Joe Roth for Disney breaching an agreement not to use his voice to merchandise products inspired by \\\"Aladdin\\\". With Williams on board, all recordings and animation footage of Dan Castellaneta as the Genie was scrapped, and all of the Genie's scenes were rewritten to fit Williams'\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin and the King of Thieves\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"815120\",\n \"text\": \"which apparently really \\\"clashed\\\" with the Williams' wilder home decor. Williams refused to sign on for \\\"The Return of Jafar\\\" so it was Dan Castellaneta that voiced the Genie. When Jeffrey Katzenberg was replaced by Joe Roth as Walt Disney Studios chairman, Roth organized a public apology to Williams. Williams would, in turn, reprise the role in the 1996 direct-to-video sequel \\\"Aladdin and the King of Thieves\\\". Composer Alan Menken and songwriters Howard Ashman and Tim Rice were praised for creating a soundtrack that is \\\"consistently good, rivaling the best of Disney's other animated musicals from the '90s.\\\" Menken and\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5398729\",\n \"text\": \"of such animation halved the production time. Most of the film's $24 million budget was spent on the animation and the soundtrack. The film marked Robin Williams's first animation role, with the character Batty Koda being created specifically for him. Williams provided 14 hours worth of improvised lines for the part which had been originally conceived as an 8-minute role. Director Bill Kroyer was so impressed with the voice work he ended up tripling the screen time given to the character. Williams went on to provide the critically applauded voice of the Genie in Disney's \\\"Aladdin\\\" later the same year.\",\n \"title\": \"FernGully: The Last Rainforest\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2274150\",\n \"text\": \"fall-out over the use of his voice in the marketing campaign for \\\"Aladdin\\\", Robin Williams refused to reprise the role of the Genie, and was instead replaced by Dan Castellaneta (best known for voicing Homer Simpson). Stones also claimed that Williams participated in selecting Castellaneta to voice the Genie. It was also the first \\\"Aladdin\\\" full-length production without the original voice of Sultan, Douglas Seale. He was replaced by Val Bettin, who reprised his role in the franchise's animated series and \\\"Aladdin and the King of Thieves\\\". Instead of the film receiving a theatrical release, Steve Feldstein, director of public\",\n \"title\": \"The Return of Jafar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1361376\",\n \"text\": \"January 18, 2019. Next, Smith will portray The Genie (originally played by Robin Williams) in a live-action film adaptation of Disney's \\\"Aladdin\\\", directed by Guy Ritchie, which is scheduled to be released on May 24, 2019. Lastly, Smith will appear as an assassin who faces off against himself, a clone who is younger and in his prime in Ang Lee's \\\"Gemini Man\\\", scheduled for release on October 4, 2019. Smith married Sheree Zampino in 1992. Their son Willard Carroll \\\"Trey\\\" Smith III was born on November 11, 1992. Smith married actress Jada Koren Pinkett in 1997. Together they have two\",\n \"title\": \"Will Smith\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17785467\",\n \"text\": \"to direct the film. Filming began in July 2017 and continued through January 2018. On July 15, at the D23 Expo it was announced that Naomi Scott and Will Smith were cast as Princess Jasmine and Genie, respectively, along with newcomer Mena Massoud being cast as Aladdin. The film is scheduled to be released on May 24, 2019. Shortly after \\\"The Return of Jafar\\\", an animated series was produced. The episodes focused on Aladdin's adventures after the events of the second film. The \\\"Aladdin\\\" characters later made a crossover with \\\"Hercules: The Animated Series\\\", and were featured as guests in\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (franchise)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16565845\",\n \"text\": \"Mantra (actor) Mantra (born Puranjit Dasgupta, 21 August 1982) is a Mumbai-based actor, director and producer. Apart from this, Mantra, the owner of Mantramugdh Productions is also known for having received several accolades as a theatre actor, television presenter, radio jockey, model and voice over artist. Currently, he is playing the iconic character of “Genie” in an Indian version of globally popular Disney India's broadway style musical “ALADDIN”. He can also be seen as one of the leading roles in Bollywood's most talked about stoner comedy film “High Jack” bannered under Phantom Films and OTT video service Viu India, a\",\n \"title\": \"Mantra (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17189982\",\n \"text\": \"and The Jungle Book 2 and also for Genie from Disney's Aladdin, that was dubbed and aired on Disney Channel India in 2005. Shashital has also dubbed for Bollywood actors. He is considered to be official dubbing artist for Bollywood actor, Amitabh Bachchan, as well as for such other Bollywood actors as Salman Khan, Sunny Deol, Sanjay Dutt and Dharmendra. Chetan Shashital Chetan Shashital (Konkani: चेतन शाशितल \\\"Cētana Śāśitala\\\", born 1968 in Mumbai, also known as Chetan Sashital or The Big C for his expertise in the voice-acting industry) is an Indian actor, voice actor and singer, who is mostly\",\n \"title\": \"Chetan Shashital\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4612416\",\n \"text\": \"TV counterparts, with the notable exceptions of Dan Castellaneta filling in for Robin Williams in the Genie role (like in \\\"The Return of Jafar\\\"), and Val Bettin as the Sultan (who replaced Douglas Seale after the original film). Unlike \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", the series does not feature any musical numbers. The series originally aired as a preview on The Disney Channel in early 1994, and in September of that year it began airing concurrently on the syndicated The Disney Afternoon block and on Saturday mornings on CBS (prior to Disney's purchase of rival ABC). Disney Channel reran the series from\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (animated TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10922343\",\n \"text\": \"De Niro, Sean Connery, Sylvester Stallone, Richard Burton, Richard Harris, Dustin Hoffman, Charlton Heston and Marlon Brando. His credits include the role of the Genie in the Italian version of the \\\"Aladdin\\\" film series and the Dragon in \\\"Dragonheart\\\". Gigi Proietti Luigi \\\"Gigi\\\" Proietti (born November 2, 1940) is an Italian actor, voice actor, comedian, director, musician and singer. He was born in Rome to Romano Proietti, a man from Umbria, and Giovanna Ceci, a housewife. During his youth he was keen on singing and on playing guitar, piano, accordion and double bass in several Roman night clubs. He enrolled\",\n \"title\": \"Gigi Proietti\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16257667\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Phantom of the Opera\\\". Max Bialystok in Mel Brooks' musical comedy The Producers. In 1979 he created the musical and comedy group Linie 3 together with Thomas Eje and Anders Bircow. He has performed with the best Symphony orchestras in Denmark. Kristensen is the localized Danish voice of \\\"Lumiere\\\" in Disney's \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", \\\"Genie\\\" in Disney's \\\"Aladdin\\\", Berkeley Beetle in Don Bluth's Thumbelina (1994 film), and \\\"Woody\\\" in \\\"Toy Story\\\" 1, 2, and 3. Ramon in Happy Feet and Happy Feet Two On Television Kristensen was one of the main characters in season two of The Killing\",\n \"title\": \"Preben Kristensen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"639863\",\n \"text\": \"writer was \\\"struck by the breadth\\\" and radical diversity of most roles Williams portrayed. Terry Gilliam, who co-founded \\\"Monty Python\\\" and directed Williams in two of his films, \\\"The Fisher King\\\" and \\\"The Adventures of Baron Munchausen\\\" (1988), said in 1992 that Williams had the ability to \\\"go from manic to mad to tender and vulnerable ... [Williams had] the most unique mind on the planet. There's nobody like him out there.\\\" Williams voiced characters in several animated films. His voice role as the Genie in the animated musical \\\"Aladdin\\\" (1992) was written for him. The film's directors stated that\",\n \"title\": \"Robin Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"815117\",\n \"text\": \"based on Disney workers. Beast, Sebastian from \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", and Pinocchio make brief appearances, and the wardrobe of the Genie at the end of the film—Goofy hat, Hawaiian shirt, and sandals—are a reference to a short film that Robin Williams did for the Disney-MGM Studios tour in the late 1980s. In gratitude for his success with Touchstone Pictures' \\\"Good Morning, Vietnam\\\", Robin Williams voiced the Genie for SAG scale pay ($75,000) instead of his asking fee of $8 million, on condition that his name or image not be used for marketing, and his (supporting) character not take more than\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20267439\",\n \"text\": \"Princess Jasmine commenced in March 2017, with principal production set to begin in the UK in July 2017 until January 2018. On April 19, 2017, it was reported that either Gabriel Iglesias or Will Smith was in talks for the role of Genie, for which the latter was confirmed in July. In May 2017, it was revealed that Jade Thirlwall was in talks for the part of Princess Jasmine. On July 11, 2017, it was revealed that principal production on \\\"Aladdin\\\" had been pushed back by a month, to August 2017, due to struggles in finding the right actor to\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (2019 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17785471\",\n \"text\": \"storyline of the original film. In \\\"Kingdom Hearts II\\\", it is a mixture of \\\"Aladdin\\\" and \\\"The Return of Jafar\\\". Genie is also a recurring summon in the series. Aladdin, Jasmine, and the Genie appeared in the 2011 motion-controlled game, \\\"\\\", as meet-and-greet characters. \\\"Aladdin\\\" was also referenced throughout the \\\"Disney Infinity\\\" series via power discs and in-game toys, with Aladdin and Jasmine being added to the series as playable characters in the series' second game, \\\"\\\". \\\"Disney's Aladdin\\\" was developed for the Mega Drive by Virgin Interactive's studio of Virgin Games USA and published by Sega in 1993. This\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (franchise)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9317302\",\n \"text\": \"in his street rat clothes. Aladdin, Jasmine, Carpet, Abu and Genie make cameo appearances in the Hong Kong Disneyland version of It's a Small World. In the Broadway musical adaptation, Aladdin is played by actor Adam Jacobs. Aladdin (Disney character) Aladdin is a fictional character and the titular protagonist of Walt Disney Pictures's 31st animated feature film \\\"Aladdin\\\" (1992) based on Aladdin, a folk tale of Middle Eastern origin. He is voiced by American actor Scott Weinger, while his singing voice is provided by Brad Kane. He also stars in the two direct-to-video sequels \\\"The Return of Jafar\\\" (1994) and\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (Disney character)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"815142\",\n \"text\": \"in July, but was delayed due to Disney having trouble finding the right people to play Aladdin and Jasmine. British actress Naomi Scott and Indian actress Tara Sutaria were being considered to play Jasmine. For the role of Aladdin, British actors Riz Ahmed and Dev Patel were initially considered, but it was later decided that a newcomer should be cast in the role. In July 2017, it was announced that Egyptian-Canadian actor Mena Massoud had been cast as Aladdin, Scott as Jasmine, and Smith as the Genie. At the 2017 D23 Expo, Menken announced that he would be co-writing new\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14851404\",\n \"text\": \"the voice of Genie in the Hebrew version of the Disney animated film \\\"Aladdin\\\" and its two sequels. In 1999, he played the titular character of the straight to video fairy tale medley, \\\"Pim Pam Po\\\". Since the 2000s Tzafir mainly participates in Israeli children's stage shows and children video stories on DVD and video. In 2008 Tzafir participated in the Israeli drama series \\\"Danny Hollywood\\\" alongside Gila Almagor. In the 1960s Tzafir married Yael, who also produces Tzafir's entertainment shows. From this marriage Tzafir has three children, including the successful Israeli film actor and TV director Yoav Tzafir. In\",\n \"title\": \"Tuvia Tzafir\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18028224\",\n \"text\": \"James Monroe Iglehart James Monroe Iglehart (born September 4, 1974) is an American stage actor and singer. Iglehart is perhaps best known for his Tony Award-winning performance as the Genie in the original Broadway production of \\\"Aladdin\\\". Iglehart assumed the role of Marquis de Lafayette/Thomas Jefferson in the Broadway company of \\\"Hamilton\\\" in April 2017. Iglehart attended Cal State Hayward and started his career in California, performing in \\\"Bat Boy\\\" at TheatreWorks, Palo Alto, California and as Teen Angel in \\\"Grease\\\" at the American Musical Theatre, San Jose, California. In 2005, he directed \\\"Bat Boy the Musical\\\" at Ray of\",\n \"title\": \"James Monroe Iglehart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18028227\",\n \"text\": \"in the Mt. Eden High School show choir and married her in 2002. James Monroe Iglehart James Monroe Iglehart (born September 4, 1974) is an American stage actor and singer. Iglehart is perhaps best known for his Tony Award-winning performance as the Genie in the original Broadway production of \\\"Aladdin\\\". Iglehart assumed the role of Marquis de Lafayette/Thomas Jefferson in the Broadway company of \\\"Hamilton\\\" in April 2017. Iglehart attended Cal State Hayward and started his career in California, performing in \\\"Bat Boy\\\" at TheatreWorks, Palo Alto, California and as Teen Angel in \\\"Grease\\\" at the American Musical Theatre, San\",\n \"title\": \"James Monroe Iglehart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"815141\",\n \"text\": \"death. In October 2016, it was reported that Disney was developing a live-action adaptation of \\\"Aladdin\\\" with Guy Ritchie signed on to direct the film. John August is writing the script, which will reportedly retain the musical elements of the original film, while Dan Lin is attached as producer. Lin revealed that they were looking for a diverse cast. In April 2017, Will Smith entered talks to play the Genie. The following month, Jade Thirlwall entered talks to portray the role of Jasmine. Alan Menken said filming was slated to begin August 2017. Production had originally been scheduled to begin\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19250975\",\n \"text\": \"series of video games by Square Enix and Disney Interactive Studios for both \\\"Kingdom Hearts\\\" and \\\"Kingdom Hearts II\\\" (with archived audio used in other Kingdom Hearts games). Jim Meskimen took over the role in \\\"Disney Think Fast\\\" (2008) and \\\"Kinect Disneyland Adventures\\\" (2011) and currently voices him, after Williams' death in 2014. Will Smith is set to play a live-action version of the character in a 2019 live-action adaptation of the 1992 film. As well as largely driving the plot in the first film, the Genie serves as comic relief in each of his appearances. He is shown to\",\n \"title\": \"Genie (Disney)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12463733\",\n \"text\": \"screen is a reference to the \\\"1984\\\" Apple commercial. The scene where Homer is on a flying carpet is a parody of the film \\\"Aladdin\\\"; the Genie also makes an appearance. \\\"The Simpsons\\\" regular Dan Castellaneta does the voice of the Genie in this episode. He had previously voiced the Genie in the \\\"Aladdin\\\" television series, \\\"The Return of Jafar\\\", and the \\\"Kingdom Hearts\\\" video game series. Steve Mobbs operating a series of holographic screens with his hands is a reference to the 2002 film \\\"Minority Report\\\". The episode features Minnie Riperton's song \\\"Lovin' You\\\" and Miles Davis' \\\"Moon Dreams\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"MyPods and Boomsticks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12499881\",\n \"text\": \"An official music video is available online. Friend Like Me \\\"Friend Like Me\\\" is a song from the 1992 Disney film \\\"Aladdin\\\". It was performed by Robin Williams in his role as the Genie. The song was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 65th Academy Awards and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 50th Golden Globe Awards in 1993. The song was originally designed as a Cab Calloway-style big band number. After Robin Williams was cast, it was retooled as a more comedic, pop-culture-filled song. ScreenCrush explains that remnants of the\",\n \"title\": \"Friend Like Me\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19250990\",\n \"text\": \"Aladdin wishes the Genie free from his lamp. He then becomes a summon for Sora. The Genie has much less screen time and much less to do with the plot in \\\"Kingdom Hearts II\\\". Like in \\\"The Return of Jafar\\\", he goes off to see the world along with Carpet. He misses most of the action, but arrives near the end of Sora's first visit and disturbs Pete when he is about to free Jafar from his lamp. Also, the Genie once again becomes a summon partner for Sora, but his newest feature is copying Sora's Drive forms and wielding\",\n \"title\": \"Genie (Disney)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17785466\",\n \"text\": \"came to fruition. On July 15, 2015, it was reported that a live-action prequel to \\\"Aladdin\\\" is currently in development under the title \\\"Genies\\\". The new film will reportedly focus on genies and their realm and reveal how Aladdin's genie ended up in the lamp. The film is being written by Damian Shannon and Mark Swift. Tripp Vinson will serve as a producer through Vinson Films. On October 10, 2016, Deadline reported that Disney is developing a live-action Aladdin movie, with John August writing the script and Dan Lin producing. The site also reported that Guy Ritchie is in talks\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (franchise)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17192549\",\n \"text\": \"as Iago, Irvine Iqbal as the Sultan, Nathan Amzi as Babkak, Stephen Rahman-Hughes as Kassim and Rachid Sabitri as Omar. As previously announced, Trevor Dion Nicholas made his London stage debut as Genie. The special effects are created by Jim Steinmeyer, the master illusionist who helped David Copperfield. It will run until 31 August 2019, to make way for a revival of \\\"Mary Poppins\\\". \\\"Aladdin\\\" had its Australian premiere in Sydney at the Capitol Theatre on August 11, 2016, where it played until February 19, 2017. Following performances in Sydney, \\\"Aladdin\\\" transferred to Melbourne in April 2017. Following the Melbourne\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (2011 musical)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11813783\",\n \"text\": \"similar in their protectable elements as a matter of law\\\". In November 2010, Owen Wilson, Larry the Cable Guy, Michael Caine, Emily Mortimer, Jason Isaacs, Joe Mantegna, Peter Jacobson, Bonnie Hunt, Tony Shalhoub, Cheech Marin, and Thomas Kretschmann were confirmed as the voice talent featured in the film. From November 2010 until May 2011, Disney released information about the other voice talent, including Jenifer Lewis, Katherine Helmond, Michael Wallis, Darrell Waltrip, Franco Nero, Vanessa Redgrave, Bruce Campbell, Sig Hansen, Michel Michelis, Jeff Gordon, Lewis Hamilton, Brent Musburger, David Hobbs, John Turturro, and Eddie Izzard. The \\\"Cars 2\\\" soundtrack was released\",\n \"title\": \"Cars 2\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12499877\",\n \"text\": \"Friend Like Me \\\"Friend Like Me\\\" is a song from the 1992 Disney film \\\"Aladdin\\\". It was performed by Robin Williams in his role as the Genie. The song was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 65th Academy Awards and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 50th Golden Globe Awards in 1993. The song was originally designed as a Cab Calloway-style big band number. After Robin Williams was cast, it was retooled as a more comedic, pop-culture-filled song. ScreenCrush explains that remnants of the previous version of the film can be\",\n \"title\": \"Friend Like Me\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16044711\",\n \"text\": \"not transformed, as he mimicked Williams, and at the end of the scene he is shown on the roof suggesting that Disney did not let the show portray Williams' role as the Genie from \\\"Aladdin\\\". The audience sees the world through Stewie's eyes as Lois changes him, Meg wishes him to keep her ring (Stewie stating this is a \\\"Red Flag\\\"), and his friends ask him to go down the slide at the playground (doing a reference to the film \\\"National Lampoon's Vacation\\\" in the process). Later, Stewie secures a Twinkie to stuff in Brian's tail pipe on his car\",\n \"title\": \"Family Guy Viewer Mail 2\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"309606\",\n \"text\": \"December 2009, Anderson guest-starred as \\\"Genie of the Lamp\\\" in the pantomime \\\"Aladdin\\\" at the New Wimbledon Theatre in Wimbledon, south-west London, UK. Anderson took over the role from comedian Ruby Wax, with former EastEnders actress Anita Dobson and comedian Paul O'Grady also booked for the role. In 2010, she appeared in the short film \\\"The Commuter\\\" directed by the McHenry Brothers and shot entirely on the Nokia N8 smartphone as promotion for the phone in the UK. Anderson was featured in a beach-themed editorial, shot by Mario Testino for Brazilian \\\"Vogue\\\"s June 2013 \\\"Body Issue\\\". In November 2010, Anderson\",\n \"title\": \"Pamela Anderson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11002745\",\n \"text\": \"Aladdin (1958 film) Aladdin is a 1958 musical fantasy written especially for television with a book by S.J. Perelman and music and lyrics by Cole Porter, telecast in color on the \\\"DuPont Show of the Month\\\" by CBS. It was Porter's very last musical score. Columbia Records issued both monophonic and stereophonic LP's of the songs with members of the original TV cast, which included Cyril Ritchard, Dennis King, Basil Rathbone, Anna Maria Alberghetti, Geoffrey Holder (as the Genie), Sal Mineo (as Aladdin,) and Una Merkel (as Aladdin's mother). Sony Records has digitally remastered the stereo recording for release on\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (1958 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17192544\",\n \"text\": \"Theatre from July 7 to 31, 2011. Jonathan Freeman, who voiced Jafar in the film, played the role in the stage adaptation. Adam Jacobs and Courtney Reed played Aladdin and Jasmine, despite the characters being Middle Eastern. Additional cast included James Monroe Iglehart as Genie; Clifton Davis as the Sultan; Don Darryl Rivera as Iago; and, playing Omar, Kassim and Babkak, a trio of characters originally conceived by the film's creators but ultimately replaced by Abu, were Andrew Keenan-Bolger, Brian Gonzales and Brandon O'Neill, respectively. Disney’s colourblind casting policy meant ethnicity was not considered in the casting process which sparked\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (2011 musical)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18028225\",\n \"text\": \"Light Theatre. He has played Mitch Mahoney in \\\"The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee\\\" on Broadway as a replacement starting in April 2007. He originated the role of Bobby in \\\"Memphis\\\" on Broadway in October 2009. Iglehart performed the role of the Genie in \\\"Aladdin\\\" on Broadway, a performance for which he won the 2014 Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Musical and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical for this role. When asked about the role, he said, \\\"It's not as exhausting as you think. I'm kind of an energetic guy\",\n \"title\": \"James Monroe Iglehart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20267436\",\n \"text\": \"Aladdin (2019 film) Aladdin is an upcoming American musical romantic fantasy adventure film directed by Guy Ritchie, from the screenplay co-written with John August and Vanessa Taylor, and produced by Walt Disney Pictures. It is a live-action adaptation of Disney's 1992 animated film of the same name, which is in turn based on the Arabic folktale of the same name from \\\"One Thousand and One Nights\\\" and the French interpretation by Antoine Galland. The film stars Mena Massoud as the title character alongside Will Smith, Naomi Scott, Marwan Kenzari, Navid Negahban, Nasim Pedrad, Billy Magnussen, and Numan Acar. In October\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (2019 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14191508\",\n \"text\": \"Avatar 2 Avatar 2 is an upcoming American epic science fiction film directed, produced, and co-written by James Cameron, and is the second film in the \\\"Avatar\\\" franchise. Cameron is producing the film with Jon Landau, with Josh Friedman originally announced as his co-writer; it was later announced that Cameron, Friedman, Rick Jaffa, Amanda Silver, and Shane Salerno took a part in the writing process of all sequels before being attributed separate scripts, making the eventual writing credits unclear. Cast members Sam Worthington, Zoe Saldana, Stephen Lang, Giovanni Ribisi, Joel David Moore, Dileep Rao, CCH Pounder, and Matt Gerald are\",\n \"title\": \"Avatar 2\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13275156\",\n \"text\": \"being delayed until March 2011 \\\"due to huge international interest and some exciting overseas opportunities\\\", but to date they have never been released. In 2014 Jafargholi performed as 'The Genie' in The New Victoria Theatre's pantomime, 'Aladdin'. In May 2016, Jafargholi joined the cast of the BBC soap opera, \\\"EastEnders\\\", portraying Shakil Kazemi. His character was killed off two years later in May 2018 in a controversial knife-crime storyline where Shakil was stabbed and killed by a gang. On 1 August 2018, it was announced that Jafargholi had joined the cast of \\\"Casualty\\\" as nurse Marty Kirkby. Shaheen Jafargholi Shaheen\",\n \"title\": \"Shaheen Jafargholi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20267443\",\n \"text\": \"Navid Negahban as the Sultan. When asked about Ritchie's take on the film, Pasek & Paul described it as \\\"very muscular and action-packed\\\". Despite initial reports, the animal characters Abu the monkey, Iago the parrot, and Rajah the tiger from the original film will be appearing in some capacity. Principal photography commenced on September 6, 2017, at Longcross Studios in Longcross, Surrey, England, and concluded on January 24, 2018. Part of the film was shot in Wadi Rum Desert, Jordan. Reshoots took place during the month of August 2018. At the 2017 D23 Expo, Alan Menken announced that he will\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (2019 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18178082\",\n \"text\": \"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 is a 2017 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team Guardians of the Galaxy, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to 2014's \\\"Guardians of the Galaxy\\\" and the fifteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Written and directed by James Gunn, the film stars an ensemble cast featuring Chris Pratt, Zoe Saldana, Dave Bautista, Vin Diesel, Bradley Cooper, Michael Rooker, Karen Gillan, Pom Klementieff, Elizabeth Debicki, Chris Sullivan, Sean Gunn, Sylvester Stallone, and Kurt\",\n \"title\": \"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8735381\",\n \"text\": \"scored his biggest hit with Rubens's song \\\"Everybody's Awfully Good to Me.\\\" He then played in \\\"The School Girl\\\" (1903) and subsequently toured America in the piece, but he mostly remained at the Gaiety for the next dozen years, starring in a number of hits and becoming one of the biggest stars of the Edwardian era. His roles in these hits included The Hon. Guy Scrymgeour in \\\"The Orchid\\\" (1903), Gustave Babori in \\\"The Spring Chicken\\\" (1905), Genie of The Lamp in \\\"The New Aladdin\\\" (1906), Otto, the prince, in \\\"The Girls of Gottenberg\\\" (1907), Hughie in \\\"Our Miss Gibbs\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"George Grossmith Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15352884\",\n \"text\": \"actually archival recordings by his original voice actor, Clarence Nash. Tony Anselmo, Donald's current voice actor, recorded only five new lines for the character in this attraction (such as the scene where Donald Duck hums to the tune of the song \\\"Be Our Guest\\\" from Disney's \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\"). The theater doors open. Mickey Mouse is performing with his PhilharMagic Orchestra at the Fantasyland Concert Hall. Inside, there are posters advertising the Concert Hall's past productions and performers, such as Hades from \\\"Hercules\\\", Ariel from \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", Genie from \\\"Aladdin\\\", Wheezy from \\\"Toy Story 2\\\", Willie the Whale\",\n \"title\": \"Mickey's PhilharMagic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19250978\",\n \"text\": \"his 2014 death, with critics considering the Genie to have been his most memorable performance. \\\"Aladdin\\\" composer Alan Menken lamented that Williams was a \\\"a brilliant, adorable, hilarious, compassionate, vulnerable manifestation of the human condition.\\\" The Genie first appears in \\\"Aladdin\\\", where he is released from a magical oil lamp by the titular character in the collapsed Cave of Wonders. After he explains that he can grant three wishes, Aladdin, knowing that Genie would only grant his wish to get out of the cave if he used one of his wishes, dupes him into freeing Aladdin and Abu from the\",\n \"title\": \"Genie (Disney)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10466809\",\n \"text\": \"Jordan Metcalfe Jordan Metcalfe (born 24 May 1986) is an English actor best known for his role as Adil the Genie in the children's comedy \\\"Genie in the House\\\", screened in the UK and the Netherlands on Nickelodeon, in Germany on Nick Germany, in France on Canal J and Spain on Antena 3 (.NEOX). He finished recording a second series of \\\"Genie in the House\\\" in September 2007, for broadcast from November 2008. Metcalfe has appeared as Jake in \\\"The Queen's Nose\\\" in 2003. He has played the roles of Chris Travis in \\\"Heartbeat\\\", Andy Murphy in \\\"Casualty\\\", and Kieran\",\n \"title\": \"Jordan Metcalfe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1441330\",\n \"text\": \"him, Aladdin finds himself trapped in the cave. Aladdin is still wearing a magic ring the sorcerer has lent him. When he rubs his hands in despair, he inadvertently rubs the ring and a jinnī (or \\\"genie\\\") appears who releases him from the cave so that he can return to his mother—still carrying the lamp. When his mother tries to clean the lamp, so they can sell it to buy food for their supper, a second far more powerful genie appears who is bound to do the bidding of the person holding the lamp. With the aid of the genie\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3672408\",\n \"text\": \"video, directed by Patterson and Candace Reckinger, was completed in January 1992 and appears on Patterson + Reckinger's Vimeo channel. The original animation was done by Chris Bailey, Tom Sito and Eric Goldberg, who at the time was the lead animator of the Genie character in Disney's \\\"Aladdin\\\" feature film. According to producer John Kafka, nobody was sure what to do with Skat after the videos were finished. Virgin Music and Universal Pictures talked of a live-action/animation hybrid feature film, but nothing ever materialized. MC Skat Kat also appeared in \\\"Yakety Yak, Take It Back\\\", an all-star public service music\",\n \"title\": \"MC Skat Kat\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5628075\",\n \"text\": \"2010 Drama Desk Award, Unique Theatrical Experience. He performed in Los Angeles at The Blank Theatre Company production of \\\"The Temperamentals\\\", running from April 9-May 22, 2011 at the 2nd Stage Theatre. He played the role of Genie in the production of \\\"Aladdin\\\" in St. Louis at the Muny from July 5–13, 2012. In 2011, Tartaglia was named a \\\"Givenik Ambassador\\\" from the Broadway / charity site Givenik. Tartaglia hosts a radio show on Sirius XM On Broadway called \\\"Sunday Funday with John Tartaglia\\\". In 2016, he created the series \\\"Splash and Bubbles\\\" for PBS Kids, where he voices Splash\",\n \"title\": \"John Tartaglia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"815140\",\n \"text\": \"the Cobbler\\\" being labeled a rip-off of \\\"Aladdin\\\". On July 15, 2015, the studio announced the development of a live-action comedy adventure prequel called \\\"Genies\\\". The film was being written by Mark Swift and Damian Shannon, while Tripp Vinson was on board to produce via his Vinson Films banner. It was intended to serve as a lead to the live-action \\\"Aladdin\\\" film. On November 8, Disney revealed it had originally planned to use Robin Williams' unused lines from the 1991–92 recording sessions for the film, but his will prohibited the studio from using his likeness for twenty-five years after his\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"815118\",\n \"text\": \"25% of space on advertising artwork, since Williams' film \\\"Toys\\\" was scheduled for release one month after \\\"Aladdin\\\"s debut. For financial reasons, the studio went back on the deal on both counts, especially in poster art by having the Genie in 25% of the image, but having other major and supporting characters portrayed considerably smaller. The Disney Hyperion book \\\"Aladdin: The Making of an Animated Film\\\" listed both of Williams' characters \\\"The Peddler\\\" and \\\"The Genie\\\" ahead of main characters, but was forced to refer to him only as \\\"the actor signed to play the Genie\\\". Disney, while not using\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13717036\",\n \"text\": \"L. Jackson reprise their roles as War Machine and Nick Fury, respectively. Cheadle and Jackson are the only actors from the film to return to voice their video game counterparts. Veteran voice actors Steven Blum and Phil LaMarr also lend their talent, with Steven Blum voicing the characters Mauler and Ghost, while Phil LaMarr provides additional dialogue for War Machine. Veteran animator Eric Goldberg voiced A.I.M. soldiers. John Eric Bentley also provided additional dialogue for Nick Fury. The game has received generally unfavorable reviews, with Metacritic scores of 44 and 45 out of 100 for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox\",\n \"title\": \"Iron Man 2 (video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"815119\",\n \"text\": \"Williams's name in commercials as per the contract, used his voice for the Genie in the commercials and used the Genie character to sell toys and fast food tie-ins, without having to pay Williams additional money; Williams unhappily quipped at the time: \\\"The only reason Mickey Mouse has three fingers is because he can't pick up a check.\\\" Disney attempted to assuage Williams by sending him a Pablo Picasso painting worth more than $1 million at the time, but this move failed to repair the damaged relationship, as the painting was a self-portrait of the artist as Vincent van Gogh\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19250980\",\n \"text\": \"he can legally court Princess Jasmine. Genie goes into hiding after leading a parade to the Agrabah palace. Genie is released again when Aladdin is shackled, gagged, and thrown off a cliff into the ocean by Jafar's guards. He rescues Aladdin as the second wish upon liberally interpreting Aladdin's nodding head. Later, Genie has a falling out with Aladdin when he starts to think he may have to break his promise to use the third wish, out of fear of what will happen should someone find out he is not royalty. Iago the parrot soon steals Genie's lamp and delivers\",\n \"title\": \"Genie (Disney)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1477160\",\n \"text\": \"by his designs, and Hirschfeld became an artistic consultant for the segment; the segment's director, Eric Goldberg, is a longtime fan of his work. Further evidence of Goldberg's admiration for Hirschfeld can be found in Goldberg's character design and animation of the genie in \\\"Aladdin\\\" (1992). He was the subject of the Oscar-nominated documentary film, \\\"\\\" (1996). In 1943, Hirschfeld married one of Europe's most famous actresses, Dolly Haas. They were married for more than 50 years, and had a daughter, Nina. Hirschfeld is known for hiding Nina's name, written in capital letters (\\\"NINA\\\"), in most of the drawings he\",\n \"title\": \"Al Hirschfeld\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17192548\",\n \"text\": \"Productions and Tim Rice officially announced that the show would open in the summer 2016 in the West End and that auditions would be held from August through September 2015. In October 2015, it was announced that the show would officially open on June 9, 2016, with previews beginning May 27, and that Trevor Dion Nicholas would be playing the Genie. The official opening was later delayed till June 15, 2016. In November 2015 full cast was announced. Dean John-Wilson would play the role of Aladdin alongside Jade Ewen as Jasmine. Don Gallagher would play Jafar, Peter Howe would join\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (2011 musical)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8166906\",\n \"text\": \"Val Bettin Valentine John \\\"Val\\\" Bettin (born August 1, 1923) is a retired American actor and voice actor, known for using an English accent in all of his roles. He is perhaps best known for voicing Dr. David Q. Dawson in the 1986 Disney animated film \\\"The Great Mouse Detective\\\" and the Sultan in \\\"The Return of Jafar\\\" and \\\"Aladdin and the King of Thieves\\\", the two direct-to-video sequels to Disney's \\\"Aladdin\\\" as well as the TV show, taking over for Douglas Seale. Bettin also hosted \\\"The Storyteller\\\", a children's show on Chicago television in the late 1950s. He was\",\n \"title\": \"Val Bettin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12893285\",\n \"text\": \"and starred as the genie, reprising the role originally played by Burl Ives. The film also took inspiration from the folk tale of Aladdin. The soundtrack album was composed by R. Govardhanam and the lyrics were written by Kannadasan. Kannadasan, who wanted to join the Indian National Congress was waiting for the acceptance from the then Congress President K. Kamaraj, which made him to write the lines \\\"Antha Sivagami maganidam seithi cholladi, ennai serum naal parka cholladi, veru yeverodum naan pesa vaarthai yethadi\\\" (Tell Sivagami's son to fix the date to enrol me), indirectly referring to Kamaraj (whose mother's name\",\n \"title\": \"Pattanathil Bhootham\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8362194\",\n \"text\": \"often changed to reflect current events in the news and popular culture. The musical replaced the venue's previous show, \\\"The Power of Blast\\\", which played from 2001 to 2002. Alan Menken composed and wrote lyrics for a new song for this production, called \\\"To Be Free\\\". Buena Vista Records released an official soundtrack to the production in 2003. This is an original cast recording, and includes almost every piece of music used in the show. The main cast on the recording is Miles Wesley (Aladdin), Deedee Magno (Jasmine), Nick Santa Maria (Genie), Lance Roberts (Jafar) and Jamila Ajibade (Narrator). Orchestrations\",\n \"title\": \"Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13470905\",\n \"text\": \"Kung Fu Panda 2 Kung Fu Panda 2 is a 2011 American computer-animated comedy-drama martial arts film produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Paramount Pictures. The sequel to 2008's \\\"Kung Fu Panda\\\", it is the second installment in the \\\"Kung Fu Panda\\\" franchise, and was directed by Jennifer Yuh Nelson in her directorial debut. The film stars Jack Black, Angelina Jolie, Dustin Hoffman, Seth Rogen, Lucy Liu, David Cross, James Hong, and Jackie Chan reprising their character roles from the first film, with Gary Oldman, Michelle Yeoh, Danny McBride, Dennis Haysbert, Jean-Claude Van Damme and Victor Garber voicing new\",\n \"title\": \"Kung Fu Panda 2\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18178125\",\n \"text\": \"including one for \\\"Doctor Strange,\\\" to limit the amount of travel Lee had to do. Additional filming for \\\"Vol. 2\\\" took place in Cartersville, Georgia, a state park north of Portland, Oregon, and in St. Charles, Missouri. The Georgia International Convention Center served as additional soundstage space after pre-production on \\\"\\\" (2017) began at several Pinewood Atlanta soundstages. Principal photography wrapped on June 16, 2016. At San Diego Comic-Con 2016, Russell and Debicki were revealed to be playing Ego, Quill's father, and Ayesha, respectively. Sylvester Stallone was also revealed to be in the film, with his role later revealed as\",\n \"title\": \"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17785465\",\n \"text\": \"However, this time, with Iago on Aladdin's side, Abis Mal becomes Jafar's new henchman. Now, Aladdin and co. must find a way to thwart Jafar, with his limitless genie power. In 1996, the second sequel to \\\"Aladdin\\\", \\\"Aladdin and the King of Thieves\\\" was released on video. The story concludes as Aladdin and Jasmine are about to have their wedding and Aladdin discovers that his father is still alive, but is the king of all thieves in Agrabah. In 2005, screenwriter Robert Reece, who co-wrote \\\"\\\" and \\\"\\\", pitched a fourth \\\"Aladdin\\\" feature to DisneyToon Studios execs, although it never\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (franchise)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"815143\",\n \"text\": \"songs for the film with Academy Award winners Pasek and Paul (\\\"La La Land\\\") while Vanessa Taylor (\\\"Game of Thrones\\\", \\\"The Shape of Water\\\") would re-write the script. In August 2017, Marwan Kenzari, Nasim Pedrad, and Numan Acar joined the cast as Jafar, Dalia, and Hakim, respectively. The following month, Billy Magnussen and Navid Negahban were cast as Prince Anders and the Sultan, respectively. Filming began on September 6, 2017 at Longcross Studios and concluded on January 24, 2018. The film is scheduled for release on May 24, 2019. Aladdin (1992 Disney film) Aladdin is a 1992 American animated musical\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8521460\",\n \"text\": \"by Allen Maldonado, Choice Skinner (as James Choice Skinner), Adesegun Shofu Produced by Darkan & Luji \\\"The Genie\\\" Performed by Poc Dawone Additional Vocals by Mahogany & Shawn Walker Vocal Production by Darkan, Poc Dawone & Luji \\\"The Genie\\\" Engineered and Mixed by Darkan & Luji \\\"The Genie\\\" Courtesy of Da Truth Records. 27. \\\"Friggin' In The Riggin'\\\" Performed by Salty Dick Arranged by Jerry Bryant (BMI) Published by Old Fashioned Music (BMI) Courtesy of NOMA Music. 28. \\\"You're Gay\\\" Performed by Denise Nolin Words and Music by Bill Solly (ASCAP) Courtesy of Bill Solly Music (ASCAP) Courtesy of NOMA\",\n \"title\": \"National Lampoon's Dorm Daze 2\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19250988\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Aladdin and the King of Thieves\\\", the Genie appears to be just as powerful as he was in the first film, as he has no problem with anything he tries, something that implies that his reduction of power was merely temporary. The Genie cameos in the \\\"\\\" crossover episode \\\"Hercules and the Arabian Night\\\", in which he punches Pain and Panic back to the Underworld when they are tricked into looking into the lamp by Aladdin. The Genie also is a guest in \\\"Disney's House of Mouse\\\", and acts as host in the video game \\\"\\\". The Genie appears in\",\n \"title\": \"Genie (Disney)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17570087\",\n \"text\": \"called \\\"Dinosaur\\\". There, he also helped design Genie from \\\"Aladdin\\\" to be put as an attraction in Disneyland Tokyo. He also worked for DreamWorks where he was an animator for and worked in Warner Brothers Studio to animate \\\"Scooby-Doo\\\". The same years he worked a Sony Pictures Entertainment where he worked on such sequels as Men in Black 2 and Stuart Little 2. Later on he got employed to work in EA Games where he was a lead animator in the \\\"Medal of Honor\\\" series. In 2006, he left EA and moved to the Blue Ridge Mountains outside of Asheville,\",\n \"title\": \"Christopher Oakley (animator)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19417303\",\n \"text\": \"Chennai 600028 II Chennai 600028 II: Second Innings is a 2016 Indian Tamil-language sports comedy film co-produced, written and directed by Venkat Prabhu, who also produces the film along with S. P. B. Charan under Black Ticket Company and Capital Film Works. The film, which is a sequel to \\\"Chennai 600028\\\" (2007), features several cast members from the earlier film including Jai, Shiva, Premji, Aravind Akash and Nithin Sathya. The film's score and soundtrack is composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja. The film was released on 9 December 2016 to positive reviews and performed well at the box office. The film\",\n \"title\": \"Chennai 600028 II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"815115\",\n \"text\": \"the antagonists darker ones such as red and black, and Agrabah and its palace use the neutral color yellow. Computer animation was used for some elements of the film, such as the tiger entrance of the Cave of Wonders and the scene where Aladdin tries to escape the collapsing cave. Musker and Clements created the Genie with Robin Williams in mind; even though Katzenberg suggested actors such as John Candy, Steve Martin, and Eddie Murphy, Williams was approached and eventually accepted the role. Williams came for voice recording sessions during breaks in the shooting of two other films he was\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3172412\",\n \"text\": \"Scott Weinger Scott Weinger (born October 5, 1975) is an American actor, voice actor, writer and producer, best known as the voice of the title character in Disney's \\\"Aladdin\\\". Weinger reprised the role in the two direct-to-video sequels, the television series of the same name, and the \\\"Kingdom Hearts\\\" and \\\"Disney Infinity\\\" video game series. He is also known for playing Steve Hale on the ABC sitcom \\\"Full House\\\" and its Netflix sequel \\\"Fuller House\\\". He is also a writer and producer for television, including for ABC's \\\"Galavant\\\" and \\\"Black-ish\\\". He was a co-executive producer of ABC's \\\"The Muppets\\\". Weinger\",\n \"title\": \"Scott Weinger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2049286\",\n \"text\": \"in which the two feuded on the set of \\\"MADtv\\\" and in World Championship Wrestling; this culminated in a grudge match on \\\"WCW Monday Nitro\\\", where Hart decisively defeated Sasso. Hart donned his \\\"Hit Man\\\" singlet, along with additional costume, and executed wrestling maneuvers on villain characters, as part of his performance as the Genie in a 2004 stage production of \\\"Aladdin\\\". He reprised the role in 2006. Hart was the subject of the 1998 documentary, \\\"\\\", which chronicled many of the events in Hart's personal and professional life from September 1996 to November 1997, including the Montreal Screwjob and\",\n \"title\": \"Bret Hart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20322850\",\n \"text\": \"Thomas Doherty (actor) Thomas Doherty (born 21 April 1995) is a Scottish actor, best known for his roles as Harry Hook in Disney Channel's \\\"Descendants 2\\\" and as Sean in the British musical comedy-drama, \\\"The Lodge\\\". Doherty was born and raised in Edinburgh, Scotland. He has an older brother and younger sister, and his parents were both in the banking business. Doherty began acting at the age of 5 and also played football. Doherty joined Lothian Youth Arts and Musicals Company and played a variety of roles, including his debut as Disney's Aladdin. Doherty attended Royal High School in Edinburgh.\",\n \"title\": \"Thomas Doherty (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13258718\",\n \"text\": \"Tony Maudsley Tony Maudsley (born 30 January 1968) is an English actor, best known for playing Kenneth DuBeke in the ITV comedy series \\\"Benidorm\\\". He also played Graham in \\\" The Job Lot\\\". Maudsley made his panto debut in 2016 as Dame Trott in Jack and the Beanstalk, at the Theatre Royal, Nottingham. He returned to pantomime the year after, playing a completely different part - the Genie of the Lamp, in Aladdin, at the Swansea Grand Theatre. His career started when he landed a role in the film, \\\"A Life for a Life\\\", in 1998 where he played the\",\n \"title\": \"Tony Maudsley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17192564\",\n \"text\": \"is top grade. It will become a classic.\\\" \\\"The Globe and Mail\\\" reviewer gave the show 2.5 stars out of 4, however, saying that it was \\\"strictly for the kiddies\\\". The \\\"Toronto Star\\\" gave the musical the same rating, and said \\\"You’re likely to hear the sound of deafening applause [during the] show-stopping staging of 'A Friend Like Me' and James Monroe Iglehart’s blessedly bravura performance as the Genie. It’s the kind of exhilarating moment we go to the theatre for. But ... nothing before or after it in Aladdin lives up to those six sublime minutes.\\\" \\\"The Vancouver Sun\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (2011 musical)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17326211\",\n \"text\": \"actors John and Euphemia \\\"Effie\\\" (née Murray) Ellsler. She first appeared on stage at the age of three in Cleveland, Ohio at the Academy of Music; by then under the management of her father. Ellsler's first role was the Genie of the Ring in a production called, \\\"Aladdin; or, The Wonderful Lamp \\\". At age four she was cast as Little Eva in an adaptation of Harriet Beecher Stowe's \\\"Uncle Tom's Cabin\\\". As a young girl Ellsler would often be asked to play juvenile roles with her father’s stock company while attending school at the local Ursuline Convent and, with\",\n \"title\": \"Effie Ellsler\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16659559\",\n \"text\": \"Avengers: Age of Ultron Avengers: Age of Ultron is a 2015 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to 2012's \\\"The Avengers\\\" and the eleventh film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film was written and directed by Joss Whedon and features an ensemble cast that includes Robert Downey Jr., Chris Hemsworth, Mark Ruffalo, Chris Evans, Scarlett Johansson, Jeremy Renner, Don Cheadle, Aaron Taylor-Johnson, Elizabeth Olsen, Paul Bettany, Cobie Smulders, Anthony Mackie, Hayley Atwell, Idris Elba, Stellan Skarsgård,\",\n \"title\": \"Avengers: Age of Ultron\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1631946\",\n \"text\": \"Paul Bettany Paul Bettany (born 27 May 1971) is an English actor. He is known for his voice role as J.A.R.V.I.S. and as the Vision in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, specifically the films \\\"Iron Man\\\" (2008), \\\"Iron Man 2\\\" (2010), \\\"The Avengers\\\" (2012), \\\"Iron Man 3\\\" (2013), \\\"\\\" (2015), \\\"\\\" (2016), \\\"\\\" (2018), and \\\"\\\" (2019). He first came to the attention of mainstream audiences when he appeared in the British film \\\"Gangster No. 1\\\" (2000), and director Brian Helgeland's film \\\"A Knight's Tale\\\" (2001). He has gone on to appear in a wide variety of films, including \\\"A Beautiful\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Bettany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13275146\",\n \"text\": \"playing Danny – the child of a crazed gun-wielding father and took part in an episode of the medical drama series \\\"Casualty\\\" playing Christy Skinner, a patient with incurable hiccups. Jafargholi has also toured on stage as a young Michael Jackson in \\\"Thriller – Live\\\". Minor work includes UK touring productions of \\\"Macbeth\\\" (character – Son of Macduff), \\\"The King and I\\\" and \\\"Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat\\\" (choir). He has also performed as the genie of the lamp in Aladdin. He appeared, un-credited, in \\\"Mine All Mine\\\", \\\"A Way of Life\\\" and a short film called \\\"Day at\",\n \"title\": \"Shaheen Jafargholi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10466811\",\n \"text\": \"the Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith in 2004. He has also worked in theatre playing the roles of the Artful Dodger in \\\"Oliver Twist\\\", Nibs in \\\"Peter Pan\\\", Jack in \\\"The Dreaming\\\", and Young Katurian in \\\"The Pillowman\\\". Metcalfe lives in Highbury, London. in 2014 Metcalfe toured in the production The Hyperchondriac alongside Sir Tony Robinson and Imogen Stubbs Jordan Metcalfe Jordan Metcalfe (born 24 May 1986) is an English actor best known for his role as Adil the Genie in the children's comedy \\\"Genie in the House\\\", screened in the UK and the Netherlands on Nickelodeon, in Germany on Nick Germany,\",\n \"title\": \"Jordan Metcalfe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17192550\",\n \"text\": \"engagement, the production will transfer to Brisbane and Perth. Australian native, Ainsley Melham, played the role of Aladdin, American actress, Arielle Jacobs, played the role of Princess Jasmine, and American actor, Michael James Scott, played the role of Genie in the original Australian production. The Sydney and Melbourne production also performed an autism-friendly adaptation of the show which had the \\\"removal of strobe lighting and pyrotechnics, reduction of any jarring sounds and house lights being dimmed (instead of off)\\\" in order to provide a more supportive environment for autistic patrons. Disney Theatrical launched a North American tour at Chicago's Palace\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (2011 musical)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5705669\",\n \"text\": \"to his flute. He finished last in a field of 19 participating countries. During his career, Loiri has sold over 730,000 certified records in Finland and is currently the fifth-best-selling soloist and ninth-best-selling artist of all time in the country. He was the voice of the Genie in the Finnish dub of Disney's Aladdin, even performing the musical number \\\"Friend Like Me\\\". Loiri appeared in the premiere of Aulis Sallinen's opera \\\"Kullervo\\\" in Los Angeles in 1992, creating the role of the blind singer. Loiri has also had a lifelong interest in sports. He held the office of Chairman of\",\n \"title\": \"Vesa-Matti Loiri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2805274\",\n \"text\": \"Shrek 2 Shrek 2 is a 2004 American computer-animated, comedy film directed by Andrew Adamson, Kelly Asbury and Conrad Vernon. It is the sequel to 2001's \\\"Shrek\\\" and the second installment in the \\\"Shrek\\\" film franchise. The film stars Mike Myers, Eddie Murphy and Cameron Diaz, who reprise their respective voice roles of Shrek, Donkey, and Fiona. They are joined by new characters voiced by Antonio Banderas, Julie Andrews, John Cleese, Rupert Everett, and Jennifer Saunders. \\\"Shrek 2\\\" takes place following the events of the first film, with Shrek and Donkey meeting Fiona's parents as her zealous Fairy Godmother, who\",\n \"title\": \"Shrek 2\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13189893\",\n \"text\": \"Iron Man 2 Iron Man 2 is a 2010 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Iron Man, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures. It is the sequel to 2008's \\\"Iron Man\\\", and is the third film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Directed by Jon Favreau and written by Justin Theroux, the film stars Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man, alongside Gwyneth Paltrow, Don Cheadle, Scarlett Johansson, Sam Rockwell, Mickey Rourke, and Samuel L. Jackson. Six months after the events of \\\"Iron Man\\\", Tony Stark is resisting calls by the United\",\n \"title\": \"Iron Man 2\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1342076\",\n \"text\": \"his last stage performances was as Malvolio in \\\"Twelfth Night\\\" at the Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park (1990), where he demonstrated the fine line between pathos and comedy to perfection. He also played the genie in the lamp in \\\"Aladdin\\\" at the Theatre Royal, Newcastle, in the 1990s. He also played the genie on the \\\"Sooty Show\\\". He also voiced Gorilla on \\\"The Giddy Game Show\\\". He played Mephistopheles, alongside James Warwick in the title role of an Oxford Stage Company regional touring production of \\\"Doctor Faustus\\\" in 1987. He was a member of the oldest theatrical fraternity in the\",\n \"title\": \"Bernard Bresslaw\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9317296\",\n \"text\": \"Wonders, where he meets a sentient magic carpet and is commanded to only get a magic lamp. He gets it, but Abu's grabbing of a giant gem causes the cave to collapse. Aladdin, Abu, and the carpet are left in the cave. Abu delivers the lamp to Aladdin, and when he rubs it, a giant blue Genie appears, telling Aladdin he will fulfill three wishes. After leaving the collapsed cave with the Genie's help, he decides to become a prince in order to win Jasmine's heart. In the first direct-to-video sequel, \\\"The Return of Jafar\\\" (1994), Jasmine begins to question\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (Disney character)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19250741\",\n \"text\": \"Drago, son of Ivan Drago, the powerful athlete who killed Adonis' father Apollo Creed. A \\\"Creed\\\" sequel was confirmed in January 2016, although due to both Coogler and Jordan's involvement in \\\"Black Panther\\\", the film was delayed, with Coogler ultimately being replaced by Caple. Stallone completed the script in July 2017 and announced Lundgren would be reprising his role as Drago, and filming began in Philadelphia in March 2018, lasting through July. \\\"Creed II\\\" was released in the United States by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures on November 21, 2018. The film has grossed over $133 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews\",\n \"title\": \"Creed II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18178092\",\n \"text\": \"destroy the Guardians, naming him Adam; and a group of uninterested Watchers abandon their informant, who is discussing his experiences on Earth. Additionally, reprising their roles from the first film are Laura Haddock as Meredith Quill, Gregg Henry as her father, Seth Green as the voice of Howard the Duck, and canine actor Fred as Cosmo. Members of Yondu's Ravager crew appearing in the film include Evan Jones as Retch, Jimmy Urine as Half-Nut, Stephen Blackehart as Brahl, Steve Agee as Gef, Mike Escamilla as Scrote, Joe Fria as Oblo, Terence Rosemore as Narblik, and Tommy Flanagan as Tullk, as\",\n \"title\": \"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16651286\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"poor subtitle translation not only spoiled the fun of watching it, but also made it difficult to understand its humor.\\\" \\\"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2\\\" was released on May 5, 2017, again written and directed by James Gunn. Pratt, Saldana, Bautista, Diesel, Cooper, Rooker, Gillan, and Sean Gunn all reprise their roles in the film, and are joined by Pom Klementieff as Mantis, Elizabeth Debicki as Ayesha, Chris Sullivan as Taserface, and Kurt Russell as Quill's father Ego. In April 2017, Gunn announced he would return to write and direct \\\"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3\\\". However, in July\",\n \"title\": \"Guardians of the Galaxy (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"815097\",\n \"text\": \"and Douglas Seale. The film follows Aladdin, an Arabian street urchin, who finds a magic lamp containing a genie. In order to hide the lamp from the Grand vizier, he disguises himself as a wealthy prince, and tries to impress the Sultan and his daughter. Lyricist Howard Ashman first pitched the idea, and the screenplay went through three drafts before then-Walt Disney Studios president Jeffrey Katzenberg agreed to its production. The animators based their designs on the work of caricaturist Al Hirschfeld, and computers were used for finishing the artwork and creating some animated elements. The musical score was written\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18714641\",\n \"text\": \"scattershot rehash of a script.\\\" On Metacritic, the film has a score of 34 out of 100 based on 42 critics, indicating \\\"generally unfavorable reviews\\\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \\\"C+\\\" on an A+ to F scale, the same grade earned by its predecessor. Zoolander 2 Zoolander 2 is a 2016 American action-comedy film directed by Ben Stiller and written by John Hamburg, Justin Theroux, Stiller and Nicholas Stoller. It is the sequel to the 2001 film \\\"Zoolander\\\" and stars Stiller, Owen Wilson, Will Ferrell, Penélope Cruz and Kristen Wiig. Filming took place from\",\n \"title\": \"Zoolander 2\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2295431\",\n \"text\": \"album has sold an estimated 1.5 million copies worldwide. The album also reached number 37 on the ARIA charts in Australia, her highest peak in the country to date. The album's second single, \\\"Crush\\\", was released on August 28, 2001; it peaked at number 35 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Pop Songs chart, and it climbed to number 25 on the ARIA Charts. Moore made her feature film debut in 2001, where she voiced a Girl Bear Cub in the comedy \\\"Dr. Dolittle 2,\\\" which starred Eddie Murphy. Later that year, Moore co-starred with Anne Hathaway in the comedy \\\"The Princess Diaries,\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Mandy Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"815126\",\n \"text\": \"a sample of 69 reviews, with an average rating of 8.1/10. The site's consensus reads, \\\"A highly entertaining entry in Disney's renaissance era, \\\"Aladdin\\\" is beautifully drawn, with near-classic songs and a cast of scene-stealing characters.\\\" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 86 out of 100 based on 25 critics, indicating \\\"universal acclaim\\\". Most critics' praise went to Robin Williams' performance as Genie, with Janet Maslin of \\\"The New York Times\\\" declaring that children \\\"needn't know precisely what Mr. Williams is evoking to understand how funny he is.\\\" Warner Bros. Cartoons director Chuck Jones even called\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5100323\",\n \"text\": \"James D'Arcy James D'Arcy (born Simon Richard D'Arcy; 24 August 1975) is an English actor. He is best known for his portrayals of Howard Stark's butler, Edwin Jarvis, in the Marvel Entertainment and ABC series, \\\"Agent Carter\\\", and murder suspect Lee Ashworth in the second series of the ITV series \\\"Broadchurch\\\". D'Arcy also co-starred as Colonel Winnant in Christopher Nolan's action-thriller \\\"Dunkirk\\\" (2017). D'Arcy was born on 24 August 1975 in Amersham, Buckinghamshire, and was raised in Fulham, London with his younger sister, Charlotte, by their mother, Caroline, a nurse. His father died when he was young. He has family\",\n \"title\": \"James D'Arcy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8166908\",\n \"text\": \"wife died in 2007 at age 82. Val Bettin Valentine John \\\"Val\\\" Bettin (born August 1, 1923) is a retired American actor and voice actor, known for using an English accent in all of his roles. He is perhaps best known for voicing Dr. David Q. Dawson in the 1986 Disney animated film \\\"The Great Mouse Detective\\\" and the Sultan in \\\"The Return of Jafar\\\" and \\\"Aladdin and the King of Thieves\\\", the two direct-to-video sequels to Disney's \\\"Aladdin\\\" as well as the TV show, taking over for Douglas Seale. Bettin also hosted \\\"The Storyteller\\\", a children's show on Chicago\",\n \"title\": \"Val Bettin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2182758\",\n \"text\": \"Lee Ermey, John Morris and Laurie Metcalf all reprise their character roles from the original film. They are joined by Joan Cusack, Jodi Benson, Kelsey Grammer, Estelle Harris and Wayne Knight who voice some of the new characters introduced. Disney initially envisioned \\\"Toy Story 2\\\" as a direct-to-video sequel. The film began production in a building separated from Pixar, on a small scale, as most of the main Pixar staff were busy working on \\\"A Bug's Life\\\" (1998). When story reels proved promising, Disney upgraded the film to theatrical release, but Pixar was unhappy with the film's quality. Lasseter and\",\n \"title\": \"Toy Story 2\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16142451\",\n \"text\": \"Quinn in Update 2 and Poison Ivy in Update 3). Each of these updates also added more skins and achievements, and raised the level cap. The voice cast includes: Kevin Conroy (Batman), Mark Hamill (The Joker), Tara Strong (Harley Quinn), Fred Tatasciore (Solomon Grundy, Mr. Hammer), Troy Baker (Two-Face, Robin), Corey Burton (Hugo Strange), Larry Grimm (Deathstroke), Amy Carle (Poison Ivy) instead of Tasia Valenza. Eurogamer called it addictive. Gamezebo summarized it \\\"too easy, too short, and completely devoid of a story – but \\\"Batman Arkham City Lockdown\\\" is also a fast-paced, finger-swiping good time that looks stunning, keeps you\",\n \"title\": \"Batman: Arkham City Lockdown\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20298503\",\n \"text\": \"is a memorial for Adam West, who portrayed Batman. It also stated \\\"Rest Well, Bright Knight\\\". In a scene exclusive to the Blu-Ray edition, Dr. Quinzel busts Joker out of prison dressed as her new persona of Harley Quinn. A sequel to \\\"\\\", entitled \\\"Batman vs. Two-Face\\\", was planned to be released in 2017 with William Shatner voicing Two-Face as the main antagonist. On June 9, 2017, Batman's voice actor Adam West died from leukemia. Despite this, according to Bleeding Cool, West and Shatner recorded their lines separately with West finishing his lines by October 2016. Burt Ward and Julie\",\n \"title\": \"Batman vs. Two-Face\"\n }\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":79076,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":79076,"string":"79,076"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["1972"],"string":"[\n \"1972\"\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"why did friars shave the top of their heads"},"compressed_prompt":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Question:\\nPlease write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Tonsure context: Tonsure Tonsure () is the practice of cutting or shaving some or all of the hair on the scalp, as a sign of religious devotion or humility. The term originates from the Latin word \\\"\\\" (meaning \\\"clipping\\\" or \\\"shearing\\\") and referred to a specific practice in medieval Catholicism, abandoned by papal order in 1972. Tonsure can also refer to the secular practice of shaving all or part of the scalp to show support or sympathy, or to designate mourning. Current usage more generally refers to cutting or shaving for monks, devotees, or mystics of any religion as a symbol of\\n\\nwhy did friars shave the top of their heads\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 184,\n \"origin_tokens\": 184,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1298723","text":"Tonsure Tonsure () is the practice of cutting or shaving some or all of the hair on the scalp, as a sign of religious devotion or humility. The term originates from the Latin word \"\" (meaning \"clipping\" or \"shearing\") and referred to a specific practice in medieval Catholicism, abandoned by papal order in 1972. Tonsure can also refer to the secular practice of shaving all or part of the scalp to show support or sympathy, or to designate mourning. Current usage more generally refers to cutting or shaving for monks, devotees, or mystics of any religion as a symbol of","title":"Tonsure"},{"id":"1298742","text":"of Pippin of Landen, and Dagobert II's guardian, seized the throne for his own son and had Dagobert tonsured, thus marking him unfit for kingship, and exiled. The practice of tonsure, coupled with castration, was common for deposed emperors and their sons in Byzantium from around the 8th century, prior to which disfigurement, usually by blinding, was the normal practice. Tonsure Tonsure () is the practice of cutting or shaving some or all of the hair on the scalp, as a sign of religious devotion or humility. The term originates from the Latin word \"\" (meaning \"clipping\" or \"shearing\") and","title":"Tonsure"},{"id":"1298730","text":"in the teaching and preaching of the Lord, his head was shaved by those who did not believe his word, as if in mockery. The Teacher Christ blessed this head, changed dishonor into honor, ridicule into praise. He placed on it a crown made not out of precious stones, but one which shines more than gold, topaz, or precious stone – with the stone and rock of faith. In the Eastern Orthodox Church today, priests, deacons, readers, and other tonsured offices do not have their heads shaved. Rather, four locks of hair are clipped from the top of the head","title":"Tonsure"},{"id":"738542","text":"minorites or greyfriars because of their habit. In Poland and Lithuania they are known as Bernardines, after Bernardino of Siena, although the term elsewhere refers to Cistercians instead. The name of original order, (Friars Minor, literally 'Order of Lesser Brothers') stems from Francis of Assisi's rejection of extravagance. Francis was the son of a wealthy cloth merchant, but gave up his wealth to pursue his faith more fully. He had cut all ties that remained with his family, and pursued a life living in solidarity with his fellow brothers in Christ. Francis adopted the simple tunic worn by peasants as","title":"Franciscans"},{"id":"1298727","text":"child. This ritual is regionally found in India among male mourners, who shave their heads as a sign of bereavement. Until a few decades ago, many Hindu communities, especially the upper castes, forced widows to undergo the ritual of tonsure and shun good clothes and ornaments, in order to make them unattractive to men. According to Jamanadas, tonsure was originally a Buddhist custom and was adopted by Hinduism. However, Pandey and others trace the practice to Sanskrit texts dated to have been composed before the birth of Buddha, which mention tonsure as a rite of passage. In Buddhism, tonsure is","title":"Tonsure"},{"id":"976695","text":"form the Federation of Our Lady of the Angels. The Capuchins are unique for a Catholic religious order in that the growing of natural, untrimmed beards by members features as part of its first Constitution, which states as the reason, the beard is \"manly, austere, natural, an imitation of Christ and the saints of our Order, and despised.\" This makes the Capuchin friars stand out in particular from the secular clergy of the Latin Church who follow the Roman practice of being clean shaven. In more recent times, since the Second Vatican Council, the beard has no longer been mandatory","title":"Order of Friars Minor Capuchin"},{"id":"8191092","text":"is little record of them prior to 1100. It is not known when the \"Fratres Cruciferi\" came to Italy, but they were certainly there in the 12th century, for in 1169 Pope Alexander III gave them constitutions and a rule of life similar to that of Augustinian canons. Their habit was originally brown or black, but later on Pope Pius II prescribed for them a blue habit and substituted a small silver cross for the larger wooden one they had hitherto been accustomed to carry in their hands. It was from this custom that they obtained their name. They also","title":"Crutched Friars"},{"id":"628141","text":"also plays an important role since both women and men when deciding to dedicate their life to fait should change their haircut: Catholic nuns often cut their hair very short, and men who joined Catholic monastic orders in the eighth century adopted what was known as the tonsure, which involved shaving the tops of their heads and leaving a ring of hair around the bald crown. Many Buddhists, Hajj pilgrims and Vaisnavas, especially members of the Hare Krishna movement who are \"brahmacharis\" or \"sannyasis\", shave their heads. Some Hindu and most Buddhist monks and nuns shave their heads upon entering","title":"Hairstyle"},{"id":"265308","text":"viewed as a symbol of foreign arrogance by the Chinese (see Cao'an.) Even those that were allowed to remain open did not for long. The Manichaean temples were attacked by Chinese people who burned the images and idols of these temples. Manichaean priests were ordered to wear hanfu instead of their traditional clothing, which was viewed as un-Chinese. In 843, Emperor Wuzong of Tang gave the order to kill all Manichaean clerics as part of his Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution, and over half died. They were made to look like Buddhists by the authorities, their heads were shaved, they were made","title":"Manichaeism"},{"id":"18188760","text":"which exended into the altar (which was hollow). The image was said to be effective in the cure of headaches. To quote Dr London (via the Victoria County History) Thither resorted such as had headache or had any 'slottich widow locks, viz., hair grown together in a tuft:\" They put a peck of oats into the trough, and when they were once slid under the altar the friars stole them out from behind, and the sick must pay a penny for a pint of these Maiden Cutbroghe oats, and ' then their heads should ache no more till the next","title":"Thelsford Priory"},{"id":"3669969","text":"surgical patients and offered consulting, but otherwise often chose academia, working in universities, or chose residence in castles where they treated the wealthy. Due to religious and sanitary monastic regulations, monks had to maintain their tonsure (the traditional baldness on the top of the head of Catholic monks). This created a market for barbers, because each monastery had to train or hire a barber. They would perform bloodletting and other minor surgeries like pulling teeth or creating ointments. The first barber surgeons to be recognized as such worked in monasteries around 1000 A.D. Because physicians performed surgery so rarely, the","title":"Barber surgeon"},{"id":"12531445","text":"out. The violence includes several citizens burned alive in their homes, the hanging of women from branches, with their children then hanged from their feet, and another instance of hanging virgins simply for their beauty. While de Landa does not go into details of what the Mayans did to the Spaniards, he certainly graphically explains the Spanish retribution: \"the Spaniards pacified them… [by] cutting off noses, arms and legs, and the breasts of women; throwing them into deep lagoons with gourds tied to their feet; stabbing the little children because they did not walk as fast as their mothers.\" An","title":"Franciscan missions to the Maya"},{"id":"10688036","text":"New York Friars Club The Friars Club is a private club in New York City, founded in 1904 that hosts risqué celebrity roasts. The club's membership is composed mostly of comedians and other celebrities. It is located at 57 East 55th Street, between Park Avenue and Madison Avenue, in a building known as the Monastery. The organization traces its roots to 1904, when representatives of the Broadway theatres working with New York publicists organized the Press Agents' Association to exchange lists of people who were fraudulently receiving complimentary passes to shows. The group regularly met at Browne's Chop House. Shortly","title":"New York Friars Club"},{"id":"1298729","text":"shave the corners of their beards or scalps with straight blades, as described in Leviticus 19:27. Tonsure was not widely known in antiquity. Tradition states that it originated with the disciples of Jesus, who observed the Torah command not to shave the hair around the sides of one's head (Leviticus 19:27). There were three forms of tonsure known in the 7th and 8th centuries: St. Germanus I, Patriarch of Constantinople from 715 to 730, writes \"The double crown inscribed on the head of the priest through tonsure represents the precious head of the chief-apostle Peter. When he was sent out","title":"Tonsure"},{"id":"1407627","text":"noblemen and knights were bearded, the Catholic clergy were generally required to be clean-shaven. This was understood as a symbol of their celibacy. In pre-Islamic Arabia men would apparently keep mustaches but shave the hair on their chins. The prophet Muhammad encouraged his followers to do the opposite, long chin hair but trimmed mustaches, to signify their break with the old religion. This style of beard subsequently spread along with Islam during the Muslim expansion in the Middle Ages. Most Chinese emperors of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) appear with beards or mustaches in portraits. In the 15th century, most European","title":"Beard"},{"id":"19549588","text":"Franciscan movement. Francis began preaching around 1207 and traveled to Rome to seek approval of his order from Pope Innocent III in 1209. The original Rule of Saint Francis approved by the pope disallowed ownership of property, requiring members of the order to beg for food while preaching. The austerity was meant to emulate the life and ministry of Jesus Christ. Franciscans traveled and preached in the streets, while boarding in church properties. The extreme poverty required of members was relaxed in final revision of the Rule in 1223. The degree of observance required of members remained a major source","title":"Order of Friars Minor"},{"id":"16550313","text":"they remain today – however, there is a lack of evidence supporting this. In 1523, John III formed a chapter of the Order giving Fra António (also known as Antonius of Lisbon) a Spanish-born Jerome friar, the authority and responsibility to reform the Order. The new statutes were approved in 1529 by the Friars. The Grand Prior was removed from office and all the priests and religious of the Order were required to resume convent life at Tomar, and to wear the habit and cross of the Order. Several religious friars were persuaded to abandon the Order and others were","title":"History of the Order of Christ"},{"id":"10642321","text":"Bell of Huesca The Bell of Huesca is a legend describing how Ramiro II of Aragon, the Monk, cut off the heads of twelve nobles who did not obey him. The legend is told in the 13th-century anonymous Aragonese work the \"Cantar de la campana de Huesca\". After Alfonso I of Aragon died in 1134 leaving no descendants, his brother Ramiro, bishop of \"Roda de Isábena\", inherited the Kingdom of Aragón, one of the states of the Iberian Peninsula. At that time the kingdom had serious domestic and foreign problems. The \"Chronicle of San Juan de la Peña\" from the","title":"Bell of Huesca"},{"id":"738593","text":"Bassi, Matteo da Bascio), an Observant friar, who felt himself called to an even stricter observance of Franciscan austerity to be closer to the original intentions of St. Francis. Thanks to the support of the Papal Court the new branch received early recognition and grew fast, first in Italy and after 1574 all over Europe and throughout the world. After many tribulations, the Capuchins became a separate order in 1619. The name Capuchins refers to the particular shape of the long hood or ; originally a popular nickname, it has become a part of the official name of the Order,","title":"Franciscans"},{"id":"738551","text":"he revised and had approved in 1223. After about 1223, the day-to-day running of the Order was in the hands of Brother Elias of Cortona, an able friar who would be elected as leader of the friars a few years after Francis's death (1226) but who aroused much opposition because of his autocratic leadership style. He planned and built the Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi in which Saint Francis is buried, a building which includes the friary Sacro Convento, still today the spiritual centre of the Order. In the external successes of the brothers, as they were reported at the","title":"Franciscans"},{"id":"12892288","text":"Onychotillomania Onychotillomania is a compulsive neurosis in which a person picks constantly at the nails or tries to tear them off. It is not the same as onychophagia, where the nails are bitten or chewed or dermatillomania, where skin is bitten or scratched. It is commonly associated with psychiatric disorders such as depressive neurosis, delusions of infestation and hypochondriasis. It was named by Professor Jan Alkiewicz, a Polish dermatologist. The constant destruction of the nail bed leads to onychodystrophy, paronychia and darkening of the nail. Some cases have been treated successfully with antipsychotics. One cheap solution suggested by researchers is","title":"Onychotillomania"},{"id":"10688041","text":"\"A Serious Man\". Frederick F. Schrader is credited with suggesting \"Friars\" as the organization's name. Following the theme, their monthly newsletter is the \"Epistle\". Officers of the Club (as distinct from the Friars Foundation) are given monastic titles: Larry King is the current dean, Freddie Roman is the Dean Emeritus. Jerry Lewis was the Abbot, named in 2006 during a roast in New York City. Previous abbots have included Alan King, Frank Sinatra, Ed Sullivan and George M. Cohan. In the 1960s, the Friars Club, the Lambs Club, and the Players Club were often confused. The columnist Earl Wilson put","title":"New York Friars Club"},{"id":"976696","text":"but is still common. Like other Franciscans, the friars wear a plain brown tunic with a hood, a cord fastened around the waist and sandals (or shoes). Order of Friars Minor Capuchin The Order of Friars Minor Capuchin (; postnominal abbr. O.F.M.Cap.) is an order of friars within the Catholic Church, among the chief offshoots of the Franciscans. The worldwide head of the Order, called the Minister General, is currently Roberto Genuin. The Order arose in 1525 when Matteo da Bascio, an Observant Franciscan friar native to the Italian region of Marche, said he had been inspired by God with","title":"Order of Friars Minor Capuchin"},{"id":"5349451","text":"Hi-top fade A hi-top fade is a style of haircut where hair on the sides is cut off or kept very short while hair on the top of the head is very long. The hi-top was a trend symbolizing the golden age of hip hop and urban contemporary music during the 1980s and the early 1990s. It was common among young black people between 1986 and 1993 and to a lesser extent in the mid-1990s (1994–1996). The hi-top fade is commonly called a punk , due to the great likeness of the two styles. In fact, the hi-top fade could","title":"Hi-top fade"},{"id":"11518044","text":"into a hole, itself often filled with excrement at the bottom. Typically, a cut would be made in the forehead in order to let blood pressure decrease in the area around the head. Christians were let go after apostatizing, and in this way the Shogunate practically purged it from Japan. A notable victim of this method of torture was Saint Lorenzo Ruiz, the first Filipino martyr to be canonized by the Roman Catholic Church. The Tsurushi or 'pit' was made famous in the novel \"Silence\" by Shusaku Endo. Tsurushi Tsurushi (), or \"reverse hanging\", was a Japanese torture technique used","title":"Tsurushi"},{"id":"6484956","text":"Xeroderma Xeroderma or xerodermia (also known as xerosis cutis), derived from the Greek words for \"dry skin\", is a condition involving the integumentary system, which in most cases can safely be treated with emollients or moisturizers. Xeroderma occurs most commonly on the scalp, lower legs, arms, hands, the knuckles, the sides of the abdomen, and thighs. Symptoms most associated with xeroderma are scaling (the visible peeling of the outer skin layer), itching, and skin cracking. Xeroderma is a very common condition. It happens more often in the winter when the cold air outside and the hot air inside creates a","title":"Xeroderma"},{"id":"19549587","text":"Order of Friars Minor The Order of Friars Minor (also called the Franciscans, the Franciscan Order, or the Seraphic Order; postnominal abbreviation O.F.M.) is a mendicant Catholic religious order, founded in 1209 by Francis of Assisi. The order adheres to the teachings and spiritual disciplines of the founder and of his main associates and followers, such as Clare of Assisi, Anthony of Padua, and Elizabeth of Hungary, among many others. The Order of Friars Minor is considered to the successor to the original Franciscan Order within the Catholic Church, and is the largest of the contemporary First Orders within the","title":"Order of Friars Minor"},{"id":"12376129","text":"it was because he saw the political advantage in doing so. The 1547 injunctions against images were a more tightly drawn version of those of 1538, but they were more fiercely enforced, at first informally, and then by instruction. All images in churches were to be dismantled. Stained glass, shrines and statues were defaced or destroyed. Roods, and often their lofts and screens, were cut down and bells were taken down. Vestments were prohibited and either burned or sold. Chalices were melted down or sold. The requirement of the clergy to be celibate was lifted. Processions were banned and ashes","title":"English Reformation"},{"id":"18129448","text":"Bear's grease Bear's grease was a popular treatment for men with hair loss from at least as early as 1653 until about the First World War. The myth of its effectiveness is based on a belief that as bears are very hairy, their fat would assist hair growth in others. Nicholas Culpeper, the English botanist and herbalist wrote in 1653, in his \"The Physician's Library\", \"Bears Grease staies [stops] the falling off of the hair.\" Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179), Benedictine mystic, composer and woman of letters, also recommended the use of the substance in her \"Physica\" (repeated in her \"Causae","title":"Bear's grease"},{"id":"19148520","text":"Jaccoud arthropathy Jaccoud arthropathy (JA), Jaccoud deformity or Jaccoud's arthopathy is a chronic non-erosive reversible joint disorder that may occur after repeated bouts of arthritis. It is caused by inflammation of the joint capsule and subsequent fibrotic retraction, causing ulnar deviation of the fingers, through metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) subluxation, primarily of the ring and little-finger. Joints in the feet, knees and shoulders may also get affected. It is commonly associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and occurs in roughly 5% of all cases. When associated with rheumatic fever it is also called chronic post–RF arthropathy. Originally thought to be associated","title":"Jaccoud arthropathy"},{"id":"19549596","text":"Lateran Council, had once more declared the impossibility of reunion. Leo X summoned On 11 July, 1516, a capitulum generalissimum to meet at Rome on the feast of Pentecost (31 May), 1517. This chapter first suppressed all the reformed congregations and annexed them to the Observants; declared the Observants an independent order, and separated them completely from the Conventuals. The less strict principles of the Conventuals, permitting the possession of real estate and the enjoyment of fixed revenues, were recognized as tolerable, while the Observants, in contrast to this \"usus moderatus\", were held strictly to their own \"usus arctus\" or","title":"Order of Friars Minor"},{"id":"1363563","text":"by removing the exterior layer of skin along with the body hair. Some professional soccer players also shave their legs. One of the reasons is that they are required to wear shin guards and in case of a skin rash the affected area can be treated more efficiently. In some situations, people's hair is shaved as a punishment or a form of humiliation. After World War II, head-shaving was a common punishment in France, the Netherlands, and Norway for women who had collaborated with the Nazis during the occupation, and, in particular, for women who had sexual relations with an","title":"Hair removal"},{"id":"3700593","text":"Head shaving Head shaving is the practice of shaving the hair from a person's head. At different times and places people have shaved all or part of their heads for very diverse reasons including practicality, convenience, low maintenance, fashion, style, religion, culture, and aesthetics. The earliest historical records describing head shaving originated in ancient Mediterranean cultures, such as Egypt, Greece, and Rome. The Egyptian priest class ritualistically removed all body hair by plucking. This included hair on the head, eyebrows, and beard. The practice of shaving heads has been used in the military. Although sometimes explained as being for hygiene","title":"Head shaving"},{"id":"5693631","text":"practice a variety of rituals from birth to death. Collectively these are known as \"saṃskāras\", meaning rites of purification, and are believed to make the body pure and fit for worship. A boy's first haircut, known as \"choula\", is one such samskara and is considered an event of great auspiciousness. The lawbooks or \"smritis\" prescribe that a boy must have his haircut in his first or third year. While complete tonsure is common, some Hindus prefer to leave some hair on the head, distinguishing this rite from the inauspicious tonsure that occurs upon the death of a parent. Those that","title":"First haircut"},{"id":"738587","text":"orders, but by this very fact lost the favor of the Observants and failed in his plans for reunion. Julius II succeeded in reducing some of the smaller branches, but left the division of the two great parties untouched. This division was finally legalized by Leo X, after a general chapter held in Rome in 1517, in connection with the reform-movement of the Fifth Lateran Council, had once more declared the impossibility of reunion. The less strict principles of the Conventuals, permitting the possession of real estate and the enjoyment of fixed revenues, were recognized as tolerable, while the Observants,","title":"Franciscans"},{"id":"8191100","text":"this is a military order of Catholic Knights dedicated to the protection and care of the sick, and was made an independent hospitaller order by Pope Gregory IX in 1237. They spread into Moravia, Silesia, Hungary, and Poland. It is believed they had three houses in Scotland, but floundered when they tried to grow in England in 1260, where they had a house in Guilford, partially due to the confusion that ensued from so many 'Orders of the Cross' in England. Their Provincial House in Vienna is located just behind the Karlskirche. In their home territory, the order moved in","title":"Crutched Friars"},{"id":"5660809","text":"the friars. Most of the charges against the friars are familiar from other works such as \"Jack Upland\", the \"Vae Octuplex\" or Wyclif's \"Trialogus\", and most are ultimately derived from William of Saint-Amour's \"De Periculis Novissimorum Temporum\" (1256). As in all Wycliffite satire, the friars are lecherous, covetous, greedy, vengeful, demanding extravagant donations for even the most elementary services. They seek out only the fattest corpses to bury, and live in ostentatious houses that are more like palaces than places of worship. They are the children of Lucifer rather than Saint Dominic or St Francis, and follow in the footsteps","title":"Pierce the Ploughman's Crede"},{"id":"10688045","text":"George Burns, Johnny Carson, Billy Crystal, Sammy Davis, Jr., Judy Garland, Bob Hope, Al Jolson, Jerry Lewis, Dean Martin, Stan Lee, the Marx Brothers, and Frank Sinatra, among many others. Like the New York club, for many years the Friars Club of Beverly Hills was known for its celebrity members and \"roasts\". From the summer of 1962 to the summer of 1966, John Roselli, Maurice Friedman, Manuel Jacobs, and others rigged high stake gin rummy games at the Friars Club. Over that period, the conspirators earned an estimated $400,000 in profits, and six defendants were ultimately convicted on various charges.","title":"Friars Club of Beverly Hills"},{"id":"1298725","text":"also known as \"choulam\", \"caula\", \"chudakarma\", or \"mundana\", marks the child's first haircut, typically the shaving of the head. The mother dresses up, sometimes in her wedding sari, and with the father present, the baby's head is shaved and nails trimmed, washed and dressed in new clothes. Sometimes, a tuft of hair is left to cover the soft spot near the top of the baby's head. Both boys and girls typically go through this ceremony, sometimes near a temple or a river, but it is not mandatory in Hinduism. The significance of Chudakarana rite of passage is the baby's cyclical","title":"Tonsure"},{"id":"976676","text":"He sought to return to the primitive way of life of solitude and penance, as practiced by the founder of their Order. His religious superiors tried to suppress these innovations, and Friar Matteo and his first companions were forced into hiding from Church authorities, who sought to arrest them for having abandoned their religious duties. They were given refuge by the Camaldolese monks, in gratitude for which they later adopted the hood (or \"cappuccio\") worn by that Order—which was the mark of a hermit in that region of Italy—and the practice of wearing a beard. The popular name of their","title":"Order of Friars Minor Capuchin"},{"id":"19836782","text":"Marrakesh ruler had him imprisoned and tortured in 1631 - the other two friars were murdered - and was burned to death after having his head struck. He was imprisoned in chains and his hands and feet were shackled; the king had him scourged and himself struck him on the head with a sword before ordering him to be burnt to death. Pope Benedict XIII confirmed - on 24 May 1728 - that the late Franciscan had been killed \"in odium fidei\" (in hatred of the faith) and used this confirmation for the approval of the formal beatification. Juan de","title":"Juan de Prado"},{"id":"14122647","text":"Humphrey with the Beard Humphrey with the Beard (died before 1113) was a Norman soldier and nobleman, the earliest known ancestor of the de Bohun family, later prominent in England as Earls of Hereford and Earls of Essex. His epithet, \"with the beard\" (\"cum barba\"), was a distinguishing one in eleventh-century Normandy, where the custom was to shave the face and back of the head. It is first recorded in a later chronicle of Llanthony Prima, edited by William Dugdale in the \"Monasticon Anglicanum\" (VI.134): As is stated by Wace in the \"Roman de Rou\", Humphrey derived from \"Bohun\" in","title":"Humphrey with the Beard"},{"id":"976683","text":"was restored. The movement at once began to multiply rapidly, and by the end of the 16th century the Capuchins had spread all over the Catholic parts of Europe, so that in 1619 they were freed from their dependence on the Conventual Franciscans and became an independent Order. They are said to have had at that time 1500 houses divided into fifty provinces. They were one of the chief tools in the Catholic Counter-reformation, the aim of the order being to work among the poor, impressing the minds of the common people by the poverty and austerity of their life,","title":"Order of Friars Minor Capuchin"},{"id":"3115610","text":"gave them to a poor woman. His fellow Franciscans had to watch him closely, and strictly forbade him from giving away his clothes. While such behaviors were embarrassing to his brothers, he was also recognized as a pure example of the Franciscan order and thus esteemed. \"The Little Flowers of Saint Francis of Assisi\", which documents the oral traditions of the Franciscans, told several stories of \"Brother Juniper\". The most famous of these is the story of how Brother Juniper cut off the foot of a pig to give it to a sick brother. Upon the sick brother's request for","title":"Foolishness for Christ"},{"id":"1593089","text":"address accessibility issues involved with cutting toenails. Prior to the invention of the modern nail clipper, people would use small knives to trim or pare their nails. Descriptions of nail trimming in literature date as far back as the 8th century BC. The Book of Deuteronomy exhorts in 21:12 that a man, should he wish to take a captive as a wife, \"shall bring her home to [his] house, and she shall shave her head and trim her nails\". A reference is made in Horace's \"Epistles\", written circa 20 BC, to \"A close-shaven man, it's said, in an empty barber's","title":"Nail clipper"},{"id":"5854561","text":"healing practices and cultural rituals retained from their shamanistic past. They usually perform minor rites like \"aqiqah\" (cutting the hair of the firstborn) and \"ruqqiya\" (exorcism). A version of the traditional massage therapy conducted by folk healers also exist, known as \"agud\" or \"agod\" among the Maranao and Maguindanao people. The most strongly affected by this religious shift to Abrahamic religions were the feminized male \"asog\" shamans. During the 17th to 18th centuries, Spanish administrators in the Philippines burned people convicted of homosexual relations at the stake and confiscated their possessions, in accordance to a decree by the president of","title":"Babaylan"},{"id":"10688042","text":"it this way in 1964: \"Long ago a New Yorker asked the difference between the Lambs, Friars, and Players, since the membership was, at the time, predominantly from Broadway.\" It was left to \"a wit believed to have been George S. Kaufman\" to draw the distinction: \"The Players are gentlemen trying to be actors, the Lambs are actors trying to be gentlemen, and the Friars are neither trying to be both.\" Michael Gyure is the executive director of the Friars Club and of its charitable arm, the Friars Foundation. In its debut year, the festival featured the US premiere of","title":"New York Friars Club"},{"id":"976675","text":"Order of Friars Minor Capuchin The Order of Friars Minor Capuchin (; postnominal abbr. O.F.M.Cap.) is an order of friars within the Catholic Church, among the chief offshoots of the Franciscans. The worldwide head of the Order, called the Minister General, is currently Roberto Genuin. The Order arose in 1525 when Matteo da Bascio, an Observant Franciscan friar native to the Italian region of Marche, said he had been inspired by God with the idea that the manner of life led by the friars of his day was not the one which their founder, St. Francis of Assisi, had envisaged.","title":"Order of Friars Minor Capuchin"},{"id":"2739602","text":"cum knyvys goth about and txxkxzv nfookt xxzxkt.\" With the last three words decoded in the same way as \"svvivyt mennis vvyvis,\" it may be translated as \"Friars with knives go about and swive (have sex with) men's wives.\" The poem is found in British Library, Harley MS 3362, and was first edited in T. Wright & J. O. Halliwell, \"Reliquiæ Antiquæ\" (1841) 1.91. The \"Oxford English Dictionary\" (online edition) cites \"Flen flyys\" in square brackets, since the form \"fuccant\" is Anglo-Latin and not strictly speaking English. Flen flyys Flen flyys is the colloquial name and first words of an","title":"Flen flyys"},{"id":"7953130","text":"contemporary images of clothing, and many mentions of names for clothing in contemporary documents, but definitively matching the names to the styles in the images is rarely possible. In Italian the word was cappuccio [kap'put:ʃo], or its diminutive \"cappuccino\", from which come the Capuchin friars, whose distinctive white hood and brown robe led to the monkey and the type of coffee being named after them (it also means the cap of a pen in Italian). \"Little Red Riding Hood\" is \"Le Petit Chaperon rouge\" in the earliest published version, by Charles Perrault, and French depictions of the story naturally favour","title":"Chaperon (headgear)"},{"id":"3219205","text":"present the heads to their king to claim their share of the plunder. Then, the warrior would skin the head “by making a circular cut round the ears and shaking out the skull; he then scrapes the flesh off the skin with the rib of an ox, and when it is clean works it with his fingers until it is supple, and fit to be used as a sort of handkerchief. He hangs these handkerchiefs on the bridle of his horse, and is very proud of them. The best man is the man who has the greatest number.” Ammianus Marcellinus","title":"Scalping"},{"id":"540727","text":"demanded too much of the friars. The main clauses modified concerned fasting and remaining within individual cells: the bull allowed them to eat meat three days a week and to perambulate in the cloisters of their convents. This reform brought the Carmelites closer into line with other mendicant orders, but it was also the source of much subsequent tension, as others refused to accept this change in the nature of the Order, seeing it as a loss of Carmel's original vision and spirit. Such tension erupted almost immediately. Shortly before 1433 three priories in Valais, Tuscany, and Mantua were reformed","title":"Carmelites"},{"id":"738544","text":"some of whom trace their origin to Francis of Assisi. Their official Latin name is the . St. Francis thus referred to his followers as \"Fraticelli\", meaning \"Little Brothers\". Franciscan brothers are informally called friars or the Minorites. The modern organization of the Friars Minor comprises three separate families or groups, each considered a religious order in its own right under its own minister General and particular type of governance. They all live according to a body of regulations known as the Rule of St Francis. These are The Second Order, most commonly called Poor Clares in English-speaking countries, consists","title":"Franciscans"},{"id":"12174289","text":"most of the newly discovered lands to Spain and Portugal. Under the \"patronato\" system, state authorities controlled clerical appointments and no direct contact was allowed with the Vatican. On December 1511, the Dominican friar Antonio de Montesinos openly rebuked the Spanish authorities governing Hispaniola for their mistreatment of the American natives, telling them \"... you are in mortal sin ... for the cruelty and tyranny you use in dealing with these innocent people\". King Ferdinand enacted the \"Laws of Burgos\" and \"Valladolid\" in response. Enforcement was lax, and while some blame the Church for not doing enough to liberate the","title":"History of the Catholic Church"},{"id":"14704367","text":"for six years. The character of the friars is recalled in these lines - Another version expands the details of the friars way of life - In 1459 King James II and his Queen, Mary of Gueldress submitted a petition to suppress the order of Trinitarian Friars and to pass their churches and revenues to the Trinity Collegiate Church and Hospital in Edinburgh. The given reason was that \"thw friars were evil, unclean, and unfit to continue observance of their rule. The public outcry was such that the petition was refused, however an echo of substance in the allegations is","title":"Fail Monastery"},{"id":"738547","text":"lived in the deserted leper colony of Rivo Torto near Assisi; but they spent much of their time traveling through the mountainous districts of Umbria, always cheerful and full of songs, yet making a deep impression on their hearers by their earnest exhortations. Their life was extremely ascetic, though such practices were apparently not prescribed by the first rule which Francis gave them (probably as early as 1209) which seems to have been nothing more than a collection of Scriptural passages emphasizing the duty of poverty. In spite of some similarities between this principle and some of the fundamental ideas","title":"Franciscans"},{"id":"16797586","text":"buy and sell copies of the English New Testament, a work banned at the time as heretical. Thomas Cromwell was a leading supporter of the English Reformation, indeed one of its principal masterminds, and found his neighbour the Prior to be sympathetic to his cause. The Prior, George Brown, preached sermons in support of the King's unpopular divorce from Catherine of Aragon and subsequent marriage to Anne Boleyn. Brown was later rewarded by Cromwell with work as a commissioner, whose job it was to visit all the monastic houses in the kingdom to assess them for piety and wealth before","title":"Austin Friars, London"},{"id":"14865182","text":"Bacon, and several other Dartmouth burgesses of depriving her of a house and half an acre of land at Clifton. As a result of this case the land was restored to her, reducing the chapel's landholding by half. By 1344 Bishop Grandisson and the Arches court of Canterbury had ordered the friars to demolish their chapel on the grounds that it had been built on a site \"belonging to the Abbot and Convent of Torre\". The friars appealed to the Pope in Avignon against this decision, but the pope's court eventually decided against them too, holding that papal privilege meant","title":"Dartmouth Friary"},{"id":"15025496","text":"hard shell of a pumpkin, which being put on the head every Saturday, the hair is cut by the shell all round the head…….. and fourthly, such persons as have lost their ears for heresy, and other wickedness, cannot conceal their misfortune and disgrace.” In Rhode Island, cropping was a punishment for crimes such as counterfeiting money, perjury, and \"burning houses, barns, and outbuildings\" (but not amounting to arson). Cropping (along with the pillory and stocks) was abolished in Tennessee in 1829, with abolition further afield starting from approximately 1839. Cropping (punishment) Cropping is the removal of a person's ears","title":"Cropping (punishment)"},{"id":"1363649","text":"to grow coarser and in more places on the face and body. For example, teenagers may start shaving their face or legs at around 16, but as they age hair will start to grow more abundantly and thicker, leading some to believe this was due to the shaving, but in reality is just part of the maturation process. Tonsure is the practice of some Christian churches and some Hindu, Jain and Buddhist (usually only monks or nuns) temples of shaving or plucking the hair from the scalp of priests and nuns as a symbol of their renunciation of worldly fashion","title":"Shaving"},{"id":"581532","text":"the two knights immunity, but Margaret gainsaid him and ordered their executions by decapitation. It is alleged that she put the men on trial at which her son presided. \"Fair son\", she allegedly asked, \"what death shall these knights die?\" Prince Edward replied that their heads should be cut off, despite the king's pleas for mercy. The Lancastrian army was beaten at the Battle of Towton on 29 March 1461 by the son of the late Duke of York, the future Edward IV of England, who deposed King Henry and proclaimed himself king. Margaret was determined to win back her","title":"Margaret of Anjou"},{"id":"566715","text":"the results of the procedure. Lobotomies have been featured in several literary and cinematic presentations that both reflected society's attitude towards the procedure and, at times, changed it. Writers and film-makers have played a pivotal role in forming a negative public sentiment towards the procedure. Print Sources Online sources Lobotomy A lobotomy, or leucotomy, is a form of psychosurgery, a neurosurgical treatment of a mental disorder that involves severing connections in the brain's prefrontal cortex. Most of the connections to and from the prefrontal cortex, the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain are severed. It was used","title":"Lobotomy"},{"id":"4469818","text":"off each of its heads he found that two grew back, an expression of the hopelessness of such a struggle for any but the hero. Additionally, one of the hydra's heads was immortal. The details of the struggle are explicit in the \"Bibliotheca\" (2.5.2): realizing that he could not defeat the Hydra in this way, Hercules called on his nephew Iolaus for help. His nephew then came upon the idea (possibly inspired by Athena) of using a firebrand to scorch the neck stumps after each decapitation. Hercules cut off each head and Iolaus cauterized the open stumps. Seeing that Hercules","title":"Labours of Hercules"},{"id":"14122649","text":"indicates he had been married three times, but the names of his wives are unknown. He had three sons and two daughters, including: Humphrey with the Beard Humphrey with the Beard (died before 1113) was a Norman soldier and nobleman, the earliest known ancestor of the de Bohun family, later prominent in England as Earls of Hereford and Earls of Essex. His epithet, \"with the beard\" (\"cum barba\"), was a distinguishing one in eleventh-century Normandy, where the custom was to shave the face and back of the head. It is first recorded in a later chronicle of Llanthony Prima, edited","title":"Humphrey with the Beard"},{"id":"6484960","text":"common allergens such as fragrances, parabens, and lanolin. Xeroderma Xeroderma or xerodermia (also known as xerosis cutis), derived from the Greek words for \"dry skin\", is a condition involving the integumentary system, which in most cases can safely be treated with emollients or moisturizers. Xeroderma occurs most commonly on the scalp, lower legs, arms, hands, the knuckles, the sides of the abdomen, and thighs. Symptoms most associated with xeroderma are scaling (the visible peeling of the outer skin layer), itching, and skin cracking. Xeroderma is a very common condition. It happens more often in the winter when the cold air","title":"Xeroderma"},{"id":"19549599","text":"neck and over the shoulders hangs the cowl. Order of Friars Minor The Order of Friars Minor (also called the Franciscans, the Franciscan Order, or the Seraphic Order; postnominal abbreviation O.F.M.) is a mendicant Catholic religious order, founded in 1209 by Francis of Assisi. The order adheres to the teachings and spiritual disciplines of the founder and of his main associates and followers, such as Clare of Assisi, Anthony of Padua, and Elizabeth of Hungary, among many others. The Order of Friars Minor is considered to the successor to the original Franciscan Order within the Catholic Church, and is the","title":"Order of Friars Minor"},{"id":"5854556","text":"seen by native Filipinos as another type of \"anito\". The Spanish missionaries exploited this misconception in their successful conversion and occupation of most of the islands with minimal military support. Spanish friars were seen as \"shamans\" whose souls and spirit guides were apparently more powerful than the native ones. They desecrated religious objects, sacred trees, and sacred areas with impunity, earning the awe of the natives. They could also cure various diseases that the native shamans could not. By the late 16th century, Christian symbols and paraphernalia (like rosaries, crucifixes, and holy water) became fetish objects, and Latin prayers and","title":"Babaylan"},{"id":"967709","text":"verb: \"pollarding\". Pollarding has now largely replaced polling as the verb in the forestry sense. Pollard can also be used as an adjective: \"pollard tree\". Pollarding Pollarding, a pruning system involving the removal of the upper branches of a tree, promotes a dense head of foliage and branches. In ancient Rome, Propertius mentioned pollarding during the 1st century BCE. The practice has occurred commonly in Europe since medieval times and takes place today in urban areas worldwide, primarily to maintain trees at a predetermined height. Traditionally, people pollarded trees for one of two reasons: for fodder to feed livestock or","title":"Pollarding"},{"id":"19148522","text":"is also a possibility, with osteotomy or stabilization with Kirschner intramedullary wire. Tendon relocation, however, has been shown to only work in 30% of cases. The condition is named after the French 19th century physician Sigismond Jaccoud. Jaccoud arthropathy Jaccoud arthropathy (JA), Jaccoud deformity or Jaccoud's arthopathy is a chronic non-erosive reversible joint disorder that may occur after repeated bouts of arthritis. It is caused by inflammation of the joint capsule and subsequent fibrotic retraction, causing ulnar deviation of the fingers, through metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) subluxation, primarily of the ring and little-finger. Joints in the feet, knees and shoulders may","title":"Jaccoud arthropathy"},{"id":"738573","text":"had drawn it from the fountainhead itself, distributed it through the channels of their teaching and life to those wishing to live perfectly.\" Although \"Exiit qui seminat\" banned disputing about its contents, the decades that followed saw increasingly bitter disputes about the form of poverty to be observed by Franciscans, with the Spirituals (so called because associated with the Age of the Spirit that Joachim of Fiore had said would begin in 1260) pitched against the Conventual Franciscans. Pope Clement V's bull of 20 November 1312 failed to effect a compromise between the two factions. Clement V's successor, Pope John","title":"Franciscans"},{"id":"3669968","text":"Barber surgeon The barber surgeon, one of the most common European medical practitioners of the Middle Ages, was generally charged with caring for soldiers during and after battle. In this era, surgery was seldom conducted by physicians, but instead by barbers, who, in having razors indispensable to their trade, were called upon for numerous tasks ranging from cutting hair to amputating limbs. In this period, surgical mortality was very high, due to blood loss and infection. Yet since doctors thought that blood letting treated illness, barbers also applied leeches. Meanwhile, physicians considered themselves to be above surgery. Physicians mostly observed","title":"Barber surgeon"},{"id":"7489202","text":"to a return to the authentic Capuchin way of life and the renewal of the Catholic Church. In addition, the friars are known for their fidelity to the pope. The Community characterizes itself as Catholic, Franciscan, Capuchin, contemplative, prophetic, apostolic, fraternal and pro-life. Sudano told a reporter about the motive behind forming the community \"We were concerned about the effects of secularism on religious life [among the Capuchins] and a lack of clear and explicit fidelity to the Church. That secularism is less prevalent today, thank God, but was very much the case in the 1970s and 80s. What we","title":"Franciscan Friars of the Renewal"},{"id":"13979469","text":"Dorsal slit A dorsal slit (often referred to in anthropology as superincision) is a single incision along the upper length of the foreskin from the tip to the corona, exposing the glans without removing any tissue. An ancient practice, it has been a traditional custom among a number of peoples, particularly Filipinos and Pacific Islanders, probably for thousands of years. In Western medicine it was used as an alternative to circumcision to relieve conditions such as failure of the foreskin to retract (phimosis) or failure to cover the glans penis (paraphimosis), although a perception of poor appearance limited its popularity.","title":"Dorsal slit"},{"id":"3620450","text":"not afraid of doing so. Confronted by Metropolitan Calinic himself, Creangă allegedly argued that he could think of no other way to eliminate rooks, being eventually pardoned by the prelate when it was ruled that he had not infringed on canon law. Creangă eventually moved out of the monastery, but refused to relinquish his key to the church basement, and, in what was probably a modernizing intent, chopped off his long hair, one of the traditional marks of an Orthodox priest. The latter gesture scandalized his superiors, particularly since Creangă explained himself using an ancient provision of canon law, which","title":"Ion Creangă"},{"id":"12892289","text":"to cover the proximal nail fold with a Cyanoacrylate glue. \"The mechanism of action for improvement is probably related to the presence of an obstacle to picking.\" Onychotillomania Onychotillomania is a compulsive neurosis in which a person picks constantly at the nails or tries to tear them off. It is not the same as onychophagia, where the nails are bitten or chewed or dermatillomania, where skin is bitten or scratched. It is commonly associated with psychiatric disorders such as depressive neurosis, delusions of infestation and hypochondriasis. It was named by Professor Jan Alkiewicz, a Polish dermatologist. The constant destruction of","title":"Onychotillomania"},{"id":"20849572","text":"fear of being charged for perjury, as opposed to fear of religious punishment. Legal punishment for perjury was not required historically because gods in both monotheistic and polytheistic religions were believed to punish those who lied under oath. For example, in Ancient Greece and Rome, individuals killed by lightning strikes were prohibited from receiving a proper burial, since that was thought to be Zeus’ punishment for perjury. A Statute was first created outlawing perjury in 1563. Raising hands Raising hands is a gesture involving lifting either one or both arms above one's head, which has a number of possible meanings,","title":"Raising hands"},{"id":"7683909","text":"King of Cars King of Cars was an American reality television series, centering on the Towbin Dodge car dealership, in Henderson, Nevada, south of Las Vegas, Nevada. Managed by Josh Towbin a.k.a. \"Chop\" a.k.a. the \"King of Cars\", famous for the cult hit infomercial, \"The Chopper Show\", in which his salesmen dress up as various characters, as he \"chops\" the prices of his cars. Recorded on video in HDTV Widescreen Letterbox Format. Many of the salesman are referred to by their nicknames from the informercial. The Blue Genie (Prem Singh) is known for not working too hard. Started off as","title":"King of Cars"},{"id":"6261050","text":"\"fuero eclesiástico\", or clerical immunity, granted clergy members immunity from the royal courts. According to this \"fuero\", any civil crime or criminal offense will be heard in front of the ecclesiastical instead of the royal or local court. This privilege was then extended to all clerics, nuns, priests, monks, and friars. This \"fuero\" extended to the land owned by the individuals and institutions which means the Spanish Crown could not exercise justice physically nor collect taxes. Missionizing in maroon societies in Spanish America became essential for the nature of politics of African resistance in the Iberian Atlantic world. The Maroons","title":"Bourbon Reforms"},{"id":"1891825","text":"considered God's viceregent on Earth, and as such the physical wholeness of his person was an essential complement to the perfection of Heaven. For this reason, many deposed emperors were blinded, had their noses cut off, or their tongue split by their successors, as these permanent disfigurements disqualified them from ever reclaiming the throne. A case of voluntary disfigurement is that of St. Æbbe the Younger and the nuns of Coldingham Monastery in Scotland. When the monastery was attacked by Vikings and they feared being raped, she and the nuns cut off their own noses and upper lips. In revenge,","title":"Disfigurement"},{"id":"4199023","text":"to practice religious rituals. He did not perform tonsure (cutting the hair off the head) upon the death of his father. He would eat food during a solar eclipse to demonstrate that it does not cause indigestion, as Hindus believed to be so and would fast. He did inaugurate the procession at Dasera, a festival with homage to Goddess Chamundeshwari, in 2004. But he explained that it was out of respect of \"tradition and culture\". His famous quote is: A poor teacher complains, an average teacher explains, a good teacher teaches, a great teacher inspires. Narasimhaiah was conferred the Padma","title":"Hosur Narasimhaiah"},{"id":"12531443","text":"Fray Diego de Landa in his book \"Relación de las cosas de Yucatán\", this program was quite successful, and an “admirable thing to see.\" The early success through peaceful teaching and quiet example of the Franciscan missionaries, however, was short lived. Within the first few years it became apparent that verbal teaching would not be enough, as the Mayans remained overall unmoved of the lessons of Christianity. In 1539 the heads of the three religious orders operating in Mexico met with the Franciscan bishop Juan de Zumárraga and concluded that the friars of the missionaries could legally inflict “light punishment”","title":"Franciscan missions to the Maya"},{"id":"10688038","text":"for \"My Blue Heaven\" one afternoon while waiting in the club for his turn at the billiard table. In 1950 Sam Levenson and fellow comedian Joe E. Lewis were the first members of the New York Friars Club to be roasted. The club has roasted a member every year since the inaugural roasting. Between 1998 and 2002, the club's roasts were aired on Comedy Central, which then began organizing its own annual roasts. The Friars Club moved into its current headquarters in 1957, an English Renaissance mansion built for Speyer & Company investment banker Martin Erdman by architects Alfredo S.","title":"New York Friars Club"},{"id":"6762587","text":"Francisco de Quiñones Francisco de Quiñones, O.F.M., (Latin: Franciscus Cardinal Quignonius) (also Francisco de los Angeles) (ca. 1482 in Kingdom of León – November 5, 1540 in Veroli, Papal States) was a Spanish Franciscan friar and later cardinal who was responsible for some reforms in the Catholic Church in Spain. He was the son of Diego Fernandez de Quiñones, Count of Luna, was educated as a page of Cardinal Ximenes, and at the age of sixteen entered the Order of Friars Minor in the friary of St. Mary of the Angels in Alcalá de Henares, taking the name of Francis","title":"Francisco de Quiñones"},{"id":"771304","text":"infection, exsanguination, or permanent damage are major concerns. A dorsal slit (also known as superincision) is an incision made along the upper length of the foreskin with the intention to expose the glans penis without removing skin or tissue. The practice appears to have occurred in Ancient Egypt, though not commonly: It may be performed as a part of traditional customs, such as those in the Pacific Islands and the Philippines. In the medical field, it may be performed for as an alternative to circumcision when circumcision is undesired or impractical. It remains a rare surgery and practice overall. Genital","title":"Genital modification and mutilation"},{"id":"566654","text":"Lobotomy A lobotomy, or leucotomy, is a form of psychosurgery, a neurosurgical treatment of a mental disorder that involves severing connections in the brain's prefrontal cortex. Most of the connections to and from the prefrontal cortex, the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain are severed. It was used for psychiatric and occasionally other conditions as a mainstream procedure in some Western countries for more than two decades. This was despite general recognition of frequent and serious side effects. While some people experienced symptomatic improvement with the operation, the improvements were achieved at the cost of creating other","title":"Lobotomy"},{"id":"1298732","text":"of attempting to abandon one's clerical state, and in the 1917 Code of Canon Law, any cleric in minor orders (or simply tonsured) who did not resume the tonsure within a month after being warned by his Ordinary, lost the clerical state. Over time, the appearance of tonsure varied, ending up for non-monastic clergy as generally consisting of a symbolic cutting of a few tufts of hair at first tonsure in the Sign of the Cross and in wearing a bare spot on the back of the head which varied according to the degree of orders. It was not supposed","title":"Tonsure"},{"id":"738564","text":"the friars in the Mendicant Controversy, when the secular Masters of the university of Paris and the Bishops of France combined to attack the mendicant orders. It was due to the action of Alexander IV's envoys, who were obliged to threaten the university authorities with excommunication, that the degree of doctor of theology was finally conceded to the Dominican Thomas Aquinas and the Franciscan Bonaventure (1257), who had previously been able to lecture only as licentiates. The Franciscan Gerard of Borgo San Donnino at this time issued a Joachimite tract and John of Parma was seen as favoring the condemned","title":"Franciscans"},{"id":"4328603","text":"its collapse due to a lateral eruption to the northeast (around 200,000 years ago) and subsequent glacial erosion, the San Francisco Peaks fully matured elevation is estimated to have been around 16,000 feet. In 1629, 147 years before San Francisco, California, received that name, Spanish friars founded a mission at a Hopi Indian village in honor of St. Francis, 65 miles from the peaks. Seventeenth century Franciscans at Oraibi village gave the name San Francisco to the peaks to honor St. Francis of Assisi, the founder of their order. The mountain man Antoine Leroux visited the San Francisco Peaks in","title":"San Francisco Peaks"},{"id":"3517439","text":"Maschalismos Maschalismos (μασχαλισμός) is the practice of physically rendering the dead incapable of rising or haunting the living in undead form. It comes from the Ancient Greek word and was also the term for procedural rules on such matters in later Greek customary law. Such acts considered \"maschalismos\" were not limited to folkloric physical risings but also meant to escape the ill will of those wrongfully slain by a murderer after death. One common method was the cutting off of the feet, hands, ears, nose, et cetera, tying them under the armpits of the corpse all strung together. The piercing","title":"Maschalismos"},{"id":"976680","text":"the most simple form, i.e. only of a tunic, with the distinctive large, pointed hood reaching to the waist attached to it, girdled by the traditional woolen cord with three knots. By visual analogy, the Capuchin monkey and the cappuccino style of coffee are both named after the shade of brown used for their habit. Besides the canonical choral celebration of the Divine Office, a portion of which was recited at midnight, there were two hours of private prayer daily. The fasts and disciplines were rigorous and frequent. The great external work was preaching and spiritual ministrations among the poor.","title":"Order of Friars Minor Capuchin"},{"id":"10688046","text":"In the wake of the resulting scandal, the Friars Club formed an ethics committee and removed some members, while others resigned. In 1992, Irwin Schaeffer became president of the Friars Club of California. By 2004, after years of declining membership, the club's assets were sold to a for-profit corporation owned by Schaeffer's son, Darren Schaeffer. After the sale, the club was renamed \"The Friars of Beverly Hills\" and continued to operate under that name until 2007. However, in 2005, the New York Friars' Club commenced a lawsuit claiming trademark infringement under the Lanham Act, among other claims; in September 2007,","title":"Friars Club of Beverly Hills"},{"id":"14848905","text":"flooding made it difficult to attend lectures and acquire provisions, the friars obtained permission from Edward I to move to land on Milne Street within Cambridge. They remained there from 1292 until 1538, when, as a result of the dissolution of the monasteries under Henry VIII, their property was handed over to Queens' College, who demolished the monastic buildings. The site is now occupied by Walnut Tree Court and the college chapel. The only surviving remains can be seen in the well-preserved north wall of the Fellows' Garden, which formed the north wall of the Carmelite church. The locations of","title":"Cambridge Whitefriars"},{"id":"738567","text":"council with the renunciation of allegiance. Attempts were made, however, to satisfy the reasonable demands of the Spiritual party, as in the bull of Pope Nicholas III (1279), which pronounced the principle of complete poverty meritorious and holy, but interpreted it in the way of a somewhat sophistical distinction between possession and usufruct. The bull was received respectfully by Bonagratia and the next two generals, Arlotto of Prato (1285–87) and Matthew of Aqua Sparta (1287–89); but the Spiritual party under the leadership of the Bonaventuran pupil and apocalyptic Pierre Jean Olivi regarded its provisions for the dependence of the friars","title":"Franciscans"},{"id":"16314496","text":"Marley’s strict adherence to the religion. Rastafari doctor, Carleton Fraser, states that “doctors recommended amputation of the hip and removing the entire leg.” Chris Blackwell gives conflicting information and insists that they just needed to amputate Marley’s big toe for him to survive. Later, when Marley started losing his hair in the course of chemotherapy treatment for his cancer, family members also state that Marley had much displeasure in cutting off his dreadlocks, an aspect of Rastafarism, which was unfortunately necessitated by the physical pain their heavy weight was causing him. The film ends with Marley saying a quote that","title":"Marley (film)"},{"id":"2092538","text":"Cauterization Cauterization (or cauterisation, or cautery) is a medical practice or technique of burning a part of a body to remove or close off a part of it. It destroys some tissue in an attempt to mitigate bleeding and damage, remove an undesired growth, or minimize other potential medical harm, such as infections when antibiotics are unavailable. The practice was once widespread for treatment of wounds. Its utility before the advent of antibiotics was said to be effective at more than one level: Cautery was historically believed to prevent infection, but current research shows that cautery actually increases the risk","title":"Cauterization"},{"id":"976679","text":"loopholes for evading this law. No large provision against temporal wants should be made, and the supplies in the house should never exceed what was necessary for a few days. Everything was to be obtained by begging, and the friars were not allowed even to touch money. The communities were to be small, eight being fixed as the normal number and twelve as the limit. In furniture and clothing extreme simplicity was enjoined and the friars were discalced, required to go bare-footed—without even sandals. Like the Observants, the Capuchins wore a brown habit. Their form, however, was to be of","title":"Order of Friars Minor Capuchin"},{"id":"5693630","text":"First haircut The first haircut for a human has special significance in certain cultures and religions. It can be considered a rite of passage or a milestone. In Hindu tradition, the hair from birth is associated with undesirable traits from past lives. Thus at the time of the mundan, the child is freshly shaven to signify freedom from the past and moving into the future. It is also said that the shaving of the hair stimulates proper growth of the brain and nerves, and that the sikha, a tuft at the crown of the head, protects the memory. hours Hindus","title":"First haircut"},{"id":"6549813","text":"Primary hypertrophic osteoathropathy Pachydermoperiostosis (PDP) or primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (PHO) is a rare genetic disorder that affects both bones and skin. Other names are idiopathic hypertrophic osteoarthropathy or Touraine-Solente-Golé syndrome. It is mainly characterized by pachydermia (thickening of the skin), periostosis (excessive bone formation) and finger clubbing (swelling of tissue with loss of normal angle between nail and nail bed). This disease affects relatively more men than women. After onset, the disease stabilizes after about 5–20 years. Life of PDP patients can be severely impaired. Currently, symptomatic treatments are NSAIDs and steroids or surgical procedures. In 1868, PDP was first","title":"Primary hypertrophic osteoathropathy"},{"id":"15327012","text":"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head \"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head\" is a song written by Hal David and Burt Bacharach for the 1969 film \"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid\". It won an Academy Award for Best Original Song. David and Bacharach also won Best Original Score. The song was recorded by B. J. Thomas in seven takes, after Bacharach expressed dissatisfaction with the first six. In the film version of the song, Thomas had been recovering from laryngitis, which made his voice sound hoarser than in the 7-inch release. The film version featured a separate vaudeville-style instrumental","title":"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head"},{"id":"1363555","text":"part of some Buddhist, Christian, Muslim, Jain and Hindu traditions. Buddhist and Christian monks generally undergo some form of head-shaving or tonsure during their induction into monastic life; in Thailand monks shave their eyebrows as well. Brahmin children have their heads ritualistically shaved before beginning school. The Amish religion forbids men from having mustaches, as they are associated with the military. In some parts of the Theravada Buddhist world, it is common practice to shave the heads of children. Weak or sickly children are often left with a small topknot of hair, to gauge their health and mark them for","title":"Hair removal"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"1298723\",\n \"text\": \"Tonsure Tonsure () is the practice of cutting or shaving some or all of the hair on the scalp, as a sign of religious devotion or humility. The term originates from the Latin word \\\"\\\" (meaning \\\"clipping\\\" or \\\"shearing\\\") and referred to a specific practice in medieval Catholicism, abandoned by papal order in 1972. Tonsure can also refer to the secular practice of shaving all or part of the scalp to show support or sympathy, or to designate mourning. Current usage more generally refers to cutting or shaving for monks, devotees, or mystics of any religion as a symbol of\",\n \"title\": \"Tonsure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1298742\",\n \"text\": \"of Pippin of Landen, and Dagobert II's guardian, seized the throne for his own son and had Dagobert tonsured, thus marking him unfit for kingship, and exiled. The practice of tonsure, coupled with castration, was common for deposed emperors and their sons in Byzantium from around the 8th century, prior to which disfigurement, usually by blinding, was the normal practice. Tonsure Tonsure () is the practice of cutting or shaving some or all of the hair on the scalp, as a sign of religious devotion or humility. The term originates from the Latin word \\\"\\\" (meaning \\\"clipping\\\" or \\\"shearing\\\") and\",\n \"title\": \"Tonsure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1298730\",\n \"text\": \"in the teaching and preaching of the Lord, his head was shaved by those who did not believe his word, as if in mockery. The Teacher Christ blessed this head, changed dishonor into honor, ridicule into praise. He placed on it a crown made not out of precious stones, but one which shines more than gold, topaz, or precious stone – with the stone and rock of faith. In the Eastern Orthodox Church today, priests, deacons, readers, and other tonsured offices do not have their heads shaved. Rather, four locks of hair are clipped from the top of the head\",\n \"title\": \"Tonsure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"738542\",\n \"text\": \"minorites or greyfriars because of their habit. In Poland and Lithuania they are known as Bernardines, after Bernardino of Siena, although the term elsewhere refers to Cistercians instead. The name of original order, (Friars Minor, literally 'Order of Lesser Brothers') stems from Francis of Assisi's rejection of extravagance. Francis was the son of a wealthy cloth merchant, but gave up his wealth to pursue his faith more fully. He had cut all ties that remained with his family, and pursued a life living in solidarity with his fellow brothers in Christ. Francis adopted the simple tunic worn by peasants as\",\n \"title\": \"Franciscans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1298727\",\n \"text\": \"child. This ritual is regionally found in India among male mourners, who shave their heads as a sign of bereavement. Until a few decades ago, many Hindu communities, especially the upper castes, forced widows to undergo the ritual of tonsure and shun good clothes and ornaments, in order to make them unattractive to men. According to Jamanadas, tonsure was originally a Buddhist custom and was adopted by Hinduism. However, Pandey and others trace the practice to Sanskrit texts dated to have been composed before the birth of Buddha, which mention tonsure as a rite of passage. In Buddhism, tonsure is\",\n \"title\": \"Tonsure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"976695\",\n \"text\": \"form the Federation of Our Lady of the Angels. The Capuchins are unique for a Catholic religious order in that the growing of natural, untrimmed beards by members features as part of its first Constitution, which states as the reason, the beard is \\\"manly, austere, natural, an imitation of Christ and the saints of our Order, and despised.\\\" This makes the Capuchin friars stand out in particular from the secular clergy of the Latin Church who follow the Roman practice of being clean shaven. In more recent times, since the Second Vatican Council, the beard has no longer been mandatory\",\n \"title\": \"Order of Friars Minor Capuchin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8191092\",\n \"text\": \"is little record of them prior to 1100. It is not known when the \\\"Fratres Cruciferi\\\" came to Italy, but they were certainly there in the 12th century, for in 1169 Pope Alexander III gave them constitutions and a rule of life similar to that of Augustinian canons. Their habit was originally brown or black, but later on Pope Pius II prescribed for them a blue habit and substituted a small silver cross for the larger wooden one they had hitherto been accustomed to carry in their hands. It was from this custom that they obtained their name. They also\",\n \"title\": \"Crutched Friars\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"628141\",\n \"text\": \"also plays an important role since both women and men when deciding to dedicate their life to fait should change their haircut: Catholic nuns often cut their hair very short, and men who joined Catholic monastic orders in the eighth century adopted what was known as the tonsure, which involved shaving the tops of their heads and leaving a ring of hair around the bald crown. Many Buddhists, Hajj pilgrims and Vaisnavas, especially members of the Hare Krishna movement who are \\\"brahmacharis\\\" or \\\"sannyasis\\\", shave their heads. Some Hindu and most Buddhist monks and nuns shave their heads upon entering\",\n \"title\": \"Hairstyle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"265308\",\n \"text\": \"viewed as a symbol of foreign arrogance by the Chinese (see Cao'an.) Even those that were allowed to remain open did not for long. The Manichaean temples were attacked by Chinese people who burned the images and idols of these temples. Manichaean priests were ordered to wear hanfu instead of their traditional clothing, which was viewed as un-Chinese. In 843, Emperor Wuzong of Tang gave the order to kill all Manichaean clerics as part of his Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution, and over half died. They were made to look like Buddhists by the authorities, their heads were shaved, they were made\",\n \"title\": \"Manichaeism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18188760\",\n \"text\": \"which exended into the altar (which was hollow). The image was said to be effective in the cure of headaches. To quote Dr London (via the Victoria County History) Thither resorted such as had headache or had any 'slottich widow locks, viz., hair grown together in a tuft:\\\" They put a peck of oats into the trough, and when they were once slid under the altar the friars stole them out from behind, and the sick must pay a penny for a pint of these Maiden Cutbroghe oats, and ' then their heads should ache no more till the next\",\n \"title\": \"Thelsford Priory\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3669969\",\n \"text\": \"surgical patients and offered consulting, but otherwise often chose academia, working in universities, or chose residence in castles where they treated the wealthy. Due to religious and sanitary monastic regulations, monks had to maintain their tonsure (the traditional baldness on the top of the head of Catholic monks). This created a market for barbers, because each monastery had to train or hire a barber. They would perform bloodletting and other minor surgeries like pulling teeth or creating ointments. The first barber surgeons to be recognized as such worked in monasteries around 1000 A.D. Because physicians performed surgery so rarely, the\",\n \"title\": \"Barber surgeon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12531445\",\n \"text\": \"out. The violence includes several citizens burned alive in their homes, the hanging of women from branches, with their children then hanged from their feet, and another instance of hanging virgins simply for their beauty. While de Landa does not go into details of what the Mayans did to the Spaniards, he certainly graphically explains the Spanish retribution: \\\"the Spaniards pacified them… [by] cutting off noses, arms and legs, and the breasts of women; throwing them into deep lagoons with gourds tied to their feet; stabbing the little children because they did not walk as fast as their mothers.\\\" An\",\n \"title\": \"Franciscan missions to the Maya\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10688036\",\n \"text\": \"New York Friars Club The Friars Club is a private club in New York City, founded in 1904 that hosts risqué celebrity roasts. The club's membership is composed mostly of comedians and other celebrities. It is located at 57 East 55th Street, between Park Avenue and Madison Avenue, in a building known as the Monastery. The organization traces its roots to 1904, when representatives of the Broadway theatres working with New York publicists organized the Press Agents' Association to exchange lists of people who were fraudulently receiving complimentary passes to shows. The group regularly met at Browne's Chop House. Shortly\",\n \"title\": \"New York Friars Club\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1298729\",\n \"text\": \"shave the corners of their beards or scalps with straight blades, as described in Leviticus 19:27. Tonsure was not widely known in antiquity. Tradition states that it originated with the disciples of Jesus, who observed the Torah command not to shave the hair around the sides of one's head (Leviticus 19:27). There were three forms of tonsure known in the 7th and 8th centuries: St. Germanus I, Patriarch of Constantinople from 715 to 730, writes \\\"The double crown inscribed on the head of the priest through tonsure represents the precious head of the chief-apostle Peter. When he was sent out\",\n \"title\": \"Tonsure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1407627\",\n \"text\": \"noblemen and knights were bearded, the Catholic clergy were generally required to be clean-shaven. This was understood as a symbol of their celibacy. In pre-Islamic Arabia men would apparently keep mustaches but shave the hair on their chins. The prophet Muhammad encouraged his followers to do the opposite, long chin hair but trimmed mustaches, to signify their break with the old religion. This style of beard subsequently spread along with Islam during the Muslim expansion in the Middle Ages. Most Chinese emperors of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) appear with beards or mustaches in portraits. In the 15th century, most European\",\n \"title\": \"Beard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19549588\",\n \"text\": \"Franciscan movement. Francis began preaching around 1207 and traveled to Rome to seek approval of his order from Pope Innocent III in 1209. The original Rule of Saint Francis approved by the pope disallowed ownership of property, requiring members of the order to beg for food while preaching. The austerity was meant to emulate the life and ministry of Jesus Christ. Franciscans traveled and preached in the streets, while boarding in church properties. The extreme poverty required of members was relaxed in final revision of the Rule in 1223. The degree of observance required of members remained a major source\",\n \"title\": \"Order of Friars Minor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16550313\",\n \"text\": \"they remain today – however, there is a lack of evidence supporting this. In 1523, John III formed a chapter of the Order giving Fra António (also known as Antonius of Lisbon) a Spanish-born Jerome friar, the authority and responsibility to reform the Order. The new statutes were approved in 1529 by the Friars. The Grand Prior was removed from office and all the priests and religious of the Order were required to resume convent life at Tomar, and to wear the habit and cross of the Order. Several religious friars were persuaded to abandon the Order and others were\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Order of Christ\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10642321\",\n \"text\": \"Bell of Huesca The Bell of Huesca is a legend describing how Ramiro II of Aragon, the Monk, cut off the heads of twelve nobles who did not obey him. The legend is told in the 13th-century anonymous Aragonese work the \\\"Cantar de la campana de Huesca\\\". After Alfonso I of Aragon died in 1134 leaving no descendants, his brother Ramiro, bishop of \\\"Roda de Isábena\\\", inherited the Kingdom of Aragón, one of the states of the Iberian Peninsula. At that time the kingdom had serious domestic and foreign problems. The \\\"Chronicle of San Juan de la Peña\\\" from the\",\n \"title\": \"Bell of Huesca\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"738593\",\n \"text\": \"Bassi, Matteo da Bascio), an Observant friar, who felt himself called to an even stricter observance of Franciscan austerity to be closer to the original intentions of St. Francis. Thanks to the support of the Papal Court the new branch received early recognition and grew fast, first in Italy and after 1574 all over Europe and throughout the world. After many tribulations, the Capuchins became a separate order in 1619. The name Capuchins refers to the particular shape of the long hood or ; originally a popular nickname, it has become a part of the official name of the Order,\",\n \"title\": \"Franciscans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"738551\",\n \"text\": \"he revised and had approved in 1223. After about 1223, the day-to-day running of the Order was in the hands of Brother Elias of Cortona, an able friar who would be elected as leader of the friars a few years after Francis's death (1226) but who aroused much opposition because of his autocratic leadership style. He planned and built the Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi in which Saint Francis is buried, a building which includes the friary Sacro Convento, still today the spiritual centre of the Order. In the external successes of the brothers, as they were reported at the\",\n \"title\": \"Franciscans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12892288\",\n \"text\": \"Onychotillomania Onychotillomania is a compulsive neurosis in which a person picks constantly at the nails or tries to tear them off. It is not the same as onychophagia, where the nails are bitten or chewed or dermatillomania, where skin is bitten or scratched. It is commonly associated with psychiatric disorders such as depressive neurosis, delusions of infestation and hypochondriasis. It was named by Professor Jan Alkiewicz, a Polish dermatologist. The constant destruction of the nail bed leads to onychodystrophy, paronychia and darkening of the nail. Some cases have been treated successfully with antipsychotics. One cheap solution suggested by researchers is\",\n \"title\": \"Onychotillomania\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10688041\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"A Serious Man\\\". Frederick F. Schrader is credited with suggesting \\\"Friars\\\" as the organization's name. Following the theme, their monthly newsletter is the \\\"Epistle\\\". Officers of the Club (as distinct from the Friars Foundation) are given monastic titles: Larry King is the current dean, Freddie Roman is the Dean Emeritus. Jerry Lewis was the Abbot, named in 2006 during a roast in New York City. Previous abbots have included Alan King, Frank Sinatra, Ed Sullivan and George M. Cohan. In the 1960s, the Friars Club, the Lambs Club, and the Players Club were often confused. The columnist Earl Wilson put\",\n \"title\": \"New York Friars Club\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"976696\",\n \"text\": \"but is still common. Like other Franciscans, the friars wear a plain brown tunic with a hood, a cord fastened around the waist and sandals (or shoes). Order of Friars Minor Capuchin The Order of Friars Minor Capuchin (; postnominal abbr. O.F.M.Cap.) is an order of friars within the Catholic Church, among the chief offshoots of the Franciscans. The worldwide head of the Order, called the Minister General, is currently Roberto Genuin. The Order arose in 1525 when Matteo da Bascio, an Observant Franciscan friar native to the Italian region of Marche, said he had been inspired by God with\",\n \"title\": \"Order of Friars Minor Capuchin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5349451\",\n \"text\": \"Hi-top fade A hi-top fade is a style of haircut where hair on the sides is cut off or kept very short while hair on the top of the head is very long. The hi-top was a trend symbolizing the golden age of hip hop and urban contemporary music during the 1980s and the early 1990s. It was common among young black people between 1986 and 1993 and to a lesser extent in the mid-1990s (1994–1996). The hi-top fade is commonly called a punk , due to the great likeness of the two styles. In fact, the hi-top fade could\",\n \"title\": \"Hi-top fade\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11518044\",\n \"text\": \"into a hole, itself often filled with excrement at the bottom. Typically, a cut would be made in the forehead in order to let blood pressure decrease in the area around the head. Christians were let go after apostatizing, and in this way the Shogunate practically purged it from Japan. A notable victim of this method of torture was Saint Lorenzo Ruiz, the first Filipino martyr to be canonized by the Roman Catholic Church. The Tsurushi or 'pit' was made famous in the novel \\\"Silence\\\" by Shusaku Endo. Tsurushi Tsurushi (), or \\\"reverse hanging\\\", was a Japanese torture technique used\",\n \"title\": \"Tsurushi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6484956\",\n \"text\": \"Xeroderma Xeroderma or xerodermia (also known as xerosis cutis), derived from the Greek words for \\\"dry skin\\\", is a condition involving the integumentary system, which in most cases can safely be treated with emollients or moisturizers. Xeroderma occurs most commonly on the scalp, lower legs, arms, hands, the knuckles, the sides of the abdomen, and thighs. Symptoms most associated with xeroderma are scaling (the visible peeling of the outer skin layer), itching, and skin cracking. Xeroderma is a very common condition. It happens more often in the winter when the cold air outside and the hot air inside creates a\",\n \"title\": \"Xeroderma\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19549587\",\n \"text\": \"Order of Friars Minor The Order of Friars Minor (also called the Franciscans, the Franciscan Order, or the Seraphic Order; postnominal abbreviation O.F.M.) is a mendicant Catholic religious order, founded in 1209 by Francis of Assisi. The order adheres to the teachings and spiritual disciplines of the founder and of his main associates and followers, such as Clare of Assisi, Anthony of Padua, and Elizabeth of Hungary, among many others. The Order of Friars Minor is considered to the successor to the original Franciscan Order within the Catholic Church, and is the largest of the contemporary First Orders within the\",\n \"title\": \"Order of Friars Minor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12376129\",\n \"text\": \"it was because he saw the political advantage in doing so. The 1547 injunctions against images were a more tightly drawn version of those of 1538, but they were more fiercely enforced, at first informally, and then by instruction. All images in churches were to be dismantled. Stained glass, shrines and statues were defaced or destroyed. Roods, and often their lofts and screens, were cut down and bells were taken down. Vestments were prohibited and either burned or sold. Chalices were melted down or sold. The requirement of the clergy to be celibate was lifted. Processions were banned and ashes\",\n \"title\": \"English Reformation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18129448\",\n \"text\": \"Bear's grease Bear's grease was a popular treatment for men with hair loss from at least as early as 1653 until about the First World War. The myth of its effectiveness is based on a belief that as bears are very hairy, their fat would assist hair growth in others. Nicholas Culpeper, the English botanist and herbalist wrote in 1653, in his \\\"The Physician's Library\\\", \\\"Bears Grease staies [stops] the falling off of the hair.\\\" Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179), Benedictine mystic, composer and woman of letters, also recommended the use of the substance in her \\\"Physica\\\" (repeated in her \\\"Causae\",\n \"title\": \"Bear's grease\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19148520\",\n \"text\": \"Jaccoud arthropathy Jaccoud arthropathy (JA), Jaccoud deformity or Jaccoud's arthopathy is a chronic non-erosive reversible joint disorder that may occur after repeated bouts of arthritis. It is caused by inflammation of the joint capsule and subsequent fibrotic retraction, causing ulnar deviation of the fingers, through metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) subluxation, primarily of the ring and little-finger. Joints in the feet, knees and shoulders may also get affected. It is commonly associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and occurs in roughly 5% of all cases. When associated with rheumatic fever it is also called chronic post–RF arthropathy. Originally thought to be associated\",\n \"title\": \"Jaccoud arthropathy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19549596\",\n \"text\": \"Lateran Council, had once more declared the impossibility of reunion. Leo X summoned On 11 July, 1516, a capitulum generalissimum to meet at Rome on the feast of Pentecost (31 May), 1517. This chapter first suppressed all the reformed congregations and annexed them to the Observants; declared the Observants an independent order, and separated them completely from the Conventuals. The less strict principles of the Conventuals, permitting the possession of real estate and the enjoyment of fixed revenues, were recognized as tolerable, while the Observants, in contrast to this \\\"usus moderatus\\\", were held strictly to their own \\\"usus arctus\\\" or\",\n \"title\": \"Order of Friars Minor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1363563\",\n \"text\": \"by removing the exterior layer of skin along with the body hair. Some professional soccer players also shave their legs. One of the reasons is that they are required to wear shin guards and in case of a skin rash the affected area can be treated more efficiently. In some situations, people's hair is shaved as a punishment or a form of humiliation. After World War II, head-shaving was a common punishment in France, the Netherlands, and Norway for women who had collaborated with the Nazis during the occupation, and, in particular, for women who had sexual relations with an\",\n \"title\": \"Hair removal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3700593\",\n \"text\": \"Head shaving Head shaving is the practice of shaving the hair from a person's head. At different times and places people have shaved all or part of their heads for very diverse reasons including practicality, convenience, low maintenance, fashion, style, religion, culture, and aesthetics. The earliest historical records describing head shaving originated in ancient Mediterranean cultures, such as Egypt, Greece, and Rome. The Egyptian priest class ritualistically removed all body hair by plucking. This included hair on the head, eyebrows, and beard. The practice of shaving heads has been used in the military. Although sometimes explained as being for hygiene\",\n \"title\": \"Head shaving\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5693631\",\n \"text\": \"practice a variety of rituals from birth to death. Collectively these are known as \\\"saṃskāras\\\", meaning rites of purification, and are believed to make the body pure and fit for worship. A boy's first haircut, known as \\\"choula\\\", is one such samskara and is considered an event of great auspiciousness. The lawbooks or \\\"smritis\\\" prescribe that a boy must have his haircut in his first or third year. While complete tonsure is common, some Hindus prefer to leave some hair on the head, distinguishing this rite from the inauspicious tonsure that occurs upon the death of a parent. Those that\",\n \"title\": \"First haircut\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"738587\",\n \"text\": \"orders, but by this very fact lost the favor of the Observants and failed in his plans for reunion. Julius II succeeded in reducing some of the smaller branches, but left the division of the two great parties untouched. This division was finally legalized by Leo X, after a general chapter held in Rome in 1517, in connection with the reform-movement of the Fifth Lateran Council, had once more declared the impossibility of reunion. The less strict principles of the Conventuals, permitting the possession of real estate and the enjoyment of fixed revenues, were recognized as tolerable, while the Observants,\",\n \"title\": \"Franciscans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8191100\",\n \"text\": \"this is a military order of Catholic Knights dedicated to the protection and care of the sick, and was made an independent hospitaller order by Pope Gregory IX in 1237. They spread into Moravia, Silesia, Hungary, and Poland. It is believed they had three houses in Scotland, but floundered when they tried to grow in England in 1260, where they had a house in Guilford, partially due to the confusion that ensued from so many 'Orders of the Cross' in England. Their Provincial House in Vienna is located just behind the Karlskirche. In their home territory, the order moved in\",\n \"title\": \"Crutched Friars\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5660809\",\n \"text\": \"the friars. Most of the charges against the friars are familiar from other works such as \\\"Jack Upland\\\", the \\\"Vae Octuplex\\\" or Wyclif's \\\"Trialogus\\\", and most are ultimately derived from William of Saint-Amour's \\\"De Periculis Novissimorum Temporum\\\" (1256). As in all Wycliffite satire, the friars are lecherous, covetous, greedy, vengeful, demanding extravagant donations for even the most elementary services. They seek out only the fattest corpses to bury, and live in ostentatious houses that are more like palaces than places of worship. They are the children of Lucifer rather than Saint Dominic or St Francis, and follow in the footsteps\",\n \"title\": \"Pierce the Ploughman's Crede\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10688045\",\n \"text\": \"George Burns, Johnny Carson, Billy Crystal, Sammy Davis, Jr., Judy Garland, Bob Hope, Al Jolson, Jerry Lewis, Dean Martin, Stan Lee, the Marx Brothers, and Frank Sinatra, among many others. Like the New York club, for many years the Friars Club of Beverly Hills was known for its celebrity members and \\\"roasts\\\". From the summer of 1962 to the summer of 1966, John Roselli, Maurice Friedman, Manuel Jacobs, and others rigged high stake gin rummy games at the Friars Club. Over that period, the conspirators earned an estimated $400,000 in profits, and six defendants were ultimately convicted on various charges.\",\n \"title\": \"Friars Club of Beverly Hills\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1298725\",\n \"text\": \"also known as \\\"choulam\\\", \\\"caula\\\", \\\"chudakarma\\\", or \\\"mundana\\\", marks the child's first haircut, typically the shaving of the head. The mother dresses up, sometimes in her wedding sari, and with the father present, the baby's head is shaved and nails trimmed, washed and dressed in new clothes. Sometimes, a tuft of hair is left to cover the soft spot near the top of the baby's head. Both boys and girls typically go through this ceremony, sometimes near a temple or a river, but it is not mandatory in Hinduism. The significance of Chudakarana rite of passage is the baby's cyclical\",\n \"title\": \"Tonsure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"976676\",\n \"text\": \"He sought to return to the primitive way of life of solitude and penance, as practiced by the founder of their Order. His religious superiors tried to suppress these innovations, and Friar Matteo and his first companions were forced into hiding from Church authorities, who sought to arrest them for having abandoned their religious duties. They were given refuge by the Camaldolese monks, in gratitude for which they later adopted the hood (or \\\"cappuccio\\\") worn by that Order—which was the mark of a hermit in that region of Italy—and the practice of wearing a beard. The popular name of their\",\n \"title\": \"Order of Friars Minor Capuchin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19836782\",\n \"text\": \"Marrakesh ruler had him imprisoned and tortured in 1631 - the other two friars were murdered - and was burned to death after having his head struck. He was imprisoned in chains and his hands and feet were shackled; the king had him scourged and himself struck him on the head with a sword before ordering him to be burnt to death. Pope Benedict XIII confirmed - on 24 May 1728 - that the late Franciscan had been killed \\\"in odium fidei\\\" (in hatred of the faith) and used this confirmation for the approval of the formal beatification. Juan de\",\n \"title\": \"Juan de Prado\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14122647\",\n \"text\": \"Humphrey with the Beard Humphrey with the Beard (died before 1113) was a Norman soldier and nobleman, the earliest known ancestor of the de Bohun family, later prominent in England as Earls of Hereford and Earls of Essex. His epithet, \\\"with the beard\\\" (\\\"cum barba\\\"), was a distinguishing one in eleventh-century Normandy, where the custom was to shave the face and back of the head. It is first recorded in a later chronicle of Llanthony Prima, edited by William Dugdale in the \\\"Monasticon Anglicanum\\\" (VI.134): As is stated by Wace in the \\\"Roman de Rou\\\", Humphrey derived from \\\"Bohun\\\" in\",\n \"title\": \"Humphrey with the Beard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"976683\",\n \"text\": \"was restored. The movement at once began to multiply rapidly, and by the end of the 16th century the Capuchins had spread all over the Catholic parts of Europe, so that in 1619 they were freed from their dependence on the Conventual Franciscans and became an independent Order. They are said to have had at that time 1500 houses divided into fifty provinces. They were one of the chief tools in the Catholic Counter-reformation, the aim of the order being to work among the poor, impressing the minds of the common people by the poverty and austerity of their life,\",\n \"title\": \"Order of Friars Minor Capuchin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3115610\",\n \"text\": \"gave them to a poor woman. His fellow Franciscans had to watch him closely, and strictly forbade him from giving away his clothes. While such behaviors were embarrassing to his brothers, he was also recognized as a pure example of the Franciscan order and thus esteemed. \\\"The Little Flowers of Saint Francis of Assisi\\\", which documents the oral traditions of the Franciscans, told several stories of \\\"Brother Juniper\\\". The most famous of these is the story of how Brother Juniper cut off the foot of a pig to give it to a sick brother. Upon the sick brother's request for\",\n \"title\": \"Foolishness for Christ\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1593089\",\n \"text\": \"address accessibility issues involved with cutting toenails. Prior to the invention of the modern nail clipper, people would use small knives to trim or pare their nails. Descriptions of nail trimming in literature date as far back as the 8th century BC. The Book of Deuteronomy exhorts in 21:12 that a man, should he wish to take a captive as a wife, \\\"shall bring her home to [his] house, and she shall shave her head and trim her nails\\\". A reference is made in Horace's \\\"Epistles\\\", written circa 20 BC, to \\\"A close-shaven man, it's said, in an empty barber's\",\n \"title\": \"Nail clipper\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5854561\",\n \"text\": \"healing practices and cultural rituals retained from their shamanistic past. They usually perform minor rites like \\\"aqiqah\\\" (cutting the hair of the firstborn) and \\\"ruqqiya\\\" (exorcism). A version of the traditional massage therapy conducted by folk healers also exist, known as \\\"agud\\\" or \\\"agod\\\" among the Maranao and Maguindanao people. The most strongly affected by this religious shift to Abrahamic religions were the feminized male \\\"asog\\\" shamans. During the 17th to 18th centuries, Spanish administrators in the Philippines burned people convicted of homosexual relations at the stake and confiscated their possessions, in accordance to a decree by the president of\",\n \"title\": \"Babaylan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10688042\",\n \"text\": \"it this way in 1964: \\\"Long ago a New Yorker asked the difference between the Lambs, Friars, and Players, since the membership was, at the time, predominantly from Broadway.\\\" It was left to \\\"a wit believed to have been George S. Kaufman\\\" to draw the distinction: \\\"The Players are gentlemen trying to be actors, the Lambs are actors trying to be gentlemen, and the Friars are neither trying to be both.\\\" Michael Gyure is the executive director of the Friars Club and of its charitable arm, the Friars Foundation. In its debut year, the festival featured the US premiere of\",\n \"title\": \"New York Friars Club\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"976675\",\n \"text\": \"Order of Friars Minor Capuchin The Order of Friars Minor Capuchin (; postnominal abbr. O.F.M.Cap.) is an order of friars within the Catholic Church, among the chief offshoots of the Franciscans. The worldwide head of the Order, called the Minister General, is currently Roberto Genuin. The Order arose in 1525 when Matteo da Bascio, an Observant Franciscan friar native to the Italian region of Marche, said he had been inspired by God with the idea that the manner of life led by the friars of his day was not the one which their founder, St. Francis of Assisi, had envisaged.\",\n \"title\": \"Order of Friars Minor Capuchin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2739602\",\n \"text\": \"cum knyvys goth about and txxkxzv nfookt xxzxkt.\\\" With the last three words decoded in the same way as \\\"svvivyt mennis vvyvis,\\\" it may be translated as \\\"Friars with knives go about and swive (have sex with) men's wives.\\\" The poem is found in British Library, Harley MS 3362, and was first edited in T. Wright & J. O. Halliwell, \\\"Reliquiæ Antiquæ\\\" (1841) 1.91. The \\\"Oxford English Dictionary\\\" (online edition) cites \\\"Flen flyys\\\" in square brackets, since the form \\\"fuccant\\\" is Anglo-Latin and not strictly speaking English. Flen flyys Flen flyys is the colloquial name and first words of an\",\n \"title\": \"Flen flyys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7953130\",\n \"text\": \"contemporary images of clothing, and many mentions of names for clothing in contemporary documents, but definitively matching the names to the styles in the images is rarely possible. In Italian the word was cappuccio [kap'put:ʃo], or its diminutive \\\"cappuccino\\\", from which come the Capuchin friars, whose distinctive white hood and brown robe led to the monkey and the type of coffee being named after them (it also means the cap of a pen in Italian). \\\"Little Red Riding Hood\\\" is \\\"Le Petit Chaperon rouge\\\" in the earliest published version, by Charles Perrault, and French depictions of the story naturally favour\",\n \"title\": \"Chaperon (headgear)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3219205\",\n \"text\": \"present the heads to their king to claim their share of the plunder. Then, the warrior would skin the head “by making a circular cut round the ears and shaking out the skull; he then scrapes the flesh off the skin with the rib of an ox, and when it is clean works it with his fingers until it is supple, and fit to be used as a sort of handkerchief. He hangs these handkerchiefs on the bridle of his horse, and is very proud of them. The best man is the man who has the greatest number.” Ammianus Marcellinus\",\n \"title\": \"Scalping\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"540727\",\n \"text\": \"demanded too much of the friars. The main clauses modified concerned fasting and remaining within individual cells: the bull allowed them to eat meat three days a week and to perambulate in the cloisters of their convents. This reform brought the Carmelites closer into line with other mendicant orders, but it was also the source of much subsequent tension, as others refused to accept this change in the nature of the Order, seeing it as a loss of Carmel's original vision and spirit. Such tension erupted almost immediately. Shortly before 1433 three priories in Valais, Tuscany, and Mantua were reformed\",\n \"title\": \"Carmelites\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"738544\",\n \"text\": \"some of whom trace their origin to Francis of Assisi. Their official Latin name is the . St. Francis thus referred to his followers as \\\"Fraticelli\\\", meaning \\\"Little Brothers\\\". Franciscan brothers are informally called friars or the Minorites. The modern organization of the Friars Minor comprises three separate families or groups, each considered a religious order in its own right under its own minister General and particular type of governance. They all live according to a body of regulations known as the Rule of St Francis. These are The Second Order, most commonly called Poor Clares in English-speaking countries, consists\",\n \"title\": \"Franciscans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12174289\",\n \"text\": \"most of the newly discovered lands to Spain and Portugal. Under the \\\"patronato\\\" system, state authorities controlled clerical appointments and no direct contact was allowed with the Vatican. On December 1511, the Dominican friar Antonio de Montesinos openly rebuked the Spanish authorities governing Hispaniola for their mistreatment of the American natives, telling them \\\"... you are in mortal sin ... for the cruelty and tyranny you use in dealing with these innocent people\\\". King Ferdinand enacted the \\\"Laws of Burgos\\\" and \\\"Valladolid\\\" in response. Enforcement was lax, and while some blame the Church for not doing enough to liberate the\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Catholic Church\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14704367\",\n \"text\": \"for six years. The character of the friars is recalled in these lines - Another version expands the details of the friars way of life - In 1459 King James II and his Queen, Mary of Gueldress submitted a petition to suppress the order of Trinitarian Friars and to pass their churches and revenues to the Trinity Collegiate Church and Hospital in Edinburgh. The given reason was that \\\"thw friars were evil, unclean, and unfit to continue observance of their rule. The public outcry was such that the petition was refused, however an echo of substance in the allegations is\",\n \"title\": \"Fail Monastery\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"738547\",\n \"text\": \"lived in the deserted leper colony of Rivo Torto near Assisi; but they spent much of their time traveling through the mountainous districts of Umbria, always cheerful and full of songs, yet making a deep impression on their hearers by their earnest exhortations. Their life was extremely ascetic, though such practices were apparently not prescribed by the first rule which Francis gave them (probably as early as 1209) which seems to have been nothing more than a collection of Scriptural passages emphasizing the duty of poverty. In spite of some similarities between this principle and some of the fundamental ideas\",\n \"title\": \"Franciscans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16797586\",\n \"text\": \"buy and sell copies of the English New Testament, a work banned at the time as heretical. Thomas Cromwell was a leading supporter of the English Reformation, indeed one of its principal masterminds, and found his neighbour the Prior to be sympathetic to his cause. The Prior, George Brown, preached sermons in support of the King's unpopular divorce from Catherine of Aragon and subsequent marriage to Anne Boleyn. Brown was later rewarded by Cromwell with work as a commissioner, whose job it was to visit all the monastic houses in the kingdom to assess them for piety and wealth before\",\n \"title\": \"Austin Friars, London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14865182\",\n \"text\": \"Bacon, and several other Dartmouth burgesses of depriving her of a house and half an acre of land at Clifton. As a result of this case the land was restored to her, reducing the chapel's landholding by half. By 1344 Bishop Grandisson and the Arches court of Canterbury had ordered the friars to demolish their chapel on the grounds that it had been built on a site \\\"belonging to the Abbot and Convent of Torre\\\". The friars appealed to the Pope in Avignon against this decision, but the pope's court eventually decided against them too, holding that papal privilege meant\",\n \"title\": \"Dartmouth Friary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15025496\",\n \"text\": \"hard shell of a pumpkin, which being put on the head every Saturday, the hair is cut by the shell all round the head…….. and fourthly, such persons as have lost their ears for heresy, and other wickedness, cannot conceal their misfortune and disgrace.” In Rhode Island, cropping was a punishment for crimes such as counterfeiting money, perjury, and \\\"burning houses, barns, and outbuildings\\\" (but not amounting to arson). Cropping (along with the pillory and stocks) was abolished in Tennessee in 1829, with abolition further afield starting from approximately 1839. Cropping (punishment) Cropping is the removal of a person's ears\",\n \"title\": \"Cropping (punishment)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1363649\",\n \"text\": \"to grow coarser and in more places on the face and body. For example, teenagers may start shaving their face or legs at around 16, but as they age hair will start to grow more abundantly and thicker, leading some to believe this was due to the shaving, but in reality is just part of the maturation process. Tonsure is the practice of some Christian churches and some Hindu, Jain and Buddhist (usually only monks or nuns) temples of shaving or plucking the hair from the scalp of priests and nuns as a symbol of their renunciation of worldly fashion\",\n \"title\": \"Shaving\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"581532\",\n \"text\": \"the two knights immunity, but Margaret gainsaid him and ordered their executions by decapitation. It is alleged that she put the men on trial at which her son presided. \\\"Fair son\\\", she allegedly asked, \\\"what death shall these knights die?\\\" Prince Edward replied that their heads should be cut off, despite the king's pleas for mercy. The Lancastrian army was beaten at the Battle of Towton on 29 March 1461 by the son of the late Duke of York, the future Edward IV of England, who deposed King Henry and proclaimed himself king. Margaret was determined to win back her\",\n \"title\": \"Margaret of Anjou\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"566715\",\n \"text\": \"the results of the procedure. Lobotomies have been featured in several literary and cinematic presentations that both reflected society's attitude towards the procedure and, at times, changed it. Writers and film-makers have played a pivotal role in forming a negative public sentiment towards the procedure. Print Sources Online sources Lobotomy A lobotomy, or leucotomy, is a form of psychosurgery, a neurosurgical treatment of a mental disorder that involves severing connections in the brain's prefrontal cortex. Most of the connections to and from the prefrontal cortex, the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain are severed. It was used\",\n \"title\": \"Lobotomy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4469818\",\n \"text\": \"off each of its heads he found that two grew back, an expression of the hopelessness of such a struggle for any but the hero. Additionally, one of the hydra's heads was immortal. The details of the struggle are explicit in the \\\"Bibliotheca\\\" (2.5.2): realizing that he could not defeat the Hydra in this way, Hercules called on his nephew Iolaus for help. His nephew then came upon the idea (possibly inspired by Athena) of using a firebrand to scorch the neck stumps after each decapitation. Hercules cut off each head and Iolaus cauterized the open stumps. Seeing that Hercules\",\n \"title\": \"Labours of Hercules\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14122649\",\n \"text\": \"indicates he had been married three times, but the names of his wives are unknown. He had three sons and two daughters, including: Humphrey with the Beard Humphrey with the Beard (died before 1113) was a Norman soldier and nobleman, the earliest known ancestor of the de Bohun family, later prominent in England as Earls of Hereford and Earls of Essex. His epithet, \\\"with the beard\\\" (\\\"cum barba\\\"), was a distinguishing one in eleventh-century Normandy, where the custom was to shave the face and back of the head. It is first recorded in a later chronicle of Llanthony Prima, edited\",\n \"title\": \"Humphrey with the Beard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6484960\",\n \"text\": \"common allergens such as fragrances, parabens, and lanolin. Xeroderma Xeroderma or xerodermia (also known as xerosis cutis), derived from the Greek words for \\\"dry skin\\\", is a condition involving the integumentary system, which in most cases can safely be treated with emollients or moisturizers. Xeroderma occurs most commonly on the scalp, lower legs, arms, hands, the knuckles, the sides of the abdomen, and thighs. Symptoms most associated with xeroderma are scaling (the visible peeling of the outer skin layer), itching, and skin cracking. Xeroderma is a very common condition. It happens more often in the winter when the cold air\",\n \"title\": \"Xeroderma\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19549599\",\n \"text\": \"neck and over the shoulders hangs the cowl. Order of Friars Minor The Order of Friars Minor (also called the Franciscans, the Franciscan Order, or the Seraphic Order; postnominal abbreviation O.F.M.) is a mendicant Catholic religious order, founded in 1209 by Francis of Assisi. The order adheres to the teachings and spiritual disciplines of the founder and of his main associates and followers, such as Clare of Assisi, Anthony of Padua, and Elizabeth of Hungary, among many others. The Order of Friars Minor is considered to the successor to the original Franciscan Order within the Catholic Church, and is the\",\n \"title\": \"Order of Friars Minor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5854556\",\n \"text\": \"seen by native Filipinos as another type of \\\"anito\\\". The Spanish missionaries exploited this misconception in their successful conversion and occupation of most of the islands with minimal military support. Spanish friars were seen as \\\"shamans\\\" whose souls and spirit guides were apparently more powerful than the native ones. They desecrated religious objects, sacred trees, and sacred areas with impunity, earning the awe of the natives. They could also cure various diseases that the native shamans could not. By the late 16th century, Christian symbols and paraphernalia (like rosaries, crucifixes, and holy water) became fetish objects, and Latin prayers and\",\n \"title\": \"Babaylan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"967709\",\n \"text\": \"verb: \\\"pollarding\\\". Pollarding has now largely replaced polling as the verb in the forestry sense. Pollard can also be used as an adjective: \\\"pollard tree\\\". Pollarding Pollarding, a pruning system involving the removal of the upper branches of a tree, promotes a dense head of foliage and branches. In ancient Rome, Propertius mentioned pollarding during the 1st century BCE. The practice has occurred commonly in Europe since medieval times and takes place today in urban areas worldwide, primarily to maintain trees at a predetermined height. Traditionally, people pollarded trees for one of two reasons: for fodder to feed livestock or\",\n \"title\": \"Pollarding\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19148522\",\n \"text\": \"is also a possibility, with osteotomy or stabilization with Kirschner intramedullary wire. Tendon relocation, however, has been shown to only work in 30% of cases. The condition is named after the French 19th century physician Sigismond Jaccoud. Jaccoud arthropathy Jaccoud arthropathy (JA), Jaccoud deformity or Jaccoud's arthopathy is a chronic non-erosive reversible joint disorder that may occur after repeated bouts of arthritis. It is caused by inflammation of the joint capsule and subsequent fibrotic retraction, causing ulnar deviation of the fingers, through metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) subluxation, primarily of the ring and little-finger. Joints in the feet, knees and shoulders may\",\n \"title\": \"Jaccoud arthropathy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"738573\",\n \"text\": \"had drawn it from the fountainhead itself, distributed it through the channels of their teaching and life to those wishing to live perfectly.\\\" Although \\\"Exiit qui seminat\\\" banned disputing about its contents, the decades that followed saw increasingly bitter disputes about the form of poverty to be observed by Franciscans, with the Spirituals (so called because associated with the Age of the Spirit that Joachim of Fiore had said would begin in 1260) pitched against the Conventual Franciscans. Pope Clement V's bull of 20 November 1312 failed to effect a compromise between the two factions. Clement V's successor, Pope John\",\n \"title\": \"Franciscans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3669968\",\n \"text\": \"Barber surgeon The barber surgeon, one of the most common European medical practitioners of the Middle Ages, was generally charged with caring for soldiers during and after battle. In this era, surgery was seldom conducted by physicians, but instead by barbers, who, in having razors indispensable to their trade, were called upon for numerous tasks ranging from cutting hair to amputating limbs. In this period, surgical mortality was very high, due to blood loss and infection. Yet since doctors thought that blood letting treated illness, barbers also applied leeches. Meanwhile, physicians considered themselves to be above surgery. Physicians mostly observed\",\n \"title\": \"Barber surgeon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7489202\",\n \"text\": \"to a return to the authentic Capuchin way of life and the renewal of the Catholic Church. In addition, the friars are known for their fidelity to the pope. The Community characterizes itself as Catholic, Franciscan, Capuchin, contemplative, prophetic, apostolic, fraternal and pro-life. Sudano told a reporter about the motive behind forming the community \\\"We were concerned about the effects of secularism on religious life [among the Capuchins] and a lack of clear and explicit fidelity to the Church. That secularism is less prevalent today, thank God, but was very much the case in the 1970s and 80s. What we\",\n \"title\": \"Franciscan Friars of the Renewal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13979469\",\n \"text\": \"Dorsal slit A dorsal slit (often referred to in anthropology as superincision) is a single incision along the upper length of the foreskin from the tip to the corona, exposing the glans without removing any tissue. An ancient practice, it has been a traditional custom among a number of peoples, particularly Filipinos and Pacific Islanders, probably for thousands of years. In Western medicine it was used as an alternative to circumcision to relieve conditions such as failure of the foreskin to retract (phimosis) or failure to cover the glans penis (paraphimosis), although a perception of poor appearance limited its popularity.\",\n \"title\": \"Dorsal slit\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3620450\",\n \"text\": \"not afraid of doing so. Confronted by Metropolitan Calinic himself, Creangă allegedly argued that he could think of no other way to eliminate rooks, being eventually pardoned by the prelate when it was ruled that he had not infringed on canon law. Creangă eventually moved out of the monastery, but refused to relinquish his key to the church basement, and, in what was probably a modernizing intent, chopped off his long hair, one of the traditional marks of an Orthodox priest. The latter gesture scandalized his superiors, particularly since Creangă explained himself using an ancient provision of canon law, which\",\n \"title\": \"Ion Creangă\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12892289\",\n \"text\": \"to cover the proximal nail fold with a Cyanoacrylate glue. \\\"The mechanism of action for improvement is probably related to the presence of an obstacle to picking.\\\" Onychotillomania Onychotillomania is a compulsive neurosis in which a person picks constantly at the nails or tries to tear them off. It is not the same as onychophagia, where the nails are bitten or chewed or dermatillomania, where skin is bitten or scratched. It is commonly associated with psychiatric disorders such as depressive neurosis, delusions of infestation and hypochondriasis. It was named by Professor Jan Alkiewicz, a Polish dermatologist. The constant destruction of\",\n \"title\": \"Onychotillomania\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20849572\",\n \"text\": \"fear of being charged for perjury, as opposed to fear of religious punishment. Legal punishment for perjury was not required historically because gods in both monotheistic and polytheistic religions were believed to punish those who lied under oath. For example, in Ancient Greece and Rome, individuals killed by lightning strikes were prohibited from receiving a proper burial, since that was thought to be Zeus’ punishment for perjury. A Statute was first created outlawing perjury in 1563. Raising hands Raising hands is a gesture involving lifting either one or both arms above one's head, which has a number of possible meanings,\",\n \"title\": \"Raising hands\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7683909\",\n \"text\": \"King of Cars King of Cars was an American reality television series, centering on the Towbin Dodge car dealership, in Henderson, Nevada, south of Las Vegas, Nevada. Managed by Josh Towbin a.k.a. \\\"Chop\\\" a.k.a. the \\\"King of Cars\\\", famous for the cult hit infomercial, \\\"The Chopper Show\\\", in which his salesmen dress up as various characters, as he \\\"chops\\\" the prices of his cars. Recorded on video in HDTV Widescreen Letterbox Format. Many of the salesman are referred to by their nicknames from the informercial. The Blue Genie (Prem Singh) is known for not working too hard. Started off as\",\n \"title\": \"King of Cars\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6261050\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"fuero eclesiástico\\\", or clerical immunity, granted clergy members immunity from the royal courts. According to this \\\"fuero\\\", any civil crime or criminal offense will be heard in front of the ecclesiastical instead of the royal or local court. This privilege was then extended to all clerics, nuns, priests, monks, and friars. This \\\"fuero\\\" extended to the land owned by the individuals and institutions which means the Spanish Crown could not exercise justice physically nor collect taxes. Missionizing in maroon societies in Spanish America became essential for the nature of politics of African resistance in the Iberian Atlantic world. The Maroons\",\n \"title\": \"Bourbon Reforms\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1891825\",\n \"text\": \"considered God's viceregent on Earth, and as such the physical wholeness of his person was an essential complement to the perfection of Heaven. For this reason, many deposed emperors were blinded, had their noses cut off, or their tongue split by their successors, as these permanent disfigurements disqualified them from ever reclaiming the throne. A case of voluntary disfigurement is that of St. Æbbe the Younger and the nuns of Coldingham Monastery in Scotland. When the monastery was attacked by Vikings and they feared being raped, she and the nuns cut off their own noses and upper lips. In revenge,\",\n \"title\": \"Disfigurement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4199023\",\n \"text\": \"to practice religious rituals. He did not perform tonsure (cutting the hair off the head) upon the death of his father. He would eat food during a solar eclipse to demonstrate that it does not cause indigestion, as Hindus believed to be so and would fast. He did inaugurate the procession at Dasera, a festival with homage to Goddess Chamundeshwari, in 2004. But he explained that it was out of respect of \\\"tradition and culture\\\". His famous quote is: A poor teacher complains, an average teacher explains, a good teacher teaches, a great teacher inspires. Narasimhaiah was conferred the Padma\",\n \"title\": \"Hosur Narasimhaiah\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12531443\",\n \"text\": \"Fray Diego de Landa in his book \\\"Relación de las cosas de Yucatán\\\", this program was quite successful, and an “admirable thing to see.\\\" The early success through peaceful teaching and quiet example of the Franciscan missionaries, however, was short lived. Within the first few years it became apparent that verbal teaching would not be enough, as the Mayans remained overall unmoved of the lessons of Christianity. In 1539 the heads of the three religious orders operating in Mexico met with the Franciscan bishop Juan de Zumárraga and concluded that the friars of the missionaries could legally inflict “light punishment”\",\n \"title\": \"Franciscan missions to the Maya\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10688038\",\n \"text\": \"for \\\"My Blue Heaven\\\" one afternoon while waiting in the club for his turn at the billiard table. In 1950 Sam Levenson and fellow comedian Joe E. Lewis were the first members of the New York Friars Club to be roasted. The club has roasted a member every year since the inaugural roasting. Between 1998 and 2002, the club's roasts were aired on Comedy Central, which then began organizing its own annual roasts. The Friars Club moved into its current headquarters in 1957, an English Renaissance mansion built for Speyer & Company investment banker Martin Erdman by architects Alfredo S.\",\n \"title\": \"New York Friars Club\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6762587\",\n \"text\": \"Francisco de Quiñones Francisco de Quiñones, O.F.M., (Latin: Franciscus Cardinal Quignonius) (also Francisco de los Angeles) (ca. 1482 in Kingdom of León – November 5, 1540 in Veroli, Papal States) was a Spanish Franciscan friar and later cardinal who was responsible for some reforms in the Catholic Church in Spain. He was the son of Diego Fernandez de Quiñones, Count of Luna, was educated as a page of Cardinal Ximenes, and at the age of sixteen entered the Order of Friars Minor in the friary of St. Mary of the Angels in Alcalá de Henares, taking the name of Francis\",\n \"title\": \"Francisco de Quiñones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"771304\",\n \"text\": \"infection, exsanguination, or permanent damage are major concerns. A dorsal slit (also known as superincision) is an incision made along the upper length of the foreskin with the intention to expose the glans penis without removing skin or tissue. The practice appears to have occurred in Ancient Egypt, though not commonly: It may be performed as a part of traditional customs, such as those in the Pacific Islands and the Philippines. In the medical field, it may be performed for as an alternative to circumcision when circumcision is undesired or impractical. It remains a rare surgery and practice overall. Genital\",\n \"title\": \"Genital modification and mutilation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"566654\",\n \"text\": \"Lobotomy A lobotomy, or leucotomy, is a form of psychosurgery, a neurosurgical treatment of a mental disorder that involves severing connections in the brain's prefrontal cortex. Most of the connections to and from the prefrontal cortex, the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain are severed. It was used for psychiatric and occasionally other conditions as a mainstream procedure in some Western countries for more than two decades. This was despite general recognition of frequent and serious side effects. While some people experienced symptomatic improvement with the operation, the improvements were achieved at the cost of creating other\",\n \"title\": \"Lobotomy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1298732\",\n \"text\": \"of attempting to abandon one's clerical state, and in the 1917 Code of Canon Law, any cleric in minor orders (or simply tonsured) who did not resume the tonsure within a month after being warned by his Ordinary, lost the clerical state. Over time, the appearance of tonsure varied, ending up for non-monastic clergy as generally consisting of a symbolic cutting of a few tufts of hair at first tonsure in the Sign of the Cross and in wearing a bare spot on the back of the head which varied according to the degree of orders. It was not supposed\",\n \"title\": \"Tonsure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"738564\",\n \"text\": \"the friars in the Mendicant Controversy, when the secular Masters of the university of Paris and the Bishops of France combined to attack the mendicant orders. It was due to the action of Alexander IV's envoys, who were obliged to threaten the university authorities with excommunication, that the degree of doctor of theology was finally conceded to the Dominican Thomas Aquinas and the Franciscan Bonaventure (1257), who had previously been able to lecture only as licentiates. The Franciscan Gerard of Borgo San Donnino at this time issued a Joachimite tract and John of Parma was seen as favoring the condemned\",\n \"title\": \"Franciscans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4328603\",\n \"text\": \"its collapse due to a lateral eruption to the northeast (around 200,000 years ago) and subsequent glacial erosion, the San Francisco Peaks fully matured elevation is estimated to have been around 16,000 feet. In 1629, 147 years before San Francisco, California, received that name, Spanish friars founded a mission at a Hopi Indian village in honor of St. Francis, 65 miles from the peaks. Seventeenth century Franciscans at Oraibi village gave the name San Francisco to the peaks to honor St. Francis of Assisi, the founder of their order. The mountain man Antoine Leroux visited the San Francisco Peaks in\",\n \"title\": \"San Francisco Peaks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3517439\",\n \"text\": \"Maschalismos Maschalismos (μασχαλισμός) is the practice of physically rendering the dead incapable of rising or haunting the living in undead form. It comes from the Ancient Greek word and was also the term for procedural rules on such matters in later Greek customary law. Such acts considered \\\"maschalismos\\\" were not limited to folkloric physical risings but also meant to escape the ill will of those wrongfully slain by a murderer after death. One common method was the cutting off of the feet, hands, ears, nose, et cetera, tying them under the armpits of the corpse all strung together. The piercing\",\n \"title\": \"Maschalismos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"976680\",\n \"text\": \"the most simple form, i.e. only of a tunic, with the distinctive large, pointed hood reaching to the waist attached to it, girdled by the traditional woolen cord with three knots. By visual analogy, the Capuchin monkey and the cappuccino style of coffee are both named after the shade of brown used for their habit. Besides the canonical choral celebration of the Divine Office, a portion of which was recited at midnight, there were two hours of private prayer daily. The fasts and disciplines were rigorous and frequent. The great external work was preaching and spiritual ministrations among the poor.\",\n \"title\": \"Order of Friars Minor Capuchin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10688046\",\n \"text\": \"In the wake of the resulting scandal, the Friars Club formed an ethics committee and removed some members, while others resigned. In 1992, Irwin Schaeffer became president of the Friars Club of California. By 2004, after years of declining membership, the club's assets were sold to a for-profit corporation owned by Schaeffer's son, Darren Schaeffer. After the sale, the club was renamed \\\"The Friars of Beverly Hills\\\" and continued to operate under that name until 2007. However, in 2005, the New York Friars' Club commenced a lawsuit claiming trademark infringement under the Lanham Act, among other claims; in September 2007,\",\n \"title\": \"Friars Club of Beverly Hills\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14848905\",\n \"text\": \"flooding made it difficult to attend lectures and acquire provisions, the friars obtained permission from Edward I to move to land on Milne Street within Cambridge. They remained there from 1292 until 1538, when, as a result of the dissolution of the monasteries under Henry VIII, their property was handed over to Queens' College, who demolished the monastic buildings. The site is now occupied by Walnut Tree Court and the college chapel. The only surviving remains can be seen in the well-preserved north wall of the Fellows' Garden, which formed the north wall of the Carmelite church. The locations of\",\n \"title\": \"Cambridge Whitefriars\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"738567\",\n \"text\": \"council with the renunciation of allegiance. Attempts were made, however, to satisfy the reasonable demands of the Spiritual party, as in the bull of Pope Nicholas III (1279), which pronounced the principle of complete poverty meritorious and holy, but interpreted it in the way of a somewhat sophistical distinction between possession and usufruct. The bull was received respectfully by Bonagratia and the next two generals, Arlotto of Prato (1285–87) and Matthew of Aqua Sparta (1287–89); but the Spiritual party under the leadership of the Bonaventuran pupil and apocalyptic Pierre Jean Olivi regarded its provisions for the dependence of the friars\",\n \"title\": \"Franciscans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16314496\",\n \"text\": \"Marley’s strict adherence to the religion. Rastafari doctor, Carleton Fraser, states that “doctors recommended amputation of the hip and removing the entire leg.” Chris Blackwell gives conflicting information and insists that they just needed to amputate Marley’s big toe for him to survive. Later, when Marley started losing his hair in the course of chemotherapy treatment for his cancer, family members also state that Marley had much displeasure in cutting off his dreadlocks, an aspect of Rastafarism, which was unfortunately necessitated by the physical pain their heavy weight was causing him. The film ends with Marley saying a quote that\",\n \"title\": \"Marley (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2092538\",\n \"text\": \"Cauterization Cauterization (or cauterisation, or cautery) is a medical practice or technique of burning a part of a body to remove or close off a part of it. It destroys some tissue in an attempt to mitigate bleeding and damage, remove an undesired growth, or minimize other potential medical harm, such as infections when antibiotics are unavailable. The practice was once widespread for treatment of wounds. Its utility before the advent of antibiotics was said to be effective at more than one level: Cautery was historically believed to prevent infection, but current research shows that cautery actually increases the risk\",\n \"title\": \"Cauterization\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"976679\",\n \"text\": \"loopholes for evading this law. No large provision against temporal wants should be made, and the supplies in the house should never exceed what was necessary for a few days. Everything was to be obtained by begging, and the friars were not allowed even to touch money. The communities were to be small, eight being fixed as the normal number and twelve as the limit. In furniture and clothing extreme simplicity was enjoined and the friars were discalced, required to go bare-footed—without even sandals. Like the Observants, the Capuchins wore a brown habit. Their form, however, was to be of\",\n \"title\": \"Order of Friars Minor Capuchin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5693630\",\n \"text\": \"First haircut The first haircut for a human has special significance in certain cultures and religions. It can be considered a rite of passage or a milestone. In Hindu tradition, the hair from birth is associated with undesirable traits from past lives. Thus at the time of the mundan, the child is freshly shaven to signify freedom from the past and moving into the future. It is also said that the shaving of the hair stimulates proper growth of the brain and nerves, and that the sikha, a tuft at the crown of the head, protects the memory. hours Hindus\",\n \"title\": \"First haircut\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6549813\",\n \"text\": \"Primary hypertrophic osteoathropathy Pachydermoperiostosis (PDP) or primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (PHO) is a rare genetic disorder that affects both bones and skin. Other names are idiopathic hypertrophic osteoarthropathy or Touraine-Solente-Golé syndrome. It is mainly characterized by pachydermia (thickening of the skin), periostosis (excessive bone formation) and finger clubbing (swelling of tissue with loss of normal angle between nail and nail bed). This disease affects relatively more men than women. After onset, the disease stabilizes after about 5–20 years. Life of PDP patients can be severely impaired. Currently, symptomatic treatments are NSAIDs and steroids or surgical procedures. In 1868, PDP was first\",\n \"title\": \"Primary hypertrophic osteoathropathy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15327012\",\n \"text\": \"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head \\\"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head\\\" is a song written by Hal David and Burt Bacharach for the 1969 film \\\"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid\\\". It won an Academy Award for Best Original Song. David and Bacharach also won Best Original Score. The song was recorded by B. J. Thomas in seven takes, after Bacharach expressed dissatisfaction with the first six. In the film version of the song, Thomas had been recovering from laryngitis, which made his voice sound hoarser than in the 7-inch release. The film version featured a separate vaudeville-style instrumental\",\n \"title\": \"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1363555\",\n \"text\": \"part of some Buddhist, Christian, Muslim, Jain and Hindu traditions. Buddhist and Christian monks generally undergo some form of head-shaving or tonsure during their induction into monastic life; in Thailand monks shave their eyebrows as well. Brahmin children have their heads ritualistically shaved before beginning school. The Amish religion forbids men from having mustaches, as they are associated with the military. In some parts of the Theravada Buddhist world, it is common practice to shave the heads of children. Weak or sickly children are often left with a small topknot of hair, to gauge their health and mark them for\",\n \"title\": \"Hair removal\"\n }\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":79077,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":79077,"string":"79,077"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["June 30, 2015"],"string":"[\n \"June 30, 2015\"\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"when did terraria 1.3 come out on pc"},"compressed_prompt":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Question:\\nPlease write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Terraria context: and Linux. They were both released on August 12, 2015. The Nintendo 3DS version was first released on the Nintendo eShop on December 10, 2015. A Wii U version was released on the eShop in June 2016. It was announced that version 1.3, the game's third major content update, would be the last on which Spinks would work personally, and that the developers Yorai Omer and Skiphs would take over programming, and Whitney \\\"Cenx\\\" Baird, would take over as lead designer. Version 1.3 was released on June 30, 2015, adding even more items, events, enemies, bosses, and gameplay features. During\\n\\nwhen did terraria 1.3 come out on pc\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 208,\n \"origin_tokens\": 208,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"15615902","text":"and Linux. They were both released on August 12, 2015. The Nintendo 3DS version was first released on the Nintendo eShop on December 10, 2015. A Wii U version was released on the eShop in June 2016. It was announced that version 1.3, the game's third major content update, would be the last on which Spinks would work personally, and that the developers Yorai Omer and Skiphs would take over programming, and Whitney \"Cenx\" Baird, would take over as lead designer. Version 1.3 was released on June 30, 2015, adding even more items, events, enemies, bosses, and gameplay features. During","title":"Terraria"},{"id":"15615903","text":"July 2016, Cenx announced that 1.3 for the mobile platforms would be coming in 2017. It came out December 12, 2017 for PS4 and for Xbox One it came out on February 5, 2018. On July 25, 2016, 505 Games announced that the 1.3 update would not be ported to Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, or PlayStation Vita, citing issues with the consoles' performance. It was also announced that Engine Software and Codeglue would no longer be working on the console and mobile versions respectively and that a new studio, Pipeworks, would take over the development of those versions. A version","title":"Terraria"},{"id":"15615905","text":"on IndieDB. Despite using 2D graphics, \"Terraria\" was described as a \"Minecraft\" clone by various video gaming media outlets. \"Terraria\" sold 200,000 copies in the first nine days following its initial release, where it remained on Steam's top sellers for the first week of its release. Within a month, \"Terraria\" had sold over 432,000 copies. By the time of the 1.3 update in June 2015, over 12 million copies of \"Terraria\" were sold across all platforms, with that number increasing to over 27 million by December 2018. In October 2013, Spinks announced that he was planning \"Terraria 2\", stating that","title":"Terraria"},{"id":"15615901","text":"update added a host of new mechanics, gameplay changes, and graphics adjustments. After the 1.2 update was released the game returned to receiving continuous updates, including Halloween and Christmas updates which expanded the endgame significantly. The console and mobile versions received update 1.2 in 2014. \"Terraria\" became DRM-free on October 2, 2014, when it was released on GOG.com. A downloadable version of \"Terraria\" was released for PlayStation 4 on November 11, 2014, and Xbox One on November 14, 2014, with a retail release on December 2, 2014. In September 2014, Re-Logic announced that \"Terraria\" would be coming to OS X","title":"Terraria"},{"id":"15615898","text":"game, and Jeremy Guerrette, who was a production assistant at Re-Logic, but left shortly after the game's release. The music was composed by Scott Lloyd Shelly. The game was released for Microsoft Windows on May 16, 2011. Post-launch, the game has been updated on multiple occasions. In December 2011, Re-Logic updated \"Terraria\" to version 1.1, adding new monsters, bosses, NPCs, and items. The update also included improvements to the game's world generation technology and lighting system. In February 2012, the developers announced that they would not be continuing active development, but would release a final bug-fix patch. However, development resumed","title":"Terraria"},{"id":"15615899","text":"in 2013 with Spinks asking the community for ideas and features to include in a future content update. In September 2012, Spinks announced that Engine Software and 505 Games would be porting \"Terraria\" to Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3. The game was released for Xbox 360 via Xbox Live Arcade on March 27, 2013. The PlayStation 3 version was released via the PlayStation Network in North America on March 26, 2013 and in Europe and Australia on May 15, 2013. Shortly after the initial console release, 505 Games announced \"Terraria\" for PlayStation Vita; it was released in Europe on December","title":"Terraria"},{"id":"15615900","text":"11, 2013, and in North America on December 17, 2013. Spike Chunsoft localized the PlayStation 3 and Vita versions for release in Japan, including exclusive items such as a costume based on Monokuma from \"\". In May 2013, 505 Games announced a mobile version of \"Terraria\" ported by Dutch studio Codeglue for Android, iOS, and Windows Phone. It was released for iOS on August 29, 2013, and for Android on September 13, 2013. The Windows Phone version was released on September 12, 2014. In October 2013, Re-Logic released version 1.2 for \"Terraria\" on Windows after nine months in development. The","title":"Terraria"},{"id":"15615889","text":"Terraria Terraria is a 2D action-adventure sandbox video game developed by Re-Logic. The game was initially released for Microsoft Windows in May 2011, and has since been released for various consoles, handhelds, and mobile devices. Gameplay of \"Terraria\" features exploration, crafting, building, and combat with a variety of creatures in a procedurally generated 2D world. \"Terraria\" received generally positive critical reception upon release, with direct comparisons to \"Minecraft\" and praise given to its sandbox elements. By December 2018, the game had sold over 26 million copies across all platforms. \"Terraria\" is a sandbox 2D game with gameplay that revolves around","title":"Terraria"},{"id":"2884359","text":"both licenses of the software along the development cycle with a series of technology previews and a beta release. The \"final\" build was released on April 23, 2009, and more updates, including feature modules, are expected to be released later. Planetside released Terragen 3 in August 2013. Version 3.1 was released in February 2014. Version 4 was released in 2016. Terragen Classic is popular among amateur artists, which can be attributed to it being freeware, its intuitive interface, and its capability to create photorealistic landscapes when used skillfully. It can also use DEM (digital elevation model) files, and other graphic","title":"Terragen"},{"id":"7857667","text":"4, Xbox One, Mobile, Nintendo Wii U, Nintendo Switch, and the PC. Some of their released titles include \"SoccerDie\" for iOS, Superfight for PC, and Prominence Poker on Xbox One, PS4, and PC. \"\" for the X360 and PS3 is one of its most popular creations. Pipeworks is currently developing a variety of original IP. On the 25th of July 2016, it was revealed that Pipeworks would take over development of the console and mobile versions of \"Terraria\", in order to achieve feature parity with the PC version, which also includes a Nintendo Switch version. Pipeworks is noted for creating","title":"Pipeworks Software"},{"id":"15615897","text":"the game's final boss called Moon Lord to spawn. Defeating the boss will reward the player with end-game loot. There also is an online Multiplayer mode where you can play with friends using the friend options on Steam, Xbox Live and PlayStation Network or with strangers using game servers. In addition to standard gameplay, \"Terraria\" has a modding community. \"Terraria\" was developed by Re-Logic beginning in January 2011, and is built on the Microsoft XNA framework. Re-Logic was composed of Andrew Spinks, who designed and programmed the game, Finn Brice, who along with Spinks did the graphic design for the","title":"Terraria"},{"id":"11530232","text":"the nearest enemy is targeted automatically, improved boarding crew functionality, various improvements in the user interface as well as several other improvements and fixes. Version 1.2 was available to Steam users as soon as the game was activated whereas several DVD users played with version 1.0.1 for several days before the update was available. The update added a new mission, improved several features and fixed various issues. On 4 December 2008, Egosoft released a second patch, updating the game to version 1.3 and on 22 December 2008, they released a third patch, updating the game to version 1.4. It was","title":"X3: Terran Conflict"},{"id":"15615896","text":"giving bosses new attack patterns, decreasing the effectiveness of life regeneration, and other tweaks. To deal with the higher attack damages of expert mode the defense statistic is more effective than in normal mode. In addition to the higher difficulty level, expert mode increases the chance for enemies to drop rare items, and adds new items that can only be obtained by defeating the bosses on expert mode. In PC, Console Version, and soon Mobile version, after getting into hardmode and defeating Lunatic Cultist, four celestial pillars guarded by monsters will appear in the world. Destroying the pillars will cause","title":"Terraria"},{"id":"15615907","text":"Re-Logic announced that the previous partner on the project, Engine Software, would be dropped in favor of a new studio, Pipeworks. The reasoning given was due to the game being well behind schedule. In April 2018, Re-Logic announced that the game had been cancelled due to them not being satisfied with its development thus far, and unwilling to rush the release of a non-quality product as a result. Terraria Terraria is a 2D action-adventure sandbox video game developed by Re-Logic. The game was initially released for Microsoft Windows in May 2011, and has since been released for various consoles, handhelds,","title":"Terraria"},{"id":"15615890","text":"exploration, building, combat, and mining. The game has a 2D sprite tile-based graphical style reminiscent of the 16-bit sprites found on the Super NES. The game is noted for its classic exploration-adventure style of gameplay, similar to titles such as the \"Metroid\" series and \"Minecraft\". The game starts in a procedurally generated world. The player starts out with three basic tools: a pickaxe for digging, a shortsword for combat, and an axe for woodcutting. Many resources, notably ores, can be found while exploring underground caves. The player begins with a limited amount of health and magic points, which can both","title":"Terraria"},{"id":"11676065","text":"the Game Boy Advance, after which the companies each went their own way. Engine Software still often works or has worked with other developers, most notably A2M, 1st Playable Productions, and PopCap Games. In 2011 the studio switched from being a handheld developer to a full multi-platform development studio developing games for iPad, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and PlayStation Vita. In 2012 Engine Software was signed by 505 Games to bring the highly rated indie title Terraria to consoles, followed by a Vita release of the same game in December 2013. The \"Engine Software Music Replayer\" is a piece of","title":"Engine Software"},{"id":"14091985","text":"TERA (video game) TERA (short for The Exiled Realm of Arborea) is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) developed by Bluehole Studio. The game was released in South Korea on 25 January 2011, in North America on 1 May 2012, and in Europe on 3 May 2012, with closed and open beta testings taking place before the launch dates. NHN Corporation, NHN Japan Corporation, En Masse Entertainment and Gameforge publishes the game in these regions, respectively. In February 2013 the game was renamed to \"TERA: Rising\" concurrently with the game's launch to the free-to-play model. In September 2014, the","title":"TERA (video game)"},{"id":"20559620","text":"4 on February 16, 2016, and for the Xbox One on February 16, 2016. On February 21, 2017 Re-Logic published \"Pixel Privateers\", a turn-based strategy video game for Windows. In February 2015, Re-Logic began development of \"Terraria: Otherworld,\" a game set in the same universe as \"Terraria\". The game was announced in a teaser trailer on February 16, 2015, however, on April 13, 2018, the game was cancelled due it being far behind schedule and far from the vision Re-Logic had for it. Re-Logic Re-Logic is an independent game developer and publisher based in Indiana. It was founded by Andrew","title":"Re-Logic"},{"id":"18324679","text":"a sequel and spinoff to the game, respectively titled \"Terra Battle 2\" and \"Terra Wars\", both for Android and for iOS. \"Terra Battle 2\" was released on September 21, 2017, but its lack of success lead to it being discontinued, with it being removed from storefronts on June 3, 2018 and its servers shutdown in September 2018. Terra Battle Terra Battle (テラバトル) is a mobile video game developed by Mistwalker, the company of \"Final Fantasy\" creator Hironobu Sakaguchi. It was released for iOS and Android devices on October 9, 2014. The game plays as a tile-based tactical role-playing game, with","title":"Terra Battle"},{"id":"6800360","text":"April, and in Australia on April 13. The PC version received a patch a few days after its European release to address stability and technical issues. The PSP version released on 9 June in Europe, 13 June in Australia, and 21 June in North America. Spike published the PS2, 360 and PSP versions in Japan on 7 December. The DS and GBA versions were released 10 November in Europe, 14 November 2006 in North America, and 17 November in Australia. The GameCube version released first in North America on 14 November, and in Europe on 1 December. The mobile version","title":"Tomb Raider: Legend"},{"id":"10658916","text":"Hamster Corporation. The game would later be ported to the PlayStation 4 in 2014 as part of the Arcade Archives label. A sequel game, \"Terra Force\" was released for arcades in 1987, and was also ported to the PlayStation 4 as part of Arcade Archives. A PC-Engine exclusive follow-up, \"Terra Cresta II: Mandler no Gyakushu\", was released in 1992 exclusively in Japan, and a 3-D version, \"Terra Cresta 3D\", was released in 1997 for the Sega Saturn in Japan only. On May 10, 2018 a port for the Nintendo Switch was published by HAMSTER as part of their Arcade Archives","title":"Terra Cresta"},{"id":"15615904","text":"for the Nintendo Switch, ported by 505 Games, will be released in 2019. \"Terraria\" received generally favorable reviews from critics, according to review aggregator Metacritic. A review for \"Destructoid\" included praise for \"Terraria\" as \"full of depth\". Another reviewer praised \"Terraria\" integration of some of \"Minecraft\" concepts into two dimensions. \"GameSpot\" praised \"Terraria\" exploration and feeling of accomplishment but criticized its lack of tutorial or explicit directions. IGN praised the game, claiming that \"Terraria\": \"expands on the familiar sandbox gameplay with a greater emphasis on combat and adventure.\" \"Terraria\" received the #1 of 2011 Indie of the Year Player Choice","title":"Terraria"},{"id":"11530236","text":"the Mac OS X version. A last update was released on April 19th adding controller support and providing bugfixes. Until the removal of digital rights management in the 2.5 update, \"X3: Terran Conflict\" used Tagès as copy prevention. For the DVD versions of the game, the DVD was required to be in the drive to start the game. For online distribution version of the game, including Steam, the number of installations was limited to 5 machines. More activations were available by contacting either Egosoft or Valve. On release, \"X3 Terran Conflict\" was generally well received by critics, and scored very","title":"X3: Terran Conflict"},{"id":"13206933","text":"Schoot and Bastiaan Berendsen, and is still being actively developed. Although the game was publicly available in 1998 it was called a \"BETA\" until March 2000 TEQ reached its peak popularity in 2000 during the \".com bubble.\" The media (hungry for internet-related news) caught attention of the relatively new concept of massive online gaming. Many Dutch newspapers and magazines wrote stories about the game and concept. As a result of this, many players joined the game, making it even more popular. TEQ is less popular today, but hundreds of players still log in every day and TEQ remains the top-rating","title":"Terra Est Quaestuosa"},{"id":"11530233","text":"announced from Egosoft an open beta, on 19 January 2009, for version 2.0 of \"Terran Conflict\", which was available to forum members who have volunteered to be part of the 'Developer Network'. 2.0 contains 'a whole new mission, new stations and new sectors'. It was made available for download 3 April 2009. Due to a packing error, 2.0a was made available shortly after initial release to fix a problem, on 10 June 2009, they released the sixth patch, updating the game to version 2.1. and on 14 October 2009, it was a seventh patch released, updating the game to version","title":"X3: Terran Conflict"},{"id":"11530235","text":"patch version 2.7.1, fixing several minor issues. Egosoft released the tenth patch on 7 October 2010, updating the game to version 3.0. It brings a new plot mission called 'Balance of Power', which was specially developed as a feature for the X Superbox. Also featured in the update is a reward for the Operation Final Fury plot. Update 3.0 also features the Dead-is-Dead gameplay mode for X3: Terran Conflict which is only available to players who play through the Steam client. A further update: was released on 12 April 2011 for the Windows version, And on 24 March 2011 for","title":"X3: Terran Conflict"},{"id":"3067966","text":"box art was modified to remove mention of them. Because the stages from the e-Cards are stored on the cards themselves and not in the original game, IGN speculated that Nintendo would be able to expand the game indefinitely. The game was re-released on the Wii U Virtual Console in Japan on December 29, 2015, in North America on January 21, 2016, and in Europe on March 10, 2016 (alongside the GBA ports of Super Mario Bros. 2 and Super Mario World). It includes e-Reader-exclusive content via the data select screen, especially in the PAL release, which did not originally","title":"Super Mario Advance 4: Super Mario Bros. 3"},{"id":"14426324","text":"Spanish version of its website to the public. Following this announcement, in early 2017, a beta version of Quora in French was announced. In May 2017, beta versions in German and Italian were introduced. In September 2017 a beta version in Japanese was launched. In April 2018, Beta versions in Hindi, Portuguese, and Indonesian were launched. Currently, additional versions in Bengali, Marathi, Tamil, Finnish, Norwegian, Swedish, and Dutch are planned. In April 2017, Quora was reported to have received Series D funding with a valuation of $1.8 billion. In September 2018, Quora reported hitting 300 million monthly users. Despite its","title":"Quora"},{"id":"13463548","text":"2012, PlayStation Vita on March 14, 2013, and Android on June 27, 2013. The game is described by the development team as a . JAST USA released the PC version in North America on March 31, 2014, both digitally and as a physical collector's edition, while PQube released the PS3 and Vita versions in North America and Europe in 2015. Additionally, the iOS version was released in English on September 9, 2016. A manga adaptation of the game, created by Yomi Sarachi, was serialized from 2009 to 2013, and later published in North America from 2015 to 2016. A second","title":"Steins;Gate"},{"id":"7012066","text":"Terra (video game) Terra (also known as Terra: 2120 or Terra: Battle for the Outland) was one of the internet's original Massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPG), debuting in early 1996 from Kaon interactive. Kaon dropped development of the game within a few years and it has since been taken over and kept running by its loyal fan base. As probably the oldest MMORPG game in existence it has significant historical value to the gaming community. Other than minor updates to run on the newer Windows platforms the game is still in its original retro format and is free to","title":"Terra (video game)"},{"id":"20559618","text":"Re-Logic Re-Logic is an independent game developer and publisher based in Indiana. It was founded by Andrew Spinks in 2011. The company is best known for developing and publishing \"Terraria\", a 2D action-adventure sandbox video game. Re-Logic was founded at the beginning of \"Terraria\"s development cycle, starting in January 2011. The game was released for Microsoft Windows on May 16, 2011 and received multiple updates later on. In February 2012, Re-Logic's developers announced that \"Terraria\" would be receiving one final bug-fix patch, but development resumed in 2013. The game is still being updated . \"Terraria\" has also seen multiple console","title":"Re-Logic"},{"id":"18099847","text":"led by Commander Jaxon (Terry Crews) as a last resort to dismantle Terra Nova any way they can. The game was announced at Microsoft's press conference at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2014 in June 2014, as an Xbox One exclusive. While the game was still at an early stage at the time of its reveal, Microsoft's Phil Spencer said that the title came about from talks with Dave Jones who, after leaving Realtime Worlds, joined Cloudgine, a software company that is developing technology allowing game developers to take advantage of cloud computing features. Cloudgine had been previously rumored to be","title":"Crackdown 3"},{"id":"11530231","text":"to coincide with the release of the first update. The release version was 1.0.1. Egosoft later confirmed that a shipping error had caused this. \"X3: Terran Conflict Version 2.0\" was released in North America on 7 April 2009. X³-Gold, the bundle pack containing \"X3: Terran Conflict 2.0\" and \"X3: Reunion 2.5\" was released on 9 April 2009. The first update for \"X3: Terran Conflict\" brought many improvements, on 16 October 2008 Egosoft released the first patch for the game. A whole new mission to scan for valuable asteroids, enabled mouse control in external view mode, when a target is lost,","title":"X3: Terran Conflict"},{"id":"10409701","text":"3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter:","title":"2007 Orlando Predators season"},{"id":"19215220","text":"10, 2015. It was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows, OS X and Linux through Steam on June 7, 2016, for the PlayStation 4 and the PlayStation Vita via the PlayStation Store on June 7, 2016 in North America and on June 8, 2016 in Europe and Australia. It was released both physically and digitally (through the Nintendo eShop) for the Wii U on September 30, 2016 in Europe and Australia and in North America on October 20, 2016. It was released worldwide on the iOS App store on November 9, 2016. On December 28, 2017, the game was released worldwide","title":"SteamWorld Heist"},{"id":"18324678","text":"to the preview build of the game as \"cautiously optimistic\", stating that the game was \"an RPG stripped down to its barest bones, and...it works surprisingly well.\" while citing concern with the minimal graphics and free to play payment model. Joystiq played a version available to play at PAX Prime 2014, and stated that, while the game was overwhelmingly frantic at first, \" the slide-and-move-on action was innate and enjoyable enough to encourage continued play.\" Game Informer praised the core gameplay, but expressed concern over the long-term effects of the game's imposed waiting time periods. In June 2017, Mistwalker announced","title":"Terra Battle"},{"id":"19935811","text":"on 8 September, 2016 on Itch.io and the full version of the game was released for download on 25 July 2017 on Steam, Itch.io, Xbox One and PlayStation 4. A physical boxed version was available from 1 August 2017. Since the release of the game there have been multiple small updates adding new features, improving performance and fixing bugs. The first major update was published for PC on 31 August 2017, and was labelled as \"Content drop one\". This update added 11 new buildings including; a space elevator, a decontamination unit and new decorative buildings. This update also has a","title":"Aven Colony"},{"id":"18324677","text":"Ito joined the project, with \"Kingdom Hearts\" series composer Yoko Shimomura joining him after the game had been downloaded 1.7 million times. To commemorate the milestone of 1,800,000 downloads, a new song by famed \"Chrono\" series composer Yasunori Mitsuda was added to the game. The final milestone, at 2 million downloads, would be releasing a version of the game on the current generation of video game consoles in some capacity, though Sakaguchi has not explained what that would entail other than it would not be a straight port of the mobile version of the game. Pocket Gamer described their reaction","title":"Terra Battle"},{"id":"20115625","text":"from August 25–28, followed by a second week for both PlayStation 4 and Xbox One from September 1–4. The PC beta was announced as an open beta, and ran from September 29 – October 2 on Steam. Players who participated in the beta received the Beta Combat Pack for the full game, which contains a special in-game helmet, emblem and calling card. The game is available in three editions: Base Edition, Digital Deluxe Edition and the Pro Edition. The Pro Edition was sold exclusively at GameStop, with pre-orders of the game at GameStop also included a limited edition hat. The","title":"Call of Duty: WWII"},{"id":"4162050","text":"audio dramas featuring original cast members. The new audio series were produced by Anderson Entertainment in association with Big Finish Productions. The first new series was released in April 2015, and consists of eight episodes. Ann Ridler who played Kate Kestrel and Cy-Star was replaced by Beth Chalmers, as Ridler had since died, and Windsor Davies who played Sergeant Major Zero was replaced by Jeremy Hitchen, as Davies has retired from acting. A second series was released by Big Finish Productions in April 2016, and a third in July 2017. Free sample episodes are available on the Big Finish website.","title":"Terrahawks"},{"id":"18849560","text":"August 2016, an open beta for Windows was released. The game was originally scheduled for release in 2016 as a free-to-play title for Android, iOS, macOS, and Windows. The Windows version officially launched on March 9, 2017. An iOS for iPad devices launched on March 23, 2017. Mobile versions for iOS and Android smartphones was released in July 2017. MacOS and Android tablet-only versions have been released. During the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2018, Bethesda also announced that the game is planned for release on PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, and Xbox One. In May 2018, Bethesda announced that Dire Wolf had","title":"The Elder Scrolls: Legends"},{"id":"15615906","text":"the game was planned to have an unlimited number of worlds, and would be significantly different from the original game. \"Terraria: Otherworld\" was another planned game set in the \"Terraria\" universe, and was announced in February 2015 to be released later that year. \"Otherworld\" tasked the player with trying to purify the world of the Corruption, which was to be achieved mainly by finding and activating \"purifying towers\" that push back the spread of the Corruption. \"Otherworld\" would have included more strategy and role-playing elements, such as a tower defense gameplay element, skill trees, and a plot. In April 2017,","title":"Terraria"},{"id":"2832208","text":"features, command sets and CEC compliance tests. HDMI 1.3 was released on June 22, 2006, and increased the maximum TMDS clock to 340 MHz (10.2 Gbit/s). Like previous versions, it uses 8b/10b encoding, giving it a maximum video bandwidth of 8.16 Gbit/s (1920×1080 at 120 Hz or 2560×1440 at 60 Hz). It added support for 10 bpc, 12 bpc, and 16 bpc color depth (30, 36, and 48 bit/px), called deep color. It also added support for the xvYCC color space, in addition to the Rec. 601 and Rec. 709 color spaces supported by previous versions, and added the ability","title":"HDMI"},{"id":"15615894","text":"then buy or sell items and certain services from NPCs with coins found in the world. Some NPCs cannot currently be found in the mobile versions and console versions of the game. The game includes a currency system in the form of coins that can be primarily used to complete transactions with NPCs. Coins can be obtained by slaying monsters, finding treasure, and selling items to NPCs. The game recognizes many different biomes and areas, defined by the blocks that exist in the vicinity, each home to a unique set of enemies. Some biomes, such as the Corruption or Crimson","title":"Terraria"},{"id":"20562334","text":"should display text in English by default, so long as the system's region is defined as such. Lastly, it is compatible with PSTV, putting it in stark contrast with Terraria, which did not offer this because of its touch-screen controls exclusive to the Vita. Despite offering a patch to cater to importers, there is no official retail or digital release in the US or Europe for the Vita version as of now. A PlayStation 4 port is also rumored, but yet to be released. The game won Tokyo Game Show's 2015 award for Best Platformer, and 4Gamer.net's 2014 award of","title":"Wondership Q"},{"id":"10411020","text":"Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd","title":"2007 Nashville Kats season"},{"id":"10134800","text":"created at the Institute of Systems Biology in Seattle in 2002. Now, it is developed by an international consortium of open source developers. Cytoscape was initially made public in July, 2002 (v0.8); the second release (v0.9) was in November, 2002, and v1.0 was released in March 2003. Version 1.1.1 is the last stable release for the 1.0 series. Version 2.0 was initially released in 2004; Cytoscape 2.83, the final 2.xx version, was released in May 2012. Version 3.0 was released Feb 1, 2013, and the latest version, 3.4.0, was released in May 2016. The Cytoscape core developer team continues to","title":"Cytoscape"},{"id":"4581952","text":"Age of Empires III Age of Empires III is a real-time strategy video game developed by Microsoft Corporation's Ensemble Studios and published by Microsoft Game Studios. The Mac version was ported over and developed and published by Destineer's MacSoft. The PC version was released on October 18, 2005 in North America and November 4, 2005 in Europe, while the Mac version was released on November 21, 2006 in North America and September 29, 2006 in Europe. An N-Gage version of the game developed by Glu Mobile was released on April 28, 2009. It is the third game of the \"Age","title":"Age of Empires III"},{"id":"18822362","text":"received an Early Access release for Linux and OS X on July 1, 2015, and through the Xbox Game Preview Program for Xbox One on December 16, 2015; a PlayStation 4 version was released on December 6, 2016. The final game launched in August 2017; it was originally intended for release in June 2016, but was delayed in April. The game launched with support for Oculus Rift and PlayStation VR, and the Xbox One version was released via the ID@Xbox program. Android and iOS versions were released on June 14, 2018, and a Nintendo Switch version is due on November","title":"Ark: Survival Evolved"},{"id":"10583304","text":"spaces were released to the North American version on June 10, 2010. Additional unlockable content became available in Japan once the game was released and on December 22, 2008 in North America, and was released monthly in Japan until January 2009 and once or twice a month in North America until August 2009. The content includes new characters able to be accessed once the main story is complete, character and monster classes, the modes \"Item World Command Attack\" and \"Class World Command Attack\", and a side story following Raspberyl after the end of the game. Access to this additional content","title":"Disgaea 3"},{"id":"20392889","text":"while keeping the changes that players liked from the last game. \"Dungeons 3\" was released worldwide and for all supported platforms on October 13, 2017. It is the first entry in the series that was released on multiple platforms, i.e. Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, at the same time. Realmforge Studios released three downloadable content (DLC) to \"Dungeons 3\" that expand upon the story: The PC version of \"Dungeons 3\" received \"generally favorable\" reviews according to review aggregator Metacritic. The Xbox One version received slightly worse reviews and is considered by Metacritic as having \"mixed or","title":"Dungeons 3"},{"id":"12798542","text":"System 7.0.1 (PPC or 68k), although the Mac version was not released until January 1996 for PPC, and April for 68k. Version 2.1 for the Mac came out in August 1996, although by this time, Windows was getting 3.0. Version 2 was included in Windows 95 OSR 1 and Microsoft's \"Internet Starter Kit for Windows 95\" in early 1996. It launched with twelve languages, including English, but by April 1996, this was expanded to 24, 20, and 9 for Win 95, Win 3.1, and Mac, respectively. The 2.0i version supported double-byte character-set. Microsoft Internet Explorer 3 was released on August","title":"Internet Explorer version history"},{"id":"15612764","text":"to overhaul the animation system to accommodate first-person gameplay. The PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions were released on 18 November 2014. The PC version, initially scheduled for simultaneous release with the console versions, was delayed until 14 April 2015. According to Rockstar, it required extra development time for \"polish\". The PC version is capable of 60 frames per second gameplay at 4K resolution, and the Rockstar Editor lets players capture and edit gameplay videos. Design director Imran Sarwar announced in October 2017 that the game would not receive single-player downloadable content, despite Rockstar's original plan for a 2014 release,","title":"Grand Theft Auto V"},{"id":"16488739","text":"that same month's issue of the magazine. It was released on April 4, 2014, for PC and Mac. Home console releases for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One were released on June 9, 2015. Shortly after the game's launch, it was reported that some players were unable to activate the 30-day complimentary game time included with their purchase until a subscription had been set up and—in \"a strange state of affairs\" and \"most likely a mistake\"—after a full month had been paid for. A serious item duplication exploit was discovered that allowed players to gain huge fortunes, which was patched","title":"The Elder Scrolls Online"},{"id":"16861612","text":"a media conference. On April 3, 2010, the Wi-Fi variant of the device was released in the United States, followed by the release of the Wi-Fi + Cellular variant on April 30. On May 28, it was released in Australia, Canada, France, Japan, Italy, Germany, Spain, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. The device received primarily positive reviews from various technology blogs and publications. Reviewers praised the device for its wide range of capabilities and labelled it as a competitor to laptops and netbooks. Some aspects were criticized, including the closed nature of the operating system and the lack of support","title":"IPad (1st generation)"},{"id":"10409878","text":"Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th","title":"2007 New York Dragons season"},{"id":"12777474","text":"free on August 22. Following the initial release, Square Enix doubled the amount of active servers to cope with crowding issues, while they worked on creating a larger permanent server increase. Support for the Wii version ended in 2017. The Wii U version released on March 30, 2013. The beta test began on March 5. A port for Microsoft Windows was released on September 26. Ports to both the PlayStation 4 (PS4) and Nintendo Switch were announced as being in development in August 2016. These ports will both be released in 2017; the PS4 version will release on August 17,","title":"Dragon Quest X"},{"id":"18474437","text":"given based on 11 reviews for the Xbox One version, 77.50% for Wii U based on 4 reviews, 73.53% for the PC version based on 16 reviews, and 73.29% for PlayStation 4 based on 21 reviews. \"Episode 2: Assembly Required\" received \"mixed or average\" reviews. Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 59/100 based on 13 reviews, the PlayStation 4 version 53/100 based on 7 reviews and the Xbox One version 61/100 based on 8 reviews. \"Episode 3: The Last Place You Look\" received mildly positive reviews. Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 73/100 based","title":"Minecraft: Story Mode"},{"id":"14598065","text":"us can only take so much.\" But by the finale in December things had turned around again where critics were mostly pleased and enthusiastic. \"Entertainment Weekly\" called the season finale \"exciting\". The series' first season received an aggregated score of 64% across 28 reviews from Metacritic. The first season averaged 7.52 million American viewers and a 2.5 rating in the 18–49 demographic. The show was ranked the #2 new drama among adults 18–49, the #1 new show among men 18–49, 18–34, and 25–54 and was one of the top 20 regular programs among teens, as of January 1, 2012. In","title":"Terra Nova (TV series)"},{"id":"17531092","text":"anime is licensed in the United Kingdom by Kazé UK and in North America by Viz Media. Madman Entertainment acquired the series for release in Australia and New Zealand. A sequel to the anime titled \"Terra Formars: Revenge\" was announced in November 2015, with changes to the series' main staff and the main cast returning to reprise their roles. Liden Films and TYO Animations produced the sequel. The anime premiered on April 2, 2016. An OVA adaptation of the manga's Earth Arc was planned for a May 2017 release, but was delayed to an August 2018 release instead. A live-action","title":"Terra Formars"},{"id":"14598066","text":"2011, the series was honored, along with seven others, with the Critics' Choice Television Award for Most Exciting New Series. Also, it won \"Best Visual Effects in a Television Series\" by the Visual Effects Society in 2011 and was also nominated for \"Outstanding Created Environment in a Broadcast Program or Commercial.\" The series was released on a 4-disc DVD set on September 11, 2012. The set contains deleted scenes; bloopers; and featurettes including \"Director's Diaries – Making the Pilot\", an extended \"Occupation/Resistance\" episode with audio commentary from Stephen Lang, Brannon Braga and Rene Echevarria, \"Mysteries Explored\", and \"Cretaceous Life: The","title":"Terra Nova (TV series)"},{"id":"14348998","text":"18 August 2010. Originally, cooperative online gameplay was to be enabled on 28 September, the day of the PC and PlayStation Network release. However, on-line cooperative was delayed for all three platforms until a later date. Karl Stewart said, \"The agreement with Microsoft is, in order to participate in their hugely successful Summer of Arcade promotion there is a window of exclusivity. That window of exclusivity is a set four weeks.\" The Microsoft Windows version was distributed exclusively by the digital distribution platform Steam. Online cooperative was made available for the PlayStation 3 on 22 November 2010. The Microsoft Windows","title":"Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light"},{"id":"10416126","text":"Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance:","title":"2007 Utah Blaze season"},{"id":"16183202","text":"Japan on March 20, 2013. The PlayStation 3 version was later released in Europe on August 30, 2013 and as a digital-only release in North America on September 3, 2013. A third game, \"\", was released for PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita, PlayStation 4 and Microsoft Windows on March 26, 2015 in Japan. The game received \"mixed\" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. The game was rated 36 out of 40 by the Japanese gaming magazine \"Famitsu\". The game was a huge success in Japan, in its first week it sold over 655,774 copies and as of April, the","title":"One Piece: Pirate Warriors"},{"id":"9609326","text":"take fifteen minutes to few hours, and the tests sometimes extend to over one day. Fifth grade and above include short answers. The results are nationally norm-referenced, meaning that students' scores reflect their achievement in comparison to all students who took the test nationally. Typically this is expressed as a raw score that is then converted into a percentile ranking. This is different from criterion-referenced tests, which measure student performance based on mastery of the material. In 2015, CTB released \"TerraNova 3\" Online. The online administered test includes a full battery of constructed-response and selected-response test items provides detailed diagnostic","title":"TerraNova (test)"},{"id":"12963660","text":"would no longer be made available for OEM distribution as of November 1, 2008. On July 14, 2013, Linux kernel version 3.11 was officially named \"Linux For Workgroups\" as a tongue-in-cheek reference to \"Windows for Workgroups 3.11\". Windows 3.1x Windows 3.1x (codenamed \"Janus\") is a series of 16-bit operating environments produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers. The series began with Windows 3.1, which was first sold during April 1992 as a successor to Windows 3.0. Subsequent versions were released between 1992 and 1994 until the series was superseded by Windows 95. During its lifespan, Windows 3.1 introduced several","title":"Windows 3.1x"},{"id":"17734549","text":"December 2014, and in UK on 30 January 2015. The PlayStation Vita version was announced on 27 February 2014, but since then no exact date was given. The game was also released digitally in Japan on 18 February 2015, with an update to the Steam version that added Japanese language. An Xbox One version was announced at the end of February 2016 with the release date of 9 March 2016. \"Teslagrad\" uses Unity game engine, making it easier for developers to reach cross platform. A version for Android and iOS has been released on 8 November 2018. \"Teslagrad\" is a","title":"Teslagrad"},{"id":"17911652","text":"be compressed on the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, with the foresight that PC versions would display these assets uncompressed. These early decisions aided the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions' development as well, due to their similar system architectures to the PC. Their similarities helped the team \"ramp up\" to the PC version, where they could push the visuals and technology further than before. The PC development team consisted of members of the original team and PC specialists from Rockstar's other studios who had brought \"Grand Theft Auto IV\", \"Max Payne 3\" and \"L.A. Noire\" to the platform. The","title":"Development of Grand Theft Auto V"},{"id":"17911664","text":"PC version, initially scheduled for simultaneous release with the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions, was delayed three times: first to 27 January 2015, later to 24 March 2015, and again to 14 April 2015. According to Rockstar, the game required extra development time for \"polishing\". On 23 August 2013, reports stated that some European PlayStation 3 users who had pre-ordered \"Grand Theft Auto V\" were able to download parts of the game, including its soundtrack and some character dialogue. Details of the game were leaked later that day and on following days before Sony removed the pre-order file from","title":"Development of Grand Theft Auto V"},{"id":"17792435","text":"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818","title":"Timeline of women's education"},{"id":"3359210","text":"12, a press release from Bethesda gave the date of \"Spring 2002\", confirming GameSpot's supposition of delay without agreeing on the more specific date of \"March\". Though no rationale behind the delay was given at the time, developer Pete Hines later attributed the delay to a need for game testing and balancing. Although the PC version of \"Morrowind\" had gone gold by April 23, 2002, and was released on May 1 in North America, the Xbox release was delayed further. On April 15, GameSpot suggested an Xbox release date sometime in May and a scheduled \"going gold\" date for the","title":"The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind"},{"id":"2787686","text":"3, 2015 for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, with a release for Microsoft Windows (via Origin) in 2016. More information on the game was revealed during the EA press conference at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2015 on June 15, 2015. A new trailer was released and a short gameplay demo was shown. Beta released on PS4 and Xbox One. PC version was released on March 15, 2016, via Origin in two different editions. The Standard Edition is the base edition, whereas the Deluxe Edition has the styling pack, performance pack, tricked-out starter car, exclusive wraps, unique identifying stickers, VIP icons","title":"Need for Speed"},{"id":"12963639","text":"Windows 3.1x Windows 3.1x (codenamed \"Janus\") is a series of 16-bit operating environments produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers. The series began with Windows 3.1, which was first sold during April 1992 as a successor to Windows 3.0. Subsequent versions were released between 1992 and 1994 until the series was superseded by Windows 95. During its lifespan, Windows 3.1 introduced several enhancements to the still MS-DOS-based platform, including improved system stability, expanded support for multimedia, TrueType fonts, and workgroup networking. Windows 3.1 was originally released on April 6, 1992; official support for Windows 3.1 ended on December 31,","title":"Windows 3.1x"},{"id":"5207020","text":"1995, only 2 months after version 1 came out in Microsoft Plus! for 95 that August. It was released for Windows 95 and Windows NT 3.5 in November 1995 and was bundled with NT 4.0 in July 1996. The Beta for Mac on PowerPC came out in January, and the finalized version in April for 68k and PowerPC. Version 2 was also the first release for Windows 3.1 and Macintosh System 7.0.1(PPC or 68k), although the Mac version was not released until January 1996 for PPC, and April for 68k. Version 2 was included in Windows 95 OEM Service Release","title":"Internet Explorer 2"},{"id":"3752924","text":"computers of the era shipped with 4 megabytes of RAM, 16 MB was recommended for NTs. Due to the high cost of RAM at the time, critics thought that its high system requirements could affect the sales and adoption of Windows NT. Steps were taken to reduce its memory usage through methods such as paging. Microsoft began releasing public beta builds of NT in October 1992, and a month later at COMDEX, a presentation focusing on third-party software for Windows NT was held. The final pre-release version of NT was released in March 1993, alongside the unveiling of the server","title":"Windows NT 3.1"},{"id":"11530230","text":"documenting several experiences with the game development by several team members. An XTM and \"X3: Terran Conflict\" developer Bobby Wilkinson, known in the X3 community as Syklon, was the first to post, detailing some new aspects of the game. The game was announced as having gone gold on 10 September 2008. The release was then pushed back twice due to production delays, finally falling on 17 October 2008; two weeks after the initial release date of 3 October. Some copies of \"Terran Conflict\" had become available several days before the release date. The Steam version was activated on the 16th,","title":"X3: Terran Conflict"},{"id":"16883924","text":"MB) which needed to be burned on CD-R(W) by the user and was intended to replace the original AmigaOS 4.0 Developer Pre-release CD for installation and for rescue purposes. Release date: 10 October 2004. Among the features: AmigaOS 4.0 Developer Pre-release Update came in the form of a free download for registered users. The update featured a USB stack update (i.e. mass storage support) and numerous bug fixes and enhancements to core components of the system. Release date: 27 December 2004. Release date: 14 June 2005. The following is a non-exhaustive list of the features of update #3: The most","title":"AmigaOS 4 version history"},{"id":"2141299","text":"released for PlayStation 4. On June 10, 2018, \"Skyrim: Very Special Edition\", a voice-activated text adventure game poking fun at the game's many releases, was released for Amazon Alexa devices. On May 3, 2012, \"The Elder Scrolls Online\" was revealed. \"The Elder Scrolls Online\" was released for Windows and macOS on April 4, 2014, with the Xbox One and PlayStation 4 versions initially slated to follow in June 2014 but later delayed until June 9, 2015. The game originally required a subscription to play, but this requirement was dropped on March 17, 2015. There is however a subscription service entitled","title":"The Elder Scrolls"},{"id":"4421801","text":"months before release. Schmidt said that, in the new game, \"you were going around blowing people up\" and \"your enemies have brackets on them showing their health and it's very bright and glowy and green\". He believed that these elements drastically increased the game's enjoyability. He summarized, \"Six months before it shipped the game wasn't fun at all and we actually ended up shipping something that was at least somewhat enjoyable to play\". After previously being slated to launch in the second quarter of 1995, the game was released on March 5, 1996; by this time, its graphical technology had","title":"Terra Nova: Strike Force Centauri"},{"id":"17531091","text":"an alarming rate and adapting themselves far better to their new environment than they did to their homeworld, they start their plan to take over the planet. The manga, written by Yū Sasuga and illustrated by Kenichi Tachibana, began serialization in Shueisha's \"Miracle Jump\" magazine in January 2011. It later moved to \"Weekly Young Jump\" for the Annex I arc after the Bugs 2 arc concluded. The series has inspired five spin-off manga: An anime adaptation produced by Liden Films began airing on September 26, 2014, and finished airing on December 19, 2014 with a total of 13 episodes. The","title":"Terra Formars"},{"id":"10409773","text":"Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd","title":"2007 Dallas Desperados season"},{"id":"7836773","text":"East on December 1997 titled . This version features a Special Mode which adds a fourth playable ship and a new final stage, as well as animated opening and ending videos and a voiced navigator. It supports the analog controls of the DualShock controller. The PlayStation was reissued on May 2003 by Hamster as part of their MajorWave budget label. \"Soukyugurentai\" was ported to Japanese feature phones in 2005 and was available for EZWeb, i-mode and Yahoo! Keitai devices. \"Sōkyū Gurentai\" was one of Raizing's most popular arcade games. \"Consoles +\" rated the Sega Saturn version at 92%. Terra Diver","title":"Terra Diver"},{"id":"18822365","text":"negative reaction among players of the game, resulting in lots of negative reviews on Steam right after the expansion launch. The game left early access on August 29, 2017, for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One. The standard version was released alongside an \"Explorer's Edition\", which included a season pass with three expansions, and the \"Collector's Edition\", which included a season pass as well, a necklace, a map, a notebook, a development team poster, a wooden chest packaging, and the game's official soundtrack. On December 12, 2017, the paid DLC \"Aberration\" was released, adding a new underground/alien-themed map and","title":"Ark: Survival Evolved"},{"id":"2284259","text":"the highest-selling game of 2001 in the United States, selling over two million units by February 2002. The game was also the second best-selling game of 2002, behind only its sequel. Take-Two stock significantly increased following the game's launch, and the game was included in PlayStation's Greatest Hits selection. In the United States, the game had sold 5.35 million units by June 2004, and 6.55 million units by December 2007. The computer version accounted for 420,000 sales and $16.9 million in earnings by August 2006 in the United States. It was the country's 34th best-selling computer game between January 2000","title":"Grand Theft Auto III"},{"id":"17498064","text":"N++ N++ is a platform video game developed and published by Metanet Software. It is the third installment of the N franchise which started with the Adobe Flash game N. It is the sequel to N+. The game was initially released for the PlayStation 4 on July 28, 2015 in North America, and July 29, 2015 in Europe, and was later released for the Microsoft Windows and macOS operating systems on August 25, 2016 and December 26, 2016, respectively. With the Xbox One version being released on October 4 2017. A version for Linux is currently in development. An expansion","title":"N++"},{"id":"7836772","text":"on February 1997, five months after the arcade release. Because the original arcade hardware was directly based on the Sega Saturn architecture, this is a close conversion of the original game. Several options and features were also added, including a practice mode which allows the player to try out any of the game's stages without going through the entire campaign, as well as support for the Multi Controller and Mission Stick. A bargain-priced version was released on December 1997, titled , which includes a demo for the Saturn version of \"Battle Garegga\". A PlayStation version was also released by Data","title":"Terra Diver"},{"id":"3965306","text":"later on 21 January, and can be downloaded from the \"Darwinia\" website. \"Darwinia\" was released in Europe on 4 March 2005 (the U.S. version followed on 12 June 2006), while the Macintosh version was released 30 March 2005 by publisher Ambrosia Software. A patch was released on 28 April 2005 for Microsoft Windows, bringing the version to 1.2. New features included an improved unit selection system, as well as numerous modding updates including the ability to create custom strings. Another patch (version 1.3) was released in September 2005, which includes the option (enabled by default) of clicking icons or using","title":"Darwinia (video game)"},{"id":"5176787","text":"Rajas\" was released on 19 December 2016. On August 21, 2017, Microsoft announced \"Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition\". \"Age of Empires III\", released on October 18, 2005, was built on an improved version of the \"Age of Mythology\" game engine with the most significant changes being the updated graphics engine and the inclusion of the Havok physics middleware engine. The game is set in the period between 1421 and 1850, and players can choose one of eight European nations. The game introduced a large number of features, such as home cities. Described by Ensemble Studios as \"an important support","title":"Age of Empires"},{"id":"14598060","text":"longer active and redirects to Fox Movies. \"Terra Nova\" was expected to premiere in the U.S. in May 2011 with a two-hour preview, but due to the time involved for visual effects, its pilot was moved to autumn (late September) 2011 to air with the rest of season one. In May 2011, Fox announced the series would air on Monday nights, and released a full trailer. \"Terra Nova\" premiered at the 2011 San Diego Comic-Con International on July 23, 2011. The Fox premiere drew 9.22 million viewers and 3.1 in the 18–49 demo in live plus same day results, rising","title":"Terra Nova (TV series)"},{"id":"17003348","text":"and for \"Best Expansion\" at \"PC Gamer\"s 2017 Game of the Year Awards. By the end of the first week of release, the PS3 version of \"A Realm Reborn\" placed second in Japan's sales charts, with 184,000 physical copies sold. In late October 2013, Square Enix announced that the game had one and a half million registrations. It was the 16th best selling personal computer game of 2013 in the United States. In Japan, the PlayStation 3 version was ranked 32 in sales, with 244,574 retail copies sold. Following an extremely poor fiscal year 2013, Square Enix executives commended the","title":"Final Fantasy XIV"},{"id":"13425702","text":"X version of the game was released on 22 February 2011 by Feral Interactive. The game was released for the PlayStation 4 on 21 October 2016, as part of the \"Lego Harry Potter Collection\", which bundles the game with its sequel, \"\", and was also released for the Xbox One and Nintendo Switch on 30 October 2018. Other versions of the game were released on 29 June 2010 in North America, 25 June 2010 in Europe, and 30 June 2010 in Australia. The game received positive reviews from critics, with reviewers citing the game as being one of the better","title":"Lego Harry Potter: Years 1–4"},{"id":"17743240","text":"3DS in Europe and Australia on 7 August 2013, North America on 8 August 2013, and Japan on 20 November 2013. Later, \"SteamWorld Dig\" was released on 5 December 2013 for Microsoft Windows, Mac, and Linux on Steam, on 18 March 2014 in North America and on 19 March 2014 in Europe for PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita, on 28 August 2014 for Wii U, on 5 June 2015 for Xbox One, and on 1 February 2018 for Nintendo Switch. A successor, \"SteamWorld Heist\", was released in December 2015. A sequel, \"SteamWorld Dig 2\", was released in September 2017. \"SteamWorld","title":"SteamWorld Dig"},{"id":"16488743","text":"story line, jewelry crafting and a new skill line based on the Psijic Order. The expansion was released on May 21, 2018 for Windows and OS X and was released on June 5, 2018 for Playstation 4 and Xbox One. On June 14, 2015, at the Bethesda showcase at E3, downloadable content (DLC) was announced for the Imperial City, the Capital of Cyrodiil. It was released for the PC and OS X on August 31, 2015, for the Xbox One on September 15, and for the PlayStation 4 on September 16. It introduced a new currency known as Tel Var","title":"The Elder Scrolls Online"},{"id":"18822370","text":"inside it.\" Within a month of its early access release on Steam, \"Ark\" had sold over one million copies. By August 2016, the game had over 5.5 million sales across both Windows and Xbox One, with about 1.5 million from the Xbox One platform. Ark: Survival Evolved Ark: Survival Evolved (stylized as ΛRK) is an action-adventure survival video game developed by Studio Wildcard, in collaboration with Instinct Games, Studios, and Virtual Basement. It was released in August 2017 for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Microsoft Windows, OS X and Linux, with versions for Android, iOS, and Nintendo Switch in 2018. In","title":"Ark: Survival Evolved"},{"id":"15615893","text":"Bosses can only be summoned at night. Four of the bosses can spawn naturally in certain places and times. The defeat of these bosses is often tied to in-game progression. Defeat of bosses are met with several rewards which equips the player for future gameplay. By completing specific goals (such as defeating a boss or obtaining a gun), players can attract non-player characters (NPCs) to occupy structures or rooms they have built, such as a merchant, nurse, or wizard. Some NPCs can be acquired by finding them throughout the world and will then reside in the player's house. Players may","title":"Terraria"},{"id":"3862535","text":"America and Europe, the game was released in September 2007, for the Xbox 360 and PC, and in October 2007, for the PS3; in Australia, it was released on September 2007, for the Xbox 360 and PC, and in December 2007, for the PS3. It was also released on Steam on June 16, 2009. A 5th-anniversary edition of \"Oblivion\" was announced and released in North America in July 2011 and in Europe two months later. An Xbox 360 version of \"Fallout 3\" and \"Oblivion\" double pack was announced for release in North America on April 3, however it was not","title":"The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion"},{"id":"10919566","text":"a sequel to the game. As of 2015, the PS3 version has shipped 1million units worldwide. The 2014 PC version of the game exceeded its publisher's expectations, topping the Steam sales charts on the day of its release, ahead of the then also recently launched games \"\" and \"Assassin's Creed Unity\". It also received favorable reviews, with a Metacritic score of 85. By April 2017, the PC version of the game had sold about 925,000 copies on Steam. As of April 2018, the Steam version has sold 953,838 copies. The remastered PS4 version has sold 39,071 copies in Japan as","title":"Valkyria Chronicles (video game)"},{"id":"14217532","text":"on August 7, 2009. The first beta version was released on October 30, followed by Beta 2 on November 10, Beta 3 on November 17, Beta 4 on November 26, and Beta 5 on December 17. Release Candidate 1 was released on January 8, 2010, followed by Release Candidate 2 on January 17. The final version was released on January 21, 2010. Firefox 3.6.2 was released on March 23, 2010, followed by version 3.6.3 on April 1 which closed some bugs in the ASLR and DEP handling found at the Pwn2Own contest 2010. The Firefox developers created a new feature","title":"Firefox 3.6"},{"id":"3860154","text":"available to a wide audience. For this reason, the team developed the PC version themselves and sought out a different publisher. The PC version was first announced at the 2006 Electronic Entertainment Expo. Unlike the Xbox version, the PC version was published by 2K Games. The game went gold in February 2007, shortly before its North American release. The game released on February 27, 2007 in North America. It later released on March 2 in Europe and Australia. The downloadable version was released through Steam and BioWare's online store on February 28. It later released through GOG.com on June 11,","title":"Jade Empire"},{"id":"16488747","text":"was later released, revealing the title to be \"Shadows of the Hist\". The DLC includes two new dungeons: the Cradle of Shadows and Ruins of Mazzatun, and was released in August 2016. Announced on June 12, 2017 along with \"Clockwork City\", \"Horns of the Reach\". The DLC includes two new dungeons: Bloodroot Forge and Falkreath Hold and was released on August 14, 2017 on PC and Mac, with consoles receiving it on August 25. Announced along with \"Horns of the Reach\" on June 12, \"Clockwork City\" was eventually released on October 23 for PC and Mac and November 11 for","title":"The Elder Scrolls Online"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"15615902\",\n \"text\": \"and Linux. They were both released on August 12, 2015. The Nintendo 3DS version was first released on the Nintendo eShop on December 10, 2015. A Wii U version was released on the eShop in June 2016. It was announced that version 1.3, the game's third major content update, would be the last on which Spinks would work personally, and that the developers Yorai Omer and Skiphs would take over programming, and Whitney \\\"Cenx\\\" Baird, would take over as lead designer. Version 1.3 was released on June 30, 2015, adding even more items, events, enemies, bosses, and gameplay features. During\",\n \"title\": \"Terraria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15615903\",\n \"text\": \"July 2016, Cenx announced that 1.3 for the mobile platforms would be coming in 2017. It came out December 12, 2017 for PS4 and for Xbox One it came out on February 5, 2018. On July 25, 2016, 505 Games announced that the 1.3 update would not be ported to Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, or PlayStation Vita, citing issues with the consoles' performance. It was also announced that Engine Software and Codeglue would no longer be working on the console and mobile versions respectively and that a new studio, Pipeworks, would take over the development of those versions. A version\",\n \"title\": \"Terraria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15615905\",\n \"text\": \"on IndieDB. Despite using 2D graphics, \\\"Terraria\\\" was described as a \\\"Minecraft\\\" clone by various video gaming media outlets. \\\"Terraria\\\" sold 200,000 copies in the first nine days following its initial release, where it remained on Steam's top sellers for the first week of its release. Within a month, \\\"Terraria\\\" had sold over 432,000 copies. By the time of the 1.3 update in June 2015, over 12 million copies of \\\"Terraria\\\" were sold across all platforms, with that number increasing to over 27 million by December 2018. In October 2013, Spinks announced that he was planning \\\"Terraria 2\\\", stating that\",\n \"title\": \"Terraria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15615901\",\n \"text\": \"update added a host of new mechanics, gameplay changes, and graphics adjustments. After the 1.2 update was released the game returned to receiving continuous updates, including Halloween and Christmas updates which expanded the endgame significantly. The console and mobile versions received update 1.2 in 2014. \\\"Terraria\\\" became DRM-free on October 2, 2014, when it was released on GOG.com. A downloadable version of \\\"Terraria\\\" was released for PlayStation 4 on November 11, 2014, and Xbox One on November 14, 2014, with a retail release on December 2, 2014. In September 2014, Re-Logic announced that \\\"Terraria\\\" would be coming to OS X\",\n \"title\": \"Terraria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15615898\",\n \"text\": \"game, and Jeremy Guerrette, who was a production assistant at Re-Logic, but left shortly after the game's release. The music was composed by Scott Lloyd Shelly. The game was released for Microsoft Windows on May 16, 2011. Post-launch, the game has been updated on multiple occasions. In December 2011, Re-Logic updated \\\"Terraria\\\" to version 1.1, adding new monsters, bosses, NPCs, and items. The update also included improvements to the game's world generation technology and lighting system. In February 2012, the developers announced that they would not be continuing active development, but would release a final bug-fix patch. However, development resumed\",\n \"title\": \"Terraria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15615899\",\n \"text\": \"in 2013 with Spinks asking the community for ideas and features to include in a future content update. In September 2012, Spinks announced that Engine Software and 505 Games would be porting \\\"Terraria\\\" to Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3. The game was released for Xbox 360 via Xbox Live Arcade on March 27, 2013. The PlayStation 3 version was released via the PlayStation Network in North America on March 26, 2013 and in Europe and Australia on May 15, 2013. Shortly after the initial console release, 505 Games announced \\\"Terraria\\\" for PlayStation Vita; it was released in Europe on December\",\n \"title\": \"Terraria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15615900\",\n \"text\": \"11, 2013, and in North America on December 17, 2013. Spike Chunsoft localized the PlayStation 3 and Vita versions for release in Japan, including exclusive items such as a costume based on Monokuma from \\\"\\\". In May 2013, 505 Games announced a mobile version of \\\"Terraria\\\" ported by Dutch studio Codeglue for Android, iOS, and Windows Phone. It was released for iOS on August 29, 2013, and for Android on September 13, 2013. The Windows Phone version was released on September 12, 2014. In October 2013, Re-Logic released version 1.2 for \\\"Terraria\\\" on Windows after nine months in development. The\",\n \"title\": \"Terraria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15615889\",\n \"text\": \"Terraria Terraria is a 2D action-adventure sandbox video game developed by Re-Logic. The game was initially released for Microsoft Windows in May 2011, and has since been released for various consoles, handhelds, and mobile devices. Gameplay of \\\"Terraria\\\" features exploration, crafting, building, and combat with a variety of creatures in a procedurally generated 2D world. \\\"Terraria\\\" received generally positive critical reception upon release, with direct comparisons to \\\"Minecraft\\\" and praise given to its sandbox elements. By December 2018, the game had sold over 26 million copies across all platforms. \\\"Terraria\\\" is a sandbox 2D game with gameplay that revolves around\",\n \"title\": \"Terraria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2884359\",\n \"text\": \"both licenses of the software along the development cycle with a series of technology previews and a beta release. The \\\"final\\\" build was released on April 23, 2009, and more updates, including feature modules, are expected to be released later. Planetside released Terragen 3 in August 2013. Version 3.1 was released in February 2014. Version 4 was released in 2016. Terragen Classic is popular among amateur artists, which can be attributed to it being freeware, its intuitive interface, and its capability to create photorealistic landscapes when used skillfully. It can also use DEM (digital elevation model) files, and other graphic\",\n \"title\": \"Terragen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7857667\",\n \"text\": \"4, Xbox One, Mobile, Nintendo Wii U, Nintendo Switch, and the PC. Some of their released titles include \\\"SoccerDie\\\" for iOS, Superfight for PC, and Prominence Poker on Xbox One, PS4, and PC. \\\"\\\" for the X360 and PS3 is one of its most popular creations. Pipeworks is currently developing a variety of original IP. On the 25th of July 2016, it was revealed that Pipeworks would take over development of the console and mobile versions of \\\"Terraria\\\", in order to achieve feature parity with the PC version, which also includes a Nintendo Switch version. Pipeworks is noted for creating\",\n \"title\": \"Pipeworks Software\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15615897\",\n \"text\": \"the game's final boss called Moon Lord to spawn. Defeating the boss will reward the player with end-game loot. There also is an online Multiplayer mode where you can play with friends using the friend options on Steam, Xbox Live and PlayStation Network or with strangers using game servers. In addition to standard gameplay, \\\"Terraria\\\" has a modding community. \\\"Terraria\\\" was developed by Re-Logic beginning in January 2011, and is built on the Microsoft XNA framework. Re-Logic was composed of Andrew Spinks, who designed and programmed the game, Finn Brice, who along with Spinks did the graphic design for the\",\n \"title\": \"Terraria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11530232\",\n \"text\": \"the nearest enemy is targeted automatically, improved boarding crew functionality, various improvements in the user interface as well as several other improvements and fixes. Version 1.2 was available to Steam users as soon as the game was activated whereas several DVD users played with version 1.0.1 for several days before the update was available. The update added a new mission, improved several features and fixed various issues. On 4 December 2008, Egosoft released a second patch, updating the game to version 1.3 and on 22 December 2008, they released a third patch, updating the game to version 1.4. It was\",\n \"title\": \"X3: Terran Conflict\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15615896\",\n \"text\": \"giving bosses new attack patterns, decreasing the effectiveness of life regeneration, and other tweaks. To deal with the higher attack damages of expert mode the defense statistic is more effective than in normal mode. In addition to the higher difficulty level, expert mode increases the chance for enemies to drop rare items, and adds new items that can only be obtained by defeating the bosses on expert mode. In PC, Console Version, and soon Mobile version, after getting into hardmode and defeating Lunatic Cultist, four celestial pillars guarded by monsters will appear in the world. Destroying the pillars will cause\",\n \"title\": \"Terraria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15615907\",\n \"text\": \"Re-Logic announced that the previous partner on the project, Engine Software, would be dropped in favor of a new studio, Pipeworks. The reasoning given was due to the game being well behind schedule. In April 2018, Re-Logic announced that the game had been cancelled due to them not being satisfied with its development thus far, and unwilling to rush the release of a non-quality product as a result. Terraria Terraria is a 2D action-adventure sandbox video game developed by Re-Logic. The game was initially released for Microsoft Windows in May 2011, and has since been released for various consoles, handhelds,\",\n \"title\": \"Terraria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15615890\",\n \"text\": \"exploration, building, combat, and mining. The game has a 2D sprite tile-based graphical style reminiscent of the 16-bit sprites found on the Super NES. The game is noted for its classic exploration-adventure style of gameplay, similar to titles such as the \\\"Metroid\\\" series and \\\"Minecraft\\\". The game starts in a procedurally generated world. The player starts out with three basic tools: a pickaxe for digging, a shortsword for combat, and an axe for woodcutting. Many resources, notably ores, can be found while exploring underground caves. The player begins with a limited amount of health and magic points, which can both\",\n \"title\": \"Terraria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11676065\",\n \"text\": \"the Game Boy Advance, after which the companies each went their own way. Engine Software still often works or has worked with other developers, most notably A2M, 1st Playable Productions, and PopCap Games. In 2011 the studio switched from being a handheld developer to a full multi-platform development studio developing games for iPad, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and PlayStation Vita. In 2012 Engine Software was signed by 505 Games to bring the highly rated indie title Terraria to consoles, followed by a Vita release of the same game in December 2013. The \\\"Engine Software Music Replayer\\\" is a piece of\",\n \"title\": \"Engine Software\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14091985\",\n \"text\": \"TERA (video game) TERA (short for The Exiled Realm of Arborea) is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) developed by Bluehole Studio. The game was released in South Korea on 25 January 2011, in North America on 1 May 2012, and in Europe on 3 May 2012, with closed and open beta testings taking place before the launch dates. NHN Corporation, NHN Japan Corporation, En Masse Entertainment and Gameforge publishes the game in these regions, respectively. In February 2013 the game was renamed to \\\"TERA: Rising\\\" concurrently with the game's launch to the free-to-play model. In September 2014, the\",\n \"title\": \"TERA (video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20559620\",\n \"text\": \"4 on February 16, 2016, and for the Xbox One on February 16, 2016. On February 21, 2017 Re-Logic published \\\"Pixel Privateers\\\", a turn-based strategy video game for Windows. In February 2015, Re-Logic began development of \\\"Terraria: Otherworld,\\\" a game set in the same universe as \\\"Terraria\\\". The game was announced in a teaser trailer on February 16, 2015, however, on April 13, 2018, the game was cancelled due it being far behind schedule and far from the vision Re-Logic had for it. Re-Logic Re-Logic is an independent game developer and publisher based in Indiana. It was founded by Andrew\",\n \"title\": \"Re-Logic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18324679\",\n \"text\": \"a sequel and spinoff to the game, respectively titled \\\"Terra Battle 2\\\" and \\\"Terra Wars\\\", both for Android and for iOS. \\\"Terra Battle 2\\\" was released on September 21, 2017, but its lack of success lead to it being discontinued, with it being removed from storefronts on June 3, 2018 and its servers shutdown in September 2018. Terra Battle Terra Battle (テラバトル) is a mobile video game developed by Mistwalker, the company of \\\"Final Fantasy\\\" creator Hironobu Sakaguchi. It was released for iOS and Android devices on October 9, 2014. The game plays as a tile-based tactical role-playing game, with\",\n \"title\": \"Terra Battle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6800360\",\n \"text\": \"April, and in Australia on April 13. The PC version received a patch a few days after its European release to address stability and technical issues. The PSP version released on 9 June in Europe, 13 June in Australia, and 21 June in North America. Spike published the PS2, 360 and PSP versions in Japan on 7 December. The DS and GBA versions were released 10 November in Europe, 14 November 2006 in North America, and 17 November in Australia. The GameCube version released first in North America on 14 November, and in Europe on 1 December. The mobile version\",\n \"title\": \"Tomb Raider: Legend\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10658916\",\n \"text\": \"Hamster Corporation. The game would later be ported to the PlayStation 4 in 2014 as part of the Arcade Archives label. A sequel game, \\\"Terra Force\\\" was released for arcades in 1987, and was also ported to the PlayStation 4 as part of Arcade Archives. A PC-Engine exclusive follow-up, \\\"Terra Cresta II: Mandler no Gyakushu\\\", was released in 1992 exclusively in Japan, and a 3-D version, \\\"Terra Cresta 3D\\\", was released in 1997 for the Sega Saturn in Japan only. On May 10, 2018 a port for the Nintendo Switch was published by HAMSTER as part of their Arcade Archives\",\n \"title\": \"Terra Cresta\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15615904\",\n \"text\": \"for the Nintendo Switch, ported by 505 Games, will be released in 2019. \\\"Terraria\\\" received generally favorable reviews from critics, according to review aggregator Metacritic. A review for \\\"Destructoid\\\" included praise for \\\"Terraria\\\" as \\\"full of depth\\\". Another reviewer praised \\\"Terraria\\\" integration of some of \\\"Minecraft\\\" concepts into two dimensions. \\\"GameSpot\\\" praised \\\"Terraria\\\" exploration and feeling of accomplishment but criticized its lack of tutorial or explicit directions. IGN praised the game, claiming that \\\"Terraria\\\": \\\"expands on the familiar sandbox gameplay with a greater emphasis on combat and adventure.\\\" \\\"Terraria\\\" received the #1 of 2011 Indie of the Year Player Choice\",\n \"title\": \"Terraria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11530236\",\n \"text\": \"the Mac OS X version. A last update was released on April 19th adding controller support and providing bugfixes. Until the removal of digital rights management in the 2.5 update, \\\"X3: Terran Conflict\\\" used Tagès as copy prevention. For the DVD versions of the game, the DVD was required to be in the drive to start the game. For online distribution version of the game, including Steam, the number of installations was limited to 5 machines. More activations were available by contacting either Egosoft or Valve. On release, \\\"X3 Terran Conflict\\\" was generally well received by critics, and scored very\",\n \"title\": \"X3: Terran Conflict\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13206933\",\n \"text\": \"Schoot and Bastiaan Berendsen, and is still being actively developed. Although the game was publicly available in 1998 it was called a \\\"BETA\\\" until March 2000 TEQ reached its peak popularity in 2000 during the \\\".com bubble.\\\" The media (hungry for internet-related news) caught attention of the relatively new concept of massive online gaming. Many Dutch newspapers and magazines wrote stories about the game and concept. As a result of this, many players joined the game, making it even more popular. TEQ is less popular today, but hundreds of players still log in every day and TEQ remains the top-rating\",\n \"title\": \"Terra Est Quaestuosa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11530233\",\n \"text\": \"announced from Egosoft an open beta, on 19 January 2009, for version 2.0 of \\\"Terran Conflict\\\", which was available to forum members who have volunteered to be part of the 'Developer Network'. 2.0 contains 'a whole new mission, new stations and new sectors'. It was made available for download 3 April 2009. Due to a packing error, 2.0a was made available shortly after initial release to fix a problem, on 10 June 2009, they released the sixth patch, updating the game to version 2.1. and on 14 October 2009, it was a seventh patch released, updating the game to version\",\n \"title\": \"X3: Terran Conflict\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11530235\",\n \"text\": \"patch version 2.7.1, fixing several minor issues. Egosoft released the tenth patch on 7 October 2010, updating the game to version 3.0. It brings a new plot mission called 'Balance of Power', which was specially developed as a feature for the X Superbox. Also featured in the update is a reward for the Operation Final Fury plot. Update 3.0 also features the Dead-is-Dead gameplay mode for X3: Terran Conflict which is only available to players who play through the Steam client. A further update: was released on 12 April 2011 for the Windows version, And on 24 March 2011 for\",\n \"title\": \"X3: Terran Conflict\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3067966\",\n \"text\": \"box art was modified to remove mention of them. Because the stages from the e-Cards are stored on the cards themselves and not in the original game, IGN speculated that Nintendo would be able to expand the game indefinitely. The game was re-released on the Wii U Virtual Console in Japan on December 29, 2015, in North America on January 21, 2016, and in Europe on March 10, 2016 (alongside the GBA ports of Super Mario Bros. 2 and Super Mario World). It includes e-Reader-exclusive content via the data select screen, especially in the PAL release, which did not originally\",\n \"title\": \"Super Mario Advance 4: Super Mario Bros. 3\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14426324\",\n \"text\": \"Spanish version of its website to the public. Following this announcement, in early 2017, a beta version of Quora in French was announced. In May 2017, beta versions in German and Italian were introduced. In September 2017 a beta version in Japanese was launched. In April 2018, Beta versions in Hindi, Portuguese, and Indonesian were launched. Currently, additional versions in Bengali, Marathi, Tamil, Finnish, Norwegian, Swedish, and Dutch are planned. In April 2017, Quora was reported to have received Series D funding with a valuation of $1.8 billion. In September 2018, Quora reported hitting 300 million monthly users. Despite its\",\n \"title\": \"Quora\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13463548\",\n \"text\": \"2012, PlayStation Vita on March 14, 2013, and Android on June 27, 2013. The game is described by the development team as a . JAST USA released the PC version in North America on March 31, 2014, both digitally and as a physical collector's edition, while PQube released the PS3 and Vita versions in North America and Europe in 2015. Additionally, the iOS version was released in English on September 9, 2016. A manga adaptation of the game, created by Yomi Sarachi, was serialized from 2009 to 2013, and later published in North America from 2015 to 2016. A second\",\n \"title\": \"Steins;Gate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7012066\",\n \"text\": \"Terra (video game) Terra (also known as Terra: 2120 or Terra: Battle for the Outland) was one of the internet's original Massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPG), debuting in early 1996 from Kaon interactive. Kaon dropped development of the game within a few years and it has since been taken over and kept running by its loyal fan base. As probably the oldest MMORPG game in existence it has significant historical value to the gaming community. Other than minor updates to run on the newer Windows platforms the game is still in its original retro format and is free to\",\n \"title\": \"Terra (video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20559618\",\n \"text\": \"Re-Logic Re-Logic is an independent game developer and publisher based in Indiana. It was founded by Andrew Spinks in 2011. The company is best known for developing and publishing \\\"Terraria\\\", a 2D action-adventure sandbox video game. Re-Logic was founded at the beginning of \\\"Terraria\\\"s development cycle, starting in January 2011. The game was released for Microsoft Windows on May 16, 2011 and received multiple updates later on. In February 2012, Re-Logic's developers announced that \\\"Terraria\\\" would be receiving one final bug-fix patch, but development resumed in 2013. The game is still being updated . \\\"Terraria\\\" has also seen multiple console\",\n \"title\": \"Re-Logic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18099847\",\n \"text\": \"led by Commander Jaxon (Terry Crews) as a last resort to dismantle Terra Nova any way they can. The game was announced at Microsoft's press conference at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2014 in June 2014, as an Xbox One exclusive. While the game was still at an early stage at the time of its reveal, Microsoft's Phil Spencer said that the title came about from talks with Dave Jones who, after leaving Realtime Worlds, joined Cloudgine, a software company that is developing technology allowing game developers to take advantage of cloud computing features. Cloudgine had been previously rumored to be\",\n \"title\": \"Crackdown 3\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11530231\",\n \"text\": \"to coincide with the release of the first update. The release version was 1.0.1. Egosoft later confirmed that a shipping error had caused this. \\\"X3: Terran Conflict Version 2.0\\\" was released in North America on 7 April 2009. X³-Gold, the bundle pack containing \\\"X3: Terran Conflict 2.0\\\" and \\\"X3: Reunion 2.5\\\" was released on 9 April 2009. The first update for \\\"X3: Terran Conflict\\\" brought many improvements, on 16 October 2008 Egosoft released the first patch for the game. A whole new mission to scan for valuable asteroids, enabled mouse control in external view mode, when a target is lost,\",\n \"title\": \"X3: Terran Conflict\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10409701\",\n \"text\": \"3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter:\",\n \"title\": \"2007 Orlando Predators season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19215220\",\n \"text\": \"10, 2015. It was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows, OS X and Linux through Steam on June 7, 2016, for the PlayStation 4 and the PlayStation Vita via the PlayStation Store on June 7, 2016 in North America and on June 8, 2016 in Europe and Australia. It was released both physically and digitally (through the Nintendo eShop) for the Wii U on September 30, 2016 in Europe and Australia and in North America on October 20, 2016. It was released worldwide on the iOS App store on November 9, 2016. On December 28, 2017, the game was released worldwide\",\n \"title\": \"SteamWorld Heist\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18324678\",\n \"text\": \"to the preview build of the game as \\\"cautiously optimistic\\\", stating that the game was \\\"an RPG stripped down to its barest bones, and...it works surprisingly well.\\\" while citing concern with the minimal graphics and free to play payment model. Joystiq played a version available to play at PAX Prime 2014, and stated that, while the game was overwhelmingly frantic at first, \\\" the slide-and-move-on action was innate and enjoyable enough to encourage continued play.\\\" Game Informer praised the core gameplay, but expressed concern over the long-term effects of the game's imposed waiting time periods. In June 2017, Mistwalker announced\",\n \"title\": \"Terra Battle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19935811\",\n \"text\": \"on 8 September, 2016 on Itch.io and the full version of the game was released for download on 25 July 2017 on Steam, Itch.io, Xbox One and PlayStation 4. A physical boxed version was available from 1 August 2017. Since the release of the game there have been multiple small updates adding new features, improving performance and fixing bugs. The first major update was published for PC on 31 August 2017, and was labelled as \\\"Content drop one\\\". This update added 11 new buildings including; a space elevator, a decontamination unit and new decorative buildings. This update also has a\",\n \"title\": \"Aven Colony\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18324677\",\n \"text\": \"Ito joined the project, with \\\"Kingdom Hearts\\\" series composer Yoko Shimomura joining him after the game had been downloaded 1.7 million times. To commemorate the milestone of 1,800,000 downloads, a new song by famed \\\"Chrono\\\" series composer Yasunori Mitsuda was added to the game. The final milestone, at 2 million downloads, would be releasing a version of the game on the current generation of video game consoles in some capacity, though Sakaguchi has not explained what that would entail other than it would not be a straight port of the mobile version of the game. Pocket Gamer described their reaction\",\n \"title\": \"Terra Battle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20115625\",\n \"text\": \"from August 25–28, followed by a second week for both PlayStation 4 and Xbox One from September 1–4. The PC beta was announced as an open beta, and ran from September 29 – October 2 on Steam. Players who participated in the beta received the Beta Combat Pack for the full game, which contains a special in-game helmet, emblem and calling card. The game is available in three editions: Base Edition, Digital Deluxe Edition and the Pro Edition. The Pro Edition was sold exclusively at GameStop, with pre-orders of the game at GameStop also included a limited edition hat. The\",\n \"title\": \"Call of Duty: WWII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4162050\",\n \"text\": \"audio dramas featuring original cast members. The new audio series were produced by Anderson Entertainment in association with Big Finish Productions. The first new series was released in April 2015, and consists of eight episodes. Ann Ridler who played Kate Kestrel and Cy-Star was replaced by Beth Chalmers, as Ridler had since died, and Windsor Davies who played Sergeant Major Zero was replaced by Jeremy Hitchen, as Davies has retired from acting. A second series was released by Big Finish Productions in April 2016, and a third in July 2017. Free sample episodes are available on the Big Finish website.\",\n \"title\": \"Terrahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18849560\",\n \"text\": \"August 2016, an open beta for Windows was released. The game was originally scheduled for release in 2016 as a free-to-play title for Android, iOS, macOS, and Windows. The Windows version officially launched on March 9, 2017. An iOS for iPad devices launched on March 23, 2017. Mobile versions for iOS and Android smartphones was released in July 2017. MacOS and Android tablet-only versions have been released. During the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2018, Bethesda also announced that the game is planned for release on PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, and Xbox One. In May 2018, Bethesda announced that Dire Wolf had\",\n \"title\": \"The Elder Scrolls: Legends\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15615906\",\n \"text\": \"the game was planned to have an unlimited number of worlds, and would be significantly different from the original game. \\\"Terraria: Otherworld\\\" was another planned game set in the \\\"Terraria\\\" universe, and was announced in February 2015 to be released later that year. \\\"Otherworld\\\" tasked the player with trying to purify the world of the Corruption, which was to be achieved mainly by finding and activating \\\"purifying towers\\\" that push back the spread of the Corruption. \\\"Otherworld\\\" would have included more strategy and role-playing elements, such as a tower defense gameplay element, skill trees, and a plot. In April 2017,\",\n \"title\": \"Terraria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2832208\",\n \"text\": \"features, command sets and CEC compliance tests. HDMI 1.3 was released on June 22, 2006, and increased the maximum TMDS clock to 340 MHz (10.2 Gbit/s). Like previous versions, it uses 8b/10b encoding, giving it a maximum video bandwidth of 8.16 Gbit/s (1920×1080 at 120 Hz or 2560×1440 at 60 Hz). It added support for 10 bpc, 12 bpc, and 16 bpc color depth (30, 36, and 48 bit/px), called deep color. It also added support for the xvYCC color space, in addition to the Rec. 601 and Rec. 709 color spaces supported by previous versions, and added the ability\",\n \"title\": \"HDMI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15615894\",\n \"text\": \"then buy or sell items and certain services from NPCs with coins found in the world. Some NPCs cannot currently be found in the mobile versions and console versions of the game. The game includes a currency system in the form of coins that can be primarily used to complete transactions with NPCs. Coins can be obtained by slaying monsters, finding treasure, and selling items to NPCs. The game recognizes many different biomes and areas, defined by the blocks that exist in the vicinity, each home to a unique set of enemies. Some biomes, such as the Corruption or Crimson\",\n \"title\": \"Terraria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20562334\",\n \"text\": \"should display text in English by default, so long as the system's region is defined as such. Lastly, it is compatible with PSTV, putting it in stark contrast with Terraria, which did not offer this because of its touch-screen controls exclusive to the Vita. Despite offering a patch to cater to importers, there is no official retail or digital release in the US or Europe for the Vita version as of now. A PlayStation 4 port is also rumored, but yet to be released. The game won Tokyo Game Show's 2015 award for Best Platformer, and 4Gamer.net's 2014 award of\",\n \"title\": \"Wondership Q\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10411020\",\n \"text\": \"Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd\",\n \"title\": \"2007 Nashville Kats season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10134800\",\n \"text\": \"created at the Institute of Systems Biology in Seattle in 2002. Now, it is developed by an international consortium of open source developers. Cytoscape was initially made public in July, 2002 (v0.8); the second release (v0.9) was in November, 2002, and v1.0 was released in March 2003. Version 1.1.1 is the last stable release for the 1.0 series. Version 2.0 was initially released in 2004; Cytoscape 2.83, the final 2.xx version, was released in May 2012. Version 3.0 was released Feb 1, 2013, and the latest version, 3.4.0, was released in May 2016. The Cytoscape core developer team continues to\",\n \"title\": \"Cytoscape\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4581952\",\n \"text\": \"Age of Empires III Age of Empires III is a real-time strategy video game developed by Microsoft Corporation's Ensemble Studios and published by Microsoft Game Studios. The Mac version was ported over and developed and published by Destineer's MacSoft. The PC version was released on October 18, 2005 in North America and November 4, 2005 in Europe, while the Mac version was released on November 21, 2006 in North America and September 29, 2006 in Europe. An N-Gage version of the game developed by Glu Mobile was released on April 28, 2009. It is the third game of the \\\"Age\",\n \"title\": \"Age of Empires III\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18822362\",\n \"text\": \"received an Early Access release for Linux and OS X on July 1, 2015, and through the Xbox Game Preview Program for Xbox One on December 16, 2015; a PlayStation 4 version was released on December 6, 2016. The final game launched in August 2017; it was originally intended for release in June 2016, but was delayed in April. The game launched with support for Oculus Rift and PlayStation VR, and the Xbox One version was released via the ID@Xbox program. Android and iOS versions were released on June 14, 2018, and a Nintendo Switch version is due on November\",\n \"title\": \"Ark: Survival Evolved\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10583304\",\n \"text\": \"spaces were released to the North American version on June 10, 2010. Additional unlockable content became available in Japan once the game was released and on December 22, 2008 in North America, and was released monthly in Japan until January 2009 and once or twice a month in North America until August 2009. The content includes new characters able to be accessed once the main story is complete, character and monster classes, the modes \\\"Item World Command Attack\\\" and \\\"Class World Command Attack\\\", and a side story following Raspberyl after the end of the game. Access to this additional content\",\n \"title\": \"Disgaea 3\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20392889\",\n \"text\": \"while keeping the changes that players liked from the last game. \\\"Dungeons 3\\\" was released worldwide and for all supported platforms on October 13, 2017. It is the first entry in the series that was released on multiple platforms, i.e. Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, at the same time. Realmforge Studios released three downloadable content (DLC) to \\\"Dungeons 3\\\" that expand upon the story: The PC version of \\\"Dungeons 3\\\" received \\\"generally favorable\\\" reviews according to review aggregator Metacritic. The Xbox One version received slightly worse reviews and is considered by Metacritic as having \\\"mixed or\",\n \"title\": \"Dungeons 3\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12798542\",\n \"text\": \"System 7.0.1 (PPC or 68k), although the Mac version was not released until January 1996 for PPC, and April for 68k. Version 2.1 for the Mac came out in August 1996, although by this time, Windows was getting 3.0. Version 2 was included in Windows 95 OSR 1 and Microsoft's \\\"Internet Starter Kit for Windows 95\\\" in early 1996. It launched with twelve languages, including English, but by April 1996, this was expanded to 24, 20, and 9 for Win 95, Win 3.1, and Mac, respectively. The 2.0i version supported double-byte character-set. Microsoft Internet Explorer 3 was released on August\",\n \"title\": \"Internet Explorer version history\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15612764\",\n \"text\": \"to overhaul the animation system to accommodate first-person gameplay. The PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions were released on 18 November 2014. The PC version, initially scheduled for simultaneous release with the console versions, was delayed until 14 April 2015. According to Rockstar, it required extra development time for \\\"polish\\\". The PC version is capable of 60 frames per second gameplay at 4K resolution, and the Rockstar Editor lets players capture and edit gameplay videos. Design director Imran Sarwar announced in October 2017 that the game would not receive single-player downloadable content, despite Rockstar's original plan for a 2014 release,\",\n \"title\": \"Grand Theft Auto V\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16488739\",\n \"text\": \"that same month's issue of the magazine. It was released on April 4, 2014, for PC and Mac. Home console releases for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One were released on June 9, 2015. Shortly after the game's launch, it was reported that some players were unable to activate the 30-day complimentary game time included with their purchase until a subscription had been set up and—in \\\"a strange state of affairs\\\" and \\\"most likely a mistake\\\"—after a full month had been paid for. A serious item duplication exploit was discovered that allowed players to gain huge fortunes, which was patched\",\n \"title\": \"The Elder Scrolls Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16861612\",\n \"text\": \"a media conference. On April 3, 2010, the Wi-Fi variant of the device was released in the United States, followed by the release of the Wi-Fi + Cellular variant on April 30. On May 28, it was released in Australia, Canada, France, Japan, Italy, Germany, Spain, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. The device received primarily positive reviews from various technology blogs and publications. Reviewers praised the device for its wide range of capabilities and labelled it as a competitor to laptops and netbooks. Some aspects were criticized, including the closed nature of the operating system and the lack of support\",\n \"title\": \"IPad (1st generation)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10409878\",\n \"text\": \"Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th\",\n \"title\": \"2007 New York Dragons season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12777474\",\n \"text\": \"free on August 22. Following the initial release, Square Enix doubled the amount of active servers to cope with crowding issues, while they worked on creating a larger permanent server increase. Support for the Wii version ended in 2017. The Wii U version released on March 30, 2013. The beta test began on March 5. A port for Microsoft Windows was released on September 26. Ports to both the PlayStation 4 (PS4) and Nintendo Switch were announced as being in development in August 2016. These ports will both be released in 2017; the PS4 version will release on August 17,\",\n \"title\": \"Dragon Quest X\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18474437\",\n \"text\": \"given based on 11 reviews for the Xbox One version, 77.50% for Wii U based on 4 reviews, 73.53% for the PC version based on 16 reviews, and 73.29% for PlayStation 4 based on 21 reviews. \\\"Episode 2: Assembly Required\\\" received \\\"mixed or average\\\" reviews. Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 59/100 based on 13 reviews, the PlayStation 4 version 53/100 based on 7 reviews and the Xbox One version 61/100 based on 8 reviews. \\\"Episode 3: The Last Place You Look\\\" received mildly positive reviews. Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 73/100 based\",\n \"title\": \"Minecraft: Story Mode\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14598065\",\n \"text\": \"us can only take so much.\\\" But by the finale in December things had turned around again where critics were mostly pleased and enthusiastic. \\\"Entertainment Weekly\\\" called the season finale \\\"exciting\\\". The series' first season received an aggregated score of 64% across 28 reviews from Metacritic. The first season averaged 7.52 million American viewers and a 2.5 rating in the 18–49 demographic. The show was ranked the #2 new drama among adults 18–49, the #1 new show among men 18–49, 18–34, and 25–54 and was one of the top 20 regular programs among teens, as of January 1, 2012. In\",\n \"title\": \"Terra Nova (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17531092\",\n \"text\": \"anime is licensed in the United Kingdom by Kazé UK and in North America by Viz Media. Madman Entertainment acquired the series for release in Australia and New Zealand. A sequel to the anime titled \\\"Terra Formars: Revenge\\\" was announced in November 2015, with changes to the series' main staff and the main cast returning to reprise their roles. Liden Films and TYO Animations produced the sequel. The anime premiered on April 2, 2016. An OVA adaptation of the manga's Earth Arc was planned for a May 2017 release, but was delayed to an August 2018 release instead. A live-action\",\n \"title\": \"Terra Formars\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14598066\",\n \"text\": \"2011, the series was honored, along with seven others, with the Critics' Choice Television Award for Most Exciting New Series. Also, it won \\\"Best Visual Effects in a Television Series\\\" by the Visual Effects Society in 2011 and was also nominated for \\\"Outstanding Created Environment in a Broadcast Program or Commercial.\\\" The series was released on a 4-disc DVD set on September 11, 2012. The set contains deleted scenes; bloopers; and featurettes including \\\"Director's Diaries – Making the Pilot\\\", an extended \\\"Occupation/Resistance\\\" episode with audio commentary from Stephen Lang, Brannon Braga and Rene Echevarria, \\\"Mysteries Explored\\\", and \\\"Cretaceous Life: The\",\n \"title\": \"Terra Nova (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14348998\",\n \"text\": \"18 August 2010. Originally, cooperative online gameplay was to be enabled on 28 September, the day of the PC and PlayStation Network release. However, on-line cooperative was delayed for all three platforms until a later date. Karl Stewart said, \\\"The agreement with Microsoft is, in order to participate in their hugely successful Summer of Arcade promotion there is a window of exclusivity. That window of exclusivity is a set four weeks.\\\" The Microsoft Windows version was distributed exclusively by the digital distribution platform Steam. Online cooperative was made available for the PlayStation 3 on 22 November 2010. The Microsoft Windows\",\n \"title\": \"Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10416126\",\n \"text\": \"Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance:\",\n \"title\": \"2007 Utah Blaze season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16183202\",\n \"text\": \"Japan on March 20, 2013. The PlayStation 3 version was later released in Europe on August 30, 2013 and as a digital-only release in North America on September 3, 2013. A third game, \\\"\\\", was released for PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita, PlayStation 4 and Microsoft Windows on March 26, 2015 in Japan. The game received \\\"mixed\\\" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. The game was rated 36 out of 40 by the Japanese gaming magazine \\\"Famitsu\\\". The game was a huge success in Japan, in its first week it sold over 655,774 copies and as of April, the\",\n \"title\": \"One Piece: Pirate Warriors\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9609326\",\n \"text\": \"take fifteen minutes to few hours, and the tests sometimes extend to over one day. Fifth grade and above include short answers. The results are nationally norm-referenced, meaning that students' scores reflect their achievement in comparison to all students who took the test nationally. Typically this is expressed as a raw score that is then converted into a percentile ranking. This is different from criterion-referenced tests, which measure student performance based on mastery of the material. In 2015, CTB released \\\"TerraNova 3\\\" Online. The online administered test includes a full battery of constructed-response and selected-response test items provides detailed diagnostic\",\n \"title\": \"TerraNova (test)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12963660\",\n \"text\": \"would no longer be made available for OEM distribution as of November 1, 2008. On July 14, 2013, Linux kernel version 3.11 was officially named \\\"Linux For Workgroups\\\" as a tongue-in-cheek reference to \\\"Windows for Workgroups 3.11\\\". Windows 3.1x Windows 3.1x (codenamed \\\"Janus\\\") is a series of 16-bit operating environments produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers. The series began with Windows 3.1, which was first sold during April 1992 as a successor to Windows 3.0. Subsequent versions were released between 1992 and 1994 until the series was superseded by Windows 95. During its lifespan, Windows 3.1 introduced several\",\n \"title\": \"Windows 3.1x\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17734549\",\n \"text\": \"December 2014, and in UK on 30 January 2015. The PlayStation Vita version was announced on 27 February 2014, but since then no exact date was given. The game was also released digitally in Japan on 18 February 2015, with an update to the Steam version that added Japanese language. An Xbox One version was announced at the end of February 2016 with the release date of 9 March 2016. \\\"Teslagrad\\\" uses Unity game engine, making it easier for developers to reach cross platform. A version for Android and iOS has been released on 8 November 2018. \\\"Teslagrad\\\" is a\",\n \"title\": \"Teslagrad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17911652\",\n \"text\": \"be compressed on the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, with the foresight that PC versions would display these assets uncompressed. These early decisions aided the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions' development as well, due to their similar system architectures to the PC. Their similarities helped the team \\\"ramp up\\\" to the PC version, where they could push the visuals and technology further than before. The PC development team consisted of members of the original team and PC specialists from Rockstar's other studios who had brought \\\"Grand Theft Auto IV\\\", \\\"Max Payne 3\\\" and \\\"L.A. Noire\\\" to the platform. The\",\n \"title\": \"Development of Grand Theft Auto V\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17911664\",\n \"text\": \"PC version, initially scheduled for simultaneous release with the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions, was delayed three times: first to 27 January 2015, later to 24 March 2015, and again to 14 April 2015. According to Rockstar, the game required extra development time for \\\"polishing\\\". On 23 August 2013, reports stated that some European PlayStation 3 users who had pre-ordered \\\"Grand Theft Auto V\\\" were able to download parts of the game, including its soundtrack and some character dialogue. Details of the game were leaked later that day and on following days before Sony removed the pre-order file from\",\n \"title\": \"Development of Grand Theft Auto V\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17792435\",\n \"text\": \"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of women's education\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3359210\",\n \"text\": \"12, a press release from Bethesda gave the date of \\\"Spring 2002\\\", confirming GameSpot's supposition of delay without agreeing on the more specific date of \\\"March\\\". Though no rationale behind the delay was given at the time, developer Pete Hines later attributed the delay to a need for game testing and balancing. Although the PC version of \\\"Morrowind\\\" had gone gold by April 23, 2002, and was released on May 1 in North America, the Xbox release was delayed further. On April 15, GameSpot suggested an Xbox release date sometime in May and a scheduled \\\"going gold\\\" date for the\",\n \"title\": \"The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2787686\",\n \"text\": \"3, 2015 for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, with a release for Microsoft Windows (via Origin) in 2016. More information on the game was revealed during the EA press conference at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2015 on June 15, 2015. A new trailer was released and a short gameplay demo was shown. Beta released on PS4 and Xbox One. PC version was released on March 15, 2016, via Origin in two different editions. The Standard Edition is the base edition, whereas the Deluxe Edition has the styling pack, performance pack, tricked-out starter car, exclusive wraps, unique identifying stickers, VIP icons\",\n \"title\": \"Need for Speed\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12963639\",\n \"text\": \"Windows 3.1x Windows 3.1x (codenamed \\\"Janus\\\") is a series of 16-bit operating environments produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers. The series began with Windows 3.1, which was first sold during April 1992 as a successor to Windows 3.0. Subsequent versions were released between 1992 and 1994 until the series was superseded by Windows 95. During its lifespan, Windows 3.1 introduced several enhancements to the still MS-DOS-based platform, including improved system stability, expanded support for multimedia, TrueType fonts, and workgroup networking. Windows 3.1 was originally released on April 6, 1992; official support for Windows 3.1 ended on December 31,\",\n \"title\": \"Windows 3.1x\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5207020\",\n \"text\": \"1995, only 2 months after version 1 came out in Microsoft Plus! for 95 that August. It was released for Windows 95 and Windows NT 3.5 in November 1995 and was bundled with NT 4.0 in July 1996. The Beta for Mac on PowerPC came out in January, and the finalized version in April for 68k and PowerPC. Version 2 was also the first release for Windows 3.1 and Macintosh System 7.0.1(PPC or 68k), although the Mac version was not released until January 1996 for PPC, and April for 68k. Version 2 was included in Windows 95 OEM Service Release\",\n \"title\": \"Internet Explorer 2\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3752924\",\n \"text\": \"computers of the era shipped with 4 megabytes of RAM, 16 MB was recommended for NTs. Due to the high cost of RAM at the time, critics thought that its high system requirements could affect the sales and adoption of Windows NT. Steps were taken to reduce its memory usage through methods such as paging. Microsoft began releasing public beta builds of NT in October 1992, and a month later at COMDEX, a presentation focusing on third-party software for Windows NT was held. The final pre-release version of NT was released in March 1993, alongside the unveiling of the server\",\n \"title\": \"Windows NT 3.1\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11530230\",\n \"text\": \"documenting several experiences with the game development by several team members. An XTM and \\\"X3: Terran Conflict\\\" developer Bobby Wilkinson, known in the X3 community as Syklon, was the first to post, detailing some new aspects of the game. The game was announced as having gone gold on 10 September 2008. The release was then pushed back twice due to production delays, finally falling on 17 October 2008; two weeks after the initial release date of 3 October. Some copies of \\\"Terran Conflict\\\" had become available several days before the release date. The Steam version was activated on the 16th,\",\n \"title\": \"X3: Terran Conflict\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16883924\",\n \"text\": \"MB) which needed to be burned on CD-R(W) by the user and was intended to replace the original AmigaOS 4.0 Developer Pre-release CD for installation and for rescue purposes. Release date: 10 October 2004. Among the features: AmigaOS 4.0 Developer Pre-release Update came in the form of a free download for registered users. The update featured a USB stack update (i.e. mass storage support) and numerous bug fixes and enhancements to core components of the system. Release date: 27 December 2004. Release date: 14 June 2005. The following is a non-exhaustive list of the features of update #3: The most\",\n \"title\": \"AmigaOS 4 version history\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2141299\",\n \"text\": \"released for PlayStation 4. On June 10, 2018, \\\"Skyrim: Very Special Edition\\\", a voice-activated text adventure game poking fun at the game's many releases, was released for Amazon Alexa devices. On May 3, 2012, \\\"The Elder Scrolls Online\\\" was revealed. \\\"The Elder Scrolls Online\\\" was released for Windows and macOS on April 4, 2014, with the Xbox One and PlayStation 4 versions initially slated to follow in June 2014 but later delayed until June 9, 2015. The game originally required a subscription to play, but this requirement was dropped on March 17, 2015. There is however a subscription service entitled\",\n \"title\": \"The Elder Scrolls\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4421801\",\n \"text\": \"months before release. Schmidt said that, in the new game, \\\"you were going around blowing people up\\\" and \\\"your enemies have brackets on them showing their health and it's very bright and glowy and green\\\". He believed that these elements drastically increased the game's enjoyability. He summarized, \\\"Six months before it shipped the game wasn't fun at all and we actually ended up shipping something that was at least somewhat enjoyable to play\\\". After previously being slated to launch in the second quarter of 1995, the game was released on March 5, 1996; by this time, its graphical technology had\",\n \"title\": \"Terra Nova: Strike Force Centauri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17531091\",\n \"text\": \"an alarming rate and adapting themselves far better to their new environment than they did to their homeworld, they start their plan to take over the planet. The manga, written by Yū Sasuga and illustrated by Kenichi Tachibana, began serialization in Shueisha's \\\"Miracle Jump\\\" magazine in January 2011. It later moved to \\\"Weekly Young Jump\\\" for the Annex I arc after the Bugs 2 arc concluded. The series has inspired five spin-off manga: An anime adaptation produced by Liden Films began airing on September 26, 2014, and finished airing on December 19, 2014 with a total of 13 episodes. The\",\n \"title\": \"Terra Formars\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10409773\",\n \"text\": \"Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd\",\n \"title\": \"2007 Dallas Desperados season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7836773\",\n \"text\": \"East on December 1997 titled . This version features a Special Mode which adds a fourth playable ship and a new final stage, as well as animated opening and ending videos and a voiced navigator. It supports the analog controls of the DualShock controller. The PlayStation was reissued on May 2003 by Hamster as part of their MajorWave budget label. \\\"Soukyugurentai\\\" was ported to Japanese feature phones in 2005 and was available for EZWeb, i-mode and Yahoo! Keitai devices. \\\"Sōkyū Gurentai\\\" was one of Raizing's most popular arcade games. \\\"Consoles +\\\" rated the Sega Saturn version at 92%. Terra Diver\",\n \"title\": \"Terra Diver\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18822365\",\n \"text\": \"negative reaction among players of the game, resulting in lots of negative reviews on Steam right after the expansion launch. The game left early access on August 29, 2017, for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One. The standard version was released alongside an \\\"Explorer's Edition\\\", which included a season pass with three expansions, and the \\\"Collector's Edition\\\", which included a season pass as well, a necklace, a map, a notebook, a development team poster, a wooden chest packaging, and the game's official soundtrack. On December 12, 2017, the paid DLC \\\"Aberration\\\" was released, adding a new underground/alien-themed map and\",\n \"title\": \"Ark: Survival Evolved\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2284259\",\n \"text\": \"the highest-selling game of 2001 in the United States, selling over two million units by February 2002. The game was also the second best-selling game of 2002, behind only its sequel. Take-Two stock significantly increased following the game's launch, and the game was included in PlayStation's Greatest Hits selection. In the United States, the game had sold 5.35 million units by June 2004, and 6.55 million units by December 2007. The computer version accounted for 420,000 sales and $16.9 million in earnings by August 2006 in the United States. It was the country's 34th best-selling computer game between January 2000\",\n \"title\": \"Grand Theft Auto III\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17498064\",\n \"text\": \"N++ N++ is a platform video game developed and published by Metanet Software. It is the third installment of the N franchise which started with the Adobe Flash game N. It is the sequel to N+. The game was initially released for the PlayStation 4 on July 28, 2015 in North America, and July 29, 2015 in Europe, and was later released for the Microsoft Windows and macOS operating systems on August 25, 2016 and December 26, 2016, respectively. With the Xbox One version being released on October 4 2017. A version for Linux is currently in development. An expansion\",\n \"title\": \"N++\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7836772\",\n \"text\": \"on February 1997, five months after the arcade release. Because the original arcade hardware was directly based on the Sega Saturn architecture, this is a close conversion of the original game. Several options and features were also added, including a practice mode which allows the player to try out any of the game's stages without going through the entire campaign, as well as support for the Multi Controller and Mission Stick. A bargain-priced version was released on December 1997, titled , which includes a demo for the Saturn version of \\\"Battle Garegga\\\". A PlayStation version was also released by Data\",\n \"title\": \"Terra Diver\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3965306\",\n \"text\": \"later on 21 January, and can be downloaded from the \\\"Darwinia\\\" website. \\\"Darwinia\\\" was released in Europe on 4 March 2005 (the U.S. version followed on 12 June 2006), while the Macintosh version was released 30 March 2005 by publisher Ambrosia Software. A patch was released on 28 April 2005 for Microsoft Windows, bringing the version to 1.2. New features included an improved unit selection system, as well as numerous modding updates including the ability to create custom strings. Another patch (version 1.3) was released in September 2005, which includes the option (enabled by default) of clicking icons or using\",\n \"title\": \"Darwinia (video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5176787\",\n \"text\": \"Rajas\\\" was released on 19 December 2016. On August 21, 2017, Microsoft announced \\\"Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition\\\". \\\"Age of Empires III\\\", released on October 18, 2005, was built on an improved version of the \\\"Age of Mythology\\\" game engine with the most significant changes being the updated graphics engine and the inclusion of the Havok physics middleware engine. The game is set in the period between 1421 and 1850, and players can choose one of eight European nations. The game introduced a large number of features, such as home cities. Described by Ensemble Studios as \\\"an important support\",\n \"title\": \"Age of Empires\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14598060\",\n \"text\": \"longer active and redirects to Fox Movies. \\\"Terra Nova\\\" was expected to premiere in the U.S. in May 2011 with a two-hour preview, but due to the time involved for visual effects, its pilot was moved to autumn (late September) 2011 to air with the rest of season one. In May 2011, Fox announced the series would air on Monday nights, and released a full trailer. \\\"Terra Nova\\\" premiered at the 2011 San Diego Comic-Con International on July 23, 2011. The Fox premiere drew 9.22 million viewers and 3.1 in the 18–49 demo in live plus same day results, rising\",\n \"title\": \"Terra Nova (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17003348\",\n \"text\": \"and for \\\"Best Expansion\\\" at \\\"PC Gamer\\\"s 2017 Game of the Year Awards. By the end of the first week of release, the PS3 version of \\\"A Realm Reborn\\\" placed second in Japan's sales charts, with 184,000 physical copies sold. In late October 2013, Square Enix announced that the game had one and a half million registrations. It was the 16th best selling personal computer game of 2013 in the United States. In Japan, the PlayStation 3 version was ranked 32 in sales, with 244,574 retail copies sold. Following an extremely poor fiscal year 2013, Square Enix executives commended the\",\n \"title\": \"Final Fantasy XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13425702\",\n \"text\": \"X version of the game was released on 22 February 2011 by Feral Interactive. The game was released for the PlayStation 4 on 21 October 2016, as part of the \\\"Lego Harry Potter Collection\\\", which bundles the game with its sequel, \\\"\\\", and was also released for the Xbox One and Nintendo Switch on 30 October 2018. Other versions of the game were released on 29 June 2010 in North America, 25 June 2010 in Europe, and 30 June 2010 in Australia. The game received positive reviews from critics, with reviewers citing the game as being one of the better\",\n \"title\": \"Lego Harry Potter: Years 1–4\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17743240\",\n \"text\": \"3DS in Europe and Australia on 7 August 2013, North America on 8 August 2013, and Japan on 20 November 2013. Later, \\\"SteamWorld Dig\\\" was released on 5 December 2013 for Microsoft Windows, Mac, and Linux on Steam, on 18 March 2014 in North America and on 19 March 2014 in Europe for PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita, on 28 August 2014 for Wii U, on 5 June 2015 for Xbox One, and on 1 February 2018 for Nintendo Switch. A successor, \\\"SteamWorld Heist\\\", was released in December 2015. A sequel, \\\"SteamWorld Dig 2\\\", was released in September 2017. \\\"SteamWorld\",\n \"title\": \"SteamWorld Dig\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16488743\",\n \"text\": \"story line, jewelry crafting and a new skill line based on the Psijic Order. The expansion was released on May 21, 2018 for Windows and OS X and was released on June 5, 2018 for Playstation 4 and Xbox One. On June 14, 2015, at the Bethesda showcase at E3, downloadable content (DLC) was announced for the Imperial City, the Capital of Cyrodiil. It was released for the PC and OS X on August 31, 2015, for the Xbox One on September 15, and for the PlayStation 4 on September 16. It introduced a new currency known as Tel Var\",\n \"title\": \"The Elder Scrolls Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18822370\",\n \"text\": \"inside it.\\\" Within a month of its early access release on Steam, \\\"Ark\\\" had sold over one million copies. By August 2016, the game had over 5.5 million sales across both Windows and Xbox One, with about 1.5 million from the Xbox One platform. Ark: Survival Evolved Ark: Survival Evolved (stylized as ΛRK) is an action-adventure survival video game developed by Studio Wildcard, in collaboration with Instinct Games, Studios, and Virtual Basement. It was released in August 2017 for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Microsoft Windows, OS X and Linux, with versions for Android, iOS, and Nintendo Switch in 2018. In\",\n \"title\": \"Ark: Survival Evolved\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15615893\",\n \"text\": \"Bosses can only be summoned at night. Four of the bosses can spawn naturally in certain places and times. The defeat of these bosses is often tied to in-game progression. Defeat of bosses are met with several rewards which equips the player for future gameplay. By completing specific goals (such as defeating a boss or obtaining a gun), players can attract non-player characters (NPCs) to occupy structures or rooms they have built, such as a merchant, nurse, or wizard. Some NPCs can be acquired by finding them throughout the world and will then reside in the player's house. Players may\",\n \"title\": \"Terraria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3862535\",\n \"text\": \"America and Europe, the game was released in September 2007, for the Xbox 360 and PC, and in October 2007, for the PS3; in Australia, it was released on September 2007, for the Xbox 360 and PC, and in December 2007, for the PS3. It was also released on Steam on June 16, 2009. A 5th-anniversary edition of \\\"Oblivion\\\" was announced and released in North America in July 2011 and in Europe two months later. An Xbox 360 version of \\\"Fallout 3\\\" and \\\"Oblivion\\\" double pack was announced for release in North America on April 3, however it was not\",\n \"title\": \"The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10919566\",\n \"text\": \"a sequel to the game. As of 2015, the PS3 version has shipped 1million units worldwide. The 2014 PC version of the game exceeded its publisher's expectations, topping the Steam sales charts on the day of its release, ahead of the then also recently launched games \\\"\\\" and \\\"Assassin's Creed Unity\\\". It also received favorable reviews, with a Metacritic score of 85. By April 2017, the PC version of the game had sold about 925,000 copies on Steam. As of April 2018, the Steam version has sold 953,838 copies. The remastered PS4 version has sold 39,071 copies in Japan as\",\n \"title\": \"Valkyria Chronicles (video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14217532\",\n \"text\": \"on August 7, 2009. The first beta version was released on October 30, followed by Beta 2 on November 10, Beta 3 on November 17, Beta 4 on November 26, and Beta 5 on December 17. Release Candidate 1 was released on January 8, 2010, followed by Release Candidate 2 on January 17. The final version was released on January 21, 2010. Firefox 3.6.2 was released on March 23, 2010, followed by version 3.6.3 on April 1 which closed some bugs in the ASLR and DEP handling found at the Pwn2Own contest 2010. The Firefox developers created a new feature\",\n \"title\": \"Firefox 3.6\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3860154\",\n \"text\": \"available to a wide audience. For this reason, the team developed the PC version themselves and sought out a different publisher. The PC version was first announced at the 2006 Electronic Entertainment Expo. Unlike the Xbox version, the PC version was published by 2K Games. The game went gold in February 2007, shortly before its North American release. The game released on February 27, 2007 in North America. It later released on March 2 in Europe and Australia. The downloadable version was released through Steam and BioWare's online store on February 28. It later released through GOG.com on June 11,\",\n \"title\": \"Jade Empire\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16488747\",\n \"text\": \"was later released, revealing the title to be \\\"Shadows of the Hist\\\". The DLC includes two new dungeons: the Cradle of Shadows and Ruins of Mazzatun, and was released in August 2016. Announced on June 12, 2017 along with \\\"Clockwork City\\\", \\\"Horns of the Reach\\\". The DLC includes two new dungeons: Bloodroot Forge and Falkreath Hold and was released on August 14, 2017 on PC and Mac, with consoles receiving it on August 25. Announced along with \\\"Horns of the Reach\\\" on June 12, \\\"Clockwork City\\\" was eventually released on October 23 for PC and Mac and November 11 for\",\n \"title\": \"The Elder Scrolls Online\"\n }\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":79078,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":79078,"string":"79,078"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Germany"],"string":"[\n \"Germany\"\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"in which country did the 1761 'battle of villinghausen' take place"},"compressed_prompt":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Question:\\nPlease write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Battle of Villinghausen context: Battle of Villinghausen The Battle of Villinghausen (or Vellinghausen) was a battle in the Seven Years' War fought on the 15th and 16 July 1761 in the western area of present-day Germany, between a large French army and a combined Prussian-Hanoverian-British force led by Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick Two French armies, under two Marshals, Duc de Broglie and Prince de Soubise met up in July 1761, intending to force Prince Ferdinand out of Lippstadt, an important town. Allied reinforcements under General Spörcken arrived bringing Ferdinand's forces up to 65,000 while the combined French armies numbered around 90,000. The allied Prussian-Hanoverian-British\\n\\nin which country did the 1761 'battle of villinghausen' take place\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 222,\n \"origin_tokens\": 223,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"6835343","text":"Battle of Villinghausen The Battle of Villinghausen (or Vellinghausen) was a battle in the Seven Years' War fought on the 15th and 16 July 1761 in the western area of present-day Germany, between a large French army and a combined Prussian-Hanoverian-British force led by Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick. Two French armies, under two Marshals, Duc de Broglie and Prince de Soubise met up in July 1761, intending to force Prince Ferdinand out of Lippstadt, an important town. Allied reinforcements under General Spörcken arrived bringing Ferdinand's forces up to 65,000 while the combined French armies numbered around 90,000. The allied Prussian-Hanoverian-British","title":"Battle of Villinghausen"},{"id":"6835346","text":"a significant superiority in numbers and continued their offensive, although the two armies split again and operated independently. Despite further attempts to push an offensive strategy in Germany, the French were pushed back and finished the war in 1762 having lost the strategic post of Cassel. The Treaty of Paris led France to evacuate the remaining German territory it had occupied during the war. Battle of Villinghausen The Battle of Villinghausen (or Vellinghausen) was a battle in the Seven Years' War fought on the 15th and 16 July 1761 in the western area of present-day Germany, between a large French","title":"Battle of Villinghausen"},{"id":"12391163","text":"and Russian forces were also heavily depleted and could not launch a major offensive. In February 1761 Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick surprised French troops at Langensalza and then advanced to besiege Cassel in March. He was forced to lift the siege and retreat after French forces regrouped and captured several thousand of his men at the Battle of Grünberg. At the Battle of Villinghausen, forces under Ferdinand defeated a 92,000-man French army. On the eastern front, progress was very slow. The Russian army was heavily dependent upon its main magazines in Poland, and the Prussian army launched several successful raids","title":"Seven Years' War"},{"id":"6835344","text":"forces lined up along a series of hills, with their left anchored by the Lippe River (in the north), and the Ahse River in their centre. The French army advanced on 15 July, and Broglie's troops in the north made progress against German troops under Wutginau. However, British troops under Granby just south of Wutginau held their ground and the French assault stalled. Reinforcements for both sides arrived that night and Ferdinand strengthened his left at the expense of his right. The next morning, Broglie continued his attack on the Allied left, expecting Soubise to attack the weakened Allied right.","title":"Battle of Villinghausen"},{"id":"6938042","text":"III. He was fatally wounded at the Battle of Villinghausen, fought on 15 and 16 July 1761. His portrait is in the Galerie des Batailles at Versailles. On 7 June 1749, he married Jeanne Julie de Coetmen; they had five children: Pierre-François, Marquess of Rougé Pierre-François, Marquis de Rougé (1702–1761) was a French nobleman and General. The son of Pierre III, Marquis de Rougé and of Jeanne Prézeau de la Guilletière. Later in life he became Governor of Givet and Charlemont. In 1761 he was mortally wounded in battle. He is represented in the palace of Versailles \"Museum of the","title":"Pierre-François, Marquess of Rougé"},{"id":"1756657","text":"Greys and Inniskillings routed the French, sending them in a disorderly retreat into the town of Zierenberg. Soon after, infantry was brought up to storm the town; the town and the survivors of the Scots Greys' attack were captured. The Scots Greys began the following year by conducting patrols and skirmishing with French troops. Eventually, the Scots Greys were with the main army under Brunswick at the Battle of Villinghausen on 15–16 July 1761. The start of 1762 found the Scots Greys again raiding and clashing with French cavalry along the Hanoverian frontier. With the war approaching the end, the","title":"Royal Scots Greys"},{"id":"6835345","text":"However, Soubise only ordered a few small actions against the right, due in part that both French commanders were the same rank and reluctant to take orders from the other. Allied reinforcements under Wolff soon arrived along the Lippe River and attacked the French flank, halting Broglie's attack and forcing his men to withdraw. By about noon, the French were in full retreat and the battle was over. News of the battle provoked euphoria in Britain, and led William Pitt to take a much tougher line in the ongoing peace negotiations with France. Despite the defeat the French still had","title":"Battle of Villinghausen"},{"id":"2396918","text":"army led by Ferdinand of Brunswick. At the Battle of Villinghausen in July 1761 he commanded a corps which was at the centre of the line and not attacked. He was also present at the Battle of Wilhelmsthal in June 1762, and captured the castle of Waldeck the following month. After peace preliminaries were signed at Fontainebleau in November, he supervised the embarkation of British troops from Europe, returning to England in March. Conway was re-elected to the House of Commons in April 1761, this time for Thetford and on 4 July 1761 he became a member of the Privy","title":"Henry Seymour Conway"},{"id":"684468","text":"Battle of Culloden The Battle of Culloden (; ) was the final confrontation of the Jacobite rising of 1745. On 16 April 1746, the Jacobite forces of Charles Edward Stuart were decisively defeated by Hanoverian forces commanded by William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, near Inverness in the Scottish Highlands. Queen Anne, the last monarch of the House of Stuart, died in 1714, with no living children. Under the terms of the Act of Settlement 1701, she was succeeded by her second cousin George I of the House of Hanover, who was a descendant of the Stuarts through his maternal grandmother,","title":"Battle of Culloden"},{"id":"12391195","text":"forces under Robert Clive recaptured Calcutta from the Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah, a French ally, and ousted him from his throne at the Battle of Plassey in 1757. In the same year, the British also captured Chandernagar, the French settlement in Bengal. In the south, although the French captured Cuddalore, their siege of Madras failed, while the British commander Sir Eyre Coote decisively defeated the Comte de Lally at the Battle of Wandiwash in 1760 and overran the French territory of the Northern Circars. The French capital in India, Pondicherry, fell to the British in 1761; together with the fall of","title":"Seven Years' War"},{"id":"11734837","text":"France in the Seven Years' War would upset the balance of colonial power, he signed the Family Compact with France (both countries were ruled by branches of the Bourbon family) in August 1761. This brought war with Great Britain in January 1762. After Portugal had been struck by the disastrous 1755 Lisbon earthquake, Prime Minister Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, Marquis of Pombal directed all efforts towards the reconstruction of the country and neglected the armed forces, for which he had little interest anyhow. By the Treaty of El Pardo (1761) between Spain and Portugal, all aspects of the","title":"Fantastic War"},{"id":"5655442","text":"Battle of Wandiwash The Battle of Wandiwash was a decisive battle in India during the Seven Years' War. The Count de Lally's army, burdened by a lack of naval support and funds, attempted to regain the fort at Vandavasi, now in Tamil Nadu. He was attacked by Sir Eyre Coote's forces and decisively defeated. The French general Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau and the French were then restricted to Pondichéry, where they surrendered on 16 January 1761. Wandiwash is the Anglicised pronunciation of Vandavasi. This was the Third Carnatic War fought between the French and the British. Having made substantial gains in","title":"Battle of Wandiwash"},{"id":"13273742","text":"to lead the Anglo-German army which received increasing resources and reinforcements from Britain. Brunswick was now facing several large French armies under the overall command of Victor-François, 2nd duc de Broglie which tried to envelop the west German frontier. The French still hoped to offset their losses to the British in other parts of the globe by capturing Hanover—-which could be used as a bargaining chip in any peace negotiations. The French continued to invest large numbers of troops—which were badly needed elsewhere. In 1761 Brunswick won another major victory over Broglie at the Battle of Villinghausen. The French made","title":"Great Britain in the Seven Years' War"},{"id":"1714422","text":"the 2nd Battalion coming out of winter quarters, at Paderborn in February 1761 and with the unit at the Battle of Villinghausen on 16 July 1761, then under Prince Ferdinand, the Hereditary Crown Prince, at the crossing of the Diemel, near Warburg, in August, before wintering near Bielefeld. His father died this year necessitating a return to England to resolve family affairs. In 1762 the unit, part of the force led by Prince Ferdinand, was in action at the Battle of Wilhelmsthal on 24 June 1762. After this action they participated in cutting the French supply lines at the heights","title":"Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)"},{"id":"1452429","text":"Roman Empire \"Reichsfürst\" from Holy Roman Emperor Francis I. In 1759, he won the Battle of Bergen and followed that with the capture the city of Minden, later fighting at the Battle of Minden under the command of Contades, whom he would succeed in command. In 1760, he won an action at the Korbach, but was defeated at Villinghausen in 1761. After the war, he fell into disgrace and was not recalled to active employment until 1778, when he was given command of the troops designed to operate against Great Britain, when France intervened on the Thirteen Colonies' side during","title":"Victor-François, 2nd duc de Broglie"},{"id":"7974235","text":"Battle of Kloster Kampen in October 1760 and the Battle of Villinghausen in July 1761 as well as the Battle of Wilhelmsthal in June 1762 and the inconclusive Iberian campaign. After the war, it garrisoned the island of Menorca. The regiment served under the name of its various Colonels until it was numbered as the 11th Regiment of Foot when the numerical system of regimental designation was adopted in 1751. It was given the additional county title of 11th (North Devonshire) Regiment of Foot in 1782. The 11th Regiment spent the early years of the French Revolutionary Wars serving as","title":"Devonshire Regiment"},{"id":"6500292","text":"Europe in 1756 resulted in renewed conflict between French and British forces in India. The Third Carnatic War spread beyond southern India and into Bengal where British forces captured the French settlement of Chandernagore (now Chandannagar) in 1757. However, the war was decided in the south, where the British successfully defended Madras, and Sir Eyre Coote decisively defeated the French, commanded by Comte de Lally at the Battle of Wandiwash in 1760. After Wandiwash, the French capital of Pondicherry fell to the British in 1761. The war concluded with the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1763, which returned","title":"Carnatic Wars"},{"id":"13504565","text":"Lieutenant-Colonel. He led his regiment in the Battle of Villinghausen on 15–16 July 1761, and was noted for his gallantry. In 1762 his regiment was involved in heavy fighting during the Battle of Wilhelmsthal. A few weeks later they defeated Saxon troops at the Battle of Lutterberg and ended the year by participating in the Siege of Cassel. In January 1760 Cornwallis became a Member of Parliament, entering the House of Commons for the village of Eye in Suffolk. He succeeded his father as 2nd Earl Cornwallis in 1762, which resulted in his elevation to the House of Lords. He","title":"Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis"},{"id":"2466079","text":"the much larger Dutch force on 25 November 1759 in the Battle of Chinsura. The British then deposed Mir Jafar and installed Mir Qasim as the Nawab of Bengal. The British were now the paramount European power in Bengal. When Clive returned to England due to ill-health, he was rewarded with an Irish peerage, as Lord Clive, Baron of Plassey and also obtained a seat in the British House of Commons. The struggle continued in areas of the Deccan and Hyderabad such as Arcot, Wandewash, Tanjore and Cuddalore, culminating in 1761 when Col. Eyre Coote defeated a French garrison under","title":"Battle of Plassey"},{"id":"13079352","text":"after their deaths by his grandmother. In an effort to dissuade the 14-year-old Ewald from a military career, he was taken to see the battlefield after the 23 July 1758 Battle of Sandershausen. Ewald's response to the scene was \"Oh, how happy are they who died for their country in such a way!\" In 1760 Ewald enlisted in the Regiment Gilsa, and was immediately involved in combat. Serving first in the army of Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick, the regiment saw action at Corbach and Warburg before besieging Kassel in 1761, then held by the French. Ewald was wounded during this","title":"Johann Ewald"},{"id":"11576595","text":"Invasion of Dominica (1761) The Invasion of Dominica was a British military expedition to capture the Caribbean island of Dominica in June 1761, as part of the Seven Years' War. By the end of 1760, the conquest of Canada was completed and a great number of British troops were left idle in North America. As early as January 1761, William Pitt had informed Amherst that some of his troops would be required in the autumn for the conquest of Dominica, Saint Lucia and Martinique. Amherst had to immediately send 2,000 men to Guadeloupe, which was already in British hands since","title":"Invasion of Dominica (1761)"},{"id":"3278734","text":"in the Battle of Villinghausen in 1761, in which an Allied force, under the command of Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, defeated a numerically superior French force. The following year, in June, the battalion took part in the Battle of Wilhelmsthal in which a heavily outnumbered Allied force defeated the French after some bitter fighting, of which the Guards battalions saw much of it. Later that year, the battalion took part in the Battle of the Brücke-Mühle, the battalion's last action during the Seven Years' War, which would end in 1763. In 1776, the American colonists, in Philadelphia, declared their independence","title":"History of the Scots Guards (1642–1804)"},{"id":"3562784","text":"on 14 September 1752, there can be considerable confusion between events in continental western Europe and in British domains. Events in continental western Europe are usually reported in English language histories as happening under the Gregorian calendar. For example, the Battle of Blenheim is always given as 13 August 1704. However confusion occurs when an event involves both. For example, William III of England arrived at Brixham in England on 5 November (Julian calendar), after setting sail from the Netherlands on 11 November (Gregorian calendar), in 1688. The Battle of the Boyne in Ireland took place a few months later","title":"Old Style and New Style dates"},{"id":"47766","text":"Battle of Blenheim The Battle of Blenheim (German: \"Zweite Schlacht bei Höchstädt\"; French \"Bataille de Höchstädt\"), fought on 13 August 1704, was a major battle of the War of the Spanish Succession. The overwhelming Allied victory ensured the safety of Vienna from the Franco-Bavarian army, thus preventing the collapse of the Grand Alliance. Louis XIV of France sought to knock the Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold out of the war by seizing Vienna, the Habsburg capital, and gain a favourable peace settlement. The dangers to Vienna were considerable: the Elector of Bavaria and Marshal Marsin's forces in Bavaria threatened from the","title":"Battle of Blenheim"},{"id":"11012044","text":"as the Battle of Kloster Kampen in October 1760, the Battle of Villinghausen in July 1761 and the Battle of Wilhelmsthal in June 1762. After returning home in spring 1763, the regiment was posted for garrison duty in Ireland later in the year. It embarked for Menorca in 1771 but was captured by a French invading force in January 1782 and only released five months later. It adopted a county designation and became the 51st (2nd Yorkshire West Riding) Regiment in August 1782. The regiment embarked for Gibraltar in 1792 for service in the French Revolutionary Wars, under the command","title":"51st (2nd Yorkshire West Riding) Regiment of Foot"},{"id":"13846096","text":"foundation of the anti-Prussian German-Hanoverian Party. Upon the Hanoverian surrender at the Battle of Langensalza on 29 June 1866, the kingdom was occupied by Prussian troops and formally annexed on September 20. During the Luxembourg Crisis between Prussia and France in spring 1867, a rising number of Hanoverian soldiers gathered at Arnhem in the Netherlands at the behest of exiled King George V and his newly established court at the \"Villa Hügel\" in Hietzing near Vienna. However, when a war was once again averted by the Treaty of London signed on May 11, the Dutch government ordered all foreign troops","title":"Guelphic Legion"},{"id":"20072565","text":"the Dutch Republic over the colonial possessions of the two countries. Fighting mostly involved naval encounters, which took place in European waters and the West Indies. France was allied to the Dutch Republic and Denmark. In 1666 the English fleet controlled the North Sea after its victory in the St James's Day Fight and the Dutch had also been dealt a severe blow after the English raid known as Holmes's Bonfire. Louis IX of France and his general superintendent of navigation, François de Vendôme, Duc de Beaufort, had decided that this was the time to act as the English would","title":"Battle of Dungeness (1666)"},{"id":"3475784","text":"constantly in conflict with the Dutch and later on mainly with the British in India. At the height of French power in the mid-18th century, the French occupied large areas of southern India and the area lying in today's northern Andhra Pradesh and Odisha. Between 1744 and 1761, the British and the French repeatedly attacked and conquered each other's forts and towns in southeastern India and in Bengal in the northeast. After some initial French successes, the British decisively defeated the French in Bengal in the Battle of Plassey in 1757 and in the southeast in 1761 in the Battle","title":"Colonial India"},{"id":"9653356","text":"William during the Jacobite Rising of 1715. In 1739, war broke out with Spain. The conflict, later dubbed the \"War of Jenkins' Ear\", was mostly fought in the Caribbean and North America. The regiment briefly served as marines in 1740, before sailing for the West Indies. It arrived in Jamaica in January 1741, with a detachment subsequently taking part in the unsuccessful Battle of Cartagena de Indias in present-day Colombia later in the year. The assault took place in torrential rain and the troops were nearly wiped out by disease. In the meantime, the conflict had widened out into the","title":"Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment"},{"id":"3908803","text":"Adriatic sea. In the day-long Battle of Königgrätz, near the village of Sadová, the Crown Prince Friedrich Carl and his troops arrived late, and in the wrong place. Once he arrived, however, he ordered his troops immediately into the fray. The battle was a decisive victory for Prussia and forced the Habsburgs to end the war, laying the groundwork for the \"Kleindeutschland\" (little Germany) solution, or \"Germany without Austria.\" A quick peace was essential to keep Russia from entering the conflict on Austria's side. Prussia annexed Hanover, Hesse-Kassel, Nassau, and the city of Frankfurt. Hesse Darmstadt lost some territory but","title":"Unification of Germany"},{"id":"9892821","text":"Battle of Vimory The Battle of Vimory occurred on 26 October 1587 between the French royal (Catholic) forces of King Henry III of France commanded by Henry of Guise and German and Swiss mercenaires commanded by Fabien I, Burgrave of Dohna and William-Robert de la Marck, Duke of Bouillon who were hired to assist Henry of Navarre's Huguenot forces during the eighth and final war (1585-1598) of the French Wars of Religion. The Protestant mercenaries were funded by Elizabeth I of England and the King of Denmark. After having pillaged the Lorraine region, they arrived in Burgundy and entered into","title":"Battle of Vimory"},{"id":"14287687","text":"also widely celebrated in Belarus. It has been used as a source of romantic legends and national pride, becoming a larger symbol of struggle against foreign invaders. During the 20th century the battle was used in Nazi and Soviet propaganda campaigns. Only in recent decades have historians moved towards a dispassionate, scholarly assessment of the battle, reconciling the previous narratives, which differed widely by nation. The battle was fought in the territory of the monastic state of the Teutonic Order, on the plains between three villages: Grünfelde (Grunwald) to the west, Tannenberg (Stębark) to the northeast and Ludwigsdorf (Łodwigowo, Ludwikowice)","title":"Battle of Grunwald"},{"id":"1598870","text":"his reach. Both Frederick and his enemies moved back and forth for several days, trying to maneuver around each other but ending up in a stalemate. During this time, an Austrian raiding party attacked Berlin and almost captured the Prussian royal family. The story of the Battle of Rossbach is as much the story of the five days of maneuver leading to the battle as it is those famous 90 minutes of battle, and the maneuvers were shaped by the terrain. Initial activity focused on the village of Weissenfels, where the middle Saale emerges from the Buntsandstein of the Thuringian","title":"Battle of Rossbach"},{"id":"7770062","text":"Battle of Cologne The Battle of Cologne was fought near the city of Köln (English: Cologne) (now part of Germany) in the year 716. The battle is known chiefly as the first battle of Charles Martel's command and is the only defeat of his life. In 716, the king of the Franks, Chilperic II, and Ragenfrid, the mayor of the palace of Neustria, invaded Austrasia to impose their will on the competing factions there: those of Theudoald and Plectrude, grandson (and designated heir) and widow respectively of Martel's father Pepin of Heristal, and those of Martel himself, newly escaped from","title":"Battle of Cologne"},{"id":"1632270","text":"Battle of Hastenbeck The Battle of Hastenbeck (26 July 1757) was fought as part of the Invasion of Hanover during the Seven Years' War between the allied forces of Hanover, Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) and Brunswick, and the French. The allies were defeated by the French army near Hamelin in the Electorate of Hanover. The French, who were allied with Austria, Russia, Sweden and Saxony during the Seven Years' War, invaded Germany in April 1757 with two armies, altogether about 100,000 soldiers. The French hoped to draw the attention of the Kingdom of Prussia, which was allied with Britain and Hanover,","title":"Battle of Hastenbeck"},{"id":"13439064","text":"throughout the colony that many people refugeed to South Carolina or elsewhere. The military activity on St. Simons Island culminated with the Battle of Bloody Marsh and the withdrawal of the Spanish. The Seven Years' War lasted between 1756–1763, arraying Prussia, Great Britain and Hanover (with the British king as its prince-elector) against Austria, France, Russia, Sweden, and most smaller German states. Spain was drawn into the conflict later in 1761, on the side of France. British colonies in the Americas were on this war, but had to pay long, heavy taxes. In that period, Spain lost control of Florida","title":"Spain–United Kingdom relations"},{"id":"5528713","text":"gathered around the town, and when Müntzer arrived with 300 fighters from Mühlhausen on May 11, several thousand peasants of the surrounding Thuringian and Saxon estates camped in the fields and pastures. Philip of Hesse and his father-in-law George of Saxony had originally targeted Mühlhausen as their strategic objective but, when news arrived that Müntzer left with a troop for Frankenhausen, they changed their march route and directed their Landsknecht troops toward Frankenhausen. The Princes had great difficulties in recruiting Landsknecht mercenaries. Generally they would have been better equipped than the insurgents although morale and discipline were always dependent on","title":"Battle of Frankenhausen"},{"id":"20682368","text":"Battle of Santa Vittoria The Battle of Santa Vittoria was an encounter battle or skirmish in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna on 26 July 1702 during the War of the Spanish Succession between a French force under Louis Joseph, duc de Vendôme and an Imperial cavalry detachment under General Annibal Visconti. Control of the Duchies of Milan and Mantua was the main strategic prize in Northern Italy as they were key to the security of Austria's southern border. In February 1701, both accepted French garrisons with Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy also signing an alliance with France in April.","title":"Battle of Santa Vittoria"},{"id":"4474848","text":"in Erdweg, Petershausen, Markt Indersdorf and Dachau. The villages of Viehbach and Bachenhausen (near Fahrenzhausen, ca. 30 km north of Munich) also recorded the plundering and fires. When their homes were spared destruction, they swore a vow to forever hold a Mass every year on St. Florian's Day (May 4) to remember their deliverance. The proclamation can still be seen in the old village church in Viehbach. The failure of the Empire to provide an effective siege train had, up to this point, robbed the Allies of victory – neither Munich nor Ulm could be taken, and the Elector had","title":"Battle of Schellenberg"},{"id":"4044658","text":"to 1760, serving Douglas and his successor, the marquis de l'Hôpital. D'Éon's career in Russia is the subject of one of Valentin Pikul's novels, \"Le chevalier d'Éon et la guerre de Sept ans\" («Пером и шпагой»). D'Éon returned to France in October 1760, and was granted a pension of 2,000 livres as reward for service in Russia. In May 1761, d'Éon became a captain of dragoons under the maréchal de Broglie and fought in the later stages of the Seven Years' War. D'Éon served at the Battle of Villinghausen in July 1761, and was wounded at Ultrop. After Empress Elizabeth","title":"Chevalier d'Éon"},{"id":"9668410","text":"it and formed the basis of the 65th (2nd Yorkshire, North Riding) Regiment of Foot. The regiment embarked for Germany in summer 1758 for service in the Seven Years' War; it fought at the Battle of Minden in August 1759, the Battle of Villinghausen in July 1761 and the Battle of Wilhelmsthal in June 1762 as well as the Siege of Cassel in autumn 1762. In 1782, it was given a county association as the 12th (East Suffolk) Regiment of Foot. The regiment embarked for the West Indies in 1793 and took part in the capture of Martinique, Saint Lucia","title":"Suffolk Regiment"},{"id":"13484754","text":"Clive. Siege of Pondicherry (1760) The 1760–1761 Siege of Pondicherry was a conflict in the Third Carnatic War, part of the global Seven Years' War. Lasting from 4 September 1760 to 15 January 1761, British land and naval forces besieged and eventually compelled the forces defending the French colonial outpost of Pondicherry to surrender. The city was on the verge of starvation when French commander Lally surrendered. Many civilians were killed in fire between the lines when Lally attempted to evict them from the city in order to reduce the population under siege. It was the third British victory under","title":"Siege of Pondicherry (1760)"},{"id":"18551079","text":"Battle of Vientiane The Battle of Vientiane was the decisive action of the 1960 Laotian coups. Fought between 13 and 16 December 1960, the battle ended with General Phoumi Nosavan winning control of the Kingdom of Laos with the aid of the Royal Thai Government and the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. Vientiane was left devastated by the fighting, with about 600 civilian dead, about the same number of homes destroyed, and 7,000 left homeless. The losing Forces Armées Neutralistes under Captain Kong Le retreated onto the strategic Plain of Jars, to begin an uneasy coexistence with the Pathet Lao and","title":"Battle of Vientiane"},{"id":"13484753","text":"Siege of Pondicherry (1760) The 1760–1761 Siege of Pondicherry was a conflict in the Third Carnatic War, part of the global Seven Years' War. Lasting from 4 September 1760 to 15 January 1761, British land and naval forces besieged and eventually compelled the forces defending the French colonial outpost of Pondicherry to surrender. The city was on the verge of starvation when French commander Lally surrendered. Many civilians were killed in fire between the lines when Lally attempted to evict them from the city in order to reduce the population under siege. It was the third British victory under Robert","title":"Siege of Pondicherry (1760)"},{"id":"7525556","text":"wounded soldiers. Their legacy continues today in the form of the International Red Cross. Battle of Langensalza (1866) The Battle of Langensalza was fought on 27 June 1866 near Bad Langensalza in what is now modern Germany, between the Kingdom of Hanover (Hanoverians) and the Prussians. The Hanoverians won the battle but were then surrounded by a larger and reinforced Prussian army, and, unable to link up with their Bavarian allies to the south, they surrendered. This marked the demise of the Hanoverian Army and the annexation of Hanover into the burgeoning kingdom of Prussia as it systematically unified Germany","title":"Battle of Langensalza (1866)"},{"id":"6739368","text":"Forest of Compiègne The Forest of Compiègne (French: \"Forêt de Compiègne\") is a large forest in the region of Picardy, France, near the city of Compiègne and approximately north of Paris. The forest is notable as the site of the Armistice between the Allies and Germany which ended World War I on 11 November 1918, as well as the Armistice of 22 June 1940 after the Battle of France in World War II. The forest of Compiègne is roughly circular with a diameter of about ; it is approximately in circumference and its area is roughly . The forest is","title":"Forest of Compiègne"},{"id":"9054572","text":"in Westphalia to be governed by the House of Hohenzollern, and were the oldest constituents of the future Prussian Rhineland and the future Province of Westphalia. Treaty of Xanten The Treaty of Xanten () was signed in the Lower Rhine town of Xanten on November 12, 1614 between Wolfgang Wilhelm, Count Palatine of Neuburg and John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, with representatives from England and France serving as mediators. The treaty ended the War of the Jülich Succession and all hostilities between Wolfgang William and John Sigismund. Based on the terms of the treaty, the territories of Jülich-Berg and Ravenstein","title":"Treaty of Xanten"},{"id":"956125","text":"Château-Thierry Château-Thierry () is a French commune situated in the department of the Aisne, in the administrative region of Hauts-de-France and in the historic Province of Champagne. The origin of the name of the town is unknown. The local tradition attributes it to Theuderic IV, the penultimate Merovingian king, who was imprisoned by Charles Martel, without a reliable source. Château-Thierry is the birthplace of Jean de La Fontaine and was the location of the First Battle of the Marne and Second Battle of the Marne. The region of Château-Thierry (the arrondissement, to be exact) is called the country of Omois.","title":"Château-Thierry"},{"id":"20016670","text":"Battles of the Seven Years' War The Seven Years' War, 1754–1763, spanned five continents, affecting Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. The conflict split Europe into two coalitions: Kingdom of Great Britain, Prussia, Portugal, Hanover, and other small German states on one side \"versus\" the Kingdom of France, Austria-led Holy Roman Empire, Russia, Spain, several small German states, and Sweden) on the other. The coalitions represented a \"revolution\" in diplomatic alliances, reflected in the Diplomatic Revolution. Ultimately, the victory of the Anglo-Prussian coalition undercut the balance of power in Europe, a balance that was not reestablished until","title":"Battles of the Seven Years' War"},{"id":"12429424","text":"Battle of Corbach The Battle of Corbach, or Korbach, a Hanseatic town of Waldeck-Frankenberg in northern Hesse, Germany, was fought on 10 July 1760 during the Seven Years' War. Corbach was the first battle of the campaign of 1760 and was a victory for the French over the Hanoverians, the British and their allies. The town of Corbach is sited on the heights of Corbach that rise to some 400 meters above the surrounding plain and extend about one mile east of Corbach to the woods of Berndorf, while several roads intersect at the town itself. Numerous large forces from","title":"Battle of Corbach"},{"id":"1536218","text":"The Battle of Minden took place in front of the gates of Minden on 1 August 1759 during the Seven Years' War. The allies of Great Britain, led by Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick, defeated the French and their allies in a decisive battle. The region remained Prussian and the adjacent Kingdom of Hanover remained in the possession of the British king. The town was capital of the Territory of Minden-Ravensberg from 1719 to 1807 and capital of the District of Minden from 1816 to 1947. Until 1806 the area around the cathedral was governed by clerical rulers as territory of","title":"Minden"},{"id":"1598908","text":"subjects. The British could now see the advantage of keeping the French occupied on the Continent while they continued their expansion in North America. While Frederick was engaging the combined Allied forces further west, that autumn the Austrians had slowly retaken Silesia: Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine had captured the city of Schweidnitz and moved on Breslau in lower Silesia. While heading back to Silesia, Frederick learned of the fall of Breslau (22 November). He and his 22,000 men reversed tracks, and covered from Rossbach to Leuthen (now Lutynia, Poland), west of Breslau in 12 days. On the way, at","title":"Battle of Rossbach"},{"id":"13497731","text":"Netherlands quickly changed the balance in favor of Ernst. In 1586, Ernst's allies had secured Vest Recklinghausen, even though they had failed to catch the elusive Schenck, and they had reduced Neuss to a pile of rubble, proving their overwhelming fire-power. In 1587, they encircled and took the fortified towns in the \"Oberstift\", recapturing Bonn, Godesberg, and Linz am Rhein, and dozens of smaller fortified towns, villages and farmsteads throughout the countryside. Throughout, soldiers from both parties marauded and plundered throughout the countryside, searching either for important officials, booty, or other valuables. On 12 November 1587, one of Walsingham's informants","title":"Cologne War"},{"id":"5742695","text":"of Piedmont-Sardinia. The French court then began negotiations with Charles Emmanuel in the hope of detaching Piedmont from its alliance with Austria. At the same time, Marshal Maillebois was pressing the siege of Alessandria. By all reckoning, the Infant Philip was now master of his new realm, and the Bourbons had been triumphant in Spain. The Treaty of Dresden, signed between Prussia and Austria on December 25, 1745, had as much impact on the fighting in Italy as it did for central Europe. Charles Emmanuel and his advisers saw this clearly. Evidently, Austria, now freed from a war in Germany,","title":"Battle of Piacenza"},{"id":"11142843","text":"Battle of Kaiserslautern The Battle of Kaiserslautern (28–30 November 1793) saw a Coalition army under Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel oppose a Republican French army led by Lazare Hoche. Three days of conflict resulted in a victory by the Prussians and their Electoral Saxon allies as they turned back repeated French attacks. The War of the First Coalition combat was fought near the city of Kaiserslautern in the modern-day state of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, which is located about west of Mannheim. In the First Battle of Wissembourg, the Coalition army of Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser broke through the frontier defenses","title":"Battle of Kaiserslautern"},{"id":"47835","text":"Despite being offered the chance to remain as ruler of Bavaria (under strict terms of an alliance with Austria), the Elector left his country and family in order to continue the war against the Allies from the Spanish Netherlands where he still held the post of governor-general. Their commander-in-chief that day, Marshal Tallard – who, unlike his subordinates, had not been ransomed or exchanged – was taken to England and imprisoned in Nottingham until his release in 1711. The 1704 campaign lasted considerably longer than usual as the Allies sought to wring out maximum advantage. Realising that France was too","title":"Battle of Blenheim"},{"id":"14530748","text":"achieved some success in other theaters of war, including the War of the Pyrenees (1793–1795). The armies of the First Coalition included the imperial contingents and the infantry and cavalry of the various states, amounting to about 125,000 (including three autonomous corps), a sizable force by eighteenth century standards but a moderate force by the standards of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars. In total, the commander-in-chief Archduke Charles' troops stretched from Switzerland to the North Sea and Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser's, from the Swiss-Italian border to the Adriatic. Habsburg troops comprised the bulk of the army, but the \"thin white","title":"Battle of Emmendingen"},{"id":"170240","text":"Genosha Genosha () is a fictional country appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. It is an island nation that exists in Marvel's main shared universe, known as \"Earth 616\" in the Marvel Universe and a prominent place in the X-Men chronology. The fictional nation served as an allegory for slavery and later for South African apartheid before becoming a mutant homeland and subsequently a disaster zone. The island is located off the Southeastern African coast northwest from Seychelles and northeast of Madagascar. Its capital city was Hammer Bay. Genosha first appeared in \"Uncanny X-Men\" #235 (October 1988),","title":"Genosha"},{"id":"742353","text":"the War of Jenkins' Ear was a major amphibious attack launched by the British under Admiral Edward Vernon in March 1741 against Cartagena de Indias, one of Spain's major gold-trading ports in the Caribbean (today Colombia). Although this episode is largely forgotten, it ended in a decisive victory for Spain, who managed to prolong its control of the Caribbean and indeed secure the Spanish Main until the 19th century. Following the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War, the British troops invaded and captured the Spanish cities of Havana in Cuba and Manila in the Philippines in 1762. The Treaty of","title":"New Spain"},{"id":"4966671","text":"Battle of Gadebusch The Battle of Gadebusch or Wakenstädt (20 December 1712) was Sweden's final great victory in the Great Northern War. It was fought by the Swedes to prevent the loss of the city of Stralsund to Danish and Saxon forces. During 1712, all of Sweden's dominions south of the Baltic Sea, apart from forts, had been conquered by the allies Denmark, Saxony, and Russia. In the Baltic the Danish admiral Gyldenløve patrolled with a squadron to disrupt Swedish supply lines to the Continent. It was vital for Sweden not to lose Stralsund, as it was the gateway to","title":"Battle of Gadebusch"},{"id":"1536242","text":"A larger lock is under construction. The \"Kampa-Halle\" is a large gym-complex for sports and other events. The town of Minden contains several monuments harking back to Prussian history. The monument of the Great Elector (Denkmal des Großen Kurfürsten) stands alongside the Weser bridgehead to commemorate the first Prussian ruler of Minden. The monument to the Battle of Minden is in the Todtenhausen quarter of the town. It commemorates the decisive victory of the allied forces of Great Britain, Hanover, Hesse-Kassel, Brunswick-Wolfenbuettel and Schaumburg-Lippe led by Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick over a French and Electorate of Saxony army led by","title":"Minden"},{"id":"2578070","text":"The Allied line advanced in the wake of the failed cavalry attack, sending the French army reeling from the field, ending all French designs upon Hanover for the remainder of the year. In Britain, the victory is celebrated as contributing to the Annus Mirabilis of 1759. The western German-speaking states of Europe had been a major theatre of the Seven Years' War since 1757, when the French had launched an invasion of Hanover. This culminated in a decisive victory for the French at the Battle of Hastenbeck and the attempted imposition of the Convention of Klosterzeven upon the defeated allies:","title":"Battle of Minden"},{"id":"8889667","text":"northwest of Borneo, for almost a century, first as Rajahs under the Sultanate of Brunei (a by then tiny but once powerful state entirely enclosed within the borders of Sarawak), and from 1888 as a protectorate of the British Empire. The northeast of the island comprised North Borneo, since 1882 another British protectorate under the British North Borneo Company. Offshore lay the small British crown colony of Labuan. The rest of the island—collectively known as Kalimantan—was under Dutch control. The Netherlands were invaded by Nazi Germany in 1940. However, Free Dutch forces—mainly the Royal Netherlands Navy and the 85,000-strong Royal","title":"Battle of Borneo (1941–42)"},{"id":"6547107","text":"the story of the prince's insubordination, later popularised by the Prussian king Frederick the Great, may be a legend. An observation tower on the Hakenberg hill with a Victoria statue on top similar to the Berlin Victory Column commemorates the battle. It was erected from 1875 on the initiative of Crown Prince Frederick III and inaugurated on September 2 (\"Sedantag\"), 1879. Battle of Fehrbellin The Battle of Fehrbellin was fought on June 18, 1675 (Julian calendar date, June 28th, Gregorian), between Swedish and Brandenburg-Prussian troops. The Swedes, under Count Waldemar von Wrangel (stepbrother of \"Riksamiral\" Carl Gustaf Wrangel), had invaded","title":"Battle of Fehrbellin"},{"id":"2413283","text":"the names are French versions of names in other languages. In the wake of the Battle of the Golden Spurs a battle was fought here in April 1303 between French and Flemish. The Flemish were victorious in the Battle of Arques (1303). Arques is not to be confused with Arques-la-Bataille, where the Battle of Arques (1589) took place. It is also close to Agincourt. It was one of the first towns in the region which subscribed to Agenda 21. Arques is famous for its crystal manufacture. It has been the headquarters of Arc International, the largest manufacturer of glassware in","title":"Arques, Pas-de-Calais"},{"id":"16707879","text":"outbreak of smallpox in 1708–1709, an invasion of the Danish army in 1709, the expulsion of this army after the battle of Helsingborg, followed by conscriptions into the Swedish army and an outbreak of typhus in 1710. While Scania was protected from an infection from the north by a cordon sanitaire between it and Småland, the plague came by sea and made landfall not only in Västanå, but also in January 1711 in Domsten in Allerum parish, where the locals had ignored the ban on contact with their relatives and friends on the Danish side of the Sound, most notably","title":"Great Northern War plague outbreak"},{"id":"1149701","text":"of Austrians, Hessians and Dutch. The army remained here inactive until January 1743, when King George II ordered Dalrymple to march into Germany, leaving the Hessians and some Austrian troops to protect the Netherlands. The internal divisions in the Dutch Republic delayed their army of 20,000 so that it came too late to participate in the campaign. The Austrian commander, the Duke of Arenberg, proposed to follow the Neckar and march towards Bavaria, but King George feared a Prussian attack on Hanover (his homeland) and decided to march along the north bank of the Main, keeping all options open. On","title":"Battle of Dettingen"},{"id":"789371","text":"a series of unmoving strong points and static lines of resistance, which the Allied artillery ultimately isolated and destroyed. As a result of the inquiry, Hindenburg removed Falkenhausen from his command and transferred him to Belgium where he served the remainder of the war as that country's Governor General. The Germans did not see the Canadian Corps's capture of Vimy Ridge as a loss. Contemporary German sources viewed the action, at worst, as a draw, given that no full-scale breakthrough occurred following the attack. The Germans did not attempt to recapture the ridge, even during the Spring Offensive and it","title":"Battle of Vimy Ridge"},{"id":"6050906","text":"result of the failure of the Berlin campaign. Other German states were now wavering in their support of the French Empire. Friedrich Wilhelm von Bülow was subsequently ennobled as Graf von Dennewitz. Commander: Marshal Michel Ney Battle of Dennewitz The Battle of Dennewitz () took place on 6September 1813 between the forces of the First French Empire and an army of Prussians and Russians of the Sixth Coalition. It occurred in Dennewitz, a village in the Prussian province of Brandenburg, near Jüterbog, southwest of Berlin. In late August 1813, Napoleon decided to order a general offensive to take Berlin, the","title":"Battle of Dennewitz"},{"id":"7525549","text":"Hanover believed he could negotiate independently with the Austrians and Prussians, wasting time when he could have strengthened his forces by joining other German states. When he finally attempted to do so, it was too late. In a show of the Hanoverian naïveté, George's Foreign Minister declared that Bismarck would never break federal law, which insisted on maintaining a six-week interval before invading another land. On 15 June 1866, King Wilhelm ordered Hanover, Saxony, and Kassel to disarm at once, effectively beginning the war with Austria’s allies. On 16 June, Prussian forces began moving against all three German states, with","title":"Battle of Langensalza (1866)"},{"id":"2578068","text":"Battle of Minden The Battle of Minden—or Tho(r)nhausen—was a decisive engagement during the Seven Years' War, fought on 1 August 1759. An Anglo-German army under the overall command of Field Marshal Ferdinand of Brunswick defeated a French army commanded by Marshal of France, Marquis de Contades. Two years previously, the French had launched a successful invasion of Hanover and attempted to impose an unpopular treaty of peace upon the allied nations of Britain, Hanover and Prussia. After a Prussian victory at Rossbach, and under pressure from Frederick the Great and William Pitt, King George II disavowed the treaty. In 1758,","title":"Battle of Minden"},{"id":"2578140","text":"The Russian army did not fight another major battle until they stormed Kolberg in 1761, allowing the Prussians to focus on the Austrians. In 1762, the death of Elizabeth, and the ascension of her nephew, Peter, an admirer of Frederick's, saved the Prussians when he immediately withdrew Russia from hostilities. Most military historians agree that Kunersdorf was Frederick's greatest, and most catastrophic, loss. They generally attribute it to three major problems: his indifference to the Russian practices of the \"art of war\", his lack of information about the terrain, and his inability to realize that the Russians had surmounted the","title":"Battle of Kunersdorf"},{"id":"1633763","text":"French armies withdrew to camps behind the border. The \"Army of Holland\" was allowed to march through enemy lines and took position near Lille. The \"Army of the Ardennes\" was posted at Maulde, the \"Army of the North\" at Bruille-Saint-Amand, and the \"Army of Belgium\" at Condé-sur-l'Escaut and Valenciennes. Geertruidenberg was evacuated on 2 April and Breda on 3 April. Dumouriez was a monarchist at heart and he despaired when King Louis XVI went to the guillotine on 21 January 1793. He found the political situation in Paris to be chaotic. He was appalled at the tendency of radicals to","title":"Battle of Neerwinden (1793)"},{"id":"12975558","text":"their colossal defeat in the Battle of Blenheim nine months later. Battle of Speyerbach The Battle of Speyerbach took place on 15 November 1703 in the War of the Spanish Succession. A French army besieging Landau surprised and defeated a German relief army near Speyer. In mid October 1703, the allied armies prepared to go into winter camp along the Moselle, when Tallard by surprise closed in on Landau and started the siege on 17 October. On 28 October the allies ordered Crown Prince Frederick of Hesse-Kassel, the future King Frederick I of Sweden, to move south to lift the","title":"Battle of Speyerbach"},{"id":"1376768","text":"also described, with some historical accuracy, in James Fenimore Cooper's 1845 novel Satanstoe. Battle of Carillon The Battle of Carillon, also known as the 1758 Battle of Ticonderoga, was fought on July 8, 1758, during the French and Indian War (which was part of the global Seven Years' War). It was fought near Fort Carillon (now known as Fort Ticonderoga) on the shore of Lake Champlain in the frontier area between the British colony of New York and the French colony of New France. In the battle, which took place primarily on a rise about three-quarters of a mile (one","title":"Battle of Carillon"},{"id":"2578092","text":"old rivalry with France to form a new coalition. Faced with this turn of events, Britain aligned herself with the Kingdom of Prussia; this alliance drew in not only the British king's territories held in personal union, including Hanover, but also those of his and Frederick's relatives in the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg and the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel. This series of political maneuvers became known as the Diplomatic Revolution. At the outset of the war, Frederick had one of the finest armies in Europe: his troops—any company—could fire at least four volleys a minute, and some of them could fire five.","title":"Battle of Kunersdorf"},{"id":"5528712","text":"Battle of Frankenhausen The Battle of Frankenhausen was fought on 14 and 15 May 1525. It was the final act of the German Peasants' War: joint troops of Landgrave Philip I of Hesse and Duke George of Saxony defeated the peasants under their spiritual leader Thomas Müntzer near Frankenhausen in the County of Schwarzburg. On April 29, 1525, the struggles in and around Frankenhausen had culminated into an open revolt. Large parts of the citizenry joined the uprising, occupied the town hall and stormed the castle of the Counts of Schwarzburg. In the following days, a rising number of insurgents","title":"Battle of Frankenhausen"},{"id":"15616291","text":"of the Zastrow Foot Regiment. During the Seven Years' War he fought at Vellinghausen, Wilhelmsthal, Melsungen, Homburg and Fritzlar. On 17 August 1761 he was made a major general and in October that year fought at Ölper and thus in the liberation of the city of Brunswick from its last siege. In her ode \"Über den Entsatz von Braunschweig\" (1761), Anna Luise Karsch wrote: In 1764 she followed it with an \"Ode über die Vorzüge des Prinzen Friedrichs von Braunschweig\". He and two of his brothers (Wilhelm Adolf and Leopold) were freemasons and from 1771 he was a \"Socius, Amicus","title":"Frederick Augustus, Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Oels"},{"id":"789379","text":"Trudeau, Governor General David Johnston, Charles, Prince of Wales, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, Prince Harry and President of France François Hollande. Battle of Vimy Ridge The Battle of Vimy Ridge was part of the Battle of Arras, in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France, during the First World War. The main combatants were the four divisions of the Canadian Corps in the First Army, against three divisions of the German 6th Army. The battle took place from 9 to 12 April 1917 at the beginning of the Battle of Arras, the first attack of the Nivelle Offensive, which was intended","title":"Battle of Vimy Ridge"},{"id":"10399255","text":"Battle of Wilhelmsthal The Battle of Wilhelmsthal (sometimes written as the Battle of Wilhelmstadt) was fought on 24 June 1762 during the Seven Years' War between on one side the allied forces of British, Prussian, Hanover, Brunswick and Hessian troops under the command of the Duke of Brunswick against the French. Once again, the French threatened Hanover, so the Allies manoeuvered around the French, surrounded the invasion force, and forced them to retreat. It was the last major action fought by Brunswick's force before the Peace of Paris brought an end to the war. France had made a number of","title":"Battle of Wilhelmsthal"},{"id":"12391098","text":"Seven Years' War The Seven Years' War was a global conflict fought between 1756 and 1763. It involved every European great power of the time and spanned five continents, affecting Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. The conflict split Europe into two coalitions, led by the Kingdom of Great Britain (including Prussia, Portugal, Hanover, and other small German states) on one side and the Kingdom of France (including the Austrian-led Holy Roman Empire, the Russian Empire (until 1762), Bourbon Spain, and Sweden) on the other. Meanwhile, in India, some regional polities within the increasingly fragmented Mughal Empire,","title":"Seven Years' War"},{"id":"2187480","text":"payments of cash and produce; the intention being to force the withdrawal of Hessian troops from the war. However, Hessian forces together with their allies attempted to liberate their homeland but were repulsed at the Battle of Sanderhausen on 23 July. They later participated in the first Siege of Cassel in 1761 and the second Siege of Cassel in 1762 which was finally surrendered by the French that November, the last action of the whole war. To field a large professional army with a relatively small population, Hesse-Kassel became the most militarized state in Europe. The country maintained 5.2% to","title":"Hessian (soldier)"},{"id":"9187352","text":"Battle of Congella The Battle of Congella, beginning 23 May 1842, was between the British of the Cape colony and Voortrekkers or the Boer forces of the Natalia Republic. The Republic of Natalia sought an independent port of entry, free from British control and thus sought to conquer the Port Natal trading settlement which had been settled by mostly British merchants in modern-day KwaZulu-Natal. The battle ended in a British victory due to the heroic ride of Dick King for reinforcements. According to South African history, in the mid-1820s King Shaka (Chaka) swept through the countryside now known as KwaZulu-Natal,","title":"Battle of Congella"},{"id":"6289368","text":"had to do with the conduct of the war. The result was the expansion of Spanish influence in Italy when Philip V's fourth son Philip, became in 1748 Duke of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla. The third Family Compact was made on 15 August 1761 by King Charles III of Spain and Louis XV in the \"Treaty of Paris\". Charles III was the son of Philip V, making him Louis's first cousin. At this time France was fighting the Seven Years' War against Great Britain. Charles's alliance reversed the policy of his predecessor, Ferdinand VI, who wished to keep Spain out","title":"Pacte de Famille"},{"id":"12983761","text":"of Hesse-Kassel. He later became King of Sweden but was a far less talented soldier than his brother-in-law and predecessor Charles XII. As they arrived too late to join Prince Eugene's march to Turin, the Hessians were tasked with preventing Médavy disrupting his supply routes. On 19 August, Frederick sent 2,000 men under Major-General Wetzel to Goito, a small town with a bridge across the Mincio and the French garrison evacuated the town. Castiglione was strongly defended and they had to wait for the heavy artillery to arrive from Arco. Frederick left 1,500 men outside the town with the rest","title":"Battle of Castiglione (1706)"},{"id":"13386052","text":"had managed to land in Northern Ireland before he was hunted down and killed by the British navy. In the wake of the disaster at Quiberon, Thurot was lionised as a hero in France. By this stage France's finances were in a poor state, despite the efforts of Silhouette to keep down expenditure, and France was only kept afloat by a major loan from neutral Spain. Despite the Spanish government's official policy of neutrality, they were slowly shifting towards supporting an outright pro-French position, encouraged by Choiseul. In December 1761, war finally broke out between Britain and Spain - but","title":"France in the Seven Years' War"},{"id":"12429432","text":"Ferdinand in the battles of Emsdorf and Warburg. With the French marginal victory at the Kloster Kampen later in October any hope the British had of ending the war on favorable terms in 1760 evaporated despite their successes in America. Battle of Corbach The Battle of Corbach, or Korbach, a Hanseatic town of Waldeck-Frankenberg in northern Hesse, Germany, was fought on 10 July 1760 during the Seven Years' War. Corbach was the first battle of the campaign of 1760 and was a victory for the French over the Hanoverians, the British and their allies. The town of Corbach is sited","title":"Battle of Corbach"},{"id":"5479079","text":"Battle of Bloody Marsh The Battle of Bloody Marsh was a battle that took place on July 7, 1742 between Spanish and British forces on St. Simons Island, part of the Province of Georgia, resulting in a victory for the British. Part of a much larger conflict known as the War of Jenkins' Ear, the battle was for the British fortifications of Fort Frederica and Fort St. Simons, with the strategic goal the sea routes and inland waters they controlled. With the victory, the Province of Georgia established undisputed claim to the island. It is now part of the U.S.","title":"Battle of Bloody Marsh"},{"id":"5479092","text":"against Florida, but circumstances were not favourable. The focus of the war had shifted from the Americas to Europe; arms, supplies and troops were not readily available. The region settled into an uneasy peace, occasionally punctuated by minor skirmishes. Oglethorpe was later appointed brigadier general. About 1744 he left Georgia for Britain, where he married an heiress; he lived in Britain the rest of his life. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended the war in 1748 and recognised the status of Georgia as a British colony, formally ratified by Spain in the subsequent Treaty of Madrid. Its position was further secured","title":"Battle of Bloody Marsh"},{"id":"7525553","text":"further from their Bavarian allies. Pinned down against the Harz Mountains and out of options, King George surrendered in Nordhausen two days after the battle. The Battle of Langensalza was a near disaster in the Hanoverian campaign for the Prussians. It wiped out Flies’ detachment of troops and could have allowed an avenue of escape for the Hanoverian army. At the same time, this battle provided just enough time for the northern and southern Prussian contingents to link up at the battle site, which ultimately forced Hanoverian surrender. Langensalza was an important aspect of the Austro-Prussian War as it led","title":"Battle of Langensalza (1866)"},{"id":"16396476","text":"war, the German acting-Governor of Togoland, who had police, police and guards but no regular army forces, had proposed neutrality to the British and French colonial authorities, under the Congo Act 1885. The Germans had withdrawn from Lomé and the coastal region, when the British demanded unconditional surrender. The acting Governor, Major Hans-Georg von Döring, in the absence of the Governor Duke Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg, had sent an un-coded wireless message to Berlin disclosing his plan to retreat to Kamina, which had been intercepted and led to British offensive operations against Kamina being authorised by the Colonial Office on","title":"Battle of Chra"},{"id":"15568492","text":"Battle for the Río San Juan de Nicaragua The Battle for the Río San Juan de Nicaragua was one of several important battles that took place during the Anglo-Spanish War, a subconflict of the Seven Years' War, which lasted from December 1761 until February 1763. The conflict, which took place in July — August 1762, began when William Lyttelton, the British governor and commander-in-chief of Jamaica, sent a naval expedition to Nicaragua with the primary objective of capturing the town of Granada. Because it represented a potential route between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans as well as the possibility of","title":"Battle for the Río San Juan de Nicaragua"},{"id":"16888831","text":"along with six officers captured. The Swedes lost 1 officer, 37 men killed; 5 officers and 76 men wounded; 9 missing and 26 taken prisoners. The combat had almost no influence on the results of the campaign. Battle of Neuensund The Battle of Neuensund was a smaller battle at Neuensund of the Seven Years' War between Swedish and Prussian forces fought on September 18, 1761. The Swedish force under the command of Jacob Magnus Sprengtporten managed to rout the Prussian forces commanded by Wilhelm Sebastian von Belling. By mid September 1761, after the capture of Platen by the Russians, the","title":"Battle of Neuensund"},{"id":"18628912","text":"Action of 17 July 1761 The Action of 17 July 1761 was a naval engagement fought off the Spanish port of Cádiz between a British Royal Navy squadron and a smaller French Navy squadron during the Seven Years' War. British fleets had achieved dominance in European waters over the French following heavy defeats of French fleets in 1759. To maintain this control, British battle squadrons were stationed off French ports, as well as ports in neutral but French-supporting Spain which sheltered French warships. In 1761, two French ships, the 64-gun ship of the line \"Achille\" and 32-gun frigate \"Bouffone\" were","title":"Action of 17 July 1761"},{"id":"3560640","text":"1711, including complete destruction of the town hall, which was rebuilt between 1742-1752. War again affected the town during 1756-1763, during the Seven Years' War; it was the scene of a battle in February 1761. In 1815 Langensalza became part of the Prussian Province of Saxony. In 1866 it was again the site of a battle between Prussia and Hanover during the Austro-Prussian War. American troops occupied the town in 1945. The elections in May 2014 showed the following results: Langensalza is something of a tourist spot, with picturesque ruins of a medieval castle, and sulphur baths nearby. The sulphur","title":"Bad Langensalza"},{"id":"12708909","text":"the same month, Hanover and Denmark joined the Russian-Prussian treaty of 1714. The allied forces subsequently occupied all of Pomerania except for Stralsund. In the Battle of Stralsund Charles XII of Sweden led the defense until December 22, 1715, when he evacuated to Lund. After the Battle of Stralsund, Danish forces seized Rügen and Western Pomerania north of the Peene River (the former Danish Principality of Rugia that later would become known as New Western Pomerania or \"Neuvorpommern\"), while the Western Pomeranian areas south of the river (later termed Old Western Pomerania or \"Altvorpommern\") were taken by Prussia, who had","title":"Pomerania during the Early Modern Age"},{"id":"7861102","text":"fell in quick succession, including Oppenheim, Kaiserslautern, Heidelberg, and the key fortress of Mainz, but instead of cowering under French aggression, the German princes united against Louis’ forces. What was supposed to be a campaign lasting only months, evolved into the Nine Years' War. By moving into the Rhineland, Louis dispelled fears in the Dutch Republic of a possible attack upon them, thus facilitating Prince William of Orange’s invasion of England in November. William’s success in the subsequent ‘Glorious Revolution’ – leading to his accession to the English throne in February 1689 (reigning jointly with his wife Mary) – enabled","title":"Battle of Walcourt"},{"id":"11575450","text":"also given to \"Rollo Street\" in what was to be the British capital of Dominica at Portsmouth, and this street name still survives. Rollo Bay, Prince Edward Island is also named after him. Balfour Paul, Sir J., \"Scots Peerage\" IX vols. Edinburgh 1904. Andrew Rollo, 5th Lord Rollo Andrew Rollo, 5th Lord Rollo, (18 November 1703, Duncrub – 20 June 1765, Leicester) was a Scottish army commander in Canada and Dominica during the Seven Years' War, who led the British land forces in the capture of Dominica on 6 June 1761. Lord Rollo was the son of Robert Rollo, 4th","title":"Andrew Rollo, 5th Lord Rollo"},{"id":"20016674","text":"of Britain as the world's predominant power; it also destroyed France's land supremacy in Europe; Prussia, due to Frederick the Great's military prowess, established itself as a dominant land-power in Europe; and the Austrian Habsburgs lost permanently their territories in Silesia. This altered the European balance of power. Battles of the Seven Years' War The Seven Years' War, 1754–1763, spanned five continents, affecting Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. The conflict split Europe into two coalitions: Kingdom of Great Britain, Prussia, Portugal, Hanover, and other small German states on one side \"versus\" the Kingdom of France, Austria-led","title":"Battles of the Seven Years' War"},{"id":"13271841","text":"was fought between the forces of the two companies all through the extent of the Madras Presidency, from Vizagapatam in the Northern Circars, to Fort St. David, bordering on the Mahratta Kingdom of Tanjore. It was the same war that witnessed the famed Battle of Wandiwash, where the French forces under Count Lally were routed by the English under Sir Eyre Coote. Fort St. Dénis, at Pondicherry, the capital of French India, surrendered to the English in January, 1761. All French possessions were restituted by the provisions of the Peace of Paris of 1763, but the French were ever thereafter","title":"History of Madras Presidency"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"6835343\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Villinghausen The Battle of Villinghausen (or Vellinghausen) was a battle in the Seven Years' War fought on the 15th and 16 July 1761 in the western area of present-day Germany, between a large French army and a combined Prussian-Hanoverian-British force led by Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick. Two French armies, under two Marshals, Duc de Broglie and Prince de Soubise met up in July 1761, intending to force Prince Ferdinand out of Lippstadt, an important town. Allied reinforcements under General Spörcken arrived bringing Ferdinand's forces up to 65,000 while the combined French armies numbered around 90,000. The allied Prussian-Hanoverian-British\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Villinghausen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6835346\",\n \"text\": \"a significant superiority in numbers and continued their offensive, although the two armies split again and operated independently. Despite further attempts to push an offensive strategy in Germany, the French were pushed back and finished the war in 1762 having lost the strategic post of Cassel. The Treaty of Paris led France to evacuate the remaining German territory it had occupied during the war. Battle of Villinghausen The Battle of Villinghausen (or Vellinghausen) was a battle in the Seven Years' War fought on the 15th and 16 July 1761 in the western area of present-day Germany, between a large French\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Villinghausen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12391163\",\n \"text\": \"and Russian forces were also heavily depleted and could not launch a major offensive. In February 1761 Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick surprised French troops at Langensalza and then advanced to besiege Cassel in March. He was forced to lift the siege and retreat after French forces regrouped and captured several thousand of his men at the Battle of Grünberg. At the Battle of Villinghausen, forces under Ferdinand defeated a 92,000-man French army. On the eastern front, progress was very slow. The Russian army was heavily dependent upon its main magazines in Poland, and the Prussian army launched several successful raids\",\n \"title\": \"Seven Years' War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6835344\",\n \"text\": \"forces lined up along a series of hills, with their left anchored by the Lippe River (in the north), and the Ahse River in their centre. The French army advanced on 15 July, and Broglie's troops in the north made progress against German troops under Wutginau. However, British troops under Granby just south of Wutginau held their ground and the French assault stalled. Reinforcements for both sides arrived that night and Ferdinand strengthened his left at the expense of his right. The next morning, Broglie continued his attack on the Allied left, expecting Soubise to attack the weakened Allied right.\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Villinghausen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6938042\",\n \"text\": \"III. He was fatally wounded at the Battle of Villinghausen, fought on 15 and 16 July 1761. His portrait is in the Galerie des Batailles at Versailles. On 7 June 1749, he married Jeanne Julie de Coetmen; they had five children: Pierre-François, Marquess of Rougé Pierre-François, Marquis de Rougé (1702–1761) was a French nobleman and General. The son of Pierre III, Marquis de Rougé and of Jeanne Prézeau de la Guilletière. Later in life he became Governor of Givet and Charlemont. In 1761 he was mortally wounded in battle. He is represented in the palace of Versailles \\\"Museum of the\",\n \"title\": \"Pierre-François, Marquess of Rougé\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1756657\",\n \"text\": \"Greys and Inniskillings routed the French, sending them in a disorderly retreat into the town of Zierenberg. Soon after, infantry was brought up to storm the town; the town and the survivors of the Scots Greys' attack were captured. The Scots Greys began the following year by conducting patrols and skirmishing with French troops. Eventually, the Scots Greys were with the main army under Brunswick at the Battle of Villinghausen on 15–16 July 1761. The start of 1762 found the Scots Greys again raiding and clashing with French cavalry along the Hanoverian frontier. With the war approaching the end, the\",\n \"title\": \"Royal Scots Greys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6835345\",\n \"text\": \"However, Soubise only ordered a few small actions against the right, due in part that both French commanders were the same rank and reluctant to take orders from the other. Allied reinforcements under Wolff soon arrived along the Lippe River and attacked the French flank, halting Broglie's attack and forcing his men to withdraw. By about noon, the French were in full retreat and the battle was over. News of the battle provoked euphoria in Britain, and led William Pitt to take a much tougher line in the ongoing peace negotiations with France. Despite the defeat the French still had\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Villinghausen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2396918\",\n \"text\": \"army led by Ferdinand of Brunswick. At the Battle of Villinghausen in July 1761 he commanded a corps which was at the centre of the line and not attacked. He was also present at the Battle of Wilhelmsthal in June 1762, and captured the castle of Waldeck the following month. After peace preliminaries were signed at Fontainebleau in November, he supervised the embarkation of British troops from Europe, returning to England in March. Conway was re-elected to the House of Commons in April 1761, this time for Thetford and on 4 July 1761 he became a member of the Privy\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Seymour Conway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"684468\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Culloden The Battle of Culloden (; ) was the final confrontation of the Jacobite rising of 1745. On 16 April 1746, the Jacobite forces of Charles Edward Stuart were decisively defeated by Hanoverian forces commanded by William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, near Inverness in the Scottish Highlands. Queen Anne, the last monarch of the House of Stuart, died in 1714, with no living children. Under the terms of the Act of Settlement 1701, she was succeeded by her second cousin George I of the House of Hanover, who was a descendant of the Stuarts through his maternal grandmother,\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Culloden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12391195\",\n \"text\": \"forces under Robert Clive recaptured Calcutta from the Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah, a French ally, and ousted him from his throne at the Battle of Plassey in 1757. In the same year, the British also captured Chandernagar, the French settlement in Bengal. In the south, although the French captured Cuddalore, their siege of Madras failed, while the British commander Sir Eyre Coote decisively defeated the Comte de Lally at the Battle of Wandiwash in 1760 and overran the French territory of the Northern Circars. The French capital in India, Pondicherry, fell to the British in 1761; together with the fall of\",\n \"title\": \"Seven Years' War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11734837\",\n \"text\": \"France in the Seven Years' War would upset the balance of colonial power, he signed the Family Compact with France (both countries were ruled by branches of the Bourbon family) in August 1761. This brought war with Great Britain in January 1762. After Portugal had been struck by the disastrous 1755 Lisbon earthquake, Prime Minister Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, Marquis of Pombal directed all efforts towards the reconstruction of the country and neglected the armed forces, for which he had little interest anyhow. By the Treaty of El Pardo (1761) between Spain and Portugal, all aspects of the\",\n \"title\": \"Fantastic War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5655442\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Wandiwash The Battle of Wandiwash was a decisive battle in India during the Seven Years' War. The Count de Lally's army, burdened by a lack of naval support and funds, attempted to regain the fort at Vandavasi, now in Tamil Nadu. He was attacked by Sir Eyre Coote's forces and decisively defeated. The French general Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau and the French were then restricted to Pondichéry, where they surrendered on 16 January 1761. Wandiwash is the Anglicised pronunciation of Vandavasi. This was the Third Carnatic War fought between the French and the British. Having made substantial gains in\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Wandiwash\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13273742\",\n \"text\": \"to lead the Anglo-German army which received increasing resources and reinforcements from Britain. Brunswick was now facing several large French armies under the overall command of Victor-François, 2nd duc de Broglie which tried to envelop the west German frontier. The French still hoped to offset their losses to the British in other parts of the globe by capturing Hanover—-which could be used as a bargaining chip in any peace negotiations. The French continued to invest large numbers of troops—which were badly needed elsewhere. In 1761 Brunswick won another major victory over Broglie at the Battle of Villinghausen. The French made\",\n \"title\": \"Great Britain in the Seven Years' War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1714422\",\n \"text\": \"the 2nd Battalion coming out of winter quarters, at Paderborn in February 1761 and with the unit at the Battle of Villinghausen on 16 July 1761, then under Prince Ferdinand, the Hereditary Crown Prince, at the crossing of the Diemel, near Warburg, in August, before wintering near Bielefeld. His father died this year necessitating a return to England to resolve family affairs. In 1762 the unit, part of the force led by Prince Ferdinand, was in action at the Battle of Wilhelmsthal on 24 June 1762. After this action they participated in cutting the French supply lines at the heights\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1452429\",\n \"text\": \"Roman Empire \\\"Reichsfürst\\\" from Holy Roman Emperor Francis I. In 1759, he won the Battle of Bergen and followed that with the capture the city of Minden, later fighting at the Battle of Minden under the command of Contades, whom he would succeed in command. In 1760, he won an action at the Korbach, but was defeated at Villinghausen in 1761. After the war, he fell into disgrace and was not recalled to active employment until 1778, when he was given command of the troops designed to operate against Great Britain, when France intervened on the Thirteen Colonies' side during\",\n \"title\": \"Victor-François, 2nd duc de Broglie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7974235\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Kloster Kampen in October 1760 and the Battle of Villinghausen in July 1761 as well as the Battle of Wilhelmsthal in June 1762 and the inconclusive Iberian campaign. After the war, it garrisoned the island of Menorca. The regiment served under the name of its various Colonels until it was numbered as the 11th Regiment of Foot when the numerical system of regimental designation was adopted in 1751. It was given the additional county title of 11th (North Devonshire) Regiment of Foot in 1782. The 11th Regiment spent the early years of the French Revolutionary Wars serving as\",\n \"title\": \"Devonshire Regiment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6500292\",\n \"text\": \"Europe in 1756 resulted in renewed conflict between French and British forces in India. The Third Carnatic War spread beyond southern India and into Bengal where British forces captured the French settlement of Chandernagore (now Chandannagar) in 1757. However, the war was decided in the south, where the British successfully defended Madras, and Sir Eyre Coote decisively defeated the French, commanded by Comte de Lally at the Battle of Wandiwash in 1760. After Wandiwash, the French capital of Pondicherry fell to the British in 1761. The war concluded with the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1763, which returned\",\n \"title\": \"Carnatic Wars\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13504565\",\n \"text\": \"Lieutenant-Colonel. He led his regiment in the Battle of Villinghausen on 15–16 July 1761, and was noted for his gallantry. In 1762 his regiment was involved in heavy fighting during the Battle of Wilhelmsthal. A few weeks later they defeated Saxon troops at the Battle of Lutterberg and ended the year by participating in the Siege of Cassel. In January 1760 Cornwallis became a Member of Parliament, entering the House of Commons for the village of Eye in Suffolk. He succeeded his father as 2nd Earl Cornwallis in 1762, which resulted in his elevation to the House of Lords. He\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2466079\",\n \"text\": \"the much larger Dutch force on 25 November 1759 in the Battle of Chinsura. The British then deposed Mir Jafar and installed Mir Qasim as the Nawab of Bengal. The British were now the paramount European power in Bengal. When Clive returned to England due to ill-health, he was rewarded with an Irish peerage, as Lord Clive, Baron of Plassey and also obtained a seat in the British House of Commons. The struggle continued in areas of the Deccan and Hyderabad such as Arcot, Wandewash, Tanjore and Cuddalore, culminating in 1761 when Col. Eyre Coote defeated a French garrison under\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Plassey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13079352\",\n \"text\": \"after their deaths by his grandmother. In an effort to dissuade the 14-year-old Ewald from a military career, he was taken to see the battlefield after the 23 July 1758 Battle of Sandershausen. Ewald's response to the scene was \\\"Oh, how happy are they who died for their country in such a way!\\\" In 1760 Ewald enlisted in the Regiment Gilsa, and was immediately involved in combat. Serving first in the army of Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick, the regiment saw action at Corbach and Warburg before besieging Kassel in 1761, then held by the French. Ewald was wounded during this\",\n \"title\": \"Johann Ewald\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11576595\",\n \"text\": \"Invasion of Dominica (1761) The Invasion of Dominica was a British military expedition to capture the Caribbean island of Dominica in June 1761, as part of the Seven Years' War. By the end of 1760, the conquest of Canada was completed and a great number of British troops were left idle in North America. As early as January 1761, William Pitt had informed Amherst that some of his troops would be required in the autumn for the conquest of Dominica, Saint Lucia and Martinique. Amherst had to immediately send 2,000 men to Guadeloupe, which was already in British hands since\",\n \"title\": \"Invasion of Dominica (1761)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3278734\",\n \"text\": \"in the Battle of Villinghausen in 1761, in which an Allied force, under the command of Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, defeated a numerically superior French force. The following year, in June, the battalion took part in the Battle of Wilhelmsthal in which a heavily outnumbered Allied force defeated the French after some bitter fighting, of which the Guards battalions saw much of it. Later that year, the battalion took part in the Battle of the Brücke-Mühle, the battalion's last action during the Seven Years' War, which would end in 1763. In 1776, the American colonists, in Philadelphia, declared their independence\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Scots Guards (1642–1804)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3562784\",\n \"text\": \"on 14 September 1752, there can be considerable confusion between events in continental western Europe and in British domains. Events in continental western Europe are usually reported in English language histories as happening under the Gregorian calendar. For example, the Battle of Blenheim is always given as 13 August 1704. However confusion occurs when an event involves both. For example, William III of England arrived at Brixham in England on 5 November (Julian calendar), after setting sail from the Netherlands on 11 November (Gregorian calendar), in 1688. The Battle of the Boyne in Ireland took place a few months later\",\n \"title\": \"Old Style and New Style dates\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"47766\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Blenheim The Battle of Blenheim (German: \\\"Zweite Schlacht bei Höchstädt\\\"; French \\\"Bataille de Höchstädt\\\"), fought on 13 August 1704, was a major battle of the War of the Spanish Succession. The overwhelming Allied victory ensured the safety of Vienna from the Franco-Bavarian army, thus preventing the collapse of the Grand Alliance. Louis XIV of France sought to knock the Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold out of the war by seizing Vienna, the Habsburg capital, and gain a favourable peace settlement. The dangers to Vienna were considerable: the Elector of Bavaria and Marshal Marsin's forces in Bavaria threatened from the\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Blenheim\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11012044\",\n \"text\": \"as the Battle of Kloster Kampen in October 1760, the Battle of Villinghausen in July 1761 and the Battle of Wilhelmsthal in June 1762. After returning home in spring 1763, the regiment was posted for garrison duty in Ireland later in the year. It embarked for Menorca in 1771 but was captured by a French invading force in January 1782 and only released five months later. It adopted a county designation and became the 51st (2nd Yorkshire West Riding) Regiment in August 1782. The regiment embarked for Gibraltar in 1792 for service in the French Revolutionary Wars, under the command\",\n \"title\": \"51st (2nd Yorkshire West Riding) Regiment of Foot\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13846096\",\n \"text\": \"foundation of the anti-Prussian German-Hanoverian Party. Upon the Hanoverian surrender at the Battle of Langensalza on 29 June 1866, the kingdom was occupied by Prussian troops and formally annexed on September 20. During the Luxembourg Crisis between Prussia and France in spring 1867, a rising number of Hanoverian soldiers gathered at Arnhem in the Netherlands at the behest of exiled King George V and his newly established court at the \\\"Villa Hügel\\\" in Hietzing near Vienna. However, when a war was once again averted by the Treaty of London signed on May 11, the Dutch government ordered all foreign troops\",\n \"title\": \"Guelphic Legion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20072565\",\n \"text\": \"the Dutch Republic over the colonial possessions of the two countries. Fighting mostly involved naval encounters, which took place in European waters and the West Indies. France was allied to the Dutch Republic and Denmark. In 1666 the English fleet controlled the North Sea after its victory in the St James's Day Fight and the Dutch had also been dealt a severe blow after the English raid known as Holmes's Bonfire. Louis IX of France and his general superintendent of navigation, François de Vendôme, Duc de Beaufort, had decided that this was the time to act as the English would\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Dungeness (1666)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3475784\",\n \"text\": \"constantly in conflict with the Dutch and later on mainly with the British in India. At the height of French power in the mid-18th century, the French occupied large areas of southern India and the area lying in today's northern Andhra Pradesh and Odisha. Between 1744 and 1761, the British and the French repeatedly attacked and conquered each other's forts and towns in southeastern India and in Bengal in the northeast. After some initial French successes, the British decisively defeated the French in Bengal in the Battle of Plassey in 1757 and in the southeast in 1761 in the Battle\",\n \"title\": \"Colonial India\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9653356\",\n \"text\": \"William during the Jacobite Rising of 1715. In 1739, war broke out with Spain. The conflict, later dubbed the \\\"War of Jenkins' Ear\\\", was mostly fought in the Caribbean and North America. The regiment briefly served as marines in 1740, before sailing for the West Indies. It arrived in Jamaica in January 1741, with a detachment subsequently taking part in the unsuccessful Battle of Cartagena de Indias in present-day Colombia later in the year. The assault took place in torrential rain and the troops were nearly wiped out by disease. In the meantime, the conflict had widened out into the\",\n \"title\": \"Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3908803\",\n \"text\": \"Adriatic sea. In the day-long Battle of Königgrätz, near the village of Sadová, the Crown Prince Friedrich Carl and his troops arrived late, and in the wrong place. Once he arrived, however, he ordered his troops immediately into the fray. The battle was a decisive victory for Prussia and forced the Habsburgs to end the war, laying the groundwork for the \\\"Kleindeutschland\\\" (little Germany) solution, or \\\"Germany without Austria.\\\" A quick peace was essential to keep Russia from entering the conflict on Austria's side. Prussia annexed Hanover, Hesse-Kassel, Nassau, and the city of Frankfurt. Hesse Darmstadt lost some territory but\",\n \"title\": \"Unification of Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9892821\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Vimory The Battle of Vimory occurred on 26 October 1587 between the French royal (Catholic) forces of King Henry III of France commanded by Henry of Guise and German and Swiss mercenaires commanded by Fabien I, Burgrave of Dohna and William-Robert de la Marck, Duke of Bouillon who were hired to assist Henry of Navarre's Huguenot forces during the eighth and final war (1585-1598) of the French Wars of Religion. The Protestant mercenaries were funded by Elizabeth I of England and the King of Denmark. After having pillaged the Lorraine region, they arrived in Burgundy and entered into\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Vimory\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14287687\",\n \"text\": \"also widely celebrated in Belarus. It has been used as a source of romantic legends and national pride, becoming a larger symbol of struggle against foreign invaders. During the 20th century the battle was used in Nazi and Soviet propaganda campaigns. Only in recent decades have historians moved towards a dispassionate, scholarly assessment of the battle, reconciling the previous narratives, which differed widely by nation. The battle was fought in the territory of the monastic state of the Teutonic Order, on the plains between three villages: Grünfelde (Grunwald) to the west, Tannenberg (Stębark) to the northeast and Ludwigsdorf (Łodwigowo, Ludwikowice)\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Grunwald\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1598870\",\n \"text\": \"his reach. Both Frederick and his enemies moved back and forth for several days, trying to maneuver around each other but ending up in a stalemate. During this time, an Austrian raiding party attacked Berlin and almost captured the Prussian royal family. The story of the Battle of Rossbach is as much the story of the five days of maneuver leading to the battle as it is those famous 90 minutes of battle, and the maneuvers were shaped by the terrain. Initial activity focused on the village of Weissenfels, where the middle Saale emerges from the Buntsandstein of the Thuringian\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Rossbach\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7770062\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Cologne The Battle of Cologne was fought near the city of Köln (English: Cologne) (now part of Germany) in the year 716. The battle is known chiefly as the first battle of Charles Martel's command and is the only defeat of his life. In 716, the king of the Franks, Chilperic II, and Ragenfrid, the mayor of the palace of Neustria, invaded Austrasia to impose their will on the competing factions there: those of Theudoald and Plectrude, grandson (and designated heir) and widow respectively of Martel's father Pepin of Heristal, and those of Martel himself, newly escaped from\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Cologne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1632270\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Hastenbeck The Battle of Hastenbeck (26 July 1757) was fought as part of the Invasion of Hanover during the Seven Years' War between the allied forces of Hanover, Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) and Brunswick, and the French. The allies were defeated by the French army near Hamelin in the Electorate of Hanover. The French, who were allied with Austria, Russia, Sweden and Saxony during the Seven Years' War, invaded Germany in April 1757 with two armies, altogether about 100,000 soldiers. The French hoped to draw the attention of the Kingdom of Prussia, which was allied with Britain and Hanover,\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Hastenbeck\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13439064\",\n \"text\": \"throughout the colony that many people refugeed to South Carolina or elsewhere. The military activity on St. Simons Island culminated with the Battle of Bloody Marsh and the withdrawal of the Spanish. The Seven Years' War lasted between 1756–1763, arraying Prussia, Great Britain and Hanover (with the British king as its prince-elector) against Austria, France, Russia, Sweden, and most smaller German states. Spain was drawn into the conflict later in 1761, on the side of France. British colonies in the Americas were on this war, but had to pay long, heavy taxes. In that period, Spain lost control of Florida\",\n \"title\": \"Spain–United Kingdom relations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5528713\",\n \"text\": \"gathered around the town, and when Müntzer arrived with 300 fighters from Mühlhausen on May 11, several thousand peasants of the surrounding Thuringian and Saxon estates camped in the fields and pastures. Philip of Hesse and his father-in-law George of Saxony had originally targeted Mühlhausen as their strategic objective but, when news arrived that Müntzer left with a troop for Frankenhausen, they changed their march route and directed their Landsknecht troops toward Frankenhausen. The Princes had great difficulties in recruiting Landsknecht mercenaries. Generally they would have been better equipped than the insurgents although morale and discipline were always dependent on\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Frankenhausen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20682368\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Santa Vittoria The Battle of Santa Vittoria was an encounter battle or skirmish in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna on 26 July 1702 during the War of the Spanish Succession between a French force under Louis Joseph, duc de Vendôme and an Imperial cavalry detachment under General Annibal Visconti. Control of the Duchies of Milan and Mantua was the main strategic prize in Northern Italy as they were key to the security of Austria's southern border. In February 1701, both accepted French garrisons with Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy also signing an alliance with France in April.\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Santa Vittoria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4474848\",\n \"text\": \"in Erdweg, Petershausen, Markt Indersdorf and Dachau. The villages of Viehbach and Bachenhausen (near Fahrenzhausen, ca. 30 km north of Munich) also recorded the plundering and fires. When their homes were spared destruction, they swore a vow to forever hold a Mass every year on St. Florian's Day (May 4) to remember their deliverance. The proclamation can still be seen in the old village church in Viehbach. The failure of the Empire to provide an effective siege train had, up to this point, robbed the Allies of victory – neither Munich nor Ulm could be taken, and the Elector had\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Schellenberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4044658\",\n \"text\": \"to 1760, serving Douglas and his successor, the marquis de l'Hôpital. D'Éon's career in Russia is the subject of one of Valentin Pikul's novels, \\\"Le chevalier d'Éon et la guerre de Sept ans\\\" («Пером и шпагой»). D'Éon returned to France in October 1760, and was granted a pension of 2,000 livres as reward for service in Russia. In May 1761, d'Éon became a captain of dragoons under the maréchal de Broglie and fought in the later stages of the Seven Years' War. D'Éon served at the Battle of Villinghausen in July 1761, and was wounded at Ultrop. After Empress Elizabeth\",\n \"title\": \"Chevalier d'Éon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9668410\",\n \"text\": \"it and formed the basis of the 65th (2nd Yorkshire, North Riding) Regiment of Foot. The regiment embarked for Germany in summer 1758 for service in the Seven Years' War; it fought at the Battle of Minden in August 1759, the Battle of Villinghausen in July 1761 and the Battle of Wilhelmsthal in June 1762 as well as the Siege of Cassel in autumn 1762. In 1782, it was given a county association as the 12th (East Suffolk) Regiment of Foot. The regiment embarked for the West Indies in 1793 and took part in the capture of Martinique, Saint Lucia\",\n \"title\": \"Suffolk Regiment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13484754\",\n \"text\": \"Clive. Siege of Pondicherry (1760) The 1760–1761 Siege of Pondicherry was a conflict in the Third Carnatic War, part of the global Seven Years' War. Lasting from 4 September 1760 to 15 January 1761, British land and naval forces besieged and eventually compelled the forces defending the French colonial outpost of Pondicherry to surrender. The city was on the verge of starvation when French commander Lally surrendered. Many civilians were killed in fire between the lines when Lally attempted to evict them from the city in order to reduce the population under siege. It was the third British victory under\",\n \"title\": \"Siege of Pondicherry (1760)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18551079\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Vientiane The Battle of Vientiane was the decisive action of the 1960 Laotian coups. Fought between 13 and 16 December 1960, the battle ended with General Phoumi Nosavan winning control of the Kingdom of Laos with the aid of the Royal Thai Government and the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. Vientiane was left devastated by the fighting, with about 600 civilian dead, about the same number of homes destroyed, and 7,000 left homeless. The losing Forces Armées Neutralistes under Captain Kong Le retreated onto the strategic Plain of Jars, to begin an uneasy coexistence with the Pathet Lao and\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Vientiane\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13484753\",\n \"text\": \"Siege of Pondicherry (1760) The 1760–1761 Siege of Pondicherry was a conflict in the Third Carnatic War, part of the global Seven Years' War. Lasting from 4 September 1760 to 15 January 1761, British land and naval forces besieged and eventually compelled the forces defending the French colonial outpost of Pondicherry to surrender. The city was on the verge of starvation when French commander Lally surrendered. Many civilians were killed in fire between the lines when Lally attempted to evict them from the city in order to reduce the population under siege. It was the third British victory under Robert\",\n \"title\": \"Siege of Pondicherry (1760)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7525556\",\n \"text\": \"wounded soldiers. Their legacy continues today in the form of the International Red Cross. Battle of Langensalza (1866) The Battle of Langensalza was fought on 27 June 1866 near Bad Langensalza in what is now modern Germany, between the Kingdom of Hanover (Hanoverians) and the Prussians. The Hanoverians won the battle but were then surrounded by a larger and reinforced Prussian army, and, unable to link up with their Bavarian allies to the south, they surrendered. This marked the demise of the Hanoverian Army and the annexation of Hanover into the burgeoning kingdom of Prussia as it systematically unified Germany\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Langensalza (1866)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6739368\",\n \"text\": \"Forest of Compiègne The Forest of Compiègne (French: \\\"Forêt de Compiègne\\\") is a large forest in the region of Picardy, France, near the city of Compiègne and approximately north of Paris. The forest is notable as the site of the Armistice between the Allies and Germany which ended World War I on 11 November 1918, as well as the Armistice of 22 June 1940 after the Battle of France in World War II. The forest of Compiègne is roughly circular with a diameter of about ; it is approximately in circumference and its area is roughly . The forest is\",\n \"title\": \"Forest of Compiègne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9054572\",\n \"text\": \"in Westphalia to be governed by the House of Hohenzollern, and were the oldest constituents of the future Prussian Rhineland and the future Province of Westphalia. Treaty of Xanten The Treaty of Xanten () was signed in the Lower Rhine town of Xanten on November 12, 1614 between Wolfgang Wilhelm, Count Palatine of Neuburg and John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, with representatives from England and France serving as mediators. The treaty ended the War of the Jülich Succession and all hostilities between Wolfgang William and John Sigismund. Based on the terms of the treaty, the territories of Jülich-Berg and Ravenstein\",\n \"title\": \"Treaty of Xanten\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"956125\",\n \"text\": \"Château-Thierry Château-Thierry () is a French commune situated in the department of the Aisne, in the administrative region of Hauts-de-France and in the historic Province of Champagne. The origin of the name of the town is unknown. The local tradition attributes it to Theuderic IV, the penultimate Merovingian king, who was imprisoned by Charles Martel, without a reliable source. Château-Thierry is the birthplace of Jean de La Fontaine and was the location of the First Battle of the Marne and Second Battle of the Marne. The region of Château-Thierry (the arrondissement, to be exact) is called the country of Omois.\",\n \"title\": \"Château-Thierry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20016670\",\n \"text\": \"Battles of the Seven Years' War The Seven Years' War, 1754–1763, spanned five continents, affecting Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. The conflict split Europe into two coalitions: Kingdom of Great Britain, Prussia, Portugal, Hanover, and other small German states on one side \\\"versus\\\" the Kingdom of France, Austria-led Holy Roman Empire, Russia, Spain, several small German states, and Sweden) on the other. The coalitions represented a \\\"revolution\\\" in diplomatic alliances, reflected in the Diplomatic Revolution. Ultimately, the victory of the Anglo-Prussian coalition undercut the balance of power in Europe, a balance that was not reestablished until\",\n \"title\": \"Battles of the Seven Years' War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12429424\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Corbach The Battle of Corbach, or Korbach, a Hanseatic town of Waldeck-Frankenberg in northern Hesse, Germany, was fought on 10 July 1760 during the Seven Years' War. Corbach was the first battle of the campaign of 1760 and was a victory for the French over the Hanoverians, the British and their allies. The town of Corbach is sited on the heights of Corbach that rise to some 400 meters above the surrounding plain and extend about one mile east of Corbach to the woods of Berndorf, while several roads intersect at the town itself. Numerous large forces from\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Corbach\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1536218\",\n \"text\": \"The Battle of Minden took place in front of the gates of Minden on 1 August 1759 during the Seven Years' War. The allies of Great Britain, led by Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick, defeated the French and their allies in a decisive battle. The region remained Prussian and the adjacent Kingdom of Hanover remained in the possession of the British king. The town was capital of the Territory of Minden-Ravensberg from 1719 to 1807 and capital of the District of Minden from 1816 to 1947. Until 1806 the area around the cathedral was governed by clerical rulers as territory of\",\n \"title\": \"Minden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1598908\",\n \"text\": \"subjects. The British could now see the advantage of keeping the French occupied on the Continent while they continued their expansion in North America. While Frederick was engaging the combined Allied forces further west, that autumn the Austrians had slowly retaken Silesia: Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine had captured the city of Schweidnitz and moved on Breslau in lower Silesia. While heading back to Silesia, Frederick learned of the fall of Breslau (22 November). He and his 22,000 men reversed tracks, and covered from Rossbach to Leuthen (now Lutynia, Poland), west of Breslau in 12 days. On the way, at\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Rossbach\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13497731\",\n \"text\": \"Netherlands quickly changed the balance in favor of Ernst. In 1586, Ernst's allies had secured Vest Recklinghausen, even though they had failed to catch the elusive Schenck, and they had reduced Neuss to a pile of rubble, proving their overwhelming fire-power. In 1587, they encircled and took the fortified towns in the \\\"Oberstift\\\", recapturing Bonn, Godesberg, and Linz am Rhein, and dozens of smaller fortified towns, villages and farmsteads throughout the countryside. Throughout, soldiers from both parties marauded and plundered throughout the countryside, searching either for important officials, booty, or other valuables. On 12 November 1587, one of Walsingham's informants\",\n \"title\": \"Cologne War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5742695\",\n \"text\": \"of Piedmont-Sardinia. The French court then began negotiations with Charles Emmanuel in the hope of detaching Piedmont from its alliance with Austria. At the same time, Marshal Maillebois was pressing the siege of Alessandria. By all reckoning, the Infant Philip was now master of his new realm, and the Bourbons had been triumphant in Spain. The Treaty of Dresden, signed between Prussia and Austria on December 25, 1745, had as much impact on the fighting in Italy as it did for central Europe. Charles Emmanuel and his advisers saw this clearly. Evidently, Austria, now freed from a war in Germany,\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Piacenza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11142843\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Kaiserslautern The Battle of Kaiserslautern (28–30 November 1793) saw a Coalition army under Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel oppose a Republican French army led by Lazare Hoche. Three days of conflict resulted in a victory by the Prussians and their Electoral Saxon allies as they turned back repeated French attacks. The War of the First Coalition combat was fought near the city of Kaiserslautern in the modern-day state of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, which is located about west of Mannheim. In the First Battle of Wissembourg, the Coalition army of Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser broke through the frontier defenses\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Kaiserslautern\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"47835\",\n \"text\": \"Despite being offered the chance to remain as ruler of Bavaria (under strict terms of an alliance with Austria), the Elector left his country and family in order to continue the war against the Allies from the Spanish Netherlands where he still held the post of governor-general. Their commander-in-chief that day, Marshal Tallard – who, unlike his subordinates, had not been ransomed or exchanged – was taken to England and imprisoned in Nottingham until his release in 1711. The 1704 campaign lasted considerably longer than usual as the Allies sought to wring out maximum advantage. Realising that France was too\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Blenheim\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14530748\",\n \"text\": \"achieved some success in other theaters of war, including the War of the Pyrenees (1793–1795). The armies of the First Coalition included the imperial contingents and the infantry and cavalry of the various states, amounting to about 125,000 (including three autonomous corps), a sizable force by eighteenth century standards but a moderate force by the standards of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars. In total, the commander-in-chief Archduke Charles' troops stretched from Switzerland to the North Sea and Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser's, from the Swiss-Italian border to the Adriatic. Habsburg troops comprised the bulk of the army, but the \\\"thin white\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Emmendingen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"170240\",\n \"text\": \"Genosha Genosha () is a fictional country appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. It is an island nation that exists in Marvel's main shared universe, known as \\\"Earth 616\\\" in the Marvel Universe and a prominent place in the X-Men chronology. The fictional nation served as an allegory for slavery and later for South African apartheid before becoming a mutant homeland and subsequently a disaster zone. The island is located off the Southeastern African coast northwest from Seychelles and northeast of Madagascar. Its capital city was Hammer Bay. Genosha first appeared in \\\"Uncanny X-Men\\\" #235 (October 1988),\",\n \"title\": \"Genosha\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"742353\",\n \"text\": \"the War of Jenkins' Ear was a major amphibious attack launched by the British under Admiral Edward Vernon in March 1741 against Cartagena de Indias, one of Spain's major gold-trading ports in the Caribbean (today Colombia). Although this episode is largely forgotten, it ended in a decisive victory for Spain, who managed to prolong its control of the Caribbean and indeed secure the Spanish Main until the 19th century. Following the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War, the British troops invaded and captured the Spanish cities of Havana in Cuba and Manila in the Philippines in 1762. The Treaty of\",\n \"title\": \"New Spain\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4966671\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Gadebusch The Battle of Gadebusch or Wakenstädt (20 December 1712) was Sweden's final great victory in the Great Northern War. It was fought by the Swedes to prevent the loss of the city of Stralsund to Danish and Saxon forces. During 1712, all of Sweden's dominions south of the Baltic Sea, apart from forts, had been conquered by the allies Denmark, Saxony, and Russia. In the Baltic the Danish admiral Gyldenløve patrolled with a squadron to disrupt Swedish supply lines to the Continent. It was vital for Sweden not to lose Stralsund, as it was the gateway to\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Gadebusch\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1536242\",\n \"text\": \"A larger lock is under construction. The \\\"Kampa-Halle\\\" is a large gym-complex for sports and other events. The town of Minden contains several monuments harking back to Prussian history. The monument of the Great Elector (Denkmal des Großen Kurfürsten) stands alongside the Weser bridgehead to commemorate the first Prussian ruler of Minden. The monument to the Battle of Minden is in the Todtenhausen quarter of the town. It commemorates the decisive victory of the allied forces of Great Britain, Hanover, Hesse-Kassel, Brunswick-Wolfenbuettel and Schaumburg-Lippe led by Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick over a French and Electorate of Saxony army led by\",\n \"title\": \"Minden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2578070\",\n \"text\": \"The Allied line advanced in the wake of the failed cavalry attack, sending the French army reeling from the field, ending all French designs upon Hanover for the remainder of the year. In Britain, the victory is celebrated as contributing to the Annus Mirabilis of 1759. The western German-speaking states of Europe had been a major theatre of the Seven Years' War since 1757, when the French had launched an invasion of Hanover. This culminated in a decisive victory for the French at the Battle of Hastenbeck and the attempted imposition of the Convention of Klosterzeven upon the defeated allies:\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Minden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8889667\",\n \"text\": \"northwest of Borneo, for almost a century, first as Rajahs under the Sultanate of Brunei (a by then tiny but once powerful state entirely enclosed within the borders of Sarawak), and from 1888 as a protectorate of the British Empire. The northeast of the island comprised North Borneo, since 1882 another British protectorate under the British North Borneo Company. Offshore lay the small British crown colony of Labuan. The rest of the island—collectively known as Kalimantan—was under Dutch control. The Netherlands were invaded by Nazi Germany in 1940. However, Free Dutch forces—mainly the Royal Netherlands Navy and the 85,000-strong Royal\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Borneo (1941–42)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6547107\",\n \"text\": \"the story of the prince's insubordination, later popularised by the Prussian king Frederick the Great, may be a legend. An observation tower on the Hakenberg hill with a Victoria statue on top similar to the Berlin Victory Column commemorates the battle. It was erected from 1875 on the initiative of Crown Prince Frederick III and inaugurated on September 2 (\\\"Sedantag\\\"), 1879. Battle of Fehrbellin The Battle of Fehrbellin was fought on June 18, 1675 (Julian calendar date, June 28th, Gregorian), between Swedish and Brandenburg-Prussian troops. The Swedes, under Count Waldemar von Wrangel (stepbrother of \\\"Riksamiral\\\" Carl Gustaf Wrangel), had invaded\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Fehrbellin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2413283\",\n \"text\": \"the names are French versions of names in other languages. In the wake of the Battle of the Golden Spurs a battle was fought here in April 1303 between French and Flemish. The Flemish were victorious in the Battle of Arques (1303). Arques is not to be confused with Arques-la-Bataille, where the Battle of Arques (1589) took place. It is also close to Agincourt. It was one of the first towns in the region which subscribed to Agenda 21. Arques is famous for its crystal manufacture. It has been the headquarters of Arc International, the largest manufacturer of glassware in\",\n \"title\": \"Arques, Pas-de-Calais\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16707879\",\n \"text\": \"outbreak of smallpox in 1708–1709, an invasion of the Danish army in 1709, the expulsion of this army after the battle of Helsingborg, followed by conscriptions into the Swedish army and an outbreak of typhus in 1710. While Scania was protected from an infection from the north by a cordon sanitaire between it and Småland, the plague came by sea and made landfall not only in Västanå, but also in January 1711 in Domsten in Allerum parish, where the locals had ignored the ban on contact with their relatives and friends on the Danish side of the Sound, most notably\",\n \"title\": \"Great Northern War plague outbreak\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1149701\",\n \"text\": \"of Austrians, Hessians and Dutch. The army remained here inactive until January 1743, when King George II ordered Dalrymple to march into Germany, leaving the Hessians and some Austrian troops to protect the Netherlands. The internal divisions in the Dutch Republic delayed their army of 20,000 so that it came too late to participate in the campaign. The Austrian commander, the Duke of Arenberg, proposed to follow the Neckar and march towards Bavaria, but King George feared a Prussian attack on Hanover (his homeland) and decided to march along the north bank of the Main, keeping all options open. On\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Dettingen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"789371\",\n \"text\": \"a series of unmoving strong points and static lines of resistance, which the Allied artillery ultimately isolated and destroyed. As a result of the inquiry, Hindenburg removed Falkenhausen from his command and transferred him to Belgium where he served the remainder of the war as that country's Governor General. The Germans did not see the Canadian Corps's capture of Vimy Ridge as a loss. Contemporary German sources viewed the action, at worst, as a draw, given that no full-scale breakthrough occurred following the attack. The Germans did not attempt to recapture the ridge, even during the Spring Offensive and it\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Vimy Ridge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6050906\",\n \"text\": \"result of the failure of the Berlin campaign. Other German states were now wavering in their support of the French Empire. Friedrich Wilhelm von Bülow was subsequently ennobled as Graf von Dennewitz. Commander: Marshal Michel Ney Battle of Dennewitz The Battle of Dennewitz () took place on 6September 1813 between the forces of the First French Empire and an army of Prussians and Russians of the Sixth Coalition. It occurred in Dennewitz, a village in the Prussian province of Brandenburg, near Jüterbog, southwest of Berlin. In late August 1813, Napoleon decided to order a general offensive to take Berlin, the\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Dennewitz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7525549\",\n \"text\": \"Hanover believed he could negotiate independently with the Austrians and Prussians, wasting time when he could have strengthened his forces by joining other German states. When he finally attempted to do so, it was too late. In a show of the Hanoverian naïveté, George's Foreign Minister declared that Bismarck would never break federal law, which insisted on maintaining a six-week interval before invading another land. On 15 June 1866, King Wilhelm ordered Hanover, Saxony, and Kassel to disarm at once, effectively beginning the war with Austria’s allies. On 16 June, Prussian forces began moving against all three German states, with\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Langensalza (1866)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2578068\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Minden The Battle of Minden—or Tho(r)nhausen—was a decisive engagement during the Seven Years' War, fought on 1 August 1759. An Anglo-German army under the overall command of Field Marshal Ferdinand of Brunswick defeated a French army commanded by Marshal of France, Marquis de Contades. Two years previously, the French had launched a successful invasion of Hanover and attempted to impose an unpopular treaty of peace upon the allied nations of Britain, Hanover and Prussia. After a Prussian victory at Rossbach, and under pressure from Frederick the Great and William Pitt, King George II disavowed the treaty. In 1758,\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Minden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2578140\",\n \"text\": \"The Russian army did not fight another major battle until they stormed Kolberg in 1761, allowing the Prussians to focus on the Austrians. In 1762, the death of Elizabeth, and the ascension of her nephew, Peter, an admirer of Frederick's, saved the Prussians when he immediately withdrew Russia from hostilities. Most military historians agree that Kunersdorf was Frederick's greatest, and most catastrophic, loss. They generally attribute it to three major problems: his indifference to the Russian practices of the \\\"art of war\\\", his lack of information about the terrain, and his inability to realize that the Russians had surmounted the\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Kunersdorf\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1633763\",\n \"text\": \"French armies withdrew to camps behind the border. The \\\"Army of Holland\\\" was allowed to march through enemy lines and took position near Lille. The \\\"Army of the Ardennes\\\" was posted at Maulde, the \\\"Army of the North\\\" at Bruille-Saint-Amand, and the \\\"Army of Belgium\\\" at Condé-sur-l'Escaut and Valenciennes. Geertruidenberg was evacuated on 2 April and Breda on 3 April. Dumouriez was a monarchist at heart and he despaired when King Louis XVI went to the guillotine on 21 January 1793. He found the political situation in Paris to be chaotic. He was appalled at the tendency of radicals to\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Neerwinden (1793)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12975558\",\n \"text\": \"their colossal defeat in the Battle of Blenheim nine months later. Battle of Speyerbach The Battle of Speyerbach took place on 15 November 1703 in the War of the Spanish Succession. A French army besieging Landau surprised and defeated a German relief army near Speyer. In mid October 1703, the allied armies prepared to go into winter camp along the Moselle, when Tallard by surprise closed in on Landau and started the siege on 17 October. On 28 October the allies ordered Crown Prince Frederick of Hesse-Kassel, the future King Frederick I of Sweden, to move south to lift the\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Speyerbach\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1376768\",\n \"text\": \"also described, with some historical accuracy, in James Fenimore Cooper's 1845 novel Satanstoe. Battle of Carillon The Battle of Carillon, also known as the 1758 Battle of Ticonderoga, was fought on July 8, 1758, during the French and Indian War (which was part of the global Seven Years' War). It was fought near Fort Carillon (now known as Fort Ticonderoga) on the shore of Lake Champlain in the frontier area between the British colony of New York and the French colony of New France. In the battle, which took place primarily on a rise about three-quarters of a mile (one\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Carillon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2578092\",\n \"text\": \"old rivalry with France to form a new coalition. Faced with this turn of events, Britain aligned herself with the Kingdom of Prussia; this alliance drew in not only the British king's territories held in personal union, including Hanover, but also those of his and Frederick's relatives in the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg and the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel. This series of political maneuvers became known as the Diplomatic Revolution. At the outset of the war, Frederick had one of the finest armies in Europe: his troops—any company—could fire at least four volleys a minute, and some of them could fire five.\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Kunersdorf\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5528712\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Frankenhausen The Battle of Frankenhausen was fought on 14 and 15 May 1525. It was the final act of the German Peasants' War: joint troops of Landgrave Philip I of Hesse and Duke George of Saxony defeated the peasants under their spiritual leader Thomas Müntzer near Frankenhausen in the County of Schwarzburg. On April 29, 1525, the struggles in and around Frankenhausen had culminated into an open revolt. Large parts of the citizenry joined the uprising, occupied the town hall and stormed the castle of the Counts of Schwarzburg. In the following days, a rising number of insurgents\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Frankenhausen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15616291\",\n \"text\": \"of the Zastrow Foot Regiment. During the Seven Years' War he fought at Vellinghausen, Wilhelmsthal, Melsungen, Homburg and Fritzlar. On 17 August 1761 he was made a major general and in October that year fought at Ölper and thus in the liberation of the city of Brunswick from its last siege. In her ode \\\"Über den Entsatz von Braunschweig\\\" (1761), Anna Luise Karsch wrote: In 1764 she followed it with an \\\"Ode über die Vorzüge des Prinzen Friedrichs von Braunschweig\\\". He and two of his brothers (Wilhelm Adolf and Leopold) were freemasons and from 1771 he was a \\\"Socius, Amicus\",\n \"title\": \"Frederick Augustus, Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Oels\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"789379\",\n \"text\": \"Trudeau, Governor General David Johnston, Charles, Prince of Wales, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, Prince Harry and President of France François Hollande. Battle of Vimy Ridge The Battle of Vimy Ridge was part of the Battle of Arras, in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France, during the First World War. The main combatants were the four divisions of the Canadian Corps in the First Army, against three divisions of the German 6th Army. The battle took place from 9 to 12 April 1917 at the beginning of the Battle of Arras, the first attack of the Nivelle Offensive, which was intended\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Vimy Ridge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10399255\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Wilhelmsthal The Battle of Wilhelmsthal (sometimes written as the Battle of Wilhelmstadt) was fought on 24 June 1762 during the Seven Years' War between on one side the allied forces of British, Prussian, Hanover, Brunswick and Hessian troops under the command of the Duke of Brunswick against the French. Once again, the French threatened Hanover, so the Allies manoeuvered around the French, surrounded the invasion force, and forced them to retreat. It was the last major action fought by Brunswick's force before the Peace of Paris brought an end to the war. France had made a number of\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Wilhelmsthal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12391098\",\n \"text\": \"Seven Years' War The Seven Years' War was a global conflict fought between 1756 and 1763. It involved every European great power of the time and spanned five continents, affecting Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. The conflict split Europe into two coalitions, led by the Kingdom of Great Britain (including Prussia, Portugal, Hanover, and other small German states) on one side and the Kingdom of France (including the Austrian-led Holy Roman Empire, the Russian Empire (until 1762), Bourbon Spain, and Sweden) on the other. Meanwhile, in India, some regional polities within the increasingly fragmented Mughal Empire,\",\n \"title\": \"Seven Years' War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2187480\",\n \"text\": \"payments of cash and produce; the intention being to force the withdrawal of Hessian troops from the war. However, Hessian forces together with their allies attempted to liberate their homeland but were repulsed at the Battle of Sanderhausen on 23 July. They later participated in the first Siege of Cassel in 1761 and the second Siege of Cassel in 1762 which was finally surrendered by the French that November, the last action of the whole war. To field a large professional army with a relatively small population, Hesse-Kassel became the most militarized state in Europe. The country maintained 5.2% to\",\n \"title\": \"Hessian (soldier)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9187352\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Congella The Battle of Congella, beginning 23 May 1842, was between the British of the Cape colony and Voortrekkers or the Boer forces of the Natalia Republic. The Republic of Natalia sought an independent port of entry, free from British control and thus sought to conquer the Port Natal trading settlement which had been settled by mostly British merchants in modern-day KwaZulu-Natal. The battle ended in a British victory due to the heroic ride of Dick King for reinforcements. According to South African history, in the mid-1820s King Shaka (Chaka) swept through the countryside now known as KwaZulu-Natal,\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Congella\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6289368\",\n \"text\": \"had to do with the conduct of the war. The result was the expansion of Spanish influence in Italy when Philip V's fourth son Philip, became in 1748 Duke of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla. The third Family Compact was made on 15 August 1761 by King Charles III of Spain and Louis XV in the \\\"Treaty of Paris\\\". Charles III was the son of Philip V, making him Louis's first cousin. At this time France was fighting the Seven Years' War against Great Britain. Charles's alliance reversed the policy of his predecessor, Ferdinand VI, who wished to keep Spain out\",\n \"title\": \"Pacte de Famille\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12983761\",\n \"text\": \"of Hesse-Kassel. He later became King of Sweden but was a far less talented soldier than his brother-in-law and predecessor Charles XII. As they arrived too late to join Prince Eugene's march to Turin, the Hessians were tasked with preventing Médavy disrupting his supply routes. On 19 August, Frederick sent 2,000 men under Major-General Wetzel to Goito, a small town with a bridge across the Mincio and the French garrison evacuated the town. Castiglione was strongly defended and they had to wait for the heavy artillery to arrive from Arco. Frederick left 1,500 men outside the town with the rest\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Castiglione (1706)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13386052\",\n \"text\": \"had managed to land in Northern Ireland before he was hunted down and killed by the British navy. In the wake of the disaster at Quiberon, Thurot was lionised as a hero in France. By this stage France's finances were in a poor state, despite the efforts of Silhouette to keep down expenditure, and France was only kept afloat by a major loan from neutral Spain. Despite the Spanish government's official policy of neutrality, they were slowly shifting towards supporting an outright pro-French position, encouraged by Choiseul. In December 1761, war finally broke out between Britain and Spain - but\",\n \"title\": \"France in the Seven Years' War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12429432\",\n \"text\": \"Ferdinand in the battles of Emsdorf and Warburg. With the French marginal victory at the Kloster Kampen later in October any hope the British had of ending the war on favorable terms in 1760 evaporated despite their successes in America. Battle of Corbach The Battle of Corbach, or Korbach, a Hanseatic town of Waldeck-Frankenberg in northern Hesse, Germany, was fought on 10 July 1760 during the Seven Years' War. Corbach was the first battle of the campaign of 1760 and was a victory for the French over the Hanoverians, the British and their allies. The town of Corbach is sited\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Corbach\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5479079\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Bloody Marsh The Battle of Bloody Marsh was a battle that took place on July 7, 1742 between Spanish and British forces on St. Simons Island, part of the Province of Georgia, resulting in a victory for the British. Part of a much larger conflict known as the War of Jenkins' Ear, the battle was for the British fortifications of Fort Frederica and Fort St. Simons, with the strategic goal the sea routes and inland waters they controlled. With the victory, the Province of Georgia established undisputed claim to the island. It is now part of the U.S.\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Bloody Marsh\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5479092\",\n \"text\": \"against Florida, but circumstances were not favourable. The focus of the war had shifted from the Americas to Europe; arms, supplies and troops were not readily available. The region settled into an uneasy peace, occasionally punctuated by minor skirmishes. Oglethorpe was later appointed brigadier general. About 1744 he left Georgia for Britain, where he married an heiress; he lived in Britain the rest of his life. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended the war in 1748 and recognised the status of Georgia as a British colony, formally ratified by Spain in the subsequent Treaty of Madrid. Its position was further secured\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Bloody Marsh\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7525553\",\n \"text\": \"further from their Bavarian allies. Pinned down against the Harz Mountains and out of options, King George surrendered in Nordhausen two days after the battle. The Battle of Langensalza was a near disaster in the Hanoverian campaign for the Prussians. It wiped out Flies’ detachment of troops and could have allowed an avenue of escape for the Hanoverian army. At the same time, this battle provided just enough time for the northern and southern Prussian contingents to link up at the battle site, which ultimately forced Hanoverian surrender. Langensalza was an important aspect of the Austro-Prussian War as it led\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Langensalza (1866)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16396476\",\n \"text\": \"war, the German acting-Governor of Togoland, who had police, police and guards but no regular army forces, had proposed neutrality to the British and French colonial authorities, under the Congo Act 1885. The Germans had withdrawn from Lomé and the coastal region, when the British demanded unconditional surrender. The acting Governor, Major Hans-Georg von Döring, in the absence of the Governor Duke Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg, had sent an un-coded wireless message to Berlin disclosing his plan to retreat to Kamina, which had been intercepted and led to British offensive operations against Kamina being authorised by the Colonial Office on\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Chra\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15568492\",\n \"text\": \"Battle for the Río San Juan de Nicaragua The Battle for the Río San Juan de Nicaragua was one of several important battles that took place during the Anglo-Spanish War, a subconflict of the Seven Years' War, which lasted from December 1761 until February 1763. The conflict, which took place in July — August 1762, began when William Lyttelton, the British governor and commander-in-chief of Jamaica, sent a naval expedition to Nicaragua with the primary objective of capturing the town of Granada. Because it represented a potential route between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans as well as the possibility of\",\n \"title\": \"Battle for the Río San Juan de Nicaragua\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16888831\",\n \"text\": \"along with six officers captured. The Swedes lost 1 officer, 37 men killed; 5 officers and 76 men wounded; 9 missing and 26 taken prisoners. The combat had almost no influence on the results of the campaign. Battle of Neuensund The Battle of Neuensund was a smaller battle at Neuensund of the Seven Years' War between Swedish and Prussian forces fought on September 18, 1761. The Swedish force under the command of Jacob Magnus Sprengtporten managed to rout the Prussian forces commanded by Wilhelm Sebastian von Belling. By mid September 1761, after the capture of Platen by the Russians, the\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Neuensund\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18628912\",\n \"text\": \"Action of 17 July 1761 The Action of 17 July 1761 was a naval engagement fought off the Spanish port of Cádiz between a British Royal Navy squadron and a smaller French Navy squadron during the Seven Years' War. British fleets had achieved dominance in European waters over the French following heavy defeats of French fleets in 1759. To maintain this control, British battle squadrons were stationed off French ports, as well as ports in neutral but French-supporting Spain which sheltered French warships. In 1761, two French ships, the 64-gun ship of the line \\\"Achille\\\" and 32-gun frigate \\\"Bouffone\\\" were\",\n \"title\": \"Action of 17 July 1761\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3560640\",\n \"text\": \"1711, including complete destruction of the town hall, which was rebuilt between 1742-1752. War again affected the town during 1756-1763, during the Seven Years' War; it was the scene of a battle in February 1761. In 1815 Langensalza became part of the Prussian Province of Saxony. In 1866 it was again the site of a battle between Prussia and Hanover during the Austro-Prussian War. American troops occupied the town in 1945. The elections in May 2014 showed the following results: Langensalza is something of a tourist spot, with picturesque ruins of a medieval castle, and sulphur baths nearby. The sulphur\",\n \"title\": \"Bad Langensalza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12708909\",\n \"text\": \"the same month, Hanover and Denmark joined the Russian-Prussian treaty of 1714. The allied forces subsequently occupied all of Pomerania except for Stralsund. In the Battle of Stralsund Charles XII of Sweden led the defense until December 22, 1715, when he evacuated to Lund. After the Battle of Stralsund, Danish forces seized Rügen and Western Pomerania north of the Peene River (the former Danish Principality of Rugia that later would become known as New Western Pomerania or \\\"Neuvorpommern\\\"), while the Western Pomeranian areas south of the river (later termed Old Western Pomerania or \\\"Altvorpommern\\\") were taken by Prussia, who had\",\n \"title\": \"Pomerania during the Early Modern Age\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7861102\",\n \"text\": \"fell in quick succession, including Oppenheim, Kaiserslautern, Heidelberg, and the key fortress of Mainz, but instead of cowering under French aggression, the German princes united against Louis’ forces. What was supposed to be a campaign lasting only months, evolved into the Nine Years' War. By moving into the Rhineland, Louis dispelled fears in the Dutch Republic of a possible attack upon them, thus facilitating Prince William of Orange’s invasion of England in November. William’s success in the subsequent ‘Glorious Revolution’ – leading to his accession to the English throne in February 1689 (reigning jointly with his wife Mary) – enabled\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Walcourt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11575450\",\n \"text\": \"also given to \\\"Rollo Street\\\" in what was to be the British capital of Dominica at Portsmouth, and this street name still survives. Rollo Bay, Prince Edward Island is also named after him. Balfour Paul, Sir J., \\\"Scots Peerage\\\" IX vols. Edinburgh 1904. Andrew Rollo, 5th Lord Rollo Andrew Rollo, 5th Lord Rollo, (18 November 1703, Duncrub – 20 June 1765, Leicester) was a Scottish army commander in Canada and Dominica during the Seven Years' War, who led the British land forces in the capture of Dominica on 6 June 1761. Lord Rollo was the son of Robert Rollo, 4th\",\n \"title\": \"Andrew Rollo, 5th Lord Rollo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20016674\",\n \"text\": \"of Britain as the world's predominant power; it also destroyed France's land supremacy in Europe; Prussia, due to Frederick the Great's military prowess, established itself as a dominant land-power in Europe; and the Austrian Habsburgs lost permanently their territories in Silesia. This altered the European balance of power. Battles of the Seven Years' War The Seven Years' War, 1754–1763, spanned five continents, affecting Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. The conflict split Europe into two coalitions: Kingdom of Great Britain, Prussia, Portugal, Hanover, and other small German states on one side \\\"versus\\\" the Kingdom of France, Austria-led\",\n \"title\": \"Battles of the Seven Years' War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13271841\",\n \"text\": \"was fought between the forces of the two companies all through the extent of the Madras Presidency, from Vizagapatam in the Northern Circars, to Fort St. David, bordering on the Mahratta Kingdom of Tanjore. It was the same war that witnessed the famed Battle of Wandiwash, where the French forces under Count Lally were routed by the English under Sir Eyre Coote. Fort St. Dénis, at Pondicherry, the capital of French India, surrendered to the English in January, 1761. All French possessions were restituted by the provisions of the Peace of Paris of 1763, but the French were ever thereafter\",\n \"title\": \"History of Madras Presidency\"\n }\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":79079,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":79079,"string":"79,079"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Todd Morgan Beamer"],"string":"[\n \"Todd Morgan Beamer\"\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who was the man who said let's roll"},"compressed_prompt":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Question:\\nPlease write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Let's roll context: to his wife, played by Constance Bennett, to indicate they should immediately exit their friend's stuffy office and find a drink. The pair are lighthearted, youthful, irresponsible, and impossibly glamorous types, and the line delivery has a decisive insouciance about it. The protagonist of Ernest Hemingway's 1950 novel \\\"Across the River and into the Trees\\\", Colonel Dick Cantwell, based on World War II commander Charles \\\"Buck\\\" Lanham, uses the phrase to his driver. He knows he is facing imminent death, but tries to maintain decency, grace, and a sense of humor. The verb \\\"roll\\\" has been used in both the\\n\\nwho was the man who said let's roll\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 196,\n \"origin_tokens\": 196,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"579650","text":"to his wife, played by Constance Bennett, to indicate they should immediately exit their friend's stuffy office and find a drink. The pair are lighthearted, youthful, irresponsible, and impossibly glamorous types, and the line delivery has a decisive insouciance about it. The protagonist of Ernest Hemingway's 1950 novel \"Across the River and into the Trees\", Colonel Dick Cantwell, based on World War II commander Charles \"Buck\" Lanham, uses the phrase to his driver. He knows he is facing imminent death, but tries to maintain decency, grace, and a sense of humor. The verb \"roll\" has been used in both the","title":"Let's roll"},{"id":"579649","text":"Let's roll \"Let's roll\" is a colloquialism that has been used extensively as a command to move and start an activity, attack, mission or project. The phrase has been used as early as 1908 in the cadence song now called \"The Army Goes Rolling Along\", which likely extended into tank usage. \"The Roads Must Roll\", a science fiction story written in 1940 by Robert A. Heinlein, mentions a re-worded version of \"The Roll of the Caissons\" called \"Road Songs of the Transport Cadets\". The protagonist of the 1937 supernatural comedy, \"Topper\", played by Cary Grant, uses the phrase \"Let's roll\"","title":"Let's roll"},{"id":"579655","text":"no one could have been prepared. But we have our marching orders. My fellow Americans, let's roll!” He would use them again in the 2002 State of the Union address: “For too long our culture has said, ‘If it feels good, do it.’ Now America is embracing a new ethic and a new creed: ‘Let's roll.’” Let's roll \"Let's roll\" is a colloquialism that has been used extensively as a command to move and start an activity, attack, mission or project. The phrase has been used as early as 1908 in the cadence song now called \"The Army Goes Rolling","title":"Let's roll"},{"id":"579654","text":"injured. He was also on the phone when the plane made a quick and violent turn. Later, he told the operator that some of the other passengers were planning to attack the hijackers and regain control of the aircraft, after they learned about what happened at the World Trade Center and The Pentagon. According to Jefferson, Beamer's last audible words were “Are you ready? Okay. Let's roll.” In a November 8 address from the World Congress Center in Atlanta, Georgia, President George W. Bush would invoke Beamer's words: “Some of our greatest moments have been acts of courage for which","title":"Let's roll"},{"id":"3253467","text":"Michael Buffer Michael Buffer (born November 2, 1944) is an American ring announcer for boxing and professional wrestling matches. He is known for his trademarked catchphrase, \"Let's get ready to rumble!\" and for pioneering a distinct announcing style in which he rolls certain letters and adds other inflections to a fighter's name. His half-brother is UFC announcer Bruce Buffer. Buffer was born and raised in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, to an enlisted man in the United States Navy and his wife during World War II. His parents divorced when he was 11 months of age, and Buffer was then raised by foster","title":"Michael Buffer"},{"id":"579653","text":"Hence, the term and true context of the term \"let's roll\" during this time period was to initiate action from an individual to a group of friends. On September 11, 2001, Todd Beamer, a passenger on the hijacked United Airlines Flight 93, tried to place a call through an air phone, but was routed to a customer service representative instead, who passed him on to supervisor Lisa Jefferson. Beamer reported that one passenger had been killed and that a flight attendant had told him that both the pilot and co-pilot had been forced from the cockpit and may have been","title":"Let's roll"},{"id":"579652","text":"Decepticons (as well as in the 2009 feature film \"\"). It was used in the 1986 film \"Ferris Bueller's Day Off\", and the 1987 film \"Matewan\", where it was used by Baldwin–Felts agents before a violent attack on striking coal miners. The term was used at the end of the film \"Matilda\", when the title character was given up for adoption. The toys use the phrase when setting out to rescue Woody in the 1999 animated children's film \"Toy Story 2\". In the late 1990s, the term \"let's roll\" was frequently used to initiate a departure from any given place.","title":"Let's roll"},{"id":"579651","text":"film and recording industry to signal the beginning of a film or audio recording. \"Let's roll\" was commonly used in the police television series \"Adam-12\" and the original \"Dragnet\". It was used at the end of roll call at the beginning of each episode of 1980s television series \"Hill Street Blues\". It has appeared, among other places, in \"The Transformers\" animated series by Optimus Prime, before entering battle or embarking on a group journey. The exact phrase was used in Season 1, Episode 3, \"More than Meets the Eye\" (1984) in preparation for the final showdown with Megatron and the","title":"Let's roll"},{"id":"435783","text":"the recording in a closed session on April 18, 2002. Jurors for the Zacarias Moussaoui trial heard the tape as part of the proceedings and the transcript was publicly released on April 12, 2006. All passengers and crew on board Flight 93 were nominated for the Congressional Gold Medal on September 19, 2001. Congressman Bill Shuster introduced a bill to this effect in 2006, and they were granted on September 11, 2014. Beamer's final words, \"let's roll\", became a national catchphrase. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey changed the name of Newark's airport from Newark International Airport","title":"United Airlines Flight 93"},{"id":"7341260","text":"that HIV infection was the result of \"sexual promiscuity for the most part\", and that the point of the proposed legislation was \" . . . to remove the consequences of poor behavior, unacceptable behavior, quite frankly. I'm not convinced that part of the role of government should be to protect individuals from the negative consequences of their actions.\" Again in 2009, Schultheis stirred up controversy by posting to his Twitter account, \"[President Barack Obama is] flying the U.S. plane right into the ground.\" He then ended his tweet with the phrase \"Let's roll,\" the signature sign-off of Flight 93","title":"David Schultheis"},{"id":"10432993","text":"been acts of courage for which no one could have been prepared. But we have our marching orders. My fellow Americans, let's roll!\" He would use them again in the 2002 State of the Union address: \"For too long our culture has said, 'If it feels good, do it.' Now America is embracing a new ethic and a new creed: 'Let's roll.'\" Beamer's posthumous daughter, Morgan Kay, was born January 9, 2002, four months after Beamer's death. The President and First Lady Laura Bush were among those who sent letters to Morgan upon her birth. A nonprofit foundation was founded","title":"Todd Beamer"},{"id":"7053784","text":"and Pentagon; they decide to take action organizing a revolt against the hijackers. Their plan is empowered with the knowledge that passenger Don Greene has experience in flying. Learning that passenger Donald Freeman Greene had experience in flying, the group pin their hopes on his being able at least to control the plane. After passengers arm themselves, pray, and make final phone calls to loved ones, Todd Beamer says, \"Let's Roll!\". They start their counter-attack, running down the aisle with a food cart. Jarrah shakes the plane violently to throw the passengers off balance, but nonetheless they continue their assault,","title":"Flight 93 (film)"},{"id":"6916674","text":"would be fully rebuilt, while only the building shell would be rebuilt for Wedge 2. A full build-out for the Wedge 2 space would be completed at a later time. The phrase \"Let's roll\", as spoken by Todd Beamer on United Airlines Flight 93, was adopted as the project's slogan, and displayed prominently on the building's exterior during the reconstruction work. A clock counting down the time until 9:37 AM on September 11, 2002 was located on site as well. The Remote Delivery Facility (RDF) is a new shipping and receiving facility adjoining the Pentagon. The RDF significantly improves the","title":"Pentagon Renovation Program"},{"id":"424601","text":"introduced by President George W. Bush at a commemoration ceremony. Shortly after the attacks, she set up the Todd M. Beamer Memorial Foundation, which was initially run by a family friend. The organization sought to trademark the phrase \"Let's Roll,\" which was the subject of some criticism after some accused her of seeking to profit from her husband's death. In 2003, Beamer and co-author Ken Abraham wrote a book about Todd and her attempts to deal with her grief over his death, \"Let's Roll!: Ordinary People, Extraordinary Courage\", about Todd and Beamer's life before the crash and her life since.","title":"Lisa Beamer"},{"id":"4905443","text":"of the hiatus including the remix of \"Atmosphere\" on TobyMac's 2004 album \"Welcome to Diverse City\" and a cover of the Prince song \"The Cross\" on Kevin Max's 2007 album \"The Blood\". The band also recorded a song entitled \"Let's Roll\" following the September 11, 2001 attacks. After DC Talk's hiatus was announced, Tait dedicated more time to his band Tait (which he named after his father, Nathel). Tait had partially formed this band around 1997. One of the original members was guitarist Pete Stewart (from the hard rock band Grammatrain), who is featured on the first album, but absent","title":"Michael Tait"},{"id":"12249147","text":"by Tom Petty, resulting in the line \"Let's roll another tnioj\". Artists who have been accused of backmasking include Led Zeppelin, The Beatles, Pink Floyd, Electric Light Orchestra, Queen, Styx, Judas Priest, The Eagles, The Rolling Stones, Jefferson Starship, AC/DC, Black Oak Arkansas, Rush, Britney Spears, and Eminem. Electric Light Orchestra was accused of hiding a backward Satanic message in their 1974 album \"Eldorado\". The title track, \"Eldorado\", was said to contain the message \"He is the nasty one / Christ, you're infernal / It is said we're dead men / Everyone who has the mark will live.\" ELO singer","title":"Backmasking"},{"id":"6844701","text":"and the grounding of all commercial flights until further notice. Aboard United 93, the passengers become aware of the dead bodies of the crew-members, and learn from family members via airphone of the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon; they decide to take action, organizing a revolt against the hijackers. Their plan is empowered by the knowledge that passenger Don Greene has experience in flying aircraft. After passengers arm themselves, pray, and make final phone calls to loved ones, Todd Beamer says \"Let's Roll!\" The group begin their counterattack, rushing down the aisle and overpowering Ahmed al-Haznawi;","title":"United 93 (film)"},{"id":"10432994","text":"in October 2001 to counsel traumatized children of 9/11 victims and survivors. Beamer's best friend, Doug Macmillan, quit his job to become the administrator of the Foundation. In 2002, Beamer's widow, Lisa, wrote a book with coauthor Ken Abraham, \"Let's Roll! Ordinary People, Extraordinary Courage\". In 2002, the passengers of Flight 93, including Beamer, were posthumously awarded the Arthur Ashe Courage Award. The Cranbury, New Jersey post office was dedicated to Beamer on May 4, 2002, as a result of an Act of Congress authored by Congressman Rush D. Holt, Jr.. The bill was signed into law by President George","title":"Todd Beamer"},{"id":"3027358","text":"(one of the flights hijacked on September 11, 2001), who was one of the participants in an attempt to storm the cockpit and wrest control of the airplane from the hijackers. He would use the words again in the 2002 State of the Union address: \"For too long our culture has said, 'If it feels good, do it.' Now America is embracing a new ethic and a new creed: 'Let's roll.'\" The center also hosted the 2009 Soul Train Music Awards, the first held outside of the Los Angeles area. On March 14, 2008, a tornado struck Atlanta, including the","title":"Georgia World Congress Center"},{"id":"6508745","text":"pianist Sunnyland Slim, the guitarist Leroy Foster, and the drummer Alfred Wallace. During the 1950s Lenoir recorded for various record labels in the Chicago area, including J.O.B., Chess, Parrot, and Checker. His more successful songs included \"Let's Roll\", \"The Mojo\" (featuring saxophonist J. T. Brown) and the controversial \"Eisenhower Blues\", which Parrot Records forced him to re-record as \"Tax Paying Blues.\" Lenoir was known in the 1950s for his showmanship, particularly his zebra-patterned costumes, and his high-pitched vocals. He became an influential electric guitarist and songwriter, and his penchant for social commentary distinguished him from many other bluesmen of the","title":"J. B. Lenoir"},{"id":"1992224","text":"300, he finished sixth in the final points standings. During 2001, Labonte won the IROC XXV title, becoming the 13th consecutive NASCAR driver to win the IROC championship. In 2002, Labonte only had one win, which was at Martinsville in the spring. He also drove a 9/11 Tribute car in 2002 with the phrase \"Let's Roll\" on the hood. It was his first career short track win at Martinsville. He went on to finish 16th in the final points standings, and failed to finish in the Top 10 for the first time since 1996, while his teammate Stewart went on","title":"Bobby Labonte"},{"id":"10432997","text":"opened to family members of the victims on September 10, 2015. On September 10, 2013, Wheaton Academy honored Beamer by unveiling a plaque dedicated to him on the grounds of the Academy, next to a plaque of a former student who was killed in Afghanistan. Alpha Company of the 1-148 Infantry RGT, Ohio Army National Guard, adopted the motto \"Let's Roll\" to honor Beamer. The company deployed to northern Afghanistan in 2012 for 9 months. Beamer was portrayed by David Alan Basche in the film \"United 93\". Beamer was portrayed by Brennan Elliott in the TV movie \"Flight 93\" Todd","title":"Todd Beamer"},{"id":"16641667","text":"Central 3, which was released on 2012. The song appeared on The CW TV Now promo. The song samples a portion of Freddie King's version of the Earl King song \"Come On (Let the Good Time Roll)\" (1974). The chorus is derived in part from Earl King's original, which Jimi Hendrix famously covered. Hendrix is referenced in the lyrics. A music video for the song was released on November 26, 2012 directed by Jessy Terrero. Let It Roll (Flo Rida song) \"Let It Roll\" is a song by American rapper Flo Rida from his fourth studio album, \"Wild Ones\". The","title":"Let It Roll (Flo Rida song)"},{"id":"4917154","text":"by 3.2 million households when it was first broadcast, making it the highest rated cable program the week it aired. The episode marked the first appearance of Satan, who would become a recurring \"South Park\" character, as well as the character of Damien himself, who was inspired by the antagonist of the 1976 horror film \"The Omen\". Parker and Stone also said the episode introduced several key characteristics of the Cartman character that have endured throughout the rest of the series. Michael Buffer, the boxing ring announcer best known for the catchphrase \"Let's get ready to rumble!\", makes a guest","title":"Damien (South Park)"},{"id":"10754501","text":"Miller Band (\"Bingo!\", 2010). Diesel recorded a version for his EP \"7 Axes\" (2011). In 2013, Flo Rida included a part of the chorus, credited, in \"Let it Roll\", which also sampled Freddie King's 1974 recording. Come On (Earl King song) \"Come On\" (often called \"Let the Good Times Roll\") is a song written by New Orleans rhythm and blues artist Earl King. He first recorded the song as \"Darling Honey Angel Child\" in 1960 for the Ace Records subsidiary Rex. Later that year, he recorded it as a two-part song for Imperial Records using some new lyrics. Retitled \"Come","title":"Come On (Earl King song)"},{"id":"12667732","text":"Let the Good Times Roll (Louis Jordan song) \"Let the Good Times Roll\" is a jump blues song recorded in 1946 by Louis Jordan and his Tympany Five. A mid-tempo twelve-bar blues, the song became a blues standard and one of Jordan's best-known songs. \"Let the Good Times Roll\" is \"Louis Jordan's buoyant invitation to party\": The song was written by Sam Theard, a New Orleans-born blues singer and songwriter, and was co-credited to Fleecie Moore, Jordan's wife, who never wrote a lyric in her life (however, her name was sometimes substituted for Jordan's to get around an inconvenient publishing","title":"Let the Good Times Roll (Louis Jordan song)"},{"id":"4917163","text":"school in the last three weeks of the school year. Parker said, \"It was brutal ... Everybody already had their little groups and the year was almost over, so I wasn't going to fit into any of them, and I just wanted to destroy and kill, which was the inspiration for this show.\" Michael Buffer, the boxing ring announcer best known for his catchphrase, \"Let's get ready to rumble!\", made a guest appearance as himself in \"Damien\". Parker and Stone originally planned to use the catchphrase without Buffer, but when they learned that Buffer had legally trademarked the phrase, they","title":"Damien (South Park)"},{"id":"3253469","text":"1984, Buffer developed the catchphrase \"Let's get ready to rumble\" in his announcing, which gained enormous popularity. He began the process of obtaining a federal trademark for the phrase in the 1980s, acquiring it in 1992. Consequently, Buffer has earned in excess of $400 million with the license for his trademark. By the late 1980s, Buffer was the exclusive ring announcer for all bouts in Donald Trump-owned casinos. Trump said of Buffer, \"He's great, he's the choice, he has a unique ability...I told my people, 'We got to have him.'\" Buffer's work was also admired by many boxing greats. Sugar","title":"Michael Buffer"},{"id":"16157703","text":"Let's Chill \"Let's Chill\" is a song released by American R&B band Guy from the album \"The Future\". Co-written by band members Bernard Belle and Teddy Riley, it was released as the second single from the album on February 18, 1991. It reached #41 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100, #10 on the Hot Dance Singles Sales chart and #3 on the R&B/Hip-hop singles chart; it was the highest-charting single by Guy on the Hot 100 at the time, not to be beat until 1999's \"Dancin'\". It has since been covered by Keith Sweat and Charlie Wilson (for his 2005","title":"Let's Chill"},{"id":"14524459","text":"music video for the song \"No Hands\" which was supposed to be included in \"Radioactive\", but was later scrapped. On August 8, 2011, Yelawolf released the first official single from his album, titled \"Hard White (Up in the Club)\", which features guest vocals from a southern hip hop producer Lil Jon. The album's release date was moved down to October 2011, and later had a final release date to November 21, 2011. On October 30, 2011, Yelawolf released the second single off \"Radioactive\", titled \"Let's Roll\", featuring guest vocals from Kid Rock. Anticipation for the album increased when hip hop","title":"Yelawolf"},{"id":"3956513","text":"Kal Mann Kal Mann (born Kalman Cohen, May 6, 1917 – November 28, 2001) was an American lyricist. He is best known for penning the words to Elvis Presley's \"Teddy Bear\", plus \"Butterfly\", a hit for both Charlie Gracie and Andy Williams, and \"Let's Twist Again\", sung by Chubby Checker, which won the 1962 Grammy Award for Best Rock & Roll Recording. Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Mann began his career in entertainment as a comedy writer for Danny Thomas and Red Buttons, until his friend and songwriter, Bernie Lowe, encouraged him to try writing lyrics for the music industry. Mann","title":"Kal Mann"},{"id":"12667736","text":"Lynda Carter covered this song in her 2011 album \"Crazy Little Things\". Let the Good Times Roll (Louis Jordan song) \"Let the Good Times Roll\" is a jump blues song recorded in 1946 by Louis Jordan and his Tympany Five. A mid-tempo twelve-bar blues, the song became a blues standard and one of Jordan's best-known songs. \"Let the Good Times Roll\" is \"Louis Jordan's buoyant invitation to party\": The song was written by Sam Theard, a New Orleans-born blues singer and songwriter, and was co-credited to Fleecie Moore, Jordan's wife, who never wrote a lyric in her life (however, her","title":"Let the Good Times Roll (Louis Jordan song)"},{"id":"4166669","text":"Chet Powers Chester William \"Chet\" Powers, Jr. (October 7, 1937 – November 16, 1994) was an American singer-songwriter, and the lead singer of the rock group Quicksilver Messenger Service. He was also known by the stage name Dino Valenti (alternatively rendered as Dino Valente) and, as a songwriter, as Jesse Oris Farrow. He is best known for writing the quintessential 1960s love-and-peace anthem \"Let's Get Together.\" Before serving in the United States Air Force and playing in the coffeehouses of Boston and Provincetown, Massachusetts, Powers had already performed as \"Dino Valenti\" with small rock bands in New England lounges. In","title":"Chet Powers"},{"id":"435765","text":"love them.\" After this, Jefferson heard muffled voices and Beamer answering, \"Are you ready? Okay. Let's roll.\" These were Beamer's last words to Jefferson. During the hijacking, Flight 93 passed within (instead of the normal ) of a NASA KC-135 returning from a microgravity flight over Lake Ontario. NASA pilot Dominic Del Rosso recalled how odd the silence on the radio was that morning. The passenger revolt on Flight 93 began at 09:57, after the passengers voted on whether to act. By this time, Flight 77 had struck the Pentagon and Flights 11 and 175 had struck the World Trade","title":"United Airlines Flight 93"},{"id":"9729921","text":"Hal Hackady Harold Clayton MacHackady (February 10, 1922 – October 12, 2015), best known as Hal Hackady, and sometimes credited as Hal Hackaday, was an American lyricist, librettist and screenwriter. He was born in Middletown, Connecticut in 1922. He studied at Wesleyan University, before starting work in New York City in the 1950s. He began his career writing teleplays for early anthology series \"General Electric Theater\" and \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\". He graduated to feature films as the screenwriter of B-movies capitalizing on the rock and roll craze, including \"Let's Rock\", \"Senior Prom\" (both with music by Don Gohman), and \"Hey,","title":"Hal Hackady"},{"id":"17277216","text":"Theater in Harlem during the 1930s and 1940s, and also recorded under that name in 1941. Another well-known song, co-written with Louis Jordan, but credited to his wife, Fleecie Moore, was \"Let the Good Times Roll\", written in 1942, which became a hit a few years later when Louis Jordan and his Tympany Five recorded it in 1946, one of many Theard compositions recorded by Jordan. Theard would later appear in Jordan's film Caldonia. With Rudy Toombs he co-wrote \"Hard Ridin' Mama\", which was recorded by Wynonie Harris in 1947. He also sang on records recorded by Tiny Parham and","title":"Sam Theard"},{"id":"10606234","text":"recreational vehicle, often staying at campsites. His campaign slogan is \"Laissez les bons temps rouler, et laissez faire!\" Translated, this means \"Let the good times roll, and hands off.\" Campaign events include booths at several Louisiana festivals and appearances on local television and radio programs. T. Lee Horne III T. Lee Horne III (born c. 1950) ran as the Libertarian candidate in the 2007 Louisiana gubernatorial race and was the chair of the Libertarian Party of Louisiana. Horne was born in Athens, Georgia on December 21, 1950. He was raised in Franklin, Louisiana. His parents were Thomas L. Horne Jr.","title":"T. Lee Horne III"},{"id":"6400287","text":"which also issued \"Delbert McClinton Live\" in 2003, a compilation album of songs from his career. In 2006, he won a Grammy Award for his album \"The Cost of Living\" in the category Best Contemporary Blues Album. Etta James included two McClinton songs on her 2003 album, \"Let's Roll\". McClinton was a judge for the fourth annual Independent Music Awards, presented to independent artists to support their careers. He is featured in the documentary film \"\", by the filmmaker Jay Curlee. He performed on the Frankie Miller album \"Double Take\", released in 2016; his voice is merged with Miller's in","title":"Delbert McClinton"},{"id":"10921789","text":"company with Armstead. He then signed with Atlantic Records subsidiary, Cotillion Records, which released five singles from Garland, but only one proved a real success, \"Plain and Simple Girl\". Produced and arranged by Donny Hathaway, this reached the R&B Top 20. Moving on to Spring Records in 1973, Green recorded five more singles, some of which charted modestly, notably \"Let the Good Times Roll\" (not the Shirley and Lee song) and \"Bumpin' and Stompin'.\" His recording for the label, \"Just What The Doctor Ordered\", remained unissued until 1990, when it was included on a compilation album of his Spring singles","title":"Garland Green"},{"id":"17941812","text":"entitled \"Someone\". In early December 2013, Moran released another single, entitled \"The Dark Side\" with much success and entered the \"Billboard\" Dance/Electronic Digital Songs chart at #25. In June 2014, Moran released a single titled \"Echo\" and later another 3 singles titled \"XIAT\" (pronounced \"anxiety\"), \"Now or Never,\" and \"Slay\" from his EP titled \"XIAT\". On December 9, Moran released his debut EP \"XIAT\" charting at number 1 on US Heat. In June 2015, Moran released his single \"I Wanna Fly.\" On November 23, 2015, Moran released a music video for \"Let's Roll,\" where he features his friend and fellow","title":"Trevor Moran"},{"id":"12824726","text":"ranks of the American political system. For me he not only was a teacher and a mentor but remained a steadfast friend and a constant source of inspiration. Louis was always immensely generous with his time, and I - like so many others - knew that I could call him anytime and hear that familiar greeting, 'What's up?' by which he meant 'fill me in and let's see what needs to be done'.\" Louis E. Martin Louis Emanuel Martin Jr. (November 18, 1912 – January 6, 1997) was an American journalist, newspaper publisher, civil rights activist and advisor to three","title":"Louis E. Martin"},{"id":"1401405","text":"Rodney Dangerfield Jack Roy (born Jacob Rodney Cohen, November 22, 1921 – October 5, 2004), popularly known by the stage name Rodney Dangerfield, was an American stand-up comedian, actor, voice artist, filmmaker, musician and author known for his self-deprecating one-liners humor, his catchphrase \"I don't get no respect!\" and his monologues on that theme. He began his career working as a stand-up comic in the Borscht Belt resorts of the Catskill Mountains north of New York City. His act grew in notoriety as he became a mainstay on late-night talk shows throughout the 1960s and 1970s, eventually developing into a","title":"Rodney Dangerfield"},{"id":"3675739","text":"the early 19th century, contains the lines \"Oh do, my Johnny Bowker/ Come rock and roll me over\". The hymn \"Rocked in the Cradle of the Deep\", with words written in the 1830s by Emma Willard and tune by Joseph Philip Knight, was recorded several times around the start of the 20th century by the Original Bison City Quartet before 1894, the Standard Quartette in 1895, John W. Myers at about the same time, and Gus Reed in 1908. By that time, the specific phrase \"rocking and rolling\" was also used by African Americans in spirituals with a religious connotation.","title":"Origins of rock and roll"},{"id":"8314985","text":"Bill Miner Ezra Allen Miner (c.1847 – September 2, 1913), more popularly known as Bill Miner, was a noted American bandito, originally from Bowling Green, Kentucky, who served several prison terms for stagecoach robbery. Known for his unusual politeness while committing robberies, he was widely nicknamed the Grey Fox, Gentleman Robber or the Gentleman Bandit. He is reputed to have been the originator of the phrase \"Hands up!\" an original song titled \"The Ballad of Bill Miner\" was written by singer/songwriter Phillip Mills (Eugene Quinn) and recorded by the San Francisco bay area band \"The Blackout Cowboys\". Legend has it","title":"Bill Miner"},{"id":"20798460","text":"Kevin Bowe Kevin Bowe is a songwriter, record producer and musician from Minneapolis. He is most well known for his work with prominent rock and blues artists including Paul Westerberg and the Replacements, writing songs for hit albums by Jonny Lang and Kenny Wayne Shepherd, as well as Etta James' Grammy-winning \"Let's Roll\". He has contributed to dozens of albums over his career, including several of his own as a bandleader, and has appeared on many film and television soundtracks including ESPN and \"The Sopranos\". His songs have been covered by many prominent rock and blues artists, including Joe Cocker,","title":"Kevin Bowe"},{"id":"5155309","text":"Warner Wolf Warner William Wolf (born November 11, 1937) is an American television and radio sports broadcaster, perhaps best known as a local news sports anchor in Washington, D.C. and New York City, and for his catchphrase \"Let's go to the videotape!\" Wolf was born in Washington, D.C., the son of Rosemary and Jack Wolf. His father, an actor and comedian who briefly worked as a member of Ted Healy's \"stooge\" act, was born Jewish and his mother converted to Judaism. His earliest experience in broadcasting was on the intercom system of Calvin Coolidge High School in Washington, D.C. in","title":"Warner Wolf"},{"id":"2966519","text":"Benjamin Orr Benjamin Orzechowski (September 8, 1947 – October 3, 2000), known professionally as Benjamin Orr, was an American musician best known as a singer, bassist and co-founder of the rock band the Cars. He sang lead vocals on several of their best known songs, including \"Just What I Needed\", \"Let's Go\" and \"Drive\". He also scored a moderate solo hit with \"Stay the Night.\" Orr was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Cars in 2018. Benjamin Orr was born in Lakewood, Ohio to parents of Polish, Russian, Czechoslovakian and German","title":"Benjamin Orr"},{"id":"9090754","text":"Let Me Roll It \"Let Me Roll It\" is a song by Wings released on the 1973 album \"Band on the Run\". The song was also released as the B-side to \"Jet\" in early 1974, and has remained a staple of McCartney's live concerts since it was first released. Some critics, such as \"Rolling Stone\"s Jon Landau, saw the song as a pastiche of John Lennon's sound, particularly the riff and the use of tape echo on the vocals. McCartney, however, didn't intend the song to be a pastiche of Lennon. He did say the vocal \"does sound like John.","title":"Let Me Roll It"},{"id":"16641666","text":"Let It Roll (Flo Rida song) \"Let It Roll\" is a song by American rapper Flo Rida from his fourth studio album, \"Wild Ones\". The song was written by Earl King, Mike Caren, soFLY & Nius, Flo Rida, Axwell, Breyan Isaac, Antonio \"Jovii Hendrix\" Mobley and produced by soFLY & Nius and Axwell. Part two of the song features American rapper Lil Wayne and is featured on the soundtrack of the football video game \"FIFA 13\". It was also performed on the 2012 edition of the WWE Tribute to the Troops event. Part one also appears as DLC in Dance","title":"Let It Roll (Flo Rida song)"},{"id":"6255678","text":"Let Me Ride \"Let Me Ride\" is a 1993 single by rapper and producer Dr. Dre, and the third single from his debut studio album, \"The Chronic\". It experienced moderate success on the charts, until it became a massive hit when Dre won a Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance for the song during the Grammy Awards of 1994. The chorus is sung by Ruben and Jewell, and Snoop Dogg (then known as Snoop Doggy Dogg) raps the line \"Rollin' in my 6-4\" and appears in some background vocals. Dr. Dre's lyrics were ghostwritten by RBX; they had originally","title":"Let Me Ride"},{"id":"3253478","text":"of his famous phrase - \"Let's get ready to bundle!\" He was also the announcer for the YouTube Boxing match between KSI vs Logan Paul on August 25, 2018. Buffer reproduced as an action figure in both Toy Biz's WCW line and Jakks Pacific's Rocky line. Buffer began using the phrase \"Let's get ready to rumble!\" in 1984. By 1992, he acquired a federal trademark for the phrase. Buffer uses his famous phrase in various licensing deals including the platinum selling album \"Jock Jams\" by Tommy Boy Records, the video games \"Ready 2 Rumble Boxing\", \"\" for the PlayStation 2,","title":"Michael Buffer"},{"id":"10873261","text":"Let's Groove \"Let's Groove\" is a song by the American band Earth, Wind & Fire from their eleventh studio album \"Raise!\" (1981). Written by Maurice White and Wayne Vaughn, the song was chosen as the lead single from the album. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, disco music was undergoing a severe backlash. In spite of this, the band decided to revive the disco sound that was later included on their previous works and records. Musically, \"Let's Groove\" is a post-disco, pop and funk song which includes instrumentation of synthesizers and keyboards along with live electric guitars. \"Let's Groove\"","title":"Let's Groove"},{"id":"2129312","text":"Johnnie Ray John Alvin Ray (January 10, 1927 – February 24, 1990) was an American singer, songwriter, and pianist. Highly popular for most of the 1950s, Ray has been cited by critics as a major precursor to what would become rock and roll, for his jazz and blues-influenced music and his animated stage personality. Tony Bennett called Ray the \"father of rock and roll,\" and historians have noted him as a pioneering figure in the development of the genre. Raised in Oregon, Ray, who was partially deaf, began singing professionally at age fifteen on Portland radio stations. He would later","title":"Johnnie Ray"},{"id":"17921745","text":"Roll, Jordan, Roll \"Roll, Jordan, Roll\" (Roud 6697), also \"Roll, Jordan\", is a spiritual written by Charles Wesley in the 18th century which became well-known among slaves in the United States during the 19th century. Appropriated as a coded message for escape, by the end of the American Civil War it had become known through much of the eastern United States. In the 18th century, it helped inspire blues, and it remains a staple in gospel music. The tune known as \"Roll, Jordan, Roll\" was written by the English Methodist preacher Charles Wesley in the 18th century. It was introduced","title":"Roll, Jordan, Roll"},{"id":"15988291","text":"Banks played on Lee \"Shot\" Williams's album \"Let the Good Times Roll\" in 2002 and on Tyrone Davis's album \"Come to Daddy\" in 2003. In 2007, Banks underwent surgery for a faulty heart valve. He died in Chicago in December 2008. Chico Banks Chico Banks (March 7, 1962 – December 3, 2008) was an American Chicago blues guitarist and singer. He released one album, in 1997 on Evidence Music, and played with many blues musicians from his late teens until his death at the age of 46. He is best known for his tracks \"Your Fine\" and \"Candy Lickin' Man\".","title":"Chico Banks"},{"id":"1446159","text":"civil rights pioneer Martin Luther King Jr., and Beatles musician John Lennon. He was also known for his extensive coverage of the U.S. space program, from Project Mercury to the Moon landings to the Space Shuttle. He was the only non-NASA recipient of an Ambassador of Exploration award. Cronkite is well known for his departing catchphrase, \"And that's the way it is,\" followed by the date of the broadcast. Cronkite was born on November 4, 1916, in Saint Joseph, Missouri, the son of Helen Lena (née Fritsche) and Dr. Walter Leland Cronkite, a dentist. Cronkite lived in Kansas City, Missouri,","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"3819872","text":"Will Jordan Will Jordan (born Wilbur Rauch, July 27, 1927 – September 6, 2018) was an American character actor and stand-up comedian best known for his resemblance—and ability to do uncanny impressions of—television host and newspaper columnist Ed Sullivan. Jordan was a friend of and early influence on comedian Lenny Bruce. Born in the Bronx, Rauch grew up in Flushing, Queens. His father was a pharmacist and his mother owned a hat store. Jordan graduated from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in Manhattan. Sullivan had almost no mannerisms, which made him hard to impersonate. According to Jordan, he invented","title":"Will Jordan"},{"id":"5468344","text":"The lead singer Shirley Goodman, was one half of the duo Shirley and Lee who had a mega hit 18 years earlier, in 1956, writing and recording the song \"Let The Good Times Roll\" for Aladdin Records. Jesus Alvarez changed his name to Jason Alvarez and became a pastor for the Love of Jesus Family Church. He recorded several gospel albums. 1974 \"Shame, Shame, Shame\" (Austria #1 / Belgium #1 / Germany #1 / Netherlands #1 / Norway #9 / Switzerland #2 / US #12 / US Dance #1 / US R'n'B #1)
1975 More Shame
1975 I Like to","title":"Shirley & Company"},{"id":"14845242","text":"Bon Ton Roula \"Bon Ton Roula\" (alternatively \"Bon Ton Roulet\") is a zydeco-influenced blues song first recorded by Clarence Garlow in 1949. The following year, it became a hit, reaching number seven in \"Billboard\" magazine's Rhythm & Blues chart and introduced the style to a national audience. \"Bon ton roula\" (pronounced \"bahn tahn roolay\") is a phonetical approximation of \"bons temps rouler\", Louisiana Creole French for \"good times roll\" as in \"Laissez les bons temps rouler\" or \"Let the good times roll\", a regional invitation to join in a festive celebration. A song with a similar theme, \"Let the Good","title":"Bon Ton Roula"},{"id":"13106720","text":"on behalf of 16 Mexican plaintiffs charged that the plaintiffs were assaulted, threatened, and held at gunpoint by Barnett and members of his family. After Roll's ruling and prompted by several talk-radio programs, he was the subject of hundreds of complaining phone calls and death threats and he and his family were under the protection of the U.S. Marshals Service for a month. Roll declined to press charges when some of those who made threats were identified. Roll was shot on January 8, 2011, outside a Safeway supermarket in Casas Adobes, Arizona, when Jared Lee Loughner opened fire at a","title":"John Roll"},{"id":"3253472","text":"Event, for the first time in more than six years, Buffer returned to pro-wrestling ring announcing duties at Madison Square Garden in a boxing match between pro boxer Evander Holyfield (who was substituting for Montel Vontavious Porter) and pro wrestler Matt Hardy. Buffer appears in the Royal Rumble 2008 commercial, in which he begins to say \"Let's get ready to rumble!\" only to be superkicked by Shawn Michaels, causing him to fall over. As well as being in the commercial for the event, he was the guest ring announcer during the Royal Rumble match itself. During his career, Buffer has","title":"Michael Buffer"},{"id":"14018021","text":"hit on the country charts in the United States. That's How Country Boys Roll \"That's How Country Boys Roll\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Billy Currington. It was released in September 2009 as the third single from his 2008 album \"Little Bit of Everything\". The song became Currington's fourth number one hit on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart for the week of October 10, 2009.. Currington wrote this song with Dallas Davidson and Brett Jones. The song is an up-tempo tune, in which the narrator lists off various traits of a \"country","title":"That's How Country Boys Roll"},{"id":"14845245","text":"different \"Bon Ton Roulet\" was recorded in 1967 by Clifton Chenier that has inspired several subsequent versions. Bon Ton Roula \"Bon Ton Roula\" (alternatively \"Bon Ton Roulet\") is a zydeco-influenced blues song first recorded by Clarence Garlow in 1949. The following year, it became a hit, reaching number seven in \"Billboard\" magazine's Rhythm & Blues chart and introduced the style to a national audience. \"Bon ton roula\" (pronounced \"bahn tahn roolay\") is a phonetical approximation of \"bons temps rouler\", Louisiana Creole French for \"good times roll\" as in \"Laissez les bons temps rouler\" or \"Let the good times roll\", a","title":"Bon Ton Roula"},{"id":"6620355","text":"Kreegah bundolo Kreegah bundolo is a phrase that Tarzan—and the tribe of apes that raised him—cry out to warn of danger, for example, \"Kreegah bundolo! White men come with hunt sticks. Kill!\" According to the fictional ape language worked out by Tarzan creator Edgar Rice Burroughs, the literal translation of the phrase would be \"Beware, (I) kill!\" \"Kreegah Bundola\" is one of a few names for the Frank Zappa song whose most popular title seems to be \"Let's Move to Cleveland\". It is also utilized in Bruce Coville's \"Allbright\" series as Grakker's \"violence\" module boot-up sound byte. It was uttered","title":"Kreegah bundolo"},{"id":"893495","text":"and live album \"Road Rock Vol. 1\" were released in 2000 and were both accompanied by live concert films. His 2001 single \"Let's Roll\" was a tribute to the victims of the September 11 attacks, and the effective action taken by the passengers and crew on Flight 93 in particular. At the \"\" benefit concert for the victims of the attacks, Young performed John Lennon's \"Imagine\" and accompanied Eddie Vedder and Mike McCready on \"Long Road\", a Pearl Jam song that was written with Young during the \"Mirrorball\" sessions. \"Let's Roll\" was included on 2002's \"Are You Passionate?\", an album","title":"Neil Young"},{"id":"10873269","text":"\"Asia's Got Talent\" released the behind the scenes video of the recording. Let's Groove \"Let's Groove\" is a song by the American band Earth, Wind & Fire from their eleventh studio album \"Raise!\" (1981). Written by Maurice White and Wayne Vaughn, the song was chosen as the lead single from the album. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, disco music was undergoing a severe backlash. In spite of this, the band decided to revive the disco sound that was later included on their previous works and records. Musically, \"Let's Groove\" is a post-disco, pop and funk song which includes","title":"Let's Groove"},{"id":"6255684","text":"a car with Dre in the back and \"bitches screaming, 'Let me ride!'\" Let Me Ride \"Let Me Ride\" is a 1993 single by rapper and producer Dr. Dre, and the third single from his debut studio album, \"The Chronic\". It experienced moderate success on the charts, until it became a massive hit when Dre won a Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance for the song during the Grammy Awards of 1994. The chorus is sung by Ruben and Jewell, and Snoop Dogg (then known as Snoop Doggy Dogg) raps the line \"Rollin' in my 6-4\" and appears in","title":"Let Me Ride"},{"id":"8718416","text":"Pulitzer Prize \"for the most distinguished and meritorious public service rendered by an American newspaper during the year.\" On September 4, 1957, while covering the attempt at desegregation at Little Rock Central High School, Fine famously sat down beside a lonely and scared Elizabeth Eckford and sympathetically said \"don't let them see you cry.\" Fine was one of two whites at the scene that day who is said to have helped Eckford in some way. The other was Grace Lorch, the wife of a professor who helped her get on board a bus and get away. During his tenure as","title":"Benjamin Fine"},{"id":"9090755","text":"... I hadn't realised I'd sung it like John.\" The song's title was inspired by a quote from George Harrison's \"I'd Have You Anytime\", the opening track from his critically acclaimed \"All Things Must Pass\". \"Let Me Roll It\" was performed regularly by Wings' during their Over the World tour. McCartney performed the song again during his New World Tour, and it has been a part of every tour since. He has also included live versions of the song on several live albums, including \"Wings over America\", \"Paul Is Live\", \"Back in the U.S.\" (and \"Back in the World\"), and","title":"Let Me Roll It"},{"id":"13525926","text":"Edmund Dick Taylor Colonel Edmund Dick Taylor (October 18, 1804 - December 4, 1891) was an American businessman, politician, and soldier from Illinois. He is remembered as the first person to suggest that the United States should issue paper currency (\"greenbacks\") during the American Civil War. He was born Edmund Richard Taylor in Lunenburg County, Virginia, son of Giles Y Taylor (1766–1830) and Francine \"Sina\" Stokes. In later years, he preferred to use his middle name rather than his first name, and used in its short form. Thus he became known as \"Dick\" Taylor, and his middle initial was written","title":"Edmund Dick Taylor"},{"id":"1540965","text":"of the U2 song \"40\" performed by all three members. The EP reached No. 142 on the \"Billboard\" 200 and won dc Talk their fourth Grammy award. In September 2002, DC Talk recorded and released a single about the September 11, 2001 attacks titled \"Let's Roll\". A 10th Anniversary Edition of \"Free at Last\", which includes all of the songs from the original album (including interludes), a 2002 remake of \"The Hardway\", as well as a commentary at the end was released. The Special Edition releases also include the DVD of their \"\" documentary, as well as the music videos","title":"DC Talk"},{"id":"5957490","text":"Let's Dance (Five song) \"Let's Dance\" is the first single from English boy band Five's third and final studio album, \"Kingsize\". Released on 13 August 2001, the song was written by Richard Stannard, Julian Gallagher, Martin Harrington, Abs Breen, Jason \"J\" Brown and Sean Conlon, and produced by Stannard and Rowe. The song charted at number one on the UK Singles Chart, and became Five's third and final number-one single. The song peaked at number two in the Irish Singles Chart. The single was certified Silver in the UK. The official music video was directed by Max and Dania. It","title":"Let's Dance (Five song)"},{"id":"4800341","text":"Alfred Moore Waddell Alfred Moore Waddell (September 16, 1834 – March 17, 1912) was a Democratic U.S. Congressman from North Carolina between 1871 and 1879 and, after leading the only successful coup d'état on U.S. soil, became mayor of Wilmington, North Carolina, following the coordinated overthrow of the city's government. An avowed white supremacist, he is also credited with popularizing the term \"race riot.\" Waddell was born in Hillsboro, North Carolina, to Hugh Waddell, a prominent lawyer, and Susan Moore. Waddell also wedded a third time, marrying Gabrielle de Rosset, in 1896. He was the great-great-great-grandson of General Hugh Waddell,","title":"Alfred Moore Waddell"},{"id":"19162774","text":"of ridicule, exhibited by the opening vignette \"Blame It On Chachi\" in which the homophobic epithet \"faggot\" is hurled at Edgar from an unspecified narrator. Edgar's flamboyant demeanor and love for pop culture helps guide the plot of the vignettes. His story most evidently reflects the rupture of childhood innocence as he explicitly describes his sexy escapades with Mr. Campos, the school janitor. Florante Sanchez: A recent immigrant from the Philippines who attends school with Edgar, Katrina, Vicente and the other children. He comes from a family of writers and has a talent with the English language which sets him","title":"Rolling the R's"},{"id":"12649458","text":"him), Hirschfield resigned or was fired in 1920. He started Mells Candy, which went bankrupt, and as a result he committed suicide on January 14, 1922 in his room at the Monterey Hotel in Manhattan, leaving a note saying that he was \"sorry, but could not help it\". Hirschfield never ran a candy shop in Brooklyn. Hirschfield named the candy after his daughter Clara, whose nickname was \"Tootsie\". In 1935, the company was in serious difficulty. Tootsie Roll's principal supplier of paper boxes, Joseph Rubin & Sons of Brooklyn, concerned about the possible loss of an important customer, decided to","title":"Tootsie Roll"},{"id":"1843987","text":"Jim Crow in Military Service, later renamed the League for Non-Violent Civil Disobedience. On July 26, 1948, President Harry S. Truman abolished racial segregation in the armed forces through Executive Order 9981. Randolph was the nominal leader of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, which was organized by Bayard Rustin and his younger associates. At this march, Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his \"I Have a Dream\" speech. Soon afterwards, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed. Bayard Rustin was National Chairman of SDUSA and also was President of the A. Philip Randolph Institute. Rustin had had","title":"Social Democrats, USA"},{"id":"15677747","text":"\"Hard White (Up in the Club)\" was released on August 8, 2011. The song features guest vocals by Lil Jon and it was produced by Hydrox. The music video was filmed in Atlanta, Georgia, and directed by Motion Family. On September 20, the music video for \"Hard White (Up in the Club)\" was released through VEVO. The remix to \"Hard White (Up in the Club)\" was released on November 2; the song features T.I., and label-mates Slaughterhouse. On October 28, 2011, Yelawolf released the album's second single \"Let's Roll\" featuring Kid Rock. The song was produced by The Audibles and","title":"Radioactive (Yelawolf album)"},{"id":"271076","text":"D.C., then governed by congressional committee. Despite tensions, the march was a resounding success. More than a quarter of a million people of diverse ethnicities attended the event, sprawling from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial onto the National Mall and around the reflecting pool. At the time, it was the largest gathering of protesters in Washington, D.C.'s history. King delivered a 17-minute speech, later known as \"I Have a Dream\". In the speech's most famous passage—in which he departed from his prepared text, possibly at the prompting of Mahalia Jackson, who shouted behind him, \"Tell them about the dream!\"—King","title":"Martin Luther King Jr."},{"id":"24283","text":"lecturing, personalizing it by adding \"I have a higher and greater standard of principle. Washington could not lie. I can lie but I won't.\" Patrick Henry (May 29, 1736 – June 6, 1799) was an attorney, planter and politician who became known as an orator during the movement for independence in Virginia in the 1770s. Patrick Henry is best known for the speech he made in the House of Burgesses on March 23, 1775, in Saint John's Church in Richmond, Virginia. With the House undecided on whether to mobilize for military action against the encroaching British military force, Henry argued","title":"Folklore of the United States"},{"id":"3315743","text":"Samuel Rosenman Samuel Irving Rosenman (February 13, 1896 – June 24, 1973) was an American lawyer, judge, Democratic Party activist and presidential speechwriter. He coined the term \"New Deal\", and helped articulate liberal policies during the heyday of the New Deal coalition. He was the first person to hold the position of White House Counsel. Rosenman was born in San Antonio, Texas, the son of Solomon and Ethel (Paler) Rosenman. He served in the US Army during World War I and graduated From Columbia Law School in 1919. He was a member of Phi Beta Kappa and Delta Sigma Rho.","title":"Samuel Rosenman"},{"id":"12667734","text":"chart. In 2009, the song was acknowledged with a Grammy Hall of Fame Award and was inducted into the Blues Foundation Hall of Fame in 2013 in the \"Classic of Blues Recording — Singles or Album Tracks\" category. Numerous artists have performed \"Let the Good Times Roll\" and many have recorded it, including: Ray Charles (1959, \"The Genius of Ray Charles\"), Sam Butera and the Silent Witnesses (from the 1960 album \"The Wildest Clan\"), Georgie Fame and the Blue Flames (1964 \"Rhythm and Blues at the Flamingo\"), Muddy Waters (1975, \"Muddy Waters Woodstock Album\"), Koko Taylor (1978, \"The Earthshaker\"), Clifton","title":"Let the Good Times Roll (Louis Jordan song)"},{"id":"6853796","text":"Are You Passionate? Are You Passionate? is the 24th studio album by Canadian musician Neil Young, the only album to feature Booker T. & the M.G.'s, and his eighth with Crazy Horse, released on April 9, 2002 as a double LP and as a single CD. It represents Young's foray into soul music, not sounding like anything he had previously released. Exceptions are rocker \"Goin' Home\", recorded with Crazy Horse, and the brooding \"Let's Roll\", a response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks. The album ends with \"She's a Healer\", an extended jam. The track \"Gateway of love\" is listed on","title":"Are You Passionate?"},{"id":"3954505","text":"to the new rock'n'roll music. Let's Rock Let's Rock (known as Keep It Cool in the United Kingdom) is a 1958 rock and roll film starring Julius LaRosa as a crooner attempting to fight off the rival music rock and roll, Phyllis Newman as his songwriting girlfriend who convinces him to adapt rather than fight and Conrad Janis as LaRosa's manager. The film, another rock-exploitation film aimed at the teenage drive-in crowd, was produced and directed by Harry Foster and also features performances from the Tyrones, Paul Anka, Wink Martindale, Roy Hamilton, Danny & the Juniors and the Royal Teens.","title":"Let's Rock"},{"id":"6833347","text":"News with Brian Williams\", appeared on CNN, ESPN, MSNBC, and several other networks. He also was blamed by many for the event including one caller saying \"if anything else happens, there will be blood on your hands.\" On April 21, Updyke appeared again on the Finebaum show, speaking publicly for the first time since the incident, breaking his long silence. The interview, perhaps the most listened to ever in the history of the Finebaum show, made national news, appearing in publications ranging from \"The New York Times\" to ESPN's \"SportsCenter\". Updyke ended the 45-minute interview with his signature \"Roll Damn","title":"Paul Finebaum"},{"id":"16157704","text":"album \"Charlie, Last Name Wilson\"), with Wilson going on to frequently perform the cover at live concerts. In 2000, singer Toni Estes covered the song on her album 'Two Eleven'. Rapper Wale (rapper) sampled Let's Chill on his Eleven One Eleven Theory mixtape. The song, also named Let's Chill, features R&B singer Lloyd (singer). Let's Chill \"Let's Chill\" is a song released by American R&B band Guy from the album \"The Future\". Co-written by band members Bernard Belle and Teddy Riley, it was released as the second single from the album on February 18, 1991. It reached #41 on the","title":"Let's Chill"},{"id":"271158","text":"would be redesigned to depict various historical events that had occurred at the Lincoln Memorial. Among the planned designs are images from King's \"I Have a Dream\" speech and the 1939 concert by opera singer Marian Anderson. Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr. (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American Baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the civil rights movement from 1954 until his death in 1968. Born in Atlanta, King is best known for advancing civil rights through nonviolence and civil disobedience, tactics his Christian beliefs and","title":"Martin Luther King Jr."},{"id":"18932779","text":"his debut album, \"Goin' Back Home\" (1998). He began playing clubs across Florida and was quickly signed to a recording contract by Shanachie Records. Tackling social issues in his self penned songs, including racial profiling and youth violence, Champion released \"Payin' for My Sins\" (1999) and \"2 Days Short of a Week\" (2001) for the label. Champion's song, co-written with Kevin Bowe, entitled \"Trust Yourself\" was included on Etta James' \"Let's Roll\" album (2003). It won a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Blues Album in 2003, and also a Blues Music Award as the 'Soul/Blues Album of the Year' from","title":"Grady Champion"},{"id":"3253471","text":"his contract with WCW prevented Buffer from announcing for other wrestling-type organizations, forcing him to stop announcing for the UFC (his only UFC cards were UFC 6 and UFC 7). However, when WCW ceased to exist, and Time Warner had no more affiliation with professional wrestling, Buffer was enabled to announce in other wrestling promotions. During the Monday Night Wars, while Buffer was on \"WCW Monday Nitro\", WWF wrestler Triple H created the phrase \"Let's get ready to suck it!\" to mock him, as part of his D-Generation X act. On the August 18, 2007 edition of Saturday Night's Main","title":"Michael Buffer"},{"id":"12679647","text":"Sermons and speeches of Martin Luther King Jr. The sermons and speeches of Martin Luther King Jr., comprise an extensive catalog of American writing and oratory – some of which are internationally well-known, while others remain unheralded, and some await re-discovery. Martin Luther King Jr. was a prominent African-American clergyman, a civil rights leader, and a Nobel laureate. King himself observed, \"In the quiet recesses of my heart, I am fundamentally a clergyman, a Baptist preacher.\" The famous \"I Have a Dream\" address was delivered in August 1963 from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. Less well-remembered","title":"Sermons and speeches of Martin Luther King Jr."},{"id":"7877682","text":"1. A second single, \"Gudbuy T'Jane\", was also released that month and reached No. 2 in the UK. In October, \"The Whole World's Goin' Crazee\" was released as a free 7\" Flexi disc with the \"Music Scene\" magazine. The B-Side was \"Bonnie Charlie\" by Mike Hugg. In August 1973, \"Let The Good Times Roll\" was released as a single in America where it reached No. 114. In November, \"Move Over\" was released as a single in Japan. \"How D'You Ride\" had originally been considered as a potential single, with Chandler particularly keen on seeing it released as one. In a","title":"Slayed?"},{"id":"12650455","text":"CTE World label. Tone Trump has close affiliations with entrepreneurs Hood Rellic, Chris Banks of the clothing label Banks and Ross Collection, as well as significant collaborations with fellow rap artist and model agent Smutty Major Movez. He is the author of many catch phrases, such as \"Let's Win\" and \"Hustle or Starve\". Tone Trump won artist of the year at the 2012 Philly Hip Hop Awards. His song \"Ghetto Boy,\" featuring Freeway Ricky Ross, was produced by Smitti Boi. Tone Trump made a cameo in the 2015 boxing drama \"Creed\", where he had a brief altercation with the main","title":"Tone Trump"},{"id":"6692526","text":"first solo album, \"Remembered\", in 2003. Long's writing continued with work for the \"New York Sports Express\", \"The Buffalo Beast\" (created by \"Rolling Stone\" Contributing Editor Matt Taibbi and now called \"The Beast\"), \"Vice Magazine\"/London, \"The Fix\" on the now-defunct fuzz.com, project-noise.org, and other publications and sites. In 2004, Long pursued a degree in Film/Directing and graduated in 2006. That same year his latest solo album \"God Bless the Drunkard's Dog\" was released on vinyl-only imprint Black Diamond, under Long's longtime European label, Southern Records. The album's song \"Let 'em Roll\" was featured in the Afghanistan War documentary film, \"At","title":"P.W. Long"},{"id":"13480633","text":"growing sense of national urgency to take action. Martin Luther King Jr. watched the address with Walter E. Fauntroy in Atlanta. When it was over, he jumped up and declared, \"Walter, can you believe that white man not only stepped up to the plate, he hit it over the fence!\" He then sent a telegram to the White House: \"I have just listened to your speech to the nation. It was one of the most eloquent[,] profound, and unequivocal pleas for justice and freedom of all men ever made by any President. You spoke passionately for moral issues involved in","title":"Report to the American People on Civil Rights"},{"id":"5598116","text":"In point of fact, however, the motto was created by Forest Long, of the advertising agency Young & Rubicam, in partnership with the Ad Council. Fletcher was a United States Army veteran during World War II and upon his death in 2005 was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. Arthur Fletcher Arthur Allen Fletcher (December 22, 1924 – July 12, 2005) was an American government official, widely referred to as the \"father of affirmative action\" as he was largely responsible for the Revised Philadelphia Plan. Arthur Fletcher, a Republican, graduated from Washburn University and obtained a degree from distance learning school","title":"Arthur Fletcher"},{"id":"5844796","text":"Chris Cheney Christopher John Cheney (born 2 January 1975) is an Australian rock musician, record producer and studio owner. He is the founding mainstay guitarist, songwriter and lead vocalist of the psychobilly band, The Living End, which was formed in 1994 with school mate Scott Owen. Cheney wrote the group's top 20 hits on the ARIA Singles Chart: \"Second Solution\" / \"Prisoner of Society\" (1997), \"All Torn Down\" (1999), \"Pictures in the Mirror\" (2000), \"Roll On\" (2001), \"One Said to the Other\" (2003), \"What's on Your Radio\" (2005), \"Wake Up\" (2006) and \"White Noise\" (2008). In 2004 Cheney joined the","title":"Chris Cheney"},{"id":"9090756","text":"\"Good Evening New York City\". Personnel per \"The Beatles Bible\". Let Me Roll It \"Let Me Roll It\" is a song by Wings released on the 1973 album \"Band on the Run\". The song was also released as the B-side to \"Jet\" in early 1974, and has remained a staple of McCartney's live concerts since it was first released. Some critics, such as \"Rolling Stone\"s Jon Landau, saw the song as a pastiche of John Lennon's sound, particularly the riff and the use of tape echo on the vocals. McCartney, however, didn't intend the song to be a pastiche of","title":"Let Me Roll It"},{"id":"1000466","text":"his stage name from a cousin-in-law from Oklahoma who performed as Lee Halliday. The latter called Smet \"Johnny\" and became a father figure, introducing him to American music. Influenced by Elvis Presley and the 1950s rock n' roll revolution, Hallyday became known for singing rock 'n' roll in French. His debut single, \"Laisse les filles\" was released on the Vogue label in March 1960. His first album, \"Hello Johnny\", was released in 1960. In 1961 his cover of \"Let's Twist Again\" sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc. It topped almost every European chart, although the","title":"Johnny Hallyday"},{"id":"3539308","text":"behind Oprah Winfrey in \"EBONY Magazine\"s POWER 150 list. In 2014, Smiley received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, honoring his contributions to television. To date, Smiley has received 16 honorary doctorates. Smiley is referenced in the KRS-One song \"Clear 'Em Out.\" Tavis Smiley Tavis Smiley (; born September 13, 1964) is an American talk show host and author. Smiley was born in Gulfport, Mississippi, and grew up in Bunker Hill, Indiana. After attending Indiana University, he worked during the late 1980s as an aide to Tom Bradley, the mayor of Los Angeles. Smiley became a radio commentator","title":"Tavis Smiley"},{"id":"14018017","text":"That's How Country Boys Roll \"That's How Country Boys Roll\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Billy Currington. It was released in September 2009 as the third single from his 2008 album \"Little Bit of Everything\". The song became Currington's fourth number one hit on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart for the week of October 10, 2009.. Currington wrote this song with Dallas Davidson and Brett Jones. The song is an up-tempo tune, in which the narrator lists off various traits of a \"country boy,\" such as his work ethic and leisure activities.","title":"That's How Country Boys Roll"},{"id":"13261243","text":"a 28-page booklet featuring previously unseen and rare photos together with an essay by music historian Warren Zanes. The album includes all of Harrison's songs that reached number 1 on America's \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles chart, including \"My Sweet Lord\", \"Isn't It a Pity\", \"Give Me Love (Give Me Peace on Earth)\" and \"Got My Mind Set on You\", as well as other international number 1 singles such as \"What Is Life\" and \"All Those Years Ago\". The track list was selected by George's widow, Olivia Harrison, with some assistance from close friends and family. iTunes exclusively offers the digital","title":"Let It Roll: Songs by George Harrison"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"579650\",\n \"text\": \"to his wife, played by Constance Bennett, to indicate they should immediately exit their friend's stuffy office and find a drink. The pair are lighthearted, youthful, irresponsible, and impossibly glamorous types, and the line delivery has a decisive insouciance about it. The protagonist of Ernest Hemingway's 1950 novel \\\"Across the River and into the Trees\\\", Colonel Dick Cantwell, based on World War II commander Charles \\\"Buck\\\" Lanham, uses the phrase to his driver. He knows he is facing imminent death, but tries to maintain decency, grace, and a sense of humor. The verb \\\"roll\\\" has been used in both the\",\n \"title\": \"Let's roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"579649\",\n \"text\": \"Let's roll \\\"Let's roll\\\" is a colloquialism that has been used extensively as a command to move and start an activity, attack, mission or project. The phrase has been used as early as 1908 in the cadence song now called \\\"The Army Goes Rolling Along\\\", which likely extended into tank usage. \\\"The Roads Must Roll\\\", a science fiction story written in 1940 by Robert A. Heinlein, mentions a re-worded version of \\\"The Roll of the Caissons\\\" called \\\"Road Songs of the Transport Cadets\\\". The protagonist of the 1937 supernatural comedy, \\\"Topper\\\", played by Cary Grant, uses the phrase \\\"Let's roll\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Let's roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"579655\",\n \"text\": \"no one could have been prepared. But we have our marching orders. My fellow Americans, let's roll!” He would use them again in the 2002 State of the Union address: “For too long our culture has said, ‘If it feels good, do it.’ Now America is embracing a new ethic and a new creed: ‘Let's roll.’” Let's roll \\\"Let's roll\\\" is a colloquialism that has been used extensively as a command to move and start an activity, attack, mission or project. The phrase has been used as early as 1908 in the cadence song now called \\\"The Army Goes Rolling\",\n \"title\": \"Let's roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"579654\",\n \"text\": \"injured. He was also on the phone when the plane made a quick and violent turn. Later, he told the operator that some of the other passengers were planning to attack the hijackers and regain control of the aircraft, after they learned about what happened at the World Trade Center and The Pentagon. According to Jefferson, Beamer's last audible words were “Are you ready? Okay. Let's roll.” In a November 8 address from the World Congress Center in Atlanta, Georgia, President George W. Bush would invoke Beamer's words: “Some of our greatest moments have been acts of courage for which\",\n \"title\": \"Let's roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3253467\",\n \"text\": \"Michael Buffer Michael Buffer (born November 2, 1944) is an American ring announcer for boxing and professional wrestling matches. He is known for his trademarked catchphrase, \\\"Let's get ready to rumble!\\\" and for pioneering a distinct announcing style in which he rolls certain letters and adds other inflections to a fighter's name. His half-brother is UFC announcer Bruce Buffer. Buffer was born and raised in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, to an enlisted man in the United States Navy and his wife during World War II. His parents divorced when he was 11 months of age, and Buffer was then raised by foster\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Buffer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"579653\",\n \"text\": \"Hence, the term and true context of the term \\\"let's roll\\\" during this time period was to initiate action from an individual to a group of friends. On September 11, 2001, Todd Beamer, a passenger on the hijacked United Airlines Flight 93, tried to place a call through an air phone, but was routed to a customer service representative instead, who passed him on to supervisor Lisa Jefferson. Beamer reported that one passenger had been killed and that a flight attendant had told him that both the pilot and co-pilot had been forced from the cockpit and may have been\",\n \"title\": \"Let's roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"579652\",\n \"text\": \"Decepticons (as well as in the 2009 feature film \\\"\\\"). It was used in the 1986 film \\\"Ferris Bueller's Day Off\\\", and the 1987 film \\\"Matewan\\\", where it was used by Baldwin–Felts agents before a violent attack on striking coal miners. The term was used at the end of the film \\\"Matilda\\\", when the title character was given up for adoption. The toys use the phrase when setting out to rescue Woody in the 1999 animated children's film \\\"Toy Story 2\\\". In the late 1990s, the term \\\"let's roll\\\" was frequently used to initiate a departure from any given place.\",\n \"title\": \"Let's roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"579651\",\n \"text\": \"film and recording industry to signal the beginning of a film or audio recording. \\\"Let's roll\\\" was commonly used in the police television series \\\"Adam-12\\\" and the original \\\"Dragnet\\\". It was used at the end of roll call at the beginning of each episode of 1980s television series \\\"Hill Street Blues\\\". It has appeared, among other places, in \\\"The Transformers\\\" animated series by Optimus Prime, before entering battle or embarking on a group journey. The exact phrase was used in Season 1, Episode 3, \\\"More than Meets the Eye\\\" (1984) in preparation for the final showdown with Megatron and the\",\n \"title\": \"Let's roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"435783\",\n \"text\": \"the recording in a closed session on April 18, 2002. Jurors for the Zacarias Moussaoui trial heard the tape as part of the proceedings and the transcript was publicly released on April 12, 2006. All passengers and crew on board Flight 93 were nominated for the Congressional Gold Medal on September 19, 2001. Congressman Bill Shuster introduced a bill to this effect in 2006, and they were granted on September 11, 2014. Beamer's final words, \\\"let's roll\\\", became a national catchphrase. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey changed the name of Newark's airport from Newark International Airport\",\n \"title\": \"United Airlines Flight 93\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7341260\",\n \"text\": \"that HIV infection was the result of \\\"sexual promiscuity for the most part\\\", and that the point of the proposed legislation was \\\" . . . to remove the consequences of poor behavior, unacceptable behavior, quite frankly. I'm not convinced that part of the role of government should be to protect individuals from the negative consequences of their actions.\\\" Again in 2009, Schultheis stirred up controversy by posting to his Twitter account, \\\"[President Barack Obama is] flying the U.S. plane right into the ground.\\\" He then ended his tweet with the phrase \\\"Let's roll,\\\" the signature sign-off of Flight 93\",\n \"title\": \"David Schultheis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10432993\",\n \"text\": \"been acts of courage for which no one could have been prepared. But we have our marching orders. My fellow Americans, let's roll!\\\" He would use them again in the 2002 State of the Union address: \\\"For too long our culture has said, 'If it feels good, do it.' Now America is embracing a new ethic and a new creed: 'Let's roll.'\\\" Beamer's posthumous daughter, Morgan Kay, was born January 9, 2002, four months after Beamer's death. The President and First Lady Laura Bush were among those who sent letters to Morgan upon her birth. A nonprofit foundation was founded\",\n \"title\": \"Todd Beamer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7053784\",\n \"text\": \"and Pentagon; they decide to take action organizing a revolt against the hijackers. Their plan is empowered with the knowledge that passenger Don Greene has experience in flying. Learning that passenger Donald Freeman Greene had experience in flying, the group pin their hopes on his being able at least to control the plane. After passengers arm themselves, pray, and make final phone calls to loved ones, Todd Beamer says, \\\"Let's Roll!\\\". They start their counter-attack, running down the aisle with a food cart. Jarrah shakes the plane violently to throw the passengers off balance, but nonetheless they continue their assault,\",\n \"title\": \"Flight 93 (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6916674\",\n \"text\": \"would be fully rebuilt, while only the building shell would be rebuilt for Wedge 2. A full build-out for the Wedge 2 space would be completed at a later time. The phrase \\\"Let's roll\\\", as spoken by Todd Beamer on United Airlines Flight 93, was adopted as the project's slogan, and displayed prominently on the building's exterior during the reconstruction work. A clock counting down the time until 9:37 AM on September 11, 2002 was located on site as well. The Remote Delivery Facility (RDF) is a new shipping and receiving facility adjoining the Pentagon. The RDF significantly improves the\",\n \"title\": \"Pentagon Renovation Program\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424601\",\n \"text\": \"introduced by President George W. Bush at a commemoration ceremony. Shortly after the attacks, she set up the Todd M. Beamer Memorial Foundation, which was initially run by a family friend. The organization sought to trademark the phrase \\\"Let's Roll,\\\" which was the subject of some criticism after some accused her of seeking to profit from her husband's death. In 2003, Beamer and co-author Ken Abraham wrote a book about Todd and her attempts to deal with her grief over his death, \\\"Let's Roll!: Ordinary People, Extraordinary Courage\\\", about Todd and Beamer's life before the crash and her life since.\",\n \"title\": \"Lisa Beamer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4905443\",\n \"text\": \"of the hiatus including the remix of \\\"Atmosphere\\\" on TobyMac's 2004 album \\\"Welcome to Diverse City\\\" and a cover of the Prince song \\\"The Cross\\\" on Kevin Max's 2007 album \\\"The Blood\\\". The band also recorded a song entitled \\\"Let's Roll\\\" following the September 11, 2001 attacks. After DC Talk's hiatus was announced, Tait dedicated more time to his band Tait (which he named after his father, Nathel). Tait had partially formed this band around 1997. One of the original members was guitarist Pete Stewart (from the hard rock band Grammatrain), who is featured on the first album, but absent\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Tait\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12249147\",\n \"text\": \"by Tom Petty, resulting in the line \\\"Let's roll another tnioj\\\". Artists who have been accused of backmasking include Led Zeppelin, The Beatles, Pink Floyd, Electric Light Orchestra, Queen, Styx, Judas Priest, The Eagles, The Rolling Stones, Jefferson Starship, AC/DC, Black Oak Arkansas, Rush, Britney Spears, and Eminem. Electric Light Orchestra was accused of hiding a backward Satanic message in their 1974 album \\\"Eldorado\\\". The title track, \\\"Eldorado\\\", was said to contain the message \\\"He is the nasty one / Christ, you're infernal / It is said we're dead men / Everyone who has the mark will live.\\\" ELO singer\",\n \"title\": \"Backmasking\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6844701\",\n \"text\": \"and the grounding of all commercial flights until further notice. Aboard United 93, the passengers become aware of the dead bodies of the crew-members, and learn from family members via airphone of the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon; they decide to take action, organizing a revolt against the hijackers. Their plan is empowered by the knowledge that passenger Don Greene has experience in flying aircraft. After passengers arm themselves, pray, and make final phone calls to loved ones, Todd Beamer says \\\"Let's Roll!\\\" The group begin their counterattack, rushing down the aisle and overpowering Ahmed al-Haznawi;\",\n \"title\": \"United 93 (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10432994\",\n \"text\": \"in October 2001 to counsel traumatized children of 9/11 victims and survivors. Beamer's best friend, Doug Macmillan, quit his job to become the administrator of the Foundation. In 2002, Beamer's widow, Lisa, wrote a book with coauthor Ken Abraham, \\\"Let's Roll! Ordinary People, Extraordinary Courage\\\". In 2002, the passengers of Flight 93, including Beamer, were posthumously awarded the Arthur Ashe Courage Award. The Cranbury, New Jersey post office was dedicated to Beamer on May 4, 2002, as a result of an Act of Congress authored by Congressman Rush D. Holt, Jr.. The bill was signed into law by President George\",\n \"title\": \"Todd Beamer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3027358\",\n \"text\": \"(one of the flights hijacked on September 11, 2001), who was one of the participants in an attempt to storm the cockpit and wrest control of the airplane from the hijackers. He would use the words again in the 2002 State of the Union address: \\\"For too long our culture has said, 'If it feels good, do it.' Now America is embracing a new ethic and a new creed: 'Let's roll.'\\\" The center also hosted the 2009 Soul Train Music Awards, the first held outside of the Los Angeles area. On March 14, 2008, a tornado struck Atlanta, including the\",\n \"title\": \"Georgia World Congress Center\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6508745\",\n \"text\": \"pianist Sunnyland Slim, the guitarist Leroy Foster, and the drummer Alfred Wallace. During the 1950s Lenoir recorded for various record labels in the Chicago area, including J.O.B., Chess, Parrot, and Checker. His more successful songs included \\\"Let's Roll\\\", \\\"The Mojo\\\" (featuring saxophonist J. T. Brown) and the controversial \\\"Eisenhower Blues\\\", which Parrot Records forced him to re-record as \\\"Tax Paying Blues.\\\" Lenoir was known in the 1950s for his showmanship, particularly his zebra-patterned costumes, and his high-pitched vocals. He became an influential electric guitarist and songwriter, and his penchant for social commentary distinguished him from many other bluesmen of the\",\n \"title\": \"J. B. Lenoir\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1992224\",\n \"text\": \"300, he finished sixth in the final points standings. During 2001, Labonte won the IROC XXV title, becoming the 13th consecutive NASCAR driver to win the IROC championship. In 2002, Labonte only had one win, which was at Martinsville in the spring. He also drove a 9/11 Tribute car in 2002 with the phrase \\\"Let's Roll\\\" on the hood. It was his first career short track win at Martinsville. He went on to finish 16th in the final points standings, and failed to finish in the Top 10 for the first time since 1996, while his teammate Stewart went on\",\n \"title\": \"Bobby Labonte\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10432997\",\n \"text\": \"opened to family members of the victims on September 10, 2015. On September 10, 2013, Wheaton Academy honored Beamer by unveiling a plaque dedicated to him on the grounds of the Academy, next to a plaque of a former student who was killed in Afghanistan. Alpha Company of the 1-148 Infantry RGT, Ohio Army National Guard, adopted the motto \\\"Let's Roll\\\" to honor Beamer. The company deployed to northern Afghanistan in 2012 for 9 months. Beamer was portrayed by David Alan Basche in the film \\\"United 93\\\". Beamer was portrayed by Brennan Elliott in the TV movie \\\"Flight 93\\\" Todd\",\n \"title\": \"Todd Beamer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16641667\",\n \"text\": \"Central 3, which was released on 2012. The song appeared on The CW TV Now promo. The song samples a portion of Freddie King's version of the Earl King song \\\"Come On (Let the Good Time Roll)\\\" (1974). The chorus is derived in part from Earl King's original, which Jimi Hendrix famously covered. Hendrix is referenced in the lyrics. A music video for the song was released on November 26, 2012 directed by Jessy Terrero. Let It Roll (Flo Rida song) \\\"Let It Roll\\\" is a song by American rapper Flo Rida from his fourth studio album, \\\"Wild Ones\\\". The\",\n \"title\": \"Let It Roll (Flo Rida song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4917154\",\n \"text\": \"by 3.2 million households when it was first broadcast, making it the highest rated cable program the week it aired. The episode marked the first appearance of Satan, who would become a recurring \\\"South Park\\\" character, as well as the character of Damien himself, who was inspired by the antagonist of the 1976 horror film \\\"The Omen\\\". Parker and Stone also said the episode introduced several key characteristics of the Cartman character that have endured throughout the rest of the series. Michael Buffer, the boxing ring announcer best known for the catchphrase \\\"Let's get ready to rumble!\\\", makes a guest\",\n \"title\": \"Damien (South Park)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10754501\",\n \"text\": \"Miller Band (\\\"Bingo!\\\", 2010). Diesel recorded a version for his EP \\\"7 Axes\\\" (2011). In 2013, Flo Rida included a part of the chorus, credited, in \\\"Let it Roll\\\", which also sampled Freddie King's 1974 recording. Come On (Earl King song) \\\"Come On\\\" (often called \\\"Let the Good Times Roll\\\") is a song written by New Orleans rhythm and blues artist Earl King. He first recorded the song as \\\"Darling Honey Angel Child\\\" in 1960 for the Ace Records subsidiary Rex. Later that year, he recorded it as a two-part song for Imperial Records using some new lyrics. Retitled \\\"Come\",\n \"title\": \"Come On (Earl King song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12667732\",\n \"text\": \"Let the Good Times Roll (Louis Jordan song) \\\"Let the Good Times Roll\\\" is a jump blues song recorded in 1946 by Louis Jordan and his Tympany Five. A mid-tempo twelve-bar blues, the song became a blues standard and one of Jordan's best-known songs. \\\"Let the Good Times Roll\\\" is \\\"Louis Jordan's buoyant invitation to party\\\": The song was written by Sam Theard, a New Orleans-born blues singer and songwriter, and was co-credited to Fleecie Moore, Jordan's wife, who never wrote a lyric in her life (however, her name was sometimes substituted for Jordan's to get around an inconvenient publishing\",\n \"title\": \"Let the Good Times Roll (Louis Jordan song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4917163\",\n \"text\": \"school in the last three weeks of the school year. Parker said, \\\"It was brutal ... Everybody already had their little groups and the year was almost over, so I wasn't going to fit into any of them, and I just wanted to destroy and kill, which was the inspiration for this show.\\\" Michael Buffer, the boxing ring announcer best known for his catchphrase, \\\"Let's get ready to rumble!\\\", made a guest appearance as himself in \\\"Damien\\\". Parker and Stone originally planned to use the catchphrase without Buffer, but when they learned that Buffer had legally trademarked the phrase, they\",\n \"title\": \"Damien (South Park)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3253469\",\n \"text\": \"1984, Buffer developed the catchphrase \\\"Let's get ready to rumble\\\" in his announcing, which gained enormous popularity. He began the process of obtaining a federal trademark for the phrase in the 1980s, acquiring it in 1992. Consequently, Buffer has earned in excess of $400 million with the license for his trademark. By the late 1980s, Buffer was the exclusive ring announcer for all bouts in Donald Trump-owned casinos. Trump said of Buffer, \\\"He's great, he's the choice, he has a unique ability...I told my people, 'We got to have him.'\\\" Buffer's work was also admired by many boxing greats. Sugar\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Buffer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16157703\",\n \"text\": \"Let's Chill \\\"Let's Chill\\\" is a song released by American R&B band Guy from the album \\\"The Future\\\". Co-written by band members Bernard Belle and Teddy Riley, it was released as the second single from the album on February 18, 1991. It reached #41 on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, #10 on the Hot Dance Singles Sales chart and #3 on the R&B/Hip-hop singles chart; it was the highest-charting single by Guy on the Hot 100 at the time, not to be beat until 1999's \\\"Dancin'\\\". It has since been covered by Keith Sweat and Charlie Wilson (for his 2005\",\n \"title\": \"Let's Chill\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14524459\",\n \"text\": \"music video for the song \\\"No Hands\\\" which was supposed to be included in \\\"Radioactive\\\", but was later scrapped. On August 8, 2011, Yelawolf released the first official single from his album, titled \\\"Hard White (Up in the Club)\\\", which features guest vocals from a southern hip hop producer Lil Jon. The album's release date was moved down to October 2011, and later had a final release date to November 21, 2011. On October 30, 2011, Yelawolf released the second single off \\\"Radioactive\\\", titled \\\"Let's Roll\\\", featuring guest vocals from Kid Rock. Anticipation for the album increased when hip hop\",\n \"title\": \"Yelawolf\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3956513\",\n \"text\": \"Kal Mann Kal Mann (born Kalman Cohen, May 6, 1917 – November 28, 2001) was an American lyricist. He is best known for penning the words to Elvis Presley's \\\"Teddy Bear\\\", plus \\\"Butterfly\\\", a hit for both Charlie Gracie and Andy Williams, and \\\"Let's Twist Again\\\", sung by Chubby Checker, which won the 1962 Grammy Award for Best Rock & Roll Recording. Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Mann began his career in entertainment as a comedy writer for Danny Thomas and Red Buttons, until his friend and songwriter, Bernie Lowe, encouraged him to try writing lyrics for the music industry. Mann\",\n \"title\": \"Kal Mann\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12667736\",\n \"text\": \"Lynda Carter covered this song in her 2011 album \\\"Crazy Little Things\\\". Let the Good Times Roll (Louis Jordan song) \\\"Let the Good Times Roll\\\" is a jump blues song recorded in 1946 by Louis Jordan and his Tympany Five. A mid-tempo twelve-bar blues, the song became a blues standard and one of Jordan's best-known songs. \\\"Let the Good Times Roll\\\" is \\\"Louis Jordan's buoyant invitation to party\\\": The song was written by Sam Theard, a New Orleans-born blues singer and songwriter, and was co-credited to Fleecie Moore, Jordan's wife, who never wrote a lyric in her life (however, her\",\n \"title\": \"Let the Good Times Roll (Louis Jordan song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4166669\",\n \"text\": \"Chet Powers Chester William \\\"Chet\\\" Powers, Jr. (October 7, 1937 – November 16, 1994) was an American singer-songwriter, and the lead singer of the rock group Quicksilver Messenger Service. He was also known by the stage name Dino Valenti (alternatively rendered as Dino Valente) and, as a songwriter, as Jesse Oris Farrow. He is best known for writing the quintessential 1960s love-and-peace anthem \\\"Let's Get Together.\\\" Before serving in the United States Air Force and playing in the coffeehouses of Boston and Provincetown, Massachusetts, Powers had already performed as \\\"Dino Valenti\\\" with small rock bands in New England lounges. In\",\n \"title\": \"Chet Powers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"435765\",\n \"text\": \"love them.\\\" After this, Jefferson heard muffled voices and Beamer answering, \\\"Are you ready? Okay. Let's roll.\\\" These were Beamer's last words to Jefferson. During the hijacking, Flight 93 passed within (instead of the normal ) of a NASA KC-135 returning from a microgravity flight over Lake Ontario. NASA pilot Dominic Del Rosso recalled how odd the silence on the radio was that morning. The passenger revolt on Flight 93 began at 09:57, after the passengers voted on whether to act. By this time, Flight 77 had struck the Pentagon and Flights 11 and 175 had struck the World Trade\",\n \"title\": \"United Airlines Flight 93\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9729921\",\n \"text\": \"Hal Hackady Harold Clayton MacHackady (February 10, 1922 – October 12, 2015), best known as Hal Hackady, and sometimes credited as Hal Hackaday, was an American lyricist, librettist and screenwriter. He was born in Middletown, Connecticut in 1922. He studied at Wesleyan University, before starting work in New York City in the 1950s. He began his career writing teleplays for early anthology series \\\"General Electric Theater\\\" and \\\"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\\\". He graduated to feature films as the screenwriter of B-movies capitalizing on the rock and roll craze, including \\\"Let's Rock\\\", \\\"Senior Prom\\\" (both with music by Don Gohman), and \\\"Hey,\",\n \"title\": \"Hal Hackady\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17277216\",\n \"text\": \"Theater in Harlem during the 1930s and 1940s, and also recorded under that name in 1941. Another well-known song, co-written with Louis Jordan, but credited to his wife, Fleecie Moore, was \\\"Let the Good Times Roll\\\", written in 1942, which became a hit a few years later when Louis Jordan and his Tympany Five recorded it in 1946, one of many Theard compositions recorded by Jordan. Theard would later appear in Jordan's film Caldonia. With Rudy Toombs he co-wrote \\\"Hard Ridin' Mama\\\", which was recorded by Wynonie Harris in 1947. He also sang on records recorded by Tiny Parham and\",\n \"title\": \"Sam Theard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10606234\",\n \"text\": \"recreational vehicle, often staying at campsites. His campaign slogan is \\\"Laissez les bons temps rouler, et laissez faire!\\\" Translated, this means \\\"Let the good times roll, and hands off.\\\" Campaign events include booths at several Louisiana festivals and appearances on local television and radio programs. T. Lee Horne III T. Lee Horne III (born c. 1950) ran as the Libertarian candidate in the 2007 Louisiana gubernatorial race and was the chair of the Libertarian Party of Louisiana. Horne was born in Athens, Georgia on December 21, 1950. He was raised in Franklin, Louisiana. His parents were Thomas L. Horne Jr.\",\n \"title\": \"T. Lee Horne III\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6400287\",\n \"text\": \"which also issued \\\"Delbert McClinton Live\\\" in 2003, a compilation album of songs from his career. In 2006, he won a Grammy Award for his album \\\"The Cost of Living\\\" in the category Best Contemporary Blues Album. Etta James included two McClinton songs on her 2003 album, \\\"Let's Roll\\\". McClinton was a judge for the fourth annual Independent Music Awards, presented to independent artists to support their careers. He is featured in the documentary film \\\"\\\", by the filmmaker Jay Curlee. He performed on the Frankie Miller album \\\"Double Take\\\", released in 2016; his voice is merged with Miller's in\",\n \"title\": \"Delbert McClinton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10921789\",\n \"text\": \"company with Armstead. He then signed with Atlantic Records subsidiary, Cotillion Records, which released five singles from Garland, but only one proved a real success, \\\"Plain and Simple Girl\\\". Produced and arranged by Donny Hathaway, this reached the R&B Top 20. Moving on to Spring Records in 1973, Green recorded five more singles, some of which charted modestly, notably \\\"Let the Good Times Roll\\\" (not the Shirley and Lee song) and \\\"Bumpin' and Stompin'.\\\" His recording for the label, \\\"Just What The Doctor Ordered\\\", remained unissued until 1990, when it was included on a compilation album of his Spring singles\",\n \"title\": \"Garland Green\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17941812\",\n \"text\": \"entitled \\\"Someone\\\". In early December 2013, Moran released another single, entitled \\\"The Dark Side\\\" with much success and entered the \\\"Billboard\\\" Dance/Electronic Digital Songs chart at #25. In June 2014, Moran released a single titled \\\"Echo\\\" and later another 3 singles titled \\\"XIAT\\\" (pronounced \\\"anxiety\\\"), \\\"Now or Never,\\\" and \\\"Slay\\\" from his EP titled \\\"XIAT\\\". On December 9, Moran released his debut EP \\\"XIAT\\\" charting at number 1 on US Heat. In June 2015, Moran released his single \\\"I Wanna Fly.\\\" On November 23, 2015, Moran released a music video for \\\"Let's Roll,\\\" where he features his friend and fellow\",\n \"title\": \"Trevor Moran\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12824726\",\n \"text\": \"ranks of the American political system. For me he not only was a teacher and a mentor but remained a steadfast friend and a constant source of inspiration. Louis was always immensely generous with his time, and I - like so many others - knew that I could call him anytime and hear that familiar greeting, 'What's up?' by which he meant 'fill me in and let's see what needs to be done'.\\\" Louis E. Martin Louis Emanuel Martin Jr. (November 18, 1912 – January 6, 1997) was an American journalist, newspaper publisher, civil rights activist and advisor to three\",\n \"title\": \"Louis E. Martin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1401405\",\n \"text\": \"Rodney Dangerfield Jack Roy (born Jacob Rodney Cohen, November 22, 1921 – October 5, 2004), popularly known by the stage name Rodney Dangerfield, was an American stand-up comedian, actor, voice artist, filmmaker, musician and author known for his self-deprecating one-liners humor, his catchphrase \\\"I don't get no respect!\\\" and his monologues on that theme. He began his career working as a stand-up comic in the Borscht Belt resorts of the Catskill Mountains north of New York City. His act grew in notoriety as he became a mainstay on late-night talk shows throughout the 1960s and 1970s, eventually developing into a\",\n \"title\": \"Rodney Dangerfield\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3675739\",\n \"text\": \"the early 19th century, contains the lines \\\"Oh do, my Johnny Bowker/ Come rock and roll me over\\\". The hymn \\\"Rocked in the Cradle of the Deep\\\", with words written in the 1830s by Emma Willard and tune by Joseph Philip Knight, was recorded several times around the start of the 20th century by the Original Bison City Quartet before 1894, the Standard Quartette in 1895, John W. Myers at about the same time, and Gus Reed in 1908. By that time, the specific phrase \\\"rocking and rolling\\\" was also used by African Americans in spirituals with a religious connotation.\",\n \"title\": \"Origins of rock and roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8314985\",\n \"text\": \"Bill Miner Ezra Allen Miner (c.1847 – September 2, 1913), more popularly known as Bill Miner, was a noted American bandito, originally from Bowling Green, Kentucky, who served several prison terms for stagecoach robbery. Known for his unusual politeness while committing robberies, he was widely nicknamed the Grey Fox, Gentleman Robber or the Gentleman Bandit. He is reputed to have been the originator of the phrase \\\"Hands up!\\\" an original song titled \\\"The Ballad of Bill Miner\\\" was written by singer/songwriter Phillip Mills (Eugene Quinn) and recorded by the San Francisco bay area band \\\"The Blackout Cowboys\\\". Legend has it\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Miner\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20798460\",\n \"text\": \"Kevin Bowe Kevin Bowe is a songwriter, record producer and musician from Minneapolis. He is most well known for his work with prominent rock and blues artists including Paul Westerberg and the Replacements, writing songs for hit albums by Jonny Lang and Kenny Wayne Shepherd, as well as Etta James' Grammy-winning \\\"Let's Roll\\\". He has contributed to dozens of albums over his career, including several of his own as a bandleader, and has appeared on many film and television soundtracks including ESPN and \\\"The Sopranos\\\". His songs have been covered by many prominent rock and blues artists, including Joe Cocker,\",\n \"title\": \"Kevin Bowe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5155309\",\n \"text\": \"Warner Wolf Warner William Wolf (born November 11, 1937) is an American television and radio sports broadcaster, perhaps best known as a local news sports anchor in Washington, D.C. and New York City, and for his catchphrase \\\"Let's go to the videotape!\\\" Wolf was born in Washington, D.C., the son of Rosemary and Jack Wolf. His father, an actor and comedian who briefly worked as a member of Ted Healy's \\\"stooge\\\" act, was born Jewish and his mother converted to Judaism. His earliest experience in broadcasting was on the intercom system of Calvin Coolidge High School in Washington, D.C. in\",\n \"title\": \"Warner Wolf\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2966519\",\n \"text\": \"Benjamin Orr Benjamin Orzechowski (September 8, 1947 – October 3, 2000), known professionally as Benjamin Orr, was an American musician best known as a singer, bassist and co-founder of the rock band the Cars. He sang lead vocals on several of their best known songs, including \\\"Just What I Needed\\\", \\\"Let's Go\\\" and \\\"Drive\\\". He also scored a moderate solo hit with \\\"Stay the Night.\\\" Orr was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Cars in 2018. Benjamin Orr was born in Lakewood, Ohio to parents of Polish, Russian, Czechoslovakian and German\",\n \"title\": \"Benjamin Orr\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9090754\",\n \"text\": \"Let Me Roll It \\\"Let Me Roll It\\\" is a song by Wings released on the 1973 album \\\"Band on the Run\\\". The song was also released as the B-side to \\\"Jet\\\" in early 1974, and has remained a staple of McCartney's live concerts since it was first released. Some critics, such as \\\"Rolling Stone\\\"s Jon Landau, saw the song as a pastiche of John Lennon's sound, particularly the riff and the use of tape echo on the vocals. McCartney, however, didn't intend the song to be a pastiche of Lennon. He did say the vocal \\\"does sound like John.\",\n \"title\": \"Let Me Roll It\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16641666\",\n \"text\": \"Let It Roll (Flo Rida song) \\\"Let It Roll\\\" is a song by American rapper Flo Rida from his fourth studio album, \\\"Wild Ones\\\". The song was written by Earl King, Mike Caren, soFLY & Nius, Flo Rida, Axwell, Breyan Isaac, Antonio \\\"Jovii Hendrix\\\" Mobley and produced by soFLY & Nius and Axwell. Part two of the song features American rapper Lil Wayne and is featured on the soundtrack of the football video game \\\"FIFA 13\\\". It was also performed on the 2012 edition of the WWE Tribute to the Troops event. Part one also appears as DLC in Dance\",\n \"title\": \"Let It Roll (Flo Rida song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6255678\",\n \"text\": \"Let Me Ride \\\"Let Me Ride\\\" is a 1993 single by rapper and producer Dr. Dre, and the third single from his debut studio album, \\\"The Chronic\\\". It experienced moderate success on the charts, until it became a massive hit when Dre won a Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance for the song during the Grammy Awards of 1994. The chorus is sung by Ruben and Jewell, and Snoop Dogg (then known as Snoop Doggy Dogg) raps the line \\\"Rollin' in my 6-4\\\" and appears in some background vocals. Dr. Dre's lyrics were ghostwritten by RBX; they had originally\",\n \"title\": \"Let Me Ride\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3253478\",\n \"text\": \"of his famous phrase - \\\"Let's get ready to bundle!\\\" He was also the announcer for the YouTube Boxing match between KSI vs Logan Paul on August 25, 2018. Buffer reproduced as an action figure in both Toy Biz's WCW line and Jakks Pacific's Rocky line. Buffer began using the phrase \\\"Let's get ready to rumble!\\\" in 1984. By 1992, he acquired a federal trademark for the phrase. Buffer uses his famous phrase in various licensing deals including the platinum selling album \\\"Jock Jams\\\" by Tommy Boy Records, the video games \\\"Ready 2 Rumble Boxing\\\", \\\"\\\" for the PlayStation 2,\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Buffer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10873261\",\n \"text\": \"Let's Groove \\\"Let's Groove\\\" is a song by the American band Earth, Wind & Fire from their eleventh studio album \\\"Raise!\\\" (1981). Written by Maurice White and Wayne Vaughn, the song was chosen as the lead single from the album. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, disco music was undergoing a severe backlash. In spite of this, the band decided to revive the disco sound that was later included on their previous works and records. Musically, \\\"Let's Groove\\\" is a post-disco, pop and funk song which includes instrumentation of synthesizers and keyboards along with live electric guitars. \\\"Let's Groove\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Let's Groove\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2129312\",\n \"text\": \"Johnnie Ray John Alvin Ray (January 10, 1927 – February 24, 1990) was an American singer, songwriter, and pianist. Highly popular for most of the 1950s, Ray has been cited by critics as a major precursor to what would become rock and roll, for his jazz and blues-influenced music and his animated stage personality. Tony Bennett called Ray the \\\"father of rock and roll,\\\" and historians have noted him as a pioneering figure in the development of the genre. Raised in Oregon, Ray, who was partially deaf, began singing professionally at age fifteen on Portland radio stations. He would later\",\n \"title\": \"Johnnie Ray\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17921745\",\n \"text\": \"Roll, Jordan, Roll \\\"Roll, Jordan, Roll\\\" (Roud 6697), also \\\"Roll, Jordan\\\", is a spiritual written by Charles Wesley in the 18th century which became well-known among slaves in the United States during the 19th century. Appropriated as a coded message for escape, by the end of the American Civil War it had become known through much of the eastern United States. In the 18th century, it helped inspire blues, and it remains a staple in gospel music. The tune known as \\\"Roll, Jordan, Roll\\\" was written by the English Methodist preacher Charles Wesley in the 18th century. It was introduced\",\n \"title\": \"Roll, Jordan, Roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15988291\",\n \"text\": \"Banks played on Lee \\\"Shot\\\" Williams's album \\\"Let the Good Times Roll\\\" in 2002 and on Tyrone Davis's album \\\"Come to Daddy\\\" in 2003. In 2007, Banks underwent surgery for a faulty heart valve. He died in Chicago in December 2008. Chico Banks Chico Banks (March 7, 1962 – December 3, 2008) was an American Chicago blues guitarist and singer. He released one album, in 1997 on Evidence Music, and played with many blues musicians from his late teens until his death at the age of 46. He is best known for his tracks \\\"Your Fine\\\" and \\\"Candy Lickin' Man\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Chico Banks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446159\",\n \"text\": \"civil rights pioneer Martin Luther King Jr., and Beatles musician John Lennon. He was also known for his extensive coverage of the U.S. space program, from Project Mercury to the Moon landings to the Space Shuttle. He was the only non-NASA recipient of an Ambassador of Exploration award. Cronkite is well known for his departing catchphrase, \\\"And that's the way it is,\\\" followed by the date of the broadcast. Cronkite was born on November 4, 1916, in Saint Joseph, Missouri, the son of Helen Lena (née Fritsche) and Dr. Walter Leland Cronkite, a dentist. Cronkite lived in Kansas City, Missouri,\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3819872\",\n \"text\": \"Will Jordan Will Jordan (born Wilbur Rauch, July 27, 1927 – September 6, 2018) was an American character actor and stand-up comedian best known for his resemblance—and ability to do uncanny impressions of—television host and newspaper columnist Ed Sullivan. Jordan was a friend of and early influence on comedian Lenny Bruce. Born in the Bronx, Rauch grew up in Flushing, Queens. His father was a pharmacist and his mother owned a hat store. Jordan graduated from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in Manhattan. Sullivan had almost no mannerisms, which made him hard to impersonate. According to Jordan, he invented\",\n \"title\": \"Will Jordan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5468344\",\n \"text\": \"The lead singer Shirley Goodman, was one half of the duo Shirley and Lee who had a mega hit 18 years earlier, in 1956, writing and recording the song \\\"Let The Good Times Roll\\\" for Aladdin Records. Jesus Alvarez changed his name to Jason Alvarez and became a pastor for the Love of Jesus Family Church. He recorded several gospel albums. 1974 \\\"Shame, Shame, Shame\\\" (Austria #1 / Belgium #1 / Germany #1 / Netherlands #1 / Norway #9 / Switzerland #2 / US #12 / US Dance #1 / US R'n'B #1)
1975 More Shame
1975 I Like to\",\n \"title\": \"Shirley & Company\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14845242\",\n \"text\": \"Bon Ton Roula \\\"Bon Ton Roula\\\" (alternatively \\\"Bon Ton Roulet\\\") is a zydeco-influenced blues song first recorded by Clarence Garlow in 1949. The following year, it became a hit, reaching number seven in \\\"Billboard\\\" magazine's Rhythm & Blues chart and introduced the style to a national audience. \\\"Bon ton roula\\\" (pronounced \\\"bahn tahn roolay\\\") is a phonetical approximation of \\\"bons temps rouler\\\", Louisiana Creole French for \\\"good times roll\\\" as in \\\"Laissez les bons temps rouler\\\" or \\\"Let the good times roll\\\", a regional invitation to join in a festive celebration. A song with a similar theme, \\\"Let the Good\",\n \"title\": \"Bon Ton Roula\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13106720\",\n \"text\": \"on behalf of 16 Mexican plaintiffs charged that the plaintiffs were assaulted, threatened, and held at gunpoint by Barnett and members of his family. After Roll's ruling and prompted by several talk-radio programs, he was the subject of hundreds of complaining phone calls and death threats and he and his family were under the protection of the U.S. Marshals Service for a month. Roll declined to press charges when some of those who made threats were identified. Roll was shot on January 8, 2011, outside a Safeway supermarket in Casas Adobes, Arizona, when Jared Lee Loughner opened fire at a\",\n \"title\": \"John Roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3253472\",\n \"text\": \"Event, for the first time in more than six years, Buffer returned to pro-wrestling ring announcing duties at Madison Square Garden in a boxing match between pro boxer Evander Holyfield (who was substituting for Montel Vontavious Porter) and pro wrestler Matt Hardy. Buffer appears in the Royal Rumble 2008 commercial, in which he begins to say \\\"Let's get ready to rumble!\\\" only to be superkicked by Shawn Michaels, causing him to fall over. As well as being in the commercial for the event, he was the guest ring announcer during the Royal Rumble match itself. During his career, Buffer has\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Buffer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14018021\",\n \"text\": \"hit on the country charts in the United States. That's How Country Boys Roll \\\"That's How Country Boys Roll\\\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Billy Currington. It was released in September 2009 as the third single from his 2008 album \\\"Little Bit of Everything\\\". The song became Currington's fourth number one hit on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Songs chart for the week of October 10, 2009.. Currington wrote this song with Dallas Davidson and Brett Jones. The song is an up-tempo tune, in which the narrator lists off various traits of a \\\"country\",\n \"title\": \"That's How Country Boys Roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14845245\",\n \"text\": \"different \\\"Bon Ton Roulet\\\" was recorded in 1967 by Clifton Chenier that has inspired several subsequent versions. Bon Ton Roula \\\"Bon Ton Roula\\\" (alternatively \\\"Bon Ton Roulet\\\") is a zydeco-influenced blues song first recorded by Clarence Garlow in 1949. The following year, it became a hit, reaching number seven in \\\"Billboard\\\" magazine's Rhythm & Blues chart and introduced the style to a national audience. \\\"Bon ton roula\\\" (pronounced \\\"bahn tahn roolay\\\") is a phonetical approximation of \\\"bons temps rouler\\\", Louisiana Creole French for \\\"good times roll\\\" as in \\\"Laissez les bons temps rouler\\\" or \\\"Let the good times roll\\\", a\",\n \"title\": \"Bon Ton Roula\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6620355\",\n \"text\": \"Kreegah bundolo Kreegah bundolo is a phrase that Tarzan—and the tribe of apes that raised him—cry out to warn of danger, for example, \\\"Kreegah bundolo! White men come with hunt sticks. Kill!\\\" According to the fictional ape language worked out by Tarzan creator Edgar Rice Burroughs, the literal translation of the phrase would be \\\"Beware, (I) kill!\\\" \\\"Kreegah Bundola\\\" is one of a few names for the Frank Zappa song whose most popular title seems to be \\\"Let's Move to Cleveland\\\". It is also utilized in Bruce Coville's \\\"Allbright\\\" series as Grakker's \\\"violence\\\" module boot-up sound byte. It was uttered\",\n \"title\": \"Kreegah bundolo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"893495\",\n \"text\": \"and live album \\\"Road Rock Vol. 1\\\" were released in 2000 and were both accompanied by live concert films. His 2001 single \\\"Let's Roll\\\" was a tribute to the victims of the September 11 attacks, and the effective action taken by the passengers and crew on Flight 93 in particular. At the \\\"\\\" benefit concert for the victims of the attacks, Young performed John Lennon's \\\"Imagine\\\" and accompanied Eddie Vedder and Mike McCready on \\\"Long Road\\\", a Pearl Jam song that was written with Young during the \\\"Mirrorball\\\" sessions. \\\"Let's Roll\\\" was included on 2002's \\\"Are You Passionate?\\\", an album\",\n \"title\": \"Neil Young\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10873269\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Asia's Got Talent\\\" released the behind the scenes video of the recording. Let's Groove \\\"Let's Groove\\\" is a song by the American band Earth, Wind & Fire from their eleventh studio album \\\"Raise!\\\" (1981). Written by Maurice White and Wayne Vaughn, the song was chosen as the lead single from the album. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, disco music was undergoing a severe backlash. In spite of this, the band decided to revive the disco sound that was later included on their previous works and records. Musically, \\\"Let's Groove\\\" is a post-disco, pop and funk song which includes\",\n \"title\": \"Let's Groove\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6255684\",\n \"text\": \"a car with Dre in the back and \\\"bitches screaming, 'Let me ride!'\\\" Let Me Ride \\\"Let Me Ride\\\" is a 1993 single by rapper and producer Dr. Dre, and the third single from his debut studio album, \\\"The Chronic\\\". It experienced moderate success on the charts, until it became a massive hit when Dre won a Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance for the song during the Grammy Awards of 1994. The chorus is sung by Ruben and Jewell, and Snoop Dogg (then known as Snoop Doggy Dogg) raps the line \\\"Rollin' in my 6-4\\\" and appears in\",\n \"title\": \"Let Me Ride\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8718416\",\n \"text\": \"Pulitzer Prize \\\"for the most distinguished and meritorious public service rendered by an American newspaper during the year.\\\" On September 4, 1957, while covering the attempt at desegregation at Little Rock Central High School, Fine famously sat down beside a lonely and scared Elizabeth Eckford and sympathetically said \\\"don't let them see you cry.\\\" Fine was one of two whites at the scene that day who is said to have helped Eckford in some way. The other was Grace Lorch, the wife of a professor who helped her get on board a bus and get away. During his tenure as\",\n \"title\": \"Benjamin Fine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9090755\",\n \"text\": \"... I hadn't realised I'd sung it like John.\\\" The song's title was inspired by a quote from George Harrison's \\\"I'd Have You Anytime\\\", the opening track from his critically acclaimed \\\"All Things Must Pass\\\". \\\"Let Me Roll It\\\" was performed regularly by Wings' during their Over the World tour. McCartney performed the song again during his New World Tour, and it has been a part of every tour since. He has also included live versions of the song on several live albums, including \\\"Wings over America\\\", \\\"Paul Is Live\\\", \\\"Back in the U.S.\\\" (and \\\"Back in the World\\\"), and\",\n \"title\": \"Let Me Roll It\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13525926\",\n \"text\": \"Edmund Dick Taylor Colonel Edmund Dick Taylor (October 18, 1804 - December 4, 1891) was an American businessman, politician, and soldier from Illinois. He is remembered as the first person to suggest that the United States should issue paper currency (\\\"greenbacks\\\") during the American Civil War. He was born Edmund Richard Taylor in Lunenburg County, Virginia, son of Giles Y Taylor (1766–1830) and Francine \\\"Sina\\\" Stokes. In later years, he preferred to use his middle name rather than his first name, and used in its short form. Thus he became known as \\\"Dick\\\" Taylor, and his middle initial was written\",\n \"title\": \"Edmund Dick Taylor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1540965\",\n \"text\": \"of the U2 song \\\"40\\\" performed by all three members. The EP reached No. 142 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" 200 and won dc Talk their fourth Grammy award. In September 2002, DC Talk recorded and released a single about the September 11, 2001 attacks titled \\\"Let's Roll\\\". A 10th Anniversary Edition of \\\"Free at Last\\\", which includes all of the songs from the original album (including interludes), a 2002 remake of \\\"The Hardway\\\", as well as a commentary at the end was released. The Special Edition releases also include the DVD of their \\\"\\\" documentary, as well as the music videos\",\n \"title\": \"DC Talk\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5957490\",\n \"text\": \"Let's Dance (Five song) \\\"Let's Dance\\\" is the first single from English boy band Five's third and final studio album, \\\"Kingsize\\\". Released on 13 August 2001, the song was written by Richard Stannard, Julian Gallagher, Martin Harrington, Abs Breen, Jason \\\"J\\\" Brown and Sean Conlon, and produced by Stannard and Rowe. The song charted at number one on the UK Singles Chart, and became Five's third and final number-one single. The song peaked at number two in the Irish Singles Chart. The single was certified Silver in the UK. The official music video was directed by Max and Dania. It\",\n \"title\": \"Let's Dance (Five song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4800341\",\n \"text\": \"Alfred Moore Waddell Alfred Moore Waddell (September 16, 1834 – March 17, 1912) was a Democratic U.S. Congressman from North Carolina between 1871 and 1879 and, after leading the only successful coup d'état on U.S. soil, became mayor of Wilmington, North Carolina, following the coordinated overthrow of the city's government. An avowed white supremacist, he is also credited with popularizing the term \\\"race riot.\\\" Waddell was born in Hillsboro, North Carolina, to Hugh Waddell, a prominent lawyer, and Susan Moore. Waddell also wedded a third time, marrying Gabrielle de Rosset, in 1896. He was the great-great-great-grandson of General Hugh Waddell,\",\n \"title\": \"Alfred Moore Waddell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19162774\",\n \"text\": \"of ridicule, exhibited by the opening vignette \\\"Blame It On Chachi\\\" in which the homophobic epithet \\\"faggot\\\" is hurled at Edgar from an unspecified narrator. Edgar's flamboyant demeanor and love for pop culture helps guide the plot of the vignettes. His story most evidently reflects the rupture of childhood innocence as he explicitly describes his sexy escapades with Mr. Campos, the school janitor. Florante Sanchez: A recent immigrant from the Philippines who attends school with Edgar, Katrina, Vicente and the other children. He comes from a family of writers and has a talent with the English language which sets him\",\n \"title\": \"Rolling the R's\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12649458\",\n \"text\": \"him), Hirschfield resigned or was fired in 1920. He started Mells Candy, which went bankrupt, and as a result he committed suicide on January 14, 1922 in his room at the Monterey Hotel in Manhattan, leaving a note saying that he was \\\"sorry, but could not help it\\\". Hirschfield never ran a candy shop in Brooklyn. Hirschfield named the candy after his daughter Clara, whose nickname was \\\"Tootsie\\\". In 1935, the company was in serious difficulty. Tootsie Roll's principal supplier of paper boxes, Joseph Rubin & Sons of Brooklyn, concerned about the possible loss of an important customer, decided to\",\n \"title\": \"Tootsie Roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1843987\",\n \"text\": \"Jim Crow in Military Service, later renamed the League for Non-Violent Civil Disobedience. On July 26, 1948, President Harry S. Truman abolished racial segregation in the armed forces through Executive Order 9981. Randolph was the nominal leader of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, which was organized by Bayard Rustin and his younger associates. At this march, Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his \\\"I Have a Dream\\\" speech. Soon afterwards, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed. Bayard Rustin was National Chairman of SDUSA and also was President of the A. Philip Randolph Institute. Rustin had had\",\n \"title\": \"Social Democrats, USA\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15677747\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Hard White (Up in the Club)\\\" was released on August 8, 2011. The song features guest vocals by Lil Jon and it was produced by Hydrox. The music video was filmed in Atlanta, Georgia, and directed by Motion Family. On September 20, the music video for \\\"Hard White (Up in the Club)\\\" was released through VEVO. The remix to \\\"Hard White (Up in the Club)\\\" was released on November 2; the song features T.I., and label-mates Slaughterhouse. On October 28, 2011, Yelawolf released the album's second single \\\"Let's Roll\\\" featuring Kid Rock. The song was produced by The Audibles and\",\n \"title\": \"Radioactive (Yelawolf album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"271076\",\n \"text\": \"D.C., then governed by congressional committee. Despite tensions, the march was a resounding success. More than a quarter of a million people of diverse ethnicities attended the event, sprawling from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial onto the National Mall and around the reflecting pool. At the time, it was the largest gathering of protesters in Washington, D.C.'s history. King delivered a 17-minute speech, later known as \\\"I Have a Dream\\\". In the speech's most famous passage—in which he departed from his prepared text, possibly at the prompting of Mahalia Jackson, who shouted behind him, \\\"Tell them about the dream!\\\"—King\",\n \"title\": \"Martin Luther King Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"24283\",\n \"text\": \"lecturing, personalizing it by adding \\\"I have a higher and greater standard of principle. Washington could not lie. I can lie but I won't.\\\" Patrick Henry (May 29, 1736 – June 6, 1799) was an attorney, planter and politician who became known as an orator during the movement for independence in Virginia in the 1770s. Patrick Henry is best known for the speech he made in the House of Burgesses on March 23, 1775, in Saint John's Church in Richmond, Virginia. With the House undecided on whether to mobilize for military action against the encroaching British military force, Henry argued\",\n \"title\": \"Folklore of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3315743\",\n \"text\": \"Samuel Rosenman Samuel Irving Rosenman (February 13, 1896 – June 24, 1973) was an American lawyer, judge, Democratic Party activist and presidential speechwriter. He coined the term \\\"New Deal\\\", and helped articulate liberal policies during the heyday of the New Deal coalition. He was the first person to hold the position of White House Counsel. Rosenman was born in San Antonio, Texas, the son of Solomon and Ethel (Paler) Rosenman. He served in the US Army during World War I and graduated From Columbia Law School in 1919. He was a member of Phi Beta Kappa and Delta Sigma Rho.\",\n \"title\": \"Samuel Rosenman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12667734\",\n \"text\": \"chart. In 2009, the song was acknowledged with a Grammy Hall of Fame Award and was inducted into the Blues Foundation Hall of Fame in 2013 in the \\\"Classic of Blues Recording — Singles or Album Tracks\\\" category. Numerous artists have performed \\\"Let the Good Times Roll\\\" and many have recorded it, including: Ray Charles (1959, \\\"The Genius of Ray Charles\\\"), Sam Butera and the Silent Witnesses (from the 1960 album \\\"The Wildest Clan\\\"), Georgie Fame and the Blue Flames (1964 \\\"Rhythm and Blues at the Flamingo\\\"), Muddy Waters (1975, \\\"Muddy Waters Woodstock Album\\\"), Koko Taylor (1978, \\\"The Earthshaker\\\"), Clifton\",\n \"title\": \"Let the Good Times Roll (Louis Jordan song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6853796\",\n \"text\": \"Are You Passionate? Are You Passionate? is the 24th studio album by Canadian musician Neil Young, the only album to feature Booker T. & the M.G.'s, and his eighth with Crazy Horse, released on April 9, 2002 as a double LP and as a single CD. It represents Young's foray into soul music, not sounding like anything he had previously released. Exceptions are rocker \\\"Goin' Home\\\", recorded with Crazy Horse, and the brooding \\\"Let's Roll\\\", a response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks. The album ends with \\\"She's a Healer\\\", an extended jam. The track \\\"Gateway of love\\\" is listed on\",\n \"title\": \"Are You Passionate?\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3954505\",\n \"text\": \"to the new rock'n'roll music. Let's Rock Let's Rock (known as Keep It Cool in the United Kingdom) is a 1958 rock and roll film starring Julius LaRosa as a crooner attempting to fight off the rival music rock and roll, Phyllis Newman as his songwriting girlfriend who convinces him to adapt rather than fight and Conrad Janis as LaRosa's manager. The film, another rock-exploitation film aimed at the teenage drive-in crowd, was produced and directed by Harry Foster and also features performances from the Tyrones, Paul Anka, Wink Martindale, Roy Hamilton, Danny & the Juniors and the Royal Teens.\",\n \"title\": \"Let's Rock\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6833347\",\n \"text\": \"News with Brian Williams\\\", appeared on CNN, ESPN, MSNBC, and several other networks. He also was blamed by many for the event including one caller saying \\\"if anything else happens, there will be blood on your hands.\\\" On April 21, Updyke appeared again on the Finebaum show, speaking publicly for the first time since the incident, breaking his long silence. The interview, perhaps the most listened to ever in the history of the Finebaum show, made national news, appearing in publications ranging from \\\"The New York Times\\\" to ESPN's \\\"SportsCenter\\\". Updyke ended the 45-minute interview with his signature \\\"Roll Damn\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Finebaum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16157704\",\n \"text\": \"album \\\"Charlie, Last Name Wilson\\\"), with Wilson going on to frequently perform the cover at live concerts. In 2000, singer Toni Estes covered the song on her album 'Two Eleven'. Rapper Wale (rapper) sampled Let's Chill on his Eleven One Eleven Theory mixtape. The song, also named Let's Chill, features R&B singer Lloyd (singer). Let's Chill \\\"Let's Chill\\\" is a song released by American R&B band Guy from the album \\\"The Future\\\". Co-written by band members Bernard Belle and Teddy Riley, it was released as the second single from the album on February 18, 1991. It reached #41 on the\",\n \"title\": \"Let's Chill\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"271158\",\n \"text\": \"would be redesigned to depict various historical events that had occurred at the Lincoln Memorial. Among the planned designs are images from King's \\\"I Have a Dream\\\" speech and the 1939 concert by opera singer Marian Anderson. Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr. (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American Baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the civil rights movement from 1954 until his death in 1968. Born in Atlanta, King is best known for advancing civil rights through nonviolence and civil disobedience, tactics his Christian beliefs and\",\n \"title\": \"Martin Luther King Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18932779\",\n \"text\": \"his debut album, \\\"Goin' Back Home\\\" (1998). He began playing clubs across Florida and was quickly signed to a recording contract by Shanachie Records. Tackling social issues in his self penned songs, including racial profiling and youth violence, Champion released \\\"Payin' for My Sins\\\" (1999) and \\\"2 Days Short of a Week\\\" (2001) for the label. Champion's song, co-written with Kevin Bowe, entitled \\\"Trust Yourself\\\" was included on Etta James' \\\"Let's Roll\\\" album (2003). It won a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Blues Album in 2003, and also a Blues Music Award as the 'Soul/Blues Album of the Year' from\",\n \"title\": \"Grady Champion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3253471\",\n \"text\": \"his contract with WCW prevented Buffer from announcing for other wrestling-type organizations, forcing him to stop announcing for the UFC (his only UFC cards were UFC 6 and UFC 7). However, when WCW ceased to exist, and Time Warner had no more affiliation with professional wrestling, Buffer was enabled to announce in other wrestling promotions. During the Monday Night Wars, while Buffer was on \\\"WCW Monday Nitro\\\", WWF wrestler Triple H created the phrase \\\"Let's get ready to suck it!\\\" to mock him, as part of his D-Generation X act. On the August 18, 2007 edition of Saturday Night's Main\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Buffer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12679647\",\n \"text\": \"Sermons and speeches of Martin Luther King Jr. The sermons and speeches of Martin Luther King Jr., comprise an extensive catalog of American writing and oratory – some of which are internationally well-known, while others remain unheralded, and some await re-discovery. Martin Luther King Jr. was a prominent African-American clergyman, a civil rights leader, and a Nobel laureate. King himself observed, \\\"In the quiet recesses of my heart, I am fundamentally a clergyman, a Baptist preacher.\\\" The famous \\\"I Have a Dream\\\" address was delivered in August 1963 from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. Less well-remembered\",\n \"title\": \"Sermons and speeches of Martin Luther King Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7877682\",\n \"text\": \"1. A second single, \\\"Gudbuy T'Jane\\\", was also released that month and reached No. 2 in the UK. In October, \\\"The Whole World's Goin' Crazee\\\" was released as a free 7\\\" Flexi disc with the \\\"Music Scene\\\" magazine. The B-Side was \\\"Bonnie Charlie\\\" by Mike Hugg. In August 1973, \\\"Let The Good Times Roll\\\" was released as a single in America where it reached No. 114. In November, \\\"Move Over\\\" was released as a single in Japan. \\\"How D'You Ride\\\" had originally been considered as a potential single, with Chandler particularly keen on seeing it released as one. In a\",\n \"title\": \"Slayed?\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12650455\",\n \"text\": \"CTE World label. Tone Trump has close affiliations with entrepreneurs Hood Rellic, Chris Banks of the clothing label Banks and Ross Collection, as well as significant collaborations with fellow rap artist and model agent Smutty Major Movez. He is the author of many catch phrases, such as \\\"Let's Win\\\" and \\\"Hustle or Starve\\\". Tone Trump won artist of the year at the 2012 Philly Hip Hop Awards. His song \\\"Ghetto Boy,\\\" featuring Freeway Ricky Ross, was produced by Smitti Boi. Tone Trump made a cameo in the 2015 boxing drama \\\"Creed\\\", where he had a brief altercation with the main\",\n \"title\": \"Tone Trump\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6692526\",\n \"text\": \"first solo album, \\\"Remembered\\\", in 2003. Long's writing continued with work for the \\\"New York Sports Express\\\", \\\"The Buffalo Beast\\\" (created by \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" Contributing Editor Matt Taibbi and now called \\\"The Beast\\\"), \\\"Vice Magazine\\\"/London, \\\"The Fix\\\" on the now-defunct fuzz.com, project-noise.org, and other publications and sites. In 2004, Long pursued a degree in Film/Directing and graduated in 2006. That same year his latest solo album \\\"God Bless the Drunkard's Dog\\\" was released on vinyl-only imprint Black Diamond, under Long's longtime European label, Southern Records. The album's song \\\"Let 'em Roll\\\" was featured in the Afghanistan War documentary film, \\\"At\",\n \"title\": \"P.W. Long\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13480633\",\n \"text\": \"growing sense of national urgency to take action. Martin Luther King Jr. watched the address with Walter E. Fauntroy in Atlanta. When it was over, he jumped up and declared, \\\"Walter, can you believe that white man not only stepped up to the plate, he hit it over the fence!\\\" He then sent a telegram to the White House: \\\"I have just listened to your speech to the nation. It was one of the most eloquent[,] profound, and unequivocal pleas for justice and freedom of all men ever made by any President. You spoke passionately for moral issues involved in\",\n \"title\": \"Report to the American People on Civil Rights\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5598116\",\n \"text\": \"In point of fact, however, the motto was created by Forest Long, of the advertising agency Young & Rubicam, in partnership with the Ad Council. Fletcher was a United States Army veteran during World War II and upon his death in 2005 was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. Arthur Fletcher Arthur Allen Fletcher (December 22, 1924 – July 12, 2005) was an American government official, widely referred to as the \\\"father of affirmative action\\\" as he was largely responsible for the Revised Philadelphia Plan. Arthur Fletcher, a Republican, graduated from Washburn University and obtained a degree from distance learning school\",\n \"title\": \"Arthur Fletcher\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5844796\",\n \"text\": \"Chris Cheney Christopher John Cheney (born 2 January 1975) is an Australian rock musician, record producer and studio owner. He is the founding mainstay guitarist, songwriter and lead vocalist of the psychobilly band, The Living End, which was formed in 1994 with school mate Scott Owen. Cheney wrote the group's top 20 hits on the ARIA Singles Chart: \\\"Second Solution\\\" / \\\"Prisoner of Society\\\" (1997), \\\"All Torn Down\\\" (1999), \\\"Pictures in the Mirror\\\" (2000), \\\"Roll On\\\" (2001), \\\"One Said to the Other\\\" (2003), \\\"What's on Your Radio\\\" (2005), \\\"Wake Up\\\" (2006) and \\\"White Noise\\\" (2008). In 2004 Cheney joined the\",\n \"title\": \"Chris Cheney\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9090756\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Good Evening New York City\\\". Personnel per \\\"The Beatles Bible\\\". Let Me Roll It \\\"Let Me Roll It\\\" is a song by Wings released on the 1973 album \\\"Band on the Run\\\". The song was also released as the B-side to \\\"Jet\\\" in early 1974, and has remained a staple of McCartney's live concerts since it was first released. Some critics, such as \\\"Rolling Stone\\\"s Jon Landau, saw the song as a pastiche of John Lennon's sound, particularly the riff and the use of tape echo on the vocals. McCartney, however, didn't intend the song to be a pastiche of\",\n \"title\": \"Let Me Roll It\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1000466\",\n \"text\": \"his stage name from a cousin-in-law from Oklahoma who performed as Lee Halliday. The latter called Smet \\\"Johnny\\\" and became a father figure, introducing him to American music. Influenced by Elvis Presley and the 1950s rock n' roll revolution, Hallyday became known for singing rock 'n' roll in French. His debut single, \\\"Laisse les filles\\\" was released on the Vogue label in March 1960. His first album, \\\"Hello Johnny\\\", was released in 1960. In 1961 his cover of \\\"Let's Twist Again\\\" sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc. It topped almost every European chart, although the\",\n \"title\": \"Johnny Hallyday\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3539308\",\n \"text\": \"behind Oprah Winfrey in \\\"EBONY Magazine\\\"s POWER 150 list. In 2014, Smiley received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, honoring his contributions to television. To date, Smiley has received 16 honorary doctorates. Smiley is referenced in the KRS-One song \\\"Clear 'Em Out.\\\" Tavis Smiley Tavis Smiley (; born September 13, 1964) is an American talk show host and author. Smiley was born in Gulfport, Mississippi, and grew up in Bunker Hill, Indiana. After attending Indiana University, he worked during the late 1980s as an aide to Tom Bradley, the mayor of Los Angeles. Smiley became a radio commentator\",\n \"title\": \"Tavis Smiley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14018017\",\n \"text\": \"That's How Country Boys Roll \\\"That's How Country Boys Roll\\\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Billy Currington. It was released in September 2009 as the third single from his 2008 album \\\"Little Bit of Everything\\\". The song became Currington's fourth number one hit on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Songs chart for the week of October 10, 2009.. Currington wrote this song with Dallas Davidson and Brett Jones. The song is an up-tempo tune, in which the narrator lists off various traits of a \\\"country boy,\\\" such as his work ethic and leisure activities.\",\n \"title\": \"That's How Country Boys Roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13261243\",\n \"text\": \"a 28-page booklet featuring previously unseen and rare photos together with an essay by music historian Warren Zanes. The album includes all of Harrison's songs that reached number 1 on America's \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 singles chart, including \\\"My Sweet Lord\\\", \\\"Isn't It a Pity\\\", \\\"Give Me Love (Give Me Peace on Earth)\\\" and \\\"Got My Mind Set on You\\\", as well as other international number 1 singles such as \\\"What Is Life\\\" and \\\"All Those Years Ago\\\". The track list was selected by George's widow, Olivia Harrison, with some assistance from close friends and family. iTunes exclusively offers the digital\",\n \"title\": \"Let It Roll: Songs by George Harrison\"\n }\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":79080,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":79080,"string":"79,080"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Tim DeKay"],"string":"[\n \"Tim DeKay\"\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who played patrick on new adventures of old christine"},"compressed_prompt":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Question:\\nPlease write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: The New Adventures of Old Christine context: The New Adventures of Old Christine The New Adventures of Old Christine (often shortened to simply Old Christine) is an American television sitcom starring Julia Louis-Dreyfus as Christine Campbell, a divorced mother doing her best to keep pace with those around her. Clark Gregg co-starred as her ex-husband Richard, with whom Christine maintains a close relationship despite their divorce, as well as Hamish Linklater as her brother Matthew and Wanda Sykes as her best friend, Barb. It ran on CBS from March 13, 2006 to May 12, 2010. \\\"The New Adventures of Old Christine\\\" was created and produced by Kari\\n\\nwho played patrick on new adventures of old christine\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 193,\n \"origin_tokens\": 193,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"15325231","text":"The New Adventures of Old Christine The New Adventures of Old Christine (often shortened to simply Old Christine) is an American television sitcom starring Julia Louis-Dreyfus as Christine Campbell, a divorced mother doing her best to keep pace with those around her. Clark Gregg co-starred as her ex-husband Richard, with whom Christine maintains a close relationship despite their divorce, as well as Hamish Linklater as her brother Matthew and Wanda Sykes as her best friend, Barb. It ran on CBS from March 13, 2006 to May 12, 2010. \"The New Adventures of Old Christine\" was created and produced by Kari","title":"The New Adventures of Old Christine"},{"id":"15325233","text":"new girlfriend (Emily Rutherfurd) is also named Christine, hence the nickname \"Old Christine\". Christine lives with her son Ritchie (Trevor Gagnon) and her brother Matthew (Hamish Linklater), while best friend and business partner Barb (Wanda Sykes) is constantly a shoulder for Christine to lean upon. Christine also struggles with her inferiority complex with the bitchy \"meanie-moms,\" Marly Ehrhardt (Tricia O'Kelley) and Lindsay (Alex Kapp Horner), at her son's private school. There are guest appearances from actors including Blair Underwood, Dave Foley, Eric McCormack, Jason Alexander, Jennifer Grey, Jeffrey Tambor, Megan Mullally, Scott Bakula, Ed Begley, Jr., Kristen Johnston, Molly Shannon,","title":"The New Adventures of Old Christine"},{"id":"6571331","text":"Parker Goris Parker Goris (born January 16, 1995) is an American actor who is the voice of Flounder in Walt Disney's direct-to-video animated film \"\" and the \"Kingdom Hearts\" series. He has also made guest appearances in TV shows like \"Monk\" and \"Summerland\" as well as having a recurring role as Garret in \"Grey's Anatomy\". He has played the son of Bill Engvall in the feature film, Delta Farce, as well as the son of the Emmy award-winning star Kristen Johnston in \"The New Adventures of Old Christine\". Other credits include co-star roles in , Zoey 101 The Tracy Morgan","title":"Parker Goris"},{"id":"5592491","text":"Dunlop and Jaguar luxury cars since 2014. Cumberbatch was cast in February 2017 to star in \"Patrick Melrose\", a miniseries adaptation of the Edward St Aubyn novels, which will begin airing on Showtime on May 12, 2018. In 2019 Cumberbatch will appear as Dominic Cummings in HBO and Channel 4 television film \"\". In 2006, Cumberbatch played William Pitt the Younger in \"Amazing Grace\". The role garnered him a nomination for the London Film Critics Circle \"British Breakthrough Acting Award\". He subsequently appeared in supporting roles in \"Atonement\" (2007) and \"The Other Boleyn Girl\" (2008). In 2009, he appeared in","title":"Benedict Cumberbatch"},{"id":"6571332","text":"Show and others. Parker Goris Parker Goris (born January 16, 1995) is an American actor who is the voice of Flounder in Walt Disney's direct-to-video animated film \"\" and the \"Kingdom Hearts\" series. He has also made guest appearances in TV shows like \"Monk\" and \"Summerland\" as well as having a recurring role as Garret in \"Grey's Anatomy\". He has played the son of Bill Engvall in the feature film, Delta Farce, as well as the son of the Emmy award-winning star Kristen Johnston in \"The New Adventures of Old Christine\". Other credits include co-star roles in , Zoey 101","title":"Parker Goris"},{"id":"20698334","text":"the United Kingdom. David Nicholls wrote the five episodes of the series, with Edward Berger directing. In July, Jennifer Jason Leigh and Hugo Weaving joined as Patrick’s mother and father, and Anna Madeley was cast as Patrick’s wife. Allison Williams and Blythe Danner joined in August 2017, with filming having begun by October in Glasgow. The first trailer debuted in April 2018, with the series set to premiere on May 12 on Showtime. The series consecutively stream new episodes on CraveTV in Canada. It's showing on Sky Atlantic in the UK. Sky Vision handles international sales of the series. The","title":"Patrick Melrose (TV series)"},{"id":"15845747","text":"Tricia O'Kelley Patricia Beth \"Tricia\" O'Kelley (born September 26, 1968) is an American actress and producer, best recognized as Marly Ehrhardt on the CBS sitcom \"The New Adventures of Old Christine\" (2006–10). She may also be known for her recurring role as Nicole Leahy on The WB television series \"Gilmore Girls\" (2003–04) as well as the lead role in the independent comedy film \"Weather Girl\" (2009). O'Kelley began her acting career in commercials. In the 1990s, she founded a resource center for aspiring actors in Chicago that provided workshops, career consultations and seminars. As of the late 1990s, she began","title":"Tricia O'Kelley"},{"id":"15325232","text":"Lizer as well as Andy Ackerman (who directed all 88 episodes of the series), and distributed by Warner Bros. Television. The series received generally positive reviews from television critics and was nominated for nine Primetime Emmy Awards, winning one for Louis-Dreyfus' performance in the first season. On May 18, 2010, CBS canceled \"The New Adventures of Old Christine\" after five seasons. Christine Campbell (Julia Louis-Dreyfus) is a neurotic mother and owner of a women's gym who is in a constant struggle to keep pace with those around her. A fixture in her life is her ex-husband Richard (Clark Gregg), whose","title":"The New Adventures of Old Christine"},{"id":"5947880","text":"Louis-Dreyfus again in \"The New Adventures of Old Christine\", where he played a temperamental boyfriend of Louis-Dreyfus's character in a three episode story arc. His resume includes numerous theatrical credits, with performances in plays both on and off Broadway, including: \"Ridiculous Fraud\" at the McCarter Theatre; \"Billy Budd\" at the Circle in the Square Theatre; \"Someone to Watch Over Me\" with the Denver Theatre Company; \"The Merchant of Venice\" on the Hartford Stage; and the national tour of \"The Lion in Winter\". In 2009, he was both director and producer of the short film \"This Monday\". The film was included","title":"Tim DeKay"},{"id":"15845750","text":"designs a line of greetings cards called Heartsongs. Tricia O'Kelley Patricia Beth \"Tricia\" O'Kelley (born September 26, 1968) is an American actress and producer, best recognized as Marly Ehrhardt on the CBS sitcom \"The New Adventures of Old Christine\" (2006–10). She may also be known for her recurring role as Nicole Leahy on The WB television series \"Gilmore Girls\" (2003–04) as well as the lead role in the independent comedy film \"Weather Girl\" (2009). O'Kelley began her acting career in commercials. In the 1990s, she founded a resource center for aspiring actors in Chicago that provided workshops, career consultations and","title":"Tricia O'Kelley"},{"id":"8502263","text":"and directed by Dan Povenmire. It received divided reviews, with the negative reviews going to the \"personal driver\" plot and the positive going to the \"Rupert\" plot. According to Nielsen ratings, it was viewed in 8.8 million homes in its original airing. The episode feature guest performances by Max Burkholder, Phil LaMarr, Rob Lowe, Ted McGinley, Stephen Stanton, Connor Trinneer, Audrey Wasilewski, George Wendt and Dave Wittenberg. \"SpongeBob SquarePants\" voice actors Tom Kenny and Bill Fagerbakke lent their voices to the episode as SpongeBob and Patrick respectively from archive music of the \"Campfire Song\" from the episode \"The Camping Episode\",","title":"Road to Rupert"},{"id":"2717405","text":"End theatre début in the musical \"Guys and Dolls\" as Nathan Detroit on July 27, 2006, alongside Neil Jerzak, and remained in the role until November 25, 2006. His previous appearances on the Broadway stage had included productions of \"Goodtime Charley\" (1975) and \"Chicago\". Swayze also provided the voice for Cash the country music band dog in \"The Fox and the Hound 2\" (2006), and in 2007 he starred in the film \"Christmas in Wonderland\". Swayze played an aging rock star in \"Powder Blue\" (2008), co-starring his younger brother Don in their first film together. In his final role, Swayze","title":"Patrick Swayze"},{"id":"14702260","text":"The New Adventures of Old Christine (season 4) The fourth season of The New Adventures of Old Christine premiered on September 24, 2008 and concluded on May 20, 2009. It consisted of 22 episodes. In this season, as Barb is divorced she is facing deportation from the U.S. so Christine decides to marry her in a sham lesbian marriage in order to keep her best friend in the country. Richard and New Christine become engaged while Matthew finds love with one of his clients. Christine has a brief relationship with an obsessive man named Patrick, while she and Barb decide","title":"The New Adventures of Old Christine (season 4)"},{"id":"13395740","text":"\"Suits\". He starred as twin brothers in the 2008 ABC pilot \"Good Behavior\", executive produced by Rob Thomas. In 2009, he signed for the male lead in the one-hour drama \"The Dealership\", starring opposite Tricia Helfer and William Devane. His television appearances grew over the next few years, from guest appearances on \"Numb3rs\" to a recurring role as a love interest for Adrianne Palicki on \"Friday Night Lights\" and leads in TV features like the romantic comedy \"Christmas in Boston\". In 2007, he moved up to guest appearances on top-rated shows like \"Lost\", where he played a young man who","title":"Patrick J. Adams"},{"id":"11684695","text":"Kari Lizer Kari Lizer (born August 26, 1961) is an American actress, writer, and producer. She was the creator and executive producer of the CBS sitcom \"The New Adventures of Old Christine\". In May 2010, CBS cancelled \"Old Christine\" after five seasons. Upon its cancellation, Lizer slammed the network and suggested the decision to cancel the show was sexist. Previously, she had been co-executive producer of \"Will & Grace\" for three years. Lizer also created the comedy \"Maggie Winters\". As an actress, Lizer played Cassie Phillips on \"Matlock\", Diana Benedict on \"Sunday Dinner\", and Chris Burgess on \"The Van Dyke","title":"Kari Lizer"},{"id":"16824051","text":"Patrick (2013 film) Patrick is a 2013 Australian supernatural horror film that was directed by Mark Hartley and a remake of the 1978 film of the same name. It had its world premiere on 27 July 2013 at the Melbourne International Film Festival and received a limited theatrical release on 14 March 2014, followed by a DVD release the following month. Its Canadian theatrical premiere was at the Lost Episode Festival Toronto on 5 July 2014. The movie stars Jackson Gallagher as the titular Patrick, a comatose young man that uses his psychic powers to stalk a nurse caring for","title":"Patrick (2013 film)"},{"id":"15845748","text":"her career on television, including guest-starring roles on \"Frasier\", \"Suddenly Susan\", \"Everybody Loves Raymond\", \"Two and a Half Men\", \"\", \"Back to You\", \"Malcolm in the Middle\" and starring roles in short-lived series \"Emeril\" and \"That Was Then\". She also had a recurring role in The WB family drama series \"Gilmore Girls\", as Nicole Leahy from 2003 to 2004. O'Kelley is best known for her portrayal of Marly Ehrhardt on the CBS sitcom \"The New Adventures of Old Christine\", opposite Julia Louis-Dreyfus, from 2006 to 2010. In 2009, she also starred and executive produced the independent film \"Weather Girl\". She","title":"Tricia O'Kelley"},{"id":"12586089","text":"Michaela Watkins Michaela Suzanne Watkins (born December 14, 1971) is an American actress and comedian. She is best known for starring on the Hulu series \"Casual\" and on the short-lived ABC sitcom \"Trophy Wife\", as well as a cast member on \"Saturday Night Live\" from 2008 to 2009. She has also recurred on television series such as \"The New Adventures of Old Christine\", \"Enlightened\" and \"Transparent\", and has had appearances in the films \"The Back-up Plan\" (2010), \"Wanderlust\" (2012) and \"Enough Said\" (2013). Watkins was born in Syracuse, New York, the daughter of former Latin teacher mother Myrna Watkins and","title":"Michaela Watkins"},{"id":"11684696","text":"Show\". Kari Lizer Kari Lizer (born August 26, 1961) is an American actress, writer, and producer. She was the creator and executive producer of the CBS sitcom \"The New Adventures of Old Christine\". In May 2010, CBS cancelled \"Old Christine\" after five seasons. Upon its cancellation, Lizer slammed the network and suggested the decision to cancel the show was sexist. Previously, she had been co-executive producer of \"Will & Grace\" for three years. Lizer also created the comedy \"Maggie Winters\". As an actress, Lizer played Cassie Phillips on \"Matlock\", Diana Benedict on \"Sunday Dinner\", and Chris Burgess on \"The Van","title":"Kari Lizer"},{"id":"16828462","text":"Dodger's dad, although eventually people started referring to him as Patrick Blake. He also said that people were picking up on the subtle hints that Patrick wasn't going to be a nice character. A reporter writing for the \"Inside Soap Yearbook 2017\" included Patrick's return as a \"vision\" in their \"A to Z\" list of 2016, adding that \"imaginary dead pals were all the rage in 2016!\" For his portrayal of Patrick, Jeremy Sheffield was nominated for several awards. Sheffield was put on the longlist and the shortlist for the British Soap Awards 2014 for Best Actor, although he lost","title":"Patrick Blake (Hollyoaks)"},{"id":"19494387","text":"The New Adventures of Old Tom \"The New Adventures of Old Tom\" is the eighteenth episode of the fourteenth season of the animated sitcom \"Family Guy\", and the 267th episode overall. It aired on Fox in the United States on May 8, 2016, and is written by Travis Bowe and directed by Steve Robertson. The title is a play on the sitcom \"The New Adventures of Old Christine\". The Griffins head to the Quahog Mall to buy Lois new underpants. Peter wants to ride on the kiddie train, but is denied entry due to being an adult. Peter begins to","title":"The New Adventures of Old Tom"},{"id":"793412","text":"UK and the European Union. Stewart and his first wife, Sheila Falconer, divorced in 1990 after 24 years of marriage. They have two children, son Daniel and daughter Sophia. Daniel is a television actor, and has appeared alongside his father in the 1993 made-for-television film \"Death Train\", and in the 1992 \"Star Trek: The Next Generation\" episode \"\", playing his son. In 1997, Stewart became engaged to Wendy Neuss, one of the producers of \"Star Trek: The Next Generation\". They married on 25 August 2000, and divorced three years later. Four months before his divorce from Neuss, Stewart played opposite","title":"Patrick Stewart"},{"id":"2175748","text":"Bill Fagerbakke William Mark Fagerbakke (; born October 4, 1957) is an American actor and voice actor. He is best known for his long-running roles as Patrick Star in the animated series \"SpongeBob SquarePants\" and Michael \"Dauber\" Dybinski on the sitcom \"Coach\". He also appeared in 12 episodes of the sitcom \"How I Met Your Mother\" as Marshall Eriksen's father Marvin. Fagerbakke, was born in October 4, 1957, in Fontana, California, and moved to Rupert, Idaho, as a youth. He graduated from Minico High School in Rupert in 1975, where he was a three-sport athlete for the Spartans in football,","title":"Bill Fagerbakke"},{"id":"8706809","text":"Patrick Drake Patrick Drake is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera \"General Hospital\", a protagonist in both seasons of its prime time SOAPnet spin-off \"\" and one half of on-screen couple Patrick Drake and Robin Scorpio. Jason Thompson originated the role in 2005. From April 23 to 28, 2008, the role of Patrick Drake was played by Ethan Erickson while Thompson was having minor surgery. In October 2015, it was announced that Thompson will be departing from the show, last appearing on January 7, 2016. Patrick was born in September 18,1976 and grew up the only child of","title":"Patrick Drake"},{"id":"20752549","text":"and the Wasp\", which was pushed back to August 3, 2018 to avoid competition with the 2018 FIFA World Cup. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, \"Patrick\" holds an approval rating of 31% based on 11 reviews. Patrick (2018 film) Patrick is a 2018 British live action family comedy film directed by Mandie Fletcher, written by Vanessa Davies, Mandie Fletcher and Paul de Vos and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures under their newly revived Buena Vista International label. The film is about a young woman named Sarah, whose life changes when her grandmother gives her prized possession, a","title":"Patrick (2018 film)"},{"id":"9015563","text":"appeared in the Broadway production of John Grisham's \"A Time to Kill\". The production started on September 28, 2013 and officially opened on October 20, 2013. He appeared in the new play, \"Casa Valentina\", which opened on Broadway in April 2014. He originated the role of Frollo in the U.S. premiere of \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\", made his Shakespeare in the Park debut in \"Cymbeline\", and in fall 2015 played Adult Men in the \"Spring Awakening\" revival, produced by Deaf West and directed by his \"Hunchback\" co-star, Michael Arden. He was in Off-Broadway productions of \"Hadestown\" at the New","title":"Patrick Page"},{"id":"6649225","text":"Jones in another brief TV series, \"Shirley\" (1979). He was the host of \"The Monte Carlo Show\" in 1980, and occasionally worked on game shows and syndicated variety series. Wayne had many appearances on popular television series of the 1970s and 1980s, including \"Fantasy Island\" (1978), \"Murder, She Wrote\" (1984), \"Charlie's Angels\" (1976), \"Sledge Hammer!\" (1986), and \"The Love Boat\". Wayne appeared in the movie \"Young Guns\" (1988) as Pat Garrett. He also did a comic turn in the Western spoof \"Rustler's Rhapsody\" (1985) starring Tom Berenger. Wayne served as the host of the 1990 revival of the game show","title":"Patrick Wayne"},{"id":"7879159","text":"Alex Kapp Horner Alex Kapp Horner (born Alexandra Kapp; December 5, 1969) is an American television actress, best recognized for her role as Lindsay on the CBS sitcom \"The New Adventures of Old Christine\" (2006–10). Horner began her career in Los Angeles as a member of The Groundlings comedy troupe. In mid-1990s she began appearing on television shows, including \"Party of Five\", \"JAG\", \"Seinfeld\", \"Friends\", \"ER\" and \"Will & Grace\". She also appeared in the television movie \"A Mother's Prayer\" (1995) with Linda Hamilton, and from 1998 to 1999 was regular cast member on the short-lived sitcom \"Maggie Winters\". From","title":"Alex Kapp Horner"},{"id":"8438764","text":"Patrick Lockhart Patrick Lockhart is a fictional character from the television drama \"Days of Our Lives\", portrayed by Brody Hutzler from 2004 to 2007. Patrick Lockhart grew up with his mother Bonnie, sister Mimi, and brother Connor on the streets (his father David had an on/off relationship with his mother). He spent most of his time protecting his family and being the man of the household. He also was a childhood conman. While unclear why, Patrick left Salem and may not have even finished high school. Patrick made his dramatic re-entrance to Salem when Jennifer Deveraux literally ran into him","title":"Patrick Lockhart"},{"id":"1419405","text":"also camoed as 'The Guy' in . The concluding chapter of the \"Rings\" trilogy, \"\" was unveiled that December, and grossed in excess of $1.1 billion at the worldwide box office. At the 76th Academy Awards, the film received all 11 Academy Awards for which it was nominated, therefore holding the record for highest Oscar sweep. Wood's first role following his \"Lord of the Rings\" success was in \"Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind\" (2004), in which he played Patrick, an unscrupulous lab technician who pursues Kate Winslet. The film received the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay in 2005.","title":"Elijah Wood"},{"id":"12946595","text":"OT VII level. Fairman left the church in January 2011, around the time he was declared a Suppressive Person. Michael Fairman Michael Fairman (born February 25, 1934) is an American actor, and writer best known for his various roles during his long career, which started when he was 31 years old. This includes the role of Nick Szabo on the daytime drama, \"Ryan's Hope\", his recurring role as Department Inspector Knelman on \"Cagney & Lacey\", and the recurring role of Patrick Murphy on CBS's daytime drama, \"The Young and the Restless\". Additional television credits include,\"Charlie's Angels\", \"Eight is Enough\", \"Barnaby","title":"Michael Fairman"},{"id":"14701516","text":"house together, which coincidentally is Christine's dream house leaving her feeling jealous and confused. Barb leaves her husband and she has a short-lived fling with Matthew much to Christine's horror. This season marks the reunion between Julia Louis-Dreyfus and Jason Alexander, who previously worked together in Seinfeld. Wanda Sykes, who plays the role of Barb, was upgraded to series regular status for this season.
Some records have to meet","title":"Super Bowl XVIII"},{"id":"9869695","text":"Seahawks won Super Bowl XLVIII by a final score of 43-8. The win marked the Seahawks' first Super Bowl Championship in franchise history. Russell Wilson finished with 206 passing yards and two touchdowns having won the Super Bowl in just his second year in the NFL, while the Seahawks defense logged four takeaways. Malcolm Smith was named Super Bowl MVP thanks in large part to his interception return and a fumble recovery in the second half. Upon returning to Seattle, the Seahawks, in true fashion, put together a parade to thank their fans (The 12th Man) and their city of","title":"History of the Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"7953501","text":"Super Bowl XLIX at the University of Phoenix Stadium, the Seahawks missed the opportunity to claim their second Super Bowl win in the final seconds of the fourth quarter, falling to the New England Patriots by a score of 28-24. In 2017 the Seattle Seawolves became one of the founding teams of the newly-formed Major League Rugby Association. On July 7, 2018, at the home field of the San Diego Legion located at the University of San Diego, the Seawolves defeated the Glendale Raptors by a score of 23 to 19 to claim the first-ever MLR championship shield. The Seattle","title":"Sports in Seattle"},{"id":"17736238","text":"to Doug Baldwin, and the second a touchdown pass from Wilson to Jermaine Kearse to win the game 28-22. With the win, the Seahawks became the first defending champion to return to the Super Bowl since the 2004 Patriots. Additionally, they ended the Packers' season the same way it began, as they lost to the Seahawks at CenturyLink Field in the Kickoff Game. 2014 Seattle Seahawks season The 2014 Seattle Seahawks season was the franchise's 39th season in the National Football League and the fifth under head coach Pete Carroll. The Seahawks started the season as the defending Super Bowl","title":"2014 Seattle Seahawks season"},{"id":"12880210","text":"2013, but the Seahawks finished the season 13-3. In the playoffs, the Seahawks beat both the New Orleans Saints and San Francisco 49ers to reach Super Bowl XLVIII. The Seahawks won the Super Bowl 43-8 after they beat the Denver Broncos to give Okung his first Super Bowl ring. Okung started 14 games in the 2014 season and help the Seahawks finish with a 12-4 record. The Seahawks beat both the Carolina Panthers and Green Bay Packers to reach Super Bowl XLIX. The Seahawks failed to repeat as Super Bowl champions after they lost 28–24 to the New England Patriots.","title":"Russell Okung"},{"id":"12304557","text":"Seahawks became the fourth defending Super Bowl champions to lose in the following year's title game, after the 1978 Dallas Cowboys, 1983 Washington Redskins and the 1997 Green Bay Packers. After finishing the previous season by defeating the Denver Broncos, 43–8, in Super Bowl XLVIII, Seattle completed the 2014 regular season with a 12–4 record. The Patriots, who also posted a 12–4 record, joined the Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers as one of the three teams to have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl. For the second straight season, but only the third time in the prior 21 seasons,","title":"Super Bowl XLIX"},{"id":"7141011","text":"the Seahawks and the fifth Super Bowl loss for the Broncos, tied with the New England Patriots for the most of any team. The game was played on February 2, 2014 at MetLife Stadium at the Meadowlands Sports Complex in East Rutherford, New Jersey, the first Super Bowl played outdoors in a cold-weather city and the first Super Bowl to be played on February 2. This marked the third time the number one seed from each conference met in the league championship, joining Super Bowl XXVIII (1994) and Super Bowl XLIV (2010). The Seahawks posted a 13–3 record and were","title":"Super Bowl XLVIII"},{"id":"9869659","text":"the first time in the team's history. They were the NFC representative in Super Bowl XL, a game they lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Seahawks compiled a 13-3 record in the regular season, easily winning the NFC West and clinching home field advantage in the NFC playoffs. There, they beat the Washington Redskins and Carolina Panthers to win the George Halas Trophy and advance to the Super Bowl, the first in franchise history. Seattle fell short in its bid for its first NFL title, losing to the Pittsburgh Steelers at Super Bowl XL in Detroit, Michigan on February 5,","title":"History of the Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"17736231","text":"conference champions, the first NFC team since the 1997 Green Bay Packers to repeat as NFC Champions, the first team to go to consecutive Super Bowls as the #1 seed in the playoffs since the 1990–1991 Buffalo Bills, and the first NFC team to go to consecutive Super Bowls as the #1 seed in the playoffs since the 1982–1983 Washington Redskins. In Super Bowl XLIX, the Seahawks were defeated by the Patriots 28–24, thereby being dethroned and failing to become the first repeat champion since the 2004 New England Patriots. Notes The Seahawks started their 2014 season at home against","title":"2014 Seattle Seahawks season"},{"id":"3200129","text":"Seahawks became the first team to advance to the Super Bowl without playing a division champion in the playoffs (later matched by the Colts in 2009, Steelers in 2010, and the Seahawks again in 2013, with the 2013 Seahawks being the only one of the four to win the Super Bowl). Off a first-round bye, Seattle defeated the sixth-seeded Washington Redskins, 20–10, before eliminating the fifth-seeded Carolina Panthers, 34–14, in the NFC Championship Game. These were Seattle's first playoff victories since the 1984 season when they defeated the Los Angeles Raiders 13–7, when the team was still in the AFC","title":"Super Bowl XL"},{"id":"17074635","text":"new officials were hired, including Shawn Hochuli, son of referee Ed Hochuli. 2014 NFL season The 2014 NFL season was the 95th season in the history of the National Football League (NFL). The season began on Thursday, September 4, 2014, with the annual kickoff game featuring the defending Super Bowl XLVIII champion Seattle Seahawks hosting the Green Bay Packers, which resulted with the Seahawks winning, 36–16. The season concluded with Super Bowl XLIX, the league's championship game, on Sunday, February 1, 2015, at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona, with the New England Patriots defeating the Seattle Seahawks, 28–24.","title":"2014 NFL season"},{"id":"16977725","text":"the playoffs with their 13–3 record. The Seahawks defeated the New Orleans Saints 23–15 in the Divisional round and the San Francisco 49ers 23–17 in the NFC Championship. In Super Bowl XLVIII, they defeated the Denver Broncos 43–8 for their first Super Bowl victory in franchise history. Notes The Seattle Seahawks kicked off their 2013 campaign with a hard-fought, ugly win over the Carolina Panthers, 12–7. This game marked Russell Wilson's first 300-yard passing game, and Cam Newton's worst career performance, posting 125 yards through the air, a career low. The first quarter ended equal for both teams, as both","title":"2013 Seattle Seahawks season"},{"id":"14903042","text":"the Seahawks secured the top playoff seed in the NFC with a conference-best 13-3 record. After a bye week, Seattle defeated the New Orleans Saints in the playoffs. The Seahawks then beat the San Francisco 49ers in the NFC Championship Game to advance to Super Bowl XLVIII. On February 2, 2014, Maragos and the Seahawks defeated the Denver Broncos 43–8 in the third-most lopsided Super Bowl in history. It was the most-watched program in the history of American television. On March 12, 2014, Maragos signed a three-year, $4 million contract with the Philadelphia Eagles. On December 6, 2015, his blocked","title":"Chris Maragos"},{"id":"12304614","text":"became only the fourth team to win a Super Bowl despite losing the turnover battle (after the Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl V and the Pittsburgh Steelers in both Super Bowls XIV and XL). In winning, Brady became the third quarterback in NFL history with four Super Bowl victories. Brady was also named MVP for a third time, tying the record set by Joe Montana. The Seahawks became the first defending champion since the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXII to lose in the Super Bowl the next year. This also marked the 10th consecutive Super Bowl without a","title":"Super Bowl XLIX"},{"id":"7953500","text":"the NFC West. They won the NFC championship in 2006, earning them their first trip to Super Bowl XL, where they lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers 21-10. In 2014, the Seahawks defeated the San Francisco 49ers at CenturyLink Field, to clinch their second NFC title and a berth in Super Bowl XLVIII, where they routed the Denver Broncos 43–8 to win their first Lombardi trophy. The following season, the Seahawks overcame a deficit in the NFC championship game with the Green Bay Packers in the final minutes of the fourth quarter to claim their first back-to-back George Halas trophies. In","title":"Sports in Seattle"},{"id":"17074547","text":"2014 NFL season The 2014 NFL season was the 95th season in the history of the National Football League (NFL). The season began on Thursday, September 4, 2014, with the annual kickoff game featuring the defending Super Bowl XLVIII champion Seattle Seahawks hosting the Green Bay Packers, which resulted with the Seahawks winning, 36–16. The season concluded with Super Bowl XLIX, the league's championship game, on Sunday, February 1, 2015, at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona, with the New England Patriots defeating the Seattle Seahawks, 28–24. The 2014 league year began at 4 pm EST on March 11,","title":"2014 NFL season"},{"id":"9869691","text":"final minute. With 36 seconds left to play, however, Kaepernick's throw to receiver Michael Crabtree in the end zone was deflected by Sherman into the hands of Malcolm Smith, securing the victory for the Seahawks in a play that has since gone down in Seahawks lore as \"The Tip\". The Seahawks won by a final score of 23-17, sending the Seahawks to Super Bowl XLVIII as the NFC representative, their second trip to the Super Bowl in franchise history. On February 2, 2014, the Seahawks played in Super Bowl XLVIII against the Denver Broncos, pitting the league's #1 defense (Seattle)","title":"History of the Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"9869626","text":"won the NFC Championship Game thrice in 2005, 2013 and 2014, and lost the AFC Championship Game once in 1983; as a result, they are the only team appear in the both the AFC and NFC Conference Championship games. The Seahawks have one Super Bowl victory in 2013 and two losses (2005 and 2014). Prior to 2005 Seattle had the longest drought of playoff victories of any NFL team, dating back to the 1984 season. That drought was ended with a 20-10 win over the Washington Redskins in the 2005 playoffs. The all-time Seahawks playoff record is 12-12. The Seahawks","title":"History of the Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"394929","text":"XIII) and the Washington Redskins (won Super Bowl XVII, lost Super Bowl XVIII), and would be later joined by the Seattle Seahawks in 2015 (won Super Bowl XLVIII, lost Super Bowl XLIX) and the New England Patriots in 2018 (won Super Bowl LI, lost Super Bowl LII). Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XXXII, Super Bowl XXXII Play Finder Den, Super Bowl XXXII Play Finder GB Completions/attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted One new record was set and several were tied in Super Bowl XXXII, according to the official NFL.com boxscore, the 2016 NFL Record & Fact Book and the ProFootball","title":"Super Bowl XXXII"},{"id":"16977751","text":"to San Francisco where they took a loss to the 49ers. Russell Wilson was intercepted to end the game and continued the Seahawks' losing streak in Candlestick Park in which they haven't won since 2008. It was their last appearance at Candlestick, as the Niners move to Levi's Stadium for the 2014 season. With the loss, the Seahawks' record dropped into 11-2. In what many pundits dubbed a \"Super Bowl dress rehearsal\", the Seahawks faced the New York Giants at MetLife Stadium, where the Super Bowl would be held at the end of the season. The Legion of Boom intercepted","title":"2013 Seattle Seahawks season"},{"id":"16336724","text":"Moda Center, while serving as an Alternate Governor for the Trail Blazers and representing the franchise at NBA owners meetings. In 2016, McLoughlin’s seventh season with Seattle, the Seahawks reached the playoffs for the fifth-consecutive year while finishing the season with 122-consecutive sellouts. The Seahawks won their first NFL title in Super Bowl XLVIII, defeating the Denver Broncos, 43–8. In 2014, Seattle reached the Super Bowl for the second-consecutive season as the Seahawks faced the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX. In September 2018, left the position on amicable terms, being succeeded by Chuck Arnold. McLoughlin graduated from Deerfield","title":"Peter McLoughlin"},{"id":"8344577","text":"2005 Seattle Seahawks season The 2005 Seattle Seahawks season saw them win a conference championship for the first time in the team's history. They were the NFC representative in Super Bowl XL, a game they lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Seahawks compiled a 13–3 record in the regular season, easily winning the NFC West and earning the NFC top seed, thus clinching home field advantage in the NFC playoffs for the first time in franchise history. There, they beat the Washington Redskins and Carolina Panthers to win the George Halas Trophy, and advance to their first ever Super Bowl.","title":"2005 Seattle Seahawks season"},{"id":"7141010","text":"Super Bowl XLVIII Super Bowl XLVIII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos and National Football Conference (NFC) champion Seattle Seahawks to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2013 season. The Seahawks defeated the Broncos 43–8, the largest margin of victory for an underdog and tied for the third largest point differential overall (35) in Super Bowl history with Super Bowl XXVII (1993). It was the first time the winning team scored over 40 points, while holding their opponent to under 10. This became the first Super Bowl victory for","title":"Super Bowl XLVIII"},{"id":"7993879","text":"or sports venue, that deserves recognition for an outstanding performance over a 12-month period. On May 25, 2010, it was announced that Super Bowl XLVIII was awarded to the stadium, the first time a Super Bowl would be played in the New York metropolitan area, and the first time that a non-domed stadium in a cold-weather city would host it. The Seattle Seahawks defeated the Denver Broncos 43–8 for their first Super Bowl victory, when MetLife Stadium hosted Super Bowl XLVIII on February 2, 2014. Normally, Super Bowls must be held in indoor climate-controlled stadiums if they are held in","title":"MetLife Stadium"},{"id":"17736228","text":"2014 Seattle Seahawks season The 2014 Seattle Seahawks season was the franchise's 39th season in the National Football League and the fifth under head coach Pete Carroll. The Seahawks started the season as the defending Super Bowl champions for the first time in franchise history. The season began with a 36–16 victory over the Green Bay Packers in their first meeting since the controversial Fail Mary Game. After struggling to a 3–3 record, which included a rare home loss to the Dallas Cowboys, they went on a 9–1 run to finish the season, which included a sweep of their division","title":"2014 Seattle Seahawks season"},{"id":"385664","text":"Gore. The Seahawks had not won in San Francisco since 2008 until defeating the 49ers in convincing 19–3 fashion on Thanksgiving Day in 2014. In the 2013 NFC Championship Game, the Seahawks defeated the 49ers 23 to 17, thanks to Malcolm Smith's interception, which was tipped by Richard Sherman. This clinched the Seahawks' berth into Super Bowl XLVIII. The Seahawks have developed a rivalry with the Carolina Panthers. The two teams have played each other in the NFL playoffs three times: during the 2005 NFC Championship Game, which Seattle won 34–14; the 2014 NFC Divisional playoffs, which the Seahawks won","title":"Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"385644","text":"Columbia, Alberta and Saskatchewan. Steve Largent, Cortez Kennedy, Walter Jones, and Kenny Easley have been voted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame primarily or wholly for their accomplishments as Seahawks. In addition to them, Dave Brown, Jacob Green, Dave Krieg, Curt Warner, and Jim Zorn have been inducted into the Seahawks Ring of Honor along with Pete Gross (radio announcer) and Chuck Knox (head coach). The Seahawks have won 10 division titles and three conference championships. They are the only team to have played in both the AFC and NFC Championship Games. They have appeared in three Super Bowls:","title":"Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"17074568","text":"balls before the game, giving the game the title 'Deflategate'. This was the most lopsided AFC championship victory since the Buffalo Bills defeated the Los Angeles Raiders 51–3 in the 1990 season. Super Bowl XLIX, the 49th contesting of the Super Bowl, decided the 2014 NFL champion on February 1, 2015, with the New England Patriots defeating the defending Super Bowl XLVIII champions Seattle Seahawks, who were looking to repeat, by a score of 28–24. With a controversial play call by Seattle's head coach, Pete Carroll, they decided to try to pass the ball in for a touchdown at the","title":"2014 NFL season"},{"id":"385645","text":"losing 21–10 to the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XL, defeating the Denver Broncos 43–8 for their first championship in Super Bowl XLVIII, and losing 28–24 to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX. As per one of the agreed parts of the 1970 AFL–NFL merger, the NFL began planning to expand from 26 to 28 teams. In June 1972, Seattle Professional Football Inc., a group of Seattle business and community leaders, announced its intention to acquire an NFL franchise for the city of Seattle. In June 1974, the NFL gave the city an expansion franchise. That December, NFL","title":"Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"385658","text":"the 2012 Pepsi Max Rookie of the Year award. In the 2013 NFL season, the Seahawks continued their momentum from the previous season, finishing tied with the Denver Broncos for an NFL-best regular season record of 13–3, while earning the NFC's #1 playoff seed. Their 2013 campaign included big wins over the Carolina Panthers, New Orleans Saints, and the San Francisco 49ers. Six Seahawks players were named to the Pro Bowl: Quarterback Russell Wilson, center Max Unger, running back Marshawn Lynch, cornerback Richard Sherman, free safety Earl Thomas, and strong safety Kam Chancellor. However, none of them was able to","title":"Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"376025","text":"Jersey's MetLife Stadium in February 2014, was the first Super Bowl held outdoors in a cold weather environment. The Seattle Seahawks won their first NFL title with a 43–8 defeat of the Denver Broncos, in a highly touted matchup that pitted Seattle's top-ranked defense against a Peyton Manning-led Denver offense that had broken the NFL's single-season scoring record. In Super Bowl XLIX, the Patriots beat the defending Super Bowl champions, the Seahawks, 28–24 as Malcolm Butler intercepted a Seattle pass in the end zone with the Seahawks poised to take the lead. In Super Bowl 50, the Broncos, led by","title":"Super Bowl"},{"id":"19128132","text":"Seahawks have now recorded at least one victory at CenturyLink Field against each of the 31 other franchises. Over one and half year after Super Bowl XLIX, the Seahawks were trying to get their revenge against the Patriots after the heartbreaking interception. They successfully got their revenge by stopping the Patriots from getting into the end zone, and won the game 31-24. The Seahawks were the only team to defeat the Patriots under Tom Brady during this season (their one other loss, against the Buffalo Bills in Week 4, happened during Brady's suspension for the Deflategate scandal). This also marks","title":"2016 Seattle Seahawks season"},{"id":"3200082","text":"13-3 record, when they beat the Falcons and Vikings in the reverse order that they did in the 2004-05 playoffs. They exacted revenge on New England in Super Bowl LII, edging them 41–33. This is the last time that a team has won back-to-back Super Bowls, with the Patriots losing their second playoff game a year later and then, for the next eight years, every team either losing their first playoff game or missing them altogether. The streak was broken in 2014 when the Seahawks defeated the Panthers and ultimately advanced to the Super Bowl, only to lose to a","title":"Super Bowl XXXIX"},{"id":"376023","text":"Patriots' 2007 record at 18–1. The following season, the Steelers logged their record sixth Super Bowl title (XLIII) in a 27–23, final-minute victory against the Arizona Cardinals. The 2009 season saw the New Orleans Saints defeat the Indianapolis Colts in Super Bowl XLIV by a score of 31–17 to take home their first Championship. With this victory, the Saints joined the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and New York Jets as the only teams to have won in their sole Super Bowl appearance. The 2010s have seen parity between the two conferences, but not within them. Since the start of 2010, five","title":"Super Bowl"},{"id":"9869696","text":"over 700,000 Seahawks fans. For the first time in franchise history, the Seahawks started a season as the defending Super Bowl champions. As such, they earned the right to host the NFL Kickoff Game, where they defeated the Green Bay Packers 36-16. Then in Week 2, they traveled to San Diego, where the Chargers defeated them by a score of 30-21. This was Seattle's worst defeat since a 23-13 loss to the Dallas Cowboys in Week 9 of the 2011 season. Then in Week 3, they returned home to face the Denver Broncos in a rematch of Super Bowl XLVIII.","title":"History of the Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"17736230","text":"NFL team to do so since the 2013 Denver Broncos. The Seahawks opened the playoffs with a win over the Carolina Panthers in the Divisional round, becoming the first defending champion since the 2005 Patriots to win a playoff game the following season. In one of the greatest comebacks in NFL history, the Seahawks advanced to Super Bowl XLIX by defeating the Green Bay Packers 28–22 in overtime after trailing 16–0 at halftime and 19–7 with less than three minutes left in regulation. In doing so, they became the first team since the 2004 New England Patriots to repeat as","title":"2014 Seattle Seahawks season"},{"id":"313934","text":"Times\" about Allen's decision to buy the team, \"I'm not sure anybody else in this community would have done what [Allen] did.\" The Seahawks are valued at $1.33 billion in August 2014 by \"Forbes\", which says the team has \"one of the most rabid fan bases in the NFL\". Under the helm of Allen, the Seahawks went to the Super Bowl three times winning Super Bowl XLVIII and three NFC Championships (2005, 2013, 2014). Allen's Vulcan Sports & Entertainment is part of the ownership team of the Seattle Sounders FC, a Major League Soccer (MLS) franchise that began play in","title":"Paul Allen"},{"id":"5619503","text":"Divisional Playoff Round by the Denver Broncos, and eventually the NFL title was won by the Pittsburgh Steelers, who defeated the Seattle Seahawks 21–10 in Super Bowl XL at Ford Field in Detroit, Michigan on February 5 for their fifth Super Bowl win. This also marked the first time that a sixth-seeded team, who by the nature of their seeding would play every game on the road, would advance to and win the Super Bowl. The season formally concluded with the Pro Bowl, the league’s all-star game, at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu, Hawaii on February 12. This marked the final","title":"2005 NFL season"},{"id":"17261707","text":"four passes for 68 yards and a touchdown in a divisional round game against the Carolina Panthers. A week later, he caught a key two-point conversion in the NFC Championship Game against the Green Bay Packers, as the Seahawks rallied to defeat the Packers 28–22 to reached consecutive Super Bowls. In Super Bowl XLIX, Willson had no catches as the Seahawks failed to repeat as champions, defeated by the New England Patriots, who rallied in the fourth quarter behind quarterback On March 17, 2017, Willson re-signed with the Seahawks. After five years in Seattle, Willson signed a one-year, $2.5 million","title":"Luke Willson"},{"id":"14211043","text":"roster transactions, including trading for Marshawn Lynch. On February 2, 2014, the Seahawks won Super Bowl XLVIII, their first championship in their existence. Of those on the championship roster, only Max Unger, Red Bryant, Jon Ryan and Brandon Mebane were Seahawks prior to Schneider's arrival in Seattle. Schneider and Seattle followed their Super Bowl win with another NFC Championship, but lost to New England in Super Bowl XLIX. In 2015, the Seahawks clinched a wild card berth, but fell in the NFC Divisional Round to the Panthers. Schneider signed a 5-year contract extension with the Seahawks in July 2016 that","title":"John Schneider (American football executive)"},{"id":"10286809","text":"the number for Vancouver, BC, the other major departure point for Alaska cruises. Seattle has three major men's professional sports teams: the National Football League (NFL)'s Seattle Seahawks, Major League Baseball (MLB)'s Seattle Mariners, and Major League Soccer (MLS)'s Seattle Sounders FC. Other professional sports teams include the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA)'s Seattle Storm, who won the WNBA championship on three occasions in 2004 and 2010, and 2018; and the Seattle Reign of the National Women's Soccer League. The Seattle Seahawks entered the National Football League in 1976 as an expansion team and have advanced to the Super Bowl","title":"Seattle"},{"id":"12804207","text":"of 43–8. In 2013, he also made his second Pro Bowl team. In 2014, the Seahawks finished the season with a 12–4 record and made it back to the Super Bowl. The Seahawks failed to repeat as Super Bowl champions after they lost 28–24 to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX. On March 10, 2015, Unger, along with the Seahawks' first round selection in the 2015 NFL Draft, were traded to the New Orleans Saints in exchange for tight end Jimmy Graham. On May 8, 2017, it was reported that Unger suffered a foot injury and was expected","title":"Max Unger"},{"id":"11650053","text":"the Seahawks' Super Bowl XLVIII win. He set a Super Bowl record by scoring only twelve seconds into the game with a safety stemming from a botched opening snap by the Broncos, and he later forced an interception that led to a touchdown. Following the Seahawks' victory, Avril became the first player in NFL history to win a Super Bowl after having been on a winless team. In the 2014 season, after recording just 2 sacks over the first 10 games, Avril would register 3 in the last 6 games, coinciding with a 6-game winning streak during which the Seahawks","title":"Cliff Avril"},{"id":"16261013","text":"points per game without Wagner and 6.5 points per game in the six games after he returned from an injury. On February 1, 2015, the Seattle Seahawks played in Super Bowl XLIX after defeating the Carolina Panthers and then the Green Bay Packers in the NFC Championship. Wagner recorded 12 combined tackles, deflected a pass, and intercepted a pass attempt by Tom Brady in the Seahawks 28–24 last-second loss to the New England Patriots. He is the current all-time career leader for tackles in Super Bowls with 22. Wagner made the NFL Top 100 Players for the first time in","title":"Bobby Wagner"},{"id":"17005333","text":"2013–14 NFL playoffs The National Football League playoffs for the 2013 season began on January 4, 2014. The postseason tournament concluded with the Seattle Seahawks defeating the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XLVIII, 43–8, on February 2, at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey. In a change from previous seasons, CBS was given both late games during the Divisional Playoffs (as opposed to CBS and Fox each having both an early game on one day and a late game on the other day). In the United States, NBC broadcast the first two Wild Card playoff games, then CBS broadcast","title":"2013–14 NFL playoffs"},{"id":"12927349","text":"as a second baseman. Wilson was selected by the Seahawks with the 12th pick in the third round (75th overall) of the 2012 NFL Draft. In 2012, he tied Peyton Manning's record for most passing touchdowns by a rookie (26) and was named the Pepsi NFL Rookie of the Year. In 2013, he led the Seahawks to their first ever Super Bowl victory in Super Bowl XLVIII over the Denver Broncos, and in 2014, led them to a second straight Super Bowl berth. Wilson has won more games (65) than any other NFL quarterback in his first six seasons, and","title":"Russell Wilson"},{"id":"12259464","text":"a lasagna.\" The 3D artworks are finished off by hand with glitter and Swarovski crystals. NFL Super Bowl Charles Fazzino's art has been featured in every Super Bowl for the National Football League since the 2001 Super Bowl XXXV in Tampa Bay, Florida. Fazzino was profiled by CBS News Sunday Morning with Charles Osgood on Charles Osgood Sunday in New Orleans, Louisiana on February 3, 2013. He also created a painting for Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014, where the Seattle Seahawks defeated the Denver Broncos at MetLife Stadium, as well as The New England Patriots 2015 win in Super Bowl","title":"Charles Fazzino"},{"id":"7694540","text":"Jackson appeared in 3 games of the 2013 regular season producing 151 passing yards and a touchdown. During Super Bowl XLVIII against the Denver Broncos, Jackson came in relief of Russell Wilson during the 4th quarter, marking the first time in 13 years any backup quarterback has played in a Super Bowl. The Seahawks won their first Super Bowl in franchise history as they defeated the Broncos 43–8. Following the season, Jackson signed a 1-year deal to stay with the Seahawks. The Seahawks made it to Super Bowl XLIX, but failed to repeat as Super Bowl champions as they fell","title":"Tarvaris Jackson"},{"id":"385653","text":"Bowl XL against the Pittsburgh Steelers. The loss was controversial; NFL Films has Super Bowl XL at number 8 on its top ten list of games with controversial referee calls. Referee Bill Leavy later admitted that he missed calls that altered the game. Before 2005, Seattle had the longest drought of playoff victories of any NFL team, dating back to the 1984 season. That drought was ended with a 20–10 win over the Washington Redskins in the 2005 playoffs. In the 2009 NFL season, the Seahawks finished 3rd in the NFC West with a 5-11 record. Shortly after his first","title":"Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"17009913","text":"member of coach Les Miles's LSU Tigers football team from 2010 to 2012. He decided to enter the NFL Draft after his junior season. The Seattle Seahawks chose Simon in the fifth round, with the 138th overall pick, of the 2013 NFL Draft. On August 27, 2013, the Seahawks placed Simon on the reserve/physically unable to perform list. The Seahawks won Super Bowl XLVIII after they defeated the Denver Broncos 43–8. The Seahawks returned to the Super Bowl in the following year. Simon got to play in Super Bowl XLIX due to an injury teammate Jeremy Lane suffered in the","title":"Tharold Simon"},{"id":"17074566","text":"the NFC Championship Game at 3:00 pm Eastern Time on Fox and the AFC Championship Game following at 6:30 pm Eastern on CBS. In the NFC Championship, the Seahawks, trailing 16–0 at halftime and then 19–7 with under three minutes left in the game, were led by Russell Wilson, who, despite throwing four interceptions, rallied the team to 15 unanswered points and won the game on a 35-yard touchdown pass to Jermaine Kearse in overtime to become the first team to make consecutive Super Bowl appearances since the 2004 New England Patriots, and the first NFC team to make consecutive","title":"2014 NFL season"},{"id":"7655415","text":"the Miami Heat in 5 games. The city of Seattle did not win another men's professional sports championship until the National Football League's Seahawks defeated the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XLVIII on 2 February 2014. The next time Seattle played Washington for a championship was in the 2018 WNBA Finals, when the Seattle Storm swept the Washington Mystics in 3 games to win their third overall championship. Coincidentally, as of the Seattle Mariners and Washington Nationals are the only two Major League Baseball franchises that have never played in a World Series. 1979 NBA Finals The 1979 NBA World","title":"1979 NBA Finals"},{"id":"9869704","text":"six plays worth 87 yards in 3:19, capped off with a 35-yard touchdown pass from Russell Wilson to Jermaine Kearse, who had been Wilson's intended target on all four of Seattle's interceptions. The final score was Seattle 28, Green Bay 22. Thus Seattle became the first defending champion since the 2004 New England Patriots to return to the Super Bowl the next season. They also became the first NFC team since the 1997 Green Bay Packers to repeat as NFC Champions, the first team to go to consecutive Super Bowls as the #1 seed in the playoffs since the 1990–1991","title":"History of the Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"13752770","text":"16 games with 10 starts. Carpenter earned a Super Bowl ring with the Seahawks in Super Bowl XLVIII where they defeated the Denver Broncos 43–8, giving Carpenter his first career championship title and the Seahawks their first Super Bowl win in franchise history. In the offseason, Seattle declined the fifth-year option for Carpenter. In the 2014 season, Carpenter started all 13 games he appeared in and participated in the Seahawks making it to Super Bowl XLIX, where they lost to the New England Patriots by a score of 28–24. On March 10, 2015, Carpenter signed a four-year contract with the","title":"James Carpenter (American football)"},{"id":"385652","text":"That same year, the team opened its new home stadium, Seahawks Stadium, after spending the last two seasons at Husky Stadium after the Kingdome's implosion in 2000. In the 2005 season, the Seahawks had their best season in franchise history (a feat that would later be matched in 2013) with a record of 13–3, which included a 42-0 rout of the Philadelphia Eagles on December 5, a game since referred to as the Monday Night Massacre. The 13-3 record earned them the number one seed in the NFC. They won the NFC Championship Game in 2005, but lost in Super","title":"Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"7863017","text":"September 3, 2011, Farwell was waived by the Vikings. His release cleared $1.75 million in salary cap space for the Vikings. Farwell signed with the Seattle Seahawks on October 19, 2011. On March 13, 2012, he was re-signed by the Seattle Seahawks. He served as a special teams captain for the Seahawks from 2012 onward. Farwell and the Seahawks won Super Bowl XLVIII after they defeated the Denver Broncos 43–8. The Seahawks placed Farwell on injured reserve on August 26, 2014. On August 16, 2016, Farwell returned to the Seahawks, where he served as a two-time special teams captain in","title":"Heath Farwell"},{"id":"17736236","text":"throughout the playoffs for the second consecutive season. Seattle entered the postseason as the #1 seed in the NFC. The Seahawks defeated the Panthers 31-17, becoming the first defending Super Bowl champion to win a playoff game since the 2005 Patriots, and advanced to their second consecutive NFC Championship game. They hosted the Green Bay Packers, who defeated the Dallas Cowboys 26-21. After trailing 16-0 in the 3rd quarter and 19-7 with just over 2 minutes remaining, Russell Wilson, who threw 4 interceptions in the game, rallied Seattle to a much needed touchdown to bring the score to 19-14 with","title":"2014 Seattle Seahawks season"},{"id":"9869713","text":"was sidelined for several games with a back injury. In week 12, the Seahawks faced the Pittsburgh Steelers for the third time since losing to them in Super Bowl XL. The game ended up being an offensive shootout, and a late touchdown by Doug Baldwin sealed a 39-30 victory, getting them over .500 for the first time in 2015. It was their first win against the Steelers since SB XL (and indeed their first time not being shut out since then). However, the team suffered another devastating injury as Jimmy Graham suffered a broken patella early in the game, and","title":"History of the Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"7141065","text":"playoffs, and 1–2 in the Super Bowl. Including Denver's loss, none of the eight highest-scoring teams in league history won a Super Bowl in the same season, and all four teams who entered the championship with the league's leading passer lost the game. Manning's 34 completions and Demaryius Thomas' 13 receptions were both Super Bowl records. With touchdowns scored on offense, defense, and special teams, the Seahawks became the first team since the Ravens in Super Bowl XXXV to do so. Teams with an interception return for a touchdown also stayed perfect, improving to 12–0 in Super Bowls. As a","title":"Super Bowl XLVIII"},{"id":"17546845","text":"in CenturyLink Field with a trip to Super Bowl XLVIII on the line, with the Seahawks winning by a score of 23–17. The game ended when Seahawks' cornerback Richard Sherman, whom Jim Harbaugh previously coached at Stanford, tipped an end zone pass that led to a game-ending interception. Seattle went on to defeat the Denver Broncos 43–8 in Super Bowl XLVIII to win their first Super Bowl championship. San Francisco had represented the NFC in a losing effort in Super Bowl XLVII the previous season. Since drafting Russell Wilson, the Seahawks have dominated the rivalry, holding a 12-3 record against","title":"49ers–Seahawks rivalry"},{"id":"13666551","text":"a first round bye. On January 11, 2014, Chancellor started his first career playoff game and recorded 14 combined tackles (four solo) and two pass deflections during the Seahawks' 23–15 victory against the New Orleans Saints in the NFC Divisional round. The Seahawks defeated the San Francisco 49ers 23–17 in the NFC Championship and went on to Super Bowl XLVIII. On February 2, 2014, Chancellor made ten combined tackles (six solo), deflected two passes, and intercepted a pass by quarterback Peyton Manning as the Seahawks won Super Bowl XLVIII 43–8 against the Denver Broncos. Chancellor began the season being selected","title":"Kam Chancellor"},{"id":"11213434","text":"They defeated the NFC Champion Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XL to secure their league-tying fifth Super Bowl title. In doing so, they also became the first team since the 1970 AFL-NFL merger to win a Super Bowl without playing a single home playoff game until the 2007 Giants. They are also the first 6th seeded team to beat the top 3 seeds on the road. Notable additions include Heath Miller and Nate Washington. \"at Paul Brown Stadium, Cincinnati, Ohio\" \"at RCA Dome, Indianapolis, Indiana\" \"at INVESCO Field at Mile High, Denver, Colorado\" \"at Ford Field, Detroit, Michigan\" The Pittsburgh","title":"2005 Pittsburgh Steelers season"},{"id":"6770154","text":"Pro Bowl roster as a replacement for an injured Carlos Rogers. On December 18, 2013, the NFL erroneously reported Browner was facing an indefinite suspension for again violating the NFL's performance-enhancing drug rules. The suspension kept him from playing in Super Bowl XLVIII against the Denver Broncos. Without Browner, the Seahawks won the Super Bowl 43-8 to give the franchise their first championship. The suspension was later changed to reflect a substance abuse issue related to missing drug tests during the time Browner was unsigned by an NFL team and played football in the CFL, prior to the Seahawks contract.","title":"Brandon Browner"},{"id":"12927371","text":"touchdowns, and no interceptions for a 123.1 passer rating in a 43–8 rout of the Denver Broncos. With the victory, Wilson became just the second black starting quarterback to win a Super Bowl, joining Super Bowl XXII winner Doug Williams. At 5'11\" tall, he also became the shortest quarterback to win a Super Bowl, shorter than Len Dawson, Joe Theismann, and Drew Brees (all 6'0\"). Wilson earned a bonus of $169,141.73 for the 2013 season through the NFL's Performance-Based Pay program. On September 21, 2014, Wilson led the Seahawks on an 80-yard touchdown drive in overtime to defeat the Denver","title":"Russell Wilson"},{"id":"6477339","text":"of the playoffs each time. The series was George Karl's only Finals appearance in his coaching career to date. In 2008, the Sonics franchise moved to Oklahoma City and became the Thunder. They would make the finals four years later after the move. This was also the last time a Seattle-based team played for a major professional sports championship until Super Bowl XL in 2006, when the Seattle Seahawks lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Seahawks would go on to handily defeat Denver in Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014 and lose to the New England Patriots the following year in","title":"1996 NBA Finals"},{"id":"2978683","text":"Tom Coughlin was 65 when his Giants won Super Bowl XLVI and Dick Vermeil was 63 when the St. Louis Rams won Super Bowl XXXIV. The following season, the Seahawks started off their quest to repeat as champions with a 36–16 defeat of the Green Bay Packers on \"Thursday Night Football\" in the first game of the NFL season. A Super Bowl XLVIII rematch came in Week 3, with Seattle again defeating Peyton Manning and the Broncos, 26–20 in overtime. However, losses to San Diego, Dallas, St. Louis, and Kansas City caused the defending champions to start the season with","title":"Pete Carroll"},{"id":"9869625","text":"began play in 1976 in the NFC West division but switched conferences with the Buccaneers after one season and joined the AFC West. This realignment was dictated by the league as part of the 1976 expansion plan, so that both expansion teams could play each other twice and every other NFL franchise. Between 1977 and 2002, their division rivals were Denver, San Diego, Kansas City and Oakland. Seattle has won ten division titles in their franchise history: the 1988 and 1999 AFC West titles, and the 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2013, 2014, and 2016 NFC West titles. They have","title":"History of the Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"385642","text":"Seattle Seahawks The Seattle Seahawks are a professional American football franchise based in Seattle, Washington. The Seahawks compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) West division. They joined the NFL in 1976 as an expansion team. The Seahawks are coached by Pete Carroll. Since 2002, they have played their home games at CenturyLink Field (formerly Qwest Field), located south of downtown Seattle. They previously played home games in the Kingdome (1976–1999) and Husky Stadium (1994, 2000–2001). Seahawks fans have been referred to collectively as the \"12th Man\", \"12th Fan\",","title":"Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"17736229","text":"rivals, the Arizona Cardinals, who battled with them the whole season. They repeated as NFC West champions and finished in a three-way tie with the Packers and Cowboys for the NFC's best record, but earned the No. 1 seed based on tiebreakers, securing home-field advantage for the second consecutive season. This was the first time that a defending Super Bowl champion retained the No. 1 seed in the next season since the 1990 San Francisco 49ers. They were also the first team overall to repeat as the #1 seed in the NFC since the 2004 Philadelphia Eagles; and the first","title":"2014 Seattle Seahawks season"},{"id":"79966","text":"team led by rookie quarterback Russell Wilson, 16–12. In the 2013 season, the Panthers opened the season at home versus Seattle. They again lost a close game, with the final score 12–7. The Seahawks would go on to win Super Bowl XLVIII. In the 2014 season, once more at Bank of America Stadium, the Seahawks defeated the Panthers in week eight, 13–9. In the divisional round of the playoffs, the Panthers faced Seattle in Seattle, notorious for being a tough opposing field to play in, and lost 31–17. The Seahawks would go on to lose Super Bowl XLIX. In the","title":"Carolina Panthers"},{"id":"17736232","text":"the Packers, the first meeting since the controversial 'Fail Mary' game in 2012. With the win, they became the first defending Super Bowl champion team since 2011 (also Packers) to win their regular season opening game for a 1-0 start. This is the first game in NFL history to end in a score of 36-16. In all five years that Pete Carroll was head coach of the Seahawks, so far, he has had at least one game end in a score never before achieved. This would be their largest margin of defeat since their 13-23 loss to the Cowboys in","title":"2014 Seattle Seahawks season"},{"id":"6995679","text":"go to the Super Bowl and win. Their playoff campaign included defeating the first (Indianapolis), second (Denver), and third (Cincinnati) seeded AFC teams en route to the Super Bowl victory against the first seeded Seahawks from the NFC. Also, they are the first NFL team to win 9 road games. Roethlisberger became the youngest QB to win a Super Bowl. They successfully tied with the San Francisco 49ers and the Dallas Cowboys for the most Super Bowl titles with five. The 2006 Pittsburgh Steelers season began with the team trying to improve on their 11–5 record from 2005 and trying","title":"History of the Pittsburgh Steelers"},{"id":"3200114","text":"Cardinals became the second team to have their full team name painted in their end zone, as their geographic location name (Arizona) was painted above the team nickname (Cardinals). For all other Super Bowl teams, end zones have featured only the team nickname. The Seahawks entered Super Bowl XL after finishing the regular season with an NFC-best 13–3 record. After a rocky 2–2 start, they won 11 consecutive games before losing to the Green Bay Packers to finish the season. The 13–3 record and 11-game winning streak set new team records. This was Seattle's first Super Bowl appearance in the","title":"Super Bowl XL"},{"id":"3200130","text":"(the Seahawks were in that conference from 1977-2001). The Steelers became the second team after the 1985 New England Patriots to win three road playoff games to reach the Super Bowl. Pittsburgh defeated the third-seeded Bengals, 31–17; the top-seeded Colts, 21–18 in the \"Immaculate Redemption/Tackle II\" game; and the second-seeded Denver Broncos, 34–17, in the AFC Championship Game. The Steelers also became the eighth wild-card team to go to the Super Bowl and the fourth in nine seasons. The Steelers' catchphrase for the playoffs was \"One for the Thumb\", a phrase originally made popular by Joe Greene as an allusion","title":"Super Bowl XL"},{"id":"16012828","text":"a safety in the 34–28 loss. In Week 10 against the Atlanta Falcons, he scored a 43-yard touchdown after a trick play when Marshawn Lynch threw the ball back to Russell Wilson in the 33–10 victory. In 2013, Kearse played 15 games with 346 receiving yards and 4 touchdowns. In the 2013 NFC Championship Game on January 19, 2014, against division rival San Francisco 49ers, Kearse caught a 35-yard touchdown pass from Wilson. The Seahawks eventually won the game 23–17 and advanced to Super Bowl XLVIII. During the Super Bowl against the Denver Broncos, Kearse had four catches for 65","title":"Jermaine Kearse"},{"id":"395056","text":"Super Bowl XXXVI, there were ten different NFC Champions in ten years. Once again, the Giants ended the trend and started another one. Beginning with the 2008 Super Bowl XLIII participant Arizona Cardinals, there were 6 different NFC Champions in 6 years. This streak was finally ended by the Seattle Seahawks, who advanced to the Super Bowl in both 2013 and 2014. The Baltimore Ravens would later win Super Bowl XLVII in 2013 against the San Francisco 49ers (which was also aired on CBS). Ray Lewis was a member of both Ravens' Super Bowl wins. In between the Ravens' victories,","title":"Super Bowl XXXV"},{"id":"19128135","text":"TD-INT ratio, posted a 150.8 passer rating in this game, the highest allowed by the Seattle defense since Pete Carroll became head coach in 2010. With their 24–3 victory over the Rams, the Seahawks moved to 9–4–1 and clinched the NFC West title. This would be the final game in Seattle for longtime Seahawks Jermaine Kearse and Steven Hauschka 2016 Seattle Seahawks season The 2016 Seattle Seahawks season was the franchise's 41st season in the National Football League and the seventh under head coach Pete Carroll. On October 23, the team played the Arizona Cardinals in a game that ended","title":"2016 Seattle Seahawks season"},{"id":"12304569","text":"and not allowed any touchdowns in the previous 10 quarters. Their defense ranked first in the NFL in fewest points allowed (254) and their offense was tied at first in rushing yards (2,762). The Seahawks defeated the Carolina Panthers 31–17 in the NFC Divisional playoffs, and then defeated the Green Bay Packers 28–22 in overtime in the NFC Championship Game. Seattle became the first NFC team to advance to consecutive Super Bowls since the 1996–97 Packers in Super Bowls XXXI and XXXII. Quarterback Russell Wilson was back in control of the Seattle offense, completing 63.1 percent of his passes for","title":"Super Bowl XLIX"},{"id":"9869709","text":"and seal Seattle's fate. The Seahawks became the tenth consecutive team to be dethroned of their Super Bowl title, creating a record for the most years without a repeat Super Bowl champion. The 2015 season marked the 40th season of play for the Seahawks. Prior to the 2015 draft, the Seahawks made a blockbuster trade with the New Orleans Saints, trading Seattle's first-round pick for All-Pro Saints tight end Jimmy Graham. For this reason, the Seahawks did not have a first-round pick, but did make a total of eight picks in the draft, including defensive end Frank Clark in the","title":"History of the Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"6995703","text":"Dallas defeated the Steelers in Super Bowl XXX to become the second team behind San Francisco to win five Super Bowl Championships. Ten years later, Pittsburgh would join Dallas and San Francisco to become the third team to reach that milestone when they defeated the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XL. Three years later, the Steelers would become the first team to win a sixth Super Bowl, achieving that milestone in the 2008–09 season. They played against the Arizona Cardinals in Super Bowl XLIII, with a 27–23 comeback victory. The Broncos have competed in seven playoff games against the Steelers,","title":"History of the Pittsburgh Steelers"},{"id":"9862425","text":"Seahawks. The Seahawks seemed to have the game won in the fourth quarter, however Manning led the Broncos on a late-game comeback to tie the game 20-20. Ultimately, however, the Seahawks were the victors with a 26-20 win. Later on in the season, Manning threw for his 509th touchdown against the San Francisco 49ers, the most by any NFL quarterback in NFL history. In 2015, the Broncos, sporting the NFL's top-ranked defense, completed a 12-4 regular season en route to the franchise's NFL-record-tying eighth Super Bowl at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California. The season began with a seven-game winning","title":"History of the Denver Broncos"},{"id":"19128130","text":"2016 Seattle Seahawks season The 2016 Seattle Seahawks season was the franchise's 41st season in the National Football League and the seventh under head coach Pete Carroll. On October 23, the team played the Arizona Cardinals in a game that ended in a 6–6 tie, the Seahawks' first tie in franchise history. With their win against the Los Angeles Rams in Week 15, the Seahawks claimed their third NFC West title in the last four years. The Seahawks defeated the Detroit Lions in the Wild Card Round, but lost to the eventual NFC champion Atlanta Falcons in the Divisional Round.","title":"2016 Seattle Seahawks season"},{"id":"14822537","text":"back Knowshon Moreno who was touched down for a safety with just 12 seconds of game time elapsed. This was the quickest score ever in a Super Bowl. The Seahawks did not relinquish the lead in a 43–8 victory. This was the Seahawks first ever league championship since entering the NFL in . Seahawks linebacker Malcolm Smith, who scored on a 69-yard interception return plus had a fumble recovery and tallied 10 tackles, was named the game's Most Valuable Player (MVP). This was the fifth Super Bowl loss for the Broncos, the most for any franchise. Even in defeat, though,","title":"2013 NFL season"},{"id":"17762155","text":"whistled dead by a penalty. Richard Sherman recorded an interception as well, and Earl Thomas forced a fumble. Seattle won, 31–17. In a rematch against Green Bay, the Pack scored 22 points and gained 308 yards. Sherman and Maxwell each recorded an interception. The Seahawks offense and special teams turned the ball over five times in the game, but the defense forced overtime, and the 28–22 victory sent the Seahawks to a second straight Super Bowl, where their season ended in a loss to the New England Patriots, 28-24. The 2014 Seahawks defense did not allow a single 300-yard passer","title":"Legion of Boom (Seattle Seahawks)"},{"id":"12304615","text":"repeat winner (with the last one being the Patriots in Super Bowl XXXIX). In a poll conducted by NFL.com a couple of months after the game, Super Bowl XLIX was voted by its readers as the \"greatest Super Bowl game\" of all time. The article does report that the voting was structured to try to account for \"recency bias\" in relation to the game at the time when the poll was conducted, but voters still \"pushed it through the competition\". Most lists of greatest Super Bowls continue to list it in the top few games. After the game, Seattle faced","title":"Super Bowl XLIX"},{"id":"17762122","text":"the 2013 NFL season cornerback Richard Sherman was voted as the cover athlete for \"Madden NFL 15\" and the rest of the LOB was featured on the start menu of the game. The Legion of Boom’s crowning achievement was their team's 43–8 win in Super Bowl XLVIII, a complete blowout victory against the Denver Broncos, a team that was considered the best offense of all time. For the 2013 season, Broncos quarterback Peyton Manning set new NFL records for passing touchdowns and passing yardage, as well as the Broncos offense setting new NFL records for touchdowns and points scored in","title":"Legion of Boom (Seattle Seahawks)"},{"id":"7141023","text":"states of the Seahawks and Broncos (Washington and Colorado, respectively) were the first two states to legalize marijuana for recreational use, during the fall 2012 elections. Seattle finished the season 13–3, winning the NFC West division and home-field advantage throughout the playoffs. The team scored 417 points during the season, while giving up 231. The offense was led by second-year quarterback Russell Wilson, a third-round draft pick who won the starting role after a three-way quarterback competition in training camp and went on to win a playoff game in his rookie season with the Seahawks. In his second season, he","title":"Super Bowl XLVIII"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"14822559\",\n \"text\": \"including the following: 2013 NFL season The 2013 NFL season was the 94th season in the history of the National Football League (NFL). The season saw the Seattle Seahawks capture the first championship in the franchise's 38 years in the league with a lopsided 43-8 victory over the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XLVIII, the league's championship game. The Super Bowl was played at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey on Sunday, February 2, 2014. It was the first Super Bowl hosted by New Jersey and the first to be held outdoors in a cold weather environment. The Seahawks\",\n \"title\": \"2013 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14822496\",\n \"text\": \"2013 NFL season The 2013 NFL season was the 94th season in the history of the National Football League (NFL). The season saw the Seattle Seahawks capture the first championship in the franchise's 38 years in the league with a lopsided 43-8 victory over the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XLVIII, the league's championship game. The Super Bowl was played at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey on Sunday, February 2, 2014. It was the first Super Bowl hosted by New Jersey and the first to be held outdoors in a cold weather environment. The Seahawks scored 12 seconds\",\n \"title\": \"2013 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2978682\",\n \"text\": \"Divisional Round of the playoffs by a score of 23-15. In the NFC Championship Game, cornerback Richard Sherman tipped a Colin Kaepernick pass into the waiting arms of Malcolm Smith to secure a 23-17 win over the 49ers. On February 2, 2014, Carroll led the Seattle Seahawks to their first Super Bowl win in franchise history after defeating the Denver Broncos, 43–8, in Super Bowl XLVIII. Carroll joined Barry Switzer and Jimmy Johnson as the only coaches to win both an NCAA championship and a Super Bowl. At age 62, Carroll was the third-oldest coach to win a Super Bowl.\",\n \"title\": \"Pete Carroll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16977723\",\n \"text\": \"2013 Seattle Seahawks season The 2013 Seattle Seahawks season was the franchise's 38th season in the National Football League, and the fourth under head coach Pete Carroll. With the Seahawks 10th win only eleven weeks into the season, the team secured double digit victories in consecutive seasons for the first time in franchise history. Their 13–3 regular season record is tied with the 2005 season for the best in franchise history. Seattle's defense in 2013 is regarded by many to be among the best ever in NFL history. Seattle entered the 2013 season at 17/2 odds to win Super Bowl\",\n \"title\": \"2013 Seattle Seahawks season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"385659\",\n \"text\": \"play in the Pro Bowl, as the Seahawks defeated the New Orleans Saints 23–15 and the San Francisco 49ers 23–17, in the playoffs to advance to Super Bowl XLVIII against the Denver Broncos. On February 2, 2014, the Seahawks won the franchise's first Super Bowl Championship, defeating Denver 43–8. The Seahawks' defense performance in 2013 was acclaimed as one of the best in the Super Bowl era. The following season, Seattle advanced to Super Bowl XLIX, their second consecutive Super Bowl, but they were dethroned of their title by the New England Patriots by a score of 28–24. They got\",\n \"title\": \"Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16977755\",\n \"text\": \"Buffalo Bills to not have any players on the roster have experience in a Super Bowl. It was Seattle's first major championship in 35 years since the 1979 Seattle SuperSonics. Linebacker Malcolm Smith would end up earning the Super Bowl MVP award for his 69-yard interception, 1 fumble recovery, and 6 tackles. 2013 Seattle Seahawks season The 2013 Seattle Seahawks season was the franchise's 38th season in the National Football League, and the fourth under head coach Pete Carroll. With the Seahawks 10th win only eleven weeks into the season, the team secured double digit victories in consecutive seasons for\",\n \"title\": \"2013 Seattle Seahawks season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12304556\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XLIX Super Bowl XLIX was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2014 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Seattle Seahawks, 28–24, to earn their fourth Super Bowl title and their first in ten years. The game was played on February 1, 2015 at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. It was the second time the stadium has hosted a Super Bowl, and the third one held in the Phoenix metropolitan area. With the loss, the\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLIX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10286810\",\n \"text\": \"three times: 2005, 2013 and 2014. The team played in the Kingdome until it was imploded in 2000 and moved into Qwest Field (now CenturyLink Field) at the same site in 2003. The Seahawks lost Super Bowl XL in 2005 to the Pittsburgh Steelers in Detroit, but won Super Bowl XLVIII in 2013 by defeating the Denver Broncos 43–8 at MetLife Stadium. The team advanced to the Super Bowl the following year, but lost to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX on a last-minute play. Seahawks fans have set stadium noise records on several occasions and are collectively\",\n \"title\": \"Seattle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394658\",\n \"text\": \"and dominate Dallas' young defense. Finally, Jimmy Johnson was looking to become the first head coach to win a college football national championship (University of Miami in 1987) and a Super Bowl. As of today, Johnson, Cowboys' successor Barry Switzer, and current Seattle Seahawks head coach Pete Carroll remain the only coaches ever to achieve this goal. This became last of five Super Bowl games played at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena. Two other Super Bowl games were played nearby at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. As previously mentioned, this would be the seventh and final (to date) Super Bowl\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXVII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"385680\",\n \"text\": \"reached the playoffs in 16 separate seasons, including in the 2005 season when they lost Super Bowl XL to the Pittsburgh Steelers, the 2013 season when they defeated the Denver Broncos to win Super Bowl XLVIII, and the 2014 season when they lost Super Bowl XLIX to the New England Patriots. In the 2010 season, the Seahawks became the first team in NFL history to earn a spot in the playoffs with a losing record (7–9, .438) in a full season; this was by virtue of winning the division. The Seahawks would go on to defeat the reigning Super Bowl\",\n \"title\": \"Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9869705\",\n \"text\": \"Buffalo Bills, and the first NFC team to go to consecutive Super Bowls as the #1 seed in the playoffs since the 1982–1983 Washington Redskins. On Sunday, February 1, 2015, in Super Bowl XLIX, the Seahawks faced off against Tom Brady and the New England Patriots, seeking to become the first team to win two consecutive Super Bowls since the Patriots themselves won Super Bowl XXXVIII and Super Bowl XXXIX following the 2003 and 2004 seasons, respectively. After a scoreless first quarter, both teams scored two touchdowns in the second quarter, and the game was tied 14-14 at halftime. In\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12304621\",\n \"text\": \"gain Receptions Times targeted Super Bowl XLIX had nine officials. The numbers in parentheses below indicates their uniform numbers. Super Bowl XLIX Super Bowl XLIX was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2014 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Seattle Seahawks, 28–24, to earn their fourth Super Bowl title and their first in ten years. The game was played on February 1, 2015 at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. It was the second time the stadium\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLIX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3200108\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XL Super Bowl XL was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Seattle Seahawks and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Pittsburgh Steelers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2005 season. The Steelers defeated the Seahawks by the score of 21–10. The game was played on February 5, 2006 at Ford Field in Detroit, Michigan. With the win, the Steelers tied the San Francisco 49ers and the Dallas Cowboys with the then-record five Super Bowls. The Steelers' victory was their first Super Bowl victory since Super Bowl XIV. Pittsburgh, who\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XL\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394316\",\n \"text\": \"by the Green Bay Packers in 1998 (won Super Bowl XXXI, lost Super Bowl XXXII), the Seattle Seahawks in 2015 (won Super Bowl XLVIII, lost Super Bowl XLIX), and the New England Patriots in 2018 (won Super Bowl LI, lost Super Bowl LII). Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XVIII, Super Bowl XVIII Play Finder LA, Super Bowl XVIII Play Finder Was Completions/attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted The following records were set in Super Bowl XVIII, according to the official NFL.com boxscore, the 2016 NFL Record & Fact Book and the ProFootball reference.com game summary.
Some records have to meet\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XVIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9869695\",\n \"text\": \"Seahawks won Super Bowl XLVIII by a final score of 43-8. The win marked the Seahawks' first Super Bowl Championship in franchise history. Russell Wilson finished with 206 passing yards and two touchdowns having won the Super Bowl in just his second year in the NFL, while the Seahawks defense logged four takeaways. Malcolm Smith was named Super Bowl MVP thanks in large part to his interception return and a fumble recovery in the second half. Upon returning to Seattle, the Seahawks, in true fashion, put together a parade to thank their fans (The 12th Man) and their city of\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7953501\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XLIX at the University of Phoenix Stadium, the Seahawks missed the opportunity to claim their second Super Bowl win in the final seconds of the fourth quarter, falling to the New England Patriots by a score of 28-24. In 2017 the Seattle Seawolves became one of the founding teams of the newly-formed Major League Rugby Association. On July 7, 2018, at the home field of the San Diego Legion located at the University of San Diego, the Seawolves defeated the Glendale Raptors by a score of 23 to 19 to claim the first-ever MLR championship shield. The Seattle\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in Seattle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17736238\",\n \"text\": \"to Doug Baldwin, and the second a touchdown pass from Wilson to Jermaine Kearse to win the game 28-22. With the win, the Seahawks became the first defending champion to return to the Super Bowl since the 2004 Patriots. Additionally, they ended the Packers' season the same way it began, as they lost to the Seahawks at CenturyLink Field in the Kickoff Game. 2014 Seattle Seahawks season The 2014 Seattle Seahawks season was the franchise's 39th season in the National Football League and the fifth under head coach Pete Carroll. The Seahawks started the season as the defending Super Bowl\",\n \"title\": \"2014 Seattle Seahawks season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12880210\",\n \"text\": \"2013, but the Seahawks finished the season 13-3. In the playoffs, the Seahawks beat both the New Orleans Saints and San Francisco 49ers to reach Super Bowl XLVIII. The Seahawks won the Super Bowl 43-8 after they beat the Denver Broncos to give Okung his first Super Bowl ring. Okung started 14 games in the 2014 season and help the Seahawks finish with a 12-4 record. The Seahawks beat both the Carolina Panthers and Green Bay Packers to reach Super Bowl XLIX. The Seahawks failed to repeat as Super Bowl champions after they lost 28–24 to the New England Patriots.\",\n \"title\": \"Russell Okung\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12304557\",\n \"text\": \"Seahawks became the fourth defending Super Bowl champions to lose in the following year's title game, after the 1978 Dallas Cowboys, 1983 Washington Redskins and the 1997 Green Bay Packers. After finishing the previous season by defeating the Denver Broncos, 43–8, in Super Bowl XLVIII, Seattle completed the 2014 regular season with a 12–4 record. The Patriots, who also posted a 12–4 record, joined the Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers as one of the three teams to have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl. For the second straight season, but only the third time in the prior 21 seasons,\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLIX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7141011\",\n \"text\": \"the Seahawks and the fifth Super Bowl loss for the Broncos, tied with the New England Patriots for the most of any team. The game was played on February 2, 2014 at MetLife Stadium at the Meadowlands Sports Complex in East Rutherford, New Jersey, the first Super Bowl played outdoors in a cold-weather city and the first Super Bowl to be played on February 2. This marked the third time the number one seed from each conference met in the league championship, joining Super Bowl XXVIII (1994) and Super Bowl XLIV (2010). The Seahawks posted a 13–3 record and were\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLVIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9869659\",\n \"text\": \"the first time in the team's history. They were the NFC representative in Super Bowl XL, a game they lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Seahawks compiled a 13-3 record in the regular season, easily winning the NFC West and clinching home field advantage in the NFC playoffs. There, they beat the Washington Redskins and Carolina Panthers to win the George Halas Trophy and advance to the Super Bowl, the first in franchise history. Seattle fell short in its bid for its first NFL title, losing to the Pittsburgh Steelers at Super Bowl XL in Detroit, Michigan on February 5,\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17736231\",\n \"text\": \"conference champions, the first NFC team since the 1997 Green Bay Packers to repeat as NFC Champions, the first team to go to consecutive Super Bowls as the #1 seed in the playoffs since the 1990–1991 Buffalo Bills, and the first NFC team to go to consecutive Super Bowls as the #1 seed in the playoffs since the 1982–1983 Washington Redskins. In Super Bowl XLIX, the Seahawks were defeated by the Patriots 28–24, thereby being dethroned and failing to become the first repeat champion since the 2004 New England Patriots. Notes The Seahawks started their 2014 season at home against\",\n \"title\": \"2014 Seattle Seahawks season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3200129\",\n \"text\": \"Seahawks became the first team to advance to the Super Bowl without playing a division champion in the playoffs (later matched by the Colts in 2009, Steelers in 2010, and the Seahawks again in 2013, with the 2013 Seahawks being the only one of the four to win the Super Bowl). Off a first-round bye, Seattle defeated the sixth-seeded Washington Redskins, 20–10, before eliminating the fifth-seeded Carolina Panthers, 34–14, in the NFC Championship Game. These were Seattle's first playoff victories since the 1984 season when they defeated the Los Angeles Raiders 13–7, when the team was still in the AFC\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XL\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17074635\",\n \"text\": \"new officials were hired, including Shawn Hochuli, son of referee Ed Hochuli. 2014 NFL season The 2014 NFL season was the 95th season in the history of the National Football League (NFL). The season began on Thursday, September 4, 2014, with the annual kickoff game featuring the defending Super Bowl XLVIII champion Seattle Seahawks hosting the Green Bay Packers, which resulted with the Seahawks winning, 36–16. The season concluded with Super Bowl XLIX, the league's championship game, on Sunday, February 1, 2015, at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona, with the New England Patriots defeating the Seattle Seahawks, 28–24.\",\n \"title\": \"2014 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16977725\",\n \"text\": \"the playoffs with their 13–3 record. The Seahawks defeated the New Orleans Saints 23–15 in the Divisional round and the San Francisco 49ers 23–17 in the NFC Championship. In Super Bowl XLVIII, they defeated the Denver Broncos 43–8 for their first Super Bowl victory in franchise history. Notes The Seattle Seahawks kicked off their 2013 campaign with a hard-fought, ugly win over the Carolina Panthers, 12–7. This game marked Russell Wilson's first 300-yard passing game, and Cam Newton's worst career performance, posting 125 yards through the air, a career low. The first quarter ended equal for both teams, as both\",\n \"title\": \"2013 Seattle Seahawks season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14903042\",\n \"text\": \"the Seahawks secured the top playoff seed in the NFC with a conference-best 13-3 record. After a bye week, Seattle defeated the New Orleans Saints in the playoffs. The Seahawks then beat the San Francisco 49ers in the NFC Championship Game to advance to Super Bowl XLVIII. On February 2, 2014, Maragos and the Seahawks defeated the Denver Broncos 43–8 in the third-most lopsided Super Bowl in history. It was the most-watched program in the history of American television. On March 12, 2014, Maragos signed a three-year, $4 million contract with the Philadelphia Eagles. On December 6, 2015, his blocked\",\n \"title\": \"Chris Maragos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12304614\",\n \"text\": \"became only the fourth team to win a Super Bowl despite losing the turnover battle (after the Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl V and the Pittsburgh Steelers in both Super Bowls XIV and XL). In winning, Brady became the third quarterback in NFL history with four Super Bowl victories. Brady was also named MVP for a third time, tying the record set by Joe Montana. The Seahawks became the first defending champion since the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXII to lose in the Super Bowl the next year. This also marked the 10th consecutive Super Bowl without a\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLIX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7953500\",\n \"text\": \"the NFC West. They won the NFC championship in 2006, earning them their first trip to Super Bowl XL, where they lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers 21-10. In 2014, the Seahawks defeated the San Francisco 49ers at CenturyLink Field, to clinch their second NFC title and a berth in Super Bowl XLVIII, where they routed the Denver Broncos 43–8 to win their first Lombardi trophy. The following season, the Seahawks overcame a deficit in the NFC championship game with the Green Bay Packers in the final minutes of the fourth quarter to claim their first back-to-back George Halas trophies. In\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in Seattle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17074547\",\n \"text\": \"2014 NFL season The 2014 NFL season was the 95th season in the history of the National Football League (NFL). The season began on Thursday, September 4, 2014, with the annual kickoff game featuring the defending Super Bowl XLVIII champion Seattle Seahawks hosting the Green Bay Packers, which resulted with the Seahawks winning, 36–16. The season concluded with Super Bowl XLIX, the league's championship game, on Sunday, February 1, 2015, at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona, with the New England Patriots defeating the Seattle Seahawks, 28–24. The 2014 league year began at 4 pm EST on March 11,\",\n \"title\": \"2014 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9869691\",\n \"text\": \"final minute. With 36 seconds left to play, however, Kaepernick's throw to receiver Michael Crabtree in the end zone was deflected by Sherman into the hands of Malcolm Smith, securing the victory for the Seahawks in a play that has since gone down in Seahawks lore as \\\"The Tip\\\". The Seahawks won by a final score of 23-17, sending the Seahawks to Super Bowl XLVIII as the NFC representative, their second trip to the Super Bowl in franchise history. On February 2, 2014, the Seahawks played in Super Bowl XLVIII against the Denver Broncos, pitting the league's #1 defense (Seattle)\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9869626\",\n \"text\": \"won the NFC Championship Game thrice in 2005, 2013 and 2014, and lost the AFC Championship Game once in 1983; as a result, they are the only team appear in the both the AFC and NFC Conference Championship games. The Seahawks have one Super Bowl victory in 2013 and two losses (2005 and 2014). Prior to 2005 Seattle had the longest drought of playoff victories of any NFL team, dating back to the 1984 season. That drought was ended with a 20-10 win over the Washington Redskins in the 2005 playoffs. The all-time Seahawks playoff record is 12-12. The Seahawks\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394929\",\n \"text\": \"XIII) and the Washington Redskins (won Super Bowl XVII, lost Super Bowl XVIII), and would be later joined by the Seattle Seahawks in 2015 (won Super Bowl XLVIII, lost Super Bowl XLIX) and the New England Patriots in 2018 (won Super Bowl LI, lost Super Bowl LII). Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XXXII, Super Bowl XXXII Play Finder Den, Super Bowl XXXII Play Finder GB Completions/attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted One new record was set and several were tied in Super Bowl XXXII, according to the official NFL.com boxscore, the 2016 NFL Record & Fact Book and the ProFootball\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXXII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16977751\",\n \"text\": \"to San Francisco where they took a loss to the 49ers. Russell Wilson was intercepted to end the game and continued the Seahawks' losing streak in Candlestick Park in which they haven't won since 2008. It was their last appearance at Candlestick, as the Niners move to Levi's Stadium for the 2014 season. With the loss, the Seahawks' record dropped into 11-2. In what many pundits dubbed a \\\"Super Bowl dress rehearsal\\\", the Seahawks faced the New York Giants at MetLife Stadium, where the Super Bowl would be held at the end of the season. The Legion of Boom intercepted\",\n \"title\": \"2013 Seattle Seahawks season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16336724\",\n \"text\": \"Moda Center, while serving as an Alternate Governor for the Trail Blazers and representing the franchise at NBA owners meetings. In 2016, McLoughlin’s seventh season with Seattle, the Seahawks reached the playoffs for the fifth-consecutive year while finishing the season with 122-consecutive sellouts. The Seahawks won their first NFL title in Super Bowl XLVIII, defeating the Denver Broncos, 43–8. In 2014, Seattle reached the Super Bowl for the second-consecutive season as the Seahawks faced the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX. In September 2018, left the position on amicable terms, being succeeded by Chuck Arnold. McLoughlin graduated from Deerfield\",\n \"title\": \"Peter McLoughlin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8344577\",\n \"text\": \"2005 Seattle Seahawks season The 2005 Seattle Seahawks season saw them win a conference championship for the first time in the team's history. They were the NFC representative in Super Bowl XL, a game they lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Seahawks compiled a 13–3 record in the regular season, easily winning the NFC West and earning the NFC top seed, thus clinching home field advantage in the NFC playoffs for the first time in franchise history. There, they beat the Washington Redskins and Carolina Panthers to win the George Halas Trophy, and advance to their first ever Super Bowl.\",\n \"title\": \"2005 Seattle Seahawks season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7141010\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XLVIII Super Bowl XLVIII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos and National Football Conference (NFC) champion Seattle Seahawks to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2013 season. The Seahawks defeated the Broncos 43–8, the largest margin of victory for an underdog and tied for the third largest point differential overall (35) in Super Bowl history with Super Bowl XXVII (1993). It was the first time the winning team scored over 40 points, while holding their opponent to under 10. This became the first Super Bowl victory for\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLVIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7993879\",\n \"text\": \"or sports venue, that deserves recognition for an outstanding performance over a 12-month period. On May 25, 2010, it was announced that Super Bowl XLVIII was awarded to the stadium, the first time a Super Bowl would be played in the New York metropolitan area, and the first time that a non-domed stadium in a cold-weather city would host it. The Seattle Seahawks defeated the Denver Broncos 43–8 for their first Super Bowl victory, when MetLife Stadium hosted Super Bowl XLVIII on February 2, 2014. Normally, Super Bowls must be held in indoor climate-controlled stadiums if they are held in\",\n \"title\": \"MetLife Stadium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17736228\",\n \"text\": \"2014 Seattle Seahawks season The 2014 Seattle Seahawks season was the franchise's 39th season in the National Football League and the fifth under head coach Pete Carroll. The Seahawks started the season as the defending Super Bowl champions for the first time in franchise history. The season began with a 36–16 victory over the Green Bay Packers in their first meeting since the controversial Fail Mary Game. After struggling to a 3–3 record, which included a rare home loss to the Dallas Cowboys, they went on a 9–1 run to finish the season, which included a sweep of their division\",\n \"title\": \"2014 Seattle Seahawks season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"385664\",\n \"text\": \"Gore. The Seahawks had not won in San Francisco since 2008 until defeating the 49ers in convincing 19–3 fashion on Thanksgiving Day in 2014. In the 2013 NFC Championship Game, the Seahawks defeated the 49ers 23 to 17, thanks to Malcolm Smith's interception, which was tipped by Richard Sherman. This clinched the Seahawks' berth into Super Bowl XLVIII. The Seahawks have developed a rivalry with the Carolina Panthers. The two teams have played each other in the NFL playoffs three times: during the 2005 NFC Championship Game, which Seattle won 34–14; the 2014 NFC Divisional playoffs, which the Seahawks won\",\n \"title\": \"Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"385644\",\n \"text\": \"Columbia, Alberta and Saskatchewan. Steve Largent, Cortez Kennedy, Walter Jones, and Kenny Easley have been voted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame primarily or wholly for their accomplishments as Seahawks. In addition to them, Dave Brown, Jacob Green, Dave Krieg, Curt Warner, and Jim Zorn have been inducted into the Seahawks Ring of Honor along with Pete Gross (radio announcer) and Chuck Knox (head coach). The Seahawks have won 10 division titles and three conference championships. They are the only team to have played in both the AFC and NFC Championship Games. They have appeared in three Super Bowls:\",\n \"title\": \"Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17074568\",\n \"text\": \"balls before the game, giving the game the title 'Deflategate'. This was the most lopsided AFC championship victory since the Buffalo Bills defeated the Los Angeles Raiders 51–3 in the 1990 season. Super Bowl XLIX, the 49th contesting of the Super Bowl, decided the 2014 NFL champion on February 1, 2015, with the New England Patriots defeating the defending Super Bowl XLVIII champions Seattle Seahawks, who were looking to repeat, by a score of 28–24. With a controversial play call by Seattle's head coach, Pete Carroll, they decided to try to pass the ball in for a touchdown at the\",\n \"title\": \"2014 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"385645\",\n \"text\": \"losing 21–10 to the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XL, defeating the Denver Broncos 43–8 for their first championship in Super Bowl XLVIII, and losing 28–24 to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX. As per one of the agreed parts of the 1970 AFL–NFL merger, the NFL began planning to expand from 26 to 28 teams. In June 1972, Seattle Professional Football Inc., a group of Seattle business and community leaders, announced its intention to acquire an NFL franchise for the city of Seattle. In June 1974, the NFL gave the city an expansion franchise. That December, NFL\",\n \"title\": \"Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"385658\",\n \"text\": \"the 2012 Pepsi Max Rookie of the Year award. In the 2013 NFL season, the Seahawks continued their momentum from the previous season, finishing tied with the Denver Broncos for an NFL-best regular season record of 13–3, while earning the NFC's #1 playoff seed. Their 2013 campaign included big wins over the Carolina Panthers, New Orleans Saints, and the San Francisco 49ers. Six Seahawks players were named to the Pro Bowl: Quarterback Russell Wilson, center Max Unger, running back Marshawn Lynch, cornerback Richard Sherman, free safety Earl Thomas, and strong safety Kam Chancellor. However, none of them was able to\",\n \"title\": \"Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"376025\",\n \"text\": \"Jersey's MetLife Stadium in February 2014, was the first Super Bowl held outdoors in a cold weather environment. The Seattle Seahawks won their first NFL title with a 43–8 defeat of the Denver Broncos, in a highly touted matchup that pitted Seattle's top-ranked defense against a Peyton Manning-led Denver offense that had broken the NFL's single-season scoring record. In Super Bowl XLIX, the Patriots beat the defending Super Bowl champions, the Seahawks, 28–24 as Malcolm Butler intercepted a Seattle pass in the end zone with the Seahawks poised to take the lead. In Super Bowl 50, the Broncos, led by\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19128132\",\n \"text\": \"Seahawks have now recorded at least one victory at CenturyLink Field against each of the 31 other franchises. Over one and half year after Super Bowl XLIX, the Seahawks were trying to get their revenge against the Patriots after the heartbreaking interception. They successfully got their revenge by stopping the Patriots from getting into the end zone, and won the game 31-24. The Seahawks were the only team to defeat the Patriots under Tom Brady during this season (their one other loss, against the Buffalo Bills in Week 4, happened during Brady's suspension for the Deflategate scandal). This also marks\",\n \"title\": \"2016 Seattle Seahawks season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3200082\",\n \"text\": \"13-3 record, when they beat the Falcons and Vikings in the reverse order that they did in the 2004-05 playoffs. They exacted revenge on New England in Super Bowl LII, edging them 41–33. This is the last time that a team has won back-to-back Super Bowls, with the Patriots losing their second playoff game a year later and then, for the next eight years, every team either losing their first playoff game or missing them altogether. The streak was broken in 2014 when the Seahawks defeated the Panthers and ultimately advanced to the Super Bowl, only to lose to a\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXXIX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"376023\",\n \"text\": \"Patriots' 2007 record at 18–1. The following season, the Steelers logged their record sixth Super Bowl title (XLIII) in a 27–23, final-minute victory against the Arizona Cardinals. The 2009 season saw the New Orleans Saints defeat the Indianapolis Colts in Super Bowl XLIV by a score of 31–17 to take home their first Championship. With this victory, the Saints joined the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and New York Jets as the only teams to have won in their sole Super Bowl appearance. The 2010s have seen parity between the two conferences, but not within them. Since the start of 2010, five\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9869696\",\n \"text\": \"over 700,000 Seahawks fans. For the first time in franchise history, the Seahawks started a season as the defending Super Bowl champions. As such, they earned the right to host the NFL Kickoff Game, where they defeated the Green Bay Packers 36-16. Then in Week 2, they traveled to San Diego, where the Chargers defeated them by a score of 30-21. This was Seattle's worst defeat since a 23-13 loss to the Dallas Cowboys in Week 9 of the 2011 season. Then in Week 3, they returned home to face the Denver Broncos in a rematch of Super Bowl XLVIII.\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17736230\",\n \"text\": \"NFL team to do so since the 2013 Denver Broncos. The Seahawks opened the playoffs with a win over the Carolina Panthers in the Divisional round, becoming the first defending champion since the 2005 Patriots to win a playoff game the following season. In one of the greatest comebacks in NFL history, the Seahawks advanced to Super Bowl XLIX by defeating the Green Bay Packers 28–22 in overtime after trailing 16–0 at halftime and 19–7 with less than three minutes left in regulation. In doing so, they became the first team since the 2004 New England Patriots to repeat as\",\n \"title\": \"2014 Seattle Seahawks season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"313934\",\n \"text\": \"Times\\\" about Allen's decision to buy the team, \\\"I'm not sure anybody else in this community would have done what [Allen] did.\\\" The Seahawks are valued at $1.33 billion in August 2014 by \\\"Forbes\\\", which says the team has \\\"one of the most rabid fan bases in the NFL\\\". Under the helm of Allen, the Seahawks went to the Super Bowl three times winning Super Bowl XLVIII and three NFC Championships (2005, 2013, 2014). Allen's Vulcan Sports & Entertainment is part of the ownership team of the Seattle Sounders FC, a Major League Soccer (MLS) franchise that began play in\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Allen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5619503\",\n \"text\": \"Divisional Playoff Round by the Denver Broncos, and eventually the NFL title was won by the Pittsburgh Steelers, who defeated the Seattle Seahawks 21–10 in Super Bowl XL at Ford Field in Detroit, Michigan on February 5 for their fifth Super Bowl win. This also marked the first time that a sixth-seeded team, who by the nature of their seeding would play every game on the road, would advance to and win the Super Bowl. The season formally concluded with the Pro Bowl, the league’s all-star game, at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu, Hawaii on February 12. This marked the final\",\n \"title\": \"2005 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17261707\",\n \"text\": \"four passes for 68 yards and a touchdown in a divisional round game against the Carolina Panthers. A week later, he caught a key two-point conversion in the NFC Championship Game against the Green Bay Packers, as the Seahawks rallied to defeat the Packers 28–22 to reached consecutive Super Bowls. In Super Bowl XLIX, Willson had no catches as the Seahawks failed to repeat as champions, defeated by the New England Patriots, who rallied in the fourth quarter behind quarterback On March 17, 2017, Willson re-signed with the Seahawks. After five years in Seattle, Willson signed a one-year, $2.5 million\",\n \"title\": \"Luke Willson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14211043\",\n \"text\": \"roster transactions, including trading for Marshawn Lynch. On February 2, 2014, the Seahawks won Super Bowl XLVIII, their first championship in their existence. Of those on the championship roster, only Max Unger, Red Bryant, Jon Ryan and Brandon Mebane were Seahawks prior to Schneider's arrival in Seattle. Schneider and Seattle followed their Super Bowl win with another NFC Championship, but lost to New England in Super Bowl XLIX. In 2015, the Seahawks clinched a wild card berth, but fell in the NFC Divisional Round to the Panthers. Schneider signed a 5-year contract extension with the Seahawks in July 2016 that\",\n \"title\": \"John Schneider (American football executive)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10286809\",\n \"text\": \"the number for Vancouver, BC, the other major departure point for Alaska cruises. Seattle has three major men's professional sports teams: the National Football League (NFL)'s Seattle Seahawks, Major League Baseball (MLB)'s Seattle Mariners, and Major League Soccer (MLS)'s Seattle Sounders FC. Other professional sports teams include the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA)'s Seattle Storm, who won the WNBA championship on three occasions in 2004 and 2010, and 2018; and the Seattle Reign of the National Women's Soccer League. The Seattle Seahawks entered the National Football League in 1976 as an expansion team and have advanced to the Super Bowl\",\n \"title\": \"Seattle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12804207\",\n \"text\": \"of 43–8. In 2013, he also made his second Pro Bowl team. In 2014, the Seahawks finished the season with a 12–4 record and made it back to the Super Bowl. The Seahawks failed to repeat as Super Bowl champions after they lost 28–24 to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX. On March 10, 2015, Unger, along with the Seahawks' first round selection in the 2015 NFL Draft, were traded to the New Orleans Saints in exchange for tight end Jimmy Graham. On May 8, 2017, it was reported that Unger suffered a foot injury and was expected\",\n \"title\": \"Max Unger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11650053\",\n \"text\": \"the Seahawks' Super Bowl XLVIII win. He set a Super Bowl record by scoring only twelve seconds into the game with a safety stemming from a botched opening snap by the Broncos, and he later forced an interception that led to a touchdown. Following the Seahawks' victory, Avril became the first player in NFL history to win a Super Bowl after having been on a winless team. In the 2014 season, after recording just 2 sacks over the first 10 games, Avril would register 3 in the last 6 games, coinciding with a 6-game winning streak during which the Seahawks\",\n \"title\": \"Cliff Avril\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16261013\",\n \"text\": \"points per game without Wagner and 6.5 points per game in the six games after he returned from an injury. On February 1, 2015, the Seattle Seahawks played in Super Bowl XLIX after defeating the Carolina Panthers and then the Green Bay Packers in the NFC Championship. Wagner recorded 12 combined tackles, deflected a pass, and intercepted a pass attempt by Tom Brady in the Seahawks 28–24 last-second loss to the New England Patriots. He is the current all-time career leader for tackles in Super Bowls with 22. Wagner made the NFL Top 100 Players for the first time in\",\n \"title\": \"Bobby Wagner\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17005333\",\n \"text\": \"2013–14 NFL playoffs The National Football League playoffs for the 2013 season began on January 4, 2014. The postseason tournament concluded with the Seattle Seahawks defeating the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XLVIII, 43–8, on February 2, at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey. In a change from previous seasons, CBS was given both late games during the Divisional Playoffs (as opposed to CBS and Fox each having both an early game on one day and a late game on the other day). In the United States, NBC broadcast the first two Wild Card playoff games, then CBS broadcast\",\n \"title\": \"2013–14 NFL playoffs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12927349\",\n \"text\": \"as a second baseman. Wilson was selected by the Seahawks with the 12th pick in the third round (75th overall) of the 2012 NFL Draft. In 2012, he tied Peyton Manning's record for most passing touchdowns by a rookie (26) and was named the Pepsi NFL Rookie of the Year. In 2013, he led the Seahawks to their first ever Super Bowl victory in Super Bowl XLVIII over the Denver Broncos, and in 2014, led them to a second straight Super Bowl berth. Wilson has won more games (65) than any other NFL quarterback in his first six seasons, and\",\n \"title\": \"Russell Wilson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12259464\",\n \"text\": \"a lasagna.\\\" The 3D artworks are finished off by hand with glitter and Swarovski crystals. NFL Super Bowl Charles Fazzino's art has been featured in every Super Bowl for the National Football League since the 2001 Super Bowl XXXV in Tampa Bay, Florida. Fazzino was profiled by CBS News Sunday Morning with Charles Osgood on Charles Osgood Sunday in New Orleans, Louisiana on February 3, 2013. He also created a painting for Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014, where the Seattle Seahawks defeated the Denver Broncos at MetLife Stadium, as well as The New England Patriots 2015 win in Super Bowl\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Fazzino\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7694540\",\n \"text\": \"Jackson appeared in 3 games of the 2013 regular season producing 151 passing yards and a touchdown. During Super Bowl XLVIII against the Denver Broncos, Jackson came in relief of Russell Wilson during the 4th quarter, marking the first time in 13 years any backup quarterback has played in a Super Bowl. The Seahawks won their first Super Bowl in franchise history as they defeated the Broncos 43–8. Following the season, Jackson signed a 1-year deal to stay with the Seahawks. The Seahawks made it to Super Bowl XLIX, but failed to repeat as Super Bowl champions as they fell\",\n \"title\": \"Tarvaris Jackson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"385653\",\n \"text\": \"Bowl XL against the Pittsburgh Steelers. The loss was controversial; NFL Films has Super Bowl XL at number 8 on its top ten list of games with controversial referee calls. Referee Bill Leavy later admitted that he missed calls that altered the game. Before 2005, Seattle had the longest drought of playoff victories of any NFL team, dating back to the 1984 season. That drought was ended with a 20–10 win over the Washington Redskins in the 2005 playoffs. In the 2009 NFL season, the Seahawks finished 3rd in the NFC West with a 5-11 record. Shortly after his first\",\n \"title\": \"Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17009913\",\n \"text\": \"member of coach Les Miles's LSU Tigers football team from 2010 to 2012. He decided to enter the NFL Draft after his junior season. The Seattle Seahawks chose Simon in the fifth round, with the 138th overall pick, of the 2013 NFL Draft. On August 27, 2013, the Seahawks placed Simon on the reserve/physically unable to perform list. The Seahawks won Super Bowl XLVIII after they defeated the Denver Broncos 43–8. The Seahawks returned to the Super Bowl in the following year. Simon got to play in Super Bowl XLIX due to an injury teammate Jeremy Lane suffered in the\",\n \"title\": \"Tharold Simon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17074566\",\n \"text\": \"the NFC Championship Game at 3:00 pm Eastern Time on Fox and the AFC Championship Game following at 6:30 pm Eastern on CBS. In the NFC Championship, the Seahawks, trailing 16–0 at halftime and then 19–7 with under three minutes left in the game, were led by Russell Wilson, who, despite throwing four interceptions, rallied the team to 15 unanswered points and won the game on a 35-yard touchdown pass to Jermaine Kearse in overtime to become the first team to make consecutive Super Bowl appearances since the 2004 New England Patriots, and the first NFC team to make consecutive\",\n \"title\": \"2014 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7655415\",\n \"text\": \"the Miami Heat in 5 games. The city of Seattle did not win another men's professional sports championship until the National Football League's Seahawks defeated the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XLVIII on 2 February 2014. The next time Seattle played Washington for a championship was in the 2018 WNBA Finals, when the Seattle Storm swept the Washington Mystics in 3 games to win their third overall championship. Coincidentally, as of the Seattle Mariners and Washington Nationals are the only two Major League Baseball franchises that have never played in a World Series. 1979 NBA Finals The 1979 NBA World\",\n \"title\": \"1979 NBA Finals\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9869704\",\n \"text\": \"six plays worth 87 yards in 3:19, capped off with a 35-yard touchdown pass from Russell Wilson to Jermaine Kearse, who had been Wilson's intended target on all four of Seattle's interceptions. The final score was Seattle 28, Green Bay 22. Thus Seattle became the first defending champion since the 2004 New England Patriots to return to the Super Bowl the next season. They also became the first NFC team since the 1997 Green Bay Packers to repeat as NFC Champions, the first team to go to consecutive Super Bowls as the #1 seed in the playoffs since the 1990–1991\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13752770\",\n \"text\": \"16 games with 10 starts. Carpenter earned a Super Bowl ring with the Seahawks in Super Bowl XLVIII where they defeated the Denver Broncos 43–8, giving Carpenter his first career championship title and the Seahawks their first Super Bowl win in franchise history. In the offseason, Seattle declined the fifth-year option for Carpenter. In the 2014 season, Carpenter started all 13 games he appeared in and participated in the Seahawks making it to Super Bowl XLIX, where they lost to the New England Patriots by a score of 28–24. On March 10, 2015, Carpenter signed a four-year contract with the\",\n \"title\": \"James Carpenter (American football)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"385652\",\n \"text\": \"That same year, the team opened its new home stadium, Seahawks Stadium, after spending the last two seasons at Husky Stadium after the Kingdome's implosion in 2000. In the 2005 season, the Seahawks had their best season in franchise history (a feat that would later be matched in 2013) with a record of 13–3, which included a 42-0 rout of the Philadelphia Eagles on December 5, a game since referred to as the Monday Night Massacre. The 13-3 record earned them the number one seed in the NFC. They won the NFC Championship Game in 2005, but lost in Super\",\n \"title\": \"Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7863017\",\n \"text\": \"September 3, 2011, Farwell was waived by the Vikings. His release cleared $1.75 million in salary cap space for the Vikings. Farwell signed with the Seattle Seahawks on October 19, 2011. On March 13, 2012, he was re-signed by the Seattle Seahawks. He served as a special teams captain for the Seahawks from 2012 onward. Farwell and the Seahawks won Super Bowl XLVIII after they defeated the Denver Broncos 43–8. The Seahawks placed Farwell on injured reserve on August 26, 2014. On August 16, 2016, Farwell returned to the Seahawks, where he served as a two-time special teams captain in\",\n \"title\": \"Heath Farwell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17736236\",\n \"text\": \"throughout the playoffs for the second consecutive season. Seattle entered the postseason as the #1 seed in the NFC. The Seahawks defeated the Panthers 31-17, becoming the first defending Super Bowl champion to win a playoff game since the 2005 Patriots, and advanced to their second consecutive NFC Championship game. They hosted the Green Bay Packers, who defeated the Dallas Cowboys 26-21. After trailing 16-0 in the 3rd quarter and 19-7 with just over 2 minutes remaining, Russell Wilson, who threw 4 interceptions in the game, rallied Seattle to a much needed touchdown to bring the score to 19-14 with\",\n \"title\": \"2014 Seattle Seahawks season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9869713\",\n \"text\": \"was sidelined for several games with a back injury. In week 12, the Seahawks faced the Pittsburgh Steelers for the third time since losing to them in Super Bowl XL. The game ended up being an offensive shootout, and a late touchdown by Doug Baldwin sealed a 39-30 victory, getting them over .500 for the first time in 2015. It was their first win against the Steelers since SB XL (and indeed their first time not being shut out since then). However, the team suffered another devastating injury as Jimmy Graham suffered a broken patella early in the game, and\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7141065\",\n \"text\": \"playoffs, and 1–2 in the Super Bowl. Including Denver's loss, none of the eight highest-scoring teams in league history won a Super Bowl in the same season, and all four teams who entered the championship with the league's leading passer lost the game. Manning's 34 completions and Demaryius Thomas' 13 receptions were both Super Bowl records. With touchdowns scored on offense, defense, and special teams, the Seahawks became the first team since the Ravens in Super Bowl XXXV to do so. Teams with an interception return for a touchdown also stayed perfect, improving to 12–0 in Super Bowls. As a\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLVIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17546845\",\n \"text\": \"in CenturyLink Field with a trip to Super Bowl XLVIII on the line, with the Seahawks winning by a score of 23–17. The game ended when Seahawks' cornerback Richard Sherman, whom Jim Harbaugh previously coached at Stanford, tipped an end zone pass that led to a game-ending interception. Seattle went on to defeat the Denver Broncos 43–8 in Super Bowl XLVIII to win their first Super Bowl championship. San Francisco had represented the NFC in a losing effort in Super Bowl XLVII the previous season. Since drafting Russell Wilson, the Seahawks have dominated the rivalry, holding a 12-3 record against\",\n \"title\": \"49ers–Seahawks rivalry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13666551\",\n \"text\": \"a first round bye. On January 11, 2014, Chancellor started his first career playoff game and recorded 14 combined tackles (four solo) and two pass deflections during the Seahawks' 23–15 victory against the New Orleans Saints in the NFC Divisional round. The Seahawks defeated the San Francisco 49ers 23–17 in the NFC Championship and went on to Super Bowl XLVIII. On February 2, 2014, Chancellor made ten combined tackles (six solo), deflected two passes, and intercepted a pass by quarterback Peyton Manning as the Seahawks won Super Bowl XLVIII 43–8 against the Denver Broncos. Chancellor began the season being selected\",\n \"title\": \"Kam Chancellor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11213434\",\n \"text\": \"They defeated the NFC Champion Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XL to secure their league-tying fifth Super Bowl title. In doing so, they also became the first team since the 1970 AFL-NFL merger to win a Super Bowl without playing a single home playoff game until the 2007 Giants. They are also the first 6th seeded team to beat the top 3 seeds on the road. Notable additions include Heath Miller and Nate Washington. \\\"at Paul Brown Stadium, Cincinnati, Ohio\\\" \\\"at RCA Dome, Indianapolis, Indiana\\\" \\\"at INVESCO Field at Mile High, Denver, Colorado\\\" \\\"at Ford Field, Detroit, Michigan\\\" The Pittsburgh\",\n \"title\": \"2005 Pittsburgh Steelers season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6770154\",\n \"text\": \"Pro Bowl roster as a replacement for an injured Carlos Rogers. On December 18, 2013, the NFL erroneously reported Browner was facing an indefinite suspension for again violating the NFL's performance-enhancing drug rules. The suspension kept him from playing in Super Bowl XLVIII against the Denver Broncos. Without Browner, the Seahawks won the Super Bowl 43-8 to give the franchise their first championship. The suspension was later changed to reflect a substance abuse issue related to missing drug tests during the time Browner was unsigned by an NFL team and played football in the CFL, prior to the Seahawks contract.\",\n \"title\": \"Brandon Browner\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12927371\",\n \"text\": \"touchdowns, and no interceptions for a 123.1 passer rating in a 43–8 rout of the Denver Broncos. With the victory, Wilson became just the second black starting quarterback to win a Super Bowl, joining Super Bowl XXII winner Doug Williams. At 5'11\\\" tall, he also became the shortest quarterback to win a Super Bowl, shorter than Len Dawson, Joe Theismann, and Drew Brees (all 6'0\\\"). Wilson earned a bonus of $169,141.73 for the 2013 season through the NFL's Performance-Based Pay program. On September 21, 2014, Wilson led the Seahawks on an 80-yard touchdown drive in overtime to defeat the Denver\",\n \"title\": \"Russell Wilson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6477339\",\n \"text\": \"of the playoffs each time. The series was George Karl's only Finals appearance in his coaching career to date. In 2008, the Sonics franchise moved to Oklahoma City and became the Thunder. They would make the finals four years later after the move. This was also the last time a Seattle-based team played for a major professional sports championship until Super Bowl XL in 2006, when the Seattle Seahawks lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Seahawks would go on to handily defeat Denver in Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014 and lose to the New England Patriots the following year in\",\n \"title\": \"1996 NBA Finals\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2978683\",\n \"text\": \"Tom Coughlin was 65 when his Giants won Super Bowl XLVI and Dick Vermeil was 63 when the St. Louis Rams won Super Bowl XXXIV. The following season, the Seahawks started off their quest to repeat as champions with a 36–16 defeat of the Green Bay Packers on \\\"Thursday Night Football\\\" in the first game of the NFL season. A Super Bowl XLVIII rematch came in Week 3, with Seattle again defeating Peyton Manning and the Broncos, 26–20 in overtime. However, losses to San Diego, Dallas, St. Louis, and Kansas City caused the defending champions to start the season with\",\n \"title\": \"Pete Carroll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9869625\",\n \"text\": \"began play in 1976 in the NFC West division but switched conferences with the Buccaneers after one season and joined the AFC West. This realignment was dictated by the league as part of the 1976 expansion plan, so that both expansion teams could play each other twice and every other NFL franchise. Between 1977 and 2002, their division rivals were Denver, San Diego, Kansas City and Oakland. Seattle has won ten division titles in their franchise history: the 1988 and 1999 AFC West titles, and the 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2013, 2014, and 2016 NFC West titles. They have\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"385642\",\n \"text\": \"Seattle Seahawks The Seattle Seahawks are a professional American football franchise based in Seattle, Washington. The Seahawks compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) West division. They joined the NFL in 1976 as an expansion team. The Seahawks are coached by Pete Carroll. Since 2002, they have played their home games at CenturyLink Field (formerly Qwest Field), located south of downtown Seattle. They previously played home games in the Kingdome (1976–1999) and Husky Stadium (1994, 2000–2001). Seahawks fans have been referred to collectively as the \\\"12th Man\\\", \\\"12th Fan\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17736229\",\n \"text\": \"rivals, the Arizona Cardinals, who battled with them the whole season. They repeated as NFC West champions and finished in a three-way tie with the Packers and Cowboys for the NFC's best record, but earned the No. 1 seed based on tiebreakers, securing home-field advantage for the second consecutive season. This was the first time that a defending Super Bowl champion retained the No. 1 seed in the next season since the 1990 San Francisco 49ers. They were also the first team overall to repeat as the #1 seed in the NFC since the 2004 Philadelphia Eagles; and the first\",\n \"title\": \"2014 Seattle Seahawks season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"79966\",\n \"text\": \"team led by rookie quarterback Russell Wilson, 16–12. In the 2013 season, the Panthers opened the season at home versus Seattle. They again lost a close game, with the final score 12–7. The Seahawks would go on to win Super Bowl XLVIII. In the 2014 season, once more at Bank of America Stadium, the Seahawks defeated the Panthers in week eight, 13–9. In the divisional round of the playoffs, the Panthers faced Seattle in Seattle, notorious for being a tough opposing field to play in, and lost 31–17. The Seahawks would go on to lose Super Bowl XLIX. In the\",\n \"title\": \"Carolina Panthers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17736232\",\n \"text\": \"the Packers, the first meeting since the controversial 'Fail Mary' game in 2012. With the win, they became the first defending Super Bowl champion team since 2011 (also Packers) to win their regular season opening game for a 1-0 start. This is the first game in NFL history to end in a score of 36-16. In all five years that Pete Carroll was head coach of the Seahawks, so far, he has had at least one game end in a score never before achieved. This would be their largest margin of defeat since their 13-23 loss to the Cowboys in\",\n \"title\": \"2014 Seattle Seahawks season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6995679\",\n \"text\": \"go to the Super Bowl and win. Their playoff campaign included defeating the first (Indianapolis), second (Denver), and third (Cincinnati) seeded AFC teams en route to the Super Bowl victory against the first seeded Seahawks from the NFC. Also, they are the first NFL team to win 9 road games. Roethlisberger became the youngest QB to win a Super Bowl. They successfully tied with the San Francisco 49ers and the Dallas Cowboys for the most Super Bowl titles with five. The 2006 Pittsburgh Steelers season began with the team trying to improve on their 11–5 record from 2005 and trying\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Pittsburgh Steelers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3200114\",\n \"text\": \"Cardinals became the second team to have their full team name painted in their end zone, as their geographic location name (Arizona) was painted above the team nickname (Cardinals). For all other Super Bowl teams, end zones have featured only the team nickname. The Seahawks entered Super Bowl XL after finishing the regular season with an NFC-best 13–3 record. After a rocky 2–2 start, they won 11 consecutive games before losing to the Green Bay Packers to finish the season. The 13–3 record and 11-game winning streak set new team records. This was Seattle's first Super Bowl appearance in the\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XL\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3200130\",\n \"text\": \"(the Seahawks were in that conference from 1977-2001). The Steelers became the second team after the 1985 New England Patriots to win three road playoff games to reach the Super Bowl. Pittsburgh defeated the third-seeded Bengals, 31–17; the top-seeded Colts, 21–18 in the \\\"Immaculate Redemption/Tackle II\\\" game; and the second-seeded Denver Broncos, 34–17, in the AFC Championship Game. The Steelers also became the eighth wild-card team to go to the Super Bowl and the fourth in nine seasons. The Steelers' catchphrase for the playoffs was \\\"One for the Thumb\\\", a phrase originally made popular by Joe Greene as an allusion\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XL\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16012828\",\n \"text\": \"a safety in the 34–28 loss. In Week 10 against the Atlanta Falcons, he scored a 43-yard touchdown after a trick play when Marshawn Lynch threw the ball back to Russell Wilson in the 33–10 victory. In 2013, Kearse played 15 games with 346 receiving yards and 4 touchdowns. In the 2013 NFC Championship Game on January 19, 2014, against division rival San Francisco 49ers, Kearse caught a 35-yard touchdown pass from Wilson. The Seahawks eventually won the game 23–17 and advanced to Super Bowl XLVIII. During the Super Bowl against the Denver Broncos, Kearse had four catches for 65\",\n \"title\": \"Jermaine Kearse\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"395056\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XXXVI, there were ten different NFC Champions in ten years. Once again, the Giants ended the trend and started another one. Beginning with the 2008 Super Bowl XLIII participant Arizona Cardinals, there were 6 different NFC Champions in 6 years. This streak was finally ended by the Seattle Seahawks, who advanced to the Super Bowl in both 2013 and 2014. The Baltimore Ravens would later win Super Bowl XLVII in 2013 against the San Francisco 49ers (which was also aired on CBS). Ray Lewis was a member of both Ravens' Super Bowl wins. In between the Ravens' victories,\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXXV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19128135\",\n \"text\": \"TD-INT ratio, posted a 150.8 passer rating in this game, the highest allowed by the Seattle defense since Pete Carroll became head coach in 2010. With their 24–3 victory over the Rams, the Seahawks moved to 9–4–1 and clinched the NFC West title. This would be the final game in Seattle for longtime Seahawks Jermaine Kearse and Steven Hauschka 2016 Seattle Seahawks season The 2016 Seattle Seahawks season was the franchise's 41st season in the National Football League and the seventh under head coach Pete Carroll. On October 23, the team played the Arizona Cardinals in a game that ended\",\n \"title\": \"2016 Seattle Seahawks season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12304569\",\n \"text\": \"and not allowed any touchdowns in the previous 10 quarters. Their defense ranked first in the NFL in fewest points allowed (254) and their offense was tied at first in rushing yards (2,762). The Seahawks defeated the Carolina Panthers 31–17 in the NFC Divisional playoffs, and then defeated the Green Bay Packers 28–22 in overtime in the NFC Championship Game. Seattle became the first NFC team to advance to consecutive Super Bowls since the 1996–97 Packers in Super Bowls XXXI and XXXII. Quarterback Russell Wilson was back in control of the Seattle offense, completing 63.1 percent of his passes for\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLIX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9869709\",\n \"text\": \"and seal Seattle's fate. The Seahawks became the tenth consecutive team to be dethroned of their Super Bowl title, creating a record for the most years without a repeat Super Bowl champion. The 2015 season marked the 40th season of play for the Seahawks. Prior to the 2015 draft, the Seahawks made a blockbuster trade with the New Orleans Saints, trading Seattle's first-round pick for All-Pro Saints tight end Jimmy Graham. For this reason, the Seahawks did not have a first-round pick, but did make a total of eight picks in the draft, including defensive end Frank Clark in the\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6995703\",\n \"text\": \"Dallas defeated the Steelers in Super Bowl XXX to become the second team behind San Francisco to win five Super Bowl Championships. Ten years later, Pittsburgh would join Dallas and San Francisco to become the third team to reach that milestone when they defeated the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XL. Three years later, the Steelers would become the first team to win a sixth Super Bowl, achieving that milestone in the 2008–09 season. They played against the Arizona Cardinals in Super Bowl XLIII, with a 27–23 comeback victory. The Broncos have competed in seven playoff games against the Steelers,\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Pittsburgh Steelers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9862425\",\n \"text\": \"Seahawks. The Seahawks seemed to have the game won in the fourth quarter, however Manning led the Broncos on a late-game comeback to tie the game 20-20. Ultimately, however, the Seahawks were the victors with a 26-20 win. Later on in the season, Manning threw for his 509th touchdown against the San Francisco 49ers, the most by any NFL quarterback in NFL history. In 2015, the Broncos, sporting the NFL's top-ranked defense, completed a 12-4 regular season en route to the franchise's NFL-record-tying eighth Super Bowl at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California. The season began with a seven-game winning\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Denver Broncos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19128130\",\n \"text\": \"2016 Seattle Seahawks season The 2016 Seattle Seahawks season was the franchise's 41st season in the National Football League and the seventh under head coach Pete Carroll. On October 23, the team played the Arizona Cardinals in a game that ended in a 6–6 tie, the Seahawks' first tie in franchise history. With their win against the Los Angeles Rams in Week 15, the Seahawks claimed their third NFC West title in the last four years. The Seahawks defeated the Detroit Lions in the Wild Card Round, but lost to the eventual NFC champion Atlanta Falcons in the Divisional Round.\",\n \"title\": \"2016 Seattle Seahawks season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14822537\",\n \"text\": \"back Knowshon Moreno who was touched down for a safety with just 12 seconds of game time elapsed. This was the quickest score ever in a Super Bowl. The Seahawks did not relinquish the lead in a 43–8 victory. This was the Seahawks first ever league championship since entering the NFL in . Seahawks linebacker Malcolm Smith, who scored on a 69-yard interception return plus had a fumble recovery and tallied 10 tackles, was named the game's Most Valuable Player (MVP). This was the fifth Super Bowl loss for the Broncos, the most for any franchise. Even in defeat, though,\",\n \"title\": \"2013 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17762155\",\n \"text\": \"whistled dead by a penalty. Richard Sherman recorded an interception as well, and Earl Thomas forced a fumble. Seattle won, 31–17. In a rematch against Green Bay, the Pack scored 22 points and gained 308 yards. Sherman and Maxwell each recorded an interception. The Seahawks offense and special teams turned the ball over five times in the game, but the defense forced overtime, and the 28–22 victory sent the Seahawks to a second straight Super Bowl, where their season ended in a loss to the New England Patriots, 28-24. The 2014 Seahawks defense did not allow a single 300-yard passer\",\n \"title\": \"Legion of Boom (Seattle Seahawks)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12304615\",\n \"text\": \"repeat winner (with the last one being the Patriots in Super Bowl XXXIX). In a poll conducted by NFL.com a couple of months after the game, Super Bowl XLIX was voted by its readers as the \\\"greatest Super Bowl game\\\" of all time. The article does report that the voting was structured to try to account for \\\"recency bias\\\" in relation to the game at the time when the poll was conducted, but voters still \\\"pushed it through the competition\\\". Most lists of greatest Super Bowls continue to list it in the top few games. After the game, Seattle faced\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLIX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17762122\",\n \"text\": \"the 2013 NFL season cornerback Richard Sherman was voted as the cover athlete for \\\"Madden NFL 15\\\" and the rest of the LOB was featured on the start menu of the game. The Legion of Boom’s crowning achievement was their team's 43–8 win in Super Bowl XLVIII, a complete blowout victory against the Denver Broncos, a team that was considered the best offense of all time. For the 2013 season, Broncos quarterback Peyton Manning set new NFL records for passing touchdowns and passing yardage, as well as the Broncos offense setting new NFL records for touchdowns and points scored in\",\n \"title\": \"Legion of Boom (Seattle Seahawks)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7141023\",\n \"text\": \"states of the Seahawks and Broncos (Washington and Colorado, respectively) were the first two states to legalize marijuana for recreational use, during the fall 2012 elections. Seattle finished the season 13–3, winning the NFC West division and home-field advantage throughout the playoffs. The team scored 417 points during the season, while giving up 231. The offense was led by second-year quarterback Russell Wilson, a third-round draft pick who won the starting role after a three-way quarterback competition in training camp and went on to win a playoff game in his rookie season with the Seahawks. In his second season, he\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLVIII\"\n }\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":79087,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":79087,"string":"79,087"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["August 3, 2017"],"string":"[\n \"August 3, 2017\"\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"when do the dallas cowboys play the hall of fame game"},"compressed_prompt":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Question:\\nPlease write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: 2017 Arizona Cardinals season context: Dallas Cowboys in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game on Thursday, August 3, 2017, at the Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium in Canton, Ohio. The two teams also met during the regular season at the University of Phoenix Stadium. On December 13, 2016, the NFL announced that the Cardinals will play the Los Angeles Rams as one of the NFL International Series at Twickenham Stadium in London, England, with the Rams serving as the home team. It will be the Cardinals' first appearance in the International Series, though the Cardinals played in Mexico in 2005 against the San\\n\\nwhen do the dallas cowboys play the hall of fame game\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 186,\n \"origin_tokens\": 186,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"19798285","text":"Dallas Cowboys in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game on Thursday, August 3, 2017, at the Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium in Canton, Ohio. The two teams also met during the regular season at the University of Phoenix Stadium. On December 13, 2016, the NFL announced that the Cardinals will play the Los Angeles Rams as one of the NFL International Series at Twickenham Stadium in London, England, with the Rams serving as the home team. It will be the Cardinals' first appearance in the International Series, though the Cardinals played in Mexico in 2005 against the San","title":"2017 Arizona Cardinals season"},{"id":"6829670","text":"World Series game. Sunday night games between November 13 and December 18 (inclusive) were \"flex games\", which could have reverted to Sunday afternoon if a more competitive matchup arose (one was; see below). The final Sunday night of the season – January 1, 2012 – was likewise a \"flex game\"; the slot, vacant when the schedule was released, was filled by the game between the Dallas Cowboys and the New York Giants (see below). The Hall of Fame Game scheduled for August 7, and to be shown on NBC, was canceled due to the lockout that offseason; it was the","title":"NBC Sunday Night Football"},{"id":"18465630","text":"on April 27–29 in Philadelphia. The Cleveland Browns selected Myles Garrett with the first overall pick. Training camps for the 2017 season were held in late July through August. Teams started training camp no earlier than 15 days before the team's first scheduled preseason game. Prior to the start of the regular season, each team played four preseason exhibition games, beginning on August 10. The preseason began on the evening of August 3 with the 2017 Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, that featured the Dallas Cowboys (represented in the 2017 Hall of Fame Class by owner Jerry Jones) who","title":"2017 NFL season"},{"id":"10379943","text":"played their home games at Lucas Oil Stadium. Meanwhile, 2008 was the final year that the Dallas Cowboys played at Texas Stadium; they moved to Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas, in 2009. In preseason games, the annual Pro Football Hall of Fame Game was played August 3 between the Indianapolis Colts and Washington Redskins, which aired on NBC. Washington won the game, 30–16. Other preseason highlights included the first game of the Toronto Series, which was played August 14 between the Buffalo Bills and the Pittsburgh Steelers at Toronto's Rogers Centre. The Bills won that game, 24–21. Based on the","title":"2008 NFL season"},{"id":"8252233","text":"City from April 22–24, the first time that the draft was held over three days instead of the normal two.In the draft with the first overall pick, the St. Louis Rams chose quarterback Sam Bradford from the University of Oklahoma. The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game was held on Sunday, August 8, 2010 at 8:00 pm EDT on NBC, with the Dallas Cowboys defeating the Cincinnati Bengals, 16–7 at Fawcett Stadium in Canton, Ohio. The remainder of the preseason game matchups were announced March 31, 2010. Highlights, among others, include the New York Giants and New York Jets facing","title":"2010 NFL season"},{"id":"14196860","text":"season. He was replaced by offensive coordinator Jason Garrett. The Cowboys finished the season 6–10, 3rd place in the NFC East, and failed to reach the playoffs. However, under Garrett the team's record was 5–3 as compared to the 1–7 start under Phillips. Notes \"RFA\": Restricted free-agent, \"UFA\": Unrestricted free-agent, \"ERFA\": Exclusive rights free agent On February 24, 2010, the NFL announced that the Cowboys will face the Cincinnati Bengals in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game at Fawcett Stadium in Canton, Ohio. The game occurred on Sunday, August 8, 2010, and was aired by NBC. The remainder of","title":"2010 Dallas Cowboys season"},{"id":"14822505","text":"new Hall of Fame members. It was played at Fawcett Stadium in Canton, Ohio, which is located adjacent to the Hall of Fame building. In the game, which was televised nationally on NBC, the Dallas Cowboys defeated the Miami Dolphins 24–20. The 2013 Hall of Fame class of Larry Allen, Cris Carter, Curley Culp, Jonathan Ogden, Bill Parcells, Dave Robinson and Warren Sapp was honored during the game. The 65-game preseason schedule concluded on Thursday, August 29. The 2013 season featured 256 games played out over a seventeen-week schedule which began on the Thursday night following Labor Day. Each of","title":"2013 NFL season"},{"id":"5795535","text":"were played per year in the early 1990s. The two participating teams were selected by the league. The American Bowl was a fifth pre-season game, played the same weekend as the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, and did not take away a game from the participating teams' pre-season schedules. The largest crowd in NFL history was recorded at the American Bowl game at Mexico City on August 15, 1994, when 112,376 people attended the Governor's Cup game between the Dallas Cowboys and Houston Oilers. In 1996 it was played in Monterrey at the Estadio Universitario. The 1997 game was","title":"American Bowl"},{"id":"5751533","text":"p.m.—an hour and 20 minutes before kickoff—that the game was going to be canceled. However, fans in the stadium only learned of the pending cancellation via social media. No official announcement was made until just before the scheduled 8 p.m. kickoff. On December 28, 2016, the NFL announced that the 2017 edition of the game would be played on a Thursday (August 3). This scheduling change made the Hall of Fame Game the first event of the Hall of Fame Weekend. The 2018 game was also played on a Thursday (August 2). Come 2019, the game will be played on","title":"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game"},{"id":"5751534","text":"August 1. Unlike the majority of NFL preseason games, which air on local TV stations, the Hall of Fame Game airs nationwide. From 1999 to 2005, the game was held on Monday night, televised as part of ABC's \"Monday Night Football\" package. It had previously been held typically on Saturday afternoons, except from 1963 to 1965 on Sunday afternoons, televised as part of ABC's \"Wide World of Sports\" package (still using the \"MNF\" crew). In 1998, the game was put in the \"MNF\" package, and played on a Saturday night, which served as a test run for the move to","title":"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game"},{"id":"5751536","text":"scheduled to air on ESPN due to NBC's coverage of the 2016 Summer Olympics, but the game was canceled due to field conditions. It returned to NBC in 2017 and will remain on the network until 2019. Westwood One owns national radio rights; it is the only preseason game to air on a nationwide network. Each team's radio network is also allowed to broadcast the games (albeit usually with fewer affiliates since exhibition games are traditionally much lower priority to non-sports and non-flagship stations). In 2007 and 2008, the game was broadcast live in both Ireland and the United Kingdom","title":"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game"},{"id":"5751530","text":"it was moved to the beginning of the preseason. Prior to 2002, it was not uncommon for the game to be played in July. Since 2002, when the league permanently moved the start of the season to the weekend after Labor Day, the game has always been played in early August. The 2011 game was originally scheduled between the St. Louis Rams and the Chicago Bears, but the game was canceled due to an ongoing labor dispute that had disrupted nearly all league activity during the 2011 offseason. The two clubs had set a deadline of July 22 to ratify","title":"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game"},{"id":"9153324","text":"games. Due to their exhibition nature, suspended or canceled preseason games are normally not made up. In 2004, Hurricane Charley postponed a Tampa Bay game against Cincinnati from Saturday until Monday. In 2001, a preseason game between Philadelphia and Baltimore was canceled due to turf problems at Veterans Stadium. Similar turf concerns prompted the league to cancel the 2016 Hall of Fame Game at the last minute. The 2017 Cowboys-Texans preseason game, originally scheduled for Houston, was at first switched to Arlington due to the flooding spawned by Hurricane Harvey in southeast Texas. The day prior to the scheduled game,","title":"NFL preseason"},{"id":"106511","text":"of the 2009 season was against the New York Giants. A league record-setting 105,121 fans showed up to fill Cowboys Stadium for the game before which the traditional \"blue star\" at the 50-yard line was unveiled for the first time; however, the Cowboys lost in the final seconds, 33–31. The Cowboys got their first regular season home win on September 28, 2009. They beat the Carolina Panthers 21–7 with 90,588 in attendance. The game was televised on ESPN's \"Monday Night Football\" and marked a record 42nd win for the Cowboys on \"Monday Night Football\". On July 25, 2013, the Cowboys","title":"Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"2588346","text":"life as a football player and the many mistakes he has made in his life. His speech has been praised by many NFL commentators as heartfelt, including those who had been inclined to dislike him. On October 14, 2007, Michael Irvin accepted his Hall of Fame ring at Texas Stadium during halftime of the Dallas Cowboys–New England Patriots game. In his speech, he proposed to Commissioner Roger Goodell that all drafted rookies will have a tour of the Pro Football Hall of Fame to better understand their football history. In 1996, as the Cowboys prepared to play the Carolina Panthers","title":"Michael Irvin"},{"id":"11619592","text":"might call adding insult to injury. Super Bowl XIII can arguably be called the greatest collection of NFL talent ever to gather for a game. In additions to Coaches Noll and Landry, 14 players would go on to enshrinement in the Hall of Fame: 9 from Pittsburgh (Bradshaw, Harris, Swann, Stallworth, Webster, Greene, Lambert, Ham, and Blount), and 5 from Dallas (Staubach, Dorsett, White, Wright, and Jackie Smith). Much of the pregame hype surrounding Super Bowl XIII centered around Cowboys linebacker Thomas \"Hollywood\" Henderson. Henderson caused quite a stir before the NFC Championship Game by claiming that the Rams had","title":"1978 Dallas Cowboys season"},{"id":"5751540","text":"have similarly enjoyed long sellout streaks. ABCMonday Night Football (1963-1965) NBC Sunday Night Football(2006-present) Pro Football Hall of Fame Game The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game is an annual National Football League (NFL) exhibition game that is held the weekend of the Pro Football Hall of Fame's induction ceremonies. The game is played at Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium, which is located adjacent to the Hall of Fame building in Canton, Ohio. It is traditionally the first game played in the NFL preseason for any given year, marking the end of the NFL's six-month off-season. The two teams","title":"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game"},{"id":"5751525","text":"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game is an annual National Football League (NFL) exhibition game that is held the weekend of the Pro Football Hall of Fame's induction ceremonies. The game is played at Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium, which is located adjacent to the Hall of Fame building in Canton, Ohio. It is traditionally the first game played in the NFL preseason for any given year, marking the end of the NFL's six-month off-season. The two teams that play in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game are typically selected by","title":"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game"},{"id":"5751535","text":"Monday night. Starting in 2006, it was moved to Sunday night, coinciding with the new \"NBC Sunday Night Football\" television package. The 2007 game was telecast on NFL Network, as NBC was intending to televise the China Bowl game in Beijing, China (a game which was postponed to 2009 and later canceled). The Hall of Fame Game has since bounced between both networks. The 2012 game aired on NFL Network due to NBC's coverage of the Summer Olympics. After a two-year absence, the game returned to NBC in 2013 and remained on the network until 2015. The 2016 game was","title":"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game"},{"id":"2457517","text":"nominees for the Pro Football Hall of Fame Class of 2012. In February 2011, ESPN.com writer Tim MacMahon wrote that Woodson “deserves serious Hall of Fame consideration and should join the Triplets on the modern side of the Dallas Cowboys Ring of Honor.” On August 4, 2015, the Dallas Cowboys announced that Woodson would be inducted into the Cowboys Ring of Honor. The official ceremony took place Nov. 1 against the Seahawks at AT&T Stadium. Woodson is the eighth defensive player inducted into the Ring of Honor, and just the second who played in the 90’s era, along with Charles","title":"Darren Woodson"},{"id":"20724771","text":"critics, with praise directed towards the gameplay. In May 2018, Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee Terrell Owens was announced to be on the cover of the \"Hall of Fame\" edition of the game. Owens is featured in a Dallas Cowboys uniform, a move which was questioned by some as Owens was drafted by and played eight seasons with the San Francisco 49ers, compared to just three with the Cowboys. The game's standard edition cover features Pittsburgh Steelers wide receiver Antonio Brown. The soundtrack for the game will feature over 30 tracks, including artists such as Migos, Pusha T, Post","title":"Madden NFL 19"},{"id":"5840765","text":"teams. The Texas Rangers baseball team have played at Arlington Stadium from 1972 to 1993 and at Globe Life Park in Arlington since 1994. Meanwhile, the Dallas Cowboys football team has played at the Texas Stadium at Irving from 1971 to 2008 and at the AT&T Stadium at Arlington since 2009. The International Bowling Campus, which houses the United States Bowling Congress, International Bowling Museum and the International Bowling Hall of Fame, is also located at Arlington. The Four Seasons Resort and Club Dallas at Las Colinas hosts the Byron Nelson Championship, an annual PGA Tour golf tournament. The Las","title":"Mid-Cities"},{"id":"5020928","text":"game of the 1979 season, a nationally televised game against the St. Louis Cardinals (Dallas won 22-21), the television announcer for CBS introduced the Cowboys as America’s Team and the name just stuck. Dallas' Hall of Fame coach Tom Landry originally did not approve of the appellation of America's Team. He felt that it would give opposing teams extra incentive to play harder. Eventually he gave in and actually came to like the name. The nickname was coined at the height of Landry's then-NFL record 20 consecutive winning season streak, during which Dallas appeared in 12 conference championship games (counting","title":"America's Team"},{"id":"20468738","text":"2018 Dallas Cowboys season The 2018 season is the Dallas Cowboys' 59th and current in the National Football League (NFL), their 30th under the ownership of Jerry Jones, their 10th playing their home games at AT&T Stadium, and their eighth full season under head coach Jason Garrett. AT&T Stadium is also the first stadium venue to host the annual draft. For the first time since 2009, wide receiver Dez Bryant was not on the opening day roster, as he was released on April 13, 2018 and signed with the New Orleans Saints on November 7, 2018. For the first time","title":"2018 Dallas Cowboys season"},{"id":"20955375","text":"the team's first scheduled preseason game. The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, with teams to be announced, is tentatively scheduled for August 1, 2019 and will be televised nationally by NBC. The game will be held at Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium in Canton, Ohio, the same city where the league was founded 99 years prior. On October 18, 2018, the NFL announced that it would commemorate its 100th season throughout 2019, beginning at Super Bowl LIII. An NFL 100 emblem will be featured in promotions across all NFL properties during the season, worn on jerseys as a","title":"2019 NFL season"},{"id":"19662337","text":"hosting distribution was not as equal as it was in the previous year. The Montreal Alouettes hosted four Thursday night games, Winnipeg hosted three, Ottawa Redblacks hosted two, while two teams (Toronto and Calgary) hosted once and three teams (Hamilton, Saskatchewan, and BC) did not host any. The Canadian Football Hall of Fame game took place on September 15, 2017, featuring the Hamilton Tiger-Cats hosting the Saskatchewan Roughriders. Kelvin Anderson, Anthony Calvillo, Mike O'Shea, and Geroy Simon were inducted as players while Stan Schwartz and Brian Towriss joined as builders. O'Shea is the currently the head coach of the Winnipeg","title":"2017 CFL season"},{"id":"14822459","text":"first game. The 4:15 p.m. late doubleheader kickoff time dates back to the 1998 season when the NFL moved it from 4:05 p.m. for the same reason. As per the NFL's scheduling formula, the intraconference and interconference matchups were: Intraconference Interconference Highlights of the 2012 schedule include: The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game was played August 5 and featured a match-up between the Arizona Cardinals and the New Orleans Saints. New Orleans last appeared in the game in 2007; former Saints offensive tackle Willie Roaf was inducted as part of the Hall of Fame ceremonies. The Cardinals played there","title":"2012 NFL season"},{"id":"17084727","text":"at the end of preseason. Prior to the start of the regular season, each team played at least four exhibition games. The preseason schedule got underway with the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game on Sunday evening, August 9. The Hall of Fame game is a traditional part of the annual Pro Football Hall of Fame induction weekend celebrating new Hall of Fame members. It was played at Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium which is located adjacent to the Hall of Fame building in Canton, Ohio. The game, which was televised in the U.S. on NBC, featured the Minnesota","title":"2015 NFL season"},{"id":"9860078","text":"in New Orleans. As a testament to Doomsday's dominance in the hard-hitting game, defensive linemen Randy White and Harvey Martin were named co-Super Bowl MVPs, the first and only time multiple players have received the award. After a slow start in 1978, Dallas won its final six regular season games to finish the season at 12–4. After an unexpectedly close divisional playoff game against the Atlanta Falcons at Texas Stadium, the Cowboys traveled to Los Angeles and shut out the Rams in the NFC Championship Game 28–0 to return to the Super Bowl. In Super Bowl XIII, Dallas faced the","title":"History of the Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"4254464","text":"of the Cowboys-Seahawks game, November 6, 2011, Allen, Drew Pearson and Charles Haley were inducted into the prestigious Dallas Cowboys Ring of Honor. On February 2, 2013, Allen was voted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. He resides in Danville, California. Larry Allen Larry Christopher Allen Jr. (born November 27, 1971) is a former American football guard who played in the National Football League (NFL) for fourteen seasons. He was drafted by the Dallas Cowboys in the second round of the 1994 NFL Draft. He played college football at Sonoma State University. At 6 ft 3 in height and","title":"Larry Allen"},{"id":"106435","text":"Dallas Cowboys The Dallas Cowboys are a professional American football team based in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. The Cowboys compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) East division. The team is headquartered in Frisco, Texas, and plays its home games at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas, which opened for the 2009 season. The stadium took its current name prior to the 2013 season. The Cowboys joined the NFL as an expansion team in . The team's national following might best be represented by its NFL record of consecutive sell-outs.","title":"Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"9860076","text":"1974, finishing 8–6 and missing the playoffs for the first time in nine years. Bob Lilly retired following the season, capping his 14-year Hall of Fame career. After missing the playoffs in 1974, the team drafted well the following year, adding defensive lineman Randy White (a future Hall of Fame member) and linebacker Thomas \"Hollywood\" Henderson. The fresh influx of talent helped the Cowboys back to the playoffs in 1975 as a wild card, where they beat the Minnesota Vikings and Los Angeles Rams to advance to Super Bowl X, where they lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers, 21-17. In 1976,","title":"History of the Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"106528","text":"Meanwhile, he refused to induct Tex Schramm (even after Schramm's induction to the Pro Football Hall of Fame). In 1993, thanks in part to the efforts of Roger Staubach as an intermediary, Landry accepted induction and had a ceremony on the day of that year's Cowboys-Giants game (Landry had played and coached for the Giants). In 2003, Jones finally chose to induct Tex Schramm. Schramm and Jones held a joint press conference at Texas Stadium announcing the induction. Unfortunately, Schramm did not live to see his ceremonial induction at the Cowboys-Eagles game that fall. Some of the more recent inductees","title":"Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"17825093","text":"University of Texas at Arlington Mavericks, and University of North Texas Mean Green, respectively. Nearby Arlington, Texas is the new home to the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League. Since joining the league as an expansion team in 1960, the Cowboys have enjoyed substantial success, advancing to eight Super Bowls and winning five. Known widely as \"America's Team\", the Dallas Cowboys are financially the most valuable sports franchise in the United States, worth approximately 2.3 billion dollars. They are also the fifth most valuable sports organization in the world. The Cowboys are only out-valued by Real Madrid, Barcelona, Manchester","title":"Sports in Dallas"},{"id":"2617460","text":"Park Bowl. Subsequent expansions resulted in a present capacity of 92,200. The Cotton Bowl Classic was played there from 1937–2009. Annually during the State Fair of Texas, it hosts the AT&T Red River Rivalry game between the University of Texas and the University of Oklahoma along with the Southwest Airlines State Fair Classic game between Grambling State University (Louisiana) and Prairie View A&M University. It was also home to the Dallas Cowboys from 1960 to 1971 until their move to Texas Stadium in Irving. Music Hall, built in Spanish colonial revival style, was the General Motors Building during the Centennial","title":"Fair Park"},{"id":"106529","text":"were Troy Aikman, all-time NFL leading rusher Emmitt Smith, and Michael Irvin, known as \"The Triplets\". The Cowboys waited until Smith had retired as a player before inducting Aikman and Irvin, so all three could be inducted together, which occurred during halftime at a Monday Night Football home game against the arch-rival Washington Redskins on September 19, 2005. The most recent inductees are defensive end Charles Haley, offensive lineman Larry Allen, and wide receiver Drew Pearson, who were inducted into the Ring of Honor during halftime of the Cowboys' game vs. the Seattle Seahawks on November 6, 2011, and safety","title":"Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"646826","text":"in the world, worth approximately 4 billion dollars. In 2009, the Cowboys relocated to their new 80,000-seat stadium in Arlington, which was the site of Super Bowl XLV. The Texas Rangers of Major League Baseball play at Globe Life Park in Arlington. The Rangers won the American League pennant in 2010 and 2011. Jeff Banister is the team's manager. The Dallas Mavericks play at the American Airlines Center. They won their first National Basketball Association championship in 2011 led by Dirk Nowitzki. The Dallas Wings is the first Women's National Basketball Association franchise in the metroplex. All home games are","title":"Dallas"},{"id":"10256087","text":"known as The Catch. This ultimately started the rise of the 49ers and fall of the Cowboys throughout the 1980s. The rise of the 1990s Cowboys was christened with a 30–20 victory against San Francisco at Candlestick Park. Both franchises would later meet again in the next two NFC Championship games in what many consider to be a classic series of contest of future Hall of Fame players. At the Rose Bowl, site of Super Bowl XXVII, the Cowboys would struggle early finding themselves down 0–7, but later regroup when Aikman's pass to tight end Jay Novacek tied the game","title":"1992 Dallas Cowboys season"},{"id":"2186093","text":"a Sunday, in which case it is moved to the following Monday. It is usually the first game to start on a day which is traditionally full of college bowl games, and has kicked off as early as 11AM. ESPN has had television rights to the game since 1993. Under an extension of those rights signed in 2010, ESPN broadcasts the game on either ABC, ESPN, or ESPN2, in conjunction with the Citrus Bowl and the New Year's Six bowl games. Before 1993, the Hall of Fame Bowl aired on NBC. Upon signing agreements with the SEC and Big 10","title":"Outback Bowl"},{"id":"20244372","text":"Mutual financial services organization, the game was officially known as the College Football Playoff Semifinal at the Rose Bowl Game presented by Northwestern Mutual. Pre-game activities were held at the Rose Bowl parking lots and at Brookside Golf Course. The 2017 Rose Bowl Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony was held at the Rose Bowl Stadium Lot K on December 30, 2017 from 12:00 to 1:30 PM. The 2017 Class members were Mack Brown (Texas), Cade McNown (UCLA), Charles Woodson (Michigan) and Dr. Charles West (Washington & Jefferson), represented by his daughter. The 2018 Rose Parade started at 8:00 a.m. Pacific","title":"2018 Rose Bowl"},{"id":"183066","text":"the Dallas Cowboys, with whom they contest the so-called Governor's Cup every year (a tradition started between the cities prior to the Oilers relocating) either in the preseason or the regular season for bragging rights in the state of Texas. In 2017, the destruction and flooding caused during Hurricane Harvey a few days before their Week 4 pre-season match up time scheduled caused the game to be relocated to AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas. However, out of concern for the safety of the fans and the condition of the player's families & communities, the game was cancelled. As of the","title":"Houston Texans"},{"id":"6060743","text":"the dream envisioned by Schramm, who became the 12th person selected to the Ring of Honor; the award was given posthumously in October 2003, a few months after he died. In 2005, three former Cowboys all-stars were simultaneously inducted during half time ceremonies on \"Monday Night Football\". Troy Aikman, Emmitt Smith, and Michael Irvin, known as \"The Triplets\", were part of the 1990s Three-Time Super Bowl Championship Cowboys team. Ring of Honor inductees have been chosen by the former president-general manager, Tex Schramm and then by owner Jerry Jones. Schramm set a precedent by placing a high value on the","title":"Dallas Cowboys Ring of Honor"},{"id":"20468745","text":"coincidentally, also against the Eagles. Brett Maher made a successful 62-yard field goal attempt, which was a franchise record for Dallas and tied for the third longest in NFL history. Amari Cooper had his best game as a Cowboy thus far, catching 10 passes for 217 yards and 3 touchdowns. With the win, the Cowboys improved to 8–5, extended their lead in the NFC East to 2 games, and swept the Eagles for the first time since 2012. The Cowboys played a pathetic football game and got shutout for the first time since 2003. This loss dropped the Cowboys to","title":"2018 Dallas Cowboys season"},{"id":"20145640","text":"of 4,365 yards on 104 attempts, punting. Irwin-Hill attended minicamp on a tryout basis with the Indianapolis Colts in 2015 and 2016. On April 27, 2017, Irwin-Hill was signed by the Dallas Cowboys. In the Hall-of-Fame game against Arizona Cardinals, he handled both punting and kicking duties. He was waived on September 1, 2017. Irwin-Hill signed with the Washington Redskins on March 16, 2018, but was waived on July 11, 2018. Sam Irwin-Hill Sam Irwin-Hill (born 10 October 1990) is an Australian-born American football punter who is currently a free agent. He played college football at the University of Arkansas.","title":"Sam Irwin-Hill"},{"id":"106504","text":"In the 2015 season, the Cowboys wore their Color Rush variation of the 1990s \"Double Star\" jerseys for a Thanksgiving game against the Carolina Panthers. The Cotton Bowl is a stadium which opened in 1932 and became known as \"The House That Doak Built\" due to the immense crowds that former SMU running back Doak Walker drew to the stadium during his college career in the late 1940s. Originally known as the Fair Park Bowl, it is located in Fair Park, site of the State Fair of Texas. Concerts or other events using a stage allow the playing field to","title":"Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"9863688","text":"also clinched a playoff berth. Hall of Fame/Former Cowboy QBs Roger Staubach and Troy Aikman were in attendance as honorary captains, along with the commemoration of the Super Bowl anniversaries of the '77 Cowboys & the '92 Cowboys. The Cowboys won the 10–1 duel with the win and improved to 11–1 while the Packers fell to 10–2. For Tony Romo, he ended this part of the season with a franchise-best 33 touchdown passes. Coming off their Thursday night home win over the Packers, the Cowboys flew to Ford Field for a Week 14 interconference duel with the Detroit Lions. In","title":"2007 Dallas Cowboys season"},{"id":"20468746","text":"8-6 on the season. 2018 Dallas Cowboys season The 2018 season is the Dallas Cowboys' 59th and current in the National Football League (NFL), their 30th under the ownership of Jerry Jones, their 10th playing their home games at AT&T Stadium, and their eighth full season under head coach Jason Garrett. AT&T Stadium is also the first stadium venue to host the annual draft. For the first time since 2009, wide receiver Dez Bryant was not on the opening day roster, as he was released on April 13, 2018 and signed with the New Orleans Saints on November 7, 2018.","title":"2018 Dallas Cowboys season"},{"id":"5751529","text":"of the participants. When the Cleveland Browns returned to the league with a rebooted roster in 1999, they too played in the Hall of Fame Game. The Baltimore Ravens, while officially considered as being established in 1996, did not play in the Hall of Fame Game until 2018. With the Ravens' participation in the 2018 game, all 32 current NFL teams have now played in the Hall of Fame game at least once. Prior to the AFL–NFL merger, the Hall of Fame Game was played in August or September, in some cases at the end of the preseason. In 1970,","title":"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game"},{"id":"9860069","text":"AFL and became a unified league, but the Cowboys also underwent many changes. Meredith and Perkins retired in 1969 and new players were joining the organization, like Cliff Harris, and Pro Football Hall of Famers Rayfield Wright, Mike Ditka, Herb Adderley and Roger Staubach. Led by quarterback Craig Morton, the Cowboys had a 10–4 season in 1970. A 38-0 shutout by the Cardinals was the low point of the year, but the team recovered to make it to the playoffs. They defeated Detroit 5–0 in the lowest-scoring playoff game in NFL history and then defeated San Francisco 17–10 in the","title":"History of the Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"20468451","text":"released on August 4 and his roster spot taken by fellow O-lineman Kaleb Johnson, a former Chiefs player; Johnson's slot would also be replaced a week later by Chiefs running back Knile Davis. On February 13, the NFL announced that the Bears will play the Baltimore Ravens in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game on Thursday, August 2, at the Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium in Canton, Ohio. The remaining preseason games were revealed on April 11. The Hall of Fame Game began on a poor note when Chase Daniel's pass was intercepted by Chuck Clark, though DeAndre","title":"2018 Chicago Bears season"},{"id":"8021013","text":"(broadcast on \"Monday Night Football\"), Aikman was inducted into the Dallas Cowboys Ring of Honor with his longtime teammates Michael Irvin and Emmitt Smith. On August 5, 2006, Aikman was one of six players inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. At another halftime ceremony, this one on February 7, 2009 at the UCLA-Notre Dame basketball game, Aikman's induction into the College Hall of Fame was honored. Aikman announced he had completed course work to finish his degree in sociology. He participated in UCLA's 2009 Sociology Department commencement ceremony with current quarterback Kevin Craft and former linebacker Marcus Reece,","title":"Troy Aikman"},{"id":"3895142","text":"1967 NFL Championship Game The 1967 National Football League Championship Game was the 35th NFL championship, played on December 31 at Lambeau Field in Green Bay, Wisconsin. It determined the NFL's champion, which met the AFL's champion in Super Bowl II, then formally referred to as the second \"AFL-NFL World Championship Game\". The Dallas Cowboys (9–5), champions of the Eastern Conference, traveled north to meet the Western champion Green Bay Packers (9–4–1), the two-time defending league champions. It was a rematch of the previous year's title game, and pitted two future Hall of Fame head coaches against each other, Tom","title":"1967 NFL Championship Game"},{"id":"11036391","text":"Kansas City Chiefs' jerseys, in honor of team and AFL founder Lamar Hunt, who died in December 2006. The program kicked off on August 9 in the 2009 Pro Football Hall of Fame Game with the Bills playing the Titans (Oilers). Besides the Legacy Games, the Chiefs wore Dallas Texans uniforms in one home game against the NFC's Dallas Cowboys, who also wore throwbacks, while the Cowboys hosted the Raiders in a Thanksgiving Day game in Arlington, Texas. (The Chiefs and Cowboys throwbacks both feature team-colored jerseys, making it the first dark color vs. dark color game since the Bears-Cowboys","title":"2009 NFL season"},{"id":"6800968","text":"Tony Casillas Tony Steven Casillas (born October 26, 1963) is a former American football defensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL) from 1986 through 1997. While at the University of Oklahoma he helped win the 1985 NCAA National Championship. He also won the Lombardi Award in 1985 and was the 1985 UPI Lineman of the Year. Casillas was also part of the Dallas Cowboys back to back victories in Super Bowl XXVII and XXVIII, both against the Buffalo Bills. In 2004, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. Casillas was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma, on October","title":"Tony Casillas"},{"id":"106523","text":"the 1972 Divisional Playoff Game. The 1981 NFC Championship Game in San Francisco, which saw the 49ers' Joe Montana complete a game-winning pass to Dwight Clark in the final minute (now known as The Catch) is one of the most famous games in NFL history. The rivalry became even more intense during the 1992–1994 seasons. San Francisco and Dallas faced each other in the NFC Championship Game three separate times. Dallas won the first two match-ups, and San Francisco won the third. In each of these pivotal match-ups, the game's victor went on to win the Super Bowl. Both the","title":"Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"5751526","text":"the league in advance of the remainder of the preseason schedule. The participants are usually announced around the time that the new Hall of Fame members are announced, which coincides with Super Bowl week. Often, if a particularly notable player will be entering the Hall of Fame that year, a team they were strongly associated with may be selected to play in the game to help maximize attendance and publicity of the game itself. From 1971 to 2010, the opponents for each game usually included one AFC team and one NFC team. In 2009, as recognition of the 50th anniversary","title":"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game"},{"id":"394046","text":"Super Bowl XII Super Bowl XII was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1977 season. The Cowboys defeated the Broncos 27–10 to win their second Super Bowl. The game was played on January 15, 1978, at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans. This was the first time that the Super Bowl was played in a domed stadium, and the first time that the game was played in prime time in the Eastern United States.","title":"Super Bowl XII"},{"id":"9860133","text":"a preseason match with the Tennessee Titans on August 21, and the first regular season one was a three-point loss to the Giants on September 20. By Week 9, the Cowboys stood at 6–2 after defeating their archrival Eagles in Philadelphia. Then followed a loss to the Packers, and victories over Washington and Oakland, the latter being on Thanksgiving. The team then fell to the Giants a second time, and lost at home to the Chargers. By this point, the Cowboys' playoff chances were doubtful, and the old talk of the \"December curse\" reappeared. The next game was a surprise","title":"History of the Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"106453","text":"seed. In the Divisional round they dispatched their division rival Eagles 30–11 to advance to their 4th consecutive NFC Conference Championship Game, in which they defeated Green Bay, 38–27. In Super Bowl XXX the Cowboys defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 27–17 at Sun Devil Stadium for their fifth Super Bowl championship. Switzer joined Johnson as the only coaches to win a college football national championship and a Super Bowl. The glory days of the Cowboys were again beginning to dim as free agency, age, and injuries began taking their toll. Star receiver Michael Irvin was suspended by the league for the","title":"Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"9860102","text":"but Dallas drafted offensive lineman Larry Allen, who became a mainstay on the line for the next decade. In 1994, the Cowboys played before the largest crowd to ever attend an NFL game when 112,376 in Mexico City turned out for a preseason match against the Houston Oilers. The Cowboys cruised to another NFC East title in 1994. They finished the regular season 12–4, with their four losses coming by a combined 20 points. The team suffered key injuries, however, when Erik Williams was lost for the year after a mid-season auto accident and Emmitt Smith was hobbled for the","title":"History of the Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"9860128","text":"Browns, the Cowboys played their Week 2 home opener under the MNF spotlight. In the last MNF game at Texas Stadium, Dallas dueled with their NFC East foe, the Philadelphia Eagles. In the first quarter, the Cowboys trailed early as Eagles kicker David Akers got a 34-yard field goal. Dallas answered in their first possession with QB Tony Romo completing a 72-yard TD pass to WR Terrell Owens In a game that had 9 lead changes, it also set different point records, including most first half points in MNF history (54) and most combined points in the rivalry's history (78).","title":"History of the Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"9860116","text":"against the Carolina Panthers with an outstanding 4th quarter comeback to win (35–14). The Cowboys' chance to challenge the Giants seemingly fizzled when they lost to the Washington Redskins at FedExField on a last second field goal (the \"Hand of God\" game) However, the Giants entered a slump, and Tony Romo impressed the media as a quarterback, revitalizing the Cowboys with a 27–10 win over the Cardinals, a well-earned (21–14) victory over the previously unbeaten Colts, and a thorough routing of Tampa Bay (38–10) on Thanksgiving Day. During that home game, Romo solidified his position as QB and quieted any","title":"History of the Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"2672299","text":"exhibit. The CFHOF is currently changing to a de-centralized model, which does not included a main museum building (see \"Today\" below). Once during every CFL season, the Hall sponsors the induction ceremony of former players. Included in the \"Hall of Fame Weekend\" is a regular season game, usually (but not always) affiliated with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. Traditionally, the inducted players will come to the Hall and make an acceptance speech in front of the building where their newly sculpted bust is unveiled. A player must be retired from the game for at least three years before being eligible for consideration.","title":"Canadian Football Hall of Fame"},{"id":"7468109","text":"locker room worked to get themselves in position to win that game today and for it to end like that, and for me to be the cause is very tough to swallow right now\", Romo said after the game. \"I take responsibility for messing up at the end there. That's my fault. I cost the Dallas Cowboys a playoff win, and it's going to sit with me a long time. I don't know if I have ever felt this low.\" This was the final game in the Hall of Fame coaching career of Bill Parcells, who resigned his position with","title":"2006–07 NFL playoffs"},{"id":"394682","text":"Super Bowl XXVIII Super Bowl XXVIII was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Buffalo Bills to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1993 season. The Cowboys defeated the Bills by the score of 30–13, winning their fourth Super Bowl in team history, tying the Pittsburgh Steelers and the San Francisco 49ers for most Super Bowl wins. The game was played on January 30, 1994, at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta, Georgia. Since the 1993 regular season was conducted over 18 weeks (two byes","title":"Super Bowl XXVIII"},{"id":"20468743","text":"game. This loss dropped them to 3-5 on the season. The Cowboys played an excellent game and stopped the Eagles late to seal the game. They improved to 4-5 with this win. Maher kicked a game-winning field goal as time expired. The Cowboys improved to 5-5 with this win. Rookie linebacker Leighton Vander Esch put up a stellar performance with his 2nd interception in two weeks, which set up a crucial Ezekiel Elliott touchdown run. NFL on Thanksgiving Day The Cowboys played an excellent game and got revenge on their division rivals. Dak Prescott connected with Amari Cooper for a","title":"2018 Dallas Cowboys season"},{"id":"106525","text":"or if the two teams finish in the same place in their respective divisions, they would play the ensuing season. The rivalry has also resulted in notable playoff games. The all time regular seasons series record is 15–13 in favor of the Packers, and the postseason series is tied 4–4. Unlike many NFL teams, the Cowboys do not retire jersey numbers of past standouts as a matter of policy. Instead, the team has a \"Ring of Honor\", which is on permanent display encircling the field. Originally at Texas Stadium, the ring is now on display at AT&T Stadium in Arlington.","title":"Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"9860131","text":"week, they won another four game, Dallas finished the season 1–3, losing its final game in Texas Stadium to the Baltimore Ravens 33–24 followed by a disastrous 44–6 loss to Philadelphia. With a 9–7 record, the team finished third in the division and failed to qualify for the playoffs. After the season ended, highly controversial and productive receiver Terrell Owens was released after receiving a $34 million extension the previous June that was supposed to allow him to retire a Cowboy. Jones said he released Owens because of production and \"In this particular case, we have an outstanding player in","title":"History of the Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"11530573","text":"Hall of Famer tackle Rayfield Wright anchored the offensive line. The Cowboys had their lowest regular season (6–2 vs. Cleveland Browns) and playoff (5–0 vs. Detroit Lions) scoring games in franchise history. The playoff victory over Detroit remains the lowest scoring postseason game in NFL history. Through week one of the 2018 season, they are the only games to finish with those scores. Chuck Howley became the first defensive player, and only member of a losing team to be the Super Bowl's Most Valuable Player. The Football Encyclopedia Total Football Cowboys Have Always Been My Heroes 1970 Dallas Cowboys season","title":"1970 Dallas Cowboys season"},{"id":"20474802","text":"2018 Baltimore Ravens season The 2018 season is the Baltimore Ravens' 23rd season in the National Football League and their 11th under head coach John Harbaugh. On October 14, 2018, the Ravens set a franchise record, sacking Titans quarterback Marcus Mariota 11 times in a 21–0 Week 6 win against the Tennessee Titans. Draft trades On February 13, the NFL announced that the Ravens will play the Chicago Bears in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game on Thursday, August 2, at the Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium in Canton, Ohio. The remainder of the Ravens' preseason opponents and","title":"2018 Baltimore Ravens season"},{"id":"14649451","text":"Toyota Stadium (Texas) Toyota Stadium is a soccer-specific stadium with a 20,500-seat capacity, built and owned by the city of Frisco, Texas. Its primary tenants are Major League Soccer (MLS) team FC Dallas, which relocated from the Cotton Bowl in central Dallas, and Frisco Independent School District high school football games. It is also the future home of the National Soccer Hall of Fame with opening ceremony occurring in winter 2018. The stadium, which is located in Frisco, Texas, cost approximately $80 million and opened on August 6, 2005, with a match between FC Dallas and the MetroStars, which ended","title":"Toyota Stadium (Texas)"},{"id":"106475","text":"home loss to the Arizona Cardinals 28–17 with backup QB Brandon Weeden. Romo returned in Week 9 to lead a 31–17 victory of the Jacksonville Jaguars which was played at Wembley Stadium in London, England as part of the NFL International Series. Dallas played their traditional Thanksgiving home game against division rival Philadelphia. Both teams were vying for first place in the division with identical 8–3 records. The Eagles got off to a fast start and the Cowboys were unable to catch up, losing 33–10. They would rebound the next week when they defeated Chicago 41–28. Week 15 was a","title":"Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"284587","text":"San Francisco 49ers and Arizona Cardinals known as \"Fútbol Americano\", and 39 international preseason games were played from 1986 to 2005 as part of the American Bowl series. The Raiders and Houston Texans played a game in Mexico City at Estadio Azteca on November 21, 2016. According to Forbes, the Dallas Cowboys, at approximately US$4 billion, are the most valuable NFL franchise and the most valuable sports team in the world. Also, all 32 NFL teams rank among the Top 50 most valuable sports teams in the world; and 14 of the NFL's owners are listed on the Forbes 400,","title":"National Football League"},{"id":"393811","text":"Super Bowl VI Super Bowl VI was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Miami Dolphins to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1971 season. The Cowboys defeated the Dolphins by the score of 24–3, to win their first Super Bowl. The game was played on January 16, 1972, at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana, the second time the Super Bowl was played in that city. Despite the southerly location, it was unseasonably cold at the time, with the kickoff air temperature of","title":"Super Bowl VI"},{"id":"2186095","text":"January 2018 playing, there have been 32 games (64 total appearances). Outback Bowl The Outback Bowl is an annual college football bowl game played at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida, usually on New Years Day. The event was originally called the Hall of Fame Bowl from 1986 to 1994 until being renamed in 1995 for its new title sponsor, Outback Steakhouse. It is organized by the Tampa Bay Bowl Association under Jim McVay, who has been the president and CEO since 1988. The Outback Bowl was not Tampa's first bowl game; the Cigar Bowl was played at old Phillips","title":"Outback Bowl"},{"id":"3348192","text":"in back-to-back seasons at the Alamodome in 1994 and 1995. The Stars defeated the Kings 3-2 on September 27, 1994, with 14,342 fans in attendance (this was one of the last hockey games to take place before the 1994–95 NHL lockout). The following year Dallas claimed a 4-2 victory over the Kings in front of 8,122 hockey fans on September 26, 1995. Hockey Hall of Fame forward Wayne Gretzky participated in both preseason matchups. In college football, Notre Dame has played two Shamrock Series (home-away-from-home) games here against Washington State in 2009 and Army in 2016. After the opening ceremonies,","title":"Alamodome"},{"id":"9860115","text":"Night Football to finish the season 9–7, 3rd place in the NFC East. The Cowboys entered the season with high hopes but got off to a mediocre 3–2 start before an important \"Monday Night Football\" game against division rivals, the New York Giants. The Cowboys suffered a tough 36–22 loss despite \"a changing of guard\" at the QB position from Drew Bledsoe to Tony Romo. With the next three games on the road, speculation grew that the Giants could run away with the division for a second straight year. Romo won his first game as a starter the following week","title":"History of the Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"9860098","text":"to feature the league leaders in rushing yards (Smith) and receiving yards (Irvin). The 1991 season also marked Dallas's return to Monday Night Football after an absence of two years. In 1992, the Cowboys finished with a 13–3 record (second best in the league), boasted the league's #1 defense, reached their peak in popularity (many road fans were cheering for the Cowboys), and finally avenged their 1981 NFC Championship Game loss to San Francisco by defeating the 49ers in the conference title game, 30–20, in a muddy Candlestick Park. The Cowboys went on to crush the Buffalo Bills in Super","title":"History of the Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"9560722","text":"Texas Cowboy Hall of Fame The Texas Cowboy Hall of Fame, a western, historical museum in Fort Worth, Texas, honors those men and women who have shown excellence in the business and support of rodeo and the western lifestyle in Texas.\" The Hall of Fame includes over 125 cowboys and cowgirls, each of whom has a booth to display personal memorabilia. The museum, located in Historic Barn A, is also home to The Sterquell Wagon Collection, John Justin Trail of Fame, Chisholm Trail Exhibit, The Applewhite-Clark Exhibit, Adventures of the Cowboy Trail, Zigrang Horse Bit Collection, Amon G. Carter's 1933","title":"Texas Cowboy Hall of Fame"},{"id":"19127716","text":"inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame, the latter also is the NFL's all-time leading rusher. In the second round of the draft, the Cowboys selected Notre Dame linebacker Jaylon Smith with the 34th overall pick. Smith was named first team All-American in 2015, and led his team in tackles. Smith also won the Butkus Award, which is awarded to the best linebacker in the country at the high school, college, and professional levels. This was the second time Smith had won the award, the previous time in 2013 as a senior in high school. In the Fiesta Bowl","title":"2016 Dallas Cowboys season"},{"id":"8725384","text":"the best win in at least eight to ten years, the Cowboys beat the previously undefeated Colts 21–14. The game was nationally televised on CBS, having been moved from 1:00pm to 4:15pm (EST) because of the NFL's new \"flex scheduling\" policy. It was the first game played between the two teams at Texas Stadium in ten years. With the rest of the NFC East losing that weekend, the Cowboys were tied with the New York Giants for first place in the NFC East, and in a tie for second place in the NFC. The Cowboys chances of winning the division,","title":"2006 Dallas Cowboys season"},{"id":"19127723","text":"catch the ball from the backfield to fill the void that will be left at start of season while Lance Dunbar is out after a knee surgery. Gathers hasn't played football since he was 13 years old, but was an honorable mention AP All-American college basketball athlete. Notes Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. The Cowboys fell short trying to win their home opener against the Giants in a hard-fought game. They dropped to 0–1 and lost to the Giants at AT&T Stadium for the first time since 2012. Ezekiel Elliott struggled to find holes all game, but managed","title":"2016 Dallas Cowboys season"},{"id":"106530","text":"Darren Woodson, who was inducted on November 1, 2015. , the Cowboys' flagship radio station is KRLD-FM. Brad Sham is the team's longtime play-by-play voice. Working alongside him is former Cowboy quarterback Babe Laufenberg, who returned in 2007 after a one-year absence to replace former safety Charlie Waters. The Cowboys, who retain rights to all announcers, chose not to renew Laufenberg's contract in 2006 and brought in Waters. However, Laufenberg did work as the analyst on the \"Blue Star Network\", which televises Cowboys preseason games not shown on national networks. The anchor station is KTVT, the CBS owned and operated","title":"Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"106482","text":"a free agent. Murray signed with the division rival Philadelphia Eagles. On July 15 wide receiver Dez Bryant signed a 5-year, $70 million contract. At home against the New York Giants, Dallas won 27–26. Dez Bryant left the game early with a fractured bone in his foot. On the road against the Philadelphia Eagles, Romo suffered a broken left collarbone, the same one he injured in 2010, and Brandon Weeden replaced him. Dallas won 20–10 to begin the season 2–0, but then went on a seven-game losing streak. Dallas finished the season 4–12 and last in their division. After a","title":"Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"17945221","text":"first 11 weeks of the season. The Thanksgiving Day Classic featured just one game for the first time since 1997, which is ironic in that it was the only week of the season with five games being played. For the second straight year, there was no Touchdown Atlantic contest. The Canadian Football Hall of Fame game took place on August 22, 2015, featuring the Saskatchewan Roughriders hosting the Calgary Stampeders. Dave Dickenson, Gene Makowsky, Eddie Davis, and Leroy Blugh were inducted as players while Bob O'Billovich, Bob Wetenhall, and Larry Reda joined as builders. Dickenson played for five seasons for","title":"2015 CFL season"},{"id":"3994648","text":"cities, including Dallas, which had the financial backing of billionaire T. Boone Pickens. However, the National Football Foundation ultimately decided on Atlanta for the next site. The new $68.5 million museum opened on August 23, 2014. It is located next to Centennial Olympic Park, which is near other attractions such as the Georgia Aquarium, the World of Coca-Cola, CNN Center, and the National Center for Civil and Human Rights. The Hall of Fame is located near the Georgia Institute of Technology of the ACC and roughly from the University of Georgia of the SEC. The new building broke ground on","title":"College Football Hall of Fame"},{"id":"10213490","text":"32-yard touchdown pass to running back Wendell Tyler. Dallas kicker Rafael Septién kicked a 33-yard field goal with 52 seconds left in the first half, but Ferragamo completed a 43-yard touchdown pass to Ron Smith before time expired to make it a 14–5 halftime lead. The Cowboys, led by quarterback Roger Staubach in what proved to be his last NFL game of his Hall of Fame career, then scored 2 unanswered touchdowns in the second half to take the lead, 19–14. With about 2 minutes left in the game and the Rams at midfield, Ferragamo found wide receiver Billy Waddy","title":"1979 Los Angeles Rams season"},{"id":"5732107","text":"to commemorate two anniversaries—the 25th anniversary of Super Bowl XX and 15th of Super Bowl XXX, which marked the Dallas Cowboys' most recent Super Bowl championship. In honor of those occasions, Super Bowl XX MVP Richard Dent and former Dallas Cowboys defensive back Deion Sanders, both of whom were inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2011, joined the ceremonies. They were joined by fellow Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees and past Super Bowl participants Marshall Faulk, Chris Hanburger and Shannon Sharpe. The Black Eyed Peas performed a medley of their greatest hits: \"I Gotta Feeling\", \"Boom","title":"Super Bowl XLV"},{"id":"9860142","text":"embarrassing Week 7 34-7 loss by the division rival Eagles. They turned things around by going undefeated in November. That run included a Week 10 44-7 blowout over Buffalo. Week 11 was a 27-24 OT victory over the Redskins on the road. They entered December with a 7–4 record vying for first place of their division with the Giants, whom the Cowboys were yet to play. After losing in OT against Arizona in Week 13, they headed to a Sunday Night primetime game against the Giants. Despite leading New York 34–22 with less than 6 minutes to play, the Cowboys","title":"History of the Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"8020990","text":"Troy Aikman Troy Kenneth Aikman (born November 21, 1966) is a former American football quarterback who played for the Dallas Cowboys in the National Football League (NFL). The number one overall draft pick in 1989, Aikman played twelve consecutive seasons as quarterback with the Cowboys. During his career he was a six-time Pro Bowl selection, led the team to three Super Bowl victories, and was the MVP of Super Bowl XXVII. Aikman was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2006 and to the College Football Hall of Fame on December 9, 2008 in New York City. Currently","title":"Troy Aikman"},{"id":"12936846","text":"a pivotal moment in the season. Not only was the nation's psyche impacted by this event, but also the image of the city of Dallas was tarnished. On November 24, just two days after this historic event, the NFL decided to play its normal schedule of games, with the Cowboys traveling to face the Cleveland Browns. On game day when the team was introduced, the public address announcer would not say the Dallas Cowboys, they were just the Cowboys. The crowd also vented their frustration and pain at the players during the contest. The Cowboys lost that day 17–27 and","title":"1963 Dallas Cowboys season"},{"id":"6672197","text":"Rayfield Wright Larry Rayfield Wright (born August 23, 1945) is a former American football player, an offensive tackle for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League for thirteen seasons and a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame, having been inducted in 2006. Nicknamed the \"Big Cat\" for his nimble feet, Wright played on five NFC Championship teams that advanced to the Super Bowl (1970, 1971, 1975, 1977, and 1978 seasons), winning twice. He also participated in the Ice Bowl against the Green Bay Packers for the NFL championship in his rookie season in 1967. Born and raised","title":"Rayfield Wright"},{"id":"9860151","text":"The Seahawks' loss in that game was only their 2nd home loss in the past three seasons. The streak was ended by their division rival Redskins in overtime 20–17. However, Romo once again injured his back. He was out the next game against Arizona where backup Brandon Weeden started. The Cardinals won 28–17. Romo returned in Week 10 as Dallas played in London, England for the first time ever against Jacksonville in NFL International Series. The Cowboys beat the Jaguars 31–17. Dallas entered their annual Thanksgiving home game with an 8–3, identical with their opponents the Eagles. Philadelphia got off","title":"History of the Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"394726","text":"Bowl XXVI. Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XXVIII, Super Bowl XXVIII Play Finder Dal, Super Bowl XXVIII Play Finder Buf Completions/attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted The following records were set in Super Bowl XXVIII, according to the official NFL.com boxscore and the ProFootball reference.com game summary.
Some records have to meet NFL minimum number of attempts to be recognized. The minimums are shown (in parenthesis). Source: Source: Super Bowl XXVIII Super Bowl XXVIII was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Buffalo Bills to decide the","title":"Super Bowl XXVIII"},{"id":"4875585","text":"1971–72 NFL playoffs The National Football League playoffs for the 1971 season began on December 25, 1971. The postseason tournament concluded with the Dallas Cowboys defeating the Miami Dolphins in Super Bowl VI, 24–3, on January 16, 1972, at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana. Like the previous NFL seasons, the home teams in the playoffs were decided based on a yearly divisional rotation, excluding the wild card teams who would always play on the road. It was the first time that the NFL scheduled games on Christmas Day, a decision that drew considerable criticism. In the longest NFL game","title":"1971–72 NFL playoffs"},{"id":"2186090","text":"Outback Bowl The Outback Bowl is an annual college football bowl game played at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida, usually on New Years Day. The event was originally called the Hall of Fame Bowl from 1986 to 1994 until being renamed in 1995 for its new title sponsor, Outback Steakhouse. It is organized by the Tampa Bay Bowl Association under Jim McVay, who has been the president and CEO since 1988. The Outback Bowl was not Tampa's first bowl game; the Cigar Bowl was played at old Phillips Field near downtown from 1947 to 1954. However, the earlier event","title":"Outback Bowl"},{"id":"9860140","text":"that with a meaningless win over the Eagles to end their season at 6–10. After going 5–3 as interim head coach during the last eight games of the previous season, Jason Garrett took the head coaching position full-time. With Tony Romo back in action, the Cowboys headed to the Meadowlands to take on the Jets for a Sunday Night game commemorating the 10-year anniversary of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. An early Dallas lead soon led to a 24–24 tie, but Romo threw an interception in the 4th quarter that allowed New York to get into the red zone","title":"History of the Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"18465631","text":"hosted Arizona Cardinals (represented by former quarterback and 2017 Hall of Famer Kurt Warner). It was televised nationally on NBC. The 64-game preseason schedule ended on August 31; a 65th game, that of the 2017 Texas Governor's Cup, was canceled due to the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey. The 2017 regular season's 256 games which were played over a 17-week schedule which began on September 7. Each of the league's 32 teams plays a 16-game schedule, with one bye week for each team. The slate also features games on Monday nights. There are games played on Thursday, including the National Football","title":"2017 NFL season"},{"id":"1581842","text":"Bob Lilly Robert Lewis Lilly (born July 26, 1939), nicknamed \"Mr. Cowboy\", is a former American football defensive tackle and photographer. After a college career at Texas Christian University (TCU), he played for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL) for fourteen seasons. Lilly was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1980 and the College Football Hall of Fame in 1981. Born in Olney, Texas, Lilly grew up in Throckmorton, the son of John and Margaret (Redwine) Lilly. Lilly's father and grandfather were both involved in farming and ranching, but the severe 1950s Texas drought","title":"Bob Lilly"},{"id":"18465642","text":"sparse attendance for the 49ers' home opener. Even the Dallas Cowboys, a team whose fan base is among the largest in the United States, played their week 13 \"Thursday Night Football\" game in front of a half-empty AT&T Stadium. The lifting of the league's blackout policy was cited as one factor in the decline in ticket sales, as viewers would rather watch from the comfort of their homes, especially when weather conditions were less than ideal. At a Buffalo Bills/Indianapolis Colts game held in blinding lake-effect snow on December 10, scalpers said they had not sold any tickets, an extreme","title":"2017 NFL season"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"19798285\",\n \"text\": \"Dallas Cowboys in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game on Thursday, August 3, 2017, at the Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium in Canton, Ohio. The two teams also met during the regular season at the University of Phoenix Stadium. On December 13, 2016, the NFL announced that the Cardinals will play the Los Angeles Rams as one of the NFL International Series at Twickenham Stadium in London, England, with the Rams serving as the home team. It will be the Cardinals' first appearance in the International Series, though the Cardinals played in Mexico in 2005 against the San\",\n \"title\": \"2017 Arizona Cardinals season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6829670\",\n \"text\": \"World Series game. Sunday night games between November 13 and December 18 (inclusive) were \\\"flex games\\\", which could have reverted to Sunday afternoon if a more competitive matchup arose (one was; see below). The final Sunday night of the season – January 1, 2012 – was likewise a \\\"flex game\\\"; the slot, vacant when the schedule was released, was filled by the game between the Dallas Cowboys and the New York Giants (see below). The Hall of Fame Game scheduled for August 7, and to be shown on NBC, was canceled due to the lockout that offseason; it was the\",\n \"title\": \"NBC Sunday Night Football\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18465630\",\n \"text\": \"on April 27–29 in Philadelphia. The Cleveland Browns selected Myles Garrett with the first overall pick. Training camps for the 2017 season were held in late July through August. Teams started training camp no earlier than 15 days before the team's first scheduled preseason game. Prior to the start of the regular season, each team played four preseason exhibition games, beginning on August 10. The preseason began on the evening of August 3 with the 2017 Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, that featured the Dallas Cowboys (represented in the 2017 Hall of Fame Class by owner Jerry Jones) who\",\n \"title\": \"2017 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10379943\",\n \"text\": \"played their home games at Lucas Oil Stadium. Meanwhile, 2008 was the final year that the Dallas Cowboys played at Texas Stadium; they moved to Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas, in 2009. In preseason games, the annual Pro Football Hall of Fame Game was played August 3 between the Indianapolis Colts and Washington Redskins, which aired on NBC. Washington won the game, 30–16. Other preseason highlights included the first game of the Toronto Series, which was played August 14 between the Buffalo Bills and the Pittsburgh Steelers at Toronto's Rogers Centre. The Bills won that game, 24–21. Based on the\",\n \"title\": \"2008 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8252233\",\n \"text\": \"City from April 22–24, the first time that the draft was held over three days instead of the normal two.In the draft with the first overall pick, the St. Louis Rams chose quarterback Sam Bradford from the University of Oklahoma. The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game was held on Sunday, August 8, 2010 at 8:00 pm EDT on NBC, with the Dallas Cowboys defeating the Cincinnati Bengals, 16–7 at Fawcett Stadium in Canton, Ohio. The remainder of the preseason game matchups were announced March 31, 2010. Highlights, among others, include the New York Giants and New York Jets facing\",\n \"title\": \"2010 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14196860\",\n \"text\": \"season. He was replaced by offensive coordinator Jason Garrett. The Cowboys finished the season 6–10, 3rd place in the NFC East, and failed to reach the playoffs. However, under Garrett the team's record was 5–3 as compared to the 1–7 start under Phillips. Notes \\\"RFA\\\": Restricted free-agent, \\\"UFA\\\": Unrestricted free-agent, \\\"ERFA\\\": Exclusive rights free agent On February 24, 2010, the NFL announced that the Cowboys will face the Cincinnati Bengals in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game at Fawcett Stadium in Canton, Ohio. The game occurred on Sunday, August 8, 2010, and was aired by NBC. The remainder of\",\n \"title\": \"2010 Dallas Cowboys season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14822505\",\n \"text\": \"new Hall of Fame members. It was played at Fawcett Stadium in Canton, Ohio, which is located adjacent to the Hall of Fame building. In the game, which was televised nationally on NBC, the Dallas Cowboys defeated the Miami Dolphins 24–20. The 2013 Hall of Fame class of Larry Allen, Cris Carter, Curley Culp, Jonathan Ogden, Bill Parcells, Dave Robinson and Warren Sapp was honored during the game. The 65-game preseason schedule concluded on Thursday, August 29. The 2013 season featured 256 games played out over a seventeen-week schedule which began on the Thursday night following Labor Day. Each of\",\n \"title\": \"2013 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5795535\",\n \"text\": \"were played per year in the early 1990s. The two participating teams were selected by the league. The American Bowl was a fifth pre-season game, played the same weekend as the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, and did not take away a game from the participating teams' pre-season schedules. The largest crowd in NFL history was recorded at the American Bowl game at Mexico City on August 15, 1994, when 112,376 people attended the Governor's Cup game between the Dallas Cowboys and Houston Oilers. In 1996 it was played in Monterrey at the Estadio Universitario. The 1997 game was\",\n \"title\": \"American Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5751533\",\n \"text\": \"p.m.—an hour and 20 minutes before kickoff—that the game was going to be canceled. However, fans in the stadium only learned of the pending cancellation via social media. No official announcement was made until just before the scheduled 8 p.m. kickoff. On December 28, 2016, the NFL announced that the 2017 edition of the game would be played on a Thursday (August 3). This scheduling change made the Hall of Fame Game the first event of the Hall of Fame Weekend. The 2018 game was also played on a Thursday (August 2). Come 2019, the game will be played on\",\n \"title\": \"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5751534\",\n \"text\": \"August 1. Unlike the majority of NFL preseason games, which air on local TV stations, the Hall of Fame Game airs nationwide. From 1999 to 2005, the game was held on Monday night, televised as part of ABC's \\\"Monday Night Football\\\" package. It had previously been held typically on Saturday afternoons, except from 1963 to 1965 on Sunday afternoons, televised as part of ABC's \\\"Wide World of Sports\\\" package (still using the \\\"MNF\\\" crew). In 1998, the game was put in the \\\"MNF\\\" package, and played on a Saturday night, which served as a test run for the move to\",\n \"title\": \"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5751536\",\n \"text\": \"scheduled to air on ESPN due to NBC's coverage of the 2016 Summer Olympics, but the game was canceled due to field conditions. It returned to NBC in 2017 and will remain on the network until 2019. Westwood One owns national radio rights; it is the only preseason game to air on a nationwide network. Each team's radio network is also allowed to broadcast the games (albeit usually with fewer affiliates since exhibition games are traditionally much lower priority to non-sports and non-flagship stations). In 2007 and 2008, the game was broadcast live in both Ireland and the United Kingdom\",\n \"title\": \"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5751530\",\n \"text\": \"it was moved to the beginning of the preseason. Prior to 2002, it was not uncommon for the game to be played in July. Since 2002, when the league permanently moved the start of the season to the weekend after Labor Day, the game has always been played in early August. The 2011 game was originally scheduled between the St. Louis Rams and the Chicago Bears, but the game was canceled due to an ongoing labor dispute that had disrupted nearly all league activity during the 2011 offseason. The two clubs had set a deadline of July 22 to ratify\",\n \"title\": \"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9153324\",\n \"text\": \"games. Due to their exhibition nature, suspended or canceled preseason games are normally not made up. In 2004, Hurricane Charley postponed a Tampa Bay game against Cincinnati from Saturday until Monday. In 2001, a preseason game between Philadelphia and Baltimore was canceled due to turf problems at Veterans Stadium. Similar turf concerns prompted the league to cancel the 2016 Hall of Fame Game at the last minute. The 2017 Cowboys-Texans preseason game, originally scheduled for Houston, was at first switched to Arlington due to the flooding spawned by Hurricane Harvey in southeast Texas. The day prior to the scheduled game,\",\n \"title\": \"NFL preseason\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"106511\",\n \"text\": \"of the 2009 season was against the New York Giants. A league record-setting 105,121 fans showed up to fill Cowboys Stadium for the game before which the traditional \\\"blue star\\\" at the 50-yard line was unveiled for the first time; however, the Cowboys lost in the final seconds, 33–31. The Cowboys got their first regular season home win on September 28, 2009. They beat the Carolina Panthers 21–7 with 90,588 in attendance. The game was televised on ESPN's \\\"Monday Night Football\\\" and marked a record 42nd win for the Cowboys on \\\"Monday Night Football\\\". On July 25, 2013, the Cowboys\",\n \"title\": \"Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2588346\",\n \"text\": \"life as a football player and the many mistakes he has made in his life. His speech has been praised by many NFL commentators as heartfelt, including those who had been inclined to dislike him. On October 14, 2007, Michael Irvin accepted his Hall of Fame ring at Texas Stadium during halftime of the Dallas Cowboys–New England Patriots game. In his speech, he proposed to Commissioner Roger Goodell that all drafted rookies will have a tour of the Pro Football Hall of Fame to better understand their football history. In 1996, as the Cowboys prepared to play the Carolina Panthers\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Irvin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11619592\",\n \"text\": \"might call adding insult to injury. Super Bowl XIII can arguably be called the greatest collection of NFL talent ever to gather for a game. In additions to Coaches Noll and Landry, 14 players would go on to enshrinement in the Hall of Fame: 9 from Pittsburgh (Bradshaw, Harris, Swann, Stallworth, Webster, Greene, Lambert, Ham, and Blount), and 5 from Dallas (Staubach, Dorsett, White, Wright, and Jackie Smith). Much of the pregame hype surrounding Super Bowl XIII centered around Cowboys linebacker Thomas \\\"Hollywood\\\" Henderson. Henderson caused quite a stir before the NFC Championship Game by claiming that the Rams had\",\n \"title\": \"1978 Dallas Cowboys season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5751540\",\n \"text\": \"have similarly enjoyed long sellout streaks. ABCMonday Night Football (1963-1965) NBC Sunday Night Football(2006-present) Pro Football Hall of Fame Game The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game is an annual National Football League (NFL) exhibition game that is held the weekend of the Pro Football Hall of Fame's induction ceremonies. The game is played at Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium, which is located adjacent to the Hall of Fame building in Canton, Ohio. It is traditionally the first game played in the NFL preseason for any given year, marking the end of the NFL's six-month off-season. The two teams\",\n \"title\": \"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5751525\",\n \"text\": \"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game is an annual National Football League (NFL) exhibition game that is held the weekend of the Pro Football Hall of Fame's induction ceremonies. The game is played at Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium, which is located adjacent to the Hall of Fame building in Canton, Ohio. It is traditionally the first game played in the NFL preseason for any given year, marking the end of the NFL's six-month off-season. The two teams that play in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game are typically selected by\",\n \"title\": \"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5751535\",\n \"text\": \"Monday night. Starting in 2006, it was moved to Sunday night, coinciding with the new \\\"NBC Sunday Night Football\\\" television package. The 2007 game was telecast on NFL Network, as NBC was intending to televise the China Bowl game in Beijing, China (a game which was postponed to 2009 and later canceled). The Hall of Fame Game has since bounced between both networks. The 2012 game aired on NFL Network due to NBC's coverage of the Summer Olympics. After a two-year absence, the game returned to NBC in 2013 and remained on the network until 2015. The 2016 game was\",\n \"title\": \"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2457517\",\n \"text\": \"nominees for the Pro Football Hall of Fame Class of 2012. In February 2011, ESPN.com writer Tim MacMahon wrote that Woodson “deserves serious Hall of Fame consideration and should join the Triplets on the modern side of the Dallas Cowboys Ring of Honor.” On August 4, 2015, the Dallas Cowboys announced that Woodson would be inducted into the Cowboys Ring of Honor. The official ceremony took place Nov. 1 against the Seahawks at AT&T Stadium. Woodson is the eighth defensive player inducted into the Ring of Honor, and just the second who played in the 90’s era, along with Charles\",\n \"title\": \"Darren Woodson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20724771\",\n \"text\": \"critics, with praise directed towards the gameplay. In May 2018, Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee Terrell Owens was announced to be on the cover of the \\\"Hall of Fame\\\" edition of the game. Owens is featured in a Dallas Cowboys uniform, a move which was questioned by some as Owens was drafted by and played eight seasons with the San Francisco 49ers, compared to just three with the Cowboys. The game's standard edition cover features Pittsburgh Steelers wide receiver Antonio Brown. The soundtrack for the game will feature over 30 tracks, including artists such as Migos, Pusha T, Post\",\n \"title\": \"Madden NFL 19\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5840765\",\n \"text\": \"teams. The Texas Rangers baseball team have played at Arlington Stadium from 1972 to 1993 and at Globe Life Park in Arlington since 1994. Meanwhile, the Dallas Cowboys football team has played at the Texas Stadium at Irving from 1971 to 2008 and at the AT&T Stadium at Arlington since 2009. The International Bowling Campus, which houses the United States Bowling Congress, International Bowling Museum and the International Bowling Hall of Fame, is also located at Arlington. The Four Seasons Resort and Club Dallas at Las Colinas hosts the Byron Nelson Championship, an annual PGA Tour golf tournament. The Las\",\n \"title\": \"Mid-Cities\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020928\",\n \"text\": \"game of the 1979 season, a nationally televised game against the St. Louis Cardinals (Dallas won 22-21), the television announcer for CBS introduced the Cowboys as America’s Team and the name just stuck. Dallas' Hall of Fame coach Tom Landry originally did not approve of the appellation of America's Team. He felt that it would give opposing teams extra incentive to play harder. Eventually he gave in and actually came to like the name. The nickname was coined at the height of Landry's then-NFL record 20 consecutive winning season streak, during which Dallas appeared in 12 conference championship games (counting\",\n \"title\": \"America's Team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20468738\",\n \"text\": \"2018 Dallas Cowboys season The 2018 season is the Dallas Cowboys' 59th and current in the National Football League (NFL), their 30th under the ownership of Jerry Jones, their 10th playing their home games at AT&T Stadium, and their eighth full season under head coach Jason Garrett. AT&T Stadium is also the first stadium venue to host the annual draft. For the first time since 2009, wide receiver Dez Bryant was not on the opening day roster, as he was released on April 13, 2018 and signed with the New Orleans Saints on November 7, 2018. For the first time\",\n \"title\": \"2018 Dallas Cowboys season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20955375\",\n \"text\": \"the team's first scheduled preseason game. The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, with teams to be announced, is tentatively scheduled for August 1, 2019 and will be televised nationally by NBC. The game will be held at Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium in Canton, Ohio, the same city where the league was founded 99 years prior. On October 18, 2018, the NFL announced that it would commemorate its 100th season throughout 2019, beginning at Super Bowl LIII. An NFL 100 emblem will be featured in promotions across all NFL properties during the season, worn on jerseys as a\",\n \"title\": \"2019 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19662337\",\n \"text\": \"hosting distribution was not as equal as it was in the previous year. The Montreal Alouettes hosted four Thursday night games, Winnipeg hosted three, Ottawa Redblacks hosted two, while two teams (Toronto and Calgary) hosted once and three teams (Hamilton, Saskatchewan, and BC) did not host any. The Canadian Football Hall of Fame game took place on September 15, 2017, featuring the Hamilton Tiger-Cats hosting the Saskatchewan Roughriders. Kelvin Anderson, Anthony Calvillo, Mike O'Shea, and Geroy Simon were inducted as players while Stan Schwartz and Brian Towriss joined as builders. O'Shea is the currently the head coach of the Winnipeg\",\n \"title\": \"2017 CFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14822459\",\n \"text\": \"first game. The 4:15 p.m. late doubleheader kickoff time dates back to the 1998 season when the NFL moved it from 4:05 p.m. for the same reason. As per the NFL's scheduling formula, the intraconference and interconference matchups were: Intraconference Interconference Highlights of the 2012 schedule include: The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game was played August 5 and featured a match-up between the Arizona Cardinals and the New Orleans Saints. New Orleans last appeared in the game in 2007; former Saints offensive tackle Willie Roaf was inducted as part of the Hall of Fame ceremonies. The Cardinals played there\",\n \"title\": \"2012 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17084727\",\n \"text\": \"at the end of preseason. Prior to the start of the regular season, each team played at least four exhibition games. The preseason schedule got underway with the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game on Sunday evening, August 9. The Hall of Fame game is a traditional part of the annual Pro Football Hall of Fame induction weekend celebrating new Hall of Fame members. It was played at Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium which is located adjacent to the Hall of Fame building in Canton, Ohio. The game, which was televised in the U.S. on NBC, featured the Minnesota\",\n \"title\": \"2015 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9860078\",\n \"text\": \"in New Orleans. As a testament to Doomsday's dominance in the hard-hitting game, defensive linemen Randy White and Harvey Martin were named co-Super Bowl MVPs, the first and only time multiple players have received the award. After a slow start in 1978, Dallas won its final six regular season games to finish the season at 12–4. After an unexpectedly close divisional playoff game against the Atlanta Falcons at Texas Stadium, the Cowboys traveled to Los Angeles and shut out the Rams in the NFC Championship Game 28–0 to return to the Super Bowl. In Super Bowl XIII, Dallas faced the\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4254464\",\n \"text\": \"of the Cowboys-Seahawks game, November 6, 2011, Allen, Drew Pearson and Charles Haley were inducted into the prestigious Dallas Cowboys Ring of Honor. On February 2, 2013, Allen was voted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. He resides in Danville, California. Larry Allen Larry Christopher Allen Jr. (born November 27, 1971) is a former American football guard who played in the National Football League (NFL) for fourteen seasons. He was drafted by the Dallas Cowboys in the second round of the 1994 NFL Draft. He played college football at Sonoma State University. At 6 ft 3 in height and\",\n \"title\": \"Larry Allen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"106435\",\n \"text\": \"Dallas Cowboys The Dallas Cowboys are a professional American football team based in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. The Cowboys compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) East division. The team is headquartered in Frisco, Texas, and plays its home games at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas, which opened for the 2009 season. The stadium took its current name prior to the 2013 season. The Cowboys joined the NFL as an expansion team in . The team's national following might best be represented by its NFL record of consecutive sell-outs.\",\n \"title\": \"Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9860076\",\n \"text\": \"1974, finishing 8–6 and missing the playoffs for the first time in nine years. Bob Lilly retired following the season, capping his 14-year Hall of Fame career. After missing the playoffs in 1974, the team drafted well the following year, adding defensive lineman Randy White (a future Hall of Fame member) and linebacker Thomas \\\"Hollywood\\\" Henderson. The fresh influx of talent helped the Cowboys back to the playoffs in 1975 as a wild card, where they beat the Minnesota Vikings and Los Angeles Rams to advance to Super Bowl X, where they lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers, 21-17. In 1976,\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"106528\",\n \"text\": \"Meanwhile, he refused to induct Tex Schramm (even after Schramm's induction to the Pro Football Hall of Fame). In 1993, thanks in part to the efforts of Roger Staubach as an intermediary, Landry accepted induction and had a ceremony on the day of that year's Cowboys-Giants game (Landry had played and coached for the Giants). In 2003, Jones finally chose to induct Tex Schramm. Schramm and Jones held a joint press conference at Texas Stadium announcing the induction. Unfortunately, Schramm did not live to see his ceremonial induction at the Cowboys-Eagles game that fall. Some of the more recent inductees\",\n \"title\": \"Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17825093\",\n \"text\": \"University of Texas at Arlington Mavericks, and University of North Texas Mean Green, respectively. Nearby Arlington, Texas is the new home to the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League. Since joining the league as an expansion team in 1960, the Cowboys have enjoyed substantial success, advancing to eight Super Bowls and winning five. Known widely as \\\"America's Team\\\", the Dallas Cowboys are financially the most valuable sports franchise in the United States, worth approximately 2.3 billion dollars. They are also the fifth most valuable sports organization in the world. The Cowboys are only out-valued by Real Madrid, Barcelona, Manchester\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in Dallas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2617460\",\n \"text\": \"Park Bowl. Subsequent expansions resulted in a present capacity of 92,200. The Cotton Bowl Classic was played there from 1937–2009. Annually during the State Fair of Texas, it hosts the AT&T Red River Rivalry game between the University of Texas and the University of Oklahoma along with the Southwest Airlines State Fair Classic game between Grambling State University (Louisiana) and Prairie View A&M University. It was also home to the Dallas Cowboys from 1960 to 1971 until their move to Texas Stadium in Irving. Music Hall, built in Spanish colonial revival style, was the General Motors Building during the Centennial\",\n \"title\": \"Fair Park\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"106529\",\n \"text\": \"were Troy Aikman, all-time NFL leading rusher Emmitt Smith, and Michael Irvin, known as \\\"The Triplets\\\". The Cowboys waited until Smith had retired as a player before inducting Aikman and Irvin, so all three could be inducted together, which occurred during halftime at a Monday Night Football home game against the arch-rival Washington Redskins on September 19, 2005. The most recent inductees are defensive end Charles Haley, offensive lineman Larry Allen, and wide receiver Drew Pearson, who were inducted into the Ring of Honor during halftime of the Cowboys' game vs. the Seattle Seahawks on November 6, 2011, and safety\",\n \"title\": \"Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"646826\",\n \"text\": \"in the world, worth approximately 4 billion dollars. In 2009, the Cowboys relocated to their new 80,000-seat stadium in Arlington, which was the site of Super Bowl XLV. The Texas Rangers of Major League Baseball play at Globe Life Park in Arlington. The Rangers won the American League pennant in 2010 and 2011. Jeff Banister is the team's manager. The Dallas Mavericks play at the American Airlines Center. They won their first National Basketball Association championship in 2011 led by Dirk Nowitzki. The Dallas Wings is the first Women's National Basketball Association franchise in the metroplex. All home games are\",\n \"title\": \"Dallas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10256087\",\n \"text\": \"known as The Catch. This ultimately started the rise of the 49ers and fall of the Cowboys throughout the 1980s. The rise of the 1990s Cowboys was christened with a 30–20 victory against San Francisco at Candlestick Park. Both franchises would later meet again in the next two NFC Championship games in what many consider to be a classic series of contest of future Hall of Fame players. At the Rose Bowl, site of Super Bowl XXVII, the Cowboys would struggle early finding themselves down 0–7, but later regroup when Aikman's pass to tight end Jay Novacek tied the game\",\n \"title\": \"1992 Dallas Cowboys season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2186093\",\n \"text\": \"a Sunday, in which case it is moved to the following Monday. It is usually the first game to start on a day which is traditionally full of college bowl games, and has kicked off as early as 11AM. ESPN has had television rights to the game since 1993. Under an extension of those rights signed in 2010, ESPN broadcasts the game on either ABC, ESPN, or ESPN2, in conjunction with the Citrus Bowl and the New Year's Six bowl games. Before 1993, the Hall of Fame Bowl aired on NBC. Upon signing agreements with the SEC and Big 10\",\n \"title\": \"Outback Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20244372\",\n \"text\": \"Mutual financial services organization, the game was officially known as the College Football Playoff Semifinal at the Rose Bowl Game presented by Northwestern Mutual. Pre-game activities were held at the Rose Bowl parking lots and at Brookside Golf Course. The 2017 Rose Bowl Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony was held at the Rose Bowl Stadium Lot K on December 30, 2017 from 12:00 to 1:30 PM. The 2017 Class members were Mack Brown (Texas), Cade McNown (UCLA), Charles Woodson (Michigan) and Dr. Charles West (Washington & Jefferson), represented by his daughter. The 2018 Rose Parade started at 8:00 a.m. Pacific\",\n \"title\": \"2018 Rose Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"183066\",\n \"text\": \"the Dallas Cowboys, with whom they contest the so-called Governor's Cup every year (a tradition started between the cities prior to the Oilers relocating) either in the preseason or the regular season for bragging rights in the state of Texas. In 2017, the destruction and flooding caused during Hurricane Harvey a few days before their Week 4 pre-season match up time scheduled caused the game to be relocated to AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas. However, out of concern for the safety of the fans and the condition of the player's families & communities, the game was cancelled. As of the\",\n \"title\": \"Houston Texans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6060743\",\n \"text\": \"the dream envisioned by Schramm, who became the 12th person selected to the Ring of Honor; the award was given posthumously in October 2003, a few months after he died. In 2005, three former Cowboys all-stars were simultaneously inducted during half time ceremonies on \\\"Monday Night Football\\\". Troy Aikman, Emmitt Smith, and Michael Irvin, known as \\\"The Triplets\\\", were part of the 1990s Three-Time Super Bowl Championship Cowboys team. Ring of Honor inductees have been chosen by the former president-general manager, Tex Schramm and then by owner Jerry Jones. Schramm set a precedent by placing a high value on the\",\n \"title\": \"Dallas Cowboys Ring of Honor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20468745\",\n \"text\": \"coincidentally, also against the Eagles. Brett Maher made a successful 62-yard field goal attempt, which was a franchise record for Dallas and tied for the third longest in NFL history. Amari Cooper had his best game as a Cowboy thus far, catching 10 passes for 217 yards and 3 touchdowns. With the win, the Cowboys improved to 8–5, extended their lead in the NFC East to 2 games, and swept the Eagles for the first time since 2012. The Cowboys played a pathetic football game and got shutout for the first time since 2003. This loss dropped the Cowboys to\",\n \"title\": \"2018 Dallas Cowboys season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20145640\",\n \"text\": \"of 4,365 yards on 104 attempts, punting. Irwin-Hill attended minicamp on a tryout basis with the Indianapolis Colts in 2015 and 2016. On April 27, 2017, Irwin-Hill was signed by the Dallas Cowboys. In the Hall-of-Fame game against Arizona Cardinals, he handled both punting and kicking duties. He was waived on September 1, 2017. Irwin-Hill signed with the Washington Redskins on March 16, 2018, but was waived on July 11, 2018. Sam Irwin-Hill Sam Irwin-Hill (born 10 October 1990) is an Australian-born American football punter who is currently a free agent. He played college football at the University of Arkansas.\",\n \"title\": \"Sam Irwin-Hill\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"106504\",\n \"text\": \"In the 2015 season, the Cowboys wore their Color Rush variation of the 1990s \\\"Double Star\\\" jerseys for a Thanksgiving game against the Carolina Panthers. The Cotton Bowl is a stadium which opened in 1932 and became known as \\\"The House That Doak Built\\\" due to the immense crowds that former SMU running back Doak Walker drew to the stadium during his college career in the late 1940s. Originally known as the Fair Park Bowl, it is located in Fair Park, site of the State Fair of Texas. Concerts or other events using a stage allow the playing field to\",\n \"title\": \"Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9863688\",\n \"text\": \"also clinched a playoff berth. Hall of Fame/Former Cowboy QBs Roger Staubach and Troy Aikman were in attendance as honorary captains, along with the commemoration of the Super Bowl anniversaries of the '77 Cowboys & the '92 Cowboys. The Cowboys won the 10–1 duel with the win and improved to 11–1 while the Packers fell to 10–2. For Tony Romo, he ended this part of the season with a franchise-best 33 touchdown passes. Coming off their Thursday night home win over the Packers, the Cowboys flew to Ford Field for a Week 14 interconference duel with the Detroit Lions. In\",\n \"title\": \"2007 Dallas Cowboys season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20468746\",\n \"text\": \"8-6 on the season. 2018 Dallas Cowboys season The 2018 season is the Dallas Cowboys' 59th and current in the National Football League (NFL), their 30th under the ownership of Jerry Jones, their 10th playing their home games at AT&T Stadium, and their eighth full season under head coach Jason Garrett. AT&T Stadium is also the first stadium venue to host the annual draft. For the first time since 2009, wide receiver Dez Bryant was not on the opening day roster, as he was released on April 13, 2018 and signed with the New Orleans Saints on November 7, 2018.\",\n \"title\": \"2018 Dallas Cowboys season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5751529\",\n \"text\": \"of the participants. When the Cleveland Browns returned to the league with a rebooted roster in 1999, they too played in the Hall of Fame Game. The Baltimore Ravens, while officially considered as being established in 1996, did not play in the Hall of Fame Game until 2018. With the Ravens' participation in the 2018 game, all 32 current NFL teams have now played in the Hall of Fame game at least once. Prior to the AFL–NFL merger, the Hall of Fame Game was played in August or September, in some cases at the end of the preseason. In 1970,\",\n \"title\": \"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9860069\",\n \"text\": \"AFL and became a unified league, but the Cowboys also underwent many changes. Meredith and Perkins retired in 1969 and new players were joining the organization, like Cliff Harris, and Pro Football Hall of Famers Rayfield Wright, Mike Ditka, Herb Adderley and Roger Staubach. Led by quarterback Craig Morton, the Cowboys had a 10–4 season in 1970. A 38-0 shutout by the Cardinals was the low point of the year, but the team recovered to make it to the playoffs. They defeated Detroit 5–0 in the lowest-scoring playoff game in NFL history and then defeated San Francisco 17–10 in the\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20468451\",\n \"text\": \"released on August 4 and his roster spot taken by fellow O-lineman Kaleb Johnson, a former Chiefs player; Johnson's slot would also be replaced a week later by Chiefs running back Knile Davis. On February 13, the NFL announced that the Bears will play the Baltimore Ravens in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game on Thursday, August 2, at the Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium in Canton, Ohio. The remaining preseason games were revealed on April 11. The Hall of Fame Game began on a poor note when Chase Daniel's pass was intercepted by Chuck Clark, though DeAndre\",\n \"title\": \"2018 Chicago Bears season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8021013\",\n \"text\": \"(broadcast on \\\"Monday Night Football\\\"), Aikman was inducted into the Dallas Cowboys Ring of Honor with his longtime teammates Michael Irvin and Emmitt Smith. On August 5, 2006, Aikman was one of six players inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. At another halftime ceremony, this one on February 7, 2009 at the UCLA-Notre Dame basketball game, Aikman's induction into the College Hall of Fame was honored. Aikman announced he had completed course work to finish his degree in sociology. He participated in UCLA's 2009 Sociology Department commencement ceremony with current quarterback Kevin Craft and former linebacker Marcus Reece,\",\n \"title\": \"Troy Aikman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3895142\",\n \"text\": \"1967 NFL Championship Game The 1967 National Football League Championship Game was the 35th NFL championship, played on December 31 at Lambeau Field in Green Bay, Wisconsin. It determined the NFL's champion, which met the AFL's champion in Super Bowl II, then formally referred to as the second \\\"AFL-NFL World Championship Game\\\". The Dallas Cowboys (9–5), champions of the Eastern Conference, traveled north to meet the Western champion Green Bay Packers (9–4–1), the two-time defending league champions. It was a rematch of the previous year's title game, and pitted two future Hall of Fame head coaches against each other, Tom\",\n \"title\": \"1967 NFL Championship Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11036391\",\n \"text\": \"Kansas City Chiefs' jerseys, in honor of team and AFL founder Lamar Hunt, who died in December 2006. The program kicked off on August 9 in the 2009 Pro Football Hall of Fame Game with the Bills playing the Titans (Oilers). Besides the Legacy Games, the Chiefs wore Dallas Texans uniforms in one home game against the NFC's Dallas Cowboys, who also wore throwbacks, while the Cowboys hosted the Raiders in a Thanksgiving Day game in Arlington, Texas. (The Chiefs and Cowboys throwbacks both feature team-colored jerseys, making it the first dark color vs. dark color game since the Bears-Cowboys\",\n \"title\": \"2009 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6800968\",\n \"text\": \"Tony Casillas Tony Steven Casillas (born October 26, 1963) is a former American football defensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL) from 1986 through 1997. While at the University of Oklahoma he helped win the 1985 NCAA National Championship. He also won the Lombardi Award in 1985 and was the 1985 UPI Lineman of the Year. Casillas was also part of the Dallas Cowboys back to back victories in Super Bowl XXVII and XXVIII, both against the Buffalo Bills. In 2004, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. Casillas was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma, on October\",\n \"title\": \"Tony Casillas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"106523\",\n \"text\": \"the 1972 Divisional Playoff Game. The 1981 NFC Championship Game in San Francisco, which saw the 49ers' Joe Montana complete a game-winning pass to Dwight Clark in the final minute (now known as The Catch) is one of the most famous games in NFL history. The rivalry became even more intense during the 1992–1994 seasons. San Francisco and Dallas faced each other in the NFC Championship Game three separate times. Dallas won the first two match-ups, and San Francisco won the third. In each of these pivotal match-ups, the game's victor went on to win the Super Bowl. Both the\",\n \"title\": \"Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5751526\",\n \"text\": \"the league in advance of the remainder of the preseason schedule. The participants are usually announced around the time that the new Hall of Fame members are announced, which coincides with Super Bowl week. Often, if a particularly notable player will be entering the Hall of Fame that year, a team they were strongly associated with may be selected to play in the game to help maximize attendance and publicity of the game itself. From 1971 to 2010, the opponents for each game usually included one AFC team and one NFC team. In 2009, as recognition of the 50th anniversary\",\n \"title\": \"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394046\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XII Super Bowl XII was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1977 season. The Cowboys defeated the Broncos 27–10 to win their second Super Bowl. The game was played on January 15, 1978, at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans. This was the first time that the Super Bowl was played in a domed stadium, and the first time that the game was played in prime time in the Eastern United States.\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9860133\",\n \"text\": \"a preseason match with the Tennessee Titans on August 21, and the first regular season one was a three-point loss to the Giants on September 20. By Week 9, the Cowboys stood at 6–2 after defeating their archrival Eagles in Philadelphia. Then followed a loss to the Packers, and victories over Washington and Oakland, the latter being on Thanksgiving. The team then fell to the Giants a second time, and lost at home to the Chargers. By this point, the Cowboys' playoff chances were doubtful, and the old talk of the \\\"December curse\\\" reappeared. The next game was a surprise\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"106453\",\n \"text\": \"seed. In the Divisional round they dispatched their division rival Eagles 30–11 to advance to their 4th consecutive NFC Conference Championship Game, in which they defeated Green Bay, 38–27. In Super Bowl XXX the Cowboys defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 27–17 at Sun Devil Stadium for their fifth Super Bowl championship. Switzer joined Johnson as the only coaches to win a college football national championship and a Super Bowl. The glory days of the Cowboys were again beginning to dim as free agency, age, and injuries began taking their toll. Star receiver Michael Irvin was suspended by the league for the\",\n \"title\": \"Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9860102\",\n \"text\": \"but Dallas drafted offensive lineman Larry Allen, who became a mainstay on the line for the next decade. In 1994, the Cowboys played before the largest crowd to ever attend an NFL game when 112,376 in Mexico City turned out for a preseason match against the Houston Oilers. The Cowboys cruised to another NFC East title in 1994. They finished the regular season 12–4, with their four losses coming by a combined 20 points. The team suffered key injuries, however, when Erik Williams was lost for the year after a mid-season auto accident and Emmitt Smith was hobbled for the\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9860128\",\n \"text\": \"Browns, the Cowboys played their Week 2 home opener under the MNF spotlight. In the last MNF game at Texas Stadium, Dallas dueled with their NFC East foe, the Philadelphia Eagles. In the first quarter, the Cowboys trailed early as Eagles kicker David Akers got a 34-yard field goal. Dallas answered in their first possession with QB Tony Romo completing a 72-yard TD pass to WR Terrell Owens In a game that had 9 lead changes, it also set different point records, including most first half points in MNF history (54) and most combined points in the rivalry's history (78).\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9860116\",\n \"text\": \"against the Carolina Panthers with an outstanding 4th quarter comeback to win (35–14). The Cowboys' chance to challenge the Giants seemingly fizzled when they lost to the Washington Redskins at FedExField on a last second field goal (the \\\"Hand of God\\\" game) However, the Giants entered a slump, and Tony Romo impressed the media as a quarterback, revitalizing the Cowboys with a 27–10 win over the Cardinals, a well-earned (21–14) victory over the previously unbeaten Colts, and a thorough routing of Tampa Bay (38–10) on Thanksgiving Day. During that home game, Romo solidified his position as QB and quieted any\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2672299\",\n \"text\": \"exhibit. The CFHOF is currently changing to a de-centralized model, which does not included a main museum building (see \\\"Today\\\" below). Once during every CFL season, the Hall sponsors the induction ceremony of former players. Included in the \\\"Hall of Fame Weekend\\\" is a regular season game, usually (but not always) affiliated with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. Traditionally, the inducted players will come to the Hall and make an acceptance speech in front of the building where their newly sculpted bust is unveiled. A player must be retired from the game for at least three years before being eligible for consideration.\",\n \"title\": \"Canadian Football Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7468109\",\n \"text\": \"locker room worked to get themselves in position to win that game today and for it to end like that, and for me to be the cause is very tough to swallow right now\\\", Romo said after the game. \\\"I take responsibility for messing up at the end there. That's my fault. I cost the Dallas Cowboys a playoff win, and it's going to sit with me a long time. I don't know if I have ever felt this low.\\\" This was the final game in the Hall of Fame coaching career of Bill Parcells, who resigned his position with\",\n \"title\": \"2006–07 NFL playoffs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394682\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XXVIII Super Bowl XXVIII was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Buffalo Bills to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1993 season. The Cowboys defeated the Bills by the score of 30–13, winning their fourth Super Bowl in team history, tying the Pittsburgh Steelers and the San Francisco 49ers for most Super Bowl wins. The game was played on January 30, 1994, at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta, Georgia. Since the 1993 regular season was conducted over 18 weeks (two byes\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXVIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20468743\",\n \"text\": \"game. This loss dropped them to 3-5 on the season. The Cowboys played an excellent game and stopped the Eagles late to seal the game. They improved to 4-5 with this win. Maher kicked a game-winning field goal as time expired. The Cowboys improved to 5-5 with this win. Rookie linebacker Leighton Vander Esch put up a stellar performance with his 2nd interception in two weeks, which set up a crucial Ezekiel Elliott touchdown run. NFL on Thanksgiving Day The Cowboys played an excellent game and got revenge on their division rivals. Dak Prescott connected with Amari Cooper for a\",\n \"title\": \"2018 Dallas Cowboys season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"106525\",\n \"text\": \"or if the two teams finish in the same place in their respective divisions, they would play the ensuing season. The rivalry has also resulted in notable playoff games. The all time regular seasons series record is 15–13 in favor of the Packers, and the postseason series is tied 4–4. Unlike many NFL teams, the Cowboys do not retire jersey numbers of past standouts as a matter of policy. Instead, the team has a \\\"Ring of Honor\\\", which is on permanent display encircling the field. Originally at Texas Stadium, the ring is now on display at AT&T Stadium in Arlington.\",\n \"title\": \"Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9860131\",\n \"text\": \"week, they won another four game, Dallas finished the season 1–3, losing its final game in Texas Stadium to the Baltimore Ravens 33–24 followed by a disastrous 44–6 loss to Philadelphia. With a 9–7 record, the team finished third in the division and failed to qualify for the playoffs. After the season ended, highly controversial and productive receiver Terrell Owens was released after receiving a $34 million extension the previous June that was supposed to allow him to retire a Cowboy. Jones said he released Owens because of production and \\\"In this particular case, we have an outstanding player in\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11530573\",\n \"text\": \"Hall of Famer tackle Rayfield Wright anchored the offensive line. The Cowboys had their lowest regular season (6–2 vs. Cleveland Browns) and playoff (5–0 vs. Detroit Lions) scoring games in franchise history. The playoff victory over Detroit remains the lowest scoring postseason game in NFL history. Through week one of the 2018 season, they are the only games to finish with those scores. Chuck Howley became the first defensive player, and only member of a losing team to be the Super Bowl's Most Valuable Player. The Football Encyclopedia Total Football Cowboys Have Always Been My Heroes 1970 Dallas Cowboys season\",\n \"title\": \"1970 Dallas Cowboys season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20474802\",\n \"text\": \"2018 Baltimore Ravens season The 2018 season is the Baltimore Ravens' 23rd season in the National Football League and their 11th under head coach John Harbaugh. On October 14, 2018, the Ravens set a franchise record, sacking Titans quarterback Marcus Mariota 11 times in a 21–0 Week 6 win against the Tennessee Titans. Draft trades On February 13, the NFL announced that the Ravens will play the Chicago Bears in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game on Thursday, August 2, at the Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium in Canton, Ohio. The remainder of the Ravens' preseason opponents and\",\n \"title\": \"2018 Baltimore Ravens season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14649451\",\n \"text\": \"Toyota Stadium (Texas) Toyota Stadium is a soccer-specific stadium with a 20,500-seat capacity, built and owned by the city of Frisco, Texas. Its primary tenants are Major League Soccer (MLS) team FC Dallas, which relocated from the Cotton Bowl in central Dallas, and Frisco Independent School District high school football games. It is also the future home of the National Soccer Hall of Fame with opening ceremony occurring in winter 2018. The stadium, which is located in Frisco, Texas, cost approximately $80 million and opened on August 6, 2005, with a match between FC Dallas and the MetroStars, which ended\",\n \"title\": \"Toyota Stadium (Texas)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"106475\",\n \"text\": \"home loss to the Arizona Cardinals 28–17 with backup QB Brandon Weeden. Romo returned in Week 9 to lead a 31–17 victory of the Jacksonville Jaguars which was played at Wembley Stadium in London, England as part of the NFL International Series. Dallas played their traditional Thanksgiving home game against division rival Philadelphia. Both teams were vying for first place in the division with identical 8–3 records. The Eagles got off to a fast start and the Cowboys were unable to catch up, losing 33–10. They would rebound the next week when they defeated Chicago 41–28. Week 15 was a\",\n \"title\": \"Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"284587\",\n \"text\": \"San Francisco 49ers and Arizona Cardinals known as \\\"Fútbol Americano\\\", and 39 international preseason games were played from 1986 to 2005 as part of the American Bowl series. The Raiders and Houston Texans played a game in Mexico City at Estadio Azteca on November 21, 2016. According to Forbes, the Dallas Cowboys, at approximately US$4 billion, are the most valuable NFL franchise and the most valuable sports team in the world. Also, all 32 NFL teams rank among the Top 50 most valuable sports teams in the world; and 14 of the NFL's owners are listed on the Forbes 400,\",\n \"title\": \"National Football League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"393811\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl VI Super Bowl VI was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Miami Dolphins to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1971 season. The Cowboys defeated the Dolphins by the score of 24–3, to win their first Super Bowl. The game was played on January 16, 1972, at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana, the second time the Super Bowl was played in that city. Despite the southerly location, it was unseasonably cold at the time, with the kickoff air temperature of\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl VI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2186095\",\n \"text\": \"January 2018 playing, there have been 32 games (64 total appearances). Outback Bowl The Outback Bowl is an annual college football bowl game played at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida, usually on New Years Day. The event was originally called the Hall of Fame Bowl from 1986 to 1994 until being renamed in 1995 for its new title sponsor, Outback Steakhouse. It is organized by the Tampa Bay Bowl Association under Jim McVay, who has been the president and CEO since 1988. The Outback Bowl was not Tampa's first bowl game; the Cigar Bowl was played at old Phillips\",\n \"title\": \"Outback Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3348192\",\n \"text\": \"in back-to-back seasons at the Alamodome in 1994 and 1995. The Stars defeated the Kings 3-2 on September 27, 1994, with 14,342 fans in attendance (this was one of the last hockey games to take place before the 1994–95 NHL lockout). The following year Dallas claimed a 4-2 victory over the Kings in front of 8,122 hockey fans on September 26, 1995. Hockey Hall of Fame forward Wayne Gretzky participated in both preseason matchups. In college football, Notre Dame has played two Shamrock Series (home-away-from-home) games here against Washington State in 2009 and Army in 2016. After the opening ceremonies,\",\n \"title\": \"Alamodome\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9860115\",\n \"text\": \"Night Football to finish the season 9–7, 3rd place in the NFC East. The Cowboys entered the season with high hopes but got off to a mediocre 3–2 start before an important \\\"Monday Night Football\\\" game against division rivals, the New York Giants. The Cowboys suffered a tough 36–22 loss despite \\\"a changing of guard\\\" at the QB position from Drew Bledsoe to Tony Romo. With the next three games on the road, speculation grew that the Giants could run away with the division for a second straight year. Romo won his first game as a starter the following week\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9860098\",\n \"text\": \"to feature the league leaders in rushing yards (Smith) and receiving yards (Irvin). The 1991 season also marked Dallas's return to Monday Night Football after an absence of two years. In 1992, the Cowboys finished with a 13–3 record (second best in the league), boasted the league's #1 defense, reached their peak in popularity (many road fans were cheering for the Cowboys), and finally avenged their 1981 NFC Championship Game loss to San Francisco by defeating the 49ers in the conference title game, 30–20, in a muddy Candlestick Park. The Cowboys went on to crush the Buffalo Bills in Super\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9560722\",\n \"text\": \"Texas Cowboy Hall of Fame The Texas Cowboy Hall of Fame, a western, historical museum in Fort Worth, Texas, honors those men and women who have shown excellence in the business and support of rodeo and the western lifestyle in Texas.\\\" The Hall of Fame includes over 125 cowboys and cowgirls, each of whom has a booth to display personal memorabilia. The museum, located in Historic Barn A, is also home to The Sterquell Wagon Collection, John Justin Trail of Fame, Chisholm Trail Exhibit, The Applewhite-Clark Exhibit, Adventures of the Cowboy Trail, Zigrang Horse Bit Collection, Amon G. Carter's 1933\",\n \"title\": \"Texas Cowboy Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19127716\",\n \"text\": \"inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame, the latter also is the NFL's all-time leading rusher. In the second round of the draft, the Cowboys selected Notre Dame linebacker Jaylon Smith with the 34th overall pick. Smith was named first team All-American in 2015, and led his team in tackles. Smith also won the Butkus Award, which is awarded to the best linebacker in the country at the high school, college, and professional levels. This was the second time Smith had won the award, the previous time in 2013 as a senior in high school. In the Fiesta Bowl\",\n \"title\": \"2016 Dallas Cowboys season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8725384\",\n \"text\": \"the best win in at least eight to ten years, the Cowboys beat the previously undefeated Colts 21–14. The game was nationally televised on CBS, having been moved from 1:00pm to 4:15pm (EST) because of the NFL's new \\\"flex scheduling\\\" policy. It was the first game played between the two teams at Texas Stadium in ten years. With the rest of the NFC East losing that weekend, the Cowboys were tied with the New York Giants for first place in the NFC East, and in a tie for second place in the NFC. The Cowboys chances of winning the division,\",\n \"title\": \"2006 Dallas Cowboys season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19127723\",\n \"text\": \"catch the ball from the backfield to fill the void that will be left at start of season while Lance Dunbar is out after a knee surgery. Gathers hasn't played football since he was 13 years old, but was an honorable mention AP All-American college basketball athlete. Notes Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. The Cowboys fell short trying to win their home opener against the Giants in a hard-fought game. They dropped to 0–1 and lost to the Giants at AT&T Stadium for the first time since 2012. Ezekiel Elliott struggled to find holes all game, but managed\",\n \"title\": \"2016 Dallas Cowboys season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"106530\",\n \"text\": \"Darren Woodson, who was inducted on November 1, 2015. , the Cowboys' flagship radio station is KRLD-FM. Brad Sham is the team's longtime play-by-play voice. Working alongside him is former Cowboy quarterback Babe Laufenberg, who returned in 2007 after a one-year absence to replace former safety Charlie Waters. The Cowboys, who retain rights to all announcers, chose not to renew Laufenberg's contract in 2006 and brought in Waters. However, Laufenberg did work as the analyst on the \\\"Blue Star Network\\\", which televises Cowboys preseason games not shown on national networks. The anchor station is KTVT, the CBS owned and operated\",\n \"title\": \"Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"106482\",\n \"text\": \"a free agent. Murray signed with the division rival Philadelphia Eagles. On July 15 wide receiver Dez Bryant signed a 5-year, $70 million contract. At home against the New York Giants, Dallas won 27–26. Dez Bryant left the game early with a fractured bone in his foot. On the road against the Philadelphia Eagles, Romo suffered a broken left collarbone, the same one he injured in 2010, and Brandon Weeden replaced him. Dallas won 20–10 to begin the season 2–0, but then went on a seven-game losing streak. Dallas finished the season 4–12 and last in their division. After a\",\n \"title\": \"Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17945221\",\n \"text\": \"first 11 weeks of the season. The Thanksgiving Day Classic featured just one game for the first time since 1997, which is ironic in that it was the only week of the season with five games being played. For the second straight year, there was no Touchdown Atlantic contest. The Canadian Football Hall of Fame game took place on August 22, 2015, featuring the Saskatchewan Roughriders hosting the Calgary Stampeders. Dave Dickenson, Gene Makowsky, Eddie Davis, and Leroy Blugh were inducted as players while Bob O'Billovich, Bob Wetenhall, and Larry Reda joined as builders. Dickenson played for five seasons for\",\n \"title\": \"2015 CFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3994648\",\n \"text\": \"cities, including Dallas, which had the financial backing of billionaire T. Boone Pickens. However, the National Football Foundation ultimately decided on Atlanta for the next site. The new $68.5 million museum opened on August 23, 2014. It is located next to Centennial Olympic Park, which is near other attractions such as the Georgia Aquarium, the World of Coca-Cola, CNN Center, and the National Center for Civil and Human Rights. The Hall of Fame is located near the Georgia Institute of Technology of the ACC and roughly from the University of Georgia of the SEC. The new building broke ground on\",\n \"title\": \"College Football Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10213490\",\n \"text\": \"32-yard touchdown pass to running back Wendell Tyler. Dallas kicker Rafael Septién kicked a 33-yard field goal with 52 seconds left in the first half, but Ferragamo completed a 43-yard touchdown pass to Ron Smith before time expired to make it a 14–5 halftime lead. The Cowboys, led by quarterback Roger Staubach in what proved to be his last NFL game of his Hall of Fame career, then scored 2 unanswered touchdowns in the second half to take the lead, 19–14. With about 2 minutes left in the game and the Rams at midfield, Ferragamo found wide receiver Billy Waddy\",\n \"title\": \"1979 Los Angeles Rams season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5732107\",\n \"text\": \"to commemorate two anniversaries—the 25th anniversary of Super Bowl XX and 15th of Super Bowl XXX, which marked the Dallas Cowboys' most recent Super Bowl championship. In honor of those occasions, Super Bowl XX MVP Richard Dent and former Dallas Cowboys defensive back Deion Sanders, both of whom were inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2011, joined the ceremonies. They were joined by fellow Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees and past Super Bowl participants Marshall Faulk, Chris Hanburger and Shannon Sharpe. The Black Eyed Peas performed a medley of their greatest hits: \\\"I Gotta Feeling\\\", \\\"Boom\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9860142\",\n \"text\": \"embarrassing Week 7 34-7 loss by the division rival Eagles. They turned things around by going undefeated in November. That run included a Week 10 44-7 blowout over Buffalo. Week 11 was a 27-24 OT victory over the Redskins on the road. They entered December with a 7–4 record vying for first place of their division with the Giants, whom the Cowboys were yet to play. After losing in OT against Arizona in Week 13, they headed to a Sunday Night primetime game against the Giants. Despite leading New York 34–22 with less than 6 minutes to play, the Cowboys\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8020990\",\n \"text\": \"Troy Aikman Troy Kenneth Aikman (born November 21, 1966) is a former American football quarterback who played for the Dallas Cowboys in the National Football League (NFL). The number one overall draft pick in 1989, Aikman played twelve consecutive seasons as quarterback with the Cowboys. During his career he was a six-time Pro Bowl selection, led the team to three Super Bowl victories, and was the MVP of Super Bowl XXVII. Aikman was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2006 and to the College Football Hall of Fame on December 9, 2008 in New York City. Currently\",\n \"title\": \"Troy Aikman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12936846\",\n \"text\": \"a pivotal moment in the season. Not only was the nation's psyche impacted by this event, but also the image of the city of Dallas was tarnished. On November 24, just two days after this historic event, the NFL decided to play its normal schedule of games, with the Cowboys traveling to face the Cleveland Browns. On game day when the team was introduced, the public address announcer would not say the Dallas Cowboys, they were just the Cowboys. The crowd also vented their frustration and pain at the players during the contest. The Cowboys lost that day 17–27 and\",\n \"title\": \"1963 Dallas Cowboys season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6672197\",\n \"text\": \"Rayfield Wright Larry Rayfield Wright (born August 23, 1945) is a former American football player, an offensive tackle for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League for thirteen seasons and a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame, having been inducted in 2006. Nicknamed the \\\"Big Cat\\\" for his nimble feet, Wright played on five NFC Championship teams that advanced to the Super Bowl (1970, 1971, 1975, 1977, and 1978 seasons), winning twice. He also participated in the Ice Bowl against the Green Bay Packers for the NFL championship in his rookie season in 1967. Born and raised\",\n \"title\": \"Rayfield Wright\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9860151\",\n \"text\": \"The Seahawks' loss in that game was only their 2nd home loss in the past three seasons. The streak was ended by their division rival Redskins in overtime 20–17. However, Romo once again injured his back. He was out the next game against Arizona where backup Brandon Weeden started. The Cardinals won 28–17. Romo returned in Week 10 as Dallas played in London, England for the first time ever against Jacksonville in NFL International Series. The Cowboys beat the Jaguars 31–17. Dallas entered their annual Thanksgiving home game with an 8–3, identical with their opponents the Eagles. Philadelphia got off\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394726\",\n \"text\": \"Bowl XXVI. Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XXVIII, Super Bowl XXVIII Play Finder Dal, Super Bowl XXVIII Play Finder Buf Completions/attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted The following records were set in Super Bowl XXVIII, according to the official NFL.com boxscore and the ProFootball reference.com game summary.
Some records have to meet NFL minimum number of attempts to be recognized. The minimums are shown (in parenthesis). Source: Source: Super Bowl XXVIII Super Bowl XXVIII was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Buffalo Bills to decide the\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXVIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4875585\",\n \"text\": \"1971–72 NFL playoffs The National Football League playoffs for the 1971 season began on December 25, 1971. The postseason tournament concluded with the Dallas Cowboys defeating the Miami Dolphins in Super Bowl VI, 24–3, on January 16, 1972, at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana. Like the previous NFL seasons, the home teams in the playoffs were decided based on a yearly divisional rotation, excluding the wild card teams who would always play on the road. It was the first time that the NFL scheduled games on Christmas Day, a decision that drew considerable criticism. In the longest NFL game\",\n \"title\": \"1971–72 NFL playoffs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2186090\",\n \"text\": \"Outback Bowl The Outback Bowl is an annual college football bowl game played at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida, usually on New Years Day. The event was originally called the Hall of Fame Bowl from 1986 to 1994 until being renamed in 1995 for its new title sponsor, Outback Steakhouse. It is organized by the Tampa Bay Bowl Association under Jim McVay, who has been the president and CEO since 1988. The Outback Bowl was not Tampa's first bowl game; the Cigar Bowl was played at old Phillips Field near downtown from 1947 to 1954. However, the earlier event\",\n \"title\": \"Outback Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9860140\",\n \"text\": \"that with a meaningless win over the Eagles to end their season at 6–10. After going 5–3 as interim head coach during the last eight games of the previous season, Jason Garrett took the head coaching position full-time. With Tony Romo back in action, the Cowboys headed to the Meadowlands to take on the Jets for a Sunday Night game commemorating the 10-year anniversary of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. An early Dallas lead soon led to a 24–24 tie, but Romo threw an interception in the 4th quarter that allowed New York to get into the red zone\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18465631\",\n \"text\": \"hosted Arizona Cardinals (represented by former quarterback and 2017 Hall of Famer Kurt Warner). It was televised nationally on NBC. The 64-game preseason schedule ended on August 31; a 65th game, that of the 2017 Texas Governor's Cup, was canceled due to the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey. The 2017 regular season's 256 games which were played over a 17-week schedule which began on September 7. Each of the league's 32 teams plays a 16-game schedule, with one bye week for each team. The slate also features games on Monday nights. There are games played on Thursday, including the National Football\",\n \"title\": \"2017 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1581842\",\n \"text\": \"Bob Lilly Robert Lewis Lilly (born July 26, 1939), nicknamed \\\"Mr. Cowboy\\\", is a former American football defensive tackle and photographer. After a college career at Texas Christian University (TCU), he played for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL) for fourteen seasons. Lilly was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1980 and the College Football Hall of Fame in 1981. Born in Olney, Texas, Lilly grew up in Throckmorton, the son of John and Margaret (Redwine) Lilly. Lilly's father and grandfather were both involved in farming and ranching, but the severe 1950s Texas drought\",\n \"title\": \"Bob Lilly\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18465642\",\n \"text\": \"sparse attendance for the 49ers' home opener. Even the Dallas Cowboys, a team whose fan base is among the largest in the United States, played their week 13 \\\"Thursday Night Football\\\" game in front of a half-empty AT&T Stadium. The lifting of the league's blackout policy was cited as one factor in the decline in ticket sales, as viewers would rather watch from the comfort of their homes, especially when weather conditions were less than ideal. At a Buffalo Bills/Indianapolis Colts game held in blinding lake-effect snow on December 10, scalpers said they had not sold any tickets, an extreme\",\n \"title\": \"2017 NFL season\"\n }\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":79088,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":79088,"string":"79,088"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["SIG Sauer P226 MK25","M1911A1","Glock 19","Beretta M9","SIG P229 DAK","SIG Sauer M11"],"string":"[\n \"SIG Sauer P226 MK25\",\n \"M1911A1\",\n \"Glock 19\",\n \"Beretta M9\",\n \"SIG P229 DAK\",\n \"SIG Sauer M11\"\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"what kind of pistol does the army use"},"compressed_prompt":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Question:\\nPlease write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Service rifle context: rifle. Assault rifles such as the Soviet AK-47 and the American M-16, and battle rifles such as the Belgian FN FAL and the Swiss Sturmgewehr 58, became common service rifles in the second half of the twentieth century. Service rifle A service rifle or service weapon (also known as a standard-issue rifle) is a weapon which an armed force issues as standard to its service members. In modern forces, this is typically a versatile and rugged assault rifle, battle rifle or carbine suitable for use in nearly all environments. Most armies also have service pistols or side arms. Early rifles\\n\\nwhat kind of pistol does the army use\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 177,\n \"origin_tokens\": 177,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"6563222","text":"rifle. Assault rifles such as the Soviet AK-47 and the American M-16, and battle rifles such as the Belgian FN FAL and the Swiss Sturmgewehr 58, became common service rifles in the second half of the twentieth century. Service rifle A service rifle or service weapon (also known as a standard-issue rifle) is a weapon which an armed force issues as standard to its service members. In modern forces, this is typically a versatile and rugged assault rifle, battle rifle or carbine suitable for use in nearly all environments. Most armies also have service pistols or side arms. Early rifles","title":"Service rifle"},{"id":"439285","text":"common weapons used by the army are the compact variant of the M16 rifle, known as the M4 carbine, as well as the 7.62×51mm variant of the FN SCAR for Army Rangers. The primary sidearm in the U.S. Army is the 9 mm M9 pistol; the M11 pistol is also used. Both handguns are to be replaced by the M17 through the Modular Handgun System program. Soldiers are also equipped with various hand grenades, such as the M67 fragmentation grenade and M18 smoke grenade. Many units are supplemented with a variety of specialized weapons, including the M249 SAW (Squad Automatic","title":"United States Army"},{"id":"6563218","text":"Service rifle A service rifle or service weapon (also known as a standard-issue rifle) is a weapon which an armed force issues as standard to its service members. In modern forces, this is typically a versatile and rugged assault rifle, battle rifle or carbine suitable for use in nearly all environments. Most armies also have service pistols or side arms. Early rifles used in combat were not standard-issue weapons like the service rifles of today. Rifles were for specialist marksmen only, whilst ordinary infantry were issued less accurate smoothbore muskets which had a higher rate of fire, with bore diameters","title":"Service rifle"},{"id":"8355688","text":"their replacement by semi-automatic handguns, such as the well-known German P08 Luger, the first semi-automatic service pistol to be widely adopted by an industrialised nation. The British Army was the last major military service to adopt a semi-automatic service pistol as a standard sidearm, phasing out their Webley Mk IV, Enfield No 2 Mk I, and Smith & Wesson Victory revolvers in 1969, after which the Browning Hi-Power became the Army's official service pistol. Special operations soldiers often carry a handgun as a secondary weapon to serve in a supplementary capacity to their primary weapon (a rifle, carbine, submachine gun,","title":"Service pistol"},{"id":"439286","text":"Weapon), to provide suppressive fire at the squad level. Indirect fire is provided by the M320 grenade launcher. The M1014 Joint Service Combat Shotgun or the Mossberg 590 Shotgun are used for door breaching and close-quarters combat. The M14EBR is used by designated marksmen. Snipers use the M107 Long Range Sniper Rifle, the M2010 Enhanced Sniper Rifle and the M110 Semi-Automatic Sniper Rifle. The army employs various crew-served weapons to provide heavy firepower at ranges exceeding that of individual weapons. The M240 is the U.S. Army's standard Medium Machine Gun. The M2 heavy machine gun is generally used as a","title":"United States Army"},{"id":"2131551","text":"M4 carbine The M4 carbine is a shorter and lighter variant of the M16A2 assault rifle. The M4 is a 5.56×45mm NATO, air-cooled, direct impingement gas-operated, magazine-fed carbine. It has a barrel and a telescoping stock. The M4 carbine is extensively used by the United States Armed Forces and is largely replacing the M16 rifle in United States Army and United States Marine Corps combat units as the primary infantry weapon and service rifle. The M4 is also capable of mounting the M203 and M320 grenade launchers. The distinctive step in its barrel is for mounting the M203 with the","title":"M4 carbine"},{"id":"2131604","text":"a patrol carbine. M4 carbine The M4 carbine is a shorter and lighter variant of the M16A2 assault rifle. The M4 is a 5.56×45mm NATO, air-cooled, direct impingement gas-operated, magazine-fed carbine. It has a barrel and a telescoping stock. The M4 carbine is extensively used by the United States Armed Forces and is largely replacing the M16 rifle in United States Army and United States Marine Corps combat units as the primary infantry weapon and service rifle. The M4 is also capable of mounting the M203 and M320 grenade launchers. The distinctive step in its barrel is for mounting the","title":"M4 carbine"},{"id":"1499615","text":"M1911 pistol The M1911, also known as the \"Government\" or \"Colt Government\", is a single-action, semi-automatic, magazine-fed, recoil-operated pistol chambered for the .45 ACP cartridge. It served as the standard-issue sidearm for the United States Armed Forces from 1911 to 1986. It was widely used in World War I, World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. The pistol's formal designation as of 1940 was Automatic Pistol, Caliber .45, M1911 for the original model of 1911 or Automatic Pistol, Caliber .45, M1911A1 for the M1911A1, adopted in 1924. The designation changed to Pistol, Caliber .45, Automatic, M1911A1 in","title":"M1911 pistol"},{"id":"19506937","text":"from 32 to 42½ inches, while its calibers were .36, .44, and .56. The .36 and .44 calibers were made to chamber six shots, while the .56‑caliber was made to chamber five shots. The Colt Firearms Company was also the primary supplier of revolvers (the standard sidearm for cavalry troops and officers), the .44‑caliber Army revolver and the .36‑caliber Navy revolver being the most popular (over 146,000 purchased). This was because they were simple, relatively sturdy, and reliable. Initially armed with sabers and pistols (and in one case, lances), Federal cavalry troops quickly added the breech-loading carbine to their inventory","title":"Armies in the American Civil War"},{"id":"19506963","text":"(.577 caliber), U.S. Model 1840/45 rifles (.58 caliber), Dresden and Suhl rifle-muskets (.58 caliber), and Sharps breechloading carbines (.52 caliber). Approximately thirty-five Federal regiments (roughly one-quarter of the total) were armed primarily with \"second class\" weapons, such as Austrian rifle-muskets in .54, .577, and .58 calibers; U.S. Model 1841 rifled muskets (.69 caliber); U.S. Model 1816 rifled muskets altered to percussion (.69 caliber); Belgian and French rifled muskets (.69 and .71 calibers); Belgian or Vincennes rifles (.70 and .71 calibers); and both Austrian and Prussian rifled muskets in .69 and .70 calibers. Only one Federal regiment, the 101st Illinois Infantry,","title":"Armies in the American Civil War"},{"id":"8000973","text":"The T65 series served as the standard issue weapon for front-line usage of the army and the marine corps until being replaced by the follow-on T91 in the early 2000s. T65 rifles are currently used by the Army Reserves, Army Basic Training Centers, and the Air Force. The T65 assault rifle was developed at the Taiwan State Arsenal to replace the obsolete 7.62mm M14 rifles imported from the United States. Reports on the original T65 rifle suggested that it performed poorly, but was later improved and became the T65K2 (also referred to as the T68). Later on, a T86 carbine","title":"T65 assault rifle"},{"id":"13225425","text":"M249 light machine gun The M249 light machine gun (LMG), formerly designated the M249 Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW) and formally written as Light Machine Gun, 5.56 mm, M249, is the American adaptation of the Belgian FN Minimi, a light machine gun manufactured by the Belgian company FN Herstal (FN). The M249 is manufactured in the United States by the local subsidiary FN Manufacturing LLC in Columbia, South Carolina and is widely used in the U.S. Armed Forces. The weapon was introduced in 1984 after being judged the most effective of a number of candidate weapons to address the lack of","title":"M249 light machine gun"},{"id":"9855892","text":"the \"Modell 1900 Parabellum\". Later versions included the Pistol Parabellum Model 1908 or P08 which was produced by DWM and other manufacturers. The first Parabellum pistol was adopted by the Swiss army in May 1900. In German Army service, the Parabellum was later adopted in modified form as the Pistol Model 1908 (P08) in caliber 9×19mm Parabellum. The Colt Model 1911 is an 8-round, single-action, semi-automatic, magazine-fed, recoil-operated pistol chambered for the .45 ACP cartridge. It served as the standard-issue sidearm for the United States Armed Forces from 1911 to 1986.Designed by John Browning, the M1911 is the best-known of","title":"Handgun"},{"id":"9855871","text":"paper cartridges (Civil War era), all combinations being ignited by a fulminate percussion cap applied to the nipples at the rear of the chamber. The Colt Army Model 1860 is a 6-shot muzzle-loaded cap & ball .44-caliber single-action revolver used during the American Civil War made by Colt's Manufacturing Company. It was used as a side arm by cavalry, infantry, artillery troops, and naval forces. More than 200,000 were manufactured from 1860 through 1873. Colt's biggest customer was the US Government with no less than 129,730 units being purchased and issued to the troops. The weapon was a single-action, six-shot","title":"Handgun"},{"id":"6141341","text":"Beretta M9 The Beretta M9 — officially the Pistol, Semiautomatic, 9mm, M9 — is the designation for the Beretta 92FS semi-automatic pistol by the United States Armed Forces. The M9 was adopted by the United States military as their service pistol in 1985. The M9 won a competition in the 1980s to replace the M1911A1 as the primary sidearm of the U.S. military, beating many other contenders, and only narrowly defeating the SIG P226 for cost reasons. It officially entered service in 1990. Some other models have been adopted to a lesser extent, namely the M11 pistol, and other models","title":"Beretta M9"},{"id":"9855872","text":"weapon accurate up to 75 to 100 yards, where the fixed sights were typically set when manufactured. The rear sight was a notch in the hammer, only usable when the revolver was fully cocked. The Colt .44-caliber “Army\" Model was the most widely used revolver of the Civil War. It had a six-shot, rotating cylinder, and fired a round spherical lead ball, or a conical-tipped bullet, typically propelled by a 30-grain charge of black powder, which was ignited by a small copper percussion cap that contained a volatile charge of fulminate of mercury (a substance that explodes upon being subjected","title":"Handgun"},{"id":"6810060","text":"standard olive drab uniform. From this clothing, the nickname they were given by the British civilians at the time was \"snowdrops.\" An MP armband was also worn on the left arm, usually black or dark blue with white letters. The standard personal weapons of the United States Army military police include the 9mm M9 pistol, the M4 carbine, the M320 grenade launcher, the M249 Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW) or M240B, and the Mossberg 12-gauge pump action shotgun. MP team leaders are typically assigned an M4 with an M320 attached, drivers are assigned an M4, and gunners are assigned an M249","title":"Military Police Corps (United States)"},{"id":"12362315","text":"Firearms Act and since 1986 under the Firearm Owners Protection Act. Assault rifle An assault rifle is a selective-fire rifle that uses an intermediate cartridge and a detachable magazine. Assault rifles were first used during World War II. Though Western nations were slow to accept the assault rifle concept, by the end of the 20th century they had become the standard weapon in most of the world's armies, replacing full-powered rifles and sub-machine guns in most roles. Examples include the StG 44, AK-47 and the M16 rifle. The term \"assault rifle\" is generally attributed to Adolf Hitler, who for propaganda","title":"Assault rifle"},{"id":"10687283","text":"under generous military grants. Germany, the United States, Belgium, Israel, and South Korea have also either supplied or offered arms to the Nepalese Army. The army is currently in possession of 160,000 firearms. Its first standard rifle was the Belgian FN FAL, which it adopted in 1960. Nepalese FALs were later complemented by unlicensed, Indian-manufactured variants of the same weapon, as well its British counterpart, the L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle. Beginning in 2002 these were officially supplemented in army service by the American M-16 rifle, which took the FAL's place as the army's standard service rifle. Nevertheless, the FAL and its","title":"Nepalese Army"},{"id":"6141364","text":"repair than buying a new service pistol. Beretta claims M9A3 upgrade features fix most of the complaints and could be sold for less than the cost of previous M9 versions. The Army formally rejected the M9A3 ECP proposal at the end of January 2015. On January 19, 2017, it was announced that the SIG Sauer P320 (with undisclosed modifications) had been selected to replace the Beretta M9 as the U.S. Army's service pistol. \"Only the Sig Sauer P320, with a serialized core frame and the ability to swap different grip lengths and slide-barrel combinations, seems to meet the requirements of","title":"Beretta M9"},{"id":"3036955","text":"M240 machine gun The M240, officially the Machine Gun, Caliber 7.62 mm, M240, is the US military designation for the FN MAG (\"Mitrailleuse A Gaz\" = Gas operated machine gun; alternatively, \"Mitrailleuse d'Appui General\" = machine gun, support, general) a family of belt-fed, gas-operated medium machine guns that chamber the 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge. The M240 has been used by the United States Armed Forces since the late 1970s. It is used extensively by infantry, most often in rifle companies, as well as on ground vehicles, watercraft and aircraft. Despite being heavier than some comparable weapons it is highly regarded for","title":"M240 machine gun"},{"id":"18689464","text":"intend to acquire the handgun, making it the standard sidearm for the entire U.S. military. The services plan to procure up to 421,000 weapons in total; 195,000 for the Army, 130,000 for the Air Force, 61,000 for the Navy (XM18 compact version only), and 35,000 for the Marines. On 17 November 2017, soldiers of the 101st Airborne received the first XM17 and XM18 pistols, with over 2,000 handguns delivered. The XM17 has better accuracy and ergonomics and tighter dispersion than the M9. It will also be fielded more widely, being issued down to squad and fireteam leaders; while special forces","title":"SIG Sauer P320"},{"id":"3805151","text":"to be replaced in the Army and Air Force through the Modular Handgun System program. On January 19, 2017, it was announced that the SIG Sauer P320 Compact (M18) had been selected to replace the M11 as the U.S's service pistol. One factor in winning the Modular Handgun System competition was the ability to employ 9mm Parabellum, .357 Sig or .40 S&W cartridges within the same basic frame. The P229 is a compact firearm often used for duty or concealed carry purposes. The standard version features a DA/SA trigger. The pistol has also been made available in a DAK (Double","title":"SIG Sauer P226"},{"id":"5050474","text":"Ordnance QF 6-pounder The Ordnance Quick-Firing 6-pounder 7 cwt, or just 6 pounder, was a British 57 mm gun, serving as a primary anti-tank gun of the British Army during World War II, as well as the main armament for a number of armoured fighting vehicles. Although planned before the start of the war, it did not reach service until the North African Campaign in April 1942. There, it replaced the 2 pounder in the anti-tank role, allowing the 25 pounder gun-howitzer to revert to its intended artillery role. The United States Army also adopted the 6 pounder as their","title":"Ordnance QF 6-pounder"},{"id":"886124","text":"the following conflicts: SA80 The SA80 is a British family of 5.56×45mm NATO small arms, all of which are selective fire, gas-operated assault rifles. The L85 rifle variant of the SA80 family has been the standard issue service rifle of the British Armed Forces since 1987, replacing the L1A1 variant of the FN FAL. The first prototypes were created in 1976, with production ending in 1994. The A1 variant was significantly upgraded in the early 2000s by Heckler & Koch as the SA80A2 and remains in service as of 2018. The A3 variant was first issued in 2018 with several","title":"SA80"},{"id":"3695941","text":"the XM26 for breaching doors or close-quarter battle (CQB). The most common type of shotgun used for this purpose is the manually operated, slide-action/pump-action type like the Remington M870 or Mossberg 590A1, the latter of which is currently the pump-action of choice for US armed forces and both have seen service with other militaries, because it is less prone to malfunction (particularly when dirty) than semi-automatic designs. Pump-action shotguns are also less expensive than their semi-automatic counterparts. Even so, semi-automatic shotguns such as the Benelli M1014 are currently seeing service in NATO-aligned armed forces. Combat shotguns typically have much shorter","title":"Combat shotgun"},{"id":"3777181","text":".30-06 Springfield The .30-06 Springfield cartridge (pronounced \"thirty-aught-six\" or \"thirty-oh-six\"), 7.62×63mm in metric notation and called \".30 Gov't '06\" by Winchester, was introduced to the United States Army in 1906 and later standardized; it remained in use until the early 1980s. The \".30\" refers to the caliber of the bullet in inches. The \"06\" refers to the year the cartridge was adopted—1906. It replaced the .30-03, 6mm Lee Navy, and .30-40 Krag cartridges. The .30-06 remained the U.S. Army's primary rifle and machine gun cartridge for nearly 50 years before being replaced by the 7.62×51mm NATO (commercial .308 Winchester) and","title":".30-06 Springfield"},{"id":"439288","text":"provided by towed howitzers, including the 105 mm M119A1 and the 155 mm M777 (which will replace the M198). The U.S. Army utilizes a variety of direct-fire rockets and missiles to provide infantry with an Anti-Armor Capability. The AT4 is an unguided projectile that can destroy armor and bunkers at ranges up to 500 meters. The FIM-92 Stinger is a shoulder-launched, heat seeking anti-aircraft missile. The FGM-148 Javelin and BGM-71 TOW are anti-tank guided missiles. U.S. Army doctrine puts a premium on mechanized warfare. It fields the highest vehicle-to-soldier ratio in the world as of 2009. The army's most common","title":"United States Army"},{"id":"1785818","text":"and bolt-action rifles, single- and double-action revolvers and semi-automatic pistols. The parent company, Beretta Holding, also owns Beretta USA, Benelli, Franchi, SAKO, Stoeger, Tikka, Uberti, and the Burris Optics company. The model Beretta 92FS is the primary side arm of the United States Army, Marine Corps, Navy and Air Force, designated the M9 pistol. In 1985, Beretta was chosen after a controversial competition to produce the M9, winning a contract for 500,000 pistols. A condition of the original agreement was domestic fabrication of the M9. After complaints from servicemen, the Beretta M9 lost the U.S. Army sidearm contract in January","title":"Beretta"},{"id":"14273599","text":"the United States Air Force to arm base security troops. Commercial models were then sent to Special Forces in Vietnam, who reported success using the weapon. This led to its being adopted as the Army's main combat rifle starting in 1964. Officially designated Rifle, Caliber 5.56 mm, M16, it remained the US's primary combat rifle in one form or another to this day, and was adopted by many NATO countries in the 1980s. Armalite had further brushes with success, especially with the ArmaLite AR-18. These were not enough to keep the company going, and they ceased operations in the early","title":"ArmaLite"},{"id":"2122245","text":"other U.S. infantry rifle, surpassing the Springfield M1903 rifle. It also holds the distinction of serving as the standard infantry rifle of the U.S. Army for the second-shortest span of time of any service rifle, only surpassed by the short-lived US Krag–Jørgensen rifles and carbines. The Philippines issues M14 rifles, M1/M2 carbines, M1 rifles, and M16 rifles, to their civilian defense forces and various cadet corps service academies. The Hellenic Navy uses the M14. The M14 production Springfield tooling and assembly line was sold in 1967 to the Republic of China (Taiwan), who in 1968 began producing their Type 57","title":"M14 rifle"},{"id":"503895","text":"and cumbersome M249 SAW that was serving as the Squad Automatic weapon in a fireteam at the time. Two of the weapons in the competition were the FN SCAR HAMR and a slightly modified HK416. The weapon chosen to replace the M249 was the modified HK416, later designated the M27 IAR. The M249 SAW is still in use as a squad automatic weapon by the US Army. The Russian support weapon concept was designed around providing one standard cartridge that could be used by the clip-fed rifle (SKS), magazine-fed assault rifle (AK-47) and belt-fed light machinegun (RPD). The SKS and","title":"Squad automatic weapon"},{"id":"58577","text":"the L128A1 (Benelli M4) combat shotgun, may be temporarily used. The army's main battle tank is the Challenger 2. It is supported by the Warrior Infantry Fighting Vehicle as the primary armoured personnel carrier and the many variants of the Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked) and the FV430 series, which had its engines and armour upgraded as the Bulldog. Light armoured units often utilise the Supacat \"Jackal\" MWMIK and Coyote for reconnaissance and fire support. The army has three main artillery systems: the Multi Launch Rocket System (MLRS), the AS-90 and the L118 light gun. The MLRS, first used in Operation","title":"British Army"},{"id":"2131576","text":"also fitted with a heavier buffer known as the H2. Out of three sliding weights inside the buffer, the H2 possesses two tungsten weights and one steel weight, versus the standard H buffer, which uses one tungsten weight and two steel weights. These weapons, known by Colt as the Model 921HB (for \"Heavy Barrel\"), have also been designated M4A1, and as far as the government is concerned the M4A1 represents both the \"921\" and \"921HB\". Conversion of M4s to the M4A1 began in 2014, the start of all U.S. Army forces being equipped with the automatic variant. Though in service","title":"M4 carbine"},{"id":"79378","text":"issued to front-line soldiers to offset the increasing weight of other issued equipment. An example of this is the US Army's M4 carbine, which is standard-issue. The name comes from its first users — cavalry troopers called \"carabiniers\", from the French \"carabine\", from Old French \"carabin\" (soldier armed with a musket), whose origin is unclear. One theory connects it to an \"ancient engine of war\" called a \"calabre\"; another connects it to Medieval Latin \"Calabrinus\" 'Calabrian'; yet another, \"less likely\", to \"escarrabin\", gravedigger, from the scarab beetle. The carbine was originally a lighter, shortened weapon developed for the cavalry. Carbines","title":"Carbine"},{"id":"1499635","text":"U.S. Army units and U.S. Navy Mobile Construction Battalions (Seabees), and has seen service in both Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom, with U.S. Army Special Forces Groups and Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance Companies. However, by the late 1970s, the M1911A1 was acknowledged to be showing its age. Under political pressure from Congress to standardize on a single modern pistol design, the U.S. Air Force ran a Joint Service Small Arms Program to select a new semi-automatic pistol using the NATO-standard 9 mm Parabellum pistol cartridge. After trials, the Beretta 92S-1 was chosen. The Army contested this result and","title":"M1911 pistol"},{"id":"4414655","text":"One or both of these features can be seen on many military long-arms, including the 1903 Springfield, the SMLE, M1 Garand, and Mauser rifles, to name some of the more obvious types. The U.S. Army specifications for shotguns require a metal trigger guard for durability, which reduces the number of \"special purpose\" models used by police that would also be suitable for the military (the Mossberg 590A1 and Benelli M1014 are the standard-issue pump and semi-auto shotguns currently in service; the standard Mossberg 500 and 590 models, and most variants of the Remington 870, have plastic trigger groups). Riot shotguns","title":"Riot shotgun"},{"id":"5249093","text":"Enfield revolver The Enfield Revolver was a self-extracting British handgun designed and manufactured at the government-owned Royal Small Arms Factory in Enfield; initially in the .476 calibre (actually 11.6 mm) The .476 calibre Enfield Mk I and Mk II revolvers were the official sidearm of both the British Army and the North-West Mounted Police, as well as being issued to many other Colonial units throughout the British Empire. The term \"Enfield Revolver\" is not applied to Webley Mk VI revolvers built by RSAF Enfield between 1923 and 1926. The Enfield No. 2 is an unrelated .38 calibre revolver that was","title":"Enfield revolver"},{"id":"9833670","text":"Heckler & Koch HK45 The Heckler & Koch HK45 (\"Heckler & Koch, .45 ACP\") is a semi-automatic pistol designed by the German arms manufacturer Heckler & Koch. The HK45 was designed to meet requirements set forth in the U.S. Military Joint Combat Pistol program which had the purpose of arming the U.S. Military with a .45 ACP semi-automatic pistol instead of the 9mm M9 pistol. The Joint Combat Pistol program was suspended indefinitely in 2006, and the M9 pistol remained the standard issue handgun for the U.S. Military (replaced by the Sig P320 in January, 2017). Even though the Joint","title":"Heckler & Koch HK45"},{"id":"886102","text":"Koch AG-36 40 mm grenade launcher variants. There are four main variants that make up the SA80 family: the L85 IW Rifle, the L86 Light Support Weapon, the L22 Carbine and the L98 Cadet rifle. The family currently consists of two major models, A1 variants being the first issue weapons, and A2 distinguishing weapons which have undergone H&K upgrades. The L and A in the weapon title mean Number and Mark I.e. Number 85 Mark 1 = L85A1. The L85 IW (\"Individual Weapon\"; formally, Rifle, 5.56 mm, L85A2), is the standard rifle for the British armed forces. On operations with","title":"SA80"},{"id":"151129","text":"the M16A2, the M4 carbine, is widely used by U.S. and NATO tank and vehicle crews, airbornes, support staff, and in other scenarios where space is limited. The IMI Galil, an Israeli-designed weapon based on the action of the AK-47, is in use by Israel, Italy, Burma, the Philippines, Peru, and Colombia. Swiss Arms of Switzerland produces the SIG SG 550 assault rifle used by France, Chile, and Spain among others, and Steyr Mannlicher produces the AUG, a bullpup rifle in use in Austria, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, and Saudi Arabia among other nations. Modern designs call for compact weapons","title":"Firearm"},{"id":"7288837","text":"120 mm M1 gun The 120 mm Gun M1 was the United States Army's standard super-heavy anti-aircraft gun during World War II and the Korean War, complementing the smaller and more mobile M2 90 mm gun in service. Its maximum altitude was about , which earned it the nickname \"stratosphere gun\". The M1 gun was used by the Army for air defense from 1944 to 1960. The 120 served primarily in static defensive roles, although it had been designed to be mobile. It became obsolete with the development of anti-aircraft missiles and was phased out after 1954. The Army first","title":"120 mm M1 gun"},{"id":"12699473","text":".44 S&W American The .44 S&W American (commonly called the .44 American) is an American centerfire revolver cartridge. Used in the Smith & Wesson Model 3, it was introduced around 1869. Between 1871 and 1873, the .44 Model 3 was used as the standard United States Army sidearm. It was also offered in the Merwin Hulbert & Co. Army revolvers. It used an outside lubricated heeled bullet and appeared in either Boxer and Berdan priming, and both black and smokeless powder loadings. The heeled bullets make the case is incompatible with later .44 Russian, .44 Special, or .44 Magnum brass,","title":".44 S&W American"},{"id":"15533738","text":"of the Army Civilian \"U.S.\" insignia as required for investigative purposes. Although agents may be issued other weapons on special assignments, they are commonly issued a standard M11 compact pistol as their primary weapon. For combat environments, special agents are also typically issued the M4 carbine. United States Army Counterintelligence United States Army Counterintelligence is the component of United States Army Military Intelligence which conducts counterintelligence activities to detect, identify, assess, counter, exploit and/or neutralize adversarial, foreign intelligence services, international terrorist organizations, and insider threats to the United States Army and U.S. Department of Defense. Military and civilian personnel trained","title":"United States Army Counterintelligence"},{"id":"1542207","text":"Badger, ARV Taurus and AVLB Beaver. The Army infantry uses the C7 Rifle or C8 Carbine as the basic assault rifle, with grenadiers using the C7 with an attached M203 grenade launcher, and the C9 squad automatic weapon. The Canadian Army also uses the Browning Hi-Power and the SIG Sauer P226 Newer variants of the C7/C8 family have since been integrated into common use throughout the Canadian Armed Forces. The C7 has most recently been updated in the form the C7A2. The major internal components remain the same, however, several changes have been made to increase versatility of the rifle.","title":"Canadian Army"},{"id":"3881034","text":"a number of designations. The basic fixed armament version was given the designation \"M134\" by the United States Army, while the same weapon was designated \"GAU-2/A\" (on a fixed mount) and \"GAU-17/A\" (flexible mount) by the United States Air Force (USAF) and United States Navy (USN). The USAF minigun variant has three versions, while the US Army weapon appears to have incorporated several improvements without a change in designation. The M134D is an improved version of the M134 designed and manufactured by Dillon Aero, while Garwood Industries manufactures the M134G variant. Available sources show a relation between both M134 and","title":"Minigun"},{"id":"886079","text":"SA80 The SA80 is a British family of 5.56×45mm NATO small arms, all of which are selective fire, gas-operated assault rifles. The L85 rifle variant of the SA80 family has been the standard issue service rifle of the British Armed Forces since 1987, replacing the L1A1 variant of the FN FAL. The first prototypes were created in 1976, with production ending in 1994. The A1 variant was significantly upgraded in the early 2000s by Heckler & Koch as the SA80A2 and remains in service as of 2018. The A3 variant was first issued in 2018 with several new improvements. The","title":"SA80"},{"id":"12754324","text":".450 Adams The .450 Adams was a British black powder centrefire revolver cartridge, initially used in converted Beaumont–Adams revolvers, in the late 1860s. Officially designated .450 Boxer Mk I, and also known variously as the .450 Revolver, .450 Colt, .450 Short, .450 Corto and .450 Mark III, and in America as the .45 Webley, it was the British Army's first centrefire revolver round. The .450 was adopted for the Adams revolver in November 1868, and served until it was replaced in service in 1880 by the .476 Enfield (in the Enfield Mark 1 and 2), which was in turn supplanted","title":".450 Adams"},{"id":"2734294","text":"Colt Single Action Army The Colt Single Action Army, also known as the Single Action Army, SAA, Model P, Peacemaker, M1873, and Colt .45 is a single-action revolver with a revolving cylinder holding six metallic cartridges. It was designed for the U.S. government service revolver trials of 1872 by Colt's Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company — today's Colt's Manufacturing Company — and was adopted as the standard military service revolver until 1892. The Colt SAA has been offered in over 30 different calibers and various barrel lengths. Its overall appearance has remained consistent since 1873. Colt has discontinued its production twice,","title":"Colt Single Action Army"},{"id":"1499654","text":"Koch USP, the M1911 shows no signs of decreasing popularity and continues to be widely present in various competitive matches such as those of USPSA, IDPA, IPSC, and Bullseye. On March 18, 2011, the U.S. state of Utah—as a way of honoring M1911 designer John Browning, who was born and raised in the state—adopted the Browning M1911 as the \"official firearm of Utah\". M1911 pistol The M1911, also known as the \"Government\" or \"Colt Government\", is a single-action, semi-automatic, magazine-fed, recoil-operated pistol chambered for the .45 ACP cartridge. It served as the standard-issue sidearm for the United States Armed Forces","title":"M1911 pistol"},{"id":"936152","text":"are often double-action and are manufactured using more modern methods. It remains in service throughout the world. As of 2017, the MK1 version remained the standard service pistol of the Canadian Armed Forces, with the SIG Sauer P226 being issued to specialised units along with the SIG Sauer P225. The weapon is the standard sidearm of the Belgian Army, Indian Army, Indonesian Armed Forces, Australian Defence Force, Argentine Army, Luxembourg Army, Israel Police, and Venezuelan Army, among others. The Irish Army replaced its Browning Pistols (known popularly as BAPs, or Browning Automatic Pistols) with the Heckler & Koch USP in","title":"Browning Hi-Power"},{"id":"4456330","text":"M163 VADS The M163 Vulcan Air Defense System (VADS) is a self-propelled anti-aircraft gun (SPAAG) that was used by the United States Army. The M168 gun is a variant of the General Dynamics 20 mm M61 Vulcan rotary cannon, the standard cannon in most U.S. combat aircraft since the 1960s, mounted on either an armored vehicle or a trailer. The weapon is mounted on a modified M113 vehicle (the M741 carrier). The system was designed to complement the M48 Chaparral missile system. The M163 uses a small, range-only radar, the AN/VPS-2, and an M61 optical lead-calculating sight. The system is","title":"M163 VADS"},{"id":"19845730","text":"3.2-inch gun M1897 The 3.2-inch gun M1897 (81 mm), with its predecessors the M1885 and M1890, was the U.S. Army's first steel, rifled, breech loading field gun. It was the Army's primary field artillery piece in the Spanish–American War and the Philippine–American War from 1898 to 1902. This series of weapons was designed to provide a modern alternative to breechloading conversions of the Civil War-era 3-inch Ordnance rifle. It was made of gun steel, stronger than the wrought iron of previous weapons. It fired a projectile with cast iron, shrapnel, or canister types available. All versions used separately loaded bag","title":"3.2-inch gun M1897"},{"id":"503891","text":"U.S. fireteam tactics and doctrine that continues to the present day. Squad automatic weapons (such as the RPK and L86) are modified assault rifles or battle rifles (e.g. FN FAL 50.41 and M14A1) that may have increased ammunition capacity and heavier barrels to withstand continued fire and will almost always have a bipod. In the case of some assault rifles, such as the H&K G36 or Steyr AUG, the SAW is simply the standard rifle with a few parts replaced. However, the Austrian Army, though issuing the Steyr AUG rifle, does not issue the HBAR (heavy barrel) variant. Instead, the","title":"Squad automatic weapon"},{"id":"1499616","text":"the Vietnam War era. The U.S. procured around 2.7 million M1911 and M1911A1 pistols in military contracts during its service life. The M1911 was replaced by the 9mm Beretta M9 pistol as the standard U.S. sidearm in October 1986, but due to its popularity among users, it has not been completely phased out. Modernized derivative variants of the M1911 are still in use by some units of the U.S. Army Special Forces and the U.S. Navy. Designed by John Browning, the M1911 is the best-known of his designs to use the short recoil principle in its basic design. The pistol","title":"M1911 pistol"},{"id":"3529202","text":"quartermasters. Current catalog listings of compatible handguns list the caliber as .45 LC and .45 Colt. Both the Schofield and the .45 Colt were used by the Army at the same period of time prior to the adoption of the \"M1887 Government\" version of the .45 Schofield cartridge The .45 Colt was a joint development between Colt's Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company, of Hartford, Connecticut, and the Union Metallic Cartridge Company of Bridgeport, Conn. Colt began work on the revolver in 1871, and submitted a sample to the U.S. Army in late 1872. The revolver was accepted for purchase in 1873.","title":".45 Colt"},{"id":"2122241","text":"this has prompted the reissue of thousands of M14s. The 1st Battalion of the 3rd United States Infantry Regiment (\"The Old Guard\") in the Military District of Washington is the sole remaining regular U.S. Army combat field unit where the M14 is still issued as the standard rifle, along with a chromed bayonet and an extra wooden stock with white sling for military funerals, parades, and other ceremonies. The United States Air Force Honor Guard uses a version of the M14. The U.S. Navy Ceremonial Guard and Base Honor Guards also use the M14 for 3-volley salutes in military funerals.","title":"M14 rifle"},{"id":"5052011","text":"were returned to the arsenals, broken down, and reloaded back to the original specification. In 1903, after recommendations from the infantry Small Arms Board, the U.S. Army formally adopted a higher-velocity .30-caliber replacement for the .30-40 or .30 Army cartridge. The new cartridge was designated by its year of adoption, the .30-03. .30-40 Krag The .30-40 Krag (also called .30 U.S., or .30 Army) was a cartridge developed in the early 1890s to provide the U.S. armed forces with a smokeless powder cartridge suited for use with modern small-bore repeating rifles to be selected in the 1892 small arm trials.","title":".30-40 Krag"},{"id":"6141365","text":"the RFP among the named designs,\" noted Bob Owens writing for BearingArms.com. Beretta M9 The Beretta M9 — officially the Pistol, Semiautomatic, 9mm, M9 — is the designation for the Beretta 92FS semi-automatic pistol by the United States Armed Forces. The M9 was adopted by the United States military as their service pistol in 1985. The M9 won a competition in the 1980s to replace the M1911A1 as the primary sidearm of the U.S. military, beating many other contenders, and only narrowly defeating the SIG P226 for cost reasons. It officially entered service in 1990. Some other models have been","title":"Beretta M9"},{"id":"2734301","text":"Generation\" of the model. Calibers, at least thirty in all, ranged from .22 rimfire through .476 Eley, with approximately half, or 158,884 (including Bisley and Flat Top Target variations), chambered for .45 Colt. The next most prevalent were the .44-40 Winchester Center fire (WCF) at 71,392; 38-40 (38 WCF) at 50,520; 32-20 Winchester (32 WCF) at 43,284 and, the 41 Colt at 19,676. All original, good condition, U.S. Cavalry and Artillery Single Action Armies (those produced between 1873 and 1891) are among the most valuable to collectors. Especially valuable, often going for well over $10,000, are the OWA (Orville Wood","title":"Colt Single Action Army"},{"id":"3529201","text":".45 Colt The .45 Colt cartridge, which is sometimes called .45 Long Colt, .45 LC, or 11.43×33mmR, is a handgun cartridge dating to 1872. It was originally a black-powder revolver round developed for the Colt Single Action Army revolver. This cartridge was adopted by the U.S. Army in 1873 and served as an official US military handgun cartridge for 14 years. While it is sometimes referred to as .45 Long Colt or .45 LC, to differentiate it from the very popular and ubiquitous .45 ACP, and historically, the shorter .45 S&W Schofield, it was only an unofficial designation by Army","title":".45 Colt"},{"id":"151117","text":"the primary duties of that soldier (vehicle drivers, field commanders and support staff, airborne troops, engineers, etc.). Carbines are also common in law enforcement and among civilian owners where similar size, space and/or power concerns may exist. Carbines, like rifles, can be single-shot, repeating-action, semi-automatic or select-fire/fully automatic, generally depending on the time period and intended market. Common historical examples include the Winchester Model 1892, Lee–Enfield \"Jungle Carbine\", SKS, M1 carbine (no relation to the larger M1 Garand) and M4 carbine (a more compact variant of the current M16 rifle). Modern U.S. civilian carbines include compact customizations of the AR-15,","title":"Firearm"},{"id":"7315051","text":"Bushmaster III The Bushmaster III is a 35 mm automatic/semi-automatic cannon designed and built by Alliant Techsystems, based on the 30 mm M242 Bushmaster. The weapon has been selected as primary armament for the export versions of the CV90 infantry fighting vehicles (IFV) currently in service with the Danish, Dutch and Estonian armies. The U.S. Army is testing the Bushmaster 50 mm cannon as a counter rocket, artillery, and mortar (C-RAM) and counter unmanned aerial vehicle (C-UAV) weapon. Initially developed under the Extended Area Protection and Survivability Integrated Demonstration (EAPS ID), it has been successfully tested in tracking distant moving","title":"Bushmaster III"},{"id":"3363650","text":"of fully automatic fire. In the US M16/M4 rifles for example, the burst mode is 3 rounds. The trigger once pulled and held, results in 3 rounds being fired. The gun will not fire again until the trigger is released and then pulled again. There are suggestions that fully automatic fire has no genuine benefit and has been restricted or banned in combat due to being a waste of ammunition. The US M4 Carbine is now the main combat rifle of the US armed forces and has been available until recently in semi-automatic and burst mode of 3 rounds only.","title":"Automatic firearm"},{"id":"3529217","text":".38 Long Colt The .38 Long Colt (commonly known as .38 LC) [9.1 x 26mm] is a black powder cartridge introduced by Colt's Manufacturing Company in 1875, and was adopted as a standard military pistol cartridge by the United States Army in 1892 for the Colt New Army M1892 Revolver. It is slightly more powerful than the .38 Short Colt, or .38 SC. The .38 SC and .38 LC differ in case length, bullet diameter, weight, and design. The .38 Long Colt's predecessor, the .38 Short Colt, used a heeled bullet of at a nominal , producing muzzle energy. The","title":".38 Long Colt"},{"id":"4870154","text":"INSAS rifle INSAS (an abbreviation of INdian Small Arms System) is a family of infantry arms consisting of an assault rifle and a light machine gun (LMG). It is manufactured by the Ordnance Factories Board at Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli, Small Arms Factory Kanpur and Ishapore Arsenal. The INSAS assault rifle is the standard infantry weapon of the Indian Armed Forces. In April 2015, the Indian government replaced some INSAS rifles of the CRPF with AK-47s. In early 2017, it was announced that INSAS rifles were to be retired and replaced by rifles capable of firing 7.62×51mm NATO cartridges. Since the","title":"INSAS rifle"},{"id":"58576","text":"the Light Support Weapon (LSW) and the L22A2 carbine (issued to tank crews). These weapons are usually equipped with iron sights or an optical SUSAT, although optical sights have been purchased to supplement these. Support fire is provided by the FN Minimi light machine gun and the L7 general-purpose machine gun (GPMG), and indirect fire is provided by L16 81mm mortars. The L129A1 sharpshooter rifle was brought into service during the war in Afghanistan to meet an urgent operational requirement. Sniper rifles include the L118A1 7.62 mm, L115A3 and the AW50F, all manufactured by Accuracy International. Other weapons, such as","title":"British Army"},{"id":"3877412","text":".30 Carbine The .30 Carbine (7.62×33mm) is a rimless carbine cartridge used in the M1 carbine introduced in the 1940s. It is a light rifle round designed to be fired from the M1 carbine's 18-inch (458 mm) barrel. Shortly before World War II, the U.S. Army started a \"light rifle\" project to provide support personnel and rear area units more firepower and accuracy than the standard issue M1911A1 .45 ACP handgun, and weigh half as much as a M1 Garand rifle or the .45 Thompson submachine gun. The .30 Carbine cartridge was developed by Winchester and is basically a rimless","title":".30 Carbine"},{"id":"5544711","text":"M119 howitzer The M119 howitzer is the US designation for the L119 light gun, a lightweight British 105 mm howitzer also used by the United States Army. It can be easily airlifted by helicopter, or dropped by parachute. It does not need a recoil pit. The howitzer was designed and produced by the British Royal Ordnance Factories as the L118 light gun. In the L118 configuration, the 105 mm ammunition is cased separate loading ammunition (not semi-fixed projectile and propelling charge as sometimes stated). The L118 entered service with the British Army in 1976 and is used by parachute and","title":"M119 howitzer"},{"id":"3695936","text":"be subject to execution. The US Government rejected the claims, and threatened reprisals in kind if any US troops were executed for possession of a shotgun. The shotgun was used by Allied forces and Allied supported partisans in all theaters of combat in World War II, and both pump and semi-automatic shotguns are currently issued to all branches of the US military; they have also been used in subsequent conflicts by French, British, Australian, and New Zealand forces, as well as many guerrillas and insurgents throughout sub-Saharan Africa, Latin and South America, and Southeast Asia. Six different model of shotguns","title":"Combat shotgun"},{"id":"2734298","text":"and remained the primary U.S. military sidearm until 1892 when it was replaced by the .38 Long Colt caliber Colt Model 1892, a double-action revolver with swing-out cylinder. By the end of 1874, serial no. 16,000 was reached; 12,500 Colt Single Action Army revolvers chambered for the .45 Colt cartridge had entered service and the remaining revolvers were sold in the civilian market. The Single Action Army became available in standard barrel lengths of inch, inch, as well as the Cavalry standard, original inch. The shorter barrelled revolvers are sometimes called the \"Civilian\" or \"Gunfighter\" model ( inch) and the","title":"Colt Single Action Army"},{"id":"12362286","text":"Assault rifle An assault rifle is a selective-fire rifle that uses an intermediate cartridge and a detachable magazine. Assault rifles were first used during World War II. Though Western nations were slow to accept the assault rifle concept, by the end of the 20th century they had become the standard weapon in most of the world's armies, replacing full-powered rifles and sub-machine guns in most roles. Examples include the StG 44, AK-47 and the M16 rifle. The term \"assault rifle\" is generally attributed to Adolf Hitler, who for propaganda purposes used the German word \"Sturmgewehr\" (which translates to \"assault rifle\"),","title":"Assault rifle"},{"id":"480078","text":"uranium has been as 30 mm ordnance, primarily the 30 mm PGU-14/B armour-piercing incendiary round from the GAU-8 Avenger cannon of the A-10 Thunderbolt II used by the United States Air Force. 25 mm DU rounds have been used in the M242 gun mounted on the U.S. Army's Bradley Fighting Vehicle and the Marine Corps's LAV-25. The U.S. Marine Corps uses DU in the 25 mm PGU-20 round fired by the GAU-12 Equalizer cannon of the AV-8B Harrier, and also in the 20 mm M197 gun mounted on AH-1 Cobra helicopter gunships. The United States Navy's Phalanx CIWS's M61 Vulcan","title":"Depleted uranium"},{"id":"5815861","text":"was incredibly lightweight at only 6.85 lbs. empty. Initial comments by Springfield Armory test staff were favorable, and some testers commented that the AR-10 was the best lightweight automatic rifle ever tested by the Armory. In the end the United States Army chose the T44 now called the M14 rifle which was an improved M1 Garand with a 20-round magazine and automatic fire capability. The U.S. also adopted the M60 general purpose machine gun (GPMG). Its NATO partners adopted the FN FAL and HK G3 rifles, as well as the FN MAG and Rheinmetall MG3 GPMGs. The first confrontations between","title":"Comparison of the AK-47 and M16"},{"id":"19506935","text":"and carbine models. The rifle was 47‑ inches long and weighed 10 pounds, while the carbine was 39‑inches long and weighed 8¼ pounds. The Spencer was also the first weapon adopted by the US Army that fired a metallic rim‑fire, self‑contained cartridge. Soldiers loaded rounds through an opening in the butt of the stock, which fed into the chamber through a tubular magazine by the action of the trigger guard. The hammer still had to be cocked manually before each shot. The Henry rifle was, in some ways, even better than either the Sharps or the Spencer. Although never adopted","title":"Armies in the American Civil War"},{"id":"7315053","text":"Includes gun barrel, drive motor, recoil system and integral dual feeder.\" Bushmaster III The Bushmaster III is a 35 mm automatic/semi-automatic cannon designed and built by Alliant Techsystems, based on the 30 mm M242 Bushmaster. The weapon has been selected as primary armament for the export versions of the CV90 infantry fighting vehicles (IFV) currently in service with the Danish, Dutch and Estonian armies. The U.S. Army is testing the Bushmaster 50 mm cannon as a counter rocket, artillery, and mortar (C-RAM) and counter unmanned aerial vehicle (C-UAV) weapon. Initially developed under the Extended Area Protection and Survivability Integrated Demonstration","title":"Bushmaster III"},{"id":"5249099","text":"Webleys, and by 1896, hinge wear and barrel loosening were a real issue. Beginning in late 1904, the Mark II began to be phased out in favor of the .45 calibre Colt New Service revolver, but the Enfield remained in service until 1911. Enfield revolver The Enfield Revolver was a self-extracting British handgun designed and manufactured at the government-owned Royal Small Arms Factory in Enfield; initially in the .476 calibre (actually 11.6 mm) The .476 calibre Enfield Mk I and Mk II revolvers were the official sidearm of both the British Army and the North-West Mounted Police, as well as","title":"Enfield revolver"},{"id":"2377261","text":"own. The winner was the AK-47. It was finalized, adopted and entered widespread service in the Soviet army in the early 1950s. Its firepower, ease of use, low production costs, and reliability was perfectly suited for the Red Army's new mobile warfare doctrines. The AK-47 was widely supplied or sold to nations allied with the USSR and the blueprints were shared with several friendly nations (the People's Republic of China standing out among these with the Type 56). The AK-47 and AKM type rifles are the most produced firearms in history. The U.S. Army was influenced by combat experience with","title":"Automatic rifle"},{"id":"8356565","text":"Beaumont–Adams revolver The Beaumont–Adams revolver is a muzzle-loading, double-action, percussion revolver. Originally adopted by the British Army in .442 calibre (54-bore, 11.2mm) in 1856, many were later converted to use centrefire cartridges. It was replaced in British service in 1880 by the .476 calibre (11.6mm) Enfield Mk I revolver. On 20 February 1856, Lieutenant Frederick E. B. Beaumont of the Royal Engineers was granted a British patent for improvements to the Adams revolver which allowed them to be cocked and fired either by manually cocking the hammer as in Colt single-action revolvers, or by just pulling the trigger. Beaumont was","title":"Beaumont–Adams revolver"},{"id":"17275002","text":"Program, other Allied forces also gained access to a plethora of US weaponry. Common small arms used by rifle companies during the war included: the M1 Garand, M1 Carbine, and the .45 caliber pistol. Mortar teams had 60mm mortars and snipers were issued a scoped M1903 Springfield. Submachine guns were sometimes used in place of the M1 Garand if there were enough to “go around”. The US entered the war with the M1 Garand as its service rifle. However, due to its size and weight, it was not an ideal weapon for some specialist roles such as engineers, tank crew,","title":"American military technology during World War II"},{"id":"9855875","text":"cartridges, and typically did not have the cartridge information stamped on the gun (as is standard practice for most commercial firearms). Model 3 revolvers were later produced in an assortment of calibers, including .44 Henry Rimfire, .44-40, .32–44, .38–44, and .45 Schofield. The design would influence the smaller S&W .38 Single Action that is retroactively referred to as the Model 2. All of these revolvers would automatically eject the spent shell cases when opened. The Colt Single Action Army, also known as the Single Action Army, SAA, Model P, Peacemaker, M1873, and Colt .45 is a single-action revolver with a","title":"Handgun"},{"id":"2131574","text":"Army that adding the Rail Adapter System (RAS) turns the weapon into the \"M4 MWS\" or \"Modular Weapon System\". The \"M4A1\" carbine is a fully automatic variant of the basic M4 carbine intended for special operations use. The M4A1 was introduced in May 1991, and was in service in 1994. The M4A1 has a \"S-1-F\" (safe/semi-automatic/fully automatic) trigger group, while the M4 has a \"S-1-3\" (safe/semi-automatic/3-round burst) trigger group. The M4A1 is used by almost all U.S special operation units including, but not limited to, Marine Force Recon, Army Rangers, Army Special Forces, Navy SEALs, United States Air Force Pararescue","title":"M4 carbine"},{"id":"19506967","text":"carried guns ranging in size from 12-pounder howitzers to 11-inch Dahlgren shellguns. The Cairo, which is on display today at Vicksburg, suggests both the variety and the power of naval artillery in this campaign. When she sank in December 1862, the Cairo went down with three 42-pounder (7-inch bore) Army rifles, three 64-pounder (8-inch bore) Navy smoothbores, six 32-pounder (6.4-inch bore) Navy smoothbores, and one 4.2-inch 30-pounder Parrott rifle. Porter's firepower was not restricted to the water. During the siege, naval guns served ashore as siege artillery. The Confederates possessed a sizeable artillery capability but could not match Federal firepower.","title":"Armies in the American Civil War"},{"id":"5052007","text":".30-40 Krag The .30-40 Krag (also called .30 U.S., or .30 Army) was a cartridge developed in the early 1890s to provide the U.S. armed forces with a smokeless powder cartridge suited for use with modern small-bore repeating rifles to be selected in the 1892 small arm trials. Since the cartridge it was replacing was the .45-70 Government, the round was considered \"small-bore\" at the time. The design selected was ultimately the Krag–Jørgensen, formally adopted as the M1892 Springfield. It was also used in M1893 and later Gatling guns. Though the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps had adopted limited numbers","title":".30-40 Krag"},{"id":"13225428","text":"a large-caliber heavy machine gun, usually mounted on vehicles or in fixed emplacements. The M60 was a more mobile medium machine gun intended to be carried with the troops to provide heavy automatic fire. Both were very heavy weapons and usually required a crew of at least two to operate efficiently. The Browning automatic rifle, the army's main individual machine gun since its introduction in World War I, was phased out in 1957 with the introduction of the M14 rifle, which had a fully automatic mode. \"Designated riflemen\" in every squad were ordered to use their weapons on the fully","title":"M249 light machine gun"},{"id":"3186229","text":"25 mm weapon armed with armor-piercing rounds can disable many aircraft and vehicles, including some main battle tanks. The US military uses 25 mm weapons in their AV-8B Harrier, AC-130 gunship, M2 Bradley, LAV-25, F-35 Lightning II and as a standard ship-based munition in the Mk 38 autocannon. Several sub-types of the NATO 25 mm ammunition are available—the most common being armor-piercing, high-explosive, sabot, tracer, and practice rounds. Cartridges are usually composed of a combination of the aforementioned categories. For example, the M791 pictured to the right is an armor-piercing discarding sabot with tracer (APDS-T) round. It is used against","title":"25 mm caliber"},{"id":"503892","text":"7.62mm caliber MG74, a derivative of WW2-era German MG 42, is issued. Light machine guns, either belt-fed or magazine-fed, may be used as squad automatic weapons, as may be general-purpose machine guns; for example, during most of the Cold War period, the standard squad automatic weapon in the British Army was the FN Mag-derived L7. The most common squad automatic weapons in use today are derived from two basic patterns: the Kalashnikov-based RPK or the purpose-designed FN Minimi. In United States usage, the M249 light machine gun is commonly referred to as the Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW). In the 1970s","title":"Squad automatic weapon"},{"id":"2377262","text":"semi-automatic weapons such as the M1 Garand and M1 carbine, which enjoyed a significant advantage over enemies armed primarily with bolt-action rifles. Although U.S. Army studies of World War II combat accounts had very similar results to that of the Germans and Soviets, the U.S. Army maintained its traditional views and preference for high-powered semi-automatic rifles. After World War II, the United States military started looking for a single automatic rifle to replace the M1 Garand, M1/M2 Carbines, M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle, M3 \"Grease Gun\" and Thompson submachine gun. However, early experiments with select-fire versions of the M1 Garand proved","title":"Automatic rifle"},{"id":"665955","text":"Reno and Alfred Terry) authorized the Springfield as the official firearm for the United States Army. The Springfield, manufactured in a .45-70 long rifle version for the infantry and a .45-55 light carbine version for the cavalry, was judged a solid firearm that met the long-term and geostrategic requirements of the United States fighting forces. British historian Mark Gallear maintains that US government experts rejected the lever-action repeater designs, deeming them ineffective in the event of a clash with fully equipped European armies, or in case of an outbreak of another American civil conflict. Gallear's analysis minimizes the allegation that","title":"Battle of the Little Bighorn"},{"id":"19506938","text":"of weapons. Troops preferred the easier-handling carbines to rifles and the breechloaders to awkward muzzleloaders. Of the single‑shot breech-loading carbines that saw extensive use during the Civil War, the Hall .52‑caliber accounted for approximately 20,000 in 1861. The Hall was quickly replaced by a variety of more state-of-the-art carbines, including the Merrill .54‑caliber (14,495), Maynard .52‑caliber (20,002), Gallager .53‑caliber (22,728), Smith .52‑caliber (30,062), Burnside .56‑ caliber (55,567), and Sharps .54‑caliber (80,512). The next step in the evolutionary process was the repeating carbine, the favorite by 1864 (and commonly distributed by 1865) being the Spencer .52‑caliber seven‑shot repeater (94,194). Because of","title":"Armies in the American Civil War"},{"id":"7681481","text":"DOD to select a standard handgun and phase out all others. This task was assigned to the newly created Joint Service Small Arms Program (JSSAP). The United States Military forces had been using a variety of different small arms which grew over the years to about ten different types of handguns. Model in use included the M1911A1 (Colt .45 Automatic), Smith & Wesson (Combat Masterpiece in .38 Special caliber), Smith and Wesson Model 1917 (.45 ACP and .45 Auto Rim) and various other small arms. By the 1970s it became obvious that the M1911A1 (Colt Government .45ACP) model was going","title":"Joint Service Small Arms Program"},{"id":"3550629","text":"side-hammer revolver. In addition to the stronger frame, the cylinder pin access was moved to the front of the cylinder. The center-hammer revolvers retained the innovative combination trigger guard/loading lever of the side-hammer models. Army Model Revolver The Army Model is a six-shot, .44 caliber percussion weapon with a standard inch barrel. There is an early and late production variant recognized by collectors. Finish would be blued, with standard wood grips. Production likely continued until the end of Allen's life. Approximately 750 are thought to have been made. Only a few examples are known which have been converted to cartridge.","title":"Ethan Allen (armsmaker)"},{"id":"2122220","text":"M14 rifle The M14 rifle, officially the United States Rifle, 7.62 mm, M14, is an American select-fire rifle that fires 7.62×51mm NATO (.308 in) ammunition. It became the standard-issued rifle for the U.S. military in 1959 replacing the M1 Garand rifle in the U.S. Army by 1961 and the U.S. Marine Corps by 1965 until being replaced by the M16 rifle beginning in 1964. The M14 was used by U.S. Army, Navy, and Marine Corps for basic and advanced individual training (AIT) from the mid-1960s to the early 1970s. The M14 was the last American battle rifle issued in quantity","title":"M14 rifle"},{"id":"14527874","text":"Police law enforcement duties due to recent incidents involving active shooters on military installations. Thus, Department of the Army Civilian Police officers working on a military base have ammunition loaded with full metal jacket and/or hollow point ammunition. Department of the Army Civilian Police Detectives can be armed with the M11 pistol. Other firearms that may be issued include the Mossberg 500 shotgun and the M16 rifle or M4 carbine. Department of the Army Civilian Police vehicles vary widely, with vehicles ranging from Chevrolet Silverados to Ford Explorers and even Jeep Cherokees. However, most installations and agencies use the Ford","title":"Department of the Army Civilian Police"},{"id":"151128","text":"U.S. military up until early in the Vietnam War to the much less powerful but far lighter and light recoiling .223 caliber (5.56mm) intermediate cartridge. The military later designated the AR-15 as the \"M16\". The civilian version of the M16 continues to be known as the AR-15 and looks exactly like the military version, although to conform to B.A.T.F.E. regulations in the U.S., it lacks the mechanism that permits fully automatic fire. Variants of both of the M16 and AK-47 are still in wide international use today, though other automatic rifle designs have since been introduced. A smaller version of","title":"Firearm"},{"id":"12699475","text":"received the weapon as a gift from Tombstone, Arizona mayor and \"Tombstone Epitaph\" newspaper editor John Clum. .44 S&W American The .44 S&W American (commonly called the .44 American) is an American centerfire revolver cartridge. Used in the Smith & Wesson Model 3, it was introduced around 1869. Between 1871 and 1873, the .44 Model 3 was used as the standard United States Army sidearm. It was also offered in the Merwin Hulbert & Co. Army revolvers. It used an outside lubricated heeled bullet and appeared in either Boxer and Berdan priming, and both black and smokeless powder loadings. The","title":".44 S&W American"},{"id":"18479035","text":"M16 as the main U.S. Army combat assault rifle. \"After the North Hollywood shootout in 1997, the Department of Defense gave 600 surplus M16 assault rifles to LAPD, which were issued to each patrol sergeant. Various U.S. SWAT teams are armed with the Heckler & Koch MP5, a submachine gun. U.S. law enforcement agencies such as the Coast Guard, the New York City Police Department (NYPD), and the Pittsburgh Bureau of Police (PBP) use the Barrett M82. Police use the M82 to breach barriers, because the large-calibre .50 BMG round it fires will penetrate most commercial brick walls and concrete","title":"Militarization of police"},{"id":"4073665","text":"the 3-inch M1918 gun (76.2 mm L/40) and 3-inch anti-aircraft gun M3 (76.2 mm L/50) , a widely used caliber for this class of weapon. Similar weapons were in British, Soviet and other arsenals. There had been several upgrades to the weapon over its history, including the experimental T8 and T9 versions developed in the early 1930s, that were intended to enter service later in the decade. However the US Army became interested in a much more capable weapon instead, and on June 9, 1938, it issued a development contract calling for two new guns, one of 90 mm, which","title":"90 mm Gun M1/M2/M3"},{"id":"6326205","text":"program in the 1920s and 1930s. The five-round, stripper clip-fed, bolt-action Mosin–Nagant rifle remained the primary shoulder firearm of the Red Army through World War II. Over 17 million model 91/30 Mosin–Nagant rifles were manufactured from 1930 to 1945 by various Soviet arsenals. In 1943 design started on the M44, designed to replace the M91/30. Full production began in 1944, and remained in production until 1948, when it was replaced by the SKS semiautomatic rifle. The Red Army suffered from a shortage of adequate machine guns and semiautomatic firearms throughout World War II. The semiautomatic Tokarev SVT Model 38 and","title":"Soviet Armed Forces"},{"id":"942416","text":"with a tactical flashlight and sight. Brazilian Army officially used the FAP (\"Fuzil Automático Pesado\", or heavy automatic rifle) as its squad automatic weapon until 2013/2014, when the FN Minimi was adopted to replace it. The Marine Corps and Air Force also adopted the Minimi to replace the FAP. IMBEL also produced a semi-automatic version of the FAL for Springfield Armory, Inc. (not to be confused with the US military Springfield Armory), which was marketed in the US as the SAR-48 (standard model) and SAR-4800 (made after 1989 with some military features removed to comply with new legislation), starting in","title":"FN FAL"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"6563222\",\n \"text\": \"rifle. Assault rifles such as the Soviet AK-47 and the American M-16, and battle rifles such as the Belgian FN FAL and the Swiss Sturmgewehr 58, became common service rifles in the second half of the twentieth century. Service rifle A service rifle or service weapon (also known as a standard-issue rifle) is a weapon which an armed force issues as standard to its service members. In modern forces, this is typically a versatile and rugged assault rifle, battle rifle or carbine suitable for use in nearly all environments. Most armies also have service pistols or side arms. Early rifles\",\n \"title\": \"Service rifle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"439285\",\n \"text\": \"common weapons used by the army are the compact variant of the M16 rifle, known as the M4 carbine, as well as the 7.62×51mm variant of the FN SCAR for Army Rangers. The primary sidearm in the U.S. Army is the 9 mm M9 pistol; the M11 pistol is also used. Both handguns are to be replaced by the M17 through the Modular Handgun System program. Soldiers are also equipped with various hand grenades, such as the M67 fragmentation grenade and M18 smoke grenade. Many units are supplemented with a variety of specialized weapons, including the M249 SAW (Squad Automatic\",\n \"title\": \"United States Army\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6563218\",\n \"text\": \"Service rifle A service rifle or service weapon (also known as a standard-issue rifle) is a weapon which an armed force issues as standard to its service members. In modern forces, this is typically a versatile and rugged assault rifle, battle rifle or carbine suitable for use in nearly all environments. Most armies also have service pistols or side arms. Early rifles used in combat were not standard-issue weapons like the service rifles of today. Rifles were for specialist marksmen only, whilst ordinary infantry were issued less accurate smoothbore muskets which had a higher rate of fire, with bore diameters\",\n \"title\": \"Service rifle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8355688\",\n \"text\": \"their replacement by semi-automatic handguns, such as the well-known German P08 Luger, the first semi-automatic service pistol to be widely adopted by an industrialised nation. The British Army was the last major military service to adopt a semi-automatic service pistol as a standard sidearm, phasing out their Webley Mk IV, Enfield No 2 Mk I, and Smith & Wesson Victory revolvers in 1969, after which the Browning Hi-Power became the Army's official service pistol. Special operations soldiers often carry a handgun as a secondary weapon to serve in a supplementary capacity to their primary weapon (a rifle, carbine, submachine gun,\",\n \"title\": \"Service pistol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"439286\",\n \"text\": \"Weapon), to provide suppressive fire at the squad level. Indirect fire is provided by the M320 grenade launcher. The M1014 Joint Service Combat Shotgun or the Mossberg 590 Shotgun are used for door breaching and close-quarters combat. The M14EBR is used by designated marksmen. Snipers use the M107 Long Range Sniper Rifle, the M2010 Enhanced Sniper Rifle and the M110 Semi-Automatic Sniper Rifle. The army employs various crew-served weapons to provide heavy firepower at ranges exceeding that of individual weapons. The M240 is the U.S. Army's standard Medium Machine Gun. The M2 heavy machine gun is generally used as a\",\n \"title\": \"United States Army\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2131551\",\n \"text\": \"M4 carbine The M4 carbine is a shorter and lighter variant of the M16A2 assault rifle. The M4 is a 5.56×45mm NATO, air-cooled, direct impingement gas-operated, magazine-fed carbine. It has a barrel and a telescoping stock. The M4 carbine is extensively used by the United States Armed Forces and is largely replacing the M16 rifle in United States Army and United States Marine Corps combat units as the primary infantry weapon and service rifle. The M4 is also capable of mounting the M203 and M320 grenade launchers. The distinctive step in its barrel is for mounting the M203 with the\",\n \"title\": \"M4 carbine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2131604\",\n \"text\": \"a patrol carbine. M4 carbine The M4 carbine is a shorter and lighter variant of the M16A2 assault rifle. The M4 is a 5.56×45mm NATO, air-cooled, direct impingement gas-operated, magazine-fed carbine. It has a barrel and a telescoping stock. The M4 carbine is extensively used by the United States Armed Forces and is largely replacing the M16 rifle in United States Army and United States Marine Corps combat units as the primary infantry weapon and service rifle. The M4 is also capable of mounting the M203 and M320 grenade launchers. The distinctive step in its barrel is for mounting the\",\n \"title\": \"M4 carbine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1499615\",\n \"text\": \"M1911 pistol The M1911, also known as the \\\"Government\\\" or \\\"Colt Government\\\", is a single-action, semi-automatic, magazine-fed, recoil-operated pistol chambered for the .45 ACP cartridge. It served as the standard-issue sidearm for the United States Armed Forces from 1911 to 1986. It was widely used in World War I, World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. The pistol's formal designation as of 1940 was Automatic Pistol, Caliber .45, M1911 for the original model of 1911 or Automatic Pistol, Caliber .45, M1911A1 for the M1911A1, adopted in 1924. The designation changed to Pistol, Caliber .45, Automatic, M1911A1 in\",\n \"title\": \"M1911 pistol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19506937\",\n \"text\": \"from 32 to 42½ inches, while its calibers were .36, .44, and .56. The .36 and .44 calibers were made to chamber six shots, while the .56‑caliber was made to chamber five shots. The Colt Firearms Company was also the primary supplier of revolvers (the standard sidearm for cavalry troops and officers), the .44‑caliber Army revolver and the .36‑caliber Navy revolver being the most popular (over 146,000 purchased). This was because they were simple, relatively sturdy, and reliable. Initially armed with sabers and pistols (and in one case, lances), Federal cavalry troops quickly added the breech-loading carbine to their inventory\",\n \"title\": \"Armies in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19506963\",\n \"text\": \"(.577 caliber), U.S. Model 1840/45 rifles (.58 caliber), Dresden and Suhl rifle-muskets (.58 caliber), and Sharps breechloading carbines (.52 caliber). Approximately thirty-five Federal regiments (roughly one-quarter of the total) were armed primarily with \\\"second class\\\" weapons, such as Austrian rifle-muskets in .54, .577, and .58 calibers; U.S. Model 1841 rifled muskets (.69 caliber); U.S. Model 1816 rifled muskets altered to percussion (.69 caliber); Belgian and French rifled muskets (.69 and .71 calibers); Belgian or Vincennes rifles (.70 and .71 calibers); and both Austrian and Prussian rifled muskets in .69 and .70 calibers. Only one Federal regiment, the 101st Illinois Infantry,\",\n \"title\": \"Armies in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8000973\",\n \"text\": \"The T65 series served as the standard issue weapon for front-line usage of the army and the marine corps until being replaced by the follow-on T91 in the early 2000s. T65 rifles are currently used by the Army Reserves, Army Basic Training Centers, and the Air Force. The T65 assault rifle was developed at the Taiwan State Arsenal to replace the obsolete 7.62mm M14 rifles imported from the United States. Reports on the original T65 rifle suggested that it performed poorly, but was later improved and became the T65K2 (also referred to as the T68). Later on, a T86 carbine\",\n \"title\": \"T65 assault rifle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13225425\",\n \"text\": \"M249 light machine gun The M249 light machine gun (LMG), formerly designated the M249 Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW) and formally written as Light Machine Gun, 5.56 mm, M249, is the American adaptation of the Belgian FN Minimi, a light machine gun manufactured by the Belgian company FN Herstal (FN). The M249 is manufactured in the United States by the local subsidiary FN Manufacturing LLC in Columbia, South Carolina and is widely used in the U.S. Armed Forces. The weapon was introduced in 1984 after being judged the most effective of a number of candidate weapons to address the lack of\",\n \"title\": \"M249 light machine gun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9855892\",\n \"text\": \"the \\\"Modell 1900 Parabellum\\\". Later versions included the Pistol Parabellum Model 1908 or P08 which was produced by DWM and other manufacturers. The first Parabellum pistol was adopted by the Swiss army in May 1900. In German Army service, the Parabellum was later adopted in modified form as the Pistol Model 1908 (P08) in caliber 9×19mm Parabellum. The Colt Model 1911 is an 8-round, single-action, semi-automatic, magazine-fed, recoil-operated pistol chambered for the .45 ACP cartridge. It served as the standard-issue sidearm for the United States Armed Forces from 1911 to 1986.Designed by John Browning, the M1911 is the best-known of\",\n \"title\": \"Handgun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9855871\",\n \"text\": \"paper cartridges (Civil War era), all combinations being ignited by a fulminate percussion cap applied to the nipples at the rear of the chamber. The Colt Army Model 1860 is a 6-shot muzzle-loaded cap & ball .44-caliber single-action revolver used during the American Civil War made by Colt's Manufacturing Company. It was used as a side arm by cavalry, infantry, artillery troops, and naval forces. More than 200,000 were manufactured from 1860 through 1873. Colt's biggest customer was the US Government with no less than 129,730 units being purchased and issued to the troops. The weapon was a single-action, six-shot\",\n \"title\": \"Handgun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6141341\",\n \"text\": \"Beretta M9 The Beretta M9 — officially the Pistol, Semiautomatic, 9mm, M9 — is the designation for the Beretta 92FS semi-automatic pistol by the United States Armed Forces. The M9 was adopted by the United States military as their service pistol in 1985. The M9 won a competition in the 1980s to replace the M1911A1 as the primary sidearm of the U.S. military, beating many other contenders, and only narrowly defeating the SIG P226 for cost reasons. It officially entered service in 1990. Some other models have been adopted to a lesser extent, namely the M11 pistol, and other models\",\n \"title\": \"Beretta M9\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9855872\",\n \"text\": \"weapon accurate up to 75 to 100 yards, where the fixed sights were typically set when manufactured. The rear sight was a notch in the hammer, only usable when the revolver was fully cocked. The Colt .44-caliber “Army\\\" Model was the most widely used revolver of the Civil War. It had a six-shot, rotating cylinder, and fired a round spherical lead ball, or a conical-tipped bullet, typically propelled by a 30-grain charge of black powder, which was ignited by a small copper percussion cap that contained a volatile charge of fulminate of mercury (a substance that explodes upon being subjected\",\n \"title\": \"Handgun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6810060\",\n \"text\": \"standard olive drab uniform. From this clothing, the nickname they were given by the British civilians at the time was \\\"snowdrops.\\\" An MP armband was also worn on the left arm, usually black or dark blue with white letters. The standard personal weapons of the United States Army military police include the 9mm M9 pistol, the M4 carbine, the M320 grenade launcher, the M249 Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW) or M240B, and the Mossberg 12-gauge pump action shotgun. MP team leaders are typically assigned an M4 with an M320 attached, drivers are assigned an M4, and gunners are assigned an M249\",\n \"title\": \"Military Police Corps (United States)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12362315\",\n \"text\": \"Firearms Act and since 1986 under the Firearm Owners Protection Act. Assault rifle An assault rifle is a selective-fire rifle that uses an intermediate cartridge and a detachable magazine. Assault rifles were first used during World War II. Though Western nations were slow to accept the assault rifle concept, by the end of the 20th century they had become the standard weapon in most of the world's armies, replacing full-powered rifles and sub-machine guns in most roles. Examples include the StG 44, AK-47 and the M16 rifle. The term \\\"assault rifle\\\" is generally attributed to Adolf Hitler, who for propaganda\",\n \"title\": \"Assault rifle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10687283\",\n \"text\": \"under generous military grants. Germany, the United States, Belgium, Israel, and South Korea have also either supplied or offered arms to the Nepalese Army. The army is currently in possession of 160,000 firearms. Its first standard rifle was the Belgian FN FAL, which it adopted in 1960. Nepalese FALs were later complemented by unlicensed, Indian-manufactured variants of the same weapon, as well its British counterpart, the L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle. Beginning in 2002 these were officially supplemented in army service by the American M-16 rifle, which took the FAL's place as the army's standard service rifle. Nevertheless, the FAL and its\",\n \"title\": \"Nepalese Army\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6141364\",\n \"text\": \"repair than buying a new service pistol. Beretta claims M9A3 upgrade features fix most of the complaints and could be sold for less than the cost of previous M9 versions. The Army formally rejected the M9A3 ECP proposal at the end of January 2015. On January 19, 2017, it was announced that the SIG Sauer P320 (with undisclosed modifications) had been selected to replace the Beretta M9 as the U.S. Army's service pistol. \\\"Only the Sig Sauer P320, with a serialized core frame and the ability to swap different grip lengths and slide-barrel combinations, seems to meet the requirements of\",\n \"title\": \"Beretta M9\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3036955\",\n \"text\": \"M240 machine gun The M240, officially the Machine Gun, Caliber 7.62 mm, M240, is the US military designation for the FN MAG (\\\"Mitrailleuse A Gaz\\\" = Gas operated machine gun; alternatively, \\\"Mitrailleuse d'Appui General\\\" = machine gun, support, general) a family of belt-fed, gas-operated medium machine guns that chamber the 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge. The M240 has been used by the United States Armed Forces since the late 1970s. It is used extensively by infantry, most often in rifle companies, as well as on ground vehicles, watercraft and aircraft. Despite being heavier than some comparable weapons it is highly regarded for\",\n \"title\": \"M240 machine gun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18689464\",\n \"text\": \"intend to acquire the handgun, making it the standard sidearm for the entire U.S. military. The services plan to procure up to 421,000 weapons in total; 195,000 for the Army, 130,000 for the Air Force, 61,000 for the Navy (XM18 compact version only), and 35,000 for the Marines. On 17 November 2017, soldiers of the 101st Airborne received the first XM17 and XM18 pistols, with over 2,000 handguns delivered. The XM17 has better accuracy and ergonomics and tighter dispersion than the M9. It will also be fielded more widely, being issued down to squad and fireteam leaders; while special forces\",\n \"title\": \"SIG Sauer P320\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3805151\",\n \"text\": \"to be replaced in the Army and Air Force through the Modular Handgun System program. On January 19, 2017, it was announced that the SIG Sauer P320 Compact (M18) had been selected to replace the M11 as the U.S's service pistol. One factor in winning the Modular Handgun System competition was the ability to employ 9mm Parabellum, .357 Sig or .40 S&W cartridges within the same basic frame. The P229 is a compact firearm often used for duty or concealed carry purposes. The standard version features a DA/SA trigger. The pistol has also been made available in a DAK (Double\",\n \"title\": \"SIG Sauer P226\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5050474\",\n \"text\": \"Ordnance QF 6-pounder The Ordnance Quick-Firing 6-pounder 7 cwt, or just 6 pounder, was a British 57 mm gun, serving as a primary anti-tank gun of the British Army during World War II, as well as the main armament for a number of armoured fighting vehicles. Although planned before the start of the war, it did not reach service until the North African Campaign in April 1942. There, it replaced the 2 pounder in the anti-tank role, allowing the 25 pounder gun-howitzer to revert to its intended artillery role. The United States Army also adopted the 6 pounder as their\",\n \"title\": \"Ordnance QF 6-pounder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"886124\",\n \"text\": \"the following conflicts: SA80 The SA80 is a British family of 5.56×45mm NATO small arms, all of which are selective fire, gas-operated assault rifles. The L85 rifle variant of the SA80 family has been the standard issue service rifle of the British Armed Forces since 1987, replacing the L1A1 variant of the FN FAL. The first prototypes were created in 1976, with production ending in 1994. The A1 variant was significantly upgraded in the early 2000s by Heckler & Koch as the SA80A2 and remains in service as of 2018. The A3 variant was first issued in 2018 with several\",\n \"title\": \"SA80\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3695941\",\n \"text\": \"the XM26 for breaching doors or close-quarter battle (CQB). The most common type of shotgun used for this purpose is the manually operated, slide-action/pump-action type like the Remington M870 or Mossberg 590A1, the latter of which is currently the pump-action of choice for US armed forces and both have seen service with other militaries, because it is less prone to malfunction (particularly when dirty) than semi-automatic designs. Pump-action shotguns are also less expensive than their semi-automatic counterparts. Even so, semi-automatic shotguns such as the Benelli M1014 are currently seeing service in NATO-aligned armed forces. Combat shotguns typically have much shorter\",\n \"title\": \"Combat shotgun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3777181\",\n \"text\": \".30-06 Springfield The .30-06 Springfield cartridge (pronounced \\\"thirty-aught-six\\\" or \\\"thirty-oh-six\\\"), 7.62×63mm in metric notation and called \\\".30 Gov't '06\\\" by Winchester, was introduced to the United States Army in 1906 and later standardized; it remained in use until the early 1980s. The \\\".30\\\" refers to the caliber of the bullet in inches. The \\\"06\\\" refers to the year the cartridge was adopted—1906. It replaced the .30-03, 6mm Lee Navy, and .30-40 Krag cartridges. The .30-06 remained the U.S. Army's primary rifle and machine gun cartridge for nearly 50 years before being replaced by the 7.62×51mm NATO (commercial .308 Winchester) and\",\n \"title\": \".30-06 Springfield\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"439288\",\n \"text\": \"provided by towed howitzers, including the 105 mm M119A1 and the 155 mm M777 (which will replace the M198). The U.S. Army utilizes a variety of direct-fire rockets and missiles to provide infantry with an Anti-Armor Capability. The AT4 is an unguided projectile that can destroy armor and bunkers at ranges up to 500 meters. The FIM-92 Stinger is a shoulder-launched, heat seeking anti-aircraft missile. The FGM-148 Javelin and BGM-71 TOW are anti-tank guided missiles. U.S. Army doctrine puts a premium on mechanized warfare. It fields the highest vehicle-to-soldier ratio in the world as of 2009. The army's most common\",\n \"title\": \"United States Army\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1785818\",\n \"text\": \"and bolt-action rifles, single- and double-action revolvers and semi-automatic pistols. The parent company, Beretta Holding, also owns Beretta USA, Benelli, Franchi, SAKO, Stoeger, Tikka, Uberti, and the Burris Optics company. The model Beretta 92FS is the primary side arm of the United States Army, Marine Corps, Navy and Air Force, designated the M9 pistol. In 1985, Beretta was chosen after a controversial competition to produce the M9, winning a contract for 500,000 pistols. A condition of the original agreement was domestic fabrication of the M9. After complaints from servicemen, the Beretta M9 lost the U.S. Army sidearm contract in January\",\n \"title\": \"Beretta\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14273599\",\n \"text\": \"the United States Air Force to arm base security troops. Commercial models were then sent to Special Forces in Vietnam, who reported success using the weapon. This led to its being adopted as the Army's main combat rifle starting in 1964. Officially designated Rifle, Caliber 5.56 mm, M16, it remained the US's primary combat rifle in one form or another to this day, and was adopted by many NATO countries in the 1980s. Armalite had further brushes with success, especially with the ArmaLite AR-18. These were not enough to keep the company going, and they ceased operations in the early\",\n \"title\": \"ArmaLite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2122245\",\n \"text\": \"other U.S. infantry rifle, surpassing the Springfield M1903 rifle. It also holds the distinction of serving as the standard infantry rifle of the U.S. Army for the second-shortest span of time of any service rifle, only surpassed by the short-lived US Krag–Jørgensen rifles and carbines. The Philippines issues M14 rifles, M1/M2 carbines, M1 rifles, and M16 rifles, to their civilian defense forces and various cadet corps service academies. The Hellenic Navy uses the M14. The M14 production Springfield tooling and assembly line was sold in 1967 to the Republic of China (Taiwan), who in 1968 began producing their Type 57\",\n \"title\": \"M14 rifle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"503895\",\n \"text\": \"and cumbersome M249 SAW that was serving as the Squad Automatic weapon in a fireteam at the time. Two of the weapons in the competition were the FN SCAR HAMR and a slightly modified HK416. The weapon chosen to replace the M249 was the modified HK416, later designated the M27 IAR. The M249 SAW is still in use as a squad automatic weapon by the US Army. The Russian support weapon concept was designed around providing one standard cartridge that could be used by the clip-fed rifle (SKS), magazine-fed assault rifle (AK-47) and belt-fed light machinegun (RPD). The SKS and\",\n \"title\": \"Squad automatic weapon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"58577\",\n \"text\": \"the L128A1 (Benelli M4) combat shotgun, may be temporarily used. The army's main battle tank is the Challenger 2. It is supported by the Warrior Infantry Fighting Vehicle as the primary armoured personnel carrier and the many variants of the Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked) and the FV430 series, which had its engines and armour upgraded as the Bulldog. Light armoured units often utilise the Supacat \\\"Jackal\\\" MWMIK and Coyote for reconnaissance and fire support. The army has three main artillery systems: the Multi Launch Rocket System (MLRS), the AS-90 and the L118 light gun. The MLRS, first used in Operation\",\n \"title\": \"British Army\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2131576\",\n \"text\": \"also fitted with a heavier buffer known as the H2. Out of three sliding weights inside the buffer, the H2 possesses two tungsten weights and one steel weight, versus the standard H buffer, which uses one tungsten weight and two steel weights. These weapons, known by Colt as the Model 921HB (for \\\"Heavy Barrel\\\"), have also been designated M4A1, and as far as the government is concerned the M4A1 represents both the \\\"921\\\" and \\\"921HB\\\". Conversion of M4s to the M4A1 began in 2014, the start of all U.S. Army forces being equipped with the automatic variant. Though in service\",\n \"title\": \"M4 carbine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"79378\",\n \"text\": \"issued to front-line soldiers to offset the increasing weight of other issued equipment. An example of this is the US Army's M4 carbine, which is standard-issue. The name comes from its first users — cavalry troopers called \\\"carabiniers\\\", from the French \\\"carabine\\\", from Old French \\\"carabin\\\" (soldier armed with a musket), whose origin is unclear. One theory connects it to an \\\"ancient engine of war\\\" called a \\\"calabre\\\"; another connects it to Medieval Latin \\\"Calabrinus\\\" 'Calabrian'; yet another, \\\"less likely\\\", to \\\"escarrabin\\\", gravedigger, from the scarab beetle. The carbine was originally a lighter, shortened weapon developed for the cavalry. Carbines\",\n \"title\": \"Carbine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1499635\",\n \"text\": \"U.S. Army units and U.S. Navy Mobile Construction Battalions (Seabees), and has seen service in both Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom, with U.S. Army Special Forces Groups and Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance Companies. However, by the late 1970s, the M1911A1 was acknowledged to be showing its age. Under political pressure from Congress to standardize on a single modern pistol design, the U.S. Air Force ran a Joint Service Small Arms Program to select a new semi-automatic pistol using the NATO-standard 9 mm Parabellum pistol cartridge. After trials, the Beretta 92S-1 was chosen. The Army contested this result and\",\n \"title\": \"M1911 pistol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4414655\",\n \"text\": \"One or both of these features can be seen on many military long-arms, including the 1903 Springfield, the SMLE, M1 Garand, and Mauser rifles, to name some of the more obvious types. The U.S. Army specifications for shotguns require a metal trigger guard for durability, which reduces the number of \\\"special purpose\\\" models used by police that would also be suitable for the military (the Mossberg 590A1 and Benelli M1014 are the standard-issue pump and semi-auto shotguns currently in service; the standard Mossberg 500 and 590 models, and most variants of the Remington 870, have plastic trigger groups). Riot shotguns\",\n \"title\": \"Riot shotgun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5249093\",\n \"text\": \"Enfield revolver The Enfield Revolver was a self-extracting British handgun designed and manufactured at the government-owned Royal Small Arms Factory in Enfield; initially in the .476 calibre (actually 11.6 mm) The .476 calibre Enfield Mk I and Mk II revolvers were the official sidearm of both the British Army and the North-West Mounted Police, as well as being issued to many other Colonial units throughout the British Empire. The term \\\"Enfield Revolver\\\" is not applied to Webley Mk VI revolvers built by RSAF Enfield between 1923 and 1926. The Enfield No. 2 is an unrelated .38 calibre revolver that was\",\n \"title\": \"Enfield revolver\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9833670\",\n \"text\": \"Heckler & Koch HK45 The Heckler & Koch HK45 (\\\"Heckler & Koch, .45 ACP\\\") is a semi-automatic pistol designed by the German arms manufacturer Heckler & Koch. The HK45 was designed to meet requirements set forth in the U.S. Military Joint Combat Pistol program which had the purpose of arming the U.S. Military with a .45 ACP semi-automatic pistol instead of the 9mm M9 pistol. The Joint Combat Pistol program was suspended indefinitely in 2006, and the M9 pistol remained the standard issue handgun for the U.S. Military (replaced by the Sig P320 in January, 2017). Even though the Joint\",\n \"title\": \"Heckler & Koch HK45\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"886102\",\n \"text\": \"Koch AG-36 40 mm grenade launcher variants. There are four main variants that make up the SA80 family: the L85 IW Rifle, the L86 Light Support Weapon, the L22 Carbine and the L98 Cadet rifle. The family currently consists of two major models, A1 variants being the first issue weapons, and A2 distinguishing weapons which have undergone H&K upgrades. The L and A in the weapon title mean Number and Mark I.e. Number 85 Mark 1 = L85A1. The L85 IW (\\\"Individual Weapon\\\"; formally, Rifle, 5.56 mm, L85A2), is the standard rifle for the British armed forces. On operations with\",\n \"title\": \"SA80\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"151129\",\n \"text\": \"the M16A2, the M4 carbine, is widely used by U.S. and NATO tank and vehicle crews, airbornes, support staff, and in other scenarios where space is limited. The IMI Galil, an Israeli-designed weapon based on the action of the AK-47, is in use by Israel, Italy, Burma, the Philippines, Peru, and Colombia. Swiss Arms of Switzerland produces the SIG SG 550 assault rifle used by France, Chile, and Spain among others, and Steyr Mannlicher produces the AUG, a bullpup rifle in use in Austria, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, and Saudi Arabia among other nations. Modern designs call for compact weapons\",\n \"title\": \"Firearm\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7288837\",\n \"text\": \"120 mm M1 gun The 120 mm Gun M1 was the United States Army's standard super-heavy anti-aircraft gun during World War II and the Korean War, complementing the smaller and more mobile M2 90 mm gun in service. Its maximum altitude was about , which earned it the nickname \\\"stratosphere gun\\\". The M1 gun was used by the Army for air defense from 1944 to 1960. The 120 served primarily in static defensive roles, although it had been designed to be mobile. It became obsolete with the development of anti-aircraft missiles and was phased out after 1954. The Army first\",\n \"title\": \"120 mm M1 gun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12699473\",\n \"text\": \".44 S&W American The .44 S&W American (commonly called the .44 American) is an American centerfire revolver cartridge. Used in the Smith & Wesson Model 3, it was introduced around 1869. Between 1871 and 1873, the .44 Model 3 was used as the standard United States Army sidearm. It was also offered in the Merwin Hulbert & Co. Army revolvers. It used an outside lubricated heeled bullet and appeared in either Boxer and Berdan priming, and both black and smokeless powder loadings. The heeled bullets make the case is incompatible with later .44 Russian, .44 Special, or .44 Magnum brass,\",\n \"title\": \".44 S&W American\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15533738\",\n \"text\": \"of the Army Civilian \\\"U.S.\\\" insignia as required for investigative purposes. Although agents may be issued other weapons on special assignments, they are commonly issued a standard M11 compact pistol as their primary weapon. For combat environments, special agents are also typically issued the M4 carbine. United States Army Counterintelligence United States Army Counterintelligence is the component of United States Army Military Intelligence which conducts counterintelligence activities to detect, identify, assess, counter, exploit and/or neutralize adversarial, foreign intelligence services, international terrorist organizations, and insider threats to the United States Army and U.S. Department of Defense. Military and civilian personnel trained\",\n \"title\": \"United States Army Counterintelligence\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1542207\",\n \"text\": \"Badger, ARV Taurus and AVLB Beaver. The Army infantry uses the C7 Rifle or C8 Carbine as the basic assault rifle, with grenadiers using the C7 with an attached M203 grenade launcher, and the C9 squad automatic weapon. The Canadian Army also uses the Browning Hi-Power and the SIG Sauer P226 Newer variants of the C7/C8 family have since been integrated into common use throughout the Canadian Armed Forces. The C7 has most recently been updated in the form the C7A2. The major internal components remain the same, however, several changes have been made to increase versatility of the rifle.\",\n \"title\": \"Canadian Army\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3881034\",\n \"text\": \"a number of designations. The basic fixed armament version was given the designation \\\"M134\\\" by the United States Army, while the same weapon was designated \\\"GAU-2/A\\\" (on a fixed mount) and \\\"GAU-17/A\\\" (flexible mount) by the United States Air Force (USAF) and United States Navy (USN). The USAF minigun variant has three versions, while the US Army weapon appears to have incorporated several improvements without a change in designation. The M134D is an improved version of the M134 designed and manufactured by Dillon Aero, while Garwood Industries manufactures the M134G variant. Available sources show a relation between both M134 and\",\n \"title\": \"Minigun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"886079\",\n \"text\": \"SA80 The SA80 is a British family of 5.56×45mm NATO small arms, all of which are selective fire, gas-operated assault rifles. The L85 rifle variant of the SA80 family has been the standard issue service rifle of the British Armed Forces since 1987, replacing the L1A1 variant of the FN FAL. The first prototypes were created in 1976, with production ending in 1994. The A1 variant was significantly upgraded in the early 2000s by Heckler & Koch as the SA80A2 and remains in service as of 2018. The A3 variant was first issued in 2018 with several new improvements. The\",\n \"title\": \"SA80\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12754324\",\n \"text\": \".450 Adams The .450 Adams was a British black powder centrefire revolver cartridge, initially used in converted Beaumont–Adams revolvers, in the late 1860s. Officially designated .450 Boxer Mk I, and also known variously as the .450 Revolver, .450 Colt, .450 Short, .450 Corto and .450 Mark III, and in America as the .45 Webley, it was the British Army's first centrefire revolver round. The .450 was adopted for the Adams revolver in November 1868, and served until it was replaced in service in 1880 by the .476 Enfield (in the Enfield Mark 1 and 2), which was in turn supplanted\",\n \"title\": \".450 Adams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2734294\",\n \"text\": \"Colt Single Action Army The Colt Single Action Army, also known as the Single Action Army, SAA, Model P, Peacemaker, M1873, and Colt .45 is a single-action revolver with a revolving cylinder holding six metallic cartridges. It was designed for the U.S. government service revolver trials of 1872 by Colt's Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company — today's Colt's Manufacturing Company — and was adopted as the standard military service revolver until 1892. The Colt SAA has been offered in over 30 different calibers and various barrel lengths. Its overall appearance has remained consistent since 1873. Colt has discontinued its production twice,\",\n \"title\": \"Colt Single Action Army\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1499654\",\n \"text\": \"Koch USP, the M1911 shows no signs of decreasing popularity and continues to be widely present in various competitive matches such as those of USPSA, IDPA, IPSC, and Bullseye. On March 18, 2011, the U.S. state of Utah—as a way of honoring M1911 designer John Browning, who was born and raised in the state—adopted the Browning M1911 as the \\\"official firearm of Utah\\\". M1911 pistol The M1911, also known as the \\\"Government\\\" or \\\"Colt Government\\\", is a single-action, semi-automatic, magazine-fed, recoil-operated pistol chambered for the .45 ACP cartridge. It served as the standard-issue sidearm for the United States Armed Forces\",\n \"title\": \"M1911 pistol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"936152\",\n \"text\": \"are often double-action and are manufactured using more modern methods. It remains in service throughout the world. As of 2017, the MK1 version remained the standard service pistol of the Canadian Armed Forces, with the SIG Sauer P226 being issued to specialised units along with the SIG Sauer P225. The weapon is the standard sidearm of the Belgian Army, Indian Army, Indonesian Armed Forces, Australian Defence Force, Argentine Army, Luxembourg Army, Israel Police, and Venezuelan Army, among others. The Irish Army replaced its Browning Pistols (known popularly as BAPs, or Browning Automatic Pistols) with the Heckler & Koch USP in\",\n \"title\": \"Browning Hi-Power\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4456330\",\n \"text\": \"M163 VADS The M163 Vulcan Air Defense System (VADS) is a self-propelled anti-aircraft gun (SPAAG) that was used by the United States Army. The M168 gun is a variant of the General Dynamics 20 mm M61 Vulcan rotary cannon, the standard cannon in most U.S. combat aircraft since the 1960s, mounted on either an armored vehicle or a trailer. The weapon is mounted on a modified M113 vehicle (the M741 carrier). The system was designed to complement the M48 Chaparral missile system. The M163 uses a small, range-only radar, the AN/VPS-2, and an M61 optical lead-calculating sight. The system is\",\n \"title\": \"M163 VADS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19845730\",\n \"text\": \"3.2-inch gun M1897 The 3.2-inch gun M1897 (81 mm), with its predecessors the M1885 and M1890, was the U.S. Army's first steel, rifled, breech loading field gun. It was the Army's primary field artillery piece in the Spanish–American War and the Philippine–American War from 1898 to 1902. This series of weapons was designed to provide a modern alternative to breechloading conversions of the Civil War-era 3-inch Ordnance rifle. It was made of gun steel, stronger than the wrought iron of previous weapons. It fired a projectile with cast iron, shrapnel, or canister types available. All versions used separately loaded bag\",\n \"title\": \"3.2-inch gun M1897\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"503891\",\n \"text\": \"U.S. fireteam tactics and doctrine that continues to the present day. Squad automatic weapons (such as the RPK and L86) are modified assault rifles or battle rifles (e.g. FN FAL 50.41 and M14A1) that may have increased ammunition capacity and heavier barrels to withstand continued fire and will almost always have a bipod. In the case of some assault rifles, such as the H&K G36 or Steyr AUG, the SAW is simply the standard rifle with a few parts replaced. However, the Austrian Army, though issuing the Steyr AUG rifle, does not issue the HBAR (heavy barrel) variant. Instead, the\",\n \"title\": \"Squad automatic weapon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1499616\",\n \"text\": \"the Vietnam War era. The U.S. procured around 2.7 million M1911 and M1911A1 pistols in military contracts during its service life. The M1911 was replaced by the 9mm Beretta M9 pistol as the standard U.S. sidearm in October 1986, but due to its popularity among users, it has not been completely phased out. Modernized derivative variants of the M1911 are still in use by some units of the U.S. Army Special Forces and the U.S. Navy. Designed by John Browning, the M1911 is the best-known of his designs to use the short recoil principle in its basic design. The pistol\",\n \"title\": \"M1911 pistol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3529202\",\n \"text\": \"quartermasters. Current catalog listings of compatible handguns list the caliber as .45 LC and .45 Colt. Both the Schofield and the .45 Colt were used by the Army at the same period of time prior to the adoption of the \\\"M1887 Government\\\" version of the .45 Schofield cartridge The .45 Colt was a joint development between Colt's Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company, of Hartford, Connecticut, and the Union Metallic Cartridge Company of Bridgeport, Conn. Colt began work on the revolver in 1871, and submitted a sample to the U.S. Army in late 1872. The revolver was accepted for purchase in 1873.\",\n \"title\": \".45 Colt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2122241\",\n \"text\": \"this has prompted the reissue of thousands of M14s. The 1st Battalion of the 3rd United States Infantry Regiment (\\\"The Old Guard\\\") in the Military District of Washington is the sole remaining regular U.S. Army combat field unit where the M14 is still issued as the standard rifle, along with a chromed bayonet and an extra wooden stock with white sling for military funerals, parades, and other ceremonies. The United States Air Force Honor Guard uses a version of the M14. The U.S. Navy Ceremonial Guard and Base Honor Guards also use the M14 for 3-volley salutes in military funerals.\",\n \"title\": \"M14 rifle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5052011\",\n \"text\": \"were returned to the arsenals, broken down, and reloaded back to the original specification. In 1903, after recommendations from the infantry Small Arms Board, the U.S. Army formally adopted a higher-velocity .30-caliber replacement for the .30-40 or .30 Army cartridge. The new cartridge was designated by its year of adoption, the .30-03. .30-40 Krag The .30-40 Krag (also called .30 U.S., or .30 Army) was a cartridge developed in the early 1890s to provide the U.S. armed forces with a smokeless powder cartridge suited for use with modern small-bore repeating rifles to be selected in the 1892 small arm trials.\",\n \"title\": \".30-40 Krag\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6141365\",\n \"text\": \"the RFP among the named designs,\\\" noted Bob Owens writing for BearingArms.com. Beretta M9 The Beretta M9 — officially the Pistol, Semiautomatic, 9mm, M9 — is the designation for the Beretta 92FS semi-automatic pistol by the United States Armed Forces. The M9 was adopted by the United States military as their service pistol in 1985. The M9 won a competition in the 1980s to replace the M1911A1 as the primary sidearm of the U.S. military, beating many other contenders, and only narrowly defeating the SIG P226 for cost reasons. It officially entered service in 1990. Some other models have been\",\n \"title\": \"Beretta M9\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2734301\",\n \"text\": \"Generation\\\" of the model. Calibers, at least thirty in all, ranged from .22 rimfire through .476 Eley, with approximately half, or 158,884 (including Bisley and Flat Top Target variations), chambered for .45 Colt. The next most prevalent were the .44-40 Winchester Center fire (WCF) at 71,392; 38-40 (38 WCF) at 50,520; 32-20 Winchester (32 WCF) at 43,284 and, the 41 Colt at 19,676. All original, good condition, U.S. Cavalry and Artillery Single Action Armies (those produced between 1873 and 1891) are among the most valuable to collectors. Especially valuable, often going for well over $10,000, are the OWA (Orville Wood\",\n \"title\": \"Colt Single Action Army\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3529201\",\n \"text\": \".45 Colt The .45 Colt cartridge, which is sometimes called .45 Long Colt, .45 LC, or 11.43×33mmR, is a handgun cartridge dating to 1872. It was originally a black-powder revolver round developed for the Colt Single Action Army revolver. This cartridge was adopted by the U.S. Army in 1873 and served as an official US military handgun cartridge for 14 years. While it is sometimes referred to as .45 Long Colt or .45 LC, to differentiate it from the very popular and ubiquitous .45 ACP, and historically, the shorter .45 S&W Schofield, it was only an unofficial designation by Army\",\n \"title\": \".45 Colt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"151117\",\n \"text\": \"the primary duties of that soldier (vehicle drivers, field commanders and support staff, airborne troops, engineers, etc.). Carbines are also common in law enforcement and among civilian owners where similar size, space and/or power concerns may exist. Carbines, like rifles, can be single-shot, repeating-action, semi-automatic or select-fire/fully automatic, generally depending on the time period and intended market. Common historical examples include the Winchester Model 1892, Lee–Enfield \\\"Jungle Carbine\\\", SKS, M1 carbine (no relation to the larger M1 Garand) and M4 carbine (a more compact variant of the current M16 rifle). Modern U.S. civilian carbines include compact customizations of the AR-15,\",\n \"title\": \"Firearm\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7315051\",\n \"text\": \"Bushmaster III The Bushmaster III is a 35 mm automatic/semi-automatic cannon designed and built by Alliant Techsystems, based on the 30 mm M242 Bushmaster. The weapon has been selected as primary armament for the export versions of the CV90 infantry fighting vehicles (IFV) currently in service with the Danish, Dutch and Estonian armies. The U.S. Army is testing the Bushmaster 50 mm cannon as a counter rocket, artillery, and mortar (C-RAM) and counter unmanned aerial vehicle (C-UAV) weapon. Initially developed under the Extended Area Protection and Survivability Integrated Demonstration (EAPS ID), it has been successfully tested in tracking distant moving\",\n \"title\": \"Bushmaster III\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3363650\",\n \"text\": \"of fully automatic fire. In the US M16/M4 rifles for example, the burst mode is 3 rounds. The trigger once pulled and held, results in 3 rounds being fired. The gun will not fire again until the trigger is released and then pulled again. There are suggestions that fully automatic fire has no genuine benefit and has been restricted or banned in combat due to being a waste of ammunition. The US M4 Carbine is now the main combat rifle of the US armed forces and has been available until recently in semi-automatic and burst mode of 3 rounds only.\",\n \"title\": \"Automatic firearm\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3529217\",\n \"text\": \".38 Long Colt The .38 Long Colt (commonly known as .38 LC) [9.1 x 26mm] is a black powder cartridge introduced by Colt's Manufacturing Company in 1875, and was adopted as a standard military pistol cartridge by the United States Army in 1892 for the Colt New Army M1892 Revolver. It is slightly more powerful than the .38 Short Colt, or .38 SC. The .38 SC and .38 LC differ in case length, bullet diameter, weight, and design. The .38 Long Colt's predecessor, the .38 Short Colt, used a heeled bullet of at a nominal , producing muzzle energy. The\",\n \"title\": \".38 Long Colt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4870154\",\n \"text\": \"INSAS rifle INSAS (an abbreviation of INdian Small Arms System) is a family of infantry arms consisting of an assault rifle and a light machine gun (LMG). It is manufactured by the Ordnance Factories Board at Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli, Small Arms Factory Kanpur and Ishapore Arsenal. The INSAS assault rifle is the standard infantry weapon of the Indian Armed Forces. In April 2015, the Indian government replaced some INSAS rifles of the CRPF with AK-47s. In early 2017, it was announced that INSAS rifles were to be retired and replaced by rifles capable of firing 7.62×51mm NATO cartridges. Since the\",\n \"title\": \"INSAS rifle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"58576\",\n \"text\": \"the Light Support Weapon (LSW) and the L22A2 carbine (issued to tank crews). These weapons are usually equipped with iron sights or an optical SUSAT, although optical sights have been purchased to supplement these. Support fire is provided by the FN Minimi light machine gun and the L7 general-purpose machine gun (GPMG), and indirect fire is provided by L16 81mm mortars. The L129A1 sharpshooter rifle was brought into service during the war in Afghanistan to meet an urgent operational requirement. Sniper rifles include the L118A1 7.62 mm, L115A3 and the AW50F, all manufactured by Accuracy International. Other weapons, such as\",\n \"title\": \"British Army\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3877412\",\n \"text\": \".30 Carbine The .30 Carbine (7.62×33mm) is a rimless carbine cartridge used in the M1 carbine introduced in the 1940s. It is a light rifle round designed to be fired from the M1 carbine's 18-inch (458 mm) barrel. Shortly before World War II, the U.S. Army started a \\\"light rifle\\\" project to provide support personnel and rear area units more firepower and accuracy than the standard issue M1911A1 .45 ACP handgun, and weigh half as much as a M1 Garand rifle or the .45 Thompson submachine gun. The .30 Carbine cartridge was developed by Winchester and is basically a rimless\",\n \"title\": \".30 Carbine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5544711\",\n \"text\": \"M119 howitzer The M119 howitzer is the US designation for the L119 light gun, a lightweight British 105 mm howitzer also used by the United States Army. It can be easily airlifted by helicopter, or dropped by parachute. It does not need a recoil pit. The howitzer was designed and produced by the British Royal Ordnance Factories as the L118 light gun. In the L118 configuration, the 105 mm ammunition is cased separate loading ammunition (not semi-fixed projectile and propelling charge as sometimes stated). The L118 entered service with the British Army in 1976 and is used by parachute and\",\n \"title\": \"M119 howitzer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3695936\",\n \"text\": \"be subject to execution. The US Government rejected the claims, and threatened reprisals in kind if any US troops were executed for possession of a shotgun. The shotgun was used by Allied forces and Allied supported partisans in all theaters of combat in World War II, and both pump and semi-automatic shotguns are currently issued to all branches of the US military; they have also been used in subsequent conflicts by French, British, Australian, and New Zealand forces, as well as many guerrillas and insurgents throughout sub-Saharan Africa, Latin and South America, and Southeast Asia. Six different model of shotguns\",\n \"title\": \"Combat shotgun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2734298\",\n \"text\": \"and remained the primary U.S. military sidearm until 1892 when it was replaced by the .38 Long Colt caliber Colt Model 1892, a double-action revolver with swing-out cylinder. By the end of 1874, serial no. 16,000 was reached; 12,500 Colt Single Action Army revolvers chambered for the .45 Colt cartridge had entered service and the remaining revolvers were sold in the civilian market. The Single Action Army became available in standard barrel lengths of inch, inch, as well as the Cavalry standard, original inch. The shorter barrelled revolvers are sometimes called the \\\"Civilian\\\" or \\\"Gunfighter\\\" model ( inch) and the\",\n \"title\": \"Colt Single Action Army\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12362286\",\n \"text\": \"Assault rifle An assault rifle is a selective-fire rifle that uses an intermediate cartridge and a detachable magazine. Assault rifles were first used during World War II. Though Western nations were slow to accept the assault rifle concept, by the end of the 20th century they had become the standard weapon in most of the world's armies, replacing full-powered rifles and sub-machine guns in most roles. Examples include the StG 44, AK-47 and the M16 rifle. The term \\\"assault rifle\\\" is generally attributed to Adolf Hitler, who for propaganda purposes used the German word \\\"Sturmgewehr\\\" (which translates to \\\"assault rifle\\\"),\",\n \"title\": \"Assault rifle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"480078\",\n \"text\": \"uranium has been as 30 mm ordnance, primarily the 30 mm PGU-14/B armour-piercing incendiary round from the GAU-8 Avenger cannon of the A-10 Thunderbolt II used by the United States Air Force. 25 mm DU rounds have been used in the M242 gun mounted on the U.S. Army's Bradley Fighting Vehicle and the Marine Corps's LAV-25. The U.S. Marine Corps uses DU in the 25 mm PGU-20 round fired by the GAU-12 Equalizer cannon of the AV-8B Harrier, and also in the 20 mm M197 gun mounted on AH-1 Cobra helicopter gunships. The United States Navy's Phalanx CIWS's M61 Vulcan\",\n \"title\": \"Depleted uranium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5815861\",\n \"text\": \"was incredibly lightweight at only 6.85 lbs. empty. Initial comments by Springfield Armory test staff were favorable, and some testers commented that the AR-10 was the best lightweight automatic rifle ever tested by the Armory. In the end the United States Army chose the T44 now called the M14 rifle which was an improved M1 Garand with a 20-round magazine and automatic fire capability. The U.S. also adopted the M60 general purpose machine gun (GPMG). Its NATO partners adopted the FN FAL and HK G3 rifles, as well as the FN MAG and Rheinmetall MG3 GPMGs. The first confrontations between\",\n \"title\": \"Comparison of the AK-47 and M16\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19506935\",\n \"text\": \"and carbine models. The rifle was 47‑ inches long and weighed 10 pounds, while the carbine was 39‑inches long and weighed 8¼ pounds. The Spencer was also the first weapon adopted by the US Army that fired a metallic rim‑fire, self‑contained cartridge. Soldiers loaded rounds through an opening in the butt of the stock, which fed into the chamber through a tubular magazine by the action of the trigger guard. The hammer still had to be cocked manually before each shot. The Henry rifle was, in some ways, even better than either the Sharps or the Spencer. Although never adopted\",\n \"title\": \"Armies in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7315053\",\n \"text\": \"Includes gun barrel, drive motor, recoil system and integral dual feeder.\\\" Bushmaster III The Bushmaster III is a 35 mm automatic/semi-automatic cannon designed and built by Alliant Techsystems, based on the 30 mm M242 Bushmaster. The weapon has been selected as primary armament for the export versions of the CV90 infantry fighting vehicles (IFV) currently in service with the Danish, Dutch and Estonian armies. The U.S. Army is testing the Bushmaster 50 mm cannon as a counter rocket, artillery, and mortar (C-RAM) and counter unmanned aerial vehicle (C-UAV) weapon. Initially developed under the Extended Area Protection and Survivability Integrated Demonstration\",\n \"title\": \"Bushmaster III\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5249099\",\n \"text\": \"Webleys, and by 1896, hinge wear and barrel loosening were a real issue. Beginning in late 1904, the Mark II began to be phased out in favor of the .45 calibre Colt New Service revolver, but the Enfield remained in service until 1911. Enfield revolver The Enfield Revolver was a self-extracting British handgun designed and manufactured at the government-owned Royal Small Arms Factory in Enfield; initially in the .476 calibre (actually 11.6 mm) The .476 calibre Enfield Mk I and Mk II revolvers were the official sidearm of both the British Army and the North-West Mounted Police, as well as\",\n \"title\": \"Enfield revolver\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2377261\",\n \"text\": \"own. The winner was the AK-47. It was finalized, adopted and entered widespread service in the Soviet army in the early 1950s. Its firepower, ease of use, low production costs, and reliability was perfectly suited for the Red Army's new mobile warfare doctrines. The AK-47 was widely supplied or sold to nations allied with the USSR and the blueprints were shared with several friendly nations (the People's Republic of China standing out among these with the Type 56). The AK-47 and AKM type rifles are the most produced firearms in history. The U.S. Army was influenced by combat experience with\",\n \"title\": \"Automatic rifle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8356565\",\n \"text\": \"Beaumont–Adams revolver The Beaumont–Adams revolver is a muzzle-loading, double-action, percussion revolver. Originally adopted by the British Army in .442 calibre (54-bore, 11.2mm) in 1856, many were later converted to use centrefire cartridges. It was replaced in British service in 1880 by the .476 calibre (11.6mm) Enfield Mk I revolver. On 20 February 1856, Lieutenant Frederick E. B. Beaumont of the Royal Engineers was granted a British patent for improvements to the Adams revolver which allowed them to be cocked and fired either by manually cocking the hammer as in Colt single-action revolvers, or by just pulling the trigger. Beaumont was\",\n \"title\": \"Beaumont–Adams revolver\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17275002\",\n \"text\": \"Program, other Allied forces also gained access to a plethora of US weaponry. Common small arms used by rifle companies during the war included: the M1 Garand, M1 Carbine, and the .45 caliber pistol. Mortar teams had 60mm mortars and snipers were issued a scoped M1903 Springfield. Submachine guns were sometimes used in place of the M1 Garand if there were enough to “go around”. The US entered the war with the M1 Garand as its service rifle. However, due to its size and weight, it was not an ideal weapon for some specialist roles such as engineers, tank crew,\",\n \"title\": \"American military technology during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9855875\",\n \"text\": \"cartridges, and typically did not have the cartridge information stamped on the gun (as is standard practice for most commercial firearms). Model 3 revolvers were later produced in an assortment of calibers, including .44 Henry Rimfire, .44-40, .32–44, .38–44, and .45 Schofield. The design would influence the smaller S&W .38 Single Action that is retroactively referred to as the Model 2. All of these revolvers would automatically eject the spent shell cases when opened. The Colt Single Action Army, also known as the Single Action Army, SAA, Model P, Peacemaker, M1873, and Colt .45 is a single-action revolver with a\",\n \"title\": \"Handgun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2131574\",\n \"text\": \"Army that adding the Rail Adapter System (RAS) turns the weapon into the \\\"M4 MWS\\\" or \\\"Modular Weapon System\\\". The \\\"M4A1\\\" carbine is a fully automatic variant of the basic M4 carbine intended for special operations use. The M4A1 was introduced in May 1991, and was in service in 1994. The M4A1 has a \\\"S-1-F\\\" (safe/semi-automatic/fully automatic) trigger group, while the M4 has a \\\"S-1-3\\\" (safe/semi-automatic/3-round burst) trigger group. The M4A1 is used by almost all U.S special operation units including, but not limited to, Marine Force Recon, Army Rangers, Army Special Forces, Navy SEALs, United States Air Force Pararescue\",\n \"title\": \"M4 carbine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19506967\",\n \"text\": \"carried guns ranging in size from 12-pounder howitzers to 11-inch Dahlgren shellguns. The Cairo, which is on display today at Vicksburg, suggests both the variety and the power of naval artillery in this campaign. When she sank in December 1862, the Cairo went down with three 42-pounder (7-inch bore) Army rifles, three 64-pounder (8-inch bore) Navy smoothbores, six 32-pounder (6.4-inch bore) Navy smoothbores, and one 4.2-inch 30-pounder Parrott rifle. Porter's firepower was not restricted to the water. During the siege, naval guns served ashore as siege artillery. The Confederates possessed a sizeable artillery capability but could not match Federal firepower.\",\n \"title\": \"Armies in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5052007\",\n \"text\": \".30-40 Krag The .30-40 Krag (also called .30 U.S., or .30 Army) was a cartridge developed in the early 1890s to provide the U.S. armed forces with a smokeless powder cartridge suited for use with modern small-bore repeating rifles to be selected in the 1892 small arm trials. Since the cartridge it was replacing was the .45-70 Government, the round was considered \\\"small-bore\\\" at the time. The design selected was ultimately the Krag–Jørgensen, formally adopted as the M1892 Springfield. It was also used in M1893 and later Gatling guns. Though the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps had adopted limited numbers\",\n \"title\": \".30-40 Krag\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13225428\",\n \"text\": \"a large-caliber heavy machine gun, usually mounted on vehicles or in fixed emplacements. The M60 was a more mobile medium machine gun intended to be carried with the troops to provide heavy automatic fire. Both were very heavy weapons and usually required a crew of at least two to operate efficiently. The Browning automatic rifle, the army's main individual machine gun since its introduction in World War I, was phased out in 1957 with the introduction of the M14 rifle, which had a fully automatic mode. \\\"Designated riflemen\\\" in every squad were ordered to use their weapons on the fully\",\n \"title\": \"M249 light machine gun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3186229\",\n \"text\": \"25 mm weapon armed with armor-piercing rounds can disable many aircraft and vehicles, including some main battle tanks. The US military uses 25 mm weapons in their AV-8B Harrier, AC-130 gunship, M2 Bradley, LAV-25, F-35 Lightning II and as a standard ship-based munition in the Mk 38 autocannon. Several sub-types of the NATO 25 mm ammunition are available—the most common being armor-piercing, high-explosive, sabot, tracer, and practice rounds. Cartridges are usually composed of a combination of the aforementioned categories. For example, the M791 pictured to the right is an armor-piercing discarding sabot with tracer (APDS-T) round. It is used against\",\n \"title\": \"25 mm caliber\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"503892\",\n \"text\": \"7.62mm caliber MG74, a derivative of WW2-era German MG 42, is issued. Light machine guns, either belt-fed or magazine-fed, may be used as squad automatic weapons, as may be general-purpose machine guns; for example, during most of the Cold War period, the standard squad automatic weapon in the British Army was the FN Mag-derived L7. The most common squad automatic weapons in use today are derived from two basic patterns: the Kalashnikov-based RPK or the purpose-designed FN Minimi. In United States usage, the M249 light machine gun is commonly referred to as the Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW). In the 1970s\",\n \"title\": \"Squad automatic weapon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2377262\",\n \"text\": \"semi-automatic weapons such as the M1 Garand and M1 carbine, which enjoyed a significant advantage over enemies armed primarily with bolt-action rifles. Although U.S. Army studies of World War II combat accounts had very similar results to that of the Germans and Soviets, the U.S. Army maintained its traditional views and preference for high-powered semi-automatic rifles. After World War II, the United States military started looking for a single automatic rifle to replace the M1 Garand, M1/M2 Carbines, M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle, M3 \\\"Grease Gun\\\" and Thompson submachine gun. However, early experiments with select-fire versions of the M1 Garand proved\",\n \"title\": \"Automatic rifle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"665955\",\n \"text\": \"Reno and Alfred Terry) authorized the Springfield as the official firearm for the United States Army. The Springfield, manufactured in a .45-70 long rifle version for the infantry and a .45-55 light carbine version for the cavalry, was judged a solid firearm that met the long-term and geostrategic requirements of the United States fighting forces. British historian Mark Gallear maintains that US government experts rejected the lever-action repeater designs, deeming them ineffective in the event of a clash with fully equipped European armies, or in case of an outbreak of another American civil conflict. Gallear's analysis minimizes the allegation that\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of the Little Bighorn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19506938\",\n \"text\": \"of weapons. Troops preferred the easier-handling carbines to rifles and the breechloaders to awkward muzzleloaders. Of the single‑shot breech-loading carbines that saw extensive use during the Civil War, the Hall .52‑caliber accounted for approximately 20,000 in 1861. The Hall was quickly replaced by a variety of more state-of-the-art carbines, including the Merrill .54‑caliber (14,495), Maynard .52‑caliber (20,002), Gallager .53‑caliber (22,728), Smith .52‑caliber (30,062), Burnside .56‑ caliber (55,567), and Sharps .54‑caliber (80,512). The next step in the evolutionary process was the repeating carbine, the favorite by 1864 (and commonly distributed by 1865) being the Spencer .52‑caliber seven‑shot repeater (94,194). Because of\",\n \"title\": \"Armies in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7681481\",\n \"text\": \"DOD to select a standard handgun and phase out all others. This task was assigned to the newly created Joint Service Small Arms Program (JSSAP). The United States Military forces had been using a variety of different small arms which grew over the years to about ten different types of handguns. Model in use included the M1911A1 (Colt .45 Automatic), Smith & Wesson (Combat Masterpiece in .38 Special caliber), Smith and Wesson Model 1917 (.45 ACP and .45 Auto Rim) and various other small arms. By the 1970s it became obvious that the M1911A1 (Colt Government .45ACP) model was going\",\n \"title\": \"Joint Service Small Arms Program\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3550629\",\n \"text\": \"side-hammer revolver. In addition to the stronger frame, the cylinder pin access was moved to the front of the cylinder. The center-hammer revolvers retained the innovative combination trigger guard/loading lever of the side-hammer models. Army Model Revolver The Army Model is a six-shot, .44 caliber percussion weapon with a standard inch barrel. There is an early and late production variant recognized by collectors. Finish would be blued, with standard wood grips. Production likely continued until the end of Allen's life. Approximately 750 are thought to have been made. Only a few examples are known which have been converted to cartridge.\",\n \"title\": \"Ethan Allen (armsmaker)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2122220\",\n \"text\": \"M14 rifle The M14 rifle, officially the United States Rifle, 7.62 mm, M14, is an American select-fire rifle that fires 7.62×51mm NATO (.308 in) ammunition. It became the standard-issued rifle for the U.S. military in 1959 replacing the M1 Garand rifle in the U.S. Army by 1961 and the U.S. Marine Corps by 1965 until being replaced by the M16 rifle beginning in 1964. The M14 was used by U.S. Army, Navy, and Marine Corps for basic and advanced individual training (AIT) from the mid-1960s to the early 1970s. The M14 was the last American battle rifle issued in quantity\",\n \"title\": \"M14 rifle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14527874\",\n \"text\": \"Police law enforcement duties due to recent incidents involving active shooters on military installations. Thus, Department of the Army Civilian Police officers working on a military base have ammunition loaded with full metal jacket and/or hollow point ammunition. Department of the Army Civilian Police Detectives can be armed with the M11 pistol. Other firearms that may be issued include the Mossberg 500 shotgun and the M16 rifle or M4 carbine. Department of the Army Civilian Police vehicles vary widely, with vehicles ranging from Chevrolet Silverados to Ford Explorers and even Jeep Cherokees. However, most installations and agencies use the Ford\",\n \"title\": \"Department of the Army Civilian Police\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"151128\",\n \"text\": \"U.S. military up until early in the Vietnam War to the much less powerful but far lighter and light recoiling .223 caliber (5.56mm) intermediate cartridge. The military later designated the AR-15 as the \\\"M16\\\". The civilian version of the M16 continues to be known as the AR-15 and looks exactly like the military version, although to conform to B.A.T.F.E. regulations in the U.S., it lacks the mechanism that permits fully automatic fire. Variants of both of the M16 and AK-47 are still in wide international use today, though other automatic rifle designs have since been introduced. A smaller version of\",\n \"title\": \"Firearm\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12699475\",\n \"text\": \"received the weapon as a gift from Tombstone, Arizona mayor and \\\"Tombstone Epitaph\\\" newspaper editor John Clum. .44 S&W American The .44 S&W American (commonly called the .44 American) is an American centerfire revolver cartridge. Used in the Smith & Wesson Model 3, it was introduced around 1869. Between 1871 and 1873, the .44 Model 3 was used as the standard United States Army sidearm. It was also offered in the Merwin Hulbert & Co. Army revolvers. It used an outside lubricated heeled bullet and appeared in either Boxer and Berdan priming, and both black and smokeless powder loadings. The\",\n \"title\": \".44 S&W American\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18479035\",\n \"text\": \"M16 as the main U.S. Army combat assault rifle. \\\"After the North Hollywood shootout in 1997, the Department of Defense gave 600 surplus M16 assault rifles to LAPD, which were issued to each patrol sergeant. Various U.S. SWAT teams are armed with the Heckler & Koch MP5, a submachine gun. U.S. law enforcement agencies such as the Coast Guard, the New York City Police Department (NYPD), and the Pittsburgh Bureau of Police (PBP) use the Barrett M82. Police use the M82 to breach barriers, because the large-calibre .50 BMG round it fires will penetrate most commercial brick walls and concrete\",\n \"title\": \"Militarization of police\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4073665\",\n \"text\": \"the 3-inch M1918 gun (76.2 mm L/40) and 3-inch anti-aircraft gun M3 (76.2 mm L/50) , a widely used caliber for this class of weapon. Similar weapons were in British, Soviet and other arsenals. There had been several upgrades to the weapon over its history, including the experimental T8 and T9 versions developed in the early 1930s, that were intended to enter service later in the decade. However the US Army became interested in a much more capable weapon instead, and on June 9, 1938, it issued a development contract calling for two new guns, one of 90 mm, which\",\n \"title\": \"90 mm Gun M1/M2/M3\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6326205\",\n \"text\": \"program in the 1920s and 1930s. The five-round, stripper clip-fed, bolt-action Mosin–Nagant rifle remained the primary shoulder firearm of the Red Army through World War II. Over 17 million model 91/30 Mosin–Nagant rifles were manufactured from 1930 to 1945 by various Soviet arsenals. In 1943 design started on the M44, designed to replace the M91/30. Full production began in 1944, and remained in production until 1948, when it was replaced by the SKS semiautomatic rifle. The Red Army suffered from a shortage of adequate machine guns and semiautomatic firearms throughout World War II. The semiautomatic Tokarev SVT Model 38 and\",\n \"title\": \"Soviet Armed Forces\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"942416\",\n \"text\": \"with a tactical flashlight and sight. Brazilian Army officially used the FAP (\\\"Fuzil Automático Pesado\\\", or heavy automatic rifle) as its squad automatic weapon until 2013/2014, when the FN Minimi was adopted to replace it. The Marine Corps and Air Force also adopted the Minimi to replace the FAP. IMBEL also produced a semi-automatic version of the FAL for Springfield Armory, Inc. (not to be confused with the US military Springfield Armory), which was marketed in the US as the SAR-48 (standard model) and SAR-4800 (made after 1989 with some military features removed to comply with new legislation), starting in\",\n \"title\": \"FN FAL\"\n }\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":79089,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":79089,"string":"79,089"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["January 8, 1863"],"string":"[\n \"January 8, 1863\"\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"when did the transcontinental railroad start being built"},"compressed_prompt":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Question:\\nPlease write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: First Transcontinental Railroad context: site. The Union Pacific Railroad did not start construction for another 18 months until July 1865. They were delayed by difficulties obtaining financial backing and the unavailability of workers and materials due to the Civil War. Their start point in the new city of Omaha, Nebraska was not yet connected via railroad to Council Bluffs, Iowa. Equipment needed to begin work was initially delivered to Omaha and Council Bluffs by paddle steamers on the Missouri River. The Union Pacific was so slow in beginning construction during 1865 that they sold two of the four steam locomotives they had purchased. After\\n\\nwhen did the transcontinental railroad start being built\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 176,\n \"origin_tokens\": 176,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"470700","text":"site. The Union Pacific Railroad did not start construction for another 18 months until July 1865. They were delayed by difficulties obtaining financial backing and the unavailability of workers and materials due to the Civil War. Their start point in the new city of Omaha, Nebraska was not yet connected via railroad to Council Bluffs, Iowa. Equipment needed to begin work was initially delivered to Omaha and Council Bluffs by paddle steamers on the Missouri River. The Union Pacific was so slow in beginning construction during 1865 that they sold two of the four steam locomotives they had purchased. After","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"629514","text":"united the country by rail. The first of these, the \"Pacific Railroad\", was built by the Central Pacific Railroad and Union Pacific Railroad to link the San Francisco Bay at Alameda, California, with the nation's existing eastern railroad network at Council Bluffs, Iowa/Omaha, Nebraska, thereby creating the world's first transcontinental railroad when it opened in 1869. Its construction was made possible by the US government under Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862, 1864, and 1867. The world's First Transcontinental Railroad was built between 1863 and 1869 to join the eastern and western halves of the United States. Begun just before the","title":"Transcontinental railroad"},{"id":"470671","text":"First Transcontinental Railroad The First Transcontinental Railroad (also called the Great Transcontinental Railroad, known originally as the \"Pacific Railroad\" and later as the \"Overland Route\") was a continuous railroad line constructed between 1863 and 1869 that connected the existing eastern U.S. rail network at Omaha, Nebraska/Council Bluffs, Iowa with the Pacific coast at the Oakland Long Wharf on San Francisco Bay. The rail line was built by three private companies over public lands provided by extensive US land grants. Construction was financed by both state and US government subsidy bonds as well as by company issued mortgage bonds. The Western","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"629517","text":"had learned their trade keeping the trains running during the American Civil War. The Central Pacific Railroad faced a labor shortage in the more sparsely settled West. It recruited Cantonese laborers in China, who did prodigious work building the line over and through the Sierra Nevada mountains and then across Nevada to their meeting in northern Utah. George J. Gould attempted to assemble a truly transcontinental system in the 1900s. The line from San Francisco, California, to Toledo, Ohio, was completed in 1909, consisting of the Western Pacific Railway, Denver and Rio Grande Railroad, Missouri Pacific Railroad, and Wabash Railroad.","title":"Transcontinental railroad"},{"id":"5191094","text":"first transcontinental railroad was the culmination of a decades-long movement to build such a line and was one of the crowning achievements of the presidency of Abraham Lincoln, completed four years after his death. The building of the railroad required enormous feats of engineering and labor in the crossing of plains and high mountains by the Union Pacific Railroad (UP) and Central Pacific Railroad, the two federally chartered enterprises that built the line westward and eastward respectively. The building of the railroad was motivated in part to bind the Union together during the strife of the American Civil War. It","title":"Rail transportation in the United States"},{"id":"629522","text":"first railroad to completely cross any part of the Americas and physically connect ports on the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Given the tropical rain forest environment, the terrain, and diseases such as malaria and cholera, its completion was a considerable engineering challenge. The construction took five years after ground was first broken for the line in May, 1850, cost eight million dollars, and required more than seven thousand workers drawn from \"every quarter of the globe.\" This railway was built to provide a shorter and more secure path between the United States' East and West Coasts. This need was mainly","title":"Transcontinental railroad"},{"id":"470685","text":"Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 into law on July 1. It authorized creation of two companies, the Central Pacific in the west and the Union Pacific in the mid-west, to build the railroad. The legislation called for building and operating a new railroad from the Missouri River at Council Bluffs, Iowa, west to Sacramento, California, and on to San Francisco Bay. A second law to supplement the first was passed in 1864. To finance the project, the act authorized the federal government to issue 30-year U.S. government bonds (at 6% interest). The railroad companies were paid $16,000/mile","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470773","text":"California docks where the railroad started. On January 8, 1863, Governor Leland Stanford ceremoniously broke ground in Sacramento, California, to begin construction of the Central Pacific Railroad. After great initial progress along the Sacramento Valley, construction was slowed, first by the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, then by cutting a railroad bed up the mountains themselves. As they progressed higher in the mountains, winter snowstorms and a shortage of reliable labor compounded the problems. Consequently, after a trial crew of Chinese workers was hired and found to work successfully, the Central Pacific expanded its efforts to hire more emigrant laborers—mostly","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"629513","text":"they also formed the backbones of cross-country passenger and freight transportation networks. A transcontinental railroad in the United States is any continuous rail line connecting a location on the U.S. Pacific coast with one or more of the railroads of the nation's eastern trunk line rail systems operating between the Missouri or Mississippi Rivers and the U.S. Atlantic coast. The first concrete plan for a transcontinental railroad in the United States was presented to Congress by Asa Whitney in 1845. A series of transcontinental railroads built over the last third of the 19th century created a nationwide transportation network that","title":"Transcontinental railroad"},{"id":"470790","text":"etc. The original track had often been laid as fast as possible with only secondary attention to maintenance and durability. The primary incentive had been getting the subsidies, which meant that upgrades of all kinds were routinely required in the following years. The Union Pacific would not connect Omaha to Council Bluffs until completing the Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge in 1872. Several years after the end of the Civil War, the competing railroads coming from Missouri finally realized their initial strategic advantage and a building boom ensued. In July 1869, the H&SJ finished the Hannibal Bridge in Kansas City","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470672","text":"Pacific Railroad Company built of track from Oakland/Alameda to Sacramento, California. The Central Pacific Railroad Company of California (CPRR) constructed eastward from Sacramento to Promontory Summit, Utah Territory (U.T.). The Union Pacific built from the road's eastern terminus at Council Bluffs near Omaha, Nebraska westward to Promontory Summit. The railroad opened for through traffic on May 10, 1869 when CPRR President Leland Stanford ceremonially drove the gold \"Last Spike\" (later often referred to as the \"Golden Spike\") with a silver hammer at Promontory Summit. The coast-to-coast railroad connection revolutionized the settlement and economy of the American West. It brought the","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"629515","text":"American Civil War, its construction was considered to be one of the greatest American technological feats of the 19th century. Known as the \"Pacific Railroad\" when it opened, this served as a vital link for trade, commerce, and travel and opened up vast regions of the North American heartland for settlement. Shipping and commerce could thrive away from navigable watercourses for the first time since the beginning of the nation. Much of this route, especially on the Sierra grade west of Reno, Nevada, is currently used by Amtrak's \"California Zephyr\", although some parts have been rerouted. The transcontinental railroad provided","title":"Transcontinental railroad"},{"id":"629523","text":"triggered by the California Gold Rush. Over the years the railway played a key role in the construction and the subsequent operation of the Panama Canal, due to its proximity to the canal. Currently, the railway operates under the private administration of the Panama Canal Railroad Company, and its upgraded capacity complements the cargo traffic through the Panama Canal. A second Central American inter-oceanic railroad began operation in 1908 as a connection between Puerto San José and Puerto Barrios in Guatemala, but ceased passenger service to Puerto San José in 1989. A third Central American inter-oceanic railroad began operation in","title":"Transcontinental railroad"},{"id":"470706","text":"of track, reaching Fremont, Nebraska, and a further of roadbed. At the end of 1865, Peter A. Dey, Chief Engineer of the Union Pacific, resigned over a routing dispute with Thomas C. Durant, one of the chief financiers of the Union Pacific. With the end of the Civil War and increased government supervision in the offing, Durant hired his former M&M engineer Grenville M. Dodge to build the railroad, and the Union Pacific began a mad dash west. Former Union General John \"Jack\" Casement was hired as the new Chief Engineer of the Union Pacific. He equipped several railroad cars","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470722","text":"way down the rugged Weber River Canyon to Ogden, Utah, ahead of the railroad construction. The Mormon and Union Pacific rail work was joined in the area of the present-day border between Utah and Wyoming. The longest of four tunnels built in Weber Canyon was Tunnel 2. Work on this tunnel started in October 1868 and was completed six months later. Temporary tracks were laid around it and Tunnels 3 (), 4 () and 5 () to continue work on the tracks west of the tunnels. The tunnels were all made with the new dangerous nitroglycerine explosive, which expedited work","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470723","text":"but caused some fatal accidents. While building the railroad along the rugged Weber River Canyon, Mormon workers signed the Thousand Mile Tree which was lone tree alongside the track from Omaha. A historic marker has been placed there. The tracks reached Ogden, Utah, on March 27, 1869, although finishing work would continue on the tracks, tunnels and bridges in Weber Canyon for over a year. From Ogden, the railroad went north of the Great Salt Lake to Brigham City and Corinne using Mormon workers, before finally connecting with the Central Pacific Railroad at Promontory Summit in Utah territory on May","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470764","text":"were in supervisory or skilled craft positions and made more money than the Chinese. Most of the early work on the Central Pacific consisted of constructing the railroad track bed, cutting and/or blasting through or around hills, filling in washes, building bridges or trestles, digging and blasting tunnels and then laying the rails over the Sierra Nevada (U.S.) mountains. Once the Central Pacific was out of the Sierras and the Carson Range, progress sped up considerably as the railroad bed could be built over nearly flat ground. In those days, the Central Pacific once did a section of of track","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"629525","text":"railway. The construction will start in 2019 and will be finished in 2024. The new railway is planned to be 3750 km in length. There are two possible tracks in discussion: Both have an Atlantic end in Santos, Brazil but the Pacific ends are in Ilo, Peru and Matarani, Peru. Another longer Transcontinental freight-only railroad linking Lima, Peru, to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil is under development. Australia The Trans-Australian Railway was the first route operated by the Federal Government. In the 1940s, 1970s, and 2000s steps were taken to rationalise the gauge chaos and connect the mainland capital cities mentioned","title":"Transcontinental railroad"},{"id":"470730","text":"by the workers under experienced supervisors. In total, the Central Pacific had eleven tunnel projects (Nos. 3 through 13) under construction in the Sierra from 1865–68, with seven tunnels located in a stretch on the east side of Donner Summit. The tunnels were usually built by drilling a series of holes in the tunnel face, filling them with black powder and detonating it to break the rock free. The black powder was provided by the California Powder Works near Santa Cruz, California. These works had started production in 1864 after the U.S. Civil War had cut off shipments of black","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470746","text":"additional locomotives were built and coming west, and twenty-eight more were under construction. There was a shortage of passenger cars and more had to be ordered. The first Central Pacific sleeper, the \"Silver Palace Sleeping Car\", arrived at Sacramento on June 8, 1868. The CPRR route passed through Newcastle and Truckee in California, Reno, Wadsworth, Winnemucca, Battle Mountain, Elko and Wells in Nevada (with many more fuel and water stops), before connecting with the Union Pacific line at Promontory Summit in the Utah Territory. When the eastern end of the CPRR was extended to Ogden by purchasing the Union Pacific","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470742","text":"which was opened in 1925 when the summit section of the grade was double tracked. This routing change was made because the Track 2 and Tunnel 41 Summit crossing is far easier and less expensive to maintain and keep open in the harsh Sierra winters. On June 18, 1868, the Central Pacific reached Reno, Nevada, after completing of railroad up and over the Sierras from Sacramento, California. By then the railroad had already been prebuilt down the Truckee River on the much flatter land from Reno to Wadsworth, Nevada, where they bridged the Truckee for the last time. From there,","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470786","text":"the last spike was driven, the rail network was not yet connected to the Atlantic or Pacific but merely connected Omaha to Sacramento. To get from Sacramento to the Pacific, the Central Pacific purchased the struggling Western Pacific Railroad (unrelated to the railroad of the same name that would later parallel its route) and resumed construction on it, which had halted in 1866 due to funding troubles. In November 1869, the Central Pacific finally connected Sacramento to the east side of San Francisco Bay by rail at Oakland, California, where freight and passengers completed their transcontinental link to the city","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470759","text":"engines, and provision made to keep them full. The majority of the Union Pacific track across the Nebraska and Wyoming territories was built by veterans of the Union and Confederate armies, as well as many recent immigrants. Brigham Young, President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, landed contracts with the Union Pacific that offered jobs for around 2,000 members of the church with the hope that the railroad would support commerce in Utah. Church members built most of the road through Utah. Construction superintendent Durant repeatedly failed to pay the wages agreed upon. The Union Pacific train","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470675","text":"1832 when Dr. Hartwell Carver published an article in the \"New York Courier & Enquirer\" advocating building a transcontinental railroad from Lake Michigan to Oregon. In 1847 he submitted to the U.S. Congress a \"Proposal for a Charter to Build a Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Ocean\", seeking a congressional charter to support his idea. Congress agreed to support the idea. Under the direction of the Department of War, the Pacific Railroad Surveys were conducted from 1853 through 1855. These included an extensive series of expeditions of the American West seeking possible routes. A report on the explorations","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"19294125","text":"in 1865. Some 300 miles of main line track were built in 1865-66 over the flat prairies. The Rocky Mountains posed a much more dramatic challenge, but the crews had learned to work at a much faster pace with 240 miles built in 1867, and 555 in 1868-69. The two lines were joined together in Utah on May 10, 1869, hence creating the first transcontinental railroad in North America. Interstate 80, built in the 1950s, paralleled the UP main line. In 1870 the fare in coach from Omaha to San Francisco was $33.20 (sleeper cars cost extra.). The train stopped","title":"History of the Union Pacific Railroad"},{"id":"280078","text":"the highway is roughly . The First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States was built in the 1860s, linking the railroad network of the eastern US with California on the Pacific coast. Finished on 10 May 1869 at the famous golden spike event at Promontory Summit, Utah, it created a nationwide mechanized transportation network that revolutionized the population and economy of the American West, catalyzing the transition from the wagon trains of previous decades to a modern transportation system. Although an accomplishment, it achieved the status of first transcontinental railroad by connecting myriad eastern US railroads to the Pacific and","title":"North America"},{"id":"470750","text":"a swing bridge across the Missouri River between Kansas City, Missouri and Kansas City, Kansas which connected railroads on both sides of the Missouri while still allowing passage of paddle steamers on the river. After completion, this became another major east-west railroad. To speed completion of the Kansas Pacific Railroad to Denver, construction started east from Denver in March 1870 to meet the railroad coming west from Kansas city. The two crews met at a point called Comanche Crossing, Kansas Territory, on August 15, 1870. Denver was now firmly on track to becoming the largest city and the future capital","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470698","text":"after a strike. The Central Pacific broke ground on January 8, 1863. Due to the lack of transportation alternatives from the manufacturing centers on the east coast, virtually all of their tools and machinery including rails, railroad switches, railroad turntables, freight and passenger cars, and steam locomotives were transported first by train to east coast ports. They were then loaded on ships which either sailed around South America's Cape Horn, or offloaded the cargo at the Isthmus of Panama, where it was sent across via paddle steamer and the Panama Railroad. The Panama Railroad gauge was 5 ft (1524 mm),","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470705","text":"Territory. The river froze in the winter, and the ferries were replaced by sleighs. A bridge was not built until 1872, when the Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge was completed. After the rail line's initial climb through the Missouri River bluffs west of Omaha and out of the Missouri River Valley, the route bridged the Elkhorn River and then crossed over the new Loup River bridge as it followed the north side of the Platte River valley west through Nebraska along the general path of the Oregon, Mormon and California Trails. By December 1865, the Union Pacific had only completed","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"1431491","text":"1, 1862, under an act of Congress entitled Pacific Railroad Act of 1862. The act was approved by President Abraham Lincoln, and it provided for the construction of railroads from the Missouri River to the Pacific as a war measure for the preservation of the Union. It was constructed westward from Council Bluffs, Iowa to meet the Central Pacific Railroad line, which was constructed eastward from Sacramento, CA. The combined Union Pacific-Central Pacific line became known as the First Transcontinental Railroad and later the Overland Route. The line was constructed primarily by Irish labor who had learned their craft during","title":"Union Pacific Railroad"},{"id":"629519","text":"railroad with the driving of the Last Spike at Craigellachie, British Columbia, on November 7, 1885, is an important milestone in Canadian history. Between 1881 and 1885, the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) completed a line that spanned from the port of Montreal to the Pacific coast, fulfilling a condition of British Columbia's 1871 entry into the Canadian Confederation. The City of Vancouver, incorporated in 1886, was designated the western terminus of the line. The CPR became the first transcontinental railway company in North America in 1889 after its International Railway of Maine opened, connecting CPR to the Atlantic coast. The","title":"Transcontinental railroad"},{"id":"470749","text":"and the tons of ice needed by the miners as they worked ever deeper into the \"hot\" Comstock Lode ore body. In the mines, temperatures could get above at the work face and a miner often used over of ice per shift. This new railroad connected to the Central Pacific near Reno, and went through Carson City, the new capital of Nevada. After the transcontinental railroads were completed, many other railroads were built to connect up to other population centers in Utah, Wyoming, Kansas, Colorado, Oregon, Washington territories, etc. In 1869, the Kansas Pacific Railway started building the Hannibal Bridge,","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470679","text":"the central route railroad was Asa Whitney. He envisioned a route from Chicago and the Great Lakes to northern California, paid for by the sale of land to settlers along the route. Whitney traveled widely to solicit support from businessmen and politicians, printed maps and pamphlets, and submitted several proposals to Congress, all at his own expense. In June 1845, he led a team along part of the proposed route to assess its feasibility. Legislation to begin construction of the \"Pacific Railroad\" (called the \"Memorial of Asa Whitney\") was first introduced to Congress by Representative Zadock Pratt. Congress did not","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"3930693","text":"would soon prove to be the financial straw that broke the back of Canada's railway industry during the First World War. Canada has supported two transcontinental railway systems for many years, but even in 1914 it was not clear that there was enough traffic for three. The GTPR/NTR system was surveyed and construction began in 1905 and the entire system was finished (except for the Quebec Bridge) in 1913. The task was monumental and no expense was spared in building a railway system of minimal grades and curvature. In crossing the Appalachian Mountains of eastern Quebec and northern New Brunswick,","title":"National Transcontinental Railway"},{"id":"629521","text":"National Railway, which currently is now Canada's largest transcontinental railway, with lines running all the way from the Pacific Coast to the Atlantic Coast. The first railroad to directly connect two oceans (although not by crossing a broad \"continental\" land mass) was the Panama Rail Road. Opened in 1855, this line was designated instead as an \"inter-oceanic\" railroad crossing Central America at its narrowest point, the Isthmus of Panama, when that area was still part of Colombia. (Panama split off from Colombia in 1903 and became the independent nation of Panama). By spanning the isthmus, the line thus became the","title":"Transcontinental railroad"},{"id":"74195","text":"aggressive construction policy was adopted. Macdonald confirmed that Port Moody would be the terminus of the transcontinental railway, and announced that the railway would follow the Fraser and Thompson rivers between Port Moody and Kamloops. In 1879, the federal government floated bonds in London and called for tenders to construct the section of the railway from Yale, British Columbia, to Savona's Ferry, on Kamloops Lake. The contract was awarded to Andrew Onderdonk, whose men started work on 15 May 1880. After the completion of that section, Onderdonk received contracts to build between Yale and Port Moody, and between Savona's Ferry","title":"Canadian Pacific Railway"},{"id":"470780","text":"two shifts of 12 hours each, managing the laborers. Once out of the Sierras, construction was much easier and faster. Horace Hamilton Minkler, track foreman for the Central Pacific, laid the last rail and tie before the Last Spike was driven. In order to keep the CPRR's Sierra grade open during the winter months, beginning in 1867, 37 miles of massive wooden snow sheds and galleries were built between Blue Cañon and Truckee, covering cuts and other points where there was danger of avalanches. 2,500 men and six material trains were employed in this work, which was completed in 1869.","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470787","text":"by ferry. The original route from the Central Valley to the Bay skirted the Delta by heading south out of Sacramento through Stockton and crossing the San Joaquin River at Mossdale, then climbed over the Altamont Pass and reached the East Bay through Niles Canyon. The Western Pacific was originally chartered to go to San Jose, but the Central Pacific decided to build along the East Bay instead, as going from San Jose up the Peninsula to San Francisco itself would have brought it into conflict with competing interests. The railroad entered Alameda and Oakland from the south, roughly paralleling","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470774","text":"Chinese. Emigrants from poverty stricken regions of China, many of which suffered from the strife of the Taiping Rebellion, seemed to be more willing to tolerate the living and working conditions on the railroad construction, and progress on the railroad continued. The increasing necessity for tunneling as they proceeded up the mountains then began to slow progress of the line yet again. The first step of construction was to survey the route and determine the locations where large excavations, tunnels and bridges would be needed. Crews could then start work in advance of the railroad reaching these locations. Supplies and","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"629520","text":"construction of a transcontinental railroad strengthened the connection of British Columbia and the Northwest Territories to the Dominion of Canada they had recently joined, and acted as a bulwark against potential incursions by the United States. Subsequently, two other transcontinental lines were built in Canada: the Canadian Northern Railway (CNoR) opened another line to the Pacific in 1912, and the combined Grand Trunk Pacific Railway (GTPR)/National Transcontinental Railway (NTR) system opened in 1917 following the completion of the Quebec Bridge, although its line to the Pacific opened in 1914. The CNoR, GTPR, and NTR were nationalized to form the Canadian","title":"Transcontinental railroad"},{"id":"470673","text":"western states and territories into alignment with the northern Union states and made transporting passengers and goods coast-to-coast considerably quicker and less expensive. Paddle steamers linked Sacramento to the cities and their harbor facilities in the San Francisco Bay until 1869, when the CPRR completed and opened the WP grade (which the CPRR had acquired control of in 1867–68 ) to Alameda and Oakland. The first transcontinental rail passengers arrived at the Pacific Railroad's original western terminus at the Alameda Mole on September 6, 1869 where they transferred to the steamer \"Alameda\" for transport across the Bay to San Francisco.","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470721","text":"4, 1868, the Union Pacific reached Evanston, having laid almost of track over the Green River and the Laramie Plains that year. By 1871, Evanston became a significant maintenance shop town equipped to carry out extensive repairs on the cars and steam locomotives. In the Utah Territory, the railroad once again diverted from the main emigrant trails to cross the Wasatch Mountains and went down the rugged Echo Canyon (Summit County, Utah) and Weber River canyon. To speed up construction as much as possible, Union Pacific contracted several thousand Mormon workers to cut, fill, trestle, bridge, blast and tunnel its","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"95215","text":"1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1876 1877 1883 1885 1888 1899 1959 Central Pacific Railroad The Central Pacific Railroad (CPRR) was a rail route between California and Utah built eastwards from the West Coast in the 1860s, to complete the western part of the \"First Transcontinental Railroad\" in North America. It later became part of the Union Pacific Railroad. Many 19th century national proposals to build a transcontinental railroad failed because of the energy consumed by political disputes over slavery. With the secession of the South, the modernizers in the Republican Party controlled the US Congress. They passed legislation authorizing","title":"Central Pacific Railroad"},{"id":"470703","text":"as possible at a minimum cost. Within a few years, nearly all railroads converted to steel rails. Time was not standardized across the United States and Canada until November 18, 1883. In 1865, each railroad set its own time to minimize scheduling errors. To communicate easily up and down the line, the railroads built telegraph lines alongside the railroad. These lines eventually superseded the original First Transcontinental Telegraph which followed much of the Mormon Trail up the North Platte River and across the very thinly populated Central Nevada Route through central Utah and Nevada. The telegraph lines along the railroad","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470724","text":"10, 1869. Some Union Pacific officers declined to pay the Mormons all of the agreed upon construction costs of the work through Weber Canyon, and beyond, claiming Union Pacific poverty despite the millions they had extracted through the Crédit Mobilier of America scandal. Only partial payment was secured through court actions against Union Pacific. The Central Pacific laid of track, starting in Sacramento, California, in 1863 and continuing over the rugged Sierra Nevada mountains at Donner Pass into the new state of Nevada. The elevation change from Sacramento (elev. ) to Donner Summit (elev. ) had to be accomplished in","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"95200","text":"Central Pacific Railroad The Central Pacific Railroad (CPRR) was a rail route between California and Utah built eastwards from the West Coast in the 1860s, to complete the western part of the \"First Transcontinental Railroad\" in North America. It later became part of the Union Pacific Railroad. Many 19th century national proposals to build a transcontinental railroad failed because of the energy consumed by political disputes over slavery. With the secession of the South, the modernizers in the Republican Party controlled the US Congress. They passed legislation authorizing the railroad, with financing in the form of government railroad bonds. These","title":"Central Pacific Railroad"},{"id":"470791","text":"which was the first bridge to cross the Missouri River. This in turn connected to Kansas Pacific trains going from Kansas City to Denver, which in turn had built the Denver Pacific Railway connecting to the Union Pacific. In August 1870, the Kansas Pacific drove the last spike connecting to the Denver Pacific line at Strasburg, Colorado and the first true Atlantic to Pacific United States railroad was completed. Kansas City's head start in connecting to a true transcontinental railroad contributed to it rather than Omaha becoming the dominant rail center west of Chicago. The Kansas Pacific became part of","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"5191092","text":"of railroad lines had been built. The B&O's westward route reached the Ohio River in 1852, the first eastern seaboard railroad to do so. Railroad companies in the North and Midwest constructed networks that linked nearly every major city by 1860. The First Transcontinental Railroad in the U.S. was built across North America in the 1860s, linking the railroad network of the eastern U.S. with California on the Pacific coast. Finished on May 10, 1869 at the Golden spike event at Promontory Summit, Utah, it created a nationwide mechanized transportation network that revolutionized the population and economy of the American","title":"Rail transportation in the United States"},{"id":"470729","text":"was identified as taking a long time was started as soon as its projected track location could be ascertained and work crews, supplies and road work equipment found to be sent ahead. Tunnels, trestles and bridges were nearly all built this way. The spread-out nature of the work resulted in the work being split into two divisions, with L.M. Clement taking the upper division from Blue Cañon to Truckee and Cadwalader taking the lower division from Truckee to the Nevada border. Other assistant engineers were assigned to specific tasks such as building a bridge, tunnel or trestle which was done","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"1683047","text":". By 1860, on the eve of civil war, the length had reached , mostly in the North. The South had much less trackage and it was geared to moving cotton short distances to river or ocean ports. The Southern railroads were destroyed during the war but were soon rebuilt. By 1890, the national system was virtually complete with . In 1869, the symbolically important transcontinental railroad was completed in the United States with the driving of a golden spike (near the city of Ogden). In Latin America in the late 19th and early 20th centuries railways were critical elements","title":"History of rail transport"},{"id":"470709","text":"Platte River, the railroad bridged the North Platte River over a bridge (nicknamed ½ mile bridge). It was built across the shallow but wide North Platte resting on piles driven by steam pile drivers. Here they built the \"railroad\" town of North Platte, Nebraska in December 1866 after completing about of track that year. In late 1866, former Major General Grenville M. Dodge was appointed Chief Engineer on the Union Pacific, but hard working General \"Jack\" Casement continued to work as chief construction \"boss\" and his brother Daniel Casement continued as financial officer. The original emigrant route across Wyoming of","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"16142839","text":"granted lands and construction privileges for the First Transcontinental Railroad project under the Pacific Railway Acts. Construction of this Overland Route was begun in 1863 and completed in 1869. The southern route did not become a reality until 1883, when the Southern Pacific Railroad linked New Orleans and the Gulf of Mexico with Los Angeles and the Pacific Ocean. The Memorial document is an attempt to persuade the U.S. Congress to authorize construction of the first Transcontinental Railroad via a southern route through New Mexico rather than the route that was eventually authorized by the Pacific Railway Acts of 1862","title":"New Mexican Railway Company"},{"id":"470784","text":"they realized that the so-called \"Iron Horse\" threatened their existence. Security measures were further strengthened, and progress on the railroad continued. Six years after the groundbreaking, laborers of the Central Pacific Railroad from the west and the Union Pacific Railroad from the east met at Promontory Summit, Utah Territory. It was here on May 10, 1869, that Leland Stanford drove \"The Last Spike\" (or golden spike) that joined the rails of the transcontinental railroad. The spike is now on display at the Cantor Arts Center at Stanford University, while a second \"Last\" Golden Spike is also on display at the","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470751","text":"of Colorado. The Kansas Pacific Railroad linked with the Denver Pacific Railway via Denver to Cheyenne in 1870. The original transcontinental railroad route did not pass through the two biggest cities in the so-called Great American Desert—Denver, Colorado, and Salt Lake City, Utah. Feeder railroad lines were soon built to service these two and other cities and states along the route. Modern-day Interstate 80 roughly follows the path of the railroad from Sacramento across modern day California, Nevada, Wyoming and Nebraska, with a few exceptions. Most significantly, the two routes are different between Wells, Nevada and Echo, Utah. In this","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470702","text":"the wheel trucks. Alternatively, cargo was offloaded and reloaded, a time-consuming effort that delayed cargo shipments. For the transcontinental railroad, the builders adopted the English standard, what is now called standard gauge. The Bessemer process and open hearth furnace steel-making were in use by 1865, but the advantages of steel rails which lasted much longer than iron rails had not yet been demonstrated. The rails used initially in building the rail way were nearly all made of iron of a flat-bottomed modified I-beam profile weighing per or per . The railroad companies were intent on completing the project as rapidly","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470747","text":"Railroad line from Promontory for about $2.8 million in 1870, it ended the short period of a boom town for Promontory, extended the Central Pacific tracks about and made Ogden a major terminus on the transcontinental railroad, as passengers and freight switched railroads there. Subsequent to the railhead's meeting at Promontory Summit, U.T., the San Joaquin River Bridge at Mossdale Crossing (near present-day Lathrop, California) was completed on September 8, 1869. As a result, the western part of the route was extended from Sacramento to the Alameda Terminal in Alameda, California, and shortly thereafter, to the Oakland Long Wharf at","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470728","text":"the Sierras followed the general route of the Truckee branch of the California Trail, going east over Donner Pass and down the rugged Truckee River valley. The route over the Sierra had been plotted out by Judah in preliminary surveys before his death in 1863. Judah's deputy, Samuel S. Montague was appointed as Central Pacific's new Chief Engineer, with Lewis M. Clement as Assistant Chief Engineer and Charles Cadwalader as second assistant. To build the new railroad, detailed surveys had to be run that showed where the cuts, fills, trestles, bridges and tunnels would have to be built. Work that","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470704","text":"were easier to protect and maintain. Many of the original telegraph lines were abandoned as the telegraph business was consolidated with the railroad telegraph lines. The Union Pacific's of track started at MP 0.0 in Council Bluffs, Iowa, on the eastern side of the Missouri River. Omaha was chosen by President Abraham Lincoln as the location of its Transfer Depot where up to seven railroads could transfer mail and other goods to Union Pacific trains bound for the west. Trains were initially transported across the Missouri River by ferry before they could access the western tracks beginning in Omaha, Nebraska","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"629526","text":"above with standard gauge . Since 1970, when the direct standard gauge line across the country was completed, the passenger train on the Sydney to Perth line has been called the Indian Pacific. The proposed Iron Boomerang would connect iron in the Pilbara with coal in Queensland, so achieving loaded operations in both directions. Transcontinental railroad A transcontinental railroad is a contiguous network of railroad trackage that crosses a continental land mass with terminals at different oceans or continental borders. Such networks can be via the tracks of either a single railroad, or over those owned or controlled by multiple","title":"Transcontinental railroad"},{"id":"2730614","text":"Northern Pacific Railway The Northern Pacific Railway was a transcontinental railroad that operated across the northern tier of the western United States, from Minnesota to the Pacific Northwest. It was approved by Congress in 1864 and given nearly of land grants, which it used to raise money in Europe for construction. Construction began in 1870 and the main line opened all the way from the Great Lakes to the Pacific when former President Ulysses S. Grant drove in the final \"golden spike\" in western Montana on September 8, 1883. The railroad had about of track and served a large area,","title":"Northern Pacific Railway"},{"id":"470748","text":"Oakland Point in Oakland, California, and on to San Jose, California. Train ferries transferred some railroad cars to and from the Oakland wharves and tracks to wharves and tracks in San Francisco. Before the CPRR was completed, developers were building other feeder railroads like the Virginia and Truckee Railroad to the Comstock Lode diggings in Virginia City, Nevada, and several different extensions in California and Nevada to reach other cities there. Some of their main cargo was the thousands of cords of firewood needed for the many steam engines and pumps, cooking stoves, heating stoves etc. in Comstock Lode towns","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"3622281","text":"in the Western United States. The first Union Pacific Railroad, pronounced \"Union Pacific Rail Road\" was incorporated on July 1, 1862, under an act of Congress entitled Pacific Railroad Act of 1862. The act was approved by President Abraham Lincoln, and it provided for the construction of railroads from the Missouri River to the Pacific as a war measure for the preservation of the Union. It was constructed westward from Council Bluffs, Iowa to meet the Central Pacific Railroad line, which was constructed eastward from San Francisco Bay. The combined Union Pacific-Central Pacific line became known as the First Transcontinental","title":"Union Pacific Corporation"},{"id":"1284952","text":"and the Civil War delayed construction of the proposed railroad. The Southern Pacific Railroad from Los Angeles reached Yuma, Arizona, in 1877, Tucson in March 1880, Deming, New Mexico in December 1880, and El Paso in May 1881, the first railroad across the Gadsden Purchase. At the same time, 1879-1881, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad was building across New Mexico and met the Southern Pacific at Deming, New Mexico March 7, 1881, completing the second transcontinental railroad (the first, the central transcontinental, was completed May 10, 1869 at Promontory Summit, Utah). Acquiring trackage rights over the SP, from","title":"Gadsden Purchase"},{"id":"1431492","text":"the recent Civil War. Under the guidance of its dominant stockholder Dr. Thomas Clark Durant, the namesake of the city of Durant, Iowa, the first rails were laid in Omaha. The two lines were joined together at Promontory Summit, Utah, west of Ogden on May 10, 1869, hence creating the first transcontinental railroad in North America.Subsequently, the UP purchased three Mormon-built roads: the Utah Central Railroad extending south from Ogden to Salt Lake City, the Utah Southern Railroad extending south from Salt Lake City into the Utah Valley, and the Utah Northern Railroad extending north from Ogden into Idaho. The","title":"Union Pacific Railroad"},{"id":"3930688","text":"transportation policies. The federal government had encouraged the Grand Trunk Railway (GTR) system in the 1870s to consider building the transcontinental rail line. During the same time, a government survey party under the direction of Sandford Fleming set out across Canada to survey routes for the proposed railway. The \"Canadian Pacific Survey\", as it was called, surveyed routes to a number of Pacific Coast destinations (including Victoria on Vancouver Island). When Grand Trunk balked at building a railway using the survey, the government turned to the privately owned Canadian Pacific. CPR, one of whose directors was James J. Hill, from","title":"National Transcontinental Railway"},{"id":"3930687","text":"National Transcontinental Railway The National Transcontinental Railway (NTR) was a historic railway between Winnipeg and Moncton in Canada. Much of the line is now operated by the Canadian National Railway. The completion of construction of Canada's first transcontinental railway, the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) on November 7, 1885, preceded a tremendous economic expansion and immigration boom in western Canada during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. But the monopolistic policies of the CPR, coupled with its southerly routing (new scientific discoveries were pushing the northern boundary of cereal crops), led to increasing western discontent with the railway and federal","title":"National Transcontinental Railway"},{"id":"470788","text":"what would later become U.S. Route 50 and later still Interstates 5, 205, and 580. A more direct route was obtained with the purchase of the California Pacific Railroad, crossing the Sacramento River and proceeding southwest through Davis to Benicia, where it crossed the Carquinez Strait by means of an enormous train ferry, then followed the shores of the San Pablo and San Francisco bays to Richmond and the Port of Oakland (paralleling U.S. Route 40 which ultimately became Interstate 80). In 1930, a rail bridge across the Carquinez replaced the Benicia ferries. Very early on, the Central Pacific learned","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"629512","text":"Transcontinental railroad A transcontinental railroad is a contiguous network of railroad trackage that crosses a continental land mass with terminals at different oceans or continental borders. Such networks can be via the tracks of either a single railroad, or over those owned or controlled by multiple railway companies along a continuous route. Although Europe is crisscrossed by railways, the railroads within Europe are usually not considered transcontinental, with the possible exception of the historic Orient Express. Transcontinental railroads helped open up unpopulated interior regions of continents to exploration and settlement that would not otherwise have been feasible. In many cases","title":"Transcontinental railroad"},{"id":"470683","text":"and Emigrant Gap, over Donner Pass, and south to Truckee. They discovered a way across the Sierras that was gradual enough to be made suitable for a railroad, although it still needed a lot of work. Four northern California businessmen formed the Central Pacific Railroad: Leland Stanford, (1824–1893), President; Collis Potter Huntington, (1821–1900), Vice President; Mark Hopkins, (1813–1878), Treasurer; Charles Crocker, (1822–1888), Construction Supervisor. All became substantially wealthy from their association with the railroad. Former ophthalmologist Dr. Thomas Clark \"Doc\" Durant was nominally only a vice president of Union Pacific, so he installed a series of respected men like John","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"2955390","text":"heavy use of rolling stock wore them out. In 1864-65 the Confederate railroad network collapsed; little traffic moved in 1865. The Southern states had blocked westward rail expansion before 1860, but after secession the Pacific Railway Acts were passed in 1862, allowing the first transcontinental railroad to be completed in 1869, making possible a six-day trip from New York to San Francisco. Other transcontinentals were built in the South (Southern Pacific, Santa Fe) and along the Canada–US border (Northern Pacific, Great Northern), accelerating the settlement of the West by offering inexpensive farms and ranches on credit, carrying pioneers and supplies","title":"History of rail transport in the United States"},{"id":"470761","text":"horse or mule pulled carts, and a few railroad pulled gondolas. The construction work involved an immense amount of manual labor. Initially, Central Pacific had a hard time hiring and keeping unskilled workers on its line, as many would leave for the prospect of far more lucrative gold or silver mining options elsewhere. Despite the concerns expressed by Charles Crocker, one of the \"big four\" and a general contractor, that the Chinese were too small in stature and lacking previous experience with railroad work, they decided to try them anyway. After the first few days of trial with a few","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"2097149","text":"aloft in the scene commemorating the actual event, although a brass prop was used for the hammering sequence. Promontory Summit marks the site where the First Transcontinental Railroad was officially completed, although a direct coast-to-coast rail journey on this route was not achieved until 1873. The Mossdale Bridge spanning the San Joaquin River near Lathrop, California was completed in September 1869, connecting Sacramento, California to the network. Passengers had to cross the Missouri River by boat between Council Bluffs, Iowa and Omaha, Nebraska until the Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge was built in 1873. In the meantime, the first uninterrupted","title":"Promontory, Utah"},{"id":"470696","text":"of San Francisco. The Central Pacific hired some Canadian and British engineers and surveyors with extensive experience building railroads, but it had a difficult time finding semi-skilled labor. Most Caucasians in California preferred to work in the mines or agriculture. The railroad experimented by hiring local emigrant Chinese as manual laborers, many of whom were escaping the poverty and terrors of the Taiping Rebellion in the Guangdong province in China. When they proved themselves as workers, the CPRR from that point forward preferred to hire Chinese, and even set up recruiting efforts in Canton. Despite their small stature and lack","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470777","text":"of conditions. However, Chinese laborers did far more than mix the volatile ingredients of nitroglycerin for the Central Pacific. Their hard work was also crucial in the construction of 15 tunnels along the railroad's line through the Sierra Nevada mountains. These tunnels were about 32 feet (10 m) high and 16 feet (5 m) wide. When tunnels with vertical shafts were dug to increase construction speed, and tunneling began in the middle of the tunnel, at first hand-powered derricks were used to help remove loose rocks up the vertical shafts. These derricks were later replaced with steam hoists as work","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470712","text":"terrain, while a railroad connection to that City was already being planned for and surveyed. Efforts to survey a new, shorter, \"better\" route had been under way since 1864. By 1867, a new route was found and surveyed that went along part of the South Platte River in western Nebraska and after entering what is now the state of Wyoming, ascended a gradual sloping ridge between Lodgepole Creek and Crow Creek to Evans pass (also called Sherman's Pass) which was discovered by the Union Pacific employed English surveyor and engineer, James Evans, in about 1864. This pass now is marked","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470674","text":"The road's rail terminus was moved two months later to the Oakland Long Wharf about a mile to the north. Service between San Francisco and Oakland Pier continued to be provided by ferry. The CPRR eventually purchased of UPRR-built grade from Promontory Summit (MP 828) to Ogden, U.T. (MP 881), which became the interchange point between trains of the two roads. The transcontinental line was popularly known as the \"Overland Route\" after the principal passenger rail service that operated over the length of the line until 1962. Building a railroad line that connected the United States coast-to-coast was advocated in","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470732","text":"crew worked drilling holes on the faces and another crew collected and removed the loosened rock after each explosion. The workers were pulled off the summit tunnel and the track grading east of Donner Pass in the winter of 1865–66 as there was no way to supply them, nor quarters they could have lived in. The crews were transferred to work on bridges and track grading on the Truckee River canyon. In 1866 they put in a vertical shaft in the center of the summit tunnel and started work towards the east and west tunnel faces, giving four working faces","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470733","text":"on the summit tunnel to speed up progress. A steam engine off an old locomotive was brought up with much effort over the wagon road and used as a winch driver to help remove loosened rock from the vertical shaft and two working faces. By the winter of 1866–67, work had progressed sufficiently and a camp had been built for workers on the summit tunnel which allowed work to continue. The cross section of a tunnel face was a , oval with an vertical wall. Progress on the tunnel sped up to over per day per face when they started","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"12125447","text":"start a steamship line to California, since the Gold Rush started the next year. The company's first vessel to make the trip was packed with passengers. Pacific Mail eventually became American President Lines, which is now part of Neptune Orient Lines. Following the Steamship Company, Aspinwall then promoted a railway in Panama. The project, which began in May 1850 and was later known as the Panama Canal Railway, was the first transcontinental railroad in the Americas and was built to provide a shorter and more secure path between the United States' East and West Coasts. When completed in 1855, the","title":"William Henry Aspinwall"},{"id":"629518","text":"Beyond Toledo, the planned route would have used the Wheeling and Lake Erie Railroad (1900), Wabash Pittsburgh Terminal Railway, Little Kanawha Railroad, West Virginia Central and Pittsburgh Railway, Western Maryland Railroad, and Philadelphia and Western Railway, but the Panic of 1907 strangled the plans before the Little Kanawha section in West Virginia could be finished. The Alphabet Route was completed in 1931, providing the portion of this line east of the Mississippi River. With the merging of the railroads, only the Union Pacific Railroad and the BNSF Railway remain to carry the entire route. The completion of Canada's first transcontinental","title":"Transcontinental railroad"},{"id":"3237341","text":"water and the construction was delayed by only a few months. Trial runs were carried out from November 1861 while construction was still under way. The first trip over the whole line was in May 1862 with William Gladstone among the guests. By the end of 1862 work was complete at a cost of £1.3 million. Board of Trade inspections took place in late December 1862 and early January 1863 to approve the railway for opening. After minor signalling changes were made, approval was granted and a few days of operating trials were carried out before the grand opening on","title":"Metropolitan Railway"},{"id":"629524","text":"1910 as a connection between Puntarenas and Limón in gauge. There is activity to revive the connection between Valparaíso and Santiago in Chile and Mendoza, Argentina, through the \"Transandino\" project. Mendoza has an active connection to Buenos Aires. The old Transandino began in 1910 and ceased passenger service in 1978 and freight 4 years later. Technically a complete transcontinental link exists from Arica, Chile, to La Paz, Bolivia, to Buenos Aires, but this trans-Andean crossing is for freight only. On December 6, 2017 the Brazilian President Terner and his Bolivian counterpart Morales signed an agreement for an Atlantic - Pacific","title":"Transcontinental railroad"},{"id":"3930691","text":"the federal government's offer for assistance to expand the CNoR in 1903 and in doing so, the federal government under Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier committed to building a transcontinental system in partnership with the GTR. In keeping with the trend of railways to exploit virgin territories, the government-backed \"transcon\" would run from the port of Prince Rupert, British Columbia, across the northern portion of the prairies to Winnipeg, and from there across northern Ontario and Quebec to Quebec City where it would cross the St. Lawrence River and continue on to its eastern terminus at Moncton, New Brunswick, by way","title":"National Transcontinental Railway"},{"id":"470760","text":"carrying him to the final spike ceremony was held up by a strike by unpaid workers in Piedmont, Wyoming until he paid them for their work. Representatives of Brigham Young had less success, and failed in court to force him to honor the contract. The manual labor to build the Central Pacific's roadbed, bridges and tunnels was done primarily by many thousands of emigrant workers from China under the direction of skilled non-Chinese supervisors. The Chinese were commonly referred to at the time as \"Celestials\" and China as the \"Celestial Kingdom.\" Labor-saving devices in those days consisted primarily of wheelbarrows,","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"16014357","text":"Empire Express Empire Express: Building the First Transcontinental Railroad is a book written by David Haward Bain, published in 2000. It follows the initial conception of the idea of a transcontinental railroad, during the two decades before the Civil War, to the work of the engineers and entrepreneurs who fixed the route, assembled financing, drafted a work force and launched the two lines toward the eventual meeting point at Promontory Summit, Utah, in 1869. The story alternates between the Union Pacific driving west from Omaha and the Central Pacific blasting through the mountains from California. Bain examines the impact of","title":"Empire Express"},{"id":"470738","text":"down the eastern Sierras was done on the south side of Donner Lake with a series of switchbacks carved into the mountain. The Truckee River, which drains Lake Tahoe, had already found and scoured out the best route across the Carson Range of mountains east of the Sierras. The route down the rugged Truckee River Canyon, including required bridges, was done ahead of the main summit tunnel completion. To expedite the building of the railroad through the Truckee River canyon, the Central Pacific hauled two small locomotives, railcars, rails and other material on wagons and sleighs to what is now","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470701","text":"the U.S. Civil War ended on June 22, 1865, the Union Pacific still competed for railroad supplies with companies who were building or repairing railroads in the south, and prices rose. At that time in the United States, there were two primary standards for track gauge, as defined by the distance between the two rails. In England, the standard gauge was 4 ft 8 1⁄2 inch (1.435 m), and this had been adopted by the majority of northern railways. But much of the south had adopted a 5-foot gauge. Transferring railway cars across a break of gauge required changing out","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"16447351","text":"in a tent show. Tent shows would not have been so widespread in the United States were it not for the expansion of the railroad system. On July 1, 1862, \"President Abraham Lincoln signed into law the Pacific Railroad Act, which launched perhaps the most audacious enterprise of 19th century American civil engineering: the construction of a 1,776 mile long railroad from the Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean.\" This railroad would eventually be called the First Transcontinental Railroad, and its effect would be to open \"the American West to settlement and commerce as never before... A coast-to-coast journey that","title":"Tent show"},{"id":"470745","text":"of track from Reno to Promontory Summit in the one year before the Last Spike was driven on May 10, 1869. Central Pacific had 1,694 freight cars available by May 1869, with more under construction in their Sacramento yard. Major repairs and maintenance on the Central Pacific rolling stock was done in their Sacramento maintenance yard. Near the end of 1869, Central Pacific had 162 locomotives, of which 2 had two drivers (drive wheels), 110 had four drivers, and 50 had six drivers. The steam locomotives had been purchased in the eastern states and shipped to California by sea. Thirty-six","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"2730667","text":"His \"Northern Pacific Views\" photographically documented over the years, the routes, destinations, infrastructure and equipment of the railroad. Northern Pacific Railway The Northern Pacific Railway was a transcontinental railroad that operated across the northern tier of the western United States, from Minnesota to the Pacific Northwest. It was approved by Congress in 1864 and given nearly of land grants, which it used to raise money in Europe for construction. Construction began in 1870 and the main line opened all the way from the Great Lakes to the Pacific when former President Ulysses S. Grant drove in the final \"golden spike\"","title":"Northern Pacific Railway"},{"id":"5859236","text":"1912 in Port Augusta. Work proceeded eastwards from Kalgoorlie and westwards from Port Augusta through the years of the First World War. By 1915, the two ends of the line were just over apart with materials being delivered daily. Construction progressed steadily as the line was extended through dry and desolate regions until the two halves of the line met at Ooldea on 17 October 1917. Commonwealth Railways was established in 1917 to administer the line. The entire intercity route was not converted to standard gauge until 1970. In 2008, its engineering heritage was recognized by the installation of markers","title":"Trans-Australian Railway"},{"id":"470684","text":"Adams Dix as president of the railroad. Durant and its financing arrangements were, unlike those of the CPRR, mired in controversy and scandals. In February 1860, Iowa Representative Samuel Curtis introduced a bill to fund the railroad. It passed the House but died when it could not be reconciled with the Senate version due to opposition from southern states who wanted a southern route near the 42nd parallel. Curtis tried and failed again in 1861. After the southern states seceded from the Union, the House of Representatives approved the bill on May 6, 1862, and the Senate on June 20.","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470797","text":"bargains, among them the control of the Union Pacific Railroad and Western Union. Visible remains of the historic line are still easily located—hundreds of miles are still in service today, especially through the Sierra Nevada Mountains and canyons in Utah and Wyoming. While the original rail has long since been replaced because of age and wear, and the roadbed upgraded and repaired, the lines generally run on top of the original, handmade grade. Vista points on Interstate 80 through California's Truckee Canyon provide a panoramic view of many miles of the original Central Pacific line and of the snow sheds","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"470716","text":"treeless plains across Nebraska and Wyoming. Coal shipments by rail were also looked on as a potentially major source of income—this potential is still being realized. The Union Pacific reached the new railroad town of Cheyenne in December 1867, having laid about that year. They paused over the winter, preparing to push the track over Evans (Sherman's) pass. At , Evans/Sherman's pass is the highest point reached on the transcontinental railroad. About beyond Evans/Sherman's pass, the railroad had to build an extensive bridge over the Dale Creek canyon (41.103803, −105.454797, lat., long.). The Dale Creek Crossing was one of their","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"18664258","text":"the first to evolve into a major system. In 1869, the symbolically important transcontinental railroad was completed in the US with the driving of a golden spike at Promontory, Utah. The electrical telegraph was first successfully demonstrated on 25 July 1837 between Euston and Camden Town in London. It entered commercial use on the Great Western Railway over the from Paddington station to West Drayton on 9 April 1839. In the United States, the telegraph was developed by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail. On 24 May 1844, Morse made the first public demonstration of his telegraph by sending a message","title":"History of infrastructure"},{"id":"470792","text":"the Union Pacific in 1880. On June 4, 1876, an express train called the \"Transcontinental Express\" arrived in San Francisco via the First Transcontinental Railroad only 83 hours and 39 minutes after it had left New York City. Only ten years before, the same journey would have taken months over land or weeks on ship, possibly all the way around South America. The Central Pacific got a direct route to San Francisco when it was merged with the Southern Pacific Railroad to create the Southern Pacific Company in 1885. The Union Pacific initially took over the Southern Pacific in 1901","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"12719016","text":"workers and additional equipment as well as the construction of the line from the east to the west (not just west to east). With Hoadley's firm managerial hand, construction of the railroad was finished a year in advance, despite its early troubles. The railway ran its first train on January 28, 1855, making it the first transcontinental railroad in North America. Hoadley chartered a steamship and traveled to Panama for the occasion, where he rode the train to the Pacific Ocean. Hoadley retired from the Panama Railroad in 1869.He sold his home in New York City and moved to Englewood,","title":"David Hoadley (businessman)"},{"id":"66489","text":"near Argentine Pass, the first of many silver strikes. In 1867, the Union Pacific Railroad laid its tracks west to Weir, now Julesburg, in the northeast corner of the Territory. The Union Pacific linked up with the Central Pacific Railroad at Promontory Summit, Utah, on May 10, 1869, to form the First Transcontinental Railroad. The Denver Pacific Railway reached Denver in June the following year, and the Kansas Pacific arrived two months later to forge the second line across the continent. In 1872, rich veins of silver were discovered in the San Juan Mountains on the Ute Indian reservation in","title":"Colorado"},{"id":"470687","text":"Durant enticed other investors by offering to front money for the stock they purchased in their names. This scheme enabled Durant to control about half of the railroad stock. The initial construction of UP grade traversed land owned by Durant. Durant's railroad was paid by the mile, and to further inflate its profits, the UP built oxbows of unneeded track, and by July 4, 1865, it had only reached from Omaha after 2½ years of construction. Durant manipulated market prices on his stocks by spreading rumors about which railroads he had an interest in were being considered for connection with","title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"},{"id":"13152420","text":"with the F&S in Belfast, Washington. The first Seattle–Brownsville through train ran on November 27, 1891; regular service began on December 4. The GN transcontinental route was completed in 1893; it connected to the Seattle and Montana at Everett, Washington. In August 1902, the John Hendry-owned Vancouver, Westminster and Yukon Railway began construction of a line from the rapidly growing city of Vancouver, British Columbia to New Westminster, with a bridge crossing the Fraser River to connect with the GN. The GN gained access to Vancouver with the completion of the New Westminster Bridge and the VW&Y in late 1904.","title":"Pacific Northwest Corridor"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"470700\",\n \"text\": \"site. The Union Pacific Railroad did not start construction for another 18 months until July 1865. They were delayed by difficulties obtaining financial backing and the unavailability of workers and materials due to the Civil War. Their start point in the new city of Omaha, Nebraska was not yet connected via railroad to Council Bluffs, Iowa. Equipment needed to begin work was initially delivered to Omaha and Council Bluffs by paddle steamers on the Missouri River. The Union Pacific was so slow in beginning construction during 1865 that they sold two of the four steam locomotives they had purchased. After\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"629514\",\n \"text\": \"united the country by rail. The first of these, the \\\"Pacific Railroad\\\", was built by the Central Pacific Railroad and Union Pacific Railroad to link the San Francisco Bay at Alameda, California, with the nation's existing eastern railroad network at Council Bluffs, Iowa/Omaha, Nebraska, thereby creating the world's first transcontinental railroad when it opened in 1869. Its construction was made possible by the US government under Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862, 1864, and 1867. The world's First Transcontinental Railroad was built between 1863 and 1869 to join the eastern and western halves of the United States. Begun just before the\",\n \"title\": \"Transcontinental railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470671\",\n \"text\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad The First Transcontinental Railroad (also called the Great Transcontinental Railroad, known originally as the \\\"Pacific Railroad\\\" and later as the \\\"Overland Route\\\") was a continuous railroad line constructed between 1863 and 1869 that connected the existing eastern U.S. rail network at Omaha, Nebraska/Council Bluffs, Iowa with the Pacific coast at the Oakland Long Wharf on San Francisco Bay. The rail line was built by three private companies over public lands provided by extensive US land grants. Construction was financed by both state and US government subsidy bonds as well as by company issued mortgage bonds. The Western\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"629517\",\n \"text\": \"had learned their trade keeping the trains running during the American Civil War. The Central Pacific Railroad faced a labor shortage in the more sparsely settled West. It recruited Cantonese laborers in China, who did prodigious work building the line over and through the Sierra Nevada mountains and then across Nevada to their meeting in northern Utah. George J. Gould attempted to assemble a truly transcontinental system in the 1900s. The line from San Francisco, California, to Toledo, Ohio, was completed in 1909, consisting of the Western Pacific Railway, Denver and Rio Grande Railroad, Missouri Pacific Railroad, and Wabash Railroad.\",\n \"title\": \"Transcontinental railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5191094\",\n \"text\": \"first transcontinental railroad was the culmination of a decades-long movement to build such a line and was one of the crowning achievements of the presidency of Abraham Lincoln, completed four years after his death. The building of the railroad required enormous feats of engineering and labor in the crossing of plains and high mountains by the Union Pacific Railroad (UP) and Central Pacific Railroad, the two federally chartered enterprises that built the line westward and eastward respectively. The building of the railroad was motivated in part to bind the Union together during the strife of the American Civil War. It\",\n \"title\": \"Rail transportation in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"629522\",\n \"text\": \"first railroad to completely cross any part of the Americas and physically connect ports on the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Given the tropical rain forest environment, the terrain, and diseases such as malaria and cholera, its completion was a considerable engineering challenge. The construction took five years after ground was first broken for the line in May, 1850, cost eight million dollars, and required more than seven thousand workers drawn from \\\"every quarter of the globe.\\\" This railway was built to provide a shorter and more secure path between the United States' East and West Coasts. This need was mainly\",\n \"title\": \"Transcontinental railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470685\",\n \"text\": \"Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 into law on July 1. It authorized creation of two companies, the Central Pacific in the west and the Union Pacific in the mid-west, to build the railroad. The legislation called for building and operating a new railroad from the Missouri River at Council Bluffs, Iowa, west to Sacramento, California, and on to San Francisco Bay. A second law to supplement the first was passed in 1864. To finance the project, the act authorized the federal government to issue 30-year U.S. government bonds (at 6% interest). The railroad companies were paid $16,000/mile\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470773\",\n \"text\": \"California docks where the railroad started. On January 8, 1863, Governor Leland Stanford ceremoniously broke ground in Sacramento, California, to begin construction of the Central Pacific Railroad. After great initial progress along the Sacramento Valley, construction was slowed, first by the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, then by cutting a railroad bed up the mountains themselves. As they progressed higher in the mountains, winter snowstorms and a shortage of reliable labor compounded the problems. Consequently, after a trial crew of Chinese workers was hired and found to work successfully, the Central Pacific expanded its efforts to hire more emigrant laborers—mostly\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"629513\",\n \"text\": \"they also formed the backbones of cross-country passenger and freight transportation networks. A transcontinental railroad in the United States is any continuous rail line connecting a location on the U.S. Pacific coast with one or more of the railroads of the nation's eastern trunk line rail systems operating between the Missouri or Mississippi Rivers and the U.S. Atlantic coast. The first concrete plan for a transcontinental railroad in the United States was presented to Congress by Asa Whitney in 1845. A series of transcontinental railroads built over the last third of the 19th century created a nationwide transportation network that\",\n \"title\": \"Transcontinental railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470790\",\n \"text\": \"etc. The original track had often been laid as fast as possible with only secondary attention to maintenance and durability. The primary incentive had been getting the subsidies, which meant that upgrades of all kinds were routinely required in the following years. The Union Pacific would not connect Omaha to Council Bluffs until completing the Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge in 1872. Several years after the end of the Civil War, the competing railroads coming from Missouri finally realized their initial strategic advantage and a building boom ensued. In July 1869, the H&SJ finished the Hannibal Bridge in Kansas City\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470672\",\n \"text\": \"Pacific Railroad Company built of track from Oakland/Alameda to Sacramento, California. The Central Pacific Railroad Company of California (CPRR) constructed eastward from Sacramento to Promontory Summit, Utah Territory (U.T.). The Union Pacific built from the road's eastern terminus at Council Bluffs near Omaha, Nebraska westward to Promontory Summit. The railroad opened for through traffic on May 10, 1869 when CPRR President Leland Stanford ceremonially drove the gold \\\"Last Spike\\\" (later often referred to as the \\\"Golden Spike\\\") with a silver hammer at Promontory Summit. The coast-to-coast railroad connection revolutionized the settlement and economy of the American West. It brought the\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"629515\",\n \"text\": \"American Civil War, its construction was considered to be one of the greatest American technological feats of the 19th century. Known as the \\\"Pacific Railroad\\\" when it opened, this served as a vital link for trade, commerce, and travel and opened up vast regions of the North American heartland for settlement. Shipping and commerce could thrive away from navigable watercourses for the first time since the beginning of the nation. Much of this route, especially on the Sierra grade west of Reno, Nevada, is currently used by Amtrak's \\\"California Zephyr\\\", although some parts have been rerouted. The transcontinental railroad provided\",\n \"title\": \"Transcontinental railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"629523\",\n \"text\": \"triggered by the California Gold Rush. Over the years the railway played a key role in the construction and the subsequent operation of the Panama Canal, due to its proximity to the canal. Currently, the railway operates under the private administration of the Panama Canal Railroad Company, and its upgraded capacity complements the cargo traffic through the Panama Canal. A second Central American inter-oceanic railroad began operation in 1908 as a connection between Puerto San José and Puerto Barrios in Guatemala, but ceased passenger service to Puerto San José in 1989. A third Central American inter-oceanic railroad began operation in\",\n \"title\": \"Transcontinental railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470706\",\n \"text\": \"of track, reaching Fremont, Nebraska, and a further of roadbed. At the end of 1865, Peter A. Dey, Chief Engineer of the Union Pacific, resigned over a routing dispute with Thomas C. Durant, one of the chief financiers of the Union Pacific. With the end of the Civil War and increased government supervision in the offing, Durant hired his former M&M engineer Grenville M. Dodge to build the railroad, and the Union Pacific began a mad dash west. Former Union General John \\\"Jack\\\" Casement was hired as the new Chief Engineer of the Union Pacific. He equipped several railroad cars\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470722\",\n \"text\": \"way down the rugged Weber River Canyon to Ogden, Utah, ahead of the railroad construction. The Mormon and Union Pacific rail work was joined in the area of the present-day border between Utah and Wyoming. The longest of four tunnels built in Weber Canyon was Tunnel 2. Work on this tunnel started in October 1868 and was completed six months later. Temporary tracks were laid around it and Tunnels 3 (), 4 () and 5 () to continue work on the tracks west of the tunnels. The tunnels were all made with the new dangerous nitroglycerine explosive, which expedited work\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470723\",\n \"text\": \"but caused some fatal accidents. While building the railroad along the rugged Weber River Canyon, Mormon workers signed the Thousand Mile Tree which was lone tree alongside the track from Omaha. A historic marker has been placed there. The tracks reached Ogden, Utah, on March 27, 1869, although finishing work would continue on the tracks, tunnels and bridges in Weber Canyon for over a year. From Ogden, the railroad went north of the Great Salt Lake to Brigham City and Corinne using Mormon workers, before finally connecting with the Central Pacific Railroad at Promontory Summit in Utah territory on May\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470764\",\n \"text\": \"were in supervisory or skilled craft positions and made more money than the Chinese. Most of the early work on the Central Pacific consisted of constructing the railroad track bed, cutting and/or blasting through or around hills, filling in washes, building bridges or trestles, digging and blasting tunnels and then laying the rails over the Sierra Nevada (U.S.) mountains. Once the Central Pacific was out of the Sierras and the Carson Range, progress sped up considerably as the railroad bed could be built over nearly flat ground. In those days, the Central Pacific once did a section of of track\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"629525\",\n \"text\": \"railway. The construction will start in 2019 and will be finished in 2024. The new railway is planned to be 3750 km in length. There are two possible tracks in discussion: Both have an Atlantic end in Santos, Brazil but the Pacific ends are in Ilo, Peru and Matarani, Peru. Another longer Transcontinental freight-only railroad linking Lima, Peru, to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil is under development. Australia The Trans-Australian Railway was the first route operated by the Federal Government. In the 1940s, 1970s, and 2000s steps were taken to rationalise the gauge chaos and connect the mainland capital cities mentioned\",\n \"title\": \"Transcontinental railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470730\",\n \"text\": \"by the workers under experienced supervisors. In total, the Central Pacific had eleven tunnel projects (Nos. 3 through 13) under construction in the Sierra from 1865–68, with seven tunnels located in a stretch on the east side of Donner Summit. The tunnels were usually built by drilling a series of holes in the tunnel face, filling them with black powder and detonating it to break the rock free. The black powder was provided by the California Powder Works near Santa Cruz, California. These works had started production in 1864 after the U.S. Civil War had cut off shipments of black\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470746\",\n \"text\": \"additional locomotives were built and coming west, and twenty-eight more were under construction. There was a shortage of passenger cars and more had to be ordered. The first Central Pacific sleeper, the \\\"Silver Palace Sleeping Car\\\", arrived at Sacramento on June 8, 1868. The CPRR route passed through Newcastle and Truckee in California, Reno, Wadsworth, Winnemucca, Battle Mountain, Elko and Wells in Nevada (with many more fuel and water stops), before connecting with the Union Pacific line at Promontory Summit in the Utah Territory. When the eastern end of the CPRR was extended to Ogden by purchasing the Union Pacific\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470742\",\n \"text\": \"which was opened in 1925 when the summit section of the grade was double tracked. This routing change was made because the Track 2 and Tunnel 41 Summit crossing is far easier and less expensive to maintain and keep open in the harsh Sierra winters. On June 18, 1868, the Central Pacific reached Reno, Nevada, after completing of railroad up and over the Sierras from Sacramento, California. By then the railroad had already been prebuilt down the Truckee River on the much flatter land from Reno to Wadsworth, Nevada, where they bridged the Truckee for the last time. From there,\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470786\",\n \"text\": \"the last spike was driven, the rail network was not yet connected to the Atlantic or Pacific but merely connected Omaha to Sacramento. To get from Sacramento to the Pacific, the Central Pacific purchased the struggling Western Pacific Railroad (unrelated to the railroad of the same name that would later parallel its route) and resumed construction on it, which had halted in 1866 due to funding troubles. In November 1869, the Central Pacific finally connected Sacramento to the east side of San Francisco Bay by rail at Oakland, California, where freight and passengers completed their transcontinental link to the city\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470759\",\n \"text\": \"engines, and provision made to keep them full. The majority of the Union Pacific track across the Nebraska and Wyoming territories was built by veterans of the Union and Confederate armies, as well as many recent immigrants. Brigham Young, President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, landed contracts with the Union Pacific that offered jobs for around 2,000 members of the church with the hope that the railroad would support commerce in Utah. Church members built most of the road through Utah. Construction superintendent Durant repeatedly failed to pay the wages agreed upon. The Union Pacific train\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470675\",\n \"text\": \"1832 when Dr. Hartwell Carver published an article in the \\\"New York Courier & Enquirer\\\" advocating building a transcontinental railroad from Lake Michigan to Oregon. In 1847 he submitted to the U.S. Congress a \\\"Proposal for a Charter to Build a Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Ocean\\\", seeking a congressional charter to support his idea. Congress agreed to support the idea. Under the direction of the Department of War, the Pacific Railroad Surveys were conducted from 1853 through 1855. These included an extensive series of expeditions of the American West seeking possible routes. A report on the explorations\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19294125\",\n \"text\": \"in 1865. Some 300 miles of main line track were built in 1865-66 over the flat prairies. The Rocky Mountains posed a much more dramatic challenge, but the crews had learned to work at a much faster pace with 240 miles built in 1867, and 555 in 1868-69. The two lines were joined together in Utah on May 10, 1869, hence creating the first transcontinental railroad in North America. Interstate 80, built in the 1950s, paralleled the UP main line. In 1870 the fare in coach from Omaha to San Francisco was $33.20 (sleeper cars cost extra.). The train stopped\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Union Pacific Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"280078\",\n \"text\": \"the highway is roughly . The First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States was built in the 1860s, linking the railroad network of the eastern US with California on the Pacific coast. Finished on 10 May 1869 at the famous golden spike event at Promontory Summit, Utah, it created a nationwide mechanized transportation network that revolutionized the population and economy of the American West, catalyzing the transition from the wagon trains of previous decades to a modern transportation system. Although an accomplishment, it achieved the status of first transcontinental railroad by connecting myriad eastern US railroads to the Pacific and\",\n \"title\": \"North America\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470750\",\n \"text\": \"a swing bridge across the Missouri River between Kansas City, Missouri and Kansas City, Kansas which connected railroads on both sides of the Missouri while still allowing passage of paddle steamers on the river. After completion, this became another major east-west railroad. To speed completion of the Kansas Pacific Railroad to Denver, construction started east from Denver in March 1870 to meet the railroad coming west from Kansas city. The two crews met at a point called Comanche Crossing, Kansas Territory, on August 15, 1870. Denver was now firmly on track to becoming the largest city and the future capital\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470698\",\n \"text\": \"after a strike. The Central Pacific broke ground on January 8, 1863. Due to the lack of transportation alternatives from the manufacturing centers on the east coast, virtually all of their tools and machinery including rails, railroad switches, railroad turntables, freight and passenger cars, and steam locomotives were transported first by train to east coast ports. They were then loaded on ships which either sailed around South America's Cape Horn, or offloaded the cargo at the Isthmus of Panama, where it was sent across via paddle steamer and the Panama Railroad. The Panama Railroad gauge was 5 ft (1524 mm),\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470705\",\n \"text\": \"Territory. The river froze in the winter, and the ferries were replaced by sleighs. A bridge was not built until 1872, when the Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge was completed. After the rail line's initial climb through the Missouri River bluffs west of Omaha and out of the Missouri River Valley, the route bridged the Elkhorn River and then crossed over the new Loup River bridge as it followed the north side of the Platte River valley west through Nebraska along the general path of the Oregon, Mormon and California Trails. By December 1865, the Union Pacific had only completed\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1431491\",\n \"text\": \"1, 1862, under an act of Congress entitled Pacific Railroad Act of 1862. The act was approved by President Abraham Lincoln, and it provided for the construction of railroads from the Missouri River to the Pacific as a war measure for the preservation of the Union. It was constructed westward from Council Bluffs, Iowa to meet the Central Pacific Railroad line, which was constructed eastward from Sacramento, CA. The combined Union Pacific-Central Pacific line became known as the First Transcontinental Railroad and later the Overland Route. The line was constructed primarily by Irish labor who had learned their craft during\",\n \"title\": \"Union Pacific Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"629519\",\n \"text\": \"railroad with the driving of the Last Spike at Craigellachie, British Columbia, on November 7, 1885, is an important milestone in Canadian history. Between 1881 and 1885, the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) completed a line that spanned from the port of Montreal to the Pacific coast, fulfilling a condition of British Columbia's 1871 entry into the Canadian Confederation. The City of Vancouver, incorporated in 1886, was designated the western terminus of the line. The CPR became the first transcontinental railway company in North America in 1889 after its International Railway of Maine opened, connecting CPR to the Atlantic coast. The\",\n \"title\": \"Transcontinental railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470749\",\n \"text\": \"and the tons of ice needed by the miners as they worked ever deeper into the \\\"hot\\\" Comstock Lode ore body. In the mines, temperatures could get above at the work face and a miner often used over of ice per shift. This new railroad connected to the Central Pacific near Reno, and went through Carson City, the new capital of Nevada. After the transcontinental railroads were completed, many other railroads were built to connect up to other population centers in Utah, Wyoming, Kansas, Colorado, Oregon, Washington territories, etc. In 1869, the Kansas Pacific Railway started building the Hannibal Bridge,\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470679\",\n \"text\": \"the central route railroad was Asa Whitney. He envisioned a route from Chicago and the Great Lakes to northern California, paid for by the sale of land to settlers along the route. Whitney traveled widely to solicit support from businessmen and politicians, printed maps and pamphlets, and submitted several proposals to Congress, all at his own expense. In June 1845, he led a team along part of the proposed route to assess its feasibility. Legislation to begin construction of the \\\"Pacific Railroad\\\" (called the \\\"Memorial of Asa Whitney\\\") was first introduced to Congress by Representative Zadock Pratt. Congress did not\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3930693\",\n \"text\": \"would soon prove to be the financial straw that broke the back of Canada's railway industry during the First World War. Canada has supported two transcontinental railway systems for many years, but even in 1914 it was not clear that there was enough traffic for three. The GTPR/NTR system was surveyed and construction began in 1905 and the entire system was finished (except for the Quebec Bridge) in 1913. The task was monumental and no expense was spared in building a railway system of minimal grades and curvature. In crossing the Appalachian Mountains of eastern Quebec and northern New Brunswick,\",\n \"title\": \"National Transcontinental Railway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"629521\",\n \"text\": \"National Railway, which currently is now Canada's largest transcontinental railway, with lines running all the way from the Pacific Coast to the Atlantic Coast. The first railroad to directly connect two oceans (although not by crossing a broad \\\"continental\\\" land mass) was the Panama Rail Road. Opened in 1855, this line was designated instead as an \\\"inter-oceanic\\\" railroad crossing Central America at its narrowest point, the Isthmus of Panama, when that area was still part of Colombia. (Panama split off from Colombia in 1903 and became the independent nation of Panama). By spanning the isthmus, the line thus became the\",\n \"title\": \"Transcontinental railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"74195\",\n \"text\": \"aggressive construction policy was adopted. Macdonald confirmed that Port Moody would be the terminus of the transcontinental railway, and announced that the railway would follow the Fraser and Thompson rivers between Port Moody and Kamloops. In 1879, the federal government floated bonds in London and called for tenders to construct the section of the railway from Yale, British Columbia, to Savona's Ferry, on Kamloops Lake. The contract was awarded to Andrew Onderdonk, whose men started work on 15 May 1880. After the completion of that section, Onderdonk received contracts to build between Yale and Port Moody, and between Savona's Ferry\",\n \"title\": \"Canadian Pacific Railway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470780\",\n \"text\": \"two shifts of 12 hours each, managing the laborers. Once out of the Sierras, construction was much easier and faster. Horace Hamilton Minkler, track foreman for the Central Pacific, laid the last rail and tie before the Last Spike was driven. In order to keep the CPRR's Sierra grade open during the winter months, beginning in 1867, 37 miles of massive wooden snow sheds and galleries were built between Blue Cañon and Truckee, covering cuts and other points where there was danger of avalanches. 2,500 men and six material trains were employed in this work, which was completed in 1869.\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470787\",\n \"text\": \"by ferry. The original route from the Central Valley to the Bay skirted the Delta by heading south out of Sacramento through Stockton and crossing the San Joaquin River at Mossdale, then climbed over the Altamont Pass and reached the East Bay through Niles Canyon. The Western Pacific was originally chartered to go to San Jose, but the Central Pacific decided to build along the East Bay instead, as going from San Jose up the Peninsula to San Francisco itself would have brought it into conflict with competing interests. The railroad entered Alameda and Oakland from the south, roughly paralleling\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470774\",\n \"text\": \"Chinese. Emigrants from poverty stricken regions of China, many of which suffered from the strife of the Taiping Rebellion, seemed to be more willing to tolerate the living and working conditions on the railroad construction, and progress on the railroad continued. The increasing necessity for tunneling as they proceeded up the mountains then began to slow progress of the line yet again. The first step of construction was to survey the route and determine the locations where large excavations, tunnels and bridges would be needed. Crews could then start work in advance of the railroad reaching these locations. Supplies and\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"629520\",\n \"text\": \"construction of a transcontinental railroad strengthened the connection of British Columbia and the Northwest Territories to the Dominion of Canada they had recently joined, and acted as a bulwark against potential incursions by the United States. Subsequently, two other transcontinental lines were built in Canada: the Canadian Northern Railway (CNoR) opened another line to the Pacific in 1912, and the combined Grand Trunk Pacific Railway (GTPR)/National Transcontinental Railway (NTR) system opened in 1917 following the completion of the Quebec Bridge, although its line to the Pacific opened in 1914. The CNoR, GTPR, and NTR were nationalized to form the Canadian\",\n \"title\": \"Transcontinental railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470673\",\n \"text\": \"western states and territories into alignment with the northern Union states and made transporting passengers and goods coast-to-coast considerably quicker and less expensive. Paddle steamers linked Sacramento to the cities and their harbor facilities in the San Francisco Bay until 1869, when the CPRR completed and opened the WP grade (which the CPRR had acquired control of in 1867–68 ) to Alameda and Oakland. The first transcontinental rail passengers arrived at the Pacific Railroad's original western terminus at the Alameda Mole on September 6, 1869 where they transferred to the steamer \\\"Alameda\\\" for transport across the Bay to San Francisco.\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470721\",\n \"text\": \"4, 1868, the Union Pacific reached Evanston, having laid almost of track over the Green River and the Laramie Plains that year. By 1871, Evanston became a significant maintenance shop town equipped to carry out extensive repairs on the cars and steam locomotives. In the Utah Territory, the railroad once again diverted from the main emigrant trails to cross the Wasatch Mountains and went down the rugged Echo Canyon (Summit County, Utah) and Weber River canyon. To speed up construction as much as possible, Union Pacific contracted several thousand Mormon workers to cut, fill, trestle, bridge, blast and tunnel its\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"95215\",\n \"text\": \"1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1876 1877 1883 1885 1888 1899 1959 Central Pacific Railroad The Central Pacific Railroad (CPRR) was a rail route between California and Utah built eastwards from the West Coast in the 1860s, to complete the western part of the \\\"First Transcontinental Railroad\\\" in North America. It later became part of the Union Pacific Railroad. Many 19th century national proposals to build a transcontinental railroad failed because of the energy consumed by political disputes over slavery. With the secession of the South, the modernizers in the Republican Party controlled the US Congress. They passed legislation authorizing\",\n \"title\": \"Central Pacific Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470703\",\n \"text\": \"as possible at a minimum cost. Within a few years, nearly all railroads converted to steel rails. Time was not standardized across the United States and Canada until November 18, 1883. In 1865, each railroad set its own time to minimize scheduling errors. To communicate easily up and down the line, the railroads built telegraph lines alongside the railroad. These lines eventually superseded the original First Transcontinental Telegraph which followed much of the Mormon Trail up the North Platte River and across the very thinly populated Central Nevada Route through central Utah and Nevada. The telegraph lines along the railroad\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470724\",\n \"text\": \"10, 1869. Some Union Pacific officers declined to pay the Mormons all of the agreed upon construction costs of the work through Weber Canyon, and beyond, claiming Union Pacific poverty despite the millions they had extracted through the Crédit Mobilier of America scandal. Only partial payment was secured through court actions against Union Pacific. The Central Pacific laid of track, starting in Sacramento, California, in 1863 and continuing over the rugged Sierra Nevada mountains at Donner Pass into the new state of Nevada. The elevation change from Sacramento (elev. ) to Donner Summit (elev. ) had to be accomplished in\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"95200\",\n \"text\": \"Central Pacific Railroad The Central Pacific Railroad (CPRR) was a rail route between California and Utah built eastwards from the West Coast in the 1860s, to complete the western part of the \\\"First Transcontinental Railroad\\\" in North America. It later became part of the Union Pacific Railroad. Many 19th century national proposals to build a transcontinental railroad failed because of the energy consumed by political disputes over slavery. With the secession of the South, the modernizers in the Republican Party controlled the US Congress. They passed legislation authorizing the railroad, with financing in the form of government railroad bonds. These\",\n \"title\": \"Central Pacific Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470791\",\n \"text\": \"which was the first bridge to cross the Missouri River. This in turn connected to Kansas Pacific trains going from Kansas City to Denver, which in turn had built the Denver Pacific Railway connecting to the Union Pacific. In August 1870, the Kansas Pacific drove the last spike connecting to the Denver Pacific line at Strasburg, Colorado and the first true Atlantic to Pacific United States railroad was completed. Kansas City's head start in connecting to a true transcontinental railroad contributed to it rather than Omaha becoming the dominant rail center west of Chicago. The Kansas Pacific became part of\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5191092\",\n \"text\": \"of railroad lines had been built. The B&O's westward route reached the Ohio River in 1852, the first eastern seaboard railroad to do so. Railroad companies in the North and Midwest constructed networks that linked nearly every major city by 1860. The First Transcontinental Railroad in the U.S. was built across North America in the 1860s, linking the railroad network of the eastern U.S. with California on the Pacific coast. Finished on May 10, 1869 at the Golden spike event at Promontory Summit, Utah, it created a nationwide mechanized transportation network that revolutionized the population and economy of the American\",\n \"title\": \"Rail transportation in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470729\",\n \"text\": \"was identified as taking a long time was started as soon as its projected track location could be ascertained and work crews, supplies and road work equipment found to be sent ahead. Tunnels, trestles and bridges were nearly all built this way. The spread-out nature of the work resulted in the work being split into two divisions, with L.M. Clement taking the upper division from Blue Cañon to Truckee and Cadwalader taking the lower division from Truckee to the Nevada border. Other assistant engineers were assigned to specific tasks such as building a bridge, tunnel or trestle which was done\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1683047\",\n \"text\": \". By 1860, on the eve of civil war, the length had reached , mostly in the North. The South had much less trackage and it was geared to moving cotton short distances to river or ocean ports. The Southern railroads were destroyed during the war but were soon rebuilt. By 1890, the national system was virtually complete with . In 1869, the symbolically important transcontinental railroad was completed in the United States with the driving of a golden spike (near the city of Ogden). In Latin America in the late 19th and early 20th centuries railways were critical elements\",\n \"title\": \"History of rail transport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470709\",\n \"text\": \"Platte River, the railroad bridged the North Platte River over a bridge (nicknamed ½ mile bridge). It was built across the shallow but wide North Platte resting on piles driven by steam pile drivers. Here they built the \\\"railroad\\\" town of North Platte, Nebraska in December 1866 after completing about of track that year. In late 1866, former Major General Grenville M. Dodge was appointed Chief Engineer on the Union Pacific, but hard working General \\\"Jack\\\" Casement continued to work as chief construction \\\"boss\\\" and his brother Daniel Casement continued as financial officer. The original emigrant route across Wyoming of\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16142839\",\n \"text\": \"granted lands and construction privileges for the First Transcontinental Railroad project under the Pacific Railway Acts. Construction of this Overland Route was begun in 1863 and completed in 1869. The southern route did not become a reality until 1883, when the Southern Pacific Railroad linked New Orleans and the Gulf of Mexico with Los Angeles and the Pacific Ocean. The Memorial document is an attempt to persuade the U.S. Congress to authorize construction of the first Transcontinental Railroad via a southern route through New Mexico rather than the route that was eventually authorized by the Pacific Railway Acts of 1862\",\n \"title\": \"New Mexican Railway Company\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470784\",\n \"text\": \"they realized that the so-called \\\"Iron Horse\\\" threatened their existence. Security measures were further strengthened, and progress on the railroad continued. Six years after the groundbreaking, laborers of the Central Pacific Railroad from the west and the Union Pacific Railroad from the east met at Promontory Summit, Utah Territory. It was here on May 10, 1869, that Leland Stanford drove \\\"The Last Spike\\\" (or golden spike) that joined the rails of the transcontinental railroad. The spike is now on display at the Cantor Arts Center at Stanford University, while a second \\\"Last\\\" Golden Spike is also on display at the\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470751\",\n \"text\": \"of Colorado. The Kansas Pacific Railroad linked with the Denver Pacific Railway via Denver to Cheyenne in 1870. The original transcontinental railroad route did not pass through the two biggest cities in the so-called Great American Desert—Denver, Colorado, and Salt Lake City, Utah. Feeder railroad lines were soon built to service these two and other cities and states along the route. Modern-day Interstate 80 roughly follows the path of the railroad from Sacramento across modern day California, Nevada, Wyoming and Nebraska, with a few exceptions. Most significantly, the two routes are different between Wells, Nevada and Echo, Utah. In this\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470702\",\n \"text\": \"the wheel trucks. Alternatively, cargo was offloaded and reloaded, a time-consuming effort that delayed cargo shipments. For the transcontinental railroad, the builders adopted the English standard, what is now called standard gauge. The Bessemer process and open hearth furnace steel-making were in use by 1865, but the advantages of steel rails which lasted much longer than iron rails had not yet been demonstrated. The rails used initially in building the rail way were nearly all made of iron of a flat-bottomed modified I-beam profile weighing per or per . The railroad companies were intent on completing the project as rapidly\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470747\",\n \"text\": \"Railroad line from Promontory for about $2.8 million in 1870, it ended the short period of a boom town for Promontory, extended the Central Pacific tracks about and made Ogden a major terminus on the transcontinental railroad, as passengers and freight switched railroads there. Subsequent to the railhead's meeting at Promontory Summit, U.T., the San Joaquin River Bridge at Mossdale Crossing (near present-day Lathrop, California) was completed on September 8, 1869. As a result, the western part of the route was extended from Sacramento to the Alameda Terminal in Alameda, California, and shortly thereafter, to the Oakland Long Wharf at\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470728\",\n \"text\": \"the Sierras followed the general route of the Truckee branch of the California Trail, going east over Donner Pass and down the rugged Truckee River valley. The route over the Sierra had been plotted out by Judah in preliminary surveys before his death in 1863. Judah's deputy, Samuel S. Montague was appointed as Central Pacific's new Chief Engineer, with Lewis M. Clement as Assistant Chief Engineer and Charles Cadwalader as second assistant. To build the new railroad, detailed surveys had to be run that showed where the cuts, fills, trestles, bridges and tunnels would have to be built. Work that\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470704\",\n \"text\": \"were easier to protect and maintain. Many of the original telegraph lines were abandoned as the telegraph business was consolidated with the railroad telegraph lines. The Union Pacific's of track started at MP 0.0 in Council Bluffs, Iowa, on the eastern side of the Missouri River. Omaha was chosen by President Abraham Lincoln as the location of its Transfer Depot where up to seven railroads could transfer mail and other goods to Union Pacific trains bound for the west. Trains were initially transported across the Missouri River by ferry before they could access the western tracks beginning in Omaha, Nebraska\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"629526\",\n \"text\": \"above with standard gauge . Since 1970, when the direct standard gauge line across the country was completed, the passenger train on the Sydney to Perth line has been called the Indian Pacific. The proposed Iron Boomerang would connect iron in the Pilbara with coal in Queensland, so achieving loaded operations in both directions. Transcontinental railroad A transcontinental railroad is a contiguous network of railroad trackage that crosses a continental land mass with terminals at different oceans or continental borders. Such networks can be via the tracks of either a single railroad, or over those owned or controlled by multiple\",\n \"title\": \"Transcontinental railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2730614\",\n \"text\": \"Northern Pacific Railway The Northern Pacific Railway was a transcontinental railroad that operated across the northern tier of the western United States, from Minnesota to the Pacific Northwest. It was approved by Congress in 1864 and given nearly of land grants, which it used to raise money in Europe for construction. Construction began in 1870 and the main line opened all the way from the Great Lakes to the Pacific when former President Ulysses S. Grant drove in the final \\\"golden spike\\\" in western Montana on September 8, 1883. The railroad had about of track and served a large area,\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Pacific Railway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470748\",\n \"text\": \"Oakland Point in Oakland, California, and on to San Jose, California. Train ferries transferred some railroad cars to and from the Oakland wharves and tracks to wharves and tracks in San Francisco. Before the CPRR was completed, developers were building other feeder railroads like the Virginia and Truckee Railroad to the Comstock Lode diggings in Virginia City, Nevada, and several different extensions in California and Nevada to reach other cities there. Some of their main cargo was the thousands of cords of firewood needed for the many steam engines and pumps, cooking stoves, heating stoves etc. in Comstock Lode towns\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3622281\",\n \"text\": \"in the Western United States. The first Union Pacific Railroad, pronounced \\\"Union Pacific Rail Road\\\" was incorporated on July 1, 1862, under an act of Congress entitled Pacific Railroad Act of 1862. The act was approved by President Abraham Lincoln, and it provided for the construction of railroads from the Missouri River to the Pacific as a war measure for the preservation of the Union. It was constructed westward from Council Bluffs, Iowa to meet the Central Pacific Railroad line, which was constructed eastward from San Francisco Bay. The combined Union Pacific-Central Pacific line became known as the First Transcontinental\",\n \"title\": \"Union Pacific Corporation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1284952\",\n \"text\": \"and the Civil War delayed construction of the proposed railroad. The Southern Pacific Railroad from Los Angeles reached Yuma, Arizona, in 1877, Tucson in March 1880, Deming, New Mexico in December 1880, and El Paso in May 1881, the first railroad across the Gadsden Purchase. At the same time, 1879-1881, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad was building across New Mexico and met the Southern Pacific at Deming, New Mexico March 7, 1881, completing the second transcontinental railroad (the first, the central transcontinental, was completed May 10, 1869 at Promontory Summit, Utah). Acquiring trackage rights over the SP, from\",\n \"title\": \"Gadsden Purchase\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1431492\",\n \"text\": \"the recent Civil War. Under the guidance of its dominant stockholder Dr. Thomas Clark Durant, the namesake of the city of Durant, Iowa, the first rails were laid in Omaha. The two lines were joined together at Promontory Summit, Utah, west of Ogden on May 10, 1869, hence creating the first transcontinental railroad in North America.Subsequently, the UP purchased three Mormon-built roads: the Utah Central Railroad extending south from Ogden to Salt Lake City, the Utah Southern Railroad extending south from Salt Lake City into the Utah Valley, and the Utah Northern Railroad extending north from Ogden into Idaho. The\",\n \"title\": \"Union Pacific Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3930688\",\n \"text\": \"transportation policies. The federal government had encouraged the Grand Trunk Railway (GTR) system in the 1870s to consider building the transcontinental rail line. During the same time, a government survey party under the direction of Sandford Fleming set out across Canada to survey routes for the proposed railway. The \\\"Canadian Pacific Survey\\\", as it was called, surveyed routes to a number of Pacific Coast destinations (including Victoria on Vancouver Island). When Grand Trunk balked at building a railway using the survey, the government turned to the privately owned Canadian Pacific. CPR, one of whose directors was James J. Hill, from\",\n \"title\": \"National Transcontinental Railway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3930687\",\n \"text\": \"National Transcontinental Railway The National Transcontinental Railway (NTR) was a historic railway between Winnipeg and Moncton in Canada. Much of the line is now operated by the Canadian National Railway. The completion of construction of Canada's first transcontinental railway, the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) on November 7, 1885, preceded a tremendous economic expansion and immigration boom in western Canada during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. But the monopolistic policies of the CPR, coupled with its southerly routing (new scientific discoveries were pushing the northern boundary of cereal crops), led to increasing western discontent with the railway and federal\",\n \"title\": \"National Transcontinental Railway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470788\",\n \"text\": \"what would later become U.S. Route 50 and later still Interstates 5, 205, and 580. A more direct route was obtained with the purchase of the California Pacific Railroad, crossing the Sacramento River and proceeding southwest through Davis to Benicia, where it crossed the Carquinez Strait by means of an enormous train ferry, then followed the shores of the San Pablo and San Francisco bays to Richmond and the Port of Oakland (paralleling U.S. Route 40 which ultimately became Interstate 80). In 1930, a rail bridge across the Carquinez replaced the Benicia ferries. Very early on, the Central Pacific learned\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"629512\",\n \"text\": \"Transcontinental railroad A transcontinental railroad is a contiguous network of railroad trackage that crosses a continental land mass with terminals at different oceans or continental borders. Such networks can be via the tracks of either a single railroad, or over those owned or controlled by multiple railway companies along a continuous route. Although Europe is crisscrossed by railways, the railroads within Europe are usually not considered transcontinental, with the possible exception of the historic Orient Express. Transcontinental railroads helped open up unpopulated interior regions of continents to exploration and settlement that would not otherwise have been feasible. In many cases\",\n \"title\": \"Transcontinental railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470683\",\n \"text\": \"and Emigrant Gap, over Donner Pass, and south to Truckee. They discovered a way across the Sierras that was gradual enough to be made suitable for a railroad, although it still needed a lot of work. Four northern California businessmen formed the Central Pacific Railroad: Leland Stanford, (1824–1893), President; Collis Potter Huntington, (1821–1900), Vice President; Mark Hopkins, (1813–1878), Treasurer; Charles Crocker, (1822–1888), Construction Supervisor. All became substantially wealthy from their association with the railroad. Former ophthalmologist Dr. Thomas Clark \\\"Doc\\\" Durant was nominally only a vice president of Union Pacific, so he installed a series of respected men like John\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2955390\",\n \"text\": \"heavy use of rolling stock wore them out. In 1864-65 the Confederate railroad network collapsed; little traffic moved in 1865. The Southern states had blocked westward rail expansion before 1860, but after secession the Pacific Railway Acts were passed in 1862, allowing the first transcontinental railroad to be completed in 1869, making possible a six-day trip from New York to San Francisco. Other transcontinentals were built in the South (Southern Pacific, Santa Fe) and along the Canada–US border (Northern Pacific, Great Northern), accelerating the settlement of the West by offering inexpensive farms and ranches on credit, carrying pioneers and supplies\",\n \"title\": \"History of rail transport in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470761\",\n \"text\": \"horse or mule pulled carts, and a few railroad pulled gondolas. The construction work involved an immense amount of manual labor. Initially, Central Pacific had a hard time hiring and keeping unskilled workers on its line, as many would leave for the prospect of far more lucrative gold or silver mining options elsewhere. Despite the concerns expressed by Charles Crocker, one of the \\\"big four\\\" and a general contractor, that the Chinese were too small in stature and lacking previous experience with railroad work, they decided to try them anyway. After the first few days of trial with a few\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2097149\",\n \"text\": \"aloft in the scene commemorating the actual event, although a brass prop was used for the hammering sequence. Promontory Summit marks the site where the First Transcontinental Railroad was officially completed, although a direct coast-to-coast rail journey on this route was not achieved until 1873. The Mossdale Bridge spanning the San Joaquin River near Lathrop, California was completed in September 1869, connecting Sacramento, California to the network. Passengers had to cross the Missouri River by boat between Council Bluffs, Iowa and Omaha, Nebraska until the Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge was built in 1873. In the meantime, the first uninterrupted\",\n \"title\": \"Promontory, Utah\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470696\",\n \"text\": \"of San Francisco. The Central Pacific hired some Canadian and British engineers and surveyors with extensive experience building railroads, but it had a difficult time finding semi-skilled labor. Most Caucasians in California preferred to work in the mines or agriculture. The railroad experimented by hiring local emigrant Chinese as manual laborers, many of whom were escaping the poverty and terrors of the Taiping Rebellion in the Guangdong province in China. When they proved themselves as workers, the CPRR from that point forward preferred to hire Chinese, and even set up recruiting efforts in Canton. Despite their small stature and lack\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470777\",\n \"text\": \"of conditions. However, Chinese laborers did far more than mix the volatile ingredients of nitroglycerin for the Central Pacific. Their hard work was also crucial in the construction of 15 tunnels along the railroad's line through the Sierra Nevada mountains. These tunnels were about 32 feet (10 m) high and 16 feet (5 m) wide. When tunnels with vertical shafts were dug to increase construction speed, and tunneling began in the middle of the tunnel, at first hand-powered derricks were used to help remove loose rocks up the vertical shafts. These derricks were later replaced with steam hoists as work\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470712\",\n \"text\": \"terrain, while a railroad connection to that City was already being planned for and surveyed. Efforts to survey a new, shorter, \\\"better\\\" route had been under way since 1864. By 1867, a new route was found and surveyed that went along part of the South Platte River in western Nebraska and after entering what is now the state of Wyoming, ascended a gradual sloping ridge between Lodgepole Creek and Crow Creek to Evans pass (also called Sherman's Pass) which was discovered by the Union Pacific employed English surveyor and engineer, James Evans, in about 1864. This pass now is marked\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470674\",\n \"text\": \"The road's rail terminus was moved two months later to the Oakland Long Wharf about a mile to the north. Service between San Francisco and Oakland Pier continued to be provided by ferry. The CPRR eventually purchased of UPRR-built grade from Promontory Summit (MP 828) to Ogden, U.T. (MP 881), which became the interchange point between trains of the two roads. The transcontinental line was popularly known as the \\\"Overland Route\\\" after the principal passenger rail service that operated over the length of the line until 1962. Building a railroad line that connected the United States coast-to-coast was advocated in\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470732\",\n \"text\": \"crew worked drilling holes on the faces and another crew collected and removed the loosened rock after each explosion. The workers were pulled off the summit tunnel and the track grading east of Donner Pass in the winter of 1865–66 as there was no way to supply them, nor quarters they could have lived in. The crews were transferred to work on bridges and track grading on the Truckee River canyon. In 1866 they put in a vertical shaft in the center of the summit tunnel and started work towards the east and west tunnel faces, giving four working faces\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470733\",\n \"text\": \"on the summit tunnel to speed up progress. A steam engine off an old locomotive was brought up with much effort over the wagon road and used as a winch driver to help remove loosened rock from the vertical shaft and two working faces. By the winter of 1866–67, work had progressed sufficiently and a camp had been built for workers on the summit tunnel which allowed work to continue. The cross section of a tunnel face was a , oval with an vertical wall. Progress on the tunnel sped up to over per day per face when they started\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12125447\",\n \"text\": \"start a steamship line to California, since the Gold Rush started the next year. The company's first vessel to make the trip was packed with passengers. Pacific Mail eventually became American President Lines, which is now part of Neptune Orient Lines. Following the Steamship Company, Aspinwall then promoted a railway in Panama. The project, which began in May 1850 and was later known as the Panama Canal Railway, was the first transcontinental railroad in the Americas and was built to provide a shorter and more secure path between the United States' East and West Coasts. When completed in 1855, the\",\n \"title\": \"William Henry Aspinwall\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"629518\",\n \"text\": \"Beyond Toledo, the planned route would have used the Wheeling and Lake Erie Railroad (1900), Wabash Pittsburgh Terminal Railway, Little Kanawha Railroad, West Virginia Central and Pittsburgh Railway, Western Maryland Railroad, and Philadelphia and Western Railway, but the Panic of 1907 strangled the plans before the Little Kanawha section in West Virginia could be finished. The Alphabet Route was completed in 1931, providing the portion of this line east of the Mississippi River. With the merging of the railroads, only the Union Pacific Railroad and the BNSF Railway remain to carry the entire route. The completion of Canada's first transcontinental\",\n \"title\": \"Transcontinental railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3237341\",\n \"text\": \"water and the construction was delayed by only a few months. Trial runs were carried out from November 1861 while construction was still under way. The first trip over the whole line was in May 1862 with William Gladstone among the guests. By the end of 1862 work was complete at a cost of £1.3 million. Board of Trade inspections took place in late December 1862 and early January 1863 to approve the railway for opening. After minor signalling changes were made, approval was granted and a few days of operating trials were carried out before the grand opening on\",\n \"title\": \"Metropolitan Railway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"629524\",\n \"text\": \"1910 as a connection between Puntarenas and Limón in gauge. There is activity to revive the connection between Valparaíso and Santiago in Chile and Mendoza, Argentina, through the \\\"Transandino\\\" project. Mendoza has an active connection to Buenos Aires. The old Transandino began in 1910 and ceased passenger service in 1978 and freight 4 years later. Technically a complete transcontinental link exists from Arica, Chile, to La Paz, Bolivia, to Buenos Aires, but this trans-Andean crossing is for freight only. On December 6, 2017 the Brazilian President Terner and his Bolivian counterpart Morales signed an agreement for an Atlantic - Pacific\",\n \"title\": \"Transcontinental railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3930691\",\n \"text\": \"the federal government's offer for assistance to expand the CNoR in 1903 and in doing so, the federal government under Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier committed to building a transcontinental system in partnership with the GTR. In keeping with the trend of railways to exploit virgin territories, the government-backed \\\"transcon\\\" would run from the port of Prince Rupert, British Columbia, across the northern portion of the prairies to Winnipeg, and from there across northern Ontario and Quebec to Quebec City where it would cross the St. Lawrence River and continue on to its eastern terminus at Moncton, New Brunswick, by way\",\n \"title\": \"National Transcontinental Railway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470760\",\n \"text\": \"carrying him to the final spike ceremony was held up by a strike by unpaid workers in Piedmont, Wyoming until he paid them for their work. Representatives of Brigham Young had less success, and failed in court to force him to honor the contract. The manual labor to build the Central Pacific's roadbed, bridges and tunnels was done primarily by many thousands of emigrant workers from China under the direction of skilled non-Chinese supervisors. The Chinese were commonly referred to at the time as \\\"Celestials\\\" and China as the \\\"Celestial Kingdom.\\\" Labor-saving devices in those days consisted primarily of wheelbarrows,\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16014357\",\n \"text\": \"Empire Express Empire Express: Building the First Transcontinental Railroad is a book written by David Haward Bain, published in 2000. It follows the initial conception of the idea of a transcontinental railroad, during the two decades before the Civil War, to the work of the engineers and entrepreneurs who fixed the route, assembled financing, drafted a work force and launched the two lines toward the eventual meeting point at Promontory Summit, Utah, in 1869. The story alternates between the Union Pacific driving west from Omaha and the Central Pacific blasting through the mountains from California. Bain examines the impact of\",\n \"title\": \"Empire Express\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470738\",\n \"text\": \"down the eastern Sierras was done on the south side of Donner Lake with a series of switchbacks carved into the mountain. The Truckee River, which drains Lake Tahoe, had already found and scoured out the best route across the Carson Range of mountains east of the Sierras. The route down the rugged Truckee River Canyon, including required bridges, was done ahead of the main summit tunnel completion. To expedite the building of the railroad through the Truckee River canyon, the Central Pacific hauled two small locomotives, railcars, rails and other material on wagons and sleighs to what is now\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470701\",\n \"text\": \"the U.S. Civil War ended on June 22, 1865, the Union Pacific still competed for railroad supplies with companies who were building or repairing railroads in the south, and prices rose. At that time in the United States, there were two primary standards for track gauge, as defined by the distance between the two rails. In England, the standard gauge was 4 ft 8 1⁄2 inch (1.435 m), and this had been adopted by the majority of northern railways. But much of the south had adopted a 5-foot gauge. Transferring railway cars across a break of gauge required changing out\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16447351\",\n \"text\": \"in a tent show. Tent shows would not have been so widespread in the United States were it not for the expansion of the railroad system. On July 1, 1862, \\\"President Abraham Lincoln signed into law the Pacific Railroad Act, which launched perhaps the most audacious enterprise of 19th century American civil engineering: the construction of a 1,776 mile long railroad from the Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean.\\\" This railroad would eventually be called the First Transcontinental Railroad, and its effect would be to open \\\"the American West to settlement and commerce as never before... A coast-to-coast journey that\",\n \"title\": \"Tent show\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470745\",\n \"text\": \"of track from Reno to Promontory Summit in the one year before the Last Spike was driven on May 10, 1869. Central Pacific had 1,694 freight cars available by May 1869, with more under construction in their Sacramento yard. Major repairs and maintenance on the Central Pacific rolling stock was done in their Sacramento maintenance yard. Near the end of 1869, Central Pacific had 162 locomotives, of which 2 had two drivers (drive wheels), 110 had four drivers, and 50 had six drivers. The steam locomotives had been purchased in the eastern states and shipped to California by sea. Thirty-six\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2730667\",\n \"text\": \"His \\\"Northern Pacific Views\\\" photographically documented over the years, the routes, destinations, infrastructure and equipment of the railroad. Northern Pacific Railway The Northern Pacific Railway was a transcontinental railroad that operated across the northern tier of the western United States, from Minnesota to the Pacific Northwest. It was approved by Congress in 1864 and given nearly of land grants, which it used to raise money in Europe for construction. Construction began in 1870 and the main line opened all the way from the Great Lakes to the Pacific when former President Ulysses S. Grant drove in the final \\\"golden spike\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Pacific Railway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5859236\",\n \"text\": \"1912 in Port Augusta. Work proceeded eastwards from Kalgoorlie and westwards from Port Augusta through the years of the First World War. By 1915, the two ends of the line were just over apart with materials being delivered daily. Construction progressed steadily as the line was extended through dry and desolate regions until the two halves of the line met at Ooldea on 17 October 1917. Commonwealth Railways was established in 1917 to administer the line. The entire intercity route was not converted to standard gauge until 1970. In 2008, its engineering heritage was recognized by the installation of markers\",\n \"title\": \"Trans-Australian Railway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470684\",\n \"text\": \"Adams Dix as president of the railroad. Durant and its financing arrangements were, unlike those of the CPRR, mired in controversy and scandals. In February 1860, Iowa Representative Samuel Curtis introduced a bill to fund the railroad. It passed the House but died when it could not be reconciled with the Senate version due to opposition from southern states who wanted a southern route near the 42nd parallel. Curtis tried and failed again in 1861. After the southern states seceded from the Union, the House of Representatives approved the bill on May 6, 1862, and the Senate on June 20.\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470797\",\n \"text\": \"bargains, among them the control of the Union Pacific Railroad and Western Union. Visible remains of the historic line are still easily located—hundreds of miles are still in service today, especially through the Sierra Nevada Mountains and canyons in Utah and Wyoming. While the original rail has long since been replaced because of age and wear, and the roadbed upgraded and repaired, the lines generally run on top of the original, handmade grade. Vista points on Interstate 80 through California's Truckee Canyon provide a panoramic view of many miles of the original Central Pacific line and of the snow sheds\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470716\",\n \"text\": \"treeless plains across Nebraska and Wyoming. Coal shipments by rail were also looked on as a potentially major source of income—this potential is still being realized. The Union Pacific reached the new railroad town of Cheyenne in December 1867, having laid about that year. They paused over the winter, preparing to push the track over Evans (Sherman's) pass. At , Evans/Sherman's pass is the highest point reached on the transcontinental railroad. About beyond Evans/Sherman's pass, the railroad had to build an extensive bridge over the Dale Creek canyon (41.103803, −105.454797, lat., long.). The Dale Creek Crossing was one of their\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18664258\",\n \"text\": \"the first to evolve into a major system. In 1869, the symbolically important transcontinental railroad was completed in the US with the driving of a golden spike at Promontory, Utah. The electrical telegraph was first successfully demonstrated on 25 July 1837 between Euston and Camden Town in London. It entered commercial use on the Great Western Railway over the from Paddington station to West Drayton on 9 April 1839. In the United States, the telegraph was developed by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail. On 24 May 1844, Morse made the first public demonstration of his telegraph by sending a message\",\n \"title\": \"History of infrastructure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470792\",\n \"text\": \"the Union Pacific in 1880. On June 4, 1876, an express train called the \\\"Transcontinental Express\\\" arrived in San Francisco via the First Transcontinental Railroad only 83 hours and 39 minutes after it had left New York City. Only ten years before, the same journey would have taken months over land or weeks on ship, possibly all the way around South America. The Central Pacific got a direct route to San Francisco when it was merged with the Southern Pacific Railroad to create the Southern Pacific Company in 1885. The Union Pacific initially took over the Southern Pacific in 1901\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12719016\",\n \"text\": \"workers and additional equipment as well as the construction of the line from the east to the west (not just west to east). With Hoadley's firm managerial hand, construction of the railroad was finished a year in advance, despite its early troubles. The railway ran its first train on January 28, 1855, making it the first transcontinental railroad in North America. Hoadley chartered a steamship and traveled to Panama for the occasion, where he rode the train to the Pacific Ocean. Hoadley retired from the Panama Railroad in 1869.He sold his home in New York City and moved to Englewood,\",\n \"title\": \"David Hoadley (businessman)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"66489\",\n \"text\": \"near Argentine Pass, the first of many silver strikes. In 1867, the Union Pacific Railroad laid its tracks west to Weir, now Julesburg, in the northeast corner of the Territory. The Union Pacific linked up with the Central Pacific Railroad at Promontory Summit, Utah, on May 10, 1869, to form the First Transcontinental Railroad. The Denver Pacific Railway reached Denver in June the following year, and the Kansas Pacific arrived two months later to forge the second line across the continent. In 1872, rich veins of silver were discovered in the San Juan Mountains on the Ute Indian reservation in\",\n \"title\": \"Colorado\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470687\",\n \"text\": \"Durant enticed other investors by offering to front money for the stock they purchased in their names. This scheme enabled Durant to control about half of the railroad stock. The initial construction of UP grade traversed land owned by Durant. Durant's railroad was paid by the mile, and to further inflate its profits, the UP built oxbows of unneeded track, and by July 4, 1865, it had only reached from Omaha after 2½ years of construction. Durant manipulated market prices on his stocks by spreading rumors about which railroads he had an interest in were being considered for connection with\",\n \"title\": \"First Transcontinental Railroad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13152420\",\n \"text\": \"with the F&S in Belfast, Washington. The first Seattle–Brownsville through train ran on November 27, 1891; regular service began on December 4. The GN transcontinental route was completed in 1893; it connected to the Seattle and Montana at Everett, Washington. In August 1902, the John Hendry-owned Vancouver, Westminster and Yukon Railway began construction of a line from the rapidly growing city of Vancouver, British Columbia to New Westminster, with a bridge crossing the Fraser River to connect with the GN. The GN gained access to Vancouver with the completion of the New Westminster Bridge and the VW&Y in late 1904.\",\n \"title\": \"Pacific Northwest Corridor\"\n }\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":79090,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":79090,"string":"79,090"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["7 December 1941"],"string":"[\n \"7 December 1941\"\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"when did the us enter world war 2"},"compressed_prompt":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Question:\\nPlease write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: History of United States foreign policy context: materials. The United States officially entered World War II against Germany, Japan, and Italy in December 1941, following the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. This time the U.S. was a full-fledged member of the Allies of World War II, not just an \\\"associate\\\" as in the first war. During the war, the U.S. conducted military operations on both the Atlantic and Pacific fronts. After the war and devastation of its European and Asian rivals, the United States found itself in a uniquely powerful position due to the lack of damage to its domestic industries. After 1945, the isolationist pattern\\n\\nwhen did the us enter world war 2\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 184,\n \"origin_tokens\": 184,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"14138450","text":"materials. The United States officially entered World War II against Germany, Japan, and Italy in December 1941, following the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. This time the U.S. was a full-fledged member of the Allies of World War II, not just an \"associate\" as in the first war. During the war, the U.S. conducted military operations on both the Atlantic and Pacific fronts. After the war and devastation of its European and Asian rivals, the United States found itself in a uniquely powerful position due to the lack of damage to its domestic industries. After 1945, the isolationist pattern","title":"History of United States foreign policy"},{"id":"187439","text":"Islands also fell to Allied forces during the war. The Pacific front saw major action during the Second World War, mainly between the belligerents Japan and the United States. The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on the morning of 7 December 1941 (8 December in Japan). The attack led to the United States' entry into World War II. The attack was intended as a preventive action in order to keep the U.S. Pacific Fleet from interfering with military actions the","title":"History of Oceania"},{"id":"454871","text":"in China and Indochina by mid-December. In the Pacific, US forces continued to press back the Japanese perimeter. In mid-June 1944, they began their offensive against the Mariana and Palau islands, and decisively defeated Japanese forces in the Battle of the Philippine Sea. These defeats led to the resignation of the Japanese Prime Minister, Hideki Tojo, and provided the United States with air bases to launch intensive heavy bomber attacks on the Japanese home islands. In late October, American forces invaded the Filipino island of Leyte; soon after, Allied naval forces scored another large victory in the Battle of Leyte","title":"World War II"},{"id":"454788","text":"the long Battle of the Atlantic followed. On 22 June 1941, the European Axis powers launched an invasion of the Soviet Union, opening the largest land theatre of war in history. This Eastern Front trapped the Axis, most crucially the German Wehrmacht, into a war of attrition. In December 1941, Japan launched a surprise attack on the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean. Following an immediate U.S. declaration of war against Japan, supported by one from Great Britain, the European Axis powers quickly declared war on the U.S. in solidarity with their Japanese ally. Rapid Japanese conquests","title":"World War II"},{"id":"5500609","text":"war on Japan, and Japan's allies Germany and Italy declared war on the US, bringing the US into World War II. On 8 December 1941, following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States Congress declared war on Japan at the request of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. This was followed by Germany and Italy declaring war on the United States on 11 December, bringing the country into the European theatre. The US-led Allied forces in the Pacific theatre against Japanese forces from 1941 to 1945. From 1943 to 1945, the US-led and coordinated the Western Allies' war effort in Europe","title":"Allies of World War II"},{"id":"299338","text":"in September 1914. A company of Australians and a British warship besieged the Germans and their colonial subjects, ending with a German surrender. The attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters, was a surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on the morning of 7 December 1941. The attack led to the United States' entry into World War II. The Japanese subsequently invaded New Guinea, Solomon Islands and other Pacific islands. The Japanese were turned back at the Battle of the Coral Sea and the","title":"Oceania"},{"id":"7529824","text":"Military history of the United States during World War II The military history of the United States in World War II covers the war against Germany, Italy, and Japan, starting with the 7 December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor. During the first two years of World War II, the United States had maintained formal neutrality as made official in the Quarantine Speech delivered by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1937, while supplying Britain, the Soviet Union, and China with war materiel through the Lend-Lease Act which was signed into law on 11 March 1941, as well as deploying the","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"12559783","text":"before rejoining his unit at Camp Edwards in Falmouth, Massachusetts. While there, he was promoted to captain. In early April 1943, sixteen months after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, on December 7, 1941 and the subsequent German declaration of war on the United States, four days later, which brought the United States into World War II, the 36th Division, commanded by Major General Fred L. Walker, a distinguished World War I veteran, was shipped from New York Harbor to Oran, Algeria, and was then stationed in Rabat in Morocco. The division, originally slated to participate in \"Operation Husky\", the","title":"Henry T. Waskow"},{"id":"703917","text":"Kazuo Sakamaki, was captured. The surprise attack came as a profound shock to the American people and led directly to the American entry into World War II in both the Pacific and European theaters. The following day, December 8, the United States declared war on Japan, and several days later, on December 11, Germany and Italy each declared war on the U.S. The U.S. responded with a declaration of war against Germany and Italy. Domestic support for non-interventionism, which had been fading since the Fall of France in 1940, disappeared. There were numerous historical precedents for unannounced military action by","title":"Attack on Pearl Harbor"},{"id":"7529849","text":"and Allied merchant shipping. The convoys, coming mainly from North America and predominantly going to the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, were protected for the most part by the British and Canadian navies and air forces. These forces were aided by ships and aircraft of the United States from September 13, 1941. The Germans were joined by submarines of the Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina) after their Axis ally Italy entered the war on June 10, 1940. The United States entered the war in the west with Operation Torch on 8 November 1942, after their Soviet allies had pushed","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"11195165","text":"the legality of the curfews and relocations during the war. In the 1980s, new information was used to vacate the conviction of Yasui. On September 1, 1939, Nazi Germany invaded neighboring Poland, starting World War II. After two years of combat neutrality, the United States was drawn into the war as an active participant after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt responded to fears of a fifth column composed of Japanese-Americans by issuing Executive Order 9066 on February 19, 1942. This executive order authorized the military to create zones of exclusion,","title":"Yasui v. United States"},{"id":"4457447","text":"first American-caused casualties occurred on 7 December 1941 when the attacked and sank a Japanese midget submarine near the entrance to Pearl Harbor prior to the commencement of the Japanese air attack upon Hawaii later that day. As a result of the attack on Hawaii, America declared war on Japan on 8 December 1941. Germany and Italy declared war on the United States three days later. The first planned offensive action by the United States in World War II came in January 1942 when the aircraft carrier attacked Japanese bases in the Marshall Islands. First engagement of neutral United States","title":"First engagement of neutral United States in World War II before the attack on Pearl Harbor"},{"id":"14740059","text":"down the process – it was not delivered to the U.S. Secretary of State until after the Pearl Harbor attack. Following the U.S. declaration, Japan's allies, Germany and Italy, declared war on the United States, bringing the United States fully into World War II. The attack on Pearl Harbor took place before a declaration of war by Japan had been delivered to the United States. It was originally stipulated that the attack should not commence until thirty minutes after Japan had informed the US that it was withdrawing from further peace negotiations, but the attack began before the notice could","title":"United States declaration of war on Japan"},{"id":"454791","text":"Following the Potsdam Declaration by the Allies on 26 July 1945 and the refusal of Japan to surrender under its terms, the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 and 9 August respectively. With an invasion of the Japanese archipelago imminent, the possibility of additional atomic bombings, the Soviet entry into the war against Japan and its invasion of Manchuria, Japan announced its intention to surrender on 15 August 1945, cementing total victory in Asia for the Allies. Tribunals were set up by fiat by the Allies and war crimes trials were","title":"World War II"},{"id":"7529842","text":"Argentia on 1 July. On 7 July, Britain persuaded the Althing to approve an American occupation force under a U.S.-Icelandic defense agreement, and TF 19 anchored off Reykjavík that evening. U.S. Marines commenced landing on 8 July, and disembarkation was completed on 12 July. On 6 August, the U.S. Navy established an air base at Reykjavík with the arrival of Patrol Squadron VP-73 PBY Catalinas and VP-74 PBM Mariners. U.S. Army personnel began arriving in Iceland in August, and the Marines had been transferred to the Pacific by March 1942. Up to 40,000 U.S. military personnel were stationed on the","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"19272708","text":"On 7 December 1941, the United States of America entered World War II following the bombing of Pearl Harbour in Hawaii by Japanese carrier-borne aircraft. The United Kingdom and its Commonwealth had been at war with Germany since September 1939, but now the war was truly global. Japan attacked the Philippines and Thailand, and advanced through Malaya and the Netherlands East Indies (now Indonesia). Singapore fell on 15 February 1942 and two brigades of the 8th Division of the 2nd Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF) were captured, while the third brigade was destroyed piecemeal on the islands of Timor, Ambon","title":"Mount St John Anti-Aircraft Battery"},{"id":"1965607","text":"meaning and playing of the game, in the September 1941 issue of \"The Atlantic Monthly\". A 2018 profile of Berg in \"The New York Times\" described the essay as, \"still one of the most insightful works ever penned about the game.\" With the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese on December 7, 1941, the United States was thrust into World War II. To do his part for the war effort, Berg accepted a position with Nelson Rockefeller's Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs on January 5, 1942. Nine days later, his father, Bernard, died. During the summer of","title":"Moe Berg"},{"id":"7529825","text":"U.S. military to replace the British invasion forces in Iceland. In the Pacific Theater, there was unofficial early U.S. combat activity such as the Flying Tigers. During the war, over 16 million Americans served in the United States Armed Forces, with 405,399 killed in action and 671,278 wounded. There were also 130,201 American prisoners of war, of whom 116,129 returned home after the war. Key civilian advisors to President Roosevelt included Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson, who mobilized the nation's industries and induction centers to supply the Army, commanded by General George Marshall and the Army Air Forces under","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"7529908","text":"the defeat of the German army in the Ardennes, the Allies pushed back towards the Rhine and the heart of Germany. With the capture of the Ludendorff bridge at Remagen, the Allies crossed the Rhine in March 1945. The Americans then executed a pincer movement, setting up the Ninth Army north, and the First Army south. When the Allies closed the pincer, 300,000 Germans were captured in the Ruhr Pocket. The Americans then turned east, first meeting up with the Soviets at Torgau on the Elbe River in April. The Germans surrendered Berlin to the Soviets on 2 May 1945.","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"454843","text":"a defensive war. To prevent American intervention while securing the perimeter, it was further planned to neutralise the United States Pacific Fleet and the American military presence in the Philippines from the outset. On 7 December 1941 (8 December in Asian time zones), Japan attacked British and American holdings with near-simultaneous offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific. These included an attack on the American fleets at Pearl Harbor and the Philippines, landings in Thailand and Malaya, and the Battle of Hong Kong. These attacks led the United States, United Kingdom, China, Australia and several other states to formally","title":"World War II"},{"id":"7529955","text":"Empire and Chinese forces in Burma and suffered many casualties. On 10 August 1944 the Marauders were consolidated into the 475th Infantry. The U.S. also had an adviser to Chiang Kai-shek and Joseph Stillwell. Units of the Tenth Air Force, Fourteenth Air Force, and Twentieth Air Force of the USAAF also served in the theatre, including the previously mentioned \"Flying Tigers\". Military history of the United States during World War II The military history of the United States in World War II covers the war against Germany, Italy, and Japan, starting with the 7 December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor.","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"14214755","text":"country, further increasing tension in the Pacific. In late 1941, Japan's government, led by Prime Minister and General Hideki Tojo, decided to break the US-led embargo through force of arms. On December 7, 1941, the Imperial Japanese Navy launched a surprise attack on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. This brought the US into World War II on the side of the Allies. Japan then successfully invaded the Asian colonies of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands, including the Philippines, Malaya, Hong Kong, Singapore, Burma, and the Dutch East Indies. In the early stages of the","title":"History of Japan"},{"id":"7529853","text":"island, U.S. 7th Army lost 8,781 men (2,237 killed or missing, 5,946 wounded, and 598 captured). Following the Allied victory in Sicily, Italian public sentiment swung against the war and Italian dictator Benito Mussolini. He was deposed in a coup, and the Allies struck quickly, hoping resistance would be slight. The first Allied troops landed on the Italian peninsula on 3 September 1943 and Italy surrendered on 8 September, however the Italian Social Republic was established soon afterwards. The first American troops landed at Salerno on 9 September 1943, by U.S. 5th Army, however German troops in Italy were prepared","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"454825","text":"any direct military intervention in the conflict well into 1941. In December 1940 Roosevelt accused Hitler of planning world conquest and ruled out any negotiations as useless, calling for the United States to become an \"arsenal of democracy\" and promoting Lend-Lease programmes of aid to support the British war effort. The United States started strategic planning to prepare for a full-scale offensive against Germany. At the end of September 1940, the Tripartite Pact formally united Japan, Italy and Germany as the Axis Powers. The Tripartite Pact stipulated that any country, with the exception of the Soviet Union, which attacked any","title":"World War II"},{"id":"4457445","text":"First engagement of neutral United States in World War II before the attack on Pearl Harbor Scholars have identified various events as being the first engagement of neutral United States in World War II before the attack on Pearl Harbor. They disagree on which events led to formal entry of the United States into the conflict. The first American hostile action against Axis forces was on 10 April 1941, when the destroyer attacked a German U-boat the U-52 that had just sunk a Dutch freighter \"Saleier\". \"Niblack\" was picking up survivors of the freighter when it detected a U-boat preparing","title":"First engagement of neutral United States in World War II before the attack on Pearl Harbor"},{"id":"454858","text":"civilian population. The firebombing of Hamburg was among the first attacks in this campaign, inflicting significant casualties and considerable losses on infrastructure of this important industrial center. After the Guadalcanal Campaign, the Allies initiated several operations against Japan in the Pacific. In May 1943, Canadian and US forces were sent to eliminate Japanese forces from the Aleutians. Soon after, the United States, with support from Australian and New Zealand forces, began major operations to isolate Rabaul by capturing surrounding islands, and breach the Japanese Central Pacific perimeter at the Gilbert and Marshall Islands. By the end of March 1944, the","title":"World War II"},{"id":"1403029","text":"for the European theatres, Roosevelt eventually won the favor of restoring the arms trade with belligerent nations after Germany's invasion of Poland, which is said by many to have fixed the United States economy. Total involvement in the war began after the Attack on Pearl Harbor, where isolationism began to cede. Starting in 1940 (18 months before Pearl Harbor), the nation mobilized, giving high priority to air power. American involvement in World War II in 1940–41 was limited to providing war material and financial support to Britain, the Soviet Union, and the Republic of China. The U.S. entered officially on","title":"Military history of the United States"},{"id":"7529904","text":"and adjacent eastern Lorraine, but could not clear central Alsace. During Operation Nordwind in December 1944, the 19th Army attacked north out of the Pocket in support of other German forces attacking south from the Saar into northern Alsace. In late January and early February 1945, the French First Army (reinforced by the U.S. XXI Corps) cleared the Pocket of German forces. By early 1945, events favored the Allied forces in Europe. On the Western Front the Allies had been fighting in Germany since the Battle of Aachen in October 1944 and by January had turned back the Germans in","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"13923707","text":"1941 in the United States Events from the year 1941 in the United States. At the end of this year, the United States officially enters World War II by declaring war on the Empire of Japan following the attack on Pearl Harbor. Baseball fans across the nation witnessed not one, but two of the most amazing individual efforts and achievements the game has ever known. The two measures recorded during the 1941 campaign both stand to this day and are regarded by practically all, even the most casual of fans, to be unattainable in the game today. 1941 saw the","title":"1941 in the United States"},{"id":"7529913","text":"Congress on 8 December 1941. The motion passed with only one vote against it, in both chambers. Just three days later, on 11 December 1941 Adolf Hitler declared war on the United States, and had already remarked on the evening of the date of the Japanese attack that \"We can't lose the war at all. We now have an ally which has never been conquered in 3,000 years\". Within hours of Pearl Harbor Japanese air forces from Formosa destroyed much of the U.S. Far East Air Force, based near Manila. The Japanese army invaded and trapped the American and Filipino","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"3358935","text":"war, the Imperial Japanese Navy attacked Pearl Harbor with the aim of destroying the main American battle fleet at anchor. At the same time, other Japanese forces attacked the U.S.-held Philippines and the British Empire in Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong. The USA and the United Kingdom to declare war upon Japan the next day. Four days later the U.S was brought into the European war when on December 11, 1941, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy declared war on the United States. Hitler chose to declare that the Tripartite Pact required that Germany follow Japan's declaration of war; although American","title":"Causes of World War II"},{"id":"14015290","text":"issue. Its declared decision on 31 January 1917 to target neutral shipping in a designated war-zone became the immediate cause of the entry of the United States into the war. Five American merchant ships went down in March. Outraged public opinion now overwhelmingly supported Wilson when he asked Congress for a declaration of war on April 2, 1917. Historians such as Ernest R. May have approached the process of American entry into the war as a study in how public opinion changed radically in three years' time. In 1914 most Americans called for neutrality, seeing the war a dreadful mistake","title":"American entry into World War I"},{"id":"7529850","text":"for a second front against the Germans. General Dwight Eisenhower commanded the assault on North Africa, and Major General George Patton struck at Casablanca. The United States did not have a smooth entry into the war against Nazi Germany. Early in 1943, the U.S. Army suffered a near-disastrous defeat at the Battle of the Kasserine Pass in February. The senior Allied leadership was primarily to blame for the loss as internal bickering between American General Lloyd Fredendall and the British led to mistrust and little communication, causing inadequate troop placements. The defeat could be considered a major turning point, however,","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"2560892","text":"The division, under the command of Major General Geoffrey Keyes, was activated on 15 July 1942 at Fort Riley, Kansas, by reorganizing and redesignating the white elements of the 2nd Cavalry Division. This was only seven months after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, which was followed just four days later by the German declaration of war on the United States, thus bringing the United States into World War II. After over two years of training throughout the country the 9th Armored Division, now commanded by Major General John W. Leonard, reached the United Kingdom in","title":"9th Armored Division (United States)"},{"id":"454824","text":"using U-boats against British shipping in the Atlantic. The British Home Fleet scored a significant victory on 27May 1941 by sinking the German battleship \"Bismarck\". In November 1939, the United States was taking measures to assist China and the Western Allies, and amended the Neutrality Act to allow \"cash and carry\" purchases by the Allies. In 1940, following the German capture of Paris, the size of the United States Navy was significantly increased. In September the United States further agreed to a trade of American destroyers for British bases. Still, a large majority of the American public continued to oppose","title":"World War II"},{"id":"7529841","text":"from Canada as far as the \"Mid-Atlantic Meeting Point\" (MOMP) south of Iceland, where they handed off to the RN. On 16 June 1941, after negotiation with Churchill, Roosevelt ordered the United States occupation of Iceland to replace the British invasion forces. On 22 June 1941, the US Navy sent Task Force 19 (TF 19) from Charleston, South Carolina to assemble at Argentia, Newfoundland. TF 19 included 25 warships and the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade of 194 officers and 3714 men from San Diego, California under the command of Brigadier General John Marston. Task Force 19 (TF 19) sailed from","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"7529897","text":"the Ardennes forest, along a battlefront extending southwards from Monschau to Echternach, hoping to punch a hole in the Allied lines and capture the Belgian city of Antwerp. The Allies responded slowly, allowing the German attack to create a large \"bulge\" in the Allied lines. In the initial stages of the offensive, American POW's from the 285th Field Artillery Observation Battalion were executed at the Malmedy massacre by Nazi SS and Fallschirmjäger. As the Germans pushed westward, General Eisenhower ordered the 101st Airborne and elements of the U.S. 10th Armored Division into the road junction town of Bastogne to prepare","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"7529891","text":"Allies in France. The operation was a success and forced the German Army Group G to abandon southern France and to retreat under constant Allied attacks to the Vosges Mountains. By the time the operation finished on 14 September 1944, US forces suffered 2,050 killed, captured or missing 7,750 other casualties, on 15 September 1944 the Allied forces of the operation were renamed the Sixth Army Group and placed under Eisenhower's command. The next major Allied operation came on 17 September. Devised by British General Bernard Montgomery, its primary objective was the capture of several bridges in the Netherlands. Fresh","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"7529890","text":"trapped inside. Many Germans escaped but losses in men and equipment were huge. Two days later the Allied Liberation of Paris was completed and on 30 August, the remnants of Army Group B retreated across the Seine, which ended Operation Overlord. On 15 August 1944, the US 7th Army, spearheaded by the 3rd Infantry Division and 36th Infantry Division and other Allied forces landed in southern France between Cannes and Hyères. The aim of the operation was to secure the southern half of France and one objective in particular was to capture Marseille as a main supply harbor for the","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"7529919","text":"Japanese fleet. The battle began on 4 June 1942. By the time it was over, the Japanese had lost four carriers, as opposed to one American carrier lost. The Battle of Midway was the turning point of the war in the Pacific because the United States had seized the initiative and was on the offensive for the remaining duration of the war. Following the resounding victory at Midway, the United States began a major land offensive. The Allies came up with a strategy known as Island hopping, or the bypassing of islands that either served little or no strategic importance","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"6309428","text":"between the Japan's commitment to conquer China, and America's commitment to defend China. Japan's civilian government fell and the Army under General Tojo took full control, bent on war. Japan attacked the American navy base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941. In response, the United States declared war on Japan. Japan's Axis allies, including Nazi Germany, declared war on the United States days after the attack, bringing the United States into World War II. The conflict was a bitter one, marked by atrocities such as the executions and torture of American prisoners of war by the Imperial Japanese","title":"Japan–United States relations"},{"id":"5500607","text":"were as follows: the Albanian National Liberation Front, the Chinese Red Army, the Greek National Liberation Front, the Hukbalahap, the Malayan Communist Party, the People's Republic of Mongolia, the Polish People's Army, the Tuvan People's Republic (annexed by the Soviet Union in 1944), the Viet Minh and the Yugoslav Partisans. The United States had indirectly supported Britain's war effort against Germany up to 1941 and declared its opposition to territorial aggrandizement. Materiel support to Britain was provided while the U.S. was officially neutral via the Lend-Lease Act starting in 1941. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill in","title":"Allies of World War II"},{"id":"7529880","text":"narrow roads to their advantage which slowed the American advance. After being reinforced, VII corps took control of the peninsula in fierce fighting on 19 June and launched their assault on Cherbourg on 22 June. The German garrison surrendered on 29 June, but by this time they had destroyed the port facilities, which were not made fully operational until September. The Battle of Saint-Lô is one of the three conflicts in the Battle of the Hedgerows (fr), which took place between July 9–24, 1944, just before Operation Cobra. Saint-Lô had fallen to Germany in 1940, and, after the Invasion of","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"454877","text":"history. In May 1945, Australian troops landed in Borneo, over-running the oilfields there. British, American, and Chinese forces defeated the Japanese in northern Burma in March, and the British pushed on to reach Rangoon by 3 May. Chinese forces started a counterattack in the Battle of West Hunan that occurred between 6 April and 7 June 1945. American naval and amphibious forces also moved towards Japan, taking Iwo Jima by March, and Okinawa by the end of June. At the same time, American submarines cut off Japanese imports, drastically reducing Japan's ability to supply its overseas forces. On 11 July,","title":"World War II"},{"id":"7529851","text":"because General Eisenhower replaced Fredendall with General Patton. Slowly the Allies stopped the German advance in Tunisia and by March were pushing back. In mid April, under British General Bernard Montgomery, the Allies smashed through the Mareth Line and broke the Axis defense in North Africa. On 13 May 1943, Axis troops in North Africa surrendered, leaving behind 275,000 men. Allied efforts turned towards Sicily and Italy. The first stepping stone for the Allied liberation of Europe was, in Prime Minister Winston Churchill's words, the \"soft underbelly\" of Europe on the Italian island of Sicily. Launched on 9 July 1943,","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"7529828","text":"of aviation gasoline and fuel oil, as the U.S. Navy in June 1944 captured islands within bombing range of the Japanese home islands. Strategic bombing directed by General Curtis Lemay destroyed all the major Japanese cities, as the U.S. captured Okinawa after heavy losses in spring 1945. With the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and an invasion and Soviet intervention imminent, Japan surrendered. The war against Germany involved aid to Britain, her allies, and the Soviet Union, with the U.S. supplying munitions until it could ready an invasion force. U.S. forces were first tested to a limited degree in","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"7529855","text":"1944. By early 1944 the Allied attention had turned to the western front and the Allies were taking heavy losses trying to breakthrough the Winter line at Monte Cassino. The Allies landed at Anzio on 22 January 1944 with the aim of outflanking the Gustav line and pulling Axis forces out of it so other allied armies could breakthrough. After slow progress, the Germans counterattacked in February but failed to stamp out the Allies, after months of stalemate, the Allies broke out in May 1944 and Rome fell to the Allies on 4 June 1944. Following the Normandy invasion on","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"5500572","text":"Africa. After the start of the German invasion of North Europe until the Balkan Campaign, the Netherlands, Belgium, Greece, and Yugoslavia joined the Allies. After first having cooperated with Germany in invading Poland whilst remaining neutral in the Allied-Axis conflict, the Soviet Union perforce joined the Allies in June 1941 after being invaded by Germany. The United States provided war materiel and money all along, and officially joined in December 1941 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. China had already been in a prolonged war with Japan since the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of 1937, but officially joined the","title":"Allies of World War II"},{"id":"7529917","text":"from Midway, enabling a Japanese victory. Because their ciphers were broken, the American forces only drove the Japanese out after Midway. On 11 May 1943, American and Canadian forces, spearheaded by the U.S. 7th Infantry Division landed on Attu, beginning the operation to take back the islands, by the end of May 1943 and after a series of battles, Allied forces retook Attu. On 15 August 1943, Allied forces landed on Kiska to retake it, only to find the Island abandoned by the Japanese. Having learned important lessons at Coral Sea, the United States Navy was prepared when the Japanese","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"16553734","text":"enemy counter-offensive during the German Operation Nordwind, then completed its reduction of the region by mid-March. In a lead role in Operation Undertone launched March 15th, the Seventh Army fought its way across the Rhine into Germany, capturing Nuremberg and then Munich. Elements reached Austria and crossed the Brenner Pass into Italy by May 4th, followed shortly by war's end on VE-Day, May 8, 1945. The United States officially entered World War II on 7 December 1941, after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. This was followed four days later by the German declaration of war on the United States.","title":"Seventh United States Army"},{"id":"7529829","text":"the North African Campaign and then employed more significantly with British Forces in Italy in 1943–45, where U.S. forces, representing about a third of the Allied forces deployed, bogged down after Italy surrendered and the Germans took over. Finally the main invasion of France took place in June 1944, under General Dwight D. Eisenhower. Meanwhile, the U.S. Army Air Forces and the British Royal Air Force engaged in the area bombardment of German cities and systematically targeted German transportation links and synthetic oil plants, as it knocked out what was left of the Luftwaffe post Battle of Britain in 1944.","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"165638","text":"Act of 1965, which removed racial and national barriers and resulted in significantly altering the demographic mix in the U.S. Oahu was the target of a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor by Imperial Japan on December 7, 1941. The attack on Pearl Harbor and other military and naval installations, carried out by aircraft and by midget submarines, brought the United States into World War II. In the 1950s, the power of the plantation owners was broken by the descendants of immigrant laborers, who were born in Hawaii and were U.S. citizens. They voted against the Hawaii Republican Party, strongly supported","title":"Hawaii"},{"id":"454844","text":"declare war on Japan, whereas the Soviet Union, being heavily involved in large-scale hostilities with European Axis countries, maintained its neutrality agreement with Japan. Germany, followed by the other Axis states, declared war on the United States in solidarity with Japan, citing as justification the American attacks on German war vessels that had been ordered by Roosevelt. On 1 January 1942, the Allied Big Four—the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom and the United States—and 22 smaller or exiled governments issued the Declaration by United Nations, thereby affirming the Atlantic Charter, and agreeing to not to sign a separate peace","title":"World War II"},{"id":"7529870","text":"night—built up into massive bombing of German industrial areas, notably the Ruhr, followed by attacks directly on cities such as Hamburg, Kassel, Pforzheim, Mainz and the often-criticized bombing of Dresden. The second European front that the Soviets had pressed for was finally opened on 6 June 1944, when the Allies attacked the heavily fortified Atlantic Wall. Supreme Allied commander General Dwight D. Eisenhower had delayed the attack because of bad weather, but finally the largest amphibious assault in history began. After prolonged bombing runs on the French coast by the Army Air Forces, 225 U.S. Army Rangers scaled the cliffs","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"4432513","text":"\"South Dakota\", \"Indiana\", \"Massachusetts\", and the \"Alabama\", on 8 December 1943, and also bombed by U.S. Navy carrier airplanes on the same day. See the article on the \"Washington\". Nepal declared war on Germany on 4 September 1939, and offered Gurkha troops to the United Kingdom. Like the Belgians, the Netherlands declared neutrality in 1939. In May 1940, the Netherlands was invaded after fierce resistance against the Nazis. Rotterdam and Middelburg were heavily bombed. The Dutch joined the Allies and contributed their surviving naval and armed forces to the defense of East Asia, in particular the Netherlands East Indies. Until","title":"World War II by country"},{"id":"1549619","text":"to establish its long-planned Southeast Asian empire and defensible buffer zones. The American public saw the attack as a treacherous act and rallied against the Japanese. Four days later, Adolf Hitler of Germany, and Benito Mussolini of Italy declared war on the United States, merging the separate conflicts. The United States entered the European Theatre and Pacific Theater in full force, thereby bringing the United States to World War II on the side of the Allies. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese launched offensives against Allied forces in East and Southeast Asia, with simultaneous attacks in British Hong","title":"Empire of Japan"},{"id":"703914","text":"Attack on Pearl Harbor The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Territory, on the morning of December 7, 1941. The attack, also known as the Battle of Pearl Harbor, led to the United States' entry into World War II. The Japanese military leadership referred to the attack as the Hawaii Operation and Operation AI, and as Operation Z during its planning. Japan intended the attack as a preventive action to keep the U.S. Pacific Fleet from interfering with its planned","title":"Attack on Pearl Harbor"},{"id":"18488210","text":"important base for the Australian, British, American and Dutch air forces during World War Two. On 7 December 1941, the United States of America entered World War Two following the bombing of the American fleet at Pearl Harbour in Hawaii by Japanese carrier-borne aircraft. England and its Commonwealth had been at war with Germany since September 1939, but now the war was truly global. Darwin was first bombed on 19 February 1942 and 14,000 Australians were taken prisoner following the fall of Singapore. Plans to defend Australia from an anticipated Japanese invasion and to use Queensland as a support base","title":"Acacia Ridge Air Raid Shelter"},{"id":"7529931","text":"proved decisive. Guadalcanal is an iconic episode in the annals of American military history, underscoring heroic bravery of underequipped individuals in fierce combat with a determined foe. Marines from the 1st Marine Division landed on 7 August 1942, soldiers from the Army XIV Corps reinforced and eventually replaced in late-November 1942. They quickly captured Henderson Field, and prepared defenses. In the Battle of Bloody Ridge, the Americans held off wave after wave of Japanese counterattacks before charging what was left of the Japanese. After more than six months of combat the island was firmly in control of the Allies on","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"150967","text":"former Prime Minister of Japan Noboru Takeshita to discuss shared economic issues and \"the fact that their solution will require extraordinary efforts on both sides of the Pacific.\" On December 6, 1991, Japanese Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa apologized to the United States for the attack on Pearl Harbor. The following day — the fiftieth anniversary of the attack — Bush accepted Japan's apology for the event that drew the United States into World War II. Bush urged that progress be made in improving relations between the U.S. and Japan. On June 18, 1990, White House Press Secretary Marlin Fitzwater confirmed","title":"George H. W. Bush"},{"id":"454815","text":"September 1939, Germany invaded Poland after having staged several false flag border incidents as a pretext to initiate the attack. The Battle of Westerplatte is often described as the first battle of the war. The United Kingdom responded with an ultimatum to Germany to cease military operations, and on 3 September, after the ultimatum was ignored, France, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand declared war on Germany. This alliance was joined by South Africa (6 September) and Canada (10 September). The alliance provided no direct military support to Poland, outside of a cautious French probe into the Saarland. The","title":"World War II"},{"id":"739841","text":"with increasing anti-Nazi feelings following the German invasion of Poland in September 1939 that started World War II. Roosevelt positioned the U.S. as the \"Arsenal of Democracy\", pledging full-scale financial and munitions support for the Allies – but no military personnel. This was carried out through the Lend-Lease agreements. Japan tried to neutralize America's power in the Pacific by attacking Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, which catalyzed American support to enter the war. The main contributions of the U.S. to the Allied war effort comprised money, industrial output, food, petroleum, technological innovation, and (especially 1944–45), military personnel. Much of","title":"History of the United States"},{"id":"7529915","text":"Australian forces were combined under the ABDA command but its fleet was quickly sunk in several naval battles around Java. Following their rapid advance, the Japanese started the Solomon Islands Campaign from their newly conquered main base at Rabaul in January 1942. The Japanese seized several islands including Tulagi and Guadalcanal, before they were halted by further events leading to the Guadalcanal Campaign. This campaign also converged with the New Guinea campaign. In May 1942, the United States fleet engaged the Japanese fleet during the first battle in history in which neither fleet fired directly on the other, nor did","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"7529889","text":"the Falaise–Chambois area to envelop Army Group B, the First U.S. Army forming the southern arm, the British Second Army the base and the First Canadian Army the northern arm of the encirclement. The Germans began to withdraw on 17 August and on 19 August, the Allies linked up in Chambois. Gaps were forced in the Allied lines by German counter-attacks, the biggest being a corridor forced past the 1st Polish Armoured Division on Hill 262, a commanding position at the mouth of the pocket. By the evening of 21 August, the pocket had been sealed, with c. 50,000 Germans","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"14138898","text":"United States in World War I The United States declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917, more than two and a half years after World War I started. A ceasefire and Armistice was declared on November 11, 1918. Before entering the war, the U.S. had remained neutral, though it had been an important supplier to Great Britain and the other Allied powers. The U.S. made its major contributions in terms of supplies, raw material and money, starting in 1917. American soldiers under General of the Armies John Pershing, Commander-in-Chief of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), arrived at the rate","title":"United States in World War I"},{"id":"454836","text":"The \"blitzkrieg\" phase of the war in Europe had ended. By early December, freshly mobilised reserves allowed the Soviets to achieve numerical parity with Axis troops. This, as well as intelligence data which established that a minimal number of Soviet troops in the East would be sufficient to deter any attack by the Japanese Kwantung Army, allowed the Soviets to begin a massive counter-offensive that started on 5 December all along the front and pushed German troops west. In 1939, the United States had renounced its trade treaty with Japan, and beginning with an aviation gasoline ban in July 1940,","title":"World War II"},{"id":"4445535","text":"and develop the military forces required to play a role in the war effort, and for the British to go on the offensive in its theatres of operation. The entry of the United States into the war in late 1941 injected financial, human and industrial resources into Allied operations. The US produced more than its own military forces required and armed itself and its allies for the most industrialized war in history. At the beginning of the war, the British and French placed large orders for aircraft with American manufacturers and the US Congress approved plans to increase its air","title":"Military production during World War II"},{"id":"18810245","text":"to the Soviet Union, consistent with President Roosevelt's stated policy on Russia, despite strong opposition from the Office of Production Management and others. Less than four months after SPAB was created, the United States formally entered World War II when it declared war upon Japan on December 8, 1941. SPAB seemed poised to dramatically increase in importance. However, this increased significance was short-lived; on January 16, 1942, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9024, establishing the War Production Board (WPB). The War Production Board superseded the Supply Priorities and Allocation Board and the Office of Production Management and absorbed both boards'","title":"Supply Priorities and Allocation Board"},{"id":"454873","text":"Poland, pushing from the Vistula to the Oder river in Germany, and overran East Prussia. On 4 February, Soviet, British and US leaders met for the Yalta Conference. They agreed on the occupation of post-war Germany, and on when the Soviet Union would join the war against Japan. In February, the Soviets entered Silesia and Pomerania, while Western Allies entered western Germany and closed to the Rhine river. By March, the Western Allies crossed the Rhine north and south of the Ruhr, encircling the German Army Group B. In early March, in attempts to protect her last oil reserves in","title":"World War II"},{"id":"454809","text":"Soviets, this policy would prove difficult to maintain. Japan and the Soviet Union eventually signed a Neutrality Pact in April 1941, and Japan adopted the doctrine of Nanshin-ron, promoted by the Navy, which took its focus southward, eventually leading to its war with the United States and the Western Allies. In Europe, Germany and Italy were becoming more aggressive. In March 1938, Germany annexed Austria, again provoking little response from other European powers. Encouraged, Hitler began pressing German claims on the Sudetenland, an area of Czechoslovakia with a predominantly ethnic German population. Soon the United Kingdom and France followed the","title":"World War II"},{"id":"7594704","text":"American intervention could make an impact. Tonnage sunk rose above 500,000 tons per month from February to July. It peaked at 860,000 tons in April. After July, the newly re-introduced convoy system became effective in reducing the U-boat threat. Britain was safe from starvation, while German industrial output fell, and the United States joined the war far earlier than Germany had anticipated. On 3 May 1917, during the Nivelle Offensive, the French 2nd Colonial Division, veterans of the Battle of Verdun, refused orders, arriving drunk and without their weapons. Their officers lacked the means to punish an entire division, and","title":"World War I"},{"id":"3279576","text":"have been the beginning of his personal involvement in the peace process, culminating in Japan's surrender five months later. The first U.S. raid on the Japanese main island was the Doolittle Raid of 18 April 1942, when sixteen B-25 Mitchells were launched from the to attack targets including Yokohama and Tokyo and then fly on to airfields in China. The raid was a military pinprick but a significant propaganda victory. Because they were launched prematurely, none of the aircraft had enough fuel to reach their designated landing sites, and so either crashed or ditched (except for one aircraft, which landed","title":"Strategic bombing during World War II"},{"id":"17381055","text":"all of them (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa) soon declared war on Germany. The fears in London that South Africa would take the advice of Prime Minister J. B. M. Hertzog and remain neutral were relieved when the parliament voted 80 to 67 for war, and Hertzog resigned. After the French defeat in June 1940, Britain and its empire stood alone in combat against Germany, until June 1941. The United States gave strong diplomatic, financial and material support, starting in 1940, especially through Lend Lease, which began in 1941, In August 1941, Churchill and Roosevelt met and agreed","title":"Diplomatic history of World War II"},{"id":"454787","text":"late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa, and the fall of France in mid 1940, the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire. War in the Balkans, the aerial Battle of Britain, the Blitz, and","title":"World War II"},{"id":"7529832","text":"Soviet Union as well as Britain and China. Prior to America's entry into World War II in December 1941, individual Americans volunteered to fight against the Axis powers in other nations' armed forces. Although under American law, it was illegal for United States citizens to join the armed forces of foreign nations and in doing so, they lost their citizenship, many American volunteers changed their nationality to Canadian. However Congress passed a blanket pardon in 1944. American mercenary Colonel Charles Sweeny living in London began recruiting American citizens to fight as a U.S. volunteer detachment in the French Air force,","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"7529940","text":"chose to fight on to the end, leaving only 1,000 of the original 21,000 defenders alive. The Marines suffered as well, suffering 25,000 casualties. The battle became iconic in America as the epitome of heroism in desperate hand-to-hand combat. Okinawa became the last major battle of the Pacific Theater and the Second World War. The island was to become a staging area for the eventual invasion of Japan since it was just 350 miles (550 km) south of the Japanese mainland. Marines and soldiers landed unopposed on 1 April 1945, to begin an 82-day campaign which became the largest land-sea-air","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"454876","text":"until 11 May. In the Pacific theatre, American forces accompanied by the forces of the Philippine Commonwealth advanced in the Philippines, clearing Leyte by the end of April 1945. They landed on Luzon in January 1945 and recaptured Manila in March. Fighting continued on Luzon, Mindanao, and other islands of the Philippines until the end of the war. Meanwhile, the United States Army Air Forces launched a massive firebombing campaign of strategic cities in Japan in an effort to destroy Japanese war industry and civilian morale. A devastating bombing raid of 9–10 March was the deadliest conventional bombing raid in","title":"World War II"},{"id":"4432586","text":"on the United States three days later. The United States subscribed to the Allied plan of making German defeat the priority, coordinating with the United Kingdom in most major operations. However, it also maintained a strong effort against Japan, being the primary Allied power in the Pacific Theater. The U.S. supplied valuable industrial production as the Arsenal of Democracy. After the war the United States retained military commitments to European security while providing economic investment to rebuild nations devastated during the war. Politically, the U.S. became a founding member of NATO, and hosts the United Nations in which it gained","title":"World War II by country"},{"id":"7529827","text":"in history. The Imperial Japanese Navy had the advantage, taking the Philippines as well as British and Dutch possessions, and threatening Australia but in June 1942, its main carriers were sunk during the Battle of Midway, and the Americans seized the initiative. The Pacific War became one of island hopping, so as to move air bases closer and closer to Japan. The Army, based in Australia under General Douglas MacArthur, steadily advanced across New Guinea to the Philippines, with plans to invade the Japanese home islands in late 1945. With its merchant fleet sunk by American submarines, Japan ran short","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"9972517","text":"Staff School. He was a member of the General Staff of the War Department from 1934 to 1939. He commanded regiments in Hawaii, California, Washington, and Alaska from 1939 to 1941. Although World War II had begun in September 1939, the United States, choosing to remain neutral, did not enter the conflict until December 7, 1941, due to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Corlett was promoted to the rank of major general on September 6, 1942 almost nine months after the American entry into the war, and was placed in command of the Kiska Task Force, consisting of the","title":"Charles H. Corlett"},{"id":"12962342","text":"decision. Following the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom, the United States Navy established a base on the island in 1899. On December 7, 1941, the base was attacked by the Imperial Japanese Navy airplanes and midget submarines, causing the American entry into World War II. One of the main reasons that Pearl Harbor happened was because the United States had major communication breakdowns among several branches of the U.S. armed services and departments of the U.S. government. This led to the surprise Japanese attack at the Hawaiian air base. There was no meaningful plan for the air defense of Hawaii,","title":"Pearl Harbor"},{"id":"7529936","text":"original 2,600 Japanese soldiers on the island, only 17 were still alive. In preparation of the recapture of the Philippines, the Allies started the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign to retake the Gilbert and Marshall Islands from the Japanese in summer 1943. Moving closer to Japan, the U.S. Navy decisively won the Battle of the Philippine Sea and landing forces captured the Mariana and Palau Islands in summer 1944. The goal was building airbases within range of the new B-29 bomber aimed at Japan's industrial cities. The Battle of Leyte Gulf in 23–26 October 1944, was a decisive American victory","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"7529844","text":"The USS \"Reuben James\" was sunk by \"U-552\" on 31 October 1941. On 11 December 1941, Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany , the same day that the United States declared war on Germany and Italy. The established grand strategy of the Allies was to defeat Germany and its allies in Europe first, and then focus could shift towards Japan in the Pacific. This was because two of the Allied capitals (London and Moscow) could be directly threatened by Germany, but none of the major Allied capitals were threatened by Japan. Germany was the United Kingdom's primary threat, especially after the","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"739849","text":"and achieving hard-fought victories at Iwo Jima and Okinawa in 1945. Bloodied at Okinawa, the U.S. prepared to invade Japan's home islands when B-29s dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, forcing the empire's surrender in a matter of days and thus ending World War II. The U.S. occupied Japan (and part of Germany), sending Douglas MacArthur to restructure the Japanese economy and political system along American lines. During the war, Roosevelt coined the term \"Four Powers\" to refer four major Allies of World War II, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and","title":"History of the United States"},{"id":"454884","text":"the Soviet Union. Post-war division of the world was formalised by two international military alliances, the United States-led NATO and the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact. The long period of political tensions and military competition between them, the Cold War, would be accompanied by an unprecedented arms race and proxy wars. In Asia, the United States led the occupation of Japan and administrated Japan's former islands in the Western Pacific, while the Soviets annexed Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. Korea, formerly under Japanese rule, was divided and occupied by the Soviet Union in the North and the United States in the South","title":"World War II"},{"id":"14631913","text":"for war service with the entry of the United States into World War II, on 7 December 1941, \"President Adams\" fired her guns against the enemy, a U-boat, for the first time on Christmas Day. Following the encounter, she continued her shakedown exercises, then, steamed to the Pacific and trained troops off California as she readied for her first amphibious operation. In June 1942, she embarked the 3rd Battalion, 2nd Marines, and got underway on 1 July for the South Pacific. Between 7 and 9 August, as the United States launched the first step on the island-paved path to victory","title":"USS President Adams (APA-19)"},{"id":"7529935","text":"Americans that the Japanese would fight to the bitter end. After brutal fighting in which few prisoners were taken on either side, the United States and the Allies pressed on the offensive. The landings at Tarawa on 20 November 1943, by the Americans became bogged down as armor attempting to break through the Japanese lines of defense either sank, were disabled or took on too much water to be of use. The Americans were eventually able to land a limited number of tanks and drive inland. After days of fighting they took control of Tarawa on 23 November. Of the","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"14138937","text":"Republican Warren G. Harding. Notes References United States in World War I The United States declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917, more than two and a half years after World War I started. A ceasefire and Armistice was declared on November 11, 1918. Before entering the war, the U.S. had remained neutral, though it had been an important supplier to Great Britain and the other Allied powers. The U.S. made its major contributions in terms of supplies, raw material and money, starting in 1917. American soldiers under General of the Armies John Pershing, Commander-in-Chief of the American Expeditionary","title":"United States in World War I"},{"id":"4432585","text":"government of the UK. During the Second World War, the Isle of Man had a detention camp for Axis citizens and suspected sympathisers, including members of the British Union of Fascists and the Irish Republican Army. A naval base, radar network and training stations were also established on the island. The United States was neutral early in the fight, although it steadily grew ties with the Allies and began providing increased levels of assistance to them. The United States joined the Allies in December 1941 after the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan.Germany and Italy declared war","title":"World War II by country"},{"id":"454850","text":"Army Groups. In early June, Japan put its operations into action, but the Americans, having broken Japanese naval codes in late May, were fully aware of the plans and order of battle, and used this knowledge to achieve a decisive victory at Midway over the Imperial Japanese Navy. With its capacity for aggressive action greatly diminished as a result of the Midway battle, Japan chose to focus on a belated attempt to capture Port Moresby by an overland campaign in the Territory of Papua. The Americans planned a counter-attack against Japanese positions in the southern Solomon Islands, primarily Guadalcanal, as","title":"World War II"},{"id":"6658537","text":"she was detailed to escort \"Ranger\" (CV-4) to Trinidad. They arrived 3 December. Four days later the United States entered World War II. \"Rhind\" then steamed north to patrol the waters off Bermuda. In February 1942, she shifted further north and through March escorted Icelandic convoys. In April she shepherded a convoy to the Panama Canal Zone and on the 23rd, while en route back to New York, conducted her first depth charge attack on a German submarine. The U-boat had shelled a Norwegian merchantman off New Jersey. Arriving at New York the same day, she departed again on the","title":"USS Rhind (DD-404)"},{"id":"7529903","text":"were left severely depleted of men and equipment, as survivors retreated to the defenses of the Siegfried Line. With about 610,000 men committed and some 89,000 casualties, including 19,000 killed, the Battle of the Bulge was the largest and bloodiest battle fought by the United States in World War II. The Colmar Pocket (French: Poche de Colmar; German: Brückenkopf Elsaß) was the area held in central Alsace, France by the German Nineteenth Army from November 1944 – February 1945, against the U.S. 6th Army Group during World War II. It was formed when 6th AG liberated southern and northern Alsace","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"15819501","text":"16 June 1941, after negotiation with Churchill, Roosevelt ordered the United States occupation of Iceland to replace the British invasion forces. On 22 June 1941, the U.S. Navy sent Task Force 19 (TF 19) from Charleston, South Carolina, to assemble at Argentia, Newfoundland. TF 19 included 25 warships and the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade of 194 officers and 3714 men from San Diego, California under the command of Brigadier General John Marston. Task Force 19 (TF 19) sailed from Argentia on 1 July. On 7 July, Britain persuaded the Althing to approve an American occupation force under a U.S.–Icelandic defense","title":"United States Navy in World War II"},{"id":"7529869","text":"Winston Churchill, Harris, and Carl Spaatz, but after some debate, control passed to SHAEF on 1 April 1944. When the Combined Bomber Offensive officially ended on 1 April, Allied airmen were well on the way to achieving air superiority over all of Europe. While they continued some strategic bombing, the USAAF along with the RAF turned their attention to the tactical air battle in support of the Normandy Invasion. It was not until the middle of September that the strategic bombing campaign of Germany again became the priority for the USSTAF. The twin campaigns—the USAAF by day, the RAF by","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"7529938","text":"Japanese with a trick maneuver slipped between the two American fleets and almost reached the beaches. However the Japanese communication system was even worse, and the Japanese army and navy did not cooperate, and the three Japanese fleets were each destroyed. General MacArthur fulfilled his promise to return to the Philippines by landing at Leyte on 20 October 1944. The grueling re-capture of the Philippines took place from 1944 to 1945 and included the battles of Leyte, Luzon, and Mindanao. The Americans did not bypass the small island of Iwo Jima because it wanted bases for fighter escorts; it was","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"7529854","text":"and after the Allied troops at Salerno had consolidated their beachhead, The Germans launched fierce counterattacks. However they failed to destroy the beachhead and retreated on 16 September and in October 1943 began preparing a series of defensive lines across central Italy. The US 5th Army and other Allied armies broke through the first two lines (Volturno and the Barbara Line) in October and November 1943. As winter approached, the Allies made slow progress due to the weather and the difficult terrain against the heavily defended German Winter Line, they did however manage to breakthrough the Bernhardt Line in January","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"4797964","text":"now sits on the site of the former camp, and the events of the raid have been depicted in several films. After the United States was attacked at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 by Japanese forces, it entered World War II to join the Allied forces in their fight against the Axis powers. American forces led by General Douglas MacArthur, already stationed in the Philippines as a deterrent against a Japanese invasion of the islands, were attacked by the Japanese hours after Pearl Harbor. On March 12, 1942, General MacArthur and a few select officers, on the orders of","title":"Raid at Cabanatuan"},{"id":"10733353","text":"without further investigation. Nassy continued to work for the same firm until 1934, when he decided to study painting. He was admitted to an academy of fine arts in Brussels, Belgium. In 1939, he married a Belgian and began earning a living as a portrait artist. The Germans occupied Belgium in May 1940, but Nassy and his wife did not leave. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the United States entered World War II. On April 14, 1942, four months after the United States entered the war, Nassy was arrested as an enemy national in German-occupied","title":"Josef Nassy"},{"id":"7529845","text":"Fall of France in 1940, which saw Germany overrun most of the countries of Western Europe, leaving the United Kingdom alone to combat Germany. Germany's planned invasion of the UK, Operation Sea Lion, was averted by its failure to establish air superiority in the Battle of Britain. At the same time, war with Japan in East Asia seemed increasingly likely. Although the U.S. was not yet at war with either Germany or Japan, it met with the UK on several occasions to formulate joint strategies. In the 29 March 1941 report of the ABC-1 conference, the Americans and British agreed","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"3358936","text":"destroyers escorting convoys and German U-boats were already de facto at war in the Battle of the Atlantic. This declaration effectively ended isolationist sentiment in the U.S. and the United States immediately reciprocated, formally entering the war in Europe. Causes of World War II Among the causes of World War II were Italian fascism in the 1920s, Japanese militarism and invasion of China in the 1930s, and especially the political takeover in 1933 of Germany by Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party and its aggressive foreign policy. The immediate cause was Germany invading Poland on September 1, 1939, and Britain","title":"Causes of World War II"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"14138450\",\n \"text\": \"materials. The United States officially entered World War II against Germany, Japan, and Italy in December 1941, following the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. This time the U.S. was a full-fledged member of the Allies of World War II, not just an \\\"associate\\\" as in the first war. During the war, the U.S. conducted military operations on both the Atlantic and Pacific fronts. After the war and devastation of its European and Asian rivals, the United States found itself in a uniquely powerful position due to the lack of damage to its domestic industries. After 1945, the isolationist pattern\",\n \"title\": \"History of United States foreign policy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"187439\",\n \"text\": \"Islands also fell to Allied forces during the war. The Pacific front saw major action during the Second World War, mainly between the belligerents Japan and the United States. The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on the morning of 7 December 1941 (8 December in Japan). The attack led to the United States' entry into World War II. The attack was intended as a preventive action in order to keep the U.S. Pacific Fleet from interfering with military actions the\",\n \"title\": \"History of Oceania\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"454871\",\n \"text\": \"in China and Indochina by mid-December. In the Pacific, US forces continued to press back the Japanese perimeter. In mid-June 1944, they began their offensive against the Mariana and Palau islands, and decisively defeated Japanese forces in the Battle of the Philippine Sea. These defeats led to the resignation of the Japanese Prime Minister, Hideki Tojo, and provided the United States with air bases to launch intensive heavy bomber attacks on the Japanese home islands. In late October, American forces invaded the Filipino island of Leyte; soon after, Allied naval forces scored another large victory in the Battle of Leyte\",\n \"title\": \"World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"454788\",\n \"text\": \"the long Battle of the Atlantic followed. On 22 June 1941, the European Axis powers launched an invasion of the Soviet Union, opening the largest land theatre of war in history. This Eastern Front trapped the Axis, most crucially the German Wehrmacht, into a war of attrition. In December 1941, Japan launched a surprise attack on the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean. Following an immediate U.S. declaration of war against Japan, supported by one from Great Britain, the European Axis powers quickly declared war on the U.S. in solidarity with their Japanese ally. Rapid Japanese conquests\",\n \"title\": \"World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5500609\",\n \"text\": \"war on Japan, and Japan's allies Germany and Italy declared war on the US, bringing the US into World War II. On 8 December 1941, following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States Congress declared war on Japan at the request of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. This was followed by Germany and Italy declaring war on the United States on 11 December, bringing the country into the European theatre. The US-led Allied forces in the Pacific theatre against Japanese forces from 1941 to 1945. From 1943 to 1945, the US-led and coordinated the Western Allies' war effort in Europe\",\n \"title\": \"Allies of World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"299338\",\n \"text\": \"in September 1914. A company of Australians and a British warship besieged the Germans and their colonial subjects, ending with a German surrender. The attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters, was a surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on the morning of 7 December 1941. The attack led to the United States' entry into World War II. The Japanese subsequently invaded New Guinea, Solomon Islands and other Pacific islands. The Japanese were turned back at the Battle of the Coral Sea and the\",\n \"title\": \"Oceania\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529824\",\n \"text\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II The military history of the United States in World War II covers the war against Germany, Italy, and Japan, starting with the 7 December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor. During the first two years of World War II, the United States had maintained formal neutrality as made official in the Quarantine Speech delivered by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1937, while supplying Britain, the Soviet Union, and China with war materiel through the Lend-Lease Act which was signed into law on 11 March 1941, as well as deploying the\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12559783\",\n \"text\": \"before rejoining his unit at Camp Edwards in Falmouth, Massachusetts. While there, he was promoted to captain. In early April 1943, sixteen months after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, on December 7, 1941 and the subsequent German declaration of war on the United States, four days later, which brought the United States into World War II, the 36th Division, commanded by Major General Fred L. Walker, a distinguished World War I veteran, was shipped from New York Harbor to Oran, Algeria, and was then stationed in Rabat in Morocco. The division, originally slated to participate in \\\"Operation Husky\\\", the\",\n \"title\": \"Henry T. Waskow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"703917\",\n \"text\": \"Kazuo Sakamaki, was captured. The surprise attack came as a profound shock to the American people and led directly to the American entry into World War II in both the Pacific and European theaters. The following day, December 8, the United States declared war on Japan, and several days later, on December 11, Germany and Italy each declared war on the U.S. The U.S. responded with a declaration of war against Germany and Italy. Domestic support for non-interventionism, which had been fading since the Fall of France in 1940, disappeared. There were numerous historical precedents for unannounced military action by\",\n \"title\": \"Attack on Pearl Harbor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529849\",\n \"text\": \"and Allied merchant shipping. The convoys, coming mainly from North America and predominantly going to the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, were protected for the most part by the British and Canadian navies and air forces. These forces were aided by ships and aircraft of the United States from September 13, 1941. The Germans were joined by submarines of the Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina) after their Axis ally Italy entered the war on June 10, 1940. The United States entered the war in the west with Operation Torch on 8 November 1942, after their Soviet allies had pushed\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11195165\",\n \"text\": \"the legality of the curfews and relocations during the war. In the 1980s, new information was used to vacate the conviction of Yasui. On September 1, 1939, Nazi Germany invaded neighboring Poland, starting World War II. After two years of combat neutrality, the United States was drawn into the war as an active participant after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt responded to fears of a fifth column composed of Japanese-Americans by issuing Executive Order 9066 on February 19, 1942. This executive order authorized the military to create zones of exclusion,\",\n \"title\": \"Yasui v. United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4457447\",\n \"text\": \"first American-caused casualties occurred on 7 December 1941 when the attacked and sank a Japanese midget submarine near the entrance to Pearl Harbor prior to the commencement of the Japanese air attack upon Hawaii later that day. As a result of the attack on Hawaii, America declared war on Japan on 8 December 1941. Germany and Italy declared war on the United States three days later. The first planned offensive action by the United States in World War II came in January 1942 when the aircraft carrier attacked Japanese bases in the Marshall Islands. First engagement of neutral United States\",\n \"title\": \"First engagement of neutral United States in World War II before the attack on Pearl Harbor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14740059\",\n \"text\": \"down the process – it was not delivered to the U.S. Secretary of State until after the Pearl Harbor attack. Following the U.S. declaration, Japan's allies, Germany and Italy, declared war on the United States, bringing the United States fully into World War II. The attack on Pearl Harbor took place before a declaration of war by Japan had been delivered to the United States. It was originally stipulated that the attack should not commence until thirty minutes after Japan had informed the US that it was withdrawing from further peace negotiations, but the attack began before the notice could\",\n \"title\": \"United States declaration of war on Japan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"454791\",\n \"text\": \"Following the Potsdam Declaration by the Allies on 26 July 1945 and the refusal of Japan to surrender under its terms, the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 and 9 August respectively. With an invasion of the Japanese archipelago imminent, the possibility of additional atomic bombings, the Soviet entry into the war against Japan and its invasion of Manchuria, Japan announced its intention to surrender on 15 August 1945, cementing total victory in Asia for the Allies. Tribunals were set up by fiat by the Allies and war crimes trials were\",\n \"title\": \"World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529842\",\n \"text\": \"Argentia on 1 July. On 7 July, Britain persuaded the Althing to approve an American occupation force under a U.S.-Icelandic defense agreement, and TF 19 anchored off Reykjavík that evening. U.S. Marines commenced landing on 8 July, and disembarkation was completed on 12 July. On 6 August, the U.S. Navy established an air base at Reykjavík with the arrival of Patrol Squadron VP-73 PBY Catalinas and VP-74 PBM Mariners. U.S. Army personnel began arriving in Iceland in August, and the Marines had been transferred to the Pacific by March 1942. Up to 40,000 U.S. military personnel were stationed on the\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19272708\",\n \"text\": \"On 7 December 1941, the United States of America entered World War II following the bombing of Pearl Harbour in Hawaii by Japanese carrier-borne aircraft. The United Kingdom and its Commonwealth had been at war with Germany since September 1939, but now the war was truly global. Japan attacked the Philippines and Thailand, and advanced through Malaya and the Netherlands East Indies (now Indonesia). Singapore fell on 15 February 1942 and two brigades of the 8th Division of the 2nd Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF) were captured, while the third brigade was destroyed piecemeal on the islands of Timor, Ambon\",\n \"title\": \"Mount St John Anti-Aircraft Battery\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1965607\",\n \"text\": \"meaning and playing of the game, in the September 1941 issue of \\\"The Atlantic Monthly\\\". A 2018 profile of Berg in \\\"The New York Times\\\" described the essay as, \\\"still one of the most insightful works ever penned about the game.\\\" With the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese on December 7, 1941, the United States was thrust into World War II. To do his part for the war effort, Berg accepted a position with Nelson Rockefeller's Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs on January 5, 1942. Nine days later, his father, Bernard, died. During the summer of\",\n \"title\": \"Moe Berg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529825\",\n \"text\": \"U.S. military to replace the British invasion forces in Iceland. In the Pacific Theater, there was unofficial early U.S. combat activity such as the Flying Tigers. During the war, over 16 million Americans served in the United States Armed Forces, with 405,399 killed in action and 671,278 wounded. There were also 130,201 American prisoners of war, of whom 116,129 returned home after the war. Key civilian advisors to President Roosevelt included Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson, who mobilized the nation's industries and induction centers to supply the Army, commanded by General George Marshall and the Army Air Forces under\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529908\",\n \"text\": \"the defeat of the German army in the Ardennes, the Allies pushed back towards the Rhine and the heart of Germany. With the capture of the Ludendorff bridge at Remagen, the Allies crossed the Rhine in March 1945. The Americans then executed a pincer movement, setting up the Ninth Army north, and the First Army south. When the Allies closed the pincer, 300,000 Germans were captured in the Ruhr Pocket. The Americans then turned east, first meeting up with the Soviets at Torgau on the Elbe River in April. The Germans surrendered Berlin to the Soviets on 2 May 1945.\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"454843\",\n \"text\": \"a defensive war. To prevent American intervention while securing the perimeter, it was further planned to neutralise the United States Pacific Fleet and the American military presence in the Philippines from the outset. On 7 December 1941 (8 December in Asian time zones), Japan attacked British and American holdings with near-simultaneous offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific. These included an attack on the American fleets at Pearl Harbor and the Philippines, landings in Thailand and Malaya, and the Battle of Hong Kong. These attacks led the United States, United Kingdom, China, Australia and several other states to formally\",\n \"title\": \"World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529955\",\n \"text\": \"Empire and Chinese forces in Burma and suffered many casualties. On 10 August 1944 the Marauders were consolidated into the 475th Infantry. The U.S. also had an adviser to Chiang Kai-shek and Joseph Stillwell. Units of the Tenth Air Force, Fourteenth Air Force, and Twentieth Air Force of the USAAF also served in the theatre, including the previously mentioned \\\"Flying Tigers\\\". Military history of the United States during World War II The military history of the United States in World War II covers the war against Germany, Italy, and Japan, starting with the 7 December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor.\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14214755\",\n \"text\": \"country, further increasing tension in the Pacific. In late 1941, Japan's government, led by Prime Minister and General Hideki Tojo, decided to break the US-led embargo through force of arms. On December 7, 1941, the Imperial Japanese Navy launched a surprise attack on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. This brought the US into World War II on the side of the Allies. Japan then successfully invaded the Asian colonies of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands, including the Philippines, Malaya, Hong Kong, Singapore, Burma, and the Dutch East Indies. In the early stages of the\",\n \"title\": \"History of Japan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529853\",\n \"text\": \"island, U.S. 7th Army lost 8,781 men (2,237 killed or missing, 5,946 wounded, and 598 captured). Following the Allied victory in Sicily, Italian public sentiment swung against the war and Italian dictator Benito Mussolini. He was deposed in a coup, and the Allies struck quickly, hoping resistance would be slight. The first Allied troops landed on the Italian peninsula on 3 September 1943 and Italy surrendered on 8 September, however the Italian Social Republic was established soon afterwards. The first American troops landed at Salerno on 9 September 1943, by U.S. 5th Army, however German troops in Italy were prepared\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"454825\",\n \"text\": \"any direct military intervention in the conflict well into 1941. In December 1940 Roosevelt accused Hitler of planning world conquest and ruled out any negotiations as useless, calling for the United States to become an \\\"arsenal of democracy\\\" and promoting Lend-Lease programmes of aid to support the British war effort. The United States started strategic planning to prepare for a full-scale offensive against Germany. At the end of September 1940, the Tripartite Pact formally united Japan, Italy and Germany as the Axis Powers. The Tripartite Pact stipulated that any country, with the exception of the Soviet Union, which attacked any\",\n \"title\": \"World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4457445\",\n \"text\": \"First engagement of neutral United States in World War II before the attack on Pearl Harbor Scholars have identified various events as being the first engagement of neutral United States in World War II before the attack on Pearl Harbor. They disagree on which events led to formal entry of the United States into the conflict. The first American hostile action against Axis forces was on 10 April 1941, when the destroyer attacked a German U-boat the U-52 that had just sunk a Dutch freighter \\\"Saleier\\\". \\\"Niblack\\\" was picking up survivors of the freighter when it detected a U-boat preparing\",\n \"title\": \"First engagement of neutral United States in World War II before the attack on Pearl Harbor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"454858\",\n \"text\": \"civilian population. The firebombing of Hamburg was among the first attacks in this campaign, inflicting significant casualties and considerable losses on infrastructure of this important industrial center. After the Guadalcanal Campaign, the Allies initiated several operations against Japan in the Pacific. In May 1943, Canadian and US forces were sent to eliminate Japanese forces from the Aleutians. Soon after, the United States, with support from Australian and New Zealand forces, began major operations to isolate Rabaul by capturing surrounding islands, and breach the Japanese Central Pacific perimeter at the Gilbert and Marshall Islands. By the end of March 1944, the\",\n \"title\": \"World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1403029\",\n \"text\": \"for the European theatres, Roosevelt eventually won the favor of restoring the arms trade with belligerent nations after Germany's invasion of Poland, which is said by many to have fixed the United States economy. Total involvement in the war began after the Attack on Pearl Harbor, where isolationism began to cede. Starting in 1940 (18 months before Pearl Harbor), the nation mobilized, giving high priority to air power. American involvement in World War II in 1940–41 was limited to providing war material and financial support to Britain, the Soviet Union, and the Republic of China. The U.S. entered officially on\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529904\",\n \"text\": \"and adjacent eastern Lorraine, but could not clear central Alsace. During Operation Nordwind in December 1944, the 19th Army attacked north out of the Pocket in support of other German forces attacking south from the Saar into northern Alsace. In late January and early February 1945, the French First Army (reinforced by the U.S. XXI Corps) cleared the Pocket of German forces. By early 1945, events favored the Allied forces in Europe. On the Western Front the Allies had been fighting in Germany since the Battle of Aachen in October 1944 and by January had turned back the Germans in\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13923707\",\n \"text\": \"1941 in the United States Events from the year 1941 in the United States. At the end of this year, the United States officially enters World War II by declaring war on the Empire of Japan following the attack on Pearl Harbor. Baseball fans across the nation witnessed not one, but two of the most amazing individual efforts and achievements the game has ever known. The two measures recorded during the 1941 campaign both stand to this day and are regarded by practically all, even the most casual of fans, to be unattainable in the game today. 1941 saw the\",\n \"title\": \"1941 in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529913\",\n \"text\": \"Congress on 8 December 1941. The motion passed with only one vote against it, in both chambers. Just three days later, on 11 December 1941 Adolf Hitler declared war on the United States, and had already remarked on the evening of the date of the Japanese attack that \\\"We can't lose the war at all. We now have an ally which has never been conquered in 3,000 years\\\". Within hours of Pearl Harbor Japanese air forces from Formosa destroyed much of the U.S. Far East Air Force, based near Manila. The Japanese army invaded and trapped the American and Filipino\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3358935\",\n \"text\": \"war, the Imperial Japanese Navy attacked Pearl Harbor with the aim of destroying the main American battle fleet at anchor. At the same time, other Japanese forces attacked the U.S.-held Philippines and the British Empire in Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong. The USA and the United Kingdom to declare war upon Japan the next day. Four days later the U.S was brought into the European war when on December 11, 1941, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy declared war on the United States. Hitler chose to declare that the Tripartite Pact required that Germany follow Japan's declaration of war; although American\",\n \"title\": \"Causes of World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14015290\",\n \"text\": \"issue. Its declared decision on 31 January 1917 to target neutral shipping in a designated war-zone became the immediate cause of the entry of the United States into the war. Five American merchant ships went down in March. Outraged public opinion now overwhelmingly supported Wilson when he asked Congress for a declaration of war on April 2, 1917. Historians such as Ernest R. May have approached the process of American entry into the war as a study in how public opinion changed radically in three years' time. In 1914 most Americans called for neutrality, seeing the war a dreadful mistake\",\n \"title\": \"American entry into World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529850\",\n \"text\": \"for a second front against the Germans. General Dwight Eisenhower commanded the assault on North Africa, and Major General George Patton struck at Casablanca. The United States did not have a smooth entry into the war against Nazi Germany. Early in 1943, the U.S. Army suffered a near-disastrous defeat at the Battle of the Kasserine Pass in February. The senior Allied leadership was primarily to blame for the loss as internal bickering between American General Lloyd Fredendall and the British led to mistrust and little communication, causing inadequate troop placements. The defeat could be considered a major turning point, however,\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2560892\",\n \"text\": \"The division, under the command of Major General Geoffrey Keyes, was activated on 15 July 1942 at Fort Riley, Kansas, by reorganizing and redesignating the white elements of the 2nd Cavalry Division. This was only seven months after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, which was followed just four days later by the German declaration of war on the United States, thus bringing the United States into World War II. After over two years of training throughout the country the 9th Armored Division, now commanded by Major General John W. Leonard, reached the United Kingdom in\",\n \"title\": \"9th Armored Division (United States)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"454824\",\n \"text\": \"using U-boats against British shipping in the Atlantic. The British Home Fleet scored a significant victory on 27May 1941 by sinking the German battleship \\\"Bismarck\\\". In November 1939, the United States was taking measures to assist China and the Western Allies, and amended the Neutrality Act to allow \\\"cash and carry\\\" purchases by the Allies. In 1940, following the German capture of Paris, the size of the United States Navy was significantly increased. In September the United States further agreed to a trade of American destroyers for British bases. Still, a large majority of the American public continued to oppose\",\n \"title\": \"World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529841\",\n \"text\": \"from Canada as far as the \\\"Mid-Atlantic Meeting Point\\\" (MOMP) south of Iceland, where they handed off to the RN. On 16 June 1941, after negotiation with Churchill, Roosevelt ordered the United States occupation of Iceland to replace the British invasion forces. On 22 June 1941, the US Navy sent Task Force 19 (TF 19) from Charleston, South Carolina to assemble at Argentia, Newfoundland. TF 19 included 25 warships and the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade of 194 officers and 3714 men from San Diego, California under the command of Brigadier General John Marston. Task Force 19 (TF 19) sailed from\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529897\",\n \"text\": \"the Ardennes forest, along a battlefront extending southwards from Monschau to Echternach, hoping to punch a hole in the Allied lines and capture the Belgian city of Antwerp. The Allies responded slowly, allowing the German attack to create a large \\\"bulge\\\" in the Allied lines. In the initial stages of the offensive, American POW's from the 285th Field Artillery Observation Battalion were executed at the Malmedy massacre by Nazi SS and Fallschirmjäger. As the Germans pushed westward, General Eisenhower ordered the 101st Airborne and elements of the U.S. 10th Armored Division into the road junction town of Bastogne to prepare\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529891\",\n \"text\": \"Allies in France. The operation was a success and forced the German Army Group G to abandon southern France and to retreat under constant Allied attacks to the Vosges Mountains. By the time the operation finished on 14 September 1944, US forces suffered 2,050 killed, captured or missing 7,750 other casualties, on 15 September 1944 the Allied forces of the operation were renamed the Sixth Army Group and placed under Eisenhower's command. The next major Allied operation came on 17 September. Devised by British General Bernard Montgomery, its primary objective was the capture of several bridges in the Netherlands. Fresh\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529890\",\n \"text\": \"trapped inside. Many Germans escaped but losses in men and equipment were huge. Two days later the Allied Liberation of Paris was completed and on 30 August, the remnants of Army Group B retreated across the Seine, which ended Operation Overlord. On 15 August 1944, the US 7th Army, spearheaded by the 3rd Infantry Division and 36th Infantry Division and other Allied forces landed in southern France between Cannes and Hyères. The aim of the operation was to secure the southern half of France and one objective in particular was to capture Marseille as a main supply harbor for the\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529919\",\n \"text\": \"Japanese fleet. The battle began on 4 June 1942. By the time it was over, the Japanese had lost four carriers, as opposed to one American carrier lost. The Battle of Midway was the turning point of the war in the Pacific because the United States had seized the initiative and was on the offensive for the remaining duration of the war. Following the resounding victory at Midway, the United States began a major land offensive. The Allies came up with a strategy known as Island hopping, or the bypassing of islands that either served little or no strategic importance\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6309428\",\n \"text\": \"between the Japan's commitment to conquer China, and America's commitment to defend China. Japan's civilian government fell and the Army under General Tojo took full control, bent on war. Japan attacked the American navy base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941. In response, the United States declared war on Japan. Japan's Axis allies, including Nazi Germany, declared war on the United States days after the attack, bringing the United States into World War II. The conflict was a bitter one, marked by atrocities such as the executions and torture of American prisoners of war by the Imperial Japanese\",\n \"title\": \"Japan–United States relations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5500607\",\n \"text\": \"were as follows: the Albanian National Liberation Front, the Chinese Red Army, the Greek National Liberation Front, the Hukbalahap, the Malayan Communist Party, the People's Republic of Mongolia, the Polish People's Army, the Tuvan People's Republic (annexed by the Soviet Union in 1944), the Viet Minh and the Yugoslav Partisans. The United States had indirectly supported Britain's war effort against Germany up to 1941 and declared its opposition to territorial aggrandizement. Materiel support to Britain was provided while the U.S. was officially neutral via the Lend-Lease Act starting in 1941. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill in\",\n \"title\": \"Allies of World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529880\",\n \"text\": \"narrow roads to their advantage which slowed the American advance. After being reinforced, VII corps took control of the peninsula in fierce fighting on 19 June and launched their assault on Cherbourg on 22 June. The German garrison surrendered on 29 June, but by this time they had destroyed the port facilities, which were not made fully operational until September. The Battle of Saint-Lô is one of the three conflicts in the Battle of the Hedgerows (fr), which took place between July 9–24, 1944, just before Operation Cobra. Saint-Lô had fallen to Germany in 1940, and, after the Invasion of\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"454877\",\n \"text\": \"history. In May 1945, Australian troops landed in Borneo, over-running the oilfields there. British, American, and Chinese forces defeated the Japanese in northern Burma in March, and the British pushed on to reach Rangoon by 3 May. Chinese forces started a counterattack in the Battle of West Hunan that occurred between 6 April and 7 June 1945. American naval and amphibious forces also moved towards Japan, taking Iwo Jima by March, and Okinawa by the end of June. At the same time, American submarines cut off Japanese imports, drastically reducing Japan's ability to supply its overseas forces. On 11 July,\",\n \"title\": \"World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529851\",\n \"text\": \"because General Eisenhower replaced Fredendall with General Patton. Slowly the Allies stopped the German advance in Tunisia and by March were pushing back. In mid April, under British General Bernard Montgomery, the Allies smashed through the Mareth Line and broke the Axis defense in North Africa. On 13 May 1943, Axis troops in North Africa surrendered, leaving behind 275,000 men. Allied efforts turned towards Sicily and Italy. The first stepping stone for the Allied liberation of Europe was, in Prime Minister Winston Churchill's words, the \\\"soft underbelly\\\" of Europe on the Italian island of Sicily. Launched on 9 July 1943,\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529828\",\n \"text\": \"of aviation gasoline and fuel oil, as the U.S. Navy in June 1944 captured islands within bombing range of the Japanese home islands. Strategic bombing directed by General Curtis Lemay destroyed all the major Japanese cities, as the U.S. captured Okinawa after heavy losses in spring 1945. With the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and an invasion and Soviet intervention imminent, Japan surrendered. The war against Germany involved aid to Britain, her allies, and the Soviet Union, with the U.S. supplying munitions until it could ready an invasion force. U.S. forces were first tested to a limited degree in\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529855\",\n \"text\": \"1944. By early 1944 the Allied attention had turned to the western front and the Allies were taking heavy losses trying to breakthrough the Winter line at Monte Cassino. The Allies landed at Anzio on 22 January 1944 with the aim of outflanking the Gustav line and pulling Axis forces out of it so other allied armies could breakthrough. After slow progress, the Germans counterattacked in February but failed to stamp out the Allies, after months of stalemate, the Allies broke out in May 1944 and Rome fell to the Allies on 4 June 1944. Following the Normandy invasion on\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5500572\",\n \"text\": \"Africa. After the start of the German invasion of North Europe until the Balkan Campaign, the Netherlands, Belgium, Greece, and Yugoslavia joined the Allies. After first having cooperated with Germany in invading Poland whilst remaining neutral in the Allied-Axis conflict, the Soviet Union perforce joined the Allies in June 1941 after being invaded by Germany. The United States provided war materiel and money all along, and officially joined in December 1941 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. China had already been in a prolonged war with Japan since the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of 1937, but officially joined the\",\n \"title\": \"Allies of World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529917\",\n \"text\": \"from Midway, enabling a Japanese victory. Because their ciphers were broken, the American forces only drove the Japanese out after Midway. On 11 May 1943, American and Canadian forces, spearheaded by the U.S. 7th Infantry Division landed on Attu, beginning the operation to take back the islands, by the end of May 1943 and after a series of battles, Allied forces retook Attu. On 15 August 1943, Allied forces landed on Kiska to retake it, only to find the Island abandoned by the Japanese. Having learned important lessons at Coral Sea, the United States Navy was prepared when the Japanese\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16553734\",\n \"text\": \"enemy counter-offensive during the German Operation Nordwind, then completed its reduction of the region by mid-March. In a lead role in Operation Undertone launched March 15th, the Seventh Army fought its way across the Rhine into Germany, capturing Nuremberg and then Munich. Elements reached Austria and crossed the Brenner Pass into Italy by May 4th, followed shortly by war's end on VE-Day, May 8, 1945. The United States officially entered World War II on 7 December 1941, after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. This was followed four days later by the German declaration of war on the United States.\",\n \"title\": \"Seventh United States Army\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529829\",\n \"text\": \"the North African Campaign and then employed more significantly with British Forces in Italy in 1943–45, where U.S. forces, representing about a third of the Allied forces deployed, bogged down after Italy surrendered and the Germans took over. Finally the main invasion of France took place in June 1944, under General Dwight D. Eisenhower. Meanwhile, the U.S. Army Air Forces and the British Royal Air Force engaged in the area bombardment of German cities and systematically targeted German transportation links and synthetic oil plants, as it knocked out what was left of the Luftwaffe post Battle of Britain in 1944.\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"165638\",\n \"text\": \"Act of 1965, which removed racial and national barriers and resulted in significantly altering the demographic mix in the U.S. Oahu was the target of a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor by Imperial Japan on December 7, 1941. The attack on Pearl Harbor and other military and naval installations, carried out by aircraft and by midget submarines, brought the United States into World War II. In the 1950s, the power of the plantation owners was broken by the descendants of immigrant laborers, who were born in Hawaii and were U.S. citizens. They voted against the Hawaii Republican Party, strongly supported\",\n \"title\": \"Hawaii\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"454844\",\n \"text\": \"declare war on Japan, whereas the Soviet Union, being heavily involved in large-scale hostilities with European Axis countries, maintained its neutrality agreement with Japan. Germany, followed by the other Axis states, declared war on the United States in solidarity with Japan, citing as justification the American attacks on German war vessels that had been ordered by Roosevelt. On 1 January 1942, the Allied Big Four—the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom and the United States—and 22 smaller or exiled governments issued the Declaration by United Nations, thereby affirming the Atlantic Charter, and agreeing to not to sign a separate peace\",\n \"title\": \"World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529870\",\n \"text\": \"night—built up into massive bombing of German industrial areas, notably the Ruhr, followed by attacks directly on cities such as Hamburg, Kassel, Pforzheim, Mainz and the often-criticized bombing of Dresden. The second European front that the Soviets had pressed for was finally opened on 6 June 1944, when the Allies attacked the heavily fortified Atlantic Wall. Supreme Allied commander General Dwight D. Eisenhower had delayed the attack because of bad weather, but finally the largest amphibious assault in history began. After prolonged bombing runs on the French coast by the Army Air Forces, 225 U.S. Army Rangers scaled the cliffs\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4432513\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"South Dakota\\\", \\\"Indiana\\\", \\\"Massachusetts\\\", and the \\\"Alabama\\\", on 8 December 1943, and also bombed by U.S. Navy carrier airplanes on the same day. See the article on the \\\"Washington\\\". Nepal declared war on Germany on 4 September 1939, and offered Gurkha troops to the United Kingdom. Like the Belgians, the Netherlands declared neutrality in 1939. In May 1940, the Netherlands was invaded after fierce resistance against the Nazis. Rotterdam and Middelburg were heavily bombed. The Dutch joined the Allies and contributed their surviving naval and armed forces to the defense of East Asia, in particular the Netherlands East Indies. Until\",\n \"title\": \"World War II by country\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1549619\",\n \"text\": \"to establish its long-planned Southeast Asian empire and defensible buffer zones. The American public saw the attack as a treacherous act and rallied against the Japanese. Four days later, Adolf Hitler of Germany, and Benito Mussolini of Italy declared war on the United States, merging the separate conflicts. The United States entered the European Theatre and Pacific Theater in full force, thereby bringing the United States to World War II on the side of the Allies. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese launched offensives against Allied forces in East and Southeast Asia, with simultaneous attacks in British Hong\",\n \"title\": \"Empire of Japan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"703914\",\n \"text\": \"Attack on Pearl Harbor The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Territory, on the morning of December 7, 1941. The attack, also known as the Battle of Pearl Harbor, led to the United States' entry into World War II. The Japanese military leadership referred to the attack as the Hawaii Operation and Operation AI, and as Operation Z during its planning. Japan intended the attack as a preventive action to keep the U.S. Pacific Fleet from interfering with its planned\",\n \"title\": \"Attack on Pearl Harbor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18488210\",\n \"text\": \"important base for the Australian, British, American and Dutch air forces during World War Two. On 7 December 1941, the United States of America entered World War Two following the bombing of the American fleet at Pearl Harbour in Hawaii by Japanese carrier-borne aircraft. England and its Commonwealth had been at war with Germany since September 1939, but now the war was truly global. Darwin was first bombed on 19 February 1942 and 14,000 Australians were taken prisoner following the fall of Singapore. Plans to defend Australia from an anticipated Japanese invasion and to use Queensland as a support base\",\n \"title\": \"Acacia Ridge Air Raid Shelter\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529931\",\n \"text\": \"proved decisive. Guadalcanal is an iconic episode in the annals of American military history, underscoring heroic bravery of underequipped individuals in fierce combat with a determined foe. Marines from the 1st Marine Division landed on 7 August 1942, soldiers from the Army XIV Corps reinforced and eventually replaced in late-November 1942. They quickly captured Henderson Field, and prepared defenses. In the Battle of Bloody Ridge, the Americans held off wave after wave of Japanese counterattacks before charging what was left of the Japanese. After more than six months of combat the island was firmly in control of the Allies on\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"150967\",\n \"text\": \"former Prime Minister of Japan Noboru Takeshita to discuss shared economic issues and \\\"the fact that their solution will require extraordinary efforts on both sides of the Pacific.\\\" On December 6, 1991, Japanese Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa apologized to the United States for the attack on Pearl Harbor. The following day — the fiftieth anniversary of the attack — Bush accepted Japan's apology for the event that drew the United States into World War II. Bush urged that progress be made in improving relations between the U.S. and Japan. On June 18, 1990, White House Press Secretary Marlin Fitzwater confirmed\",\n \"title\": \"George H. W. Bush\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"454815\",\n \"text\": \"September 1939, Germany invaded Poland after having staged several false flag border incidents as a pretext to initiate the attack. The Battle of Westerplatte is often described as the first battle of the war. The United Kingdom responded with an ultimatum to Germany to cease military operations, and on 3 September, after the ultimatum was ignored, France, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand declared war on Germany. This alliance was joined by South Africa (6 September) and Canada (10 September). The alliance provided no direct military support to Poland, outside of a cautious French probe into the Saarland. The\",\n \"title\": \"World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"739841\",\n \"text\": \"with increasing anti-Nazi feelings following the German invasion of Poland in September 1939 that started World War II. Roosevelt positioned the U.S. as the \\\"Arsenal of Democracy\\\", pledging full-scale financial and munitions support for the Allies – but no military personnel. This was carried out through the Lend-Lease agreements. Japan tried to neutralize America's power in the Pacific by attacking Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, which catalyzed American support to enter the war. The main contributions of the U.S. to the Allied war effort comprised money, industrial output, food, petroleum, technological innovation, and (especially 1944–45), military personnel. Much of\",\n \"title\": \"History of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529915\",\n \"text\": \"Australian forces were combined under the ABDA command but its fleet was quickly sunk in several naval battles around Java. Following their rapid advance, the Japanese started the Solomon Islands Campaign from their newly conquered main base at Rabaul in January 1942. The Japanese seized several islands including Tulagi and Guadalcanal, before they were halted by further events leading to the Guadalcanal Campaign. This campaign also converged with the New Guinea campaign. In May 1942, the United States fleet engaged the Japanese fleet during the first battle in history in which neither fleet fired directly on the other, nor did\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529889\",\n \"text\": \"the Falaise–Chambois area to envelop Army Group B, the First U.S. Army forming the southern arm, the British Second Army the base and the First Canadian Army the northern arm of the encirclement. The Germans began to withdraw on 17 August and on 19 August, the Allies linked up in Chambois. Gaps were forced in the Allied lines by German counter-attacks, the biggest being a corridor forced past the 1st Polish Armoured Division on Hill 262, a commanding position at the mouth of the pocket. By the evening of 21 August, the pocket had been sealed, with c. 50,000 Germans\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14138898\",\n \"text\": \"United States in World War I The United States declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917, more than two and a half years after World War I started. A ceasefire and Armistice was declared on November 11, 1918. Before entering the war, the U.S. had remained neutral, though it had been an important supplier to Great Britain and the other Allied powers. The U.S. made its major contributions in terms of supplies, raw material and money, starting in 1917. American soldiers under General of the Armies John Pershing, Commander-in-Chief of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), arrived at the rate\",\n \"title\": \"United States in World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"454836\",\n \"text\": \"The \\\"blitzkrieg\\\" phase of the war in Europe had ended. By early December, freshly mobilised reserves allowed the Soviets to achieve numerical parity with Axis troops. This, as well as intelligence data which established that a minimal number of Soviet troops in the East would be sufficient to deter any attack by the Japanese Kwantung Army, allowed the Soviets to begin a massive counter-offensive that started on 5 December all along the front and pushed German troops west. In 1939, the United States had renounced its trade treaty with Japan, and beginning with an aviation gasoline ban in July 1940,\",\n \"title\": \"World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4445535\",\n \"text\": \"and develop the military forces required to play a role in the war effort, and for the British to go on the offensive in its theatres of operation. The entry of the United States into the war in late 1941 injected financial, human and industrial resources into Allied operations. The US produced more than its own military forces required and armed itself and its allies for the most industrialized war in history. At the beginning of the war, the British and French placed large orders for aircraft with American manufacturers and the US Congress approved plans to increase its air\",\n \"title\": \"Military production during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18810245\",\n \"text\": \"to the Soviet Union, consistent with President Roosevelt's stated policy on Russia, despite strong opposition from the Office of Production Management and others. Less than four months after SPAB was created, the United States formally entered World War II when it declared war upon Japan on December 8, 1941. SPAB seemed poised to dramatically increase in importance. However, this increased significance was short-lived; on January 16, 1942, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9024, establishing the War Production Board (WPB). The War Production Board superseded the Supply Priorities and Allocation Board and the Office of Production Management and absorbed both boards'\",\n \"title\": \"Supply Priorities and Allocation Board\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"454873\",\n \"text\": \"Poland, pushing from the Vistula to the Oder river in Germany, and overran East Prussia. On 4 February, Soviet, British and US leaders met for the Yalta Conference. They agreed on the occupation of post-war Germany, and on when the Soviet Union would join the war against Japan. In February, the Soviets entered Silesia and Pomerania, while Western Allies entered western Germany and closed to the Rhine river. By March, the Western Allies crossed the Rhine north and south of the Ruhr, encircling the German Army Group B. In early March, in attempts to protect her last oil reserves in\",\n \"title\": \"World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"454809\",\n \"text\": \"Soviets, this policy would prove difficult to maintain. Japan and the Soviet Union eventually signed a Neutrality Pact in April 1941, and Japan adopted the doctrine of Nanshin-ron, promoted by the Navy, which took its focus southward, eventually leading to its war with the United States and the Western Allies. In Europe, Germany and Italy were becoming more aggressive. In March 1938, Germany annexed Austria, again provoking little response from other European powers. Encouraged, Hitler began pressing German claims on the Sudetenland, an area of Czechoslovakia with a predominantly ethnic German population. Soon the United Kingdom and France followed the\",\n \"title\": \"World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7594704\",\n \"text\": \"American intervention could make an impact. Tonnage sunk rose above 500,000 tons per month from February to July. It peaked at 860,000 tons in April. After July, the newly re-introduced convoy system became effective in reducing the U-boat threat. Britain was safe from starvation, while German industrial output fell, and the United States joined the war far earlier than Germany had anticipated. On 3 May 1917, during the Nivelle Offensive, the French 2nd Colonial Division, veterans of the Battle of Verdun, refused orders, arriving drunk and without their weapons. Their officers lacked the means to punish an entire division, and\",\n \"title\": \"World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3279576\",\n \"text\": \"have been the beginning of his personal involvement in the peace process, culminating in Japan's surrender five months later. The first U.S. raid on the Japanese main island was the Doolittle Raid of 18 April 1942, when sixteen B-25 Mitchells were launched from the to attack targets including Yokohama and Tokyo and then fly on to airfields in China. The raid was a military pinprick but a significant propaganda victory. Because they were launched prematurely, none of the aircraft had enough fuel to reach their designated landing sites, and so either crashed or ditched (except for one aircraft, which landed\",\n \"title\": \"Strategic bombing during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17381055\",\n \"text\": \"all of them (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa) soon declared war on Germany. The fears in London that South Africa would take the advice of Prime Minister J. B. M. Hertzog and remain neutral were relieved when the parliament voted 80 to 67 for war, and Hertzog resigned. After the French defeat in June 1940, Britain and its empire stood alone in combat against Germany, until June 1941. The United States gave strong diplomatic, financial and material support, starting in 1940, especially through Lend Lease, which began in 1941, In August 1941, Churchill and Roosevelt met and agreed\",\n \"title\": \"Diplomatic history of World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"454787\",\n \"text\": \"late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa, and the fall of France in mid 1940, the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire. War in the Balkans, the aerial Battle of Britain, the Blitz, and\",\n \"title\": \"World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529832\",\n \"text\": \"Soviet Union as well as Britain and China. Prior to America's entry into World War II in December 1941, individual Americans volunteered to fight against the Axis powers in other nations' armed forces. Although under American law, it was illegal for United States citizens to join the armed forces of foreign nations and in doing so, they lost their citizenship, many American volunteers changed their nationality to Canadian. However Congress passed a blanket pardon in 1944. American mercenary Colonel Charles Sweeny living in London began recruiting American citizens to fight as a U.S. volunteer detachment in the French Air force,\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529940\",\n \"text\": \"chose to fight on to the end, leaving only 1,000 of the original 21,000 defenders alive. The Marines suffered as well, suffering 25,000 casualties. The battle became iconic in America as the epitome of heroism in desperate hand-to-hand combat. Okinawa became the last major battle of the Pacific Theater and the Second World War. The island was to become a staging area for the eventual invasion of Japan since it was just 350 miles (550 km) south of the Japanese mainland. Marines and soldiers landed unopposed on 1 April 1945, to begin an 82-day campaign which became the largest land-sea-air\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"454876\",\n \"text\": \"until 11 May. In the Pacific theatre, American forces accompanied by the forces of the Philippine Commonwealth advanced in the Philippines, clearing Leyte by the end of April 1945. They landed on Luzon in January 1945 and recaptured Manila in March. Fighting continued on Luzon, Mindanao, and other islands of the Philippines until the end of the war. Meanwhile, the United States Army Air Forces launched a massive firebombing campaign of strategic cities in Japan in an effort to destroy Japanese war industry and civilian morale. A devastating bombing raid of 9–10 March was the deadliest conventional bombing raid in\",\n \"title\": \"World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4432586\",\n \"text\": \"on the United States three days later. The United States subscribed to the Allied plan of making German defeat the priority, coordinating with the United Kingdom in most major operations. However, it also maintained a strong effort against Japan, being the primary Allied power in the Pacific Theater. The U.S. supplied valuable industrial production as the Arsenal of Democracy. After the war the United States retained military commitments to European security while providing economic investment to rebuild nations devastated during the war. Politically, the U.S. became a founding member of NATO, and hosts the United Nations in which it gained\",\n \"title\": \"World War II by country\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529827\",\n \"text\": \"in history. The Imperial Japanese Navy had the advantage, taking the Philippines as well as British and Dutch possessions, and threatening Australia but in June 1942, its main carriers were sunk during the Battle of Midway, and the Americans seized the initiative. The Pacific War became one of island hopping, so as to move air bases closer and closer to Japan. The Army, based in Australia under General Douglas MacArthur, steadily advanced across New Guinea to the Philippines, with plans to invade the Japanese home islands in late 1945. With its merchant fleet sunk by American submarines, Japan ran short\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9972517\",\n \"text\": \"Staff School. He was a member of the General Staff of the War Department from 1934 to 1939. He commanded regiments in Hawaii, California, Washington, and Alaska from 1939 to 1941. Although World War II had begun in September 1939, the United States, choosing to remain neutral, did not enter the conflict until December 7, 1941, due to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Corlett was promoted to the rank of major general on September 6, 1942 almost nine months after the American entry into the war, and was placed in command of the Kiska Task Force, consisting of the\",\n \"title\": \"Charles H. Corlett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12962342\",\n \"text\": \"decision. Following the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom, the United States Navy established a base on the island in 1899. On December 7, 1941, the base was attacked by the Imperial Japanese Navy airplanes and midget submarines, causing the American entry into World War II. One of the main reasons that Pearl Harbor happened was because the United States had major communication breakdowns among several branches of the U.S. armed services and departments of the U.S. government. This led to the surprise Japanese attack at the Hawaiian air base. There was no meaningful plan for the air defense of Hawaii,\",\n \"title\": \"Pearl Harbor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529936\",\n \"text\": \"original 2,600 Japanese soldiers on the island, only 17 were still alive. In preparation of the recapture of the Philippines, the Allies started the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign to retake the Gilbert and Marshall Islands from the Japanese in summer 1943. Moving closer to Japan, the U.S. Navy decisively won the Battle of the Philippine Sea and landing forces captured the Mariana and Palau Islands in summer 1944. The goal was building airbases within range of the new B-29 bomber aimed at Japan's industrial cities. The Battle of Leyte Gulf in 23–26 October 1944, was a decisive American victory\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529844\",\n \"text\": \"The USS \\\"Reuben James\\\" was sunk by \\\"U-552\\\" on 31 October 1941. On 11 December 1941, Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany , the same day that the United States declared war on Germany and Italy. The established grand strategy of the Allies was to defeat Germany and its allies in Europe first, and then focus could shift towards Japan in the Pacific. This was because two of the Allied capitals (London and Moscow) could be directly threatened by Germany, but none of the major Allied capitals were threatened by Japan. Germany was the United Kingdom's primary threat, especially after the\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"739849\",\n \"text\": \"and achieving hard-fought victories at Iwo Jima and Okinawa in 1945. Bloodied at Okinawa, the U.S. prepared to invade Japan's home islands when B-29s dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, forcing the empire's surrender in a matter of days and thus ending World War II. The U.S. occupied Japan (and part of Germany), sending Douglas MacArthur to restructure the Japanese economy and political system along American lines. During the war, Roosevelt coined the term \\\"Four Powers\\\" to refer four major Allies of World War II, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and\",\n \"title\": \"History of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"454884\",\n \"text\": \"the Soviet Union. Post-war division of the world was formalised by two international military alliances, the United States-led NATO and the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact. The long period of political tensions and military competition between them, the Cold War, would be accompanied by an unprecedented arms race and proxy wars. In Asia, the United States led the occupation of Japan and administrated Japan's former islands in the Western Pacific, while the Soviets annexed Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. Korea, formerly under Japanese rule, was divided and occupied by the Soviet Union in the North and the United States in the South\",\n \"title\": \"World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14631913\",\n \"text\": \"for war service with the entry of the United States into World War II, on 7 December 1941, \\\"President Adams\\\" fired her guns against the enemy, a U-boat, for the first time on Christmas Day. Following the encounter, she continued her shakedown exercises, then, steamed to the Pacific and trained troops off California as she readied for her first amphibious operation. In June 1942, she embarked the 3rd Battalion, 2nd Marines, and got underway on 1 July for the South Pacific. Between 7 and 9 August, as the United States launched the first step on the island-paved path to victory\",\n \"title\": \"USS President Adams (APA-19)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529935\",\n \"text\": \"Americans that the Japanese would fight to the bitter end. After brutal fighting in which few prisoners were taken on either side, the United States and the Allies pressed on the offensive. The landings at Tarawa on 20 November 1943, by the Americans became bogged down as armor attempting to break through the Japanese lines of defense either sank, were disabled or took on too much water to be of use. The Americans were eventually able to land a limited number of tanks and drive inland. After days of fighting they took control of Tarawa on 23 November. Of the\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14138937\",\n \"text\": \"Republican Warren G. Harding. Notes References United States in World War I The United States declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917, more than two and a half years after World War I started. A ceasefire and Armistice was declared on November 11, 1918. Before entering the war, the U.S. had remained neutral, though it had been an important supplier to Great Britain and the other Allied powers. The U.S. made its major contributions in terms of supplies, raw material and money, starting in 1917. American soldiers under General of the Armies John Pershing, Commander-in-Chief of the American Expeditionary\",\n \"title\": \"United States in World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4432585\",\n \"text\": \"government of the UK. During the Second World War, the Isle of Man had a detention camp for Axis citizens and suspected sympathisers, including members of the British Union of Fascists and the Irish Republican Army. A naval base, radar network and training stations were also established on the island. The United States was neutral early in the fight, although it steadily grew ties with the Allies and began providing increased levels of assistance to them. The United States joined the Allies in December 1941 after the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan.Germany and Italy declared war\",\n \"title\": \"World War II by country\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"454850\",\n \"text\": \"Army Groups. In early June, Japan put its operations into action, but the Americans, having broken Japanese naval codes in late May, were fully aware of the plans and order of battle, and used this knowledge to achieve a decisive victory at Midway over the Imperial Japanese Navy. With its capacity for aggressive action greatly diminished as a result of the Midway battle, Japan chose to focus on a belated attempt to capture Port Moresby by an overland campaign in the Territory of Papua. The Americans planned a counter-attack against Japanese positions in the southern Solomon Islands, primarily Guadalcanal, as\",\n \"title\": \"World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6658537\",\n \"text\": \"she was detailed to escort \\\"Ranger\\\" (CV-4) to Trinidad. They arrived 3 December. Four days later the United States entered World War II. \\\"Rhind\\\" then steamed north to patrol the waters off Bermuda. In February 1942, she shifted further north and through March escorted Icelandic convoys. In April she shepherded a convoy to the Panama Canal Zone and on the 23rd, while en route back to New York, conducted her first depth charge attack on a German submarine. The U-boat had shelled a Norwegian merchantman off New Jersey. Arriving at New York the same day, she departed again on the\",\n \"title\": \"USS Rhind (DD-404)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529903\",\n \"text\": \"were left severely depleted of men and equipment, as survivors retreated to the defenses of the Siegfried Line. With about 610,000 men committed and some 89,000 casualties, including 19,000 killed, the Battle of the Bulge was the largest and bloodiest battle fought by the United States in World War II. The Colmar Pocket (French: Poche de Colmar; German: Brückenkopf Elsaß) was the area held in central Alsace, France by the German Nineteenth Army from November 1944 – February 1945, against the U.S. 6th Army Group during World War II. It was formed when 6th AG liberated southern and northern Alsace\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15819501\",\n \"text\": \"16 June 1941, after negotiation with Churchill, Roosevelt ordered the United States occupation of Iceland to replace the British invasion forces. On 22 June 1941, the U.S. Navy sent Task Force 19 (TF 19) from Charleston, South Carolina, to assemble at Argentia, Newfoundland. TF 19 included 25 warships and the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade of 194 officers and 3714 men from San Diego, California under the command of Brigadier General John Marston. Task Force 19 (TF 19) sailed from Argentia on 1 July. On 7 July, Britain persuaded the Althing to approve an American occupation force under a U.S.–Icelandic defense\",\n \"title\": \"United States Navy in World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529869\",\n \"text\": \"Winston Churchill, Harris, and Carl Spaatz, but after some debate, control passed to SHAEF on 1 April 1944. When the Combined Bomber Offensive officially ended on 1 April, Allied airmen were well on the way to achieving air superiority over all of Europe. While they continued some strategic bombing, the USAAF along with the RAF turned their attention to the tactical air battle in support of the Normandy Invasion. It was not until the middle of September that the strategic bombing campaign of Germany again became the priority for the USSTAF. The twin campaigns—the USAAF by day, the RAF by\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529938\",\n \"text\": \"Japanese with a trick maneuver slipped between the two American fleets and almost reached the beaches. However the Japanese communication system was even worse, and the Japanese army and navy did not cooperate, and the three Japanese fleets were each destroyed. General MacArthur fulfilled his promise to return to the Philippines by landing at Leyte on 20 October 1944. The grueling re-capture of the Philippines took place from 1944 to 1945 and included the battles of Leyte, Luzon, and Mindanao. The Americans did not bypass the small island of Iwo Jima because it wanted bases for fighter escorts; it was\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529854\",\n \"text\": \"and after the Allied troops at Salerno had consolidated their beachhead, The Germans launched fierce counterattacks. However they failed to destroy the beachhead and retreated on 16 September and in October 1943 began preparing a series of defensive lines across central Italy. The US 5th Army and other Allied armies broke through the first two lines (Volturno and the Barbara Line) in October and November 1943. As winter approached, the Allies made slow progress due to the weather and the difficult terrain against the heavily defended German Winter Line, they did however manage to breakthrough the Bernhardt Line in January\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4797964\",\n \"text\": \"now sits on the site of the former camp, and the events of the raid have been depicted in several films. After the United States was attacked at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 by Japanese forces, it entered World War II to join the Allied forces in their fight against the Axis powers. American forces led by General Douglas MacArthur, already stationed in the Philippines as a deterrent against a Japanese invasion of the islands, were attacked by the Japanese hours after Pearl Harbor. On March 12, 1942, General MacArthur and a few select officers, on the orders of\",\n \"title\": \"Raid at Cabanatuan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10733353\",\n \"text\": \"without further investigation. Nassy continued to work for the same firm until 1934, when he decided to study painting. He was admitted to an academy of fine arts in Brussels, Belgium. In 1939, he married a Belgian and began earning a living as a portrait artist. The Germans occupied Belgium in May 1940, but Nassy and his wife did not leave. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the United States entered World War II. On April 14, 1942, four months after the United States entered the war, Nassy was arrested as an enemy national in German-occupied\",\n \"title\": \"Josef Nassy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529845\",\n \"text\": \"Fall of France in 1940, which saw Germany overrun most of the countries of Western Europe, leaving the United Kingdom alone to combat Germany. Germany's planned invasion of the UK, Operation Sea Lion, was averted by its failure to establish air superiority in the Battle of Britain. At the same time, war with Japan in East Asia seemed increasingly likely. Although the U.S. was not yet at war with either Germany or Japan, it met with the UK on several occasions to formulate joint strategies. In the 29 March 1941 report of the ABC-1 conference, the Americans and British agreed\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3358936\",\n \"text\": \"destroyers escorting convoys and German U-boats were already de facto at war in the Battle of the Atlantic. This declaration effectively ended isolationist sentiment in the U.S. and the United States immediately reciprocated, formally entering the war in Europe. Causes of World War II Among the causes of World War II were Italian fascism in the 1920s, Japanese militarism and invasion of China in the 1930s, and especially the political takeover in 1933 of Germany by Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party and its aggressive foreign policy. The immediate cause was Germany invading Poland on September 1, 1939, and Britain\",\n \"title\": \"Causes of World War II\"\n }\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":79091,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":79091,"string":"79,091"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Howard Leslie Shore"],"string":"[\n \"Howard Leslie Shore\"\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who wrote lord of the rings theme music"},"compressed_prompt":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Question:\\nPlease write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring context: a system that copied recorded imagery of fire. The musical score for \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" films was composed by Howard Shore. It was performed by the 100-strong New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the London Voices, The London Oratory School Schola, and the Maori Samoan Choir, and featured several vocal soloists. Shore wrote almost four hours of finalised music for the film (of which just over three hours are used as underscore), featuring a number of non-orchestral instruments, and a large number (49-62) of leitmotives. Two original songs, \\\"Aníron\\\" and the end title theme \\\"May It\\n\\nwho wrote lord of the rings theme music\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 205,\n \"origin_tokens\": 205,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1485902","text":"a system that copied recorded imagery of fire. The musical score for \"The Lord of the Rings\" films was composed by Howard Shore. It was performed by the 100-strong New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the London Voices, The London Oratory School Schola, and the Maori Samoan Choir, and featured several vocal soloists. Shore wrote almost four hours of finalised music for the film (of which just over three hours are used as underscore), featuring a number of non-orchestral instruments, and a large number (49-62) of leitmotives. Two original songs, \"Aníron\" and the end title theme \"May It","title":"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring"},{"id":"6530345","text":"of it was composed by a New-Zealand musician collective known as Plan 9 (Jannet Roddick, David Donaldson, Stephen Roche) and David Longe, known collectively within the context of the Lord of the Rings (and The Hobbit) as \"The Elvish Impersonators.\" They composed several vocal and instrumental pieces as well musical sound effects used for the Ring and Sauron, for the Dead Marshes and for Fangorn. Other musical sound effects, added by the film's sound design department, include war horns and bells ringing. Other film compositions were made by Enya, co-producer Fran Walsh and by the actors Viggo Mortensen and Billy","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"2460969","text":"contributed. Even actors Billy Boyd, Viggo Mortensen, Liv Tyler, Miranda Otto (extended cuts only for the latter two), and Peter Jackson (for a single gong sound in the second film) contributed to the score. Fran Walsh and Philippa Boyens served as librettists, writing lyrics to various music and songs, which David Salo translated into Tolkien's languages. The third film's end song, \"Into the West\", was a tribute to a young filmmaker Jackson and Walsh befriended named Cameron Duncan, who died of cancer in 2003. Shore composed a main theme for \"The Fellowship\" rather than many different character themes, and its","title":"The Lord of the Rings (film series)"},{"id":"6530315","text":"the Rings, Shore wrote 21 hours of music. Howard Shore's composition does not utilize motifs from other scores he had written previously, or from passages of existing film or stage music, with the exception of one intentional nod to Richard Wagner's ring cycle over the end-credits of the third film. Shore wrote a long series of interrelated leitmotifs that were used, developed, combined or fragmented throughout the three scores. The motifs are attached to places, cultures, characters, objects and occurrences, and are divided into sets and subsets of related themes. Shore used his themes in defiance to the common practices","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"2095417","text":"Howard Shore Howard Leslie Shore (born October 18, 1946) is a Canadian composer who is notable for his film scores. He has composed the scores for over 80 films, most notably the scores for \"The Lord of the Rings\" and \"The Hobbit\" film trilogies. He won three Academy Awards for his work on the first trilogy, with one being for the original song \"Into the West\", an award he shared with Eurythmics lead vocalist Annie Lennox and writer/producer Fran Walsh, who wrote the lyrics. He is also a consistent collaborator with director David Cronenberg, having scored all but one of","title":"Howard Shore"},{"id":"6530303","text":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series The music of \"The Lord of the Rings\" film series was composed, orchestrated, conducted and produced by Howard Shore. The scores are often considered to represent one of the greatest achievements in the history of film music in terms of length of the score, the size of the staged forces, the unusual instrumentation, the featured soloists, the multitude of musical styles and the number of recurring musical themes used. Shore wrote many hours of music for \"The Lord of the Rings\", effectively scoring the entire film length. Over 13 hours of","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"16876830","text":"Music of The Hobbit film series The music of \"The Hobbit\" film series is composed and produced by Howard Shore, who scored all three \"The Lord of the Rings\" films, to which The Hobbit trilogy is a prequel. The score continues the style of The Lord of the Rings score, and utlizies a vast ensemble, multiple musical forms and styles, a large number of leitmotives and various unusual instruments, adding to Shore's overarching music of the Middle-earth films. Shore composed over nine hours of music, featuring 65 new musical themes and reprising 50 themes from the Lord of the Rings.","title":"Music of The Hobbit film series"},{"id":"574324","text":"over $112,000. It was released December 2017. A soundtrack for J. R. R. Tolkien's \"The Hobbit\" and \"The Lord of the Rings\" was composed by Craig Russell for the San Luis Obispo Youth Symphony. Commissioned in 1995, it was finally put on disk in 2000 by the San Luis Obispo Symphony. For the 1996 \"Star Wars\" novel \"\" (written by author Steve Perry), Lucasfilm chose Joel McNeely to write a score. This was an eccentric, experimental project, in contrast to all other soundtracks, as the composer was allowed to convey general moods and themes, rather than having to write music","title":"Soundtrack"},{"id":"2460970","text":"strength and weaknesses in volume are depicted at different points in the series. On top of that, individual themes were composed to represent different cultures. Infamously, the amount of music Shore had to write every day for the third film increased dramatically to around seven minutes. The music for the series turned out to be a success and has been voted best movie soundtrack of all time for the six years running, passing \"Schindler's List\", \"Gladiator\", \"Star Wars\" (1977), and \"Out of Africa\" respectively. Sound technicians spent the early part of the year trying to find the right sounds. Some,","title":"The Lord of the Rings (film series)"},{"id":"6530305","text":"most intricate collections of themes in the history of the cinema. The score became the most successful of Shore's career, earning three Oscars, two Golden Globes, three Grammy, and several other nominations, and some of his themes (like the Shire theme) and songs earning great popularity. The score was voted for best Soundtrack in cinema history. The score was the subject of a short documentary film called \"Howard Shore: An Introspective\", and has even earned a dedicated research-based book by musicologist Doug Adams. The scores go on being performed by choirs and orchestras around the world as symphony pieces, concert","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"6530314","text":"a rule of the Academy to not nominate sequel scores that reuse old themes, a rule that was undone specifically as to allow for the nomination of Return of the King. The latter film also won an Oscar statuette for Best Song, as well as the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score and Best Original Song. Shore's music for \"The Lord of the Rings\" has become the most successful composition of his career and one of the most popular motion picture scores in history. Along with his Music of The Hobbit film series, the prequels to the Lord of","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"6530321","text":"a resolution, creating in the process new themes for the Fourth Age. Also across the three scores, Shore changed the soundscape: incorporating more aleatoric devices and contrapuntal writing in The Two Towers, compared to The Fellowship of the Ring, and more extrovert writing for Return of the King. All of these themes were compiled into a menu by musicologist Doug Adams, who worked with Shore on the documentation of the score. Doug identified about 90 motifs (some very brief, scarcely used and/or only subtly differentiated from others) in the three Complete Recordings, by far the largest catalog of themes for","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"17784813","text":"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (soundtrack) The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on November 20, 2001. It was composed, orchestrated, and conducted by Howard Shore, and performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, the London Voices, London Oratory School Schola choir and multiple featured instrumental and vocal soloists. The album is a reduction of over three and a half hours of finalized music written for The Fellowship of the Ring. The music on the album features edited-down compositions to create a","title":"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (soundtrack)"},{"id":"6530360","text":"while also keeping reasonably with the plot progression of the film. Many of the cues are edited to create concert suites of some of the themes such as the Ringwraith theme (in \"Black Rider\"), the Durin theme (In \"Journey in the Dark\"), the Rohan theme (in \"Riders of Rohan\") and the Gondor theme (in \"The White Tree\"). All soundtrack albums of the trilogy have been released through Reprise Records, Enya's label at that time of the first soundtrack's release. While the cover art for \"The Fellowship of the Ring\" uses an original compilation of film characters, the covers for \"The","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"10276300","text":"Lord of the Rings (musical) The Lord of the Rings is the most prominent of several theatre adaptations of J. R. R. Tolkien's epic high fantasy novel of the same name, with music by A. R. Rahman, Christopher Nightingale and the band Värttinä, and book and lyrics by Matthew Warchus and Shaun McKenna. Set in the world of Middle-earth, \"The Lord of the Rings\" tells the tale of a humble hobbit who is asked to play the hero and undertake a treacherous mission to destroy an evil, magic ring without being seduced by its power. The show was first performed","title":"Lord of the Rings (musical)"},{"id":"6530353","text":"being conducted by their respective choirmaster, under Shore's supervision. Shore was insistent on not using any electronic sounds in the recording of the score, although he did use mock-ups in the preparation of the score. The film score for \"The Lord of the Rings\" incorporates extensive vocal music blended with the orchestral arrangements. The great majority of the lyrics used in the libretto are in the invented languages of Middle-earth, representing the various cultures and races in Tolkien's writings. These languages include Quenya and Sindarin associated with Elves, Adûnaic and Rohirric for Men, and Khuzdul of the Dwarves. Old English","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"6888656","text":"Leonard Rosenman Leonard Rosenman (September 7, 1924 – March 4, 2008) was an American film, television and concert composer with credits in over 130 works, including \"\", \"Beneath the Planet of the Apes\" and the animated \"The Lord of the Rings.\" Leonard Rosenman was born in Brooklyn, New York. After service in the Pacific with the United States Army Air Forces in World War II, he earned a bachelor's degree in music from the University of California, Berkeley. He also studied composition with Arnold Schoenberg, Roger Sessions and Luigi Dallapiccola. Amongst Rosenman's earliest film work was the scores for James","title":"Leonard Rosenman"},{"id":"16876849","text":"song \"The Last Goodbye\". The two-disc special edition contains two bonus tracks and five extended tracks. Music of The Hobbit film series The music of \"The Hobbit\" film series is composed and produced by Howard Shore, who scored all three \"The Lord of the Rings\" films, to which The Hobbit trilogy is a prequel. The score continues the style of The Lord of the Rings score, and utlizies a vast ensemble, multiple musical forms and styles, a large number of leitmotives and various unusual instruments, adding to Shore's overarching music of the Middle-earth films. Shore composed over nine hours of","title":"Music of The Hobbit film series"},{"id":"402284","text":"\"Journey in the Dark\", and \"Hobbits\". In 1989 the symphony was awarded the Sudler Composition Award, awarded biennially for best wind band composition. The Danish Tolkien Ensemble have released a number of albums that feature the complete poems and songs of \"The Lord of the Rings\" set to music, with some featuring recitation by Christopher Lee. Enya wrote an instrumental piece called \"Lothlórien\" in 1991, and composed two songs for the film \"\"—\"May It Be\" (sung in English and Quenya) and \"Aníron\" (sung in Sindarin). \"The Lord of the Rings\" has had a profound and wide-ranging impact on popular culture,","title":"The Lord of the Rings"},{"id":"16750552","text":"Zealand Symphony Orchestra, London Voices and Tiffin' Boys Choir, as well as two New Zealand Gamelan orchestras. The score featured themes from the previous film and the Lord of the Rings trilogy, but relied heavily on the themes of Smaug, Laketown, the Woodland Realm (including themes for Tauriel and for Legolas), etc. In the process, the themes for the company of the Dwarves were discontinued and were replaced by a new thematic identity. The original motion picture soundtrack album was released on 10 December 2013. It received positive reviews, especially for its new themes. English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran wrote and","title":"The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug"},{"id":"17784850","text":"The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (soundtrack) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King was released on November 25, 2003. It was composed, orchestrated, and conducted by Howard Shore, and performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the London Voices, and the London Oratory School Schola. The limited edition contains a bonus DVD with the track \"Use Well the Days\" by Annie Lennox, song texts, photo gallery, and the LOTR trilogy supertrailer. The score to Return of the King is the most expansive of the three: containing over four hours of finalized music, scoring","title":"The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (soundtrack)"},{"id":"5018079","text":"Aníron \"Aníron\" is a song in \"The Lord of the Rings\" film trilogy soundtrack. It is the theme for Aragorn and Arwen Evenstar. \"Aníron\" means \"I desire\" in the constructed Elvish language of Sindarin. It is featured as part of the track \"The Council of Elrond\" on the soundtrack album \"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring\". This song does not appear in Tolkien's writings; it was composed and sung by Enya, and the lyrics were written by Roma Ryan. The song was conducted by Howard Shore and performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra with Enya. In","title":"Aníron"},{"id":"6530310","text":"finalized music were recorded each day to allow for input from director Peter Jackson and revisions to the music and performance Jackson gave Shore direction and had each theme played to him as a mock-up and by the orchestra before approving it. All of the music production (which overlapped with the films' editing process) was supervised by Jackson who often asked for significant changes to the music, which is unusual for film music. Shore began his work on the music early during the production of \"\" in late 2000 and recorded the first pieces of music (the Moria sequence) in","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"6530323","text":"Williams' 18-hour composition to Star Wars features about fifty themes overall, and other film compositions (such as James Horner's Titanic) featuring but a handful, thereby making Shore's work on the Lord of the Rings films by far the most thematically-rich of any cinematic work, and when coupled with his work on The Hobbit trilogy, even rivals Wagner's Ring catalog of leitmotivs, making it not the only the most thematically complex film score but one of the most leitmotivically-nuanced works in the history of orchestral music. The themes below are as they appear across the three films, sorted out into their","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"12311154","text":"Helen Jane Long Helen Jane Long (born 10 April 1974) is a British composer, musician and pianist, best known for various advertisement contracts, her work on several film projects in a variety of genres, and, most recently, her contemporary-classic piano albums, \"Embers\" (2010) (BLE) and \"Porcelain\" (Warner Music Group). In 2003, Long worked as music assistant to Howard Shore on the film score for \"The Lord of the Rings\" trilogy. Long composed the original music for the movie thrillers \"The Only Hotel\" and \"Surveillance 24/7\". Long was born on 10 April 1974 in Hampshire, England. She began training as a","title":"Helen Jane Long"},{"id":"6530304","text":"the music (including various alternate takes) have been released across various formats. Shore conceived the score as operatic and antiquated-sounding. He made use of an immense ensemble including a large symphony orchestra (principally, the London Philharmonic Orchestra), multiple instrumental \"bands\", various choirs and vocal and instrumental soloists, requiring an ensemble ranging from 230 to 400 musicians. Throughout the composition, Shore has woven over 100 identified leitmotifs (or over 160, when considering \"the music of the Hobbit films\"), which are interrelated and categorized into groups that correspond to the Middle-earth cultures to which they relate, forming one of the greatest and","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"11114239","text":"Symphony No. 1 \"The Lord of the Rings\" Symphony No. 1 \"The Lord of the Rings\" is the first symphony for concert band written by Johan de Meij. It premiered in 1988 with the Groot Harmonieorkest van de Belgische Gidsen () conducted by Norbert Nozy. The symphony is based on literary themes from the novel by J.R.R. Tolkien. The symphony consists of five movements, each illustrating a personage or an important episode from the book: The CD by the military band Koninklijke Militaire Kapel () helped give the symphony worldwide acclaim. In 1989 the symphony was awarded the Sudler Composition","title":"Symphony No. 1 \"The Lord of the Rings\""},{"id":"6530330","text":"from The Hobbit and in Alternate forms of the Soundtrack Returning The History of the One Ring, Seduction of the Ring, Sauron, The Shire, Frodo/Hymn variant, Hobbit Outline, Hobbit End-Cap, A Hobbit's Understanding, Pity of Smeagol, The Servants of Sauron, Threat of Mordor, Descending Thirds, Mordor Skip-Beat, Footsteps of Doom, Servants of Sauron, Isengard, Uruk Hai, Orc Crawl, the Realm of Gondor, Fellowship, Strider, Heroics of Aragorn, Rivendell, Lothlorien, Elvish Pledge, Diminishment of the Elves, Evil Times, Weakness Motiv, Nameless Fear, The Balrog, Moria, The Dark Places of the World, Nature's Reclamation. Themes for One Ring Themes for Mordor Themes","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"17784817","text":"removed from the film. The album also featured extensive liner notes by music journalist Doug Adams which reviews all of the tracks and provides information about the process of composing and recording the score, as well as a detailed list of all musical instruments, people and organizations involved. The cover artwork uses the film series' logo and an inscription in Tolkien's tengwar letters, over a background that depicts the Shire, Rhudaur and Eregion in dark red. Additional music for the film was featured in The Rarities Archive release, attached to Doug Adams' book on the three film scores:Along with about","title":"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (soundtrack)"},{"id":"2095426","text":"disallowed the submission of scores which contained themes from previous work. However, the implementation of this rule change was subsequently postponed, meaning the score remained eligible. Ultimately, \"The Two Towers\" score did not receive an Academy Award nomination; Shore did, however, receive a BAFTA nomination for \"Gangs of New York\". In 2003, he composed the score for the final film in \"The Lord of the Rings trilogy\", \"\". The film was the most successful film in the trilogy and the most successful of the year. Shore won his second Oscar for Best Original Score, as well as a third for","title":"Howard Shore"},{"id":"6530313","text":"all-women choral parts), Wellington Maori-Samoan choir (for all-male choral passages in Fellowship of the Ring) and London Oratory School Schola boy choir. The New Zealand Symphony Orchestra contributed some of the early Moria music, written for an early edit of the film. A wide variety of instrumental and vocal soloists, including members of the films' cast, contributed to the scores as well. Each film calls for at least one soprano and/or alto soloist and one boy soloist. The scores for \"\" and \"\" won Academy Awards in 2002 and 2004, with The Two Towers not being nominated simply because of","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"17784818","text":"20 minutes of alternate material from the original release, about 13 minutes of alternates in the fan credits, and some additional alternates, there are almost four hours of finalized music from \"Fellowship of the Ring\". The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (soundtrack) The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on November 20, 2001. It was composed, orchestrated, and conducted by Howard Shore, and performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, the London Voices, London Oratory School Schola choir and multiple featured instrumental and","title":"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (soundtrack)"},{"id":"6530312","text":"\"\" (which was scored at a faster pace than the other two) and \"\" (with Shore also, unusually, providing an original score with new themes for the trailer, as well) with the final sessions taking place in Watford on 20 March 2004. Shore wrote the music effectively for the entire film length. In the finished film, some of the music was dialed out while other parts were looped or tracked and re-tracked, so overall about 90% of the finished film contains music. The music was performed primarily by the London Philharmonic Orchestra and three choirs: London Voices (for mixed and","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"6530354","text":"was used as an analog for Rohirric and English was used as an analog for the Common Tongue. Some of these languages had been developed extensively by Tolkien, while others were extrapolated by linguist David Salo based on the limited examples of vocabulary and linguistic style available. The libretto was derived from several sources, including songs and poems written by Tolkien, phrases from the screenplay (often sung against the corresponding dialogue or recitation) as well as original and adapted material from Shore and from screenwriters Fran Walsh, Philippa Boyens, and others, all translated by Salo while stressing good choral sounds.","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"17784854","text":"original release, about a minute of material in the fan credits, and some additional alternates, there are over four and a half hours of finalized music for \"Return of the King,\" including the music for the trailer. The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (soundtrack) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King was released on November 25, 2003. It was composed, orchestrated, and conducted by Howard Shore, and performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the London Voices, and the London Oratory School Schola. The limited edition contains a bonus DVD with the track \"Use","title":"The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (soundtrack)"},{"id":"402283","text":"also incorporated many Tolkien references into their music. American heavy metal band Megadeth released two songs titled \"This Day We Fight!\" and \"How the Story Ends\", which were both inspired by \"The Lord of the Rings\". German folk metal band Eichenschild is named for Thorin Oakenshield, a character in \"The Hobbit\", and naturally has a number of Tolkien-themed songs. They are not to be confused with the '70s folk rock band Thorin Eichenschild. In 1988, Dutch composer and trombonist Johan de Meij completed his \"Symphony No. 1 \"The Lord of the Rings\",\" which encompassed 5 movements, titled \"Gandalf\", \"Lothlórien\", \"Gollum\",","title":"The Lord of the Rings"},{"id":"6530333","text":"of Evil and the World of Men, and are as follows: The themes above have been identified by musicologist Doug Adams, namely in his Liner Notes and \"The Music of the Lord of the Rings films\" book, based on the intentions of Howard Shore as presented in the Complete Recordings. However, there are other motivs in the score, in three forms: themes that don't recur in the films or the Complete Recordings but do recur in alternate forms of the soundtracks like the Original Soundtrack or Rarities; motivs that are distinctive variants or components of existing themes, and other recurring","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"2460967","text":"composed, orchestrated, conducted, and produced the trilogy's music. He was hired in August 2000 and visited the set, and watched the assembly cuts of \"The Fellowship of the Ring\" and \"The Return of the King\". In the music, Shore included many (85 to 110) leitmotifs to represent various characters, cultures, and places - the largest catalogue of leitmotives in the history of cinema, surpassing - for comparison - that of the entire Star Wars saga. For example, there are multiple leitmotifs just for the hobbits and the Shire. Although the first film had some of its score recorded in Wellington,","title":"The Lord of the Rings (film series)"},{"id":"17784814","text":"concert-like listening experience, many of which are based on earlier drafts of the composition, written as the film was being edited. A prime example is the opening track, \"The Prophecy\", which does not contain the version of the main theme that opens the other albums (\"The History of the Ring\" motif). This was because the filmmakers intended to film a shorter prologue sequence (which a version of this track accompanied), but the idea was eventually dropped in favor of a more detailed and engaging sequence. The front cover for this CD was available in various designs. \"The Fellowship of the","title":"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (soundtrack)"},{"id":"12311156","text":"Fools and Horses\"), Dennis King of \"Black Beauty\", and Nigel Hess (composer of the film \"Ladies in Lavender\"). She has also worked with composers Jerry Goldsmith and Ron Goodwin. She was signed to a major label soon after sending out demos of her material. Long has since written scores, piano pieces, and full orchestrations for many films and television spots. In 2003 Long served as a music score assistant for composer Howard Shore on the historic film trilogy \"The Lord of the Rings\", as well as the extended DVDs. Long, who had met Shore before the films, served essentially as","title":"Helen Jane Long"},{"id":"16876844","text":"in a 2-disc format. The Geeks of Doom commented that Shore, who recorded the soundtrack at Abbey Road Studios and AIR Lyndhurst in London, re-used some of the \"magisterial musical motifs\" from his music for \"The Lord of the Rings\" soundtrack, but that he \"uses his established themes to launch into a completely original sonic adventure with turns both optimistic and dark, true to the mutual visions of Jackson and Tolkien\". The soundtrack was performed by the London Philharmonic orchestra, London Voices and Tiffin' boy choir, as well as featured vocal and instrumental soloists, namely soprano Clara Sanabras, Richard Armitage","title":"Music of The Hobbit film series"},{"id":"6530307","text":"became Shore's principal librettist for the score) and others, and saw assembled footage of all three films. Shore agreed to take the project in early 2000. He envisioned the scores to all three films as a through-composed cycle, a grand opera told in three parts, involving a large network of leitmotivs, large choral and orchestral forces (including additional \"bands\" of instruments besides the main orchestra), frequent use of singing voices, both in choirs and through a wide ensemble of vocal soloists. The score uses a neo-romantic, 19-century style and structure, derived from Shore's desire to have the music sounding antiquated,","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"402278","text":"Scrolls\" series of games as well as video games set in Middle-earth itself. Research also suggests that some consumers of fantasy games derive their motivation from trying to create an epic fantasy narrative which is influenced by \"The Lord of the Rings\". In 1965, songwriter Donald Swann, who was best known for his collaboration with Michael Flanders as Flanders & Swann, set six poems from \"The Lord of the Rings\" and one from \"The Adventures of Tom Bombadil\" (\"Errantry\") to music. When Swann met with Tolkien to play the songs for his approval, Tolkien suggested for \"Namárië\" (Galadriel's lament) a","title":"The Lord of the Rings"},{"id":"16876837","text":"(who often serve as featured soloists in the live performances of his Lord of the Rings scores), often in conjunction with the music of nature or the Elves. Unlike The Lord of the Rings, no boy soprano or young girls were used in the score. As with \"The Lord of the Rings\", the scores from \"The Hobbit\" were also largely vocal works, including choirs and soloists, as well as diegetic music and songs for the end-credits of each film. Howard Shore composed \"The Valley of Imladris\" - a diegetic piece for lute, lyre, wood flute and harp that is performed","title":"Music of The Hobbit film series"},{"id":"18363829","text":"knew. In March 2016, Hans Zimmer, who co-composed the score for \"Man of Steel\" and \"Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice\", stated that he had officially retired from the \"superhero business\". Junkie XL, who wrote and composed the soundtrack of \"Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice\" with Zimmer, was originally scoring the film. In June 2017, Danny Elfman was announced to have controversially replaced Junkie XL. Elfman had previously composed the films \"Batman\" and \"Batman Returns\", and the theme music for \"\". Elfman used the \"Batman\" theme music from the 1989 film \"Batman\". The John Williams' \"Superman\" theme was used","title":"Justice League (film)"},{"id":"6530348","text":"the overarching concept of Howard's Middle Earth music (including the music of \"the Hobbit\" films), the score has occasionally adopted diegetic music (by \"the Elvish Impersonators\") like the Misty Mountains song, as well as leaked into diegetic music (like \"Valley of Imladris\") and even into sound effects, with a war horn calling out the Erebor theme. Hence, these compositions can be viewed in much the same way that other composers will use phrases from Dies Irae as themes within their scores. These \"themes\" include the piece \"Flaming Red Hair on her feet\" which would go on to be reprised in","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"6530308","text":"but he nevertheless married it to modern and at times avant-garde techniques including atonal sections, unusual instrumental choices and orchestral set-ups, aleatoric writing, sprechstimme voices and syncopated rhythms, as well as borrowing from eastern scales, medieval styles of music, contemporary film music idioms for specific setpieces, classical idioms for some of the music of the Shire, new-age and contemporary idioms for the end-credits songs, etc. However, he insisted on staying away from electronic or synthesized music. Shore orchestrated the music himself, and conducted all of the orchestral sessions and many of the choral and soloist sessions. In keeping with his","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"6530349","text":"The Hobbit, The Old Walking Song, which appears twice in the score; Rock and Pool, which appears three times in the series; The Edge of Night which was reprised in the trailer for The Battle of the Five Armies and is related to that film's own end-credit song. These can be, to some extent, attributed to the thematic family of The Shire. Others such as the musically-produced sound-effects associated with the Ring or the Orcish war chants (recorded in a crowded Rugby stadium) can be associated with the Mordor material. Even pieces such as Aniron (which is formally dubbed \"theme","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"6530356","text":"Some of the diegetic songs were not composed by Howard Shore, but he orchestrated and conducted the orchestral accompaniment and even reprised some of them in his symphony. Diegetic Songs End-credits songs Besides the source songs, the films also feature instrumental diegetic music, mostly by The Elvish Impersonators: Including \"Flaming Red Hair on her feet\", an alternate (and unreleased) \"Flowers for Rosie\" and a piece for the Bywater Marketplace. The film also includes source drumming (set to Shore's concept of a 5/4-time beat for the Orcs), chanting and horn calls, which were all made to conform to the score. The","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"791383","text":"with Ross was co-writing and producing the official score for David Fincher's 2010 film, \"The Social Network\". Reznor and Ross received two awards for the score, a 2010 Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score for a Motion Picture, and a 2010 Oscar for Best Original Score. Reznor and Ross again collaborated with Fincher for the official score the American adaptation of the novel \"The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo\", released in December 2011, and then again on Fincher's 2014 film \"Gone Girl\" In July 2012 Reznor teamed up with video game developer Treyarch to compose the theme music for","title":"Nine Inch Nails"},{"id":"17784853","text":"also featured extensive liner notes by music journalist Doug Adams which reviews all of the tracks and provides information about the process of composing and recording the score, as well as a detailed list of all musical instruments, people and organizations involved. The cover artwork uses the film series' logo and an inscription in Tolkien's tengwar letters, over a background that depicts a map of Gondor in dark green. Additional music for the film was featured in The Rarities Archive release, attached to Doug Adams' book on the three film scores:Along with about 17 minutes of alternate material from the","title":"The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (soundtrack)"},{"id":"20235623","text":"of crucial plot points, technology, and the nature of the game's antagonist. The background music of \"Implosion: Never Lose Hope\" was composed by Kevin Penkin and performed by the Eminence Symphony Orchestra, while boss-battle tracks were composed by Taku Sakakibara of Beatmania fame and performed by his symphony orchestra gaQdan. Mixing was handled by two-time Grammy Award winner John Kurlander of \"Lord of the Rings\" Trilogy fame. The ending theme song was composed by Kevin Penkin with vocals provided by Donna Burke. The additional track \"Waiting for you to die\" was composed and performed by Alpha Legion. A 90-minute anime","title":"Implosion: Never Lose Hope"},{"id":"1489839","text":"score sees the full introduction of the Gondor theme, originally heard during Boromir's speeches at the in \"The Fellowship of the Ring\" and at Osgiliath in \"The Two Towers\" Extended Edition. Shore also used the Gondor theme with the new ascending coda (which is unique to this film) in his score for the trailer of the film. The score features the London Philharmonic Orchestra, London Voices, the London Oratory School Schola and featured vocal soloists. The score is the most expansive of the three: scoring effectively the entire movie length, not including additional music written for the trailer and various","title":"The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King"},{"id":"1485903","text":"Be\", were composed and sung by Enya, who allowed her label, Reprise Records, to release the soundtrack to this and its two sequels. In addition to these songs, Shore composed \"In Dreams\", which was sung by Edward Ross of the London Oratory School Schola. A special behind-the-scenes trailer was released in 2000. The trilogy teaser was shown before \"Thirteen Days\" and the teaser trailer before \"Pearl Harbor\". The final trailer was with the television premiere of \"Angel\" and before \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\". Both trailers appeared as Easter eggs on the \"Rush Hour 2 and Little Nicky\" DVD","title":"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring"},{"id":"1489842","text":"Gondorian soldiers from Osgiliath as the Nazgûl attack and as the eagles arrive at the Black Gates. Galway plays the flute and whistle as Frodo and Sam climb Mount Doom and as they return to the shire. Sissel sings \"Asea Aranion\", which was originally meant the score the Houses of Healing scene. The end title song, \"Into the West\", was composed by Shore with lyrics by Fran Walsh. Annie Lennox (formerly of Eurythmics) performed it and also received songwriting credit. The song was partially inspired by the premature death from cancer of a young New Zealand filmmaker named Cameron Duncan","title":"The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King"},{"id":"6530358","text":"by Howard Shore never made it into the final cut of the film trilogy or any officially released soundtracks. Among these are various alternate takes and small extensions that were micro-edited out of the film and soundtrack releases, but some have been unearthed by fans. Some additional music, including the most prominent alternate takes, was released in the Rarities Archive or played over the fan-credits of the Extended films. For instance, a special musical arrangement written for the trailer for \"\", which primarily consisted of principal leitmotives along with movie trailer-like music. Additionally, there was a song entitled \"Use Well","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"2095427","text":"Best Original Song for \"Into the West\", which he shared with Fran Walsh and Annie Lennox. Shore also won his first Golden Globe, his third and fourth Grammy (the fourth for Best Song), and was nominated for a third BAFTA. The scores of \"The Lord of the Rings\", performed primarily by the London Philharmonic Orchestra, became one of the most successful film scores ever written and the biggest success in Shore's career. In 2004, Shore again collaborated with Martin Scorsese, scoring his epic film \"The Aviator\", this time with the Brussels Philharmonic. He won a second Golden Globe for the","title":"Howard Shore"},{"id":"5018080","text":"November 2009 Enya released the album The Very Best of Enya. None of the songs on this recording are new, but the version of Aníron has alternate lyrics from the one heard in the movie or on any movie score recording. Alternate lyrics from \"The Very Best of Enya\" (2009) version of the song: Aníron \"Aníron\" is a song in \"The Lord of the Rings\" film trilogy soundtrack. It is the theme for Aragorn and Arwen Evenstar. \"Aníron\" means \"I desire\" in the constructed Elvish language of Sindarin. It is featured as part of the track \"The Council of Elrond\"","title":"Aníron"},{"id":"17784815","text":"Ring\" received critical acclaim from music critics and won the Academy Award for Best Original Score, the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album, and the World Soundtrack Award for Best Original Soundtrack. In the United Kingdom, the album peaked at number ten on the UK Albums Chart. As of December 2014, the album has sold 276,912 copies in the UK, nearly besting Adele's album. Enya's songs are nestled inside Shore's music (neither of the two songs has an isolated track) and is accompanied by his music, performed by the London Philharmonic and London Voices. Enya went on to release","title":"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (soundtrack)"},{"id":"6888661","text":"California. Leonard Rosenman earned two Academy Awards: After receiving his second Oscar he quipped \"I write original music too, you know!\" He received two additional Academy Award nominations: He also received two Emmy Awards: Leonard Rosenman Leonard Rosenman (September 7, 1924 – March 4, 2008) was an American film, television and concert composer with credits in over 130 works, including \"\", \"Beneath the Planet of the Apes\" and the animated \"The Lord of the Rings.\" Leonard Rosenman was born in Brooklyn, New York. After service in the Pacific with the United States Army Air Forces in World War II, he","title":"Leonard Rosenman"},{"id":"18000050","text":"Boys choir were recorded in AIR Lyndhurst, London. The score featured a few new themes for Dain, Gundabad (featuring a \"chorus\" of didgeridoos) and the Dwarves' war preparations, but focused more on blending and clashing the themes against one another, eventually bringing the themes to a resolution. Billy Boyd, who played Peregrin Took in \"The Lord of the Rings\", wrote and recorded the song \"The Last Goodbye\" to be played over the end credits of the film. A teaser trailer for the film was released on July 28, 2014 attached to \"Guardians of the Galaxy\", \"Into the Storm\", and \"If","title":"The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies"},{"id":"12228791","text":"theme as the bridge of the song. It was originally the main end-credits song, a direct continuation of the Breaking of the Fellowship piece, which features the Hymn variant as well. Since then, it has been arranged for many occasions, including a full symphonic version arranged by Kurt Bestor and sung by Ryan Tani and the Mormon Tabernacle Choir. The last lines pay homage to \"There and Back Again\", an alternate title for \"Lord of the Rings\" author J. R. R. Tolkien's earlier book \"The Hobbit\", which precedes and sets the background for the main story that has been adapted","title":"In Dreams (Howard Shore song)"},{"id":"6530329","text":"informs the perils of Moria. Themes for Gondor The music of Gondor and the World of men and stately and brassy, but not necessarily triumphant, the music lamenting the decay of the mortal world. Only from the later half of the Two Towers and into Return of the King are the themes of the world of men presented in more heroic settings. Themes for the Fellowship Themes for the Monsters of Middle Earth Themes for Middle Earth: The Ring Quest themes Themes for Middle Earth: \"All Shall Come to Darkness\" themes Themes for Middle Earth: \"Another Path\" theme Themes recurring","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"2460968","text":"virtually all of the trilogy's score was recorded in Watford Town Hall and mixed at Abbey Road Studios. Jackson planned to advise the score for six weeks each year in London, though for \"The Two Towers\" he stayed for twelve. As a Beatles fan, Jackson had a photo tribute done there on the zebra crossing. The score is primarily played by the London Philharmonic Orchestra (ranging from 93 to 120 players throughout the recording), London Voices, London Oratory School Schola boy choir, and many artists such as Ben Del Maestro, Enya, Renée Fleming, James Galway, Annie Lennox and Emilíana Torrini","title":"The Lord of the Rings (film series)"},{"id":"6530368","text":"The book was released with a companion CD, \"The Rarities Archives\". The CD has 21 tracks of previously unreleased music created for the films, as well as an audio interview with Howard Shore. The scores and soundtrack albums of the film trilogy have won several awards: ! colspan=\"3\" style=\"background:#fff179;\"| \"\" ! colspan=\"3\" style=\"background:#fff179;\"| \"\" ! colspan=\"3\" style=\"background:#fff179;\"| \"\" Following the theatrical release of each of the films, Howard Shore reworked the music from the films and original soundtrack releases into movements for the concert hall, eventually creating the complete \"The Lord of the Rings Symphony\", a more structured six-movement work","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"402282","text":"many heavy metal acts have been influenced by Tolkien. Blind Guardian has written many songs relating to Middle-earth, including the full concept album \"Nightfall in Middle Earth\". Almost the entire discography of Battlelore are Tolkien-themed. Summoning's music is based upon Tolkien and holds the distinction of the being the only artist to have crafted a song entirely in the Black Speech of Mordor. Gorgoroth, Cirith Ungol and Amon Amarth take their names from an area of Mordor, and Burzum take their name from the Black Speech of Mordor. The Finnish metal band Nightwish and the Norwegian metal band Tristania have","title":"The Lord of the Rings"},{"id":"6530309","text":"operatic vision, Shore used the three scripts and the book itself to write themes even before having film reels to compose to. As a result, Shore spent nearly four years on the composition, compared to a period of 6–8 weeks per film, and a week or two of recording, as practiced by most film composers. For the recording process, which extended over four weeks per film, he composed the music in long suite-like pieces for the orchestra to go through during a day of playing, rather than short cues, lending greater cohesion to the music. Only a few minutes of","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"16928162","text":"Lee Sanders Lee Sanders is an American composer who began his composing career in 2001 with his scores for New Line Cinema's \"The Lord of the Rings\" website and CBS's reality-competition show \"The Amazing Race\". Lee has won six BMI Film and Television Awards for his work, as well as the 2008 Film and Television Music Award for Outstanding Reality Show Score. His credits span dozens of television programs, films and works for theatre, video games and new media such as the 300th episode of Skeptoid with Brian Dunning. Sanders has scored hundreds of episodes of network television, including music","title":"Lee Sanders"},{"id":"2095424","text":"and Dogs\" (1996), directed by Michael Lehmann; he also collaborated on two films with Cronenberg, along with Tom Hanks' directorial debut, \"That Thing You Do!\". Shore also composed the score of the 2000 film \"The Cell\". Major success came in 2001 with his score to \"\", the first film in the highly acclaimed \"The Lord of the Rings trilogy\". The news that Shore would score the trilogy surprised some, since he was primarily associated with dark, ominous films and had never scored an epic of this scale. However, the score was hugely successful and won Shore his first Oscar, as","title":"Howard Shore"},{"id":"16876832","text":"an hour-long documentary film created for the behind-the-scenes features of The Desolation of Smaug, and is also to be featured in dedicated book by musicologist Doug Adams, set to be completed in late 2017. With these three scores added to the music of the Lord of the Rings, Howard Shore has composed over 160 leitmotifs for the Middle Earth films, creating by far the largest collection of themes in the history of cinema and one of the biggest collections for any cycle of musical compositions. Howard Shore continued his approach from the music of \"The Lord of the Rings\" films,","title":"Music of The Hobbit film series"},{"id":"10391960","text":"Chance Thomas Chance Thomas is an American composer, author, and entrepreneur. As a composer, he creates original music for animation, video games, movies, television, and virtual reality. His music has underscored both critical acclaim and commercial success, including an Oscar, an Emmy, and billions of dollars in sales worldwide. Chance is best known for scoring video games like \"DOTA 2, The Lord of the Rings Online\" and \"James Cameron’s Avatar\". He also scored Columbia Pictures’ \"The ChubbChubbs!\", which won an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film, and TV movie \"Lost Treasure Hunt\", which was nominated for two Emmy Awards.","title":"Chance Thomas"},{"id":"8364693","text":"items have all been moved to ScoringSessions.com. On October 16, 2011, SoundtrackNet was purchased by Box Office Mojo co-founder Sean Saulsbury, and renamed to Soundtrack.Net. On July 22, 2000, SoundtrackNet broke the news about Howard Shore being assigned to score \"The Lord of the Rings\" film trilogy. On October 14, 2005, SoundtrackNet revealed that Howard Shore was replaced on Peter Jackson's \"King Kong\" by composer James Newton Howard. Soundtrack.Net Soundtrack.Net (originally SoundtrackNet) is a website dedicated to film and television music. Created in 1997 by Amélie E. Koran and Dan Goldwasser at Carnegie Mellon University, Soundtrack.Net has grown over the","title":"Soundtrack.Net"},{"id":"2460987","text":"the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film. The first and third films also won the BAFTA Award for Best Film. The soundtrack for \"The Two Towers\" did not receive a nomination because of a rule prohibiting a soundtrack including music from a previous soundtrack to be eligible for nomination. This rule was changed in time for \"The Return of the King\" to receive the Oscar for Best Music Score. The New York Film Critics Circle awarded \"The Return of the King\" its Best Picture Award at the 2003 Awards Ceremony, hosted by Andrew Johnston, chair of the organization at that","title":"The Lord of the Rings (film series)"},{"id":"402281","text":"the song \"Lords of the Ring\", while Black Sabbath's song, \"The Wizard\", which appeared on their debut album, was influenced by Tolkien's hero, Gandalf. Progressive rock group Camel paid homage to the text in their lengthy composition \"Nimrodel/The Procession/The White Rider\", and progressive rock band Barclay James Harvest was inspired by the character Galadriel to write a song by that name, and used \"Bombadil\", the name of another character, as a pseudonym under which their 1972 single \"Breathless\"/\"When the City Sleeps\" was released; there are other references scattered through the BJH oeuvre. Later, from the 1980s to the present day,","title":"The Lord of the Rings"},{"id":"16876841","text":"did the orchestrations based on mock-ups and detailed sketches handed over from Shore. The London Voices and London Tiffin' Boys choir provided the choral and soloist parts for all films. Several of the end credits songs were orchestrated by Victoria Kelly (under Shore's supervision) and performed by the London Metropolitan Orchestra, conducted by Robert Ziegler. The London Voices, boy choir and Metropolitan Orchestra were recorded at Abbey Road and AIR Lyndhurst. In \"The Lord of the Rings\" original soundtrack releases, several pieces of music have been edited out of their film order so as to create a concert-like program, with","title":"Music of The Hobbit film series"},{"id":"17784844","text":"entire score for the extended versions of the film on CD, along with an additional DVD-Audio disc that offers 2.0 stereo and 5.1 surround mixes of the soundtrack. The album also featured extensive liner notes by music journalist Doug Adams which reviews all of the tracks and provides information about the process of composing and recording the score, as well as a detailed list of all musical instruments, people and organizations involved. The cover artwork uses the film series' logo and an inscription in Tolkien's tengwar letters, over a background that depicts Rohan and Fangorn in dark blue. Additional music","title":"The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (soundtrack)"},{"id":"14969419","text":"Doug Adams (music journalist) Doug Adams is a musician, author, lecturer, and educator. He is the author of \"The Music of the Lord of the Rings Films\", a book about the music in \"The Lord of the Rings\" films. Adams previously worked for Film Score Monthly where, among other articles, he wrote extensive analyses of the themes used in John Williams' Star Wars film scores. After graduate school in 2001, Adams was selected by Howard Shore to observe and document his work on \"The Lord of the Rings\" films. Adams spent just under ten years writing the book, \"The Music","title":"Doug Adams (music journalist)"},{"id":"10150204","text":"A.I. Artificial Intelligence (soundtrack) A.I. Artificial Intelligence - Music from the Motion Picture is the film score of the 2001 film of the same name, composed and conducted by John Williams. The original score was composed by Williams and featured singers Lara Fabian on two songs and Josh Groban on one. Soprano Barbara Bonney provided the vocal solos in several tracks. The album was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score (ceding to the score of \"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring\"), the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score (ceding to the score","title":"A.I. Artificial Intelligence (soundtrack)"},{"id":"402288","text":"\"The Lord of the Rings\" has been mentioned in numerous songs including \"The Ballad of Bilbo Baggins\" by Leonard Nimoy, Led Zeppelin's \"Misty Mountain Hop\", \"Over the Hills and Far Away\", \"Ramble On\", and \"The Battle of Evermore\", Genesis' song \"Stagnation\" (from \"Trespass\", 1970) was about Gollum, Rush included the song \"Rivendell\" on their second studio album Fly by Night, and Argent included the song \"Lothlorien\" on the 1971 album \"Ring of Hands\". Steve Peregrin Took (born Stephen Ross Porter) of British rock band T. Rex took his name from the hobbit Peregrin Took (better known as Pippin). Took later","title":"The Lord of the Rings"},{"id":"6530357","text":"underscore goes on to accompany most of those diegetic pieces: Mortensen's chant at the coronation is backed by soft choir and strings. \"The Edge of Night\" features string accompaniment and ends with the clarinet and than the string repeating the melody, so the contributions grow out of the score. Because a lot of the music was being recorded as the film was being edited and because the recordings were subjected to the direction of Peter Jackson, the process took several weeks for each film and produced a variety of alternate takes and changing compositions. Therefore, several pieces of music written","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"7280410","text":"Johan de Meij Johannes Abraham (Johan) de Meij (), born November 23, 1953, in Voorburg, Netherlands, is a Dutch conductor, trombonist, and composer, best known for his \"Symphony No. 1\", nicknamed \"The Lord of the Rings\" symphony. Johan de Meij received his musical training at the Royal Conservatory of The Hague, where he studied trombone and conducting. His Symphony No. 1, \"The Lord of the Rings,\" received the Sudler Composition Prize and has been recorded by several noteworthy ensembles including The London Symphony Orchestra, The North Netherlands Orchestra, The Nagoya Philharmonic, and The Amsterdam Wind Orchestra. Before turning exclusively to","title":"Johan de Meij"},{"id":"7280408","text":"Johan de Meij Johannes Abraham (Johan) de Meij (), born November 23, 1953, in Voorburg, Netherlands, is a Dutch conductor, trombonist, and composer, best known for his \"Symphony No. 1\", nicknamed \"The Lord of the Rings\" symphony. Johan de Meij received his musical training at the Royal Conservatory of The Hague, where he studied trombone and conducting. His Symphony No. 1, \"The Lord of the Rings,\" received the Sudler Composition Prize and has been recorded by several noteworthy ensembles including The London Symphony Orchestra, The North Netherlands Orchestra, The Nagoya Philharmonic, and The Amsterdam Wind Orchestra. Before turning exclusively to","title":"Johan de Meij"},{"id":"10276301","text":"in 2006 and was expected to be revived for a world tour in 2015. With a £25 million budget, it is the most expensive production in West End theatre history. London-based theatre producer Kevin Wallace and his partner, Saul Zaentz—stage and film rights holder and producer of the animated film version of 1978—in association with Toronto theatre owner David Mirvish and concert promoter Michael Cohl, produced a stage musical adaptation with a book and lyrics written by Shaun McKenna and Matthew Warchus, and music by A. R. Rahman and Värttinä, collaborating with Christopher Nightingale. The three-and-a-half-hour-long three-act production, with a","title":"Lord of the Rings (musical)"},{"id":"5966247","text":"December 5, 2014. Hans Zimmer composed the film score, emphasizing a challenge not to reuse the themes he established with the Batman character from Christopher Nolan's trilogy. Junkie XL, who provided additional music in \"Man of Steel,\" also returned for this film, helping to compose the theme for Batman. Originally, Zimmer enlisted Junkie XL to compose the Batman material, with Zimmer planning to focus solely on the Superman side of the score, but the final Batman theme was written by both composers as a collaboration. Zimmer noted that he had significant trouble in finding a new angle from which to","title":"Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice"},{"id":"11958641","text":"David Long (New Zealand musician) David Long is a musician, composer and producer. He has worked on all of Peter Jackson’s films of the last decade. In 2009 he composed additional score for Peter Jackson’s \"The Lovely Bones\". For \"\" he wrote (in collaboration with Plan 9 Music) ‘Misty Mountain’, a song for the dwarves that also features as the major theme in the score and was used as the basis for the credits song by Neil Finn. He wrote music and created musical sound design for Peter Jackson’s \"The Lord of the Rings\" and \"King Kong\" (also with Plan","title":"David Long (New Zealand musician)"},{"id":"6530366","text":"audio and vinyl on 21 September 2018. Howard Shore didn't present the albums with material that was intentionally written for a concert arrangement (although he did present the themes, one by one, to Peter Jackson in the recording process), but he did utilize unused material recorded for earlier edits of the film, edited it and/or added an alternate, \"concert\" ending in order to create formal presentations of certain thematic pieces. There are straightforward presentations of themes and pieces not written to conform to image, but usually for the finale of the theatrical credits, and for albums of other people involved","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"1485968","text":"shot against bluescreen. The musical score for \"The Two Towers\" was composed, orchestrated, and conducted by Howard Shore, who also composed the music for the other two films in the series. While the scores for its predecessor and sequel won the Academy Award for Best Score, the soundtrack for \"The Two Towers\" was not nominated. Initially there was confusion over the score's eligibility due to a new rule applying to sequels, but the Academy did declare it eligible. The score features The London Philharmonic Orchestra, London Voices, The London Oratory School Schola, and several vocal and instrumental soloists, including soprano","title":"The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers"},{"id":"6530374","text":"This trend was followed in the documentation of The Music of The Hobbit, with a 10-minute HD documentary of the score to An Unexpected Journey and a 40-minute one for The Desolation of Smaug, as well an episode of the production diary being dedicated to it. Music of The Lord of the Rings film series The music of \"The Lord of the Rings\" film series was composed, orchestrated, conducted and produced by Howard Shore. The scores are often considered to represent one of the greatest achievements in the history of film music in terms of length of the score, the","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"10391966","text":"(2001). When Sierra Online closed the doors of its California studio in 1998, Chance opened HUGEsound, located just outside Yosemite National Park. Projects scored during that time included the Oscar-winning film, \"The ChubbChubbs!\", and games like \"Peter Jackson’s King Kong\", , and \"Lord of the Rings Online\". In 2007, Chance relocated HUGEsound to Utah and continued to compose for high-profile game titles like \"\", \"Heroes of Might and Magic\", and \"DOTA 2.\" Chance Thomas' \"Lord of the Rings Online\" (LOTRO) scores are among his most acclaimed and documented work so far. Each of his compositions is based on years of","title":"Chance Thomas"},{"id":"11114240","text":"Award. An orchestral version of the piece, orchestrated by Henk de Vlieger, was premiered and recorded in 2001 to coincide with the release of the 2001 film, . In Celebration of the Symphony's 25th anniversary, De Meij conducted the Performance of the piece by the bands of Valparaiso University. Symphony No. 1 \"The Lord of the Rings\" Symphony No. 1 \"The Lord of the Rings\" is the first symphony for concert band written by Johan de Meij. It premiered in 1988 with the Groot Harmonieorkest van de Belgische Gidsen () conducted by Norbert Nozy. The symphony is based on literary","title":"Symphony No. 1 \"The Lord of the Rings\""},{"id":"6530367","text":"with the music production such as Enya. The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Shore also created a suite for chamber orchestra and flute created for Sir James Galway. The Live to Projection concerts also feature variations of some of those suites as entr'acte music. \"The Music of the Lord of the Rings Films\" () is a book which was written by Doug Adams and released on 5 October 2010. The book contains a detailed look at the themes and leitmotives in the film's music. It also contains snippets of sheet music and illustrations.","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"1265388","text":"1984 when EMI merged with Thorn Electrical Industries to become Thorn EMI. Abbey Road's success in the scoring business continued after the partnership ended. John Williams and the London Symphony Orchestra used the studios to record the scores of four films from the \"Star Wars\" franchise from \"Return of the Jedi\" in 1983 until \"Revenge of the Sith\" in 2005. All three film scores for \"The Lord of the Rings\" film trilogy (\"The Fellowship of the Ring\", \"The Two Towers\" and \"The Return of the King\"), composed by Howard Shore and performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra, were mixed at","title":"Abbey Road Studios"},{"id":"6530359","text":"the Days\" sung by Annie Lennox, which can be found on a supplementary DVD included with \"The Return of the King\" soundtrack in some packages released in 2003. If all the new material is compiled together, it would amount to about 14 hours of music. For the three films Shore worked with many vocal and instrumental soloists. Vocal Cast Performers Instrumental Recordings of the score were originally issued on single-disc albums, that closely followed the theatrical release dates of the films or presented earlier versions recorded during the film's editing. The music on the disc was arranged as a concert-piece","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"3995647","text":"of the Rings\" film trilogy composed by Howard Shore, as well as original music in Shore's image by Jamie Christopherson and Bill Brown. \"The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth (Soundtrack from the Video Game)\" was released via digital sellers on August 28, 2006, featuring 22 tracks of cues from the game by Christopherson & Brown spanning 44 minutes. The development environment and \"extreme crunch time\" for \"The Battle for Middle-earth\" led to a high-profile labor lawsuit by programmers that was settled by Electronic Arts for US $14.9 million in 2006. In the United States, the computer version","title":"The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth"},{"id":"10276314","text":"Aragorn becomes King and marries Arwen (\"City of Kings\"), but Frodo, wearied by his quest, and the great Elves must leave Middle-earth forever and sail to the lands of the West (\"Epilogue (Farewells)\"). Bidding farewell to their friend, Sam, Merry and Pippin resume their lives in the Shire (\"Finale\"). Some of the lyrics are directly inspired by Tolkien's novels, poems and related work. 'The Road Goes On' is loosely based on Bilbo's walking song spoken by Bilbo and Frodo in \"The Hobbit\" and \"The Fellowship of the Ring\" respectively. 'The Cat and the Moon' takes some of its lyrics from","title":"Lord of the Rings (musical)"},{"id":"16876839","text":"to the Mountain. The melody of the \"Misty Mountains\" song goes on to feature in the underscore. As with \"The Lord of the Rings\", Shore used an immense ensemble, including a large symphony orchestra of 94 to 96-piece; SATBB and boy choirs and featured vocal soloists; additional instruments to augment the orchestra in select passages, and onstage instrumental \"bands\" - overall over 300-pieces are used. The scores call for: Shore composed the music for the announcment trailer to the first film, but further trailer music written for the film and the following two - which was written by Audiomachine in","title":"Music of The Hobbit film series"},{"id":"6530336","text":"\"The Black Rider\"), and even the choral Outburst \"Mettanna!\" from the prologue to the Two Towers is reprised several times. There are several alternate forms of existing themes that never got past the mock-up stage, like an alternate Moria theme, an alternate, major-key version for the Ascension of Gondor, an alternate Frodo's Song and Arwen's Song. The scores contain multiple distinctive variations and fragments of themes, as well as other recurring figures, that do not constitute leitmotives, but nevertheless merit mention. First, there are multiple gestures that are at the basis of some of themes, like the \"there and back","title":"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series"},{"id":"17784845","text":"for the film was featured in The Rarities Archive release, attached to Doug Adams' book on the three film scores:Along with about 4 minutes of alternate material from the original release, about 8 minutes of alternates in the fan credits, and some additional alternates, there are about 3:40 minute of finalized music from \"The Two Towers\". The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (soundtrack) The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on December 10, 2002. It was composed, orchestrated, and conducted by Howard Shore, and performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the","title":"The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (soundtrack)"},{"id":"2095439","text":"Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King\". He received his fourth nomination for his work on \"Hugo\". Shore has also received six Golden Globe nominations, winning three consecutive awards for Best Original Score and Best Original Song - \"Into the West\" for \"\" (2003) and \"The Aviator\" (2004), making him the second composer (after Alan Menken) to have received consecutive Golden Globe Awards for Best Original Score. He also won three consecutive Grammy Awards for Best Score for each of the Lord of the Rings films, and received a second award in 2003 for the song \"Into the","title":"Howard Shore"},{"id":"6322683","text":"Sergei Prokofiev and Igor Stravinsky in the score to \"Star Wars.\" Williams relied less and less on references to existing music in the latter seven scores, incorporating more strains of modernist orchestral writing with each progressive score, although occasional nods continue to permeate the music. The love theme from \"Empire Strikes Back\" is closely related to Williams' composition for \"Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark\". The score to has clear resemblances to the successful scores of other contemporary composers of the time, namely Howard Shore's \"Lord of the Rings\", Hans Zimmer's \"Gladiator\" and Tan Dun's\" Crouching Tiger,","title":"Music of Star Wars"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"1485902\",\n \"text\": \"a system that copied recorded imagery of fire. The musical score for \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" films was composed by Howard Shore. It was performed by the 100-strong New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the London Voices, The London Oratory School Schola, and the Maori Samoan Choir, and featured several vocal soloists. Shore wrote almost four hours of finalised music for the film (of which just over three hours are used as underscore), featuring a number of non-orchestral instruments, and a large number (49-62) of leitmotives. Two original songs, \\\"Aníron\\\" and the end title theme \\\"May It\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530345\",\n \"text\": \"of it was composed by a New-Zealand musician collective known as Plan 9 (Jannet Roddick, David Donaldson, Stephen Roche) and David Longe, known collectively within the context of the Lord of the Rings (and The Hobbit) as \\\"The Elvish Impersonators.\\\" They composed several vocal and instrumental pieces as well musical sound effects used for the Ring and Sauron, for the Dead Marshes and for Fangorn. Other musical sound effects, added by the film's sound design department, include war horns and bells ringing. Other film compositions were made by Enya, co-producer Fran Walsh and by the actors Viggo Mortensen and Billy\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2460969\",\n \"text\": \"contributed. Even actors Billy Boyd, Viggo Mortensen, Liv Tyler, Miranda Otto (extended cuts only for the latter two), and Peter Jackson (for a single gong sound in the second film) contributed to the score. Fran Walsh and Philippa Boyens served as librettists, writing lyrics to various music and songs, which David Salo translated into Tolkien's languages. The third film's end song, \\\"Into the West\\\", was a tribute to a young filmmaker Jackson and Walsh befriended named Cameron Duncan, who died of cancer in 2003. Shore composed a main theme for \\\"The Fellowship\\\" rather than many different character themes, and its\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings (film series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530315\",\n \"text\": \"the Rings, Shore wrote 21 hours of music. Howard Shore's composition does not utilize motifs from other scores he had written previously, or from passages of existing film or stage music, with the exception of one intentional nod to Richard Wagner's ring cycle over the end-credits of the third film. Shore wrote a long series of interrelated leitmotifs that were used, developed, combined or fragmented throughout the three scores. The motifs are attached to places, cultures, characters, objects and occurrences, and are divided into sets and subsets of related themes. Shore used his themes in defiance to the common practices\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2095417\",\n \"text\": \"Howard Shore Howard Leslie Shore (born October 18, 1946) is a Canadian composer who is notable for his film scores. He has composed the scores for over 80 films, most notably the scores for \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" and \\\"The Hobbit\\\" film trilogies. He won three Academy Awards for his work on the first trilogy, with one being for the original song \\\"Into the West\\\", an award he shared with Eurythmics lead vocalist Annie Lennox and writer/producer Fran Walsh, who wrote the lyrics. He is also a consistent collaborator with director David Cronenberg, having scored all but one of\",\n \"title\": \"Howard Shore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530303\",\n \"text\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series The music of \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" film series was composed, orchestrated, conducted and produced by Howard Shore. The scores are often considered to represent one of the greatest achievements in the history of film music in terms of length of the score, the size of the staged forces, the unusual instrumentation, the featured soloists, the multitude of musical styles and the number of recurring musical themes used. Shore wrote many hours of music for \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\", effectively scoring the entire film length. Over 13 hours of\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16876830\",\n \"text\": \"Music of The Hobbit film series The music of \\\"The Hobbit\\\" film series is composed and produced by Howard Shore, who scored all three \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" films, to which The Hobbit trilogy is a prequel. The score continues the style of The Lord of the Rings score, and utlizies a vast ensemble, multiple musical forms and styles, a large number of leitmotives and various unusual instruments, adding to Shore's overarching music of the Middle-earth films. Shore composed over nine hours of music, featuring 65 new musical themes and reprising 50 themes from the Lord of the Rings.\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Hobbit film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"574324\",\n \"text\": \"over $112,000. It was released December 2017. A soundtrack for J. R. R. Tolkien's \\\"The Hobbit\\\" and \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" was composed by Craig Russell for the San Luis Obispo Youth Symphony. Commissioned in 1995, it was finally put on disk in 2000 by the San Luis Obispo Symphony. For the 1996 \\\"Star Wars\\\" novel \\\"\\\" (written by author Steve Perry), Lucasfilm chose Joel McNeely to write a score. This was an eccentric, experimental project, in contrast to all other soundtracks, as the composer was allowed to convey general moods and themes, rather than having to write music\",\n \"title\": \"Soundtrack\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2460970\",\n \"text\": \"strength and weaknesses in volume are depicted at different points in the series. On top of that, individual themes were composed to represent different cultures. Infamously, the amount of music Shore had to write every day for the third film increased dramatically to around seven minutes. The music for the series turned out to be a success and has been voted best movie soundtrack of all time for the six years running, passing \\\"Schindler's List\\\", \\\"Gladiator\\\", \\\"Star Wars\\\" (1977), and \\\"Out of Africa\\\" respectively. Sound technicians spent the early part of the year trying to find the right sounds. Some,\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings (film series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530305\",\n \"text\": \"most intricate collections of themes in the history of the cinema. The score became the most successful of Shore's career, earning three Oscars, two Golden Globes, three Grammy, and several other nominations, and some of his themes (like the Shire theme) and songs earning great popularity. The score was voted for best Soundtrack in cinema history. The score was the subject of a short documentary film called \\\"Howard Shore: An Introspective\\\", and has even earned a dedicated research-based book by musicologist Doug Adams. The scores go on being performed by choirs and orchestras around the world as symphony pieces, concert\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530314\",\n \"text\": \"a rule of the Academy to not nominate sequel scores that reuse old themes, a rule that was undone specifically as to allow for the nomination of Return of the King. The latter film also won an Oscar statuette for Best Song, as well as the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score and Best Original Song. Shore's music for \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" has become the most successful composition of his career and one of the most popular motion picture scores in history. Along with his Music of The Hobbit film series, the prequels to the Lord of\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530321\",\n \"text\": \"a resolution, creating in the process new themes for the Fourth Age. Also across the three scores, Shore changed the soundscape: incorporating more aleatoric devices and contrapuntal writing in The Two Towers, compared to The Fellowship of the Ring, and more extrovert writing for Return of the King. All of these themes were compiled into a menu by musicologist Doug Adams, who worked with Shore on the documentation of the score. Doug identified about 90 motifs (some very brief, scarcely used and/or only subtly differentiated from others) in the three Complete Recordings, by far the largest catalog of themes for\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17784813\",\n \"text\": \"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (soundtrack) The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on November 20, 2001. It was composed, orchestrated, and conducted by Howard Shore, and performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, the London Voices, London Oratory School Schola choir and multiple featured instrumental and vocal soloists. The album is a reduction of over three and a half hours of finalized music written for The Fellowship of the Ring. The music on the album features edited-down compositions to create a\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530360\",\n \"text\": \"while also keeping reasonably with the plot progression of the film. Many of the cues are edited to create concert suites of some of the themes such as the Ringwraith theme (in \\\"Black Rider\\\"), the Durin theme (In \\\"Journey in the Dark\\\"), the Rohan theme (in \\\"Riders of Rohan\\\") and the Gondor theme (in \\\"The White Tree\\\"). All soundtrack albums of the trilogy have been released through Reprise Records, Enya's label at that time of the first soundtrack's release. While the cover art for \\\"The Fellowship of the Ring\\\" uses an original compilation of film characters, the covers for \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10276300\",\n \"text\": \"Lord of the Rings (musical) The Lord of the Rings is the most prominent of several theatre adaptations of J. R. R. Tolkien's epic high fantasy novel of the same name, with music by A. R. Rahman, Christopher Nightingale and the band Värttinä, and book and lyrics by Matthew Warchus and Shaun McKenna. Set in the world of Middle-earth, \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" tells the tale of a humble hobbit who is asked to play the hero and undertake a treacherous mission to destroy an evil, magic ring without being seduced by its power. The show was first performed\",\n \"title\": \"Lord of the Rings (musical)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530353\",\n \"text\": \"being conducted by their respective choirmaster, under Shore's supervision. Shore was insistent on not using any electronic sounds in the recording of the score, although he did use mock-ups in the preparation of the score. The film score for \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" incorporates extensive vocal music blended with the orchestral arrangements. The great majority of the lyrics used in the libretto are in the invented languages of Middle-earth, representing the various cultures and races in Tolkien's writings. These languages include Quenya and Sindarin associated with Elves, Adûnaic and Rohirric for Men, and Khuzdul of the Dwarves. Old English\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6888656\",\n \"text\": \"Leonard Rosenman Leonard Rosenman (September 7, 1924 – March 4, 2008) was an American film, television and concert composer with credits in over 130 works, including \\\"\\\", \\\"Beneath the Planet of the Apes\\\" and the animated \\\"The Lord of the Rings.\\\" Leonard Rosenman was born in Brooklyn, New York. After service in the Pacific with the United States Army Air Forces in World War II, he earned a bachelor's degree in music from the University of California, Berkeley. He also studied composition with Arnold Schoenberg, Roger Sessions and Luigi Dallapiccola. Amongst Rosenman's earliest film work was the scores for James\",\n \"title\": \"Leonard Rosenman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16876849\",\n \"text\": \"song \\\"The Last Goodbye\\\". The two-disc special edition contains two bonus tracks and five extended tracks. Music of The Hobbit film series The music of \\\"The Hobbit\\\" film series is composed and produced by Howard Shore, who scored all three \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" films, to which The Hobbit trilogy is a prequel. The score continues the style of The Lord of the Rings score, and utlizies a vast ensemble, multiple musical forms and styles, a large number of leitmotives and various unusual instruments, adding to Shore's overarching music of the Middle-earth films. Shore composed over nine hours of\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Hobbit film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"402284\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Journey in the Dark\\\", and \\\"Hobbits\\\". In 1989 the symphony was awarded the Sudler Composition Award, awarded biennially for best wind band composition. The Danish Tolkien Ensemble have released a number of albums that feature the complete poems and songs of \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" set to music, with some featuring recitation by Christopher Lee. Enya wrote an instrumental piece called \\\"Lothlórien\\\" in 1991, and composed two songs for the film \\\"\\\"—\\\"May It Be\\\" (sung in English and Quenya) and \\\"Aníron\\\" (sung in Sindarin). \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" has had a profound and wide-ranging impact on popular culture,\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16750552\",\n \"text\": \"Zealand Symphony Orchestra, London Voices and Tiffin' Boys Choir, as well as two New Zealand Gamelan orchestras. The score featured themes from the previous film and the Lord of the Rings trilogy, but relied heavily on the themes of Smaug, Laketown, the Woodland Realm (including themes for Tauriel and for Legolas), etc. In the process, the themes for the company of the Dwarves were discontinued and were replaced by a new thematic identity. The original motion picture soundtrack album was released on 10 December 2013. It received positive reviews, especially for its new themes. English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran wrote and\",\n \"title\": \"The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17784850\",\n \"text\": \"The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (soundtrack) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King was released on November 25, 2003. It was composed, orchestrated, and conducted by Howard Shore, and performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the London Voices, and the London Oratory School Schola. The limited edition contains a bonus DVD with the track \\\"Use Well the Days\\\" by Annie Lennox, song texts, photo gallery, and the LOTR trilogy supertrailer. The score to Return of the King is the most expansive of the three: containing over four hours of finalized music, scoring\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5018079\",\n \"text\": \"Aníron \\\"Aníron\\\" is a song in \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" film trilogy soundtrack. It is the theme for Aragorn and Arwen Evenstar. \\\"Aníron\\\" means \\\"I desire\\\" in the constructed Elvish language of Sindarin. It is featured as part of the track \\\"The Council of Elrond\\\" on the soundtrack album \\\"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring\\\". This song does not appear in Tolkien's writings; it was composed and sung by Enya, and the lyrics were written by Roma Ryan. The song was conducted by Howard Shore and performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra with Enya. In\",\n \"title\": \"Aníron\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530310\",\n \"text\": \"finalized music were recorded each day to allow for input from director Peter Jackson and revisions to the music and performance Jackson gave Shore direction and had each theme played to him as a mock-up and by the orchestra before approving it. All of the music production (which overlapped with the films' editing process) was supervised by Jackson who often asked for significant changes to the music, which is unusual for film music. Shore began his work on the music early during the production of \\\"\\\" in late 2000 and recorded the first pieces of music (the Moria sequence) in\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530323\",\n \"text\": \"Williams' 18-hour composition to Star Wars features about fifty themes overall, and other film compositions (such as James Horner's Titanic) featuring but a handful, thereby making Shore's work on the Lord of the Rings films by far the most thematically-rich of any cinematic work, and when coupled with his work on The Hobbit trilogy, even rivals Wagner's Ring catalog of leitmotivs, making it not the only the most thematically complex film score but one of the most leitmotivically-nuanced works in the history of orchestral music. The themes below are as they appear across the three films, sorted out into their\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12311154\",\n \"text\": \"Helen Jane Long Helen Jane Long (born 10 April 1974) is a British composer, musician and pianist, best known for various advertisement contracts, her work on several film projects in a variety of genres, and, most recently, her contemporary-classic piano albums, \\\"Embers\\\" (2010) (BLE) and \\\"Porcelain\\\" (Warner Music Group). In 2003, Long worked as music assistant to Howard Shore on the film score for \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" trilogy. Long composed the original music for the movie thrillers \\\"The Only Hotel\\\" and \\\"Surveillance 24/7\\\". Long was born on 10 April 1974 in Hampshire, England. She began training as a\",\n \"title\": \"Helen Jane Long\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530304\",\n \"text\": \"the music (including various alternate takes) have been released across various formats. Shore conceived the score as operatic and antiquated-sounding. He made use of an immense ensemble including a large symphony orchestra (principally, the London Philharmonic Orchestra), multiple instrumental \\\"bands\\\", various choirs and vocal and instrumental soloists, requiring an ensemble ranging from 230 to 400 musicians. Throughout the composition, Shore has woven over 100 identified leitmotifs (or over 160, when considering \\\"the music of the Hobbit films\\\"), which are interrelated and categorized into groups that correspond to the Middle-earth cultures to which they relate, forming one of the greatest and\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11114239\",\n \"text\": \"Symphony No. 1 \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" Symphony No. 1 \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" is the first symphony for concert band written by Johan de Meij. It premiered in 1988 with the Groot Harmonieorkest van de Belgische Gidsen () conducted by Norbert Nozy. The symphony is based on literary themes from the novel by J.R.R. Tolkien. The symphony consists of five movements, each illustrating a personage or an important episode from the book: The CD by the military band Koninklijke Militaire Kapel () helped give the symphony worldwide acclaim. In 1989 the symphony was awarded the Sudler Composition\",\n \"title\": \"Symphony No. 1 \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\"\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530330\",\n \"text\": \"from The Hobbit and in Alternate forms of the Soundtrack Returning The History of the One Ring, Seduction of the Ring, Sauron, The Shire, Frodo/Hymn variant, Hobbit Outline, Hobbit End-Cap, A Hobbit's Understanding, Pity of Smeagol, The Servants of Sauron, Threat of Mordor, Descending Thirds, Mordor Skip-Beat, Footsteps of Doom, Servants of Sauron, Isengard, Uruk Hai, Orc Crawl, the Realm of Gondor, Fellowship, Strider, Heroics of Aragorn, Rivendell, Lothlorien, Elvish Pledge, Diminishment of the Elves, Evil Times, Weakness Motiv, Nameless Fear, The Balrog, Moria, The Dark Places of the World, Nature's Reclamation. Themes for One Ring Themes for Mordor Themes\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17784817\",\n \"text\": \"removed from the film. The album also featured extensive liner notes by music journalist Doug Adams which reviews all of the tracks and provides information about the process of composing and recording the score, as well as a detailed list of all musical instruments, people and organizations involved. The cover artwork uses the film series' logo and an inscription in Tolkien's tengwar letters, over a background that depicts the Shire, Rhudaur and Eregion in dark red. Additional music for the film was featured in The Rarities Archive release, attached to Doug Adams' book on the three film scores:Along with about\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2095426\",\n \"text\": \"disallowed the submission of scores which contained themes from previous work. However, the implementation of this rule change was subsequently postponed, meaning the score remained eligible. Ultimately, \\\"The Two Towers\\\" score did not receive an Academy Award nomination; Shore did, however, receive a BAFTA nomination for \\\"Gangs of New York\\\". In 2003, he composed the score for the final film in \\\"The Lord of the Rings trilogy\\\", \\\"\\\". The film was the most successful film in the trilogy and the most successful of the year. Shore won his second Oscar for Best Original Score, as well as a third for\",\n \"title\": \"Howard Shore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530313\",\n \"text\": \"all-women choral parts), Wellington Maori-Samoan choir (for all-male choral passages in Fellowship of the Ring) and London Oratory School Schola boy choir. The New Zealand Symphony Orchestra contributed some of the early Moria music, written for an early edit of the film. A wide variety of instrumental and vocal soloists, including members of the films' cast, contributed to the scores as well. Each film calls for at least one soprano and/or alto soloist and one boy soloist. The scores for \\\"\\\" and \\\"\\\" won Academy Awards in 2002 and 2004, with The Two Towers not being nominated simply because of\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17784818\",\n \"text\": \"20 minutes of alternate material from the original release, about 13 minutes of alternates in the fan credits, and some additional alternates, there are almost four hours of finalized music from \\\"Fellowship of the Ring\\\". The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (soundtrack) The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on November 20, 2001. It was composed, orchestrated, and conducted by Howard Shore, and performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, the London Voices, London Oratory School Schola choir and multiple featured instrumental and\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530312\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"\\\" (which was scored at a faster pace than the other two) and \\\"\\\" (with Shore also, unusually, providing an original score with new themes for the trailer, as well) with the final sessions taking place in Watford on 20 March 2004. Shore wrote the music effectively for the entire film length. In the finished film, some of the music was dialed out while other parts were looped or tracked and re-tracked, so overall about 90% of the finished film contains music. The music was performed primarily by the London Philharmonic Orchestra and three choirs: London Voices (for mixed and\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530354\",\n \"text\": \"was used as an analog for Rohirric and English was used as an analog for the Common Tongue. Some of these languages had been developed extensively by Tolkien, while others were extrapolated by linguist David Salo based on the limited examples of vocabulary and linguistic style available. The libretto was derived from several sources, including songs and poems written by Tolkien, phrases from the screenplay (often sung against the corresponding dialogue or recitation) as well as original and adapted material from Shore and from screenwriters Fran Walsh, Philippa Boyens, and others, all translated by Salo while stressing good choral sounds.\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17784854\",\n \"text\": \"original release, about a minute of material in the fan credits, and some additional alternates, there are over four and a half hours of finalized music for \\\"Return of the King,\\\" including the music for the trailer. The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (soundtrack) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King was released on November 25, 2003. It was composed, orchestrated, and conducted by Howard Shore, and performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the London Voices, and the London Oratory School Schola. The limited edition contains a bonus DVD with the track \\\"Use\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"402283\",\n \"text\": \"also incorporated many Tolkien references into their music. American heavy metal band Megadeth released two songs titled \\\"This Day We Fight!\\\" and \\\"How the Story Ends\\\", which were both inspired by \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\". German folk metal band Eichenschild is named for Thorin Oakenshield, a character in \\\"The Hobbit\\\", and naturally has a number of Tolkien-themed songs. They are not to be confused with the '70s folk rock band Thorin Eichenschild. In 1988, Dutch composer and trombonist Johan de Meij completed his \\\"Symphony No. 1 \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\",\\\" which encompassed 5 movements, titled \\\"Gandalf\\\", \\\"Lothlórien\\\", \\\"Gollum\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530333\",\n \"text\": \"of Evil and the World of Men, and are as follows: The themes above have been identified by musicologist Doug Adams, namely in his Liner Notes and \\\"The Music of the Lord of the Rings films\\\" book, based on the intentions of Howard Shore as presented in the Complete Recordings. However, there are other motivs in the score, in three forms: themes that don't recur in the films or the Complete Recordings but do recur in alternate forms of the soundtracks like the Original Soundtrack or Rarities; motivs that are distinctive variants or components of existing themes, and other recurring\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2460967\",\n \"text\": \"composed, orchestrated, conducted, and produced the trilogy's music. He was hired in August 2000 and visited the set, and watched the assembly cuts of \\\"The Fellowship of the Ring\\\" and \\\"The Return of the King\\\". In the music, Shore included many (85 to 110) leitmotifs to represent various characters, cultures, and places - the largest catalogue of leitmotives in the history of cinema, surpassing - for comparison - that of the entire Star Wars saga. For example, there are multiple leitmotifs just for the hobbits and the Shire. Although the first film had some of its score recorded in Wellington,\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings (film series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17784814\",\n \"text\": \"concert-like listening experience, many of which are based on earlier drafts of the composition, written as the film was being edited. A prime example is the opening track, \\\"The Prophecy\\\", which does not contain the version of the main theme that opens the other albums (\\\"The History of the Ring\\\" motif). This was because the filmmakers intended to film a shorter prologue sequence (which a version of this track accompanied), but the idea was eventually dropped in favor of a more detailed and engaging sequence. The front cover for this CD was available in various designs. \\\"The Fellowship of the\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12311156\",\n \"text\": \"Fools and Horses\\\"), Dennis King of \\\"Black Beauty\\\", and Nigel Hess (composer of the film \\\"Ladies in Lavender\\\"). She has also worked with composers Jerry Goldsmith and Ron Goodwin. She was signed to a major label soon after sending out demos of her material. Long has since written scores, piano pieces, and full orchestrations for many films and television spots. In 2003 Long served as a music score assistant for composer Howard Shore on the historic film trilogy \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\", as well as the extended DVDs. Long, who had met Shore before the films, served essentially as\",\n \"title\": \"Helen Jane Long\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16876844\",\n \"text\": \"in a 2-disc format. The Geeks of Doom commented that Shore, who recorded the soundtrack at Abbey Road Studios and AIR Lyndhurst in London, re-used some of the \\\"magisterial musical motifs\\\" from his music for \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" soundtrack, but that he \\\"uses his established themes to launch into a completely original sonic adventure with turns both optimistic and dark, true to the mutual visions of Jackson and Tolkien\\\". The soundtrack was performed by the London Philharmonic orchestra, London Voices and Tiffin' boy choir, as well as featured vocal and instrumental soloists, namely soprano Clara Sanabras, Richard Armitage\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Hobbit film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530307\",\n \"text\": \"became Shore's principal librettist for the score) and others, and saw assembled footage of all three films. Shore agreed to take the project in early 2000. He envisioned the scores to all three films as a through-composed cycle, a grand opera told in three parts, involving a large network of leitmotivs, large choral and orchestral forces (including additional \\\"bands\\\" of instruments besides the main orchestra), frequent use of singing voices, both in choirs and through a wide ensemble of vocal soloists. The score uses a neo-romantic, 19-century style and structure, derived from Shore's desire to have the music sounding antiquated,\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"402278\",\n \"text\": \"Scrolls\\\" series of games as well as video games set in Middle-earth itself. Research also suggests that some consumers of fantasy games derive their motivation from trying to create an epic fantasy narrative which is influenced by \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\". In 1965, songwriter Donald Swann, who was best known for his collaboration with Michael Flanders as Flanders & Swann, set six poems from \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" and one from \\\"The Adventures of Tom Bombadil\\\" (\\\"Errantry\\\") to music. When Swann met with Tolkien to play the songs for his approval, Tolkien suggested for \\\"Namárië\\\" (Galadriel's lament) a\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16876837\",\n \"text\": \"(who often serve as featured soloists in the live performances of his Lord of the Rings scores), often in conjunction with the music of nature or the Elves. Unlike The Lord of the Rings, no boy soprano or young girls were used in the score. As with \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\", the scores from \\\"The Hobbit\\\" were also largely vocal works, including choirs and soloists, as well as diegetic music and songs for the end-credits of each film. Howard Shore composed \\\"The Valley of Imladris\\\" - a diegetic piece for lute, lyre, wood flute and harp that is performed\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Hobbit film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18363829\",\n \"text\": \"knew. In March 2016, Hans Zimmer, who co-composed the score for \\\"Man of Steel\\\" and \\\"Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice\\\", stated that he had officially retired from the \\\"superhero business\\\". Junkie XL, who wrote and composed the soundtrack of \\\"Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice\\\" with Zimmer, was originally scoring the film. In June 2017, Danny Elfman was announced to have controversially replaced Junkie XL. Elfman had previously composed the films \\\"Batman\\\" and \\\"Batman Returns\\\", and the theme music for \\\"\\\". Elfman used the \\\"Batman\\\" theme music from the 1989 film \\\"Batman\\\". The John Williams' \\\"Superman\\\" theme was used\",\n \"title\": \"Justice League (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530348\",\n \"text\": \"the overarching concept of Howard's Middle Earth music (including the music of \\\"the Hobbit\\\" films), the score has occasionally adopted diegetic music (by \\\"the Elvish Impersonators\\\") like the Misty Mountains song, as well as leaked into diegetic music (like \\\"Valley of Imladris\\\") and even into sound effects, with a war horn calling out the Erebor theme. Hence, these compositions can be viewed in much the same way that other composers will use phrases from Dies Irae as themes within their scores. These \\\"themes\\\" include the piece \\\"Flaming Red Hair on her feet\\\" which would go on to be reprised in\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530308\",\n \"text\": \"but he nevertheless married it to modern and at times avant-garde techniques including atonal sections, unusual instrumental choices and orchestral set-ups, aleatoric writing, sprechstimme voices and syncopated rhythms, as well as borrowing from eastern scales, medieval styles of music, contemporary film music idioms for specific setpieces, classical idioms for some of the music of the Shire, new-age and contemporary idioms for the end-credits songs, etc. However, he insisted on staying away from electronic or synthesized music. Shore orchestrated the music himself, and conducted all of the orchestral sessions and many of the choral and soloist sessions. In keeping with his\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530349\",\n \"text\": \"The Hobbit, The Old Walking Song, which appears twice in the score; Rock and Pool, which appears three times in the series; The Edge of Night which was reprised in the trailer for The Battle of the Five Armies and is related to that film's own end-credit song. These can be, to some extent, attributed to the thematic family of The Shire. Others such as the musically-produced sound-effects associated with the Ring or the Orcish war chants (recorded in a crowded Rugby stadium) can be associated with the Mordor material. Even pieces such as Aniron (which is formally dubbed \\\"theme\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530356\",\n \"text\": \"Some of the diegetic songs were not composed by Howard Shore, but he orchestrated and conducted the orchestral accompaniment and even reprised some of them in his symphony. Diegetic Songs End-credits songs Besides the source songs, the films also feature instrumental diegetic music, mostly by The Elvish Impersonators: Including \\\"Flaming Red Hair on her feet\\\", an alternate (and unreleased) \\\"Flowers for Rosie\\\" and a piece for the Bywater Marketplace. The film also includes source drumming (set to Shore's concept of a 5/4-time beat for the Orcs), chanting and horn calls, which were all made to conform to the score. The\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"791383\",\n \"text\": \"with Ross was co-writing and producing the official score for David Fincher's 2010 film, \\\"The Social Network\\\". Reznor and Ross received two awards for the score, a 2010 Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score for a Motion Picture, and a 2010 Oscar for Best Original Score. Reznor and Ross again collaborated with Fincher for the official score the American adaptation of the novel \\\"The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo\\\", released in December 2011, and then again on Fincher's 2014 film \\\"Gone Girl\\\" In July 2012 Reznor teamed up with video game developer Treyarch to compose the theme music for\",\n \"title\": \"Nine Inch Nails\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17784853\",\n \"text\": \"also featured extensive liner notes by music journalist Doug Adams which reviews all of the tracks and provides information about the process of composing and recording the score, as well as a detailed list of all musical instruments, people and organizations involved. The cover artwork uses the film series' logo and an inscription in Tolkien's tengwar letters, over a background that depicts a map of Gondor in dark green. Additional music for the film was featured in The Rarities Archive release, attached to Doug Adams' book on the three film scores:Along with about 17 minutes of alternate material from the\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20235623\",\n \"text\": \"of crucial plot points, technology, and the nature of the game's antagonist. The background music of \\\"Implosion: Never Lose Hope\\\" was composed by Kevin Penkin and performed by the Eminence Symphony Orchestra, while boss-battle tracks were composed by Taku Sakakibara of Beatmania fame and performed by his symphony orchestra gaQdan. Mixing was handled by two-time Grammy Award winner John Kurlander of \\\"Lord of the Rings\\\" Trilogy fame. The ending theme song was composed by Kevin Penkin with vocals provided by Donna Burke. The additional track \\\"Waiting for you to die\\\" was composed and performed by Alpha Legion. A 90-minute anime\",\n \"title\": \"Implosion: Never Lose Hope\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1489839\",\n \"text\": \"score sees the full introduction of the Gondor theme, originally heard during Boromir's speeches at the in \\\"The Fellowship of the Ring\\\" and at Osgiliath in \\\"The Two Towers\\\" Extended Edition. Shore also used the Gondor theme with the new ascending coda (which is unique to this film) in his score for the trailer of the film. The score features the London Philharmonic Orchestra, London Voices, the London Oratory School Schola and featured vocal soloists. The score is the most expansive of the three: scoring effectively the entire movie length, not including additional music written for the trailer and various\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1485903\",\n \"text\": \"Be\\\", were composed and sung by Enya, who allowed her label, Reprise Records, to release the soundtrack to this and its two sequels. In addition to these songs, Shore composed \\\"In Dreams\\\", which was sung by Edward Ross of the London Oratory School Schola. A special behind-the-scenes trailer was released in 2000. The trilogy teaser was shown before \\\"Thirteen Days\\\" and the teaser trailer before \\\"Pearl Harbor\\\". The final trailer was with the television premiere of \\\"Angel\\\" and before \\\"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\\\". Both trailers appeared as Easter eggs on the \\\"Rush Hour 2 and Little Nicky\\\" DVD\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1489842\",\n \"text\": \"Gondorian soldiers from Osgiliath as the Nazgûl attack and as the eagles arrive at the Black Gates. Galway plays the flute and whistle as Frodo and Sam climb Mount Doom and as they return to the shire. Sissel sings \\\"Asea Aranion\\\", which was originally meant the score the Houses of Healing scene. The end title song, \\\"Into the West\\\", was composed by Shore with lyrics by Fran Walsh. Annie Lennox (formerly of Eurythmics) performed it and also received songwriting credit. The song was partially inspired by the premature death from cancer of a young New Zealand filmmaker named Cameron Duncan\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530358\",\n \"text\": \"by Howard Shore never made it into the final cut of the film trilogy or any officially released soundtracks. Among these are various alternate takes and small extensions that were micro-edited out of the film and soundtrack releases, but some have been unearthed by fans. Some additional music, including the most prominent alternate takes, was released in the Rarities Archive or played over the fan-credits of the Extended films. For instance, a special musical arrangement written for the trailer for \\\"\\\", which primarily consisted of principal leitmotives along with movie trailer-like music. Additionally, there was a song entitled \\\"Use Well\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2095427\",\n \"text\": \"Best Original Song for \\\"Into the West\\\", which he shared with Fran Walsh and Annie Lennox. Shore also won his first Golden Globe, his third and fourth Grammy (the fourth for Best Song), and was nominated for a third BAFTA. The scores of \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\", performed primarily by the London Philharmonic Orchestra, became one of the most successful film scores ever written and the biggest success in Shore's career. In 2004, Shore again collaborated with Martin Scorsese, scoring his epic film \\\"The Aviator\\\", this time with the Brussels Philharmonic. He won a second Golden Globe for the\",\n \"title\": \"Howard Shore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5018080\",\n \"text\": \"November 2009 Enya released the album The Very Best of Enya. None of the songs on this recording are new, but the version of Aníron has alternate lyrics from the one heard in the movie or on any movie score recording. Alternate lyrics from \\\"The Very Best of Enya\\\" (2009) version of the song: Aníron \\\"Aníron\\\" is a song in \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" film trilogy soundtrack. It is the theme for Aragorn and Arwen Evenstar. \\\"Aníron\\\" means \\\"I desire\\\" in the constructed Elvish language of Sindarin. It is featured as part of the track \\\"The Council of Elrond\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Aníron\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17784815\",\n \"text\": \"Ring\\\" received critical acclaim from music critics and won the Academy Award for Best Original Score, the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album, and the World Soundtrack Award for Best Original Soundtrack. In the United Kingdom, the album peaked at number ten on the UK Albums Chart. As of December 2014, the album has sold 276,912 copies in the UK, nearly besting Adele's album. Enya's songs are nestled inside Shore's music (neither of the two songs has an isolated track) and is accompanied by his music, performed by the London Philharmonic and London Voices. Enya went on to release\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6888661\",\n \"text\": \"California. Leonard Rosenman earned two Academy Awards: After receiving his second Oscar he quipped \\\"I write original music too, you know!\\\" He received two additional Academy Award nominations: He also received two Emmy Awards: Leonard Rosenman Leonard Rosenman (September 7, 1924 – March 4, 2008) was an American film, television and concert composer with credits in over 130 works, including \\\"\\\", \\\"Beneath the Planet of the Apes\\\" and the animated \\\"The Lord of the Rings.\\\" Leonard Rosenman was born in Brooklyn, New York. After service in the Pacific with the United States Army Air Forces in World War II, he\",\n \"title\": \"Leonard Rosenman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18000050\",\n \"text\": \"Boys choir were recorded in AIR Lyndhurst, London. The score featured a few new themes for Dain, Gundabad (featuring a \\\"chorus\\\" of didgeridoos) and the Dwarves' war preparations, but focused more on blending and clashing the themes against one another, eventually bringing the themes to a resolution. Billy Boyd, who played Peregrin Took in \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\", wrote and recorded the song \\\"The Last Goodbye\\\" to be played over the end credits of the film. A teaser trailer for the film was released on July 28, 2014 attached to \\\"Guardians of the Galaxy\\\", \\\"Into the Storm\\\", and \\\"If\",\n \"title\": \"The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12228791\",\n \"text\": \"theme as the bridge of the song. It was originally the main end-credits song, a direct continuation of the Breaking of the Fellowship piece, which features the Hymn variant as well. Since then, it has been arranged for many occasions, including a full symphonic version arranged by Kurt Bestor and sung by Ryan Tani and the Mormon Tabernacle Choir. The last lines pay homage to \\\"There and Back Again\\\", an alternate title for \\\"Lord of the Rings\\\" author J. R. R. Tolkien's earlier book \\\"The Hobbit\\\", which precedes and sets the background for the main story that has been adapted\",\n \"title\": \"In Dreams (Howard Shore song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530329\",\n \"text\": \"informs the perils of Moria. Themes for Gondor The music of Gondor and the World of men and stately and brassy, but not necessarily triumphant, the music lamenting the decay of the mortal world. Only from the later half of the Two Towers and into Return of the King are the themes of the world of men presented in more heroic settings. Themes for the Fellowship Themes for the Monsters of Middle Earth Themes for Middle Earth: The Ring Quest themes Themes for Middle Earth: \\\"All Shall Come to Darkness\\\" themes Themes for Middle Earth: \\\"Another Path\\\" theme Themes recurring\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2460968\",\n \"text\": \"virtually all of the trilogy's score was recorded in Watford Town Hall and mixed at Abbey Road Studios. Jackson planned to advise the score for six weeks each year in London, though for \\\"The Two Towers\\\" he stayed for twelve. As a Beatles fan, Jackson had a photo tribute done there on the zebra crossing. The score is primarily played by the London Philharmonic Orchestra (ranging from 93 to 120 players throughout the recording), London Voices, London Oratory School Schola boy choir, and many artists such as Ben Del Maestro, Enya, Renée Fleming, James Galway, Annie Lennox and Emilíana Torrini\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings (film series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530368\",\n \"text\": \"The book was released with a companion CD, \\\"The Rarities Archives\\\". The CD has 21 tracks of previously unreleased music created for the films, as well as an audio interview with Howard Shore. The scores and soundtrack albums of the film trilogy have won several awards: ! colspan=\\\"3\\\" style=\\\"background:#fff179;\\\"| \\\"\\\" ! colspan=\\\"3\\\" style=\\\"background:#fff179;\\\"| \\\"\\\" ! colspan=\\\"3\\\" style=\\\"background:#fff179;\\\"| \\\"\\\" Following the theatrical release of each of the films, Howard Shore reworked the music from the films and original soundtrack releases into movements for the concert hall, eventually creating the complete \\\"The Lord of the Rings Symphony\\\", a more structured six-movement work\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"402282\",\n \"text\": \"many heavy metal acts have been influenced by Tolkien. Blind Guardian has written many songs relating to Middle-earth, including the full concept album \\\"Nightfall in Middle Earth\\\". Almost the entire discography of Battlelore are Tolkien-themed. Summoning's music is based upon Tolkien and holds the distinction of the being the only artist to have crafted a song entirely in the Black Speech of Mordor. Gorgoroth, Cirith Ungol and Amon Amarth take their names from an area of Mordor, and Burzum take their name from the Black Speech of Mordor. The Finnish metal band Nightwish and the Norwegian metal band Tristania have\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530309\",\n \"text\": \"operatic vision, Shore used the three scripts and the book itself to write themes even before having film reels to compose to. As a result, Shore spent nearly four years on the composition, compared to a period of 6–8 weeks per film, and a week or two of recording, as practiced by most film composers. For the recording process, which extended over four weeks per film, he composed the music in long suite-like pieces for the orchestra to go through during a day of playing, rather than short cues, lending greater cohesion to the music. Only a few minutes of\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16928162\",\n \"text\": \"Lee Sanders Lee Sanders is an American composer who began his composing career in 2001 with his scores for New Line Cinema's \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" website and CBS's reality-competition show \\\"The Amazing Race\\\". Lee has won six BMI Film and Television Awards for his work, as well as the 2008 Film and Television Music Award for Outstanding Reality Show Score. His credits span dozens of television programs, films and works for theatre, video games and new media such as the 300th episode of Skeptoid with Brian Dunning. Sanders has scored hundreds of episodes of network television, including music\",\n \"title\": \"Lee Sanders\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2095424\",\n \"text\": \"and Dogs\\\" (1996), directed by Michael Lehmann; he also collaborated on two films with Cronenberg, along with Tom Hanks' directorial debut, \\\"That Thing You Do!\\\". Shore also composed the score of the 2000 film \\\"The Cell\\\". Major success came in 2001 with his score to \\\"\\\", the first film in the highly acclaimed \\\"The Lord of the Rings trilogy\\\". The news that Shore would score the trilogy surprised some, since he was primarily associated with dark, ominous films and had never scored an epic of this scale. However, the score was hugely successful and won Shore his first Oscar, as\",\n \"title\": \"Howard Shore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16876832\",\n \"text\": \"an hour-long documentary film created for the behind-the-scenes features of The Desolation of Smaug, and is also to be featured in dedicated book by musicologist Doug Adams, set to be completed in late 2017. With these three scores added to the music of the Lord of the Rings, Howard Shore has composed over 160 leitmotifs for the Middle Earth films, creating by far the largest collection of themes in the history of cinema and one of the biggest collections for any cycle of musical compositions. Howard Shore continued his approach from the music of \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" films,\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Hobbit film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10391960\",\n \"text\": \"Chance Thomas Chance Thomas is an American composer, author, and entrepreneur. As a composer, he creates original music for animation, video games, movies, television, and virtual reality. His music has underscored both critical acclaim and commercial success, including an Oscar, an Emmy, and billions of dollars in sales worldwide. Chance is best known for scoring video games like \\\"DOTA 2, The Lord of the Rings Online\\\" and \\\"James Cameron’s Avatar\\\". He also scored Columbia Pictures’ \\\"The ChubbChubbs!\\\", which won an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film, and TV movie \\\"Lost Treasure Hunt\\\", which was nominated for two Emmy Awards.\",\n \"title\": \"Chance Thomas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8364693\",\n \"text\": \"items have all been moved to ScoringSessions.com. On October 16, 2011, SoundtrackNet was purchased by Box Office Mojo co-founder Sean Saulsbury, and renamed to Soundtrack.Net. On July 22, 2000, SoundtrackNet broke the news about Howard Shore being assigned to score \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" film trilogy. On October 14, 2005, SoundtrackNet revealed that Howard Shore was replaced on Peter Jackson's \\\"King Kong\\\" by composer James Newton Howard. Soundtrack.Net Soundtrack.Net (originally SoundtrackNet) is a website dedicated to film and television music. Created in 1997 by Amélie E. Koran and Dan Goldwasser at Carnegie Mellon University, Soundtrack.Net has grown over the\",\n \"title\": \"Soundtrack.Net\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2460987\",\n \"text\": \"the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film. The first and third films also won the BAFTA Award for Best Film. The soundtrack for \\\"The Two Towers\\\" did not receive a nomination because of a rule prohibiting a soundtrack including music from a previous soundtrack to be eligible for nomination. This rule was changed in time for \\\"The Return of the King\\\" to receive the Oscar for Best Music Score. The New York Film Critics Circle awarded \\\"The Return of the King\\\" its Best Picture Award at the 2003 Awards Ceremony, hosted by Andrew Johnston, chair of the organization at that\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings (film series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"402281\",\n \"text\": \"the song \\\"Lords of the Ring\\\", while Black Sabbath's song, \\\"The Wizard\\\", which appeared on their debut album, was influenced by Tolkien's hero, Gandalf. Progressive rock group Camel paid homage to the text in their lengthy composition \\\"Nimrodel/The Procession/The White Rider\\\", and progressive rock band Barclay James Harvest was inspired by the character Galadriel to write a song by that name, and used \\\"Bombadil\\\", the name of another character, as a pseudonym under which their 1972 single \\\"Breathless\\\"/\\\"When the City Sleeps\\\" was released; there are other references scattered through the BJH oeuvre. Later, from the 1980s to the present day,\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16876841\",\n \"text\": \"did the orchestrations based on mock-ups and detailed sketches handed over from Shore. The London Voices and London Tiffin' Boys choir provided the choral and soloist parts for all films. Several of the end credits songs were orchestrated by Victoria Kelly (under Shore's supervision) and performed by the London Metropolitan Orchestra, conducted by Robert Ziegler. The London Voices, boy choir and Metropolitan Orchestra were recorded at Abbey Road and AIR Lyndhurst. In \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" original soundtrack releases, several pieces of music have been edited out of their film order so as to create a concert-like program, with\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Hobbit film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17784844\",\n \"text\": \"entire score for the extended versions of the film on CD, along with an additional DVD-Audio disc that offers 2.0 stereo and 5.1 surround mixes of the soundtrack. The album also featured extensive liner notes by music journalist Doug Adams which reviews all of the tracks and provides information about the process of composing and recording the score, as well as a detailed list of all musical instruments, people and organizations involved. The cover artwork uses the film series' logo and an inscription in Tolkien's tengwar letters, over a background that depicts Rohan and Fangorn in dark blue. Additional music\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14969419\",\n \"text\": \"Doug Adams (music journalist) Doug Adams is a musician, author, lecturer, and educator. He is the author of \\\"The Music of the Lord of the Rings Films\\\", a book about the music in \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" films. Adams previously worked for Film Score Monthly where, among other articles, he wrote extensive analyses of the themes used in John Williams' Star Wars film scores. After graduate school in 2001, Adams was selected by Howard Shore to observe and document his work on \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" films. Adams spent just under ten years writing the book, \\\"The Music\",\n \"title\": \"Doug Adams (music journalist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10150204\",\n \"text\": \"A.I. Artificial Intelligence (soundtrack) A.I. Artificial Intelligence - Music from the Motion Picture is the film score of the 2001 film of the same name, composed and conducted by John Williams. The original score was composed by Williams and featured singers Lara Fabian on two songs and Josh Groban on one. Soprano Barbara Bonney provided the vocal solos in several tracks. The album was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score (ceding to the score of \\\"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring\\\"), the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score (ceding to the score\",\n \"title\": \"A.I. Artificial Intelligence (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"402288\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" has been mentioned in numerous songs including \\\"The Ballad of Bilbo Baggins\\\" by Leonard Nimoy, Led Zeppelin's \\\"Misty Mountain Hop\\\", \\\"Over the Hills and Far Away\\\", \\\"Ramble On\\\", and \\\"The Battle of Evermore\\\", Genesis' song \\\"Stagnation\\\" (from \\\"Trespass\\\", 1970) was about Gollum, Rush included the song \\\"Rivendell\\\" on their second studio album Fly by Night, and Argent included the song \\\"Lothlorien\\\" on the 1971 album \\\"Ring of Hands\\\". Steve Peregrin Took (born Stephen Ross Porter) of British rock band T. Rex took his name from the hobbit Peregrin Took (better known as Pippin). Took later\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530357\",\n \"text\": \"underscore goes on to accompany most of those diegetic pieces: Mortensen's chant at the coronation is backed by soft choir and strings. \\\"The Edge of Night\\\" features string accompaniment and ends with the clarinet and than the string repeating the melody, so the contributions grow out of the score. Because a lot of the music was being recorded as the film was being edited and because the recordings were subjected to the direction of Peter Jackson, the process took several weeks for each film and produced a variety of alternate takes and changing compositions. Therefore, several pieces of music written\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7280410\",\n \"text\": \"Johan de Meij Johannes Abraham (Johan) de Meij (), born November 23, 1953, in Voorburg, Netherlands, is a Dutch conductor, trombonist, and composer, best known for his \\\"Symphony No. 1\\\", nicknamed \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" symphony. Johan de Meij received his musical training at the Royal Conservatory of The Hague, where he studied trombone and conducting. His Symphony No. 1, \\\"The Lord of the Rings,\\\" received the Sudler Composition Prize and has been recorded by several noteworthy ensembles including The London Symphony Orchestra, The North Netherlands Orchestra, The Nagoya Philharmonic, and The Amsterdam Wind Orchestra. Before turning exclusively to\",\n \"title\": \"Johan de Meij\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7280408\",\n \"text\": \"Johan de Meij Johannes Abraham (Johan) de Meij (), born November 23, 1953, in Voorburg, Netherlands, is a Dutch conductor, trombonist, and composer, best known for his \\\"Symphony No. 1\\\", nicknamed \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" symphony. Johan de Meij received his musical training at the Royal Conservatory of The Hague, where he studied trombone and conducting. His Symphony No. 1, \\\"The Lord of the Rings,\\\" received the Sudler Composition Prize and has been recorded by several noteworthy ensembles including The London Symphony Orchestra, The North Netherlands Orchestra, The Nagoya Philharmonic, and The Amsterdam Wind Orchestra. Before turning exclusively to\",\n \"title\": \"Johan de Meij\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10276301\",\n \"text\": \"in 2006 and was expected to be revived for a world tour in 2015. With a £25 million budget, it is the most expensive production in West End theatre history. London-based theatre producer Kevin Wallace and his partner, Saul Zaentz—stage and film rights holder and producer of the animated film version of 1978—in association with Toronto theatre owner David Mirvish and concert promoter Michael Cohl, produced a stage musical adaptation with a book and lyrics written by Shaun McKenna and Matthew Warchus, and music by A. R. Rahman and Värttinä, collaborating with Christopher Nightingale. The three-and-a-half-hour-long three-act production, with a\",\n \"title\": \"Lord of the Rings (musical)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5966247\",\n \"text\": \"December 5, 2014. Hans Zimmer composed the film score, emphasizing a challenge not to reuse the themes he established with the Batman character from Christopher Nolan's trilogy. Junkie XL, who provided additional music in \\\"Man of Steel,\\\" also returned for this film, helping to compose the theme for Batman. Originally, Zimmer enlisted Junkie XL to compose the Batman material, with Zimmer planning to focus solely on the Superman side of the score, but the final Batman theme was written by both composers as a collaboration. Zimmer noted that he had significant trouble in finding a new angle from which to\",\n \"title\": \"Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11958641\",\n \"text\": \"David Long (New Zealand musician) David Long is a musician, composer and producer. He has worked on all of Peter Jackson’s films of the last decade. In 2009 he composed additional score for Peter Jackson’s \\\"The Lovely Bones\\\". For \\\"\\\" he wrote (in collaboration with Plan 9 Music) ‘Misty Mountain’, a song for the dwarves that also features as the major theme in the score and was used as the basis for the credits song by Neil Finn. He wrote music and created musical sound design for Peter Jackson’s \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" and \\\"King Kong\\\" (also with Plan\",\n \"title\": \"David Long (New Zealand musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530366\",\n \"text\": \"audio and vinyl on 21 September 2018. Howard Shore didn't present the albums with material that was intentionally written for a concert arrangement (although he did present the themes, one by one, to Peter Jackson in the recording process), but he did utilize unused material recorded for earlier edits of the film, edited it and/or added an alternate, \\\"concert\\\" ending in order to create formal presentations of certain thematic pieces. There are straightforward presentations of themes and pieces not written to conform to image, but usually for the finale of the theatrical credits, and for albums of other people involved\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1485968\",\n \"text\": \"shot against bluescreen. The musical score for \\\"The Two Towers\\\" was composed, orchestrated, and conducted by Howard Shore, who also composed the music for the other two films in the series. While the scores for its predecessor and sequel won the Academy Award for Best Score, the soundtrack for \\\"The Two Towers\\\" was not nominated. Initially there was confusion over the score's eligibility due to a new rule applying to sequels, but the Academy did declare it eligible. The score features The London Philharmonic Orchestra, London Voices, The London Oratory School Schola, and several vocal and instrumental soloists, including soprano\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530374\",\n \"text\": \"This trend was followed in the documentation of The Music of The Hobbit, with a 10-minute HD documentary of the score to An Unexpected Journey and a 40-minute one for The Desolation of Smaug, as well an episode of the production diary being dedicated to it. Music of The Lord of the Rings film series The music of \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" film series was composed, orchestrated, conducted and produced by Howard Shore. The scores are often considered to represent one of the greatest achievements in the history of film music in terms of length of the score, the\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10391966\",\n \"text\": \"(2001). When Sierra Online closed the doors of its California studio in 1998, Chance opened HUGEsound, located just outside Yosemite National Park. Projects scored during that time included the Oscar-winning film, \\\"The ChubbChubbs!\\\", and games like \\\"Peter Jackson’s King Kong\\\", , and \\\"Lord of the Rings Online\\\". In 2007, Chance relocated HUGEsound to Utah and continued to compose for high-profile game titles like \\\"\\\", \\\"Heroes of Might and Magic\\\", and \\\"DOTA 2.\\\" Chance Thomas' \\\"Lord of the Rings Online\\\" (LOTRO) scores are among his most acclaimed and documented work so far. Each of his compositions is based on years of\",\n \"title\": \"Chance Thomas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11114240\",\n \"text\": \"Award. An orchestral version of the piece, orchestrated by Henk de Vlieger, was premiered and recorded in 2001 to coincide with the release of the 2001 film, . In Celebration of the Symphony's 25th anniversary, De Meij conducted the Performance of the piece by the bands of Valparaiso University. Symphony No. 1 \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" Symphony No. 1 \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" is the first symphony for concert band written by Johan de Meij. It premiered in 1988 with the Groot Harmonieorkest van de Belgische Gidsen () conducted by Norbert Nozy. The symphony is based on literary\",\n \"title\": \"Symphony No. 1 \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\"\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530367\",\n \"text\": \"with the music production such as Enya. The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Shore also created a suite for chamber orchestra and flute created for Sir James Galway. The Live to Projection concerts also feature variations of some of those suites as entr'acte music. \\\"The Music of the Lord of the Rings Films\\\" () is a book which was written by Doug Adams and released on 5 October 2010. The book contains a detailed look at the themes and leitmotives in the film's music. It also contains snippets of sheet music and illustrations.\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1265388\",\n \"text\": \"1984 when EMI merged with Thorn Electrical Industries to become Thorn EMI. Abbey Road's success in the scoring business continued after the partnership ended. John Williams and the London Symphony Orchestra used the studios to record the scores of four films from the \\\"Star Wars\\\" franchise from \\\"Return of the Jedi\\\" in 1983 until \\\"Revenge of the Sith\\\" in 2005. All three film scores for \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" film trilogy (\\\"The Fellowship of the Ring\\\", \\\"The Two Towers\\\" and \\\"The Return of the King\\\"), composed by Howard Shore and performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra, were mixed at\",\n \"title\": \"Abbey Road Studios\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530359\",\n \"text\": \"the Days\\\" sung by Annie Lennox, which can be found on a supplementary DVD included with \\\"The Return of the King\\\" soundtrack in some packages released in 2003. If all the new material is compiled together, it would amount to about 14 hours of music. For the three films Shore worked with many vocal and instrumental soloists. Vocal Cast Performers Instrumental Recordings of the score were originally issued on single-disc albums, that closely followed the theatrical release dates of the films or presented earlier versions recorded during the film's editing. The music on the disc was arranged as a concert-piece\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3995647\",\n \"text\": \"of the Rings\\\" film trilogy composed by Howard Shore, as well as original music in Shore's image by Jamie Christopherson and Bill Brown. \\\"The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth (Soundtrack from the Video Game)\\\" was released via digital sellers on August 28, 2006, featuring 22 tracks of cues from the game by Christopherson & Brown spanning 44 minutes. The development environment and \\\"extreme crunch time\\\" for \\\"The Battle for Middle-earth\\\" led to a high-profile labor lawsuit by programmers that was settled by Electronic Arts for US $14.9 million in 2006. In the United States, the computer version\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10276314\",\n \"text\": \"Aragorn becomes King and marries Arwen (\\\"City of Kings\\\"), but Frodo, wearied by his quest, and the great Elves must leave Middle-earth forever and sail to the lands of the West (\\\"Epilogue (Farewells)\\\"). Bidding farewell to their friend, Sam, Merry and Pippin resume their lives in the Shire (\\\"Finale\\\"). Some of the lyrics are directly inspired by Tolkien's novels, poems and related work. 'The Road Goes On' is loosely based on Bilbo's walking song spoken by Bilbo and Frodo in \\\"The Hobbit\\\" and \\\"The Fellowship of the Ring\\\" respectively. 'The Cat and the Moon' takes some of its lyrics from\",\n \"title\": \"Lord of the Rings (musical)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16876839\",\n \"text\": \"to the Mountain. The melody of the \\\"Misty Mountains\\\" song goes on to feature in the underscore. As with \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\", Shore used an immense ensemble, including a large symphony orchestra of 94 to 96-piece; SATBB and boy choirs and featured vocal soloists; additional instruments to augment the orchestra in select passages, and onstage instrumental \\\"bands\\\" - overall over 300-pieces are used. The scores call for: Shore composed the music for the announcment trailer to the first film, but further trailer music written for the film and the following two - which was written by Audiomachine in\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Hobbit film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530336\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Black Rider\\\"), and even the choral Outburst \\\"Mettanna!\\\" from the prologue to the Two Towers is reprised several times. There are several alternate forms of existing themes that never got past the mock-up stage, like an alternate Moria theme, an alternate, major-key version for the Ascension of Gondor, an alternate Frodo's Song and Arwen's Song. The scores contain multiple distinctive variations and fragments of themes, as well as other recurring figures, that do not constitute leitmotives, but nevertheless merit mention. First, there are multiple gestures that are at the basis of some of themes, like the \\\"there and back\",\n \"title\": \"Music of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17784845\",\n \"text\": \"for the film was featured in The Rarities Archive release, attached to Doug Adams' book on the three film scores:Along with about 4 minutes of alternate material from the original release, about 8 minutes of alternates in the fan credits, and some additional alternates, there are about 3:40 minute of finalized music from \\\"The Two Towers\\\". The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (soundtrack) The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on December 10, 2002. It was composed, orchestrated, and conducted by Howard Shore, and performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the\",\n \"title\": \"The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2095439\",\n \"text\": \"Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King\\\". He received his fourth nomination for his work on \\\"Hugo\\\". Shore has also received six Golden Globe nominations, winning three consecutive awards for Best Original Score and Best Original Song - \\\"Into the West\\\" for \\\"\\\" (2003) and \\\"The Aviator\\\" (2004), making him the second composer (after Alan Menken) to have received consecutive Golden Globe Awards for Best Original Score. He also won three consecutive Grammy Awards for Best Score for each of the Lord of the Rings films, and received a second award in 2003 for the song \\\"Into the\",\n \"title\": \"Howard Shore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6322683\",\n \"text\": \"Sergei Prokofiev and Igor Stravinsky in the score to \\\"Star Wars.\\\" Williams relied less and less on references to existing music in the latter seven scores, incorporating more strains of modernist orchestral writing with each progressive score, although occasional nods continue to permeate the music. The love theme from \\\"Empire Strikes Back\\\" is closely related to Williams' composition for \\\"Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark\\\". The score to has clear resemblances to the successful scores of other contemporary composers of the time, namely Howard Shore's \\\"Lord of the Rings\\\", Hans Zimmer's \\\"Gladiator\\\" and Tan Dun's\\\" Crouching Tiger,\",\n \"title\": \"Music of Star Wars\"\n }\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":79092,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":79092,"string":"79,092"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["occupation"],"string":"[\n \"occupation\"\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"why did german workers go on strike in 1923"},"compressed_prompt":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Question:\\nPlease write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Cuno strikes context: Cuno strikes The Cuno strikes were nationwide strikes in Germany against the government of Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno in August 1923. The wave of strikes demanded, eventually with success, the resignation of the Cuno government, which occurred on 12 August 1923, after only nine months. The strikes also buoyed the hopes of the Communist International of an imminent revolution. In January 1923, the Cuno government called for passive resistance of the Belgian and French occupation of the Ruhr region. At the same time, inflation in the Weimar Republic was racing out of control, result of the reparations payments or from the\\n\\nwhy did german workers go on strike in 1923\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 185,\n \"origin_tokens\": 185,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"15784748","text":"Cuno strikes The Cuno strikes were nationwide strikes in Germany against the government of Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno in August 1923. The wave of strikes demanded, eventually with success, the resignation of the Cuno government, which occurred on 12 August 1923, after only nine months. The strikes also buoyed the hopes of the Communist International of an imminent revolution. In January 1923, the Cuno government called for passive resistance of the Belgian and French occupation of the Ruhr region. At the same time, inflation in the Weimar Republic was racing out of control, result of the reparations payments or from the","title":"Cuno strikes"},{"id":"15784755","text":"ignored by the local KPD leadership) and the local insurrection took place, as planned. Cuno strikes The Cuno strikes were nationwide strikes in Germany against the government of Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno in August 1923. The wave of strikes demanded, eventually with success, the resignation of the Cuno government, which occurred on 12 August 1923, after only nine months. The strikes also buoyed the hopes of the Communist International of an imminent revolution. In January 1923, the Cuno government called for passive resistance of the Belgian and French occupation of the Ruhr region. At the same time, inflation in the Weimar","title":"Cuno strikes"},{"id":"4735554","text":"officials. Some theories assert that to pay for passive resistance in the Ruhr, the German government began the hyperinflation that destroyed the German economy in 1923. Others state that the road to hyperinflation was well established before with the reparation payments that started on November 1921, see 1920s German inflation. In the face of economic collapse, with high unemployment and hyperinflation, the strikes were eventually called off in September 1923 by the new Gustav Stresemann coalition government, which was followed by a state of emergency. Despite this, civil unrest grew into riots and coup attempts targeted at the government of","title":"Occupation of the Ruhr"},{"id":"11927203","text":"December, a 15-fold increase. By fall 1922, Germany found itself unable to make reparations payments. The mark was by now practically worthless, making it impossible for Germany to buy foreign exchange or gold using paper marks. Instead, reparations were to be paid in goods such as coal. In January 1923, French and Belgian troops occupied the industrial region of Germany in the Ruhr valley to ensure reparations payments. Inflation was exacerbated when workers in the Ruhr went on a general strike and the German government printed more money to continue paying for their passive resistance. By November 1923, the US","title":"Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic"},{"id":"460444","text":"and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr region, Germany's most productive industrial region at the time, taking control of most mining and manufacturing companies in January 1923. Strikes were called, and passive resistance was encouraged. These strikes lasted eight months, further damaging both the economy and society. The strike prevented some goods from being produced, but one industrialist, Hugo Stinnes, was able to create a vast empire out of bankrupt companies. Because the production costs in Germany were falling almost hourly, the prices for German products were unbeatable. Stinnes made sure that he was paid in dollars, which meant that by","title":"Weimar Republic"},{"id":"15784752","text":"the strikes, supported by some in the SPD, spread from Berlin to other cities and regions, such as Hamburg, Lusatia, Saxony Province as well as the states of Saxony and Thuringia. Factories were occupied by communist workers and factory managements sent fleeing. In the Ruhr Region, there was passive resistance rather than strikes. The response to the strike surpassed even the expectations of the leadership of the KPD. In total, three-and-a-half million workers went on strike indirectly forcing Cuno and his cabinet to resign on 11 August. With the Cuno resignation on 11 August 1923, the strikes soon ended. Workers","title":"Cuno strikes"},{"id":"15784754","text":"the Cuno strikes nurtured, in Moscow, the hope of a German revolution. There had been clashes with police in several cities and dozens of workers had been killed. Leon Trotsky and other Influential members of the Soviet Politburo and the Comintern believed Germany was ready for revolution, but Heinrich Brandler, the head of the KPD, felt the timing was premature. Despite Brandler's misgivings, on 23 August 1923, the Soviet Politburo adopted a plan for a \"German October\", but the attempted coup was cancelled at the last minute. Word of the cancellation did not reach Hamburg in time (or was possibly","title":"Cuno strikes"},{"id":"12796393","text":"1919 and 1923, the Weimar Republic was in crisis and there were many violent conflicts between left- and right-wing elements. The economic situation of the population was rapidly deteriorating and by autumn 1923 hyperinflation was at its peak, which brought gains in popularity to the Communist Party. The Occupation of the Ruhr region further radicalized the political disputes. In August 1923, there was a wave of nationwide strikes against Reichskanzler Wilhelm Cuno. At the end of September, the government declared a state of emergency. On 1 October, the Black Reichswehr attempted the Küstrin Putsch. Two weeks later, on 13 October,","title":"Hamburg Uprising"},{"id":"15784749","text":"costs of the passive resistance, which made local authorities and companies boycott occupation forces while the government paid the wages of those administrations and compensated the coal and steel companies for their losses. The expenses caused the collapse of the Reichsmark, which had already been inflated. During 1923, the mark fell from 21,000 to the US dollar at the beginning of the year to 6 trillion at the end. For German society, the result was complete disaster, as people rushed out to buy things before their money lost its value, and people who had had savings saw them evaporate overnight.","title":"Cuno strikes"},{"id":"1486218","text":"were then strikes in the Krupp factory. On January 11, 1923, the Occupation of the Ruhr was carried out by the invasion of French and Belgian troops into the Ruhr. The French Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré was convinced that Germany failed to comply the demands of the Treaty of Versailles. On the morning of March 31, 1923 it came to the sad culmination of this French-German confrontation. A small French military command, occupied the Krupp car hall to seize several vehicles. This event called 13 deaths and 28 injured. The occupation of the Ruhr ended in summer 1925. Heinrich Maria","title":"Essen"},{"id":"936540","text":"of Versailles formed part of the demilitarized Rhineland. In January 1923 the whole Ruhrgebiet was occupied as a reprisal after Germany failed to fulfill World War I reparation payments as agreed in the Versailles Treaty. The German government responded with \"\"passive resistance\"\", letting workers and civil servants refuse orders and instructions by the occupation forces. Production and transport came to a standstill and the financial consequences contributed to German hyperinflation and ruined public finances in Germany and France, as well as several other countries. Passive resistance was called off in late 1923, allowing Germany to implement a currency reform and","title":"Ruhr"},{"id":"18561191","text":"the French yielded the German side some international sympathy and the French were soon becoming isolated on this issue - on 11 August, the British government sent a harshly critical memorandum to the French which explicitly endorsed the German position that the Ruhr occupation was illegal. However, by that time popular discontent inside Germany against the government and in particular against the spiralling rate of inflation was rising fast. A wave of strikes against the government began in August 1923. Also on 11 August, the Social Democrats consequently brought a motion of no confidence against the government and announced their","title":"Cuno cabinet"},{"id":"460445","text":"mid-1923, his industrial empire was worth more than the entire German economy. By the end of the year, over two hundred factories were working full-time to produce paper for the spiralling bank note production. Stinnes' empire collapsed when the government-sponsored inflation was stopped in November 1923. In 1919, one loaf of bread cost 1 mark; by 1923, the same loaf of bread cost 100 billion marks. Since striking workers were paid benefits by the state, much additional currency was printed, fuelling a period of hyperinflation. The 1920s German inflation started when Germany had no goods to trade. The government printed","title":"Weimar Republic"},{"id":"11111491","text":"and attributed mainly to Senegalese Tirailleurs. The events resulted in a widespread campaign by the German right-wing press, which dubbed them as \"The Black Shame\" (\"Die schwarze Schande\" or \"Die schwarze Schmach\") and depicted them as a form of French humiliation of the German nation. In 1923, in response to German failure to pay reparations under the Treaty of Versailles, France and Belgium occupied the industrial Ruhr area of Germany, most of which lies across the river on the east bank of the Rhine, until 1925. Many Germans were killed during civil disobedience protests. e.g. against dismissal of German officials.","title":"Occupation of the Rhineland"},{"id":"150066","text":"in Bavaria, but conservative elements in other parts of Germany attempted to overthrow the Republic in the Kapp Putsch. It was supported by parts of the \"Reichswehr\" (military) and other conservative, nationalistic and monarchist factions. After a tumultuous period of bloody street fighting in the major industrial centres, the occupation of the Ruhr by Belgian and French troops and the rise of inflation culminating in the hyperinflation of 1922–23, a debt restructuring plan and the creation of a new currency in 1924 ushered in the Golden Twenties, an era of increasing artistic innovation and liberal cultural life. Historians describe the","title":"Germany"},{"id":"2765871","text":"persisted with ruthless strategies aimed at achieving military victory, pursued expansionist and aggressive war goals and subjugated civilian life to the needs of the war and the war economy. For the labour force, that often meant 12-hour work days at minimal wages with inadequate food. The \"Hilfsdienstgesetz\" (Auxiliary Service Law) forced all men not in the armed forces to work. After the outbreak of the Russian February Revolution in 1917, the first organised strikes erupted in German armament factories in March and April, with about 300,000 workers going on strike. The strike was organized by a group called the Revolutionary","title":"German Revolution of 1918–19"},{"id":"165176","text":"Ruhr fight also led to hyperinflation, and many who lost all their fortune would become bitter enemies of the Weimar Republic, and voters of the anti-democratic right. See 1920s German inflation. In September 1923, the deteriorating economic conditions led Chancellor Gustav Stresemann to call an end to the passive resistance in the Ruhr. In November, his government introduced a new currency, the Rentenmark (later: Reichsmark), together with other measures to stop the hyperinflation. In the following six years the economic situation improved. In 1928, Germany's industrial production even regained the pre-war levels of 1913. The national elections of 1924 led","title":"History of Germany"},{"id":"2649391","text":"which resulted from uncertainty concerning the war debts and its adverse effect on the economy. In February, a strike engineered by the more reckless elements of labor among the railway employees paralyzed traffic for six days in North Germany and a part of Baden. It then collapsed, and was followed by disciplinary action against some of the instigators and also those participators in the strike who had been guilty of acts of violence and sabotage. The government, supported by public opinion, held that state employees had no right to strike, and received a vote of confidence on this point in","title":"1922 in Germany"},{"id":"7979779","text":"Hitler and National Socialism’s perceived dependence on the mass mobilization of his people, the “racial” Germans, along with the belief that Germany had lost WW I due to an unstable home front, caused the regime to be peculiarly sensitive to public, collective protests. Hitler recognized the power of collective action, advocated non-compliance toward unworthy authority (e.g. the 1923 French occupation of the Ruhr), and brought his party to power in part by mobilizing public unrest and disorder to further discredit the Weimar Republic. In power, Nazi leadersquickly banned extra-party demonstrations, fearing displays of dissent on open urban spaces might develop","title":"German resistance to Nazism"},{"id":"12796392","text":"Hamburg Uprising The Hamburg Uprising (German: \"Hamburger Aufstand\") was an insurrection during the Weimar Republic in Germany. It was started on 23 October 1923 by one of the most militant sections of the Hamburg district Communist Party (KPD), the \"KP Wasserkante\". From a military point of view, the attempt was futile and it was over within 24 hours. Rebels stormed 24 police stations, 17 in Hamburg and seven in Schleswig-Holstein Province in Prussia. Over 100 people died during the uprising. The exact details of the uprising, as well as the assessment of its impact, are controversial to this day. Between","title":"Hamburg Uprising"},{"id":"15784751","text":"Cuno government. Against the will of KPD party chairwoman Ruth Fischer, Otto Wels, the head of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) was able to forestall a general strike. Pressured by the SPD, a conference of trade unions on 10 August 1923 rejected the call for a general strike, supported the left-wing Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund. The KPD, not accepting the defeat held a meeting of all the revolutionary works councils in Greater Berlin. It called a general strike to bring down the Cuno government but was hindered from publicizing the call widely because its \"Die Rote Fahne\" had been banned. Nevertheless,","title":"Cuno strikes"},{"id":"1589841","text":"needed to rebuild its battered economy. He also wished to recover the Rhineland, as he wrote to the Crown Prince on 23 July 1923: \"The most important objective of German politics is the liberation of German territory from French and Belgian occupation. First, we must remove the strangler from our throat\". Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic would reach its peak in November 1923. Since Germany was no longer able to pay the striking workers, more and more money was printed, which finally led to hyperinflation. Stresemann introduced a new currency, the Rentenmark, to end hyperinflation. He also persuaded the French","title":"Gustav Stresemann"},{"id":"287112","text":"Hitler began planning his own coup. In January 1923, France occupied the Ruhr industrial region as a result of Germany's failure to meet its reparations payments. This led to economic chaos, the resignation of Wilhelm Cuno's government and an attempt by the German Communist Party (KPD) to stage a revolution. The reaction to these events was an upsurge of nationalist sentiment. Nazi Party membership grew sharply to about 20,000. By November, Hitler had decided that the time was right for an attempt to seize power in Munich, in the hope that the \"Reichswehr\" (the post-war German military) would mutiny against","title":"Nazi Party"},{"id":"284635","text":"When the government defaulted on their reparations payments in January 1923, French troops occupied German industrial areas along the Ruhr and widespread civil unrest followed. The National Socialist German Workers' Party (\"Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei\", NSDAP; Nazi Party) was founded in 1920. It was the renamed successor of the German Workers' Party (DAP) formed one year earlier, and one of several far-right political parties then active in Germany. The NSDAP party platform included destruction of the Weimar Republic, rejection of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, radical antisemitism, and anti-Bolshevism. They promised a strong central government, increased \"Lebensraum\" (\"living space\")","title":"Nazi Germany"},{"id":"460504","text":"individuals. The Weimar Republic had some of the most serious economic problems ever experienced by any Western democracy in history. Rampant hyperinflation, massive unemployment, and a large drop in living standards were primary factors. From 1923 to 1929, there was a short period of economic recovery, but the Great Depression of the 1930s led to a worldwide recession. Germany was particularly affected because it depended heavily on American loans. In 1926, about 2 million Germans were unemployed, which rose to around 6 million in 1932. Many blamed the Weimar Republic. That was made apparent when political parties on both right","title":"Weimar Republic"},{"id":"2525806","text":"Wilhelm Cuno Wilhelm Carl Josef Cuno (2 July 1876 – 3 January 1933) was a German businessman and politician who was the Chancellor of Germany from 1922 to 1923, for a total of 264 days. His tenure included the episode known as the Occupation of the Ruhr by French and Belgian troops and the period in which inflation in Germany accelerated notably, heading towards hyperinflation. Cuno was also general director of the Hapag shipping company. Wilhelm Carl Josef Cuno was born on 2 July 1876 in Suhl, in what was then Prussian Saxony and is now in Thuringia. He was","title":"Wilhelm Cuno"},{"id":"7330607","text":"pounds. German reparations payments ended in 1931. The war and the treaty were followed by the Hyper-inflation of the early 1920s that wreaked havoc on Germany's social structure and political stability. During that inflation, the value of the nation's currency, the Papiermark, collapsed from 8.9 per US$1 in 1918 to 4.2 trillion per US$1 by November 1923. Prosperity reigned 1923–29, supported by large bank loans from New York. The Great Depression struck Germany hard, starting in late 1929. There were no new American loans. Unemployment soared, especially in larger cities, fueling extremism and violence on the far right and far","title":"Economic history of Germany"},{"id":"15404338","text":"January 1919. By the early 1920s the party was renamed the National Socialist German Workers' Party – to attract workers away from left-wing parties such as the Social Democrats (SPD) and the Communists (KPD) – and Adolf Hitler assumed control of the organization. The National Socialist Program or \"25 Points\" was adopted in 1920 and called for a united Greater Germany that would deny citizenship to Jews or those of Jewish descent, while also supporting land reform and the nationalization of some industries. In \"Mein Kampf\" (\"My Struggle\"; 1924–1925), Hitler outlined the anti-Semitism and anti-Communism at the heart of his","title":"Nazism"},{"id":"15449460","text":"signed the Weimar Constitution into law on 11 August 1919. On 11 January 1923, the Belgian and French Army initiated the Occupation of the Ruhr that would last until 25 August 1925, in response to the failure of the Weimar Republic to pay the World War I reparations in the aftermath of World War I. In May 1923, Justice Minister Rudolf Heinze (DVP) under Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno attempted to replace the jury system with large lay judge (') courts but was defeated in the Reichstag. An Article 48 (of the Weimar Constitution) state of emergency was proclaimed by President Ebert","title":"Emminger Reform"},{"id":"15090147","text":"in January 1923, widespread civil unrest was the result. Hitler decided the time was ripe to attempt to seize control of the government with a \"coup d'état\" modelled on Benito Mussolini's 1922 March on Rome. Hess was with Hitler on the night of 8 November 1923 when he and the SA stormed a public meeting organised by Bavaria's de facto ruler, \"Staatskommissar\" (state commissioner) Gustav von Kahr, in the \"Bürgerbräukeller\", a large beer hall in Munich. Brandishing a pistol, Hitler interrupted Kahr's speech and announced that the national revolution had begun, declaring the formation of a new government with World","title":"Rudolf Hess"},{"id":"140094","text":"the Fascists. The Nazis, led by Hitler and the German war hero Erich Ludendorff, attempted a \"March on Berlin\" modeled upon the March on Rome, which resulted in the failed Beer Hall Putsch in Munich in November 1923. The conditions of economic hardship caused by the Great Depression brought about an international surge of social unrest. According to historian Philip Morgan, \"the onset of the Great Depression...was the greatest stimulus yet to the diffusion and expansion of fascism outside Italy\". Fascist propaganda blamed the problems of the long depression of the 1930s on minorities and scapegoats: “Judeo-Masonic-bolshevik” conspiracies, left-wing internationalism","title":"Fascism"},{"id":"4804123","text":"as a response to the failure of the German to ship enough coal as part of its reparations, France (and Belgium) occupied the industrial region of the Ruhr. Germany responded with passive resistance including printing vast amounts of marks to pay for the occupation, thereby causing runaway inflation. Inflation heavily damaged the German middle class (because their bank accounts became worthless) but it also damaged the French franc. France fomented a separatist movement pointing to an independent buffer state, but it collapsed after some bloodshed. The intervention was a failure, and in summer 1924 France accepted the American solution to","title":"Economic history of France"},{"id":"7979785","text":"church protests were in defense of traditions rather than an attack on the regime, they nonetheless had political consequences, the official said, with many perceiving the clergy as anti-Nazi, and a “great danger of the issue spilling over from a church affair into the political arena”. Hitler recognized that workers, through repeated strikes, might force approval of their demands and he made concessions to workers in order to preempt unrest; yet the rare but forceful public protests the regime faced were by women and Catholics, primarily. Some of the earliest work on resistance examined the Catholic record, including most spectacularly","title":"German resistance to Nazism"},{"id":"1324910","text":"units involved in the coup. On 11 January 1923, the Occupation of the Ruhr was carried out by the invasion of French and Belgian troops into the Ruhr. The French Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré was convinced that Germany failed to comply the demands of the Treaty of Versailles. On the morning of 31 March 1923, it came to the sad culmination of this French-German confrontation. Under Nazi Germany, the Old Synagogue opened in 1900 was destroyed in 1938. With a capacity of 1,300 seats, it was one of the largest Jewish houses of worship in Germany. Also, the Aplerbeck Hospital","title":"Dortmund"},{"id":"11711691","text":"Economy of Nazi Germany The German economy, like those of many other western nations, suffered the effects of the Great Depression with unemployment soaring around the Wall Street Crash of 1929. When Adolf Hitler became Chancellor in 1933, he introduced policies aimed at improving the economy. The changes included privatization of state industries, autarky, and tariffs on imports. Wages increased by 10.9% in real terms during this period. However, reduced foreign trade meant rationing in consumer goods like poultry, fruit, and clothing for many Germans. The Nazis believed in war as the primary engine of human progress, and argued that","title":"Economy of Nazi Germany"},{"id":"2055322","text":"impact of necessity. Poincaré decided to occupy the Ruhr on 11 January 1923, to extract the reparations himself. This, according to historian Sally Marks, \"was profitable and caused neither the German hyperinflation, which began in 1922 and ballooned because of German responses to the Ruhr occupation, nor the franc's 1924 collapse, which arose from French financial practices and the evaporation of reparations.\" The profits, after Ruhr-Rhineland occupation costs, were nearly 900 million gold marks. During the Ruhr crisis, Poincaré received a message from Édouard Herriot, who had been in close contact with the Soviet Foreign Commissar Georgy Chicherin that the","title":"Raymond Poincaré"},{"id":"6279563","text":"Golden Twenties The Golden Twenties, also known as The Happy Twenties, is the decade of the 1920s in Germany. The era began with the end of World War I and ended with the Wall Street Crash of 1929. The German term (\"Goldene Zwanziger\") is often applied to that country's experience of healthy economic growth, expansion of liberal values in society, and spurt in experimental and creative efforts in the field of art. Before this period, the Weimar Republic had experienced record-breaking levels of inflation of one trillion percent between January 1919 and November 1923. The inflation was so severe that","title":"Golden Twenties"},{"id":"165175","text":"the two signatories mutually cancelled all pre-war debts and renounced war claims. When Germany defaulted on its reparation payments, French and Belgian troops occupied the heavily industrialised Ruhr district (January 1923). The German government encouraged the population of the Ruhr to passive resistance: shops would not sell goods to the foreign soldiers, coal-miners would not dig for the foreign troops, trams in which members of the occupation army had taken seat would be left abandoned in the middle of the street. The passive resistance proved effective, insofar as the occupation became a loss-making deal for the French government. But the","title":"History of Germany"},{"id":"2649393","text":"Whit Monday, and the stabbing of journalist Maximilian Harden on July 3. The feeling aroused found vent in great demonstrations on the part of the republican section of the population, especially among the working classes. In certain places, \"e.g.\", Zwickau, near Magdeburg, Freiburg, Darmstadt, etc., violent exhibitions of popular resentment erupted, at times accompanied by bloodshed. The republican authorities acted with great energy, and proclaimed relentless warfare against the \"Right\". An order (invoking the infamous Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution) was issued investing the government with extraordinary powers to cope with the emergency. A few days later it was","title":"1922 in Germany"},{"id":"405621","text":"economy on the treaty, and some economists estimated that the reparations accounted for as much as one-third of the hyper-inflation. In March 1921, French and Belgian troops occupied Duisburg, which formed part of the demilitarized Rhineland, according to the Treaty of Versailles. In January 1923, French and Belgian forces occupied the rest of the Ruhr area as a reprisal after Germany failed to fulfill reparation payments demanded by the Versailles Treaty. The German government answered with \"passive resistance\", which meant that coal miners and railway workers refused to obey any instructions by the occupation forces. Production and transportation came to","title":"Treaty of Versailles"},{"id":"433522","text":"that crime levels within the economy will increase. A 2015 study published in \"The Lancet\", estimates that unemployment causes 45,000 suicides a year globally. High levels of unemployment can be causes of civil unrest, in some cases leading to revolution, and particularly totalitarianism. The fall of the Weimar Republic in 1933 and Adolf Hitler's rise to power, which culminated in World War II and the deaths of tens of millions and the destruction of much of the physical capital of Europe, is attributed to the poor economic conditions in Germany at the time, notably a high unemployment rate of above","title":"Unemployment"},{"id":"4735549","text":"occupation of the Ruhr in January 1923. Particularly galling to the French was that the timber quota the Germans defaulted on was based on an assessment of their capacity the Germans made themselves and subsequently lowered. The Allies believed that the government of Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno had defaulted on the timber deliveries deliberately as a way of testing the will of the Allies to enforce the treaty. The entire conflict was further exacerbated by a German default on coal deliveries in early January 1923, which was the thirty-fourth coal default in the previous thirty-six months. The French Premier Raymond Poincaré","title":"Occupation of the Ruhr"},{"id":"540176","text":"had been humiliated as a result of the Treaty of Versailles, which included a war guilt clause and forced Germany to pay enormous reparations payments and forfeit territories formerly controlled by German Empire and all its colonies. The pressure of the reparations on the German economy led to hyperinflation during the early 1920s. In 1923 the French occupied the Ruhr region when Germany defaulted on its reparations payments. Although Germany began to improve economically in the mid-1920s, the Great Depression created more economic hardship and a rise in political forces that advocated radical solutions to Germany's woes. The Nazis, under","title":"Axis powers"},{"id":"9793488","text":"French sponsorship. Dorten moved to France at the end of 1923 and later took French Citizenship. During 1923, Germany was shaken by adverse international developments and by a dramatic further deterioration in the economic climate: the year was one of crises. The German government fell into arrears with war reparations payments. In response, on 8 March 1921, French and Belgian troops moved in to occupy Duisburg and Düsseldorf. On 9 January 1923 the Reparations Commission determined that Germany had willfully held back from making payments due, and two days later troops occupied the rest of the Ruhr Area: thus the","title":"Rhenish Republic"},{"id":"2649392","text":"the Reichstag. A frivolous strike of the Berlin municipal workers, which left the capital without light, water, and electricity, ended after three days with an unconditional resumption of work. Food disturbances broke out at some places in the summer, but they were easily suppressed. More disturbing to the peace of the republic were the subterraneous movements which were forming in anti-republican circles. The preceding year had been marked by the murder of Matthias Erzberger. This year was marked by the aforementioned murder of Walther Rathenau, an attempt to poison Philipp Scheidemann, the lord mayor of Kassel, with prussic acid on","title":"1922 in Germany"},{"id":"11927214","text":"loans or taxes the resources they required, have printed notes for the balance.\" It was during then that French and British economic experts began to claim that Germany deliberately destroyed its economy to avoid war reparations, but both governments had conflicting views on how to handle the situation. The French declared that Germany should keep paying reparations, but Britain sought to grant a moratorium to allow financial reconstruction. Reparations accounted for about a third of the German deficit from 1920 to 1923 and so were cited by the German government as one of the main causes of hyperinflation. Other causes","title":"Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic"},{"id":"15784750","text":"Considerable portions of the labour movement were as or even more opposed to the German government than to the French occupying forces. Their motto was \"Beat Cuno and Poincaré at the Ruhr and at the Spree!\" A labour dispute in the Berlin printing industry triggered a wildcat strike, instigated by the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). The Reich printing plant was also affected, causing the banknote presses to be stopped and, before long, a noticeable lack of paper money. Workers from power stations, construction and the Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe joined the strike. The wave of strikes demanded the resignation of the","title":"Cuno strikes"},{"id":"150067","text":"period between 1924 and 1929 as one of \"partial stabilisation.\" The worldwide Great Depression hit Germany in 1929. After the federal election of 1930, Chancellor Heinrich Brüning's government was enabled by President Paul von Hindenburg to act without parliamentary approval. Brüning's government pursued a policy of fiscal austerity and deflation which caused high unemployment of nearly 30% by 1932. The Nazi Party led by Adolf Hitler won the special federal election of 1932. After a series of unsuccessful cabinets, Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933. After the Reichstag fire, a decree abrogated basic civil rights","title":"Germany"},{"id":"11711751","text":"reading Economy of Nazi Germany The German economy, like those of many other western nations, suffered the effects of the Great Depression with unemployment soaring around the Wall Street Crash of 1929. When Adolf Hitler became Chancellor in 1933, he introduced policies aimed at improving the economy. The changes included privatization of state industries, autarky, and tariffs on imports. Wages increased by 10.9% in real terms during this period. However, reduced foreign trade meant rationing in consumer goods like poultry, fruit, and clothing for many Germans. The Nazis believed in war as the primary engine of human progress, and argued","title":"Economy of Nazi Germany"},{"id":"460447","text":"1923. This led to further criticism of the Republic. On 15 November 1923, a new currency, the \"Rentenmark\", was introduced at the rate of one trillion (1,000,000,000,000) \"Papiermark\" for one \"Rentenmark\", an action known as redenomination. At that time, one U.S. dollar was equal to 4.2 \"Rentenmark\". Reparation payments were resumed, and the Ruhr was returned to Germany under the Locarno Treaties, which defined the borders between Germany, France, and Belgium. The Republic was soon under attack from both left- and right-wing sources. The radical left accused the ruling Social Democrats of having betrayed the ideals of the workers' movement","title":"Weimar Republic"},{"id":"3358903","text":"in 1939, the extent of these problems cannot explain aggression against Poland and the reasons for the outbreak of war were due to the choices made by the Nazi leadership. Mason had argued that the German working-class was always to the Nazi dictatorship; that in the over-heated German economy of the late 1930s, German workers could force employers to grant higher wages by leaving for another firm that would grant the desired wage increases; that this was a form of political resistance and this resistance forced Adolf Hitler to go to war in 1939. Thus, the outbreak of the Second","title":"Causes of World War II"},{"id":"11927218","text":"quickly. That increased monetary velocity and caused an ever-faster increase in prices, creating a vicious cycle. The government and the banks had two unacceptable alternatives. If they stopped inflation, there would be immediate bankruptcies, unemployment, strikes, hunger, violence, collapse of civil order, insurrection and possibly even revolution. If they continued the inflation, they would default on their foreign debt. However, attempting to avoid both unemployment and insolvency ultimately failed when Germany had both. Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic Hyperinflation affected the German Papiermark, the currency of the Weimar Republic, between 1921 and 1923. It caused considerable internal political instability in","title":"Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic"},{"id":"433523","text":"20%; see Great Depression in Central Europe for details. Note that the hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic is not directly blamed for the Nazi rise—the Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic occurred primarily in the period 1921–23, which was contemporary with Hitler's Beer Hall Putsch of 1923, and is blamed for damaging the credibility of democratic institutions, but the Nazis did not assume government until 1933, ten years after the hyperinflation but in the midst of high unemployment. Rising unemployment has traditionally been regarded by the public and media in any country as a key guarantor of electoral defeat for any","title":"Unemployment"},{"id":"20082082","text":"Germany, and seriously weakened the new democratic regime. When Germany defaulted on its reparation payments, French and Belgian troops occupied the heavily industrialised Ruhr district (January 1923). The German government encouraged the population of the Ruhr to passive resistance: shops would not sell goods to the foreign soldiers, coal-mines would not dig for the foreign troops, trams in which members of the occupation army had taken seat would be left abandoned in the middle of the street. The passive resistance proved effective, insofar as the occupation became a loss-making deal for the French government. But the Ruhr fight also led","title":"History of German foreign policy"},{"id":"460463","text":"global capital of fashion. Germany was more susceptible to Americanization, because of the close economic links brought about by the Dawes plan. In 1929, three years after receiving the 1926 Nobel Peace Prize, Stresemann died of a heart attack at age 51. When the New York Stock Exchange crashed in October, 1929, American loans dried up and the sharp decline of the German economy brought the \"Golden Twenties\" to an abrupt end. A wide range of progressive social reforms were carried out during and after the revolutionary period. In 1919, legislation provided for a maximum working 48-hour workweek, restrictions on","title":"Weimar Republic"},{"id":"12796400","text":"the votes rise from 12% to about 20%, though it quickly dropped back to around 12% in 1928. Hamburg Uprising The Hamburg Uprising (German: \"Hamburger Aufstand\") was an insurrection during the Weimar Republic in Germany. It was started on 23 October 1923 by one of the most militant sections of the Hamburg district Communist Party (KPD), the \"KP Wasserkante\". From a military point of view, the attempt was futile and it was over within 24 hours. Rebels stormed 24 police stations, 17 in Hamburg and seven in Schleswig-Holstein Province in Prussia. Over 100 people died during the uprising. The exact","title":"Hamburg Uprising"},{"id":"2765959","text":"against the Weimar Republic and left-wing political opponents. In 1920, the German government was briefly overthrown in a coup organized by Wolfgang Kapp (the Kapp Putsch), and a nationalist government was briefly in power. Mass public demonstrations soon forced this regime out of power. In 1921 and 1922, Matthias Erzberger and Walter Rathenau were shot by members of the ultra-nationalist Organisation Consul. The newly formed Nazi Party, under the leadership of Adolf Hitler and supported by former German army chief Erich Ludendorff, engaged in political violence against the government and left-wing political forces as well. In 1923, in what is","title":"German Revolution of 1918–19"},{"id":"3591715","text":"new business starts. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially those dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries. Farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few alternative sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most. The Weimar Republic in Germany gave way to two episodes of political and economic turmoil, the first culminated in the German hyperinflation of 1923 and the failed Beer Hall Putsch of that same year. The second convulsion, brought on by","title":"Interwar period"},{"id":"2630890","text":"Wilhelm II's Dutch home at Amerongen. Ebert and his associates were not slow to decide upon the measures to be taken against the reactionaries. They issued an appeal to the working classes to engage in a drastic general strike. The appeal, which was signed by Ebert, Bauer, and Noske, read as follows: The response to this appeal by the working classes was enthusiastic and almost universal. Except in East Prussia and to some extent in Pomerania and Silesia, the Kapp \"government\" obtained scarcely any support in the country; and the Saxon, Bavarian, Württemberg, and Baden governments all rallied to the","title":"1920 in Germany"},{"id":"2765859","text":"Freikorps (nationalist militias) to quell the communist Spartacist uprising of 4–15 January 1919 by force. The same alliance of political forces succeeded in suppressing uprisings of the left in other parts of Germany, with the result that the country was completely pacified by late 1919. Elections for the new Weimar National Assembly were held on 19 January 1919. The revolution ended on 11 August 1919, when the Weimar Constitution was adopted. In the decade after 1900, the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) was the leading force in Germany's labour movement. With 35% of the national votes and 110 seats","title":"German Revolution of 1918–19"},{"id":"450943","text":"politicians] did not make sufficient use of this imposed gift supports the hypothesis that the Weimar Republic suffered from home-made political failure\". Erik Goldstein wrote that in 1921, the payment of reparations caused a crisis and that the occupation of the Ruhr had a disastrous effect on the German economy, resulting in the German Government printing more money as the currency collapsed. Hyperinflation began and printing presses worked overtime to print Reichsbank notes; by November 1923 one US dollar was worth Ferguson writes that the policy of the Economics Minister Robert Schmidt led Germany to avoid economic collapse from 1919","title":"World War I reparations"},{"id":"20948140","text":"order for them to acclimatise themselves to Nazi interference. After World War I, Germany saw the law as a “most respected entity” upon regaining significant stability and confidence from the people. This is often credited to the work of lawyers and judges, most of them Jewish. Hitler was inspired by Mussolini and his march on Rome to gain power in Italy. The attempt began in Bavaria, Munich, on the 8th-9 of November, 1923 and is known as the “failed Beer Hall Putsch”, after being stopped by Bavarian police in Munich with 16 Nazis killed. Hitler’s resulting time in prison was","title":"Law in Nazi Germany"},{"id":"460453","text":"Germany seized the chance to make an ally. Walther Rathenau, the Jewish Foreign Minister who signed the treaty, was assassinated two months later by two ultra-nationalist army officers. Further pressure from the political right came in 1923 with the Beer Hall Putsch, also called the Munich Putsch, staged by the Nazi Party under Adolf Hitler in Munich. In 1920, the German Workers' Party had become the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), or Nazi party, and would become a driving force in the collapse of Weimar. Hitler named himself as chairman of the party in July 1921. On 8 November","title":"Weimar Republic"},{"id":"16672208","text":"1920. The strike brought the economy to a virtual stand-still and, together with the refusal of the bureaucracy to cooperate with the new government, caused the putsch to fail in a matter of days. However, in some parts of Germany, the striking workers refused to return to work and offered armed resistance to the legitimate government of president Ebert and chancellor Bauer. The most significant of these events was the Ruhr Uprising, which was crushed by Reichswehr and \"Freikorps\" in April 1920. After 1920, the former Stewards did not play a notable role in the German labour movement any more.","title":"Revolutionary Stewards"},{"id":"3847779","text":"regional economy of the Ruhr, the industrial heartland of Germany, almost to stop. The occupation authorities reacted with arrests and deportations to strikes and sabotage. Those displaced and left without income by the \"Ruhrkampf\" and their families fell back on public income support. Tax revenues plunged as economic activity slowed. The government covered its need for funds mainly by printing money. As a result, inflation spiked and the Papiermark went into freefall on the currency market. Foreign currency reserves at the Reichsbank dwindled. As hyperinflation took hold, the cabinet of Cuno resigned in August 1923 and was replaced by the","title":"German Rentenmark"},{"id":"2525813","text":"the agreements and on 11 January 1923 ordered troops to occupy the Ruhr (later joined by Belgians). This move, widely seen as illegal even outside Germany, caused the outraged Cuno government to call for passive resistance: Reparation shipments to France and Belgium were stopped, the mines were told not to make any more deliveries to these states, civil servants and Reichsbahn personnel were told to disobey orders by the occupation authorities. The Ruhr economy, the industrial heartland of Germany, came almost to a complete stop. Financial support payments by the Reich government to those inhabitants of the occupied zone affected","title":"Wilhelm Cuno"},{"id":"1816570","text":"demonstrations assumed a mass character. The strike against poor wages and working conditions overnight became a workers' revolution for democratic rights. On 17 June, Soviet tanks had to restore order. This failure delayed German unification and contributed to the fall of Beria. It started when 60 construction workers building the showpiece Stalin-Allee in East Berlin went on strike on 16 June 1953, to demand a reduction in recent work-quota increases. They called for a general strike the next day, 17 June. The general strike and protest marches turned into rioting and spread throughout East Germany. The East German police failed","title":"History of Berlin"},{"id":"12153989","text":"in February 1917 impacted politics in Germany, as it ended the legitimation used by Ebert and other pro-war SPD members that Germany was in the war against a reactionary Russian government. With the overthrow of the Tsar and revolutionary socialist agitation increased in Russia, such events influenced socialists in Germany. With rising bread shortages in Germany amid war rationing, mass strikes occurred beginning in April 1917 with 300,000 strikers taking part in a strike in Berlin. The strikers demanded bread, freedom, peace and the formation of workers' councils as was being done in Russia. Amidst the German public's uproar, the","title":"Social democracy"},{"id":"16334291","text":"Avner Offer suggests that approximately “one-fifth to one-third of food could only be obtained through illegal channels.” Driven by starvation, children would break into barns and loot orchards in search of food. Such disregard for authority effectively doubled the youth crime rate in Germany. Historian G.J. Meyer noted that, according to a report from a prominent Berlin physician, “eighty thousand children had died of starvation in 1916.” Worker strikes were also common during this time as food shortages often directly led to labor unrest. The most notable strike took place in Düsseldorf in the summer of 1917 where workers complained","title":"Turnip Winter"},{"id":"450962","text":"1923, which lay with the German government rather than reparations. According to Slavieck, the \"traditional interpretation of the treaty's impact on Germany\" was that it \"plunged the nation into an economic free fall\". This view was shared by the German people, who believed the treaty was robbing Germany of its wealth. German banker Max Warburg said the terms of the treaty were \"pillage on a global scale\". Niall Ferguson says the German view was incorrect and \"not many historians would today agree with Warburg\". However, several historians agree with Warburg. Norman Davies writes that the treaty forced Germany to \"pay","title":"World War I reparations"},{"id":"15732466","text":"after World War I would intensify the 'psychological' impact of the \"draconian peace\" on the German working class. He countered the right-wing Kapp Putsch of March 1920 by organizing a massive general strike in Germany with about 12 million employees following the joint call of the legal government and the unions. The strike immediately halted all production, transportation, mining and public services, it was \"the strongest mass movement the German proletariat ever created\" and \"gave the Kapp régime its death blow\". At that time he declined Friedrich Ebert’s offer to become Chancellor of Germany. Legien died after a short illness","title":"Carl Legien"},{"id":"17556564","text":"surrender in World War I). The largest was the \"Strike of the 100,000\", which broke out on 10 May 1941 in the Cockerill steel works in Seraing. News of the strike spread rapidly and soon at least 70,000 workers were on strike across the province of. The Germans increased workers' salaries by eight percent and the strike finished rapidly. The Germans repressed later large-scale strikes, though further important strikes occurred in November 1942 and February 1943. Passive resistance, however, could also take the form of much more minor actions, such as offering one's seat in trams to Jews, which was","title":"German occupation of Belgium during World War II"},{"id":"405622","text":"a standstill, but the financial consequences contributed to German hyperinflation and completely ruined public finances in Germany. Consequently, passive resistance was called off in late 1923. The end of passive resistance in the Ruhr allowed Germany to undertake a currency reform and to negotiate the Dawes Plan, which led to the withdrawal of French and Belgian troops from the Ruhr Area in 1925. In 1920, the head of the \"Reichswehr\" Hans von Seeckt clandestinely re-established the General Staff, by expanding the \"Truppenamt\" (Troop Office); purportedly a human resources section of the army. In March, German troops entered the Rhineland under","title":"Treaty of Versailles"},{"id":"460450","text":"in the Reichswehr. On 13 March 1920 during the Kapp Putsch, 12,000 \"Freikorps\" soldiers occupied Berlin and installed Wolfgang Kapp, a right-wing journalist, as chancellor. The national government fled to Stuttgart and called for a general strike against the putsch. The strike meant that no \"official\" pronouncements could be published, and with the civil service out on strike, the Kapp government collapsed after only four days on 17 March. Inspired by the general strikes, a workers' uprising began in the Ruhr region when 50,000 people formed a \"Red Army\" and took control of the province. The regular army and the","title":"Weimar Republic"},{"id":"3358895","text":"for their humiliation on the Weimar Republic. Adolf Hitler, a leader of the Nazi Party, attempted a coup d'état against the republic to establish a Greater German Reich known as the Beer Hall Putsch in 1923. Although this failed, Hitler gained recognition as a national hero amongst the German population. The demilitarized Rhineland and additional cutbacks on military infuriated the Germans. Although it is logical that France would want the Rhineland to be a neutral zone, the fact that France had the power to make that desire happen merely added onto the resentment of the Germans against the French. In","title":"Causes of World War II"},{"id":"3358906","text":"not Hitler's 'will' or 'intentions' that was the most important determinate on German decision-making on foreign policy. Mason argued that the Nazi leaders were deeply haunted by the November Revolution of 1918, and was most unwilling to see any fall in working class living standards out of the fear that it might provoke another November Revolution. According to Mason, by 1939, the \"overheating\" of the German economy caused by rearmament, the failure of various rearmament plans produced by the shortages of skilled workers, industrial unrest caused by the breakdown of German social policies, and the sharp drop in living standards","title":"Causes of World War II"},{"id":"3908766","text":"and merchant interests and the old land-owning and aristocratic interests. Natural factors included widespread drought in the early 1830s, and again in the 1840s, and a food crisis in the 1840s. Further complications emerged as a result of a shift in industrialization and manufacturing; as people sought jobs, they left their villages and small towns to work during the week in the cities, returning for a day and a half on weekends. The economic, social and cultural dislocation of ordinary people, the economic hardship of an economy in transition, and the pressures of meteorological disasters all contributed to growing problems","title":"Unification of Germany"},{"id":"18904681","text":"a social revolution was to be prevented and the state order must be upheld at any cost. In 1919 the Spartacist uprising challenged the power of the SPD government, but it was put down in blood and the German Communist leaders Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg were assassinated. Communist regimes briefly held power under Béla Kun in Hungary and under Kurt Eisner in Bavaria. There were further revolutionary movements in Germany until 1923, as well as in Vienna, and also in the industrial centres of northern Italy. In this period few Communists doubted, least of all Lenin and Trotsky, that","title":"History of socialism"},{"id":"20056457","text":"of its reparations, France (and Belgium) occupied the industrial region of the Ruhr. Germany responded with passive resistance including printing vast amounts of marks to pay for the occupation, thereby causing runaway inflation. Inflation heavily damaged the German middle class (because their bank accounts became worthless) but it also damaged the French franc. France fomented a separatist movement pointing to an independent buffer state, but it collapsed after some bloodshed. The intervention was a failure, and in summer 1924 France accepted the American solution to the reparations issues, as expressed in the Dawes Plan. In the 1920s, France established an","title":"International relations (1919–1939)"},{"id":"15338222","text":"February strike The February Strike () was a general strike in the German-occupied Netherlands during World War II, organized by the then-outlawed Communist Party of the Netherlands in defence of persecuted Dutch Jews and against the anti-Jewish measures and activities of the Nazis in general. The direct causes were a series of arrests and pogroms held by the Germans in the Jewish neighbourhood of Amsterdam. It started on 25 February 1941 and lasted for two days; on 26 February, 300,000 people joined the strike. The strike was harshly suppressed by the Germans after three days. The 1941 February Strike is","title":"February strike"},{"id":"284639","text":"blaze. Hitler proclaimed that the arson marked the start of a communist uprising. The Reichstag Fire Decree, imposed on 28 February 1933, rescinded most civil liberties, including rights of assembly and freedom of the press. The decree also allowed the police to detain people indefinitely without charges or a court order. The legislation was accompanied by a propaganda campaign that led to public support for the measure. Violent suppression of communists by the SA was undertaken nationwide and 4,000 members of the Communist Party of Germany were arrested. In March 1933, the Enabling Act, an amendment to the Weimar Constitution,","title":"Nazi Germany"},{"id":"11927197","text":"Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic Hyperinflation affected the German Papiermark, the currency of the Weimar Republic, between 1921 and 1923. It caused considerable internal political instability in the country, the occupation of the Ruhr by France and Belgium as well as misery for the general populace. To pay for the large costs of the ongoing First World War, Germany suspended the gold standard (the convertibility of its currency to gold) when the war broke out. Unlike the French Third Republic, which imposed its first income tax to pay for the war, German Emperor Wilhelm II and the German parliament decided","title":"Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic"},{"id":"12350909","text":"\"Articulate and energetic, they were able to gather around them many of the new workers who had joined the party.\" In 1923, Fischer appealed to a group of Nazi students, proclaiming that \"Those who call for a struggle against Jewish capital are already, gentlemen, class strugglers, even if they don’t know it. You are against Jewish capital and want to fight the speculators. Very good. Throw down the Jewish capitalists, hang them from the lamp-post, stamp on them.\" Ruth Fischer argued that the Communist Party of Germany leaders were saying: \"In no circumstances must we proclaim the general strike. The","title":"Ruth Fischer"},{"id":"460443","text":"Allied claims. The highly publicised rhetoric of 1919 about paying for all the damages and all the veterans' benefits was irrelevant for the total, but it did determine how the recipients spent their share. Germany owed reparations chiefly to France, Britain, Italy and Belgium; the US Treasury received $100 million. In the early post-war years, inflation was growing at an alarming rate, but the government simply printed more currency to pay debts. By 1923, the Republic claimed it could no longer afford the reparations payments required by the Versailles Treaty, and the government defaulted on some payments. In response, French","title":"Weimar Republic"},{"id":"936539","text":"came out victorious, but during that time, a return to an autocratic state was seen as the only way forward. Large parts of the working class went out on strike, but in the Ruhr, striking workers successfully managed to take government buildings, shocking the rest of Germany. An armed revolt was then instigated, and the Red Guard then installed a branch in the Ruhr. The people there declared the Ruhr an independent, socialist republic, but the Freikorp came back into the scene and put down the movement. In March 1921, French and Belgian troops occupied Duisburg, which under the Treaty","title":"Ruhr"},{"id":"284706","text":"payment, the Reichsbank printed money. Hitler and his economic team expected that the upcoming territorial expansion would provide the means of repaying the soaring national debt. Schacht's administration achieved a rapid decline in the unemployment rate, the largest of any country during the Great Depression. Economic recovery was uneven, with reduced hours of work and erratic availability of necessities, leading to disenchantment with the regime as early as 1934. In October 1933, the Junkers Aircraft Works was expropriated. In concert with other aircraft manufacturers and under the direction of Aviation Minister Göring, production was ramped up industry-wide. From a workforce","title":"Nazi Germany"},{"id":"4735555","text":"the Weimar Republic, including the Beer Hall Putsch. The Rhenish Republic was proclaimed at Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) in October 1923. Though the French did succeed in making their occupation of the Ruhr pay, the Germans through their passive resistance in the Ruhr and the hyperinflation that wrecked their economy, won the world's sympathy, and under heavy Anglo-American financial pressure (the simultaneous decline in the value of the franc made the French very open to pressure from Wall Street and the City), the French were forced to agree to the Dawes Plan of April 1924, which substantially lowered German reparations payments. Under","title":"Occupation of the Ruhr"},{"id":"460455","text":"While in jail, Hitler dictated \"Mein Kampf\", which laid out his ideas and future policies. Hitler now decided to focus on legal methods of gaining power. Gustav Stresemann was \"Reichskanzler\" for 100 days in 1923, and served as foreign minister from 1923–1929, a period of relative stability for the Weimar Republic, known in Germany as \"Goldene Zwanziger\" (\"Golden Twenties\"). Prominent features of this period were a growing economy and a consequent decrease in civil unrest. Once civil stability had been restored, Stresemann began stabilising the German currency, which promoted confidence in the German economy and helped the recovery that was","title":"Weimar Republic"},{"id":"284764","text":"early tribal Germanic gods and the new paganism of the Nazi extremists.\" While no unified resistance movement opposing the Nazi regime existed, acts of defiance such as sabotage and labour slowdowns took place, as well as attempts to overthrow the regime or assassinate Hitler. The banned Communist and Social Democratic parties set up resistance networks in the mid-1930s. These networks achieved little beyond fomenting unrest and initiating short-lived strikes. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler, who initially supported Hitler, changed his mind in 1936 and was later a participant in the July 20 plot. The Red Orchestra spy ring provided information to the","title":"Nazi Germany"},{"id":"3358873","text":"Causes of World War II Among the causes of World War II were Italian fascism in the 1920s, Japanese militarism and invasion of China in the 1930s, and especially the political takeover in 1933 of Germany by Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party and its aggressive foreign policy. The immediate cause was Germany invading Poland on September 1, 1939, and Britain and France declaring war on Germany on September 3, 1939. Problems arose in Weimar Germany that experienced strong currents of revanchism after the Treaty of Versailles that concluded its defeat in World War I in 1918. Dissatisfactions of treaty","title":"Causes of World War II"},{"id":"460454","text":"1923, the \"Kampfbund\", in a pact with Erich Ludendorff, took over a meeting by Bavarian prime minister Gustav von Kahr at a beer hall in Munich. Ludendorff and Hitler declared that the Weimar government was deposed and that they were planning to take control of Munich the following day. The 3,000 rebels were thwarted by the Bavarian authorities. Hitler was arrested and sentenced to five years in prison for high treason, a minimum sentence for the charge. Hitler served less than eight months in a comfortable cell, receiving a daily stream of visitors before his release on 20 December 1924.","title":"Weimar Republic"},{"id":"863309","text":"March 1933) assumption of power by Hitler after the Reichstag fire of 27 February 1933. From its inception, Hitler's régime moved quickly to introduce anti-Jewish policies. Nazi propaganda singled out the 500,000 Jews in Germany, who accounted for only 0.86% of the overall population, as an enemy within who were responsible for Germany's defeat in the First World War and for its subsequent economic disasters, such as the 1920s hyperinflation and Wall Street Crash Great Depression. Beginning in 1933, the German government enacted a series of anti-Jewish laws restricting the rights of German Jews to earn a living, to enjoy","title":"Kristallnacht"},{"id":"165171","text":"allowed. Germany was also required to pay reparations for all civilian damage caused during the war. The humiliating peace terms in the Treaty of Versailles provoked bitter indignation throughout Germany, and seriously weakened the new democratic regime. The greatest enemies of democracy had already been constituted. In December 1918, the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) was founded, and in 1919 it tried and failed to overthrow the new republic. Adolf Hitler in 1919 took control of the new National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), which failed in a coup in Munich in 1923. Both parties, as well as parties supporting","title":"History of Germany"},{"id":"450944","text":"to 1920, but that reparations accounted for most of Germany's deficit in 1921 and 1922 and that reparations were the cause of the hyperinflation. Several historians counter the argument that reparations caused the inflation and collapse of the mark. Gerhard Weinberg writes that Germany refused to pay by, and that doing so destroyed their own currency. Anthony Lentin agrees and writes that inflation was \"a consequence of the war rather than of the peace\" and that hyperinflation was a result of the \"German government's reckless issue of paper money\" during the Allied occupation of the Ruhr. British and French experts","title":"World War I reparations"},{"id":"284634","text":"with a semi-presidential system. During its tenure, it faced numerous problems, including hyperinflation, political extremism including violence from both left- and right-wing paramilitaries, contentious relationships with the Allied victors of World War I, and a series of failed attempts at coalition government by divided political parties. Severe setbacks to the German economy began after the war ended, partly because of reparations payments required under the 1919 Treaty of Versailles. The government printed money to make the payments and to repay the country's war debt, but the resulting hyperinflation led to inflated prices for consumer goods, economic chaos, and food riots.","title":"Nazi Germany"},{"id":"3591728","text":"have a real army, navy, or air force. Reparations were demanded, especially by France, involving shipments of raw materials, as well as annual payments. When Germany defaulted on its reparation payments, French and Belgian troops occupied the heavily industrialised Ruhr district (January 1923). The German government encouraged the population of the Ruhr to passive resistance: shops would not sell goods to the foreign soldiers, coal mines would not dig for the foreign troops, trams in which members of the occupation army had taken seat would be left abandoned in the middle of the street. The German government printed vast quantities","title":"Interwar period"},{"id":"460460","text":"the worst hit nations in the Great Depression. The 1920s saw a remarkable cultural renaissance in Germany. During the worst phase of hyperinflation in 1923, the clubs and bars were full of speculators who spent their daily profits so they would not lose the value the following day. Berlin intellectuals responded by condemning the excesses of capitalism, and demanding revolutionary changes on the cultural scenery. Influenced by the brief cultural explosion in the Soviet Union, German literature, cinema, theatre and musical works entered a phase of great creativity. Innovative street theatre brought plays to the public, and the cabaret scene","title":"Weimar Republic"},{"id":"9793479","text":"Great War was apportioned to (amongst others) the military or simply the French. France, like Germany, had been profoundly traumatised by the Great War and the conduct of her occupation of the left bank of the Rhine was perceived as unsympathetic, even among her Western wartime allies. Increasingly, however, blame was directed against the German government itself, in far-off Berlin. By 1923, as the German currency collapsed, the French occupation forces headquartered at Mainz (under the command of Generals Mangin and Fayolle) were having some success in their encouragement of anti-Berlin separatism in the occupied zones. After 1924, economic hardship","title":"Rhenish Republic"},{"id":"2717163","text":"of the First World War and the imposition of War Reparations at the Treaty of Versailles. As a result, the middle class lost their savings and the working class were unemployed. The Republic ended up printing money to pay its bills which lead to hyperinflation in 1923. The outcome of all of this was women, including the millions of war widows, turned to prostitution. Licentiousness and streetwalkers was common in this period and Weimar Berlin is famed for its decadence. An STD Act was discussed and adopted in 1927, it was accompanied by decriminalisation of prostitution. During the Nazi era,","title":"Prostitution in Germany"},{"id":"2765953","text":"caused an eruption of mass strikes in the Ruhr District, the Rhineland and in Saxony. Members of the USPD, the KPD and even the SPD called for a general strike that started on 4 March. Against the will of the strike leadership, the strikes escalated into street fighting in Berlin. The Prussian state government, which in the meantime had declared a state of siege, called the imperial government for help. Again Noske employed the Gardekavallerie-Schützendivision, commanded by Pabst, against the strikers in Berlin. By the end of the fighting on 16 March, they had killed approximately 1,200 people, many of","title":"German Revolution of 1918–19"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"15784748\",\n \"text\": \"Cuno strikes The Cuno strikes were nationwide strikes in Germany against the government of Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno in August 1923. The wave of strikes demanded, eventually with success, the resignation of the Cuno government, which occurred on 12 August 1923, after only nine months. The strikes also buoyed the hopes of the Communist International of an imminent revolution. In January 1923, the Cuno government called for passive resistance of the Belgian and French occupation of the Ruhr region. At the same time, inflation in the Weimar Republic was racing out of control, result of the reparations payments or from the\",\n \"title\": \"Cuno strikes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15784755\",\n \"text\": \"ignored by the local KPD leadership) and the local insurrection took place, as planned. Cuno strikes The Cuno strikes were nationwide strikes in Germany against the government of Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno in August 1923. The wave of strikes demanded, eventually with success, the resignation of the Cuno government, which occurred on 12 August 1923, after only nine months. The strikes also buoyed the hopes of the Communist International of an imminent revolution. In January 1923, the Cuno government called for passive resistance of the Belgian and French occupation of the Ruhr region. At the same time, inflation in the Weimar\",\n \"title\": \"Cuno strikes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4735554\",\n \"text\": \"officials. Some theories assert that to pay for passive resistance in the Ruhr, the German government began the hyperinflation that destroyed the German economy in 1923. Others state that the road to hyperinflation was well established before with the reparation payments that started on November 1921, see 1920s German inflation. In the face of economic collapse, with high unemployment and hyperinflation, the strikes were eventually called off in September 1923 by the new Gustav Stresemann coalition government, which was followed by a state of emergency. Despite this, civil unrest grew into riots and coup attempts targeted at the government of\",\n \"title\": \"Occupation of the Ruhr\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11927203\",\n \"text\": \"December, a 15-fold increase. By fall 1922, Germany found itself unable to make reparations payments. The mark was by now practically worthless, making it impossible for Germany to buy foreign exchange or gold using paper marks. Instead, reparations were to be paid in goods such as coal. In January 1923, French and Belgian troops occupied the industrial region of Germany in the Ruhr valley to ensure reparations payments. Inflation was exacerbated when workers in the Ruhr went on a general strike and the German government printed more money to continue paying for their passive resistance. By November 1923, the US\",\n \"title\": \"Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460444\",\n \"text\": \"and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr region, Germany's most productive industrial region at the time, taking control of most mining and manufacturing companies in January 1923. Strikes were called, and passive resistance was encouraged. These strikes lasted eight months, further damaging both the economy and society. The strike prevented some goods from being produced, but one industrialist, Hugo Stinnes, was able to create a vast empire out of bankrupt companies. Because the production costs in Germany were falling almost hourly, the prices for German products were unbeatable. Stinnes made sure that he was paid in dollars, which meant that by\",\n \"title\": \"Weimar Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15784752\",\n \"text\": \"the strikes, supported by some in the SPD, spread from Berlin to other cities and regions, such as Hamburg, Lusatia, Saxony Province as well as the states of Saxony and Thuringia. Factories were occupied by communist workers and factory managements sent fleeing. In the Ruhr Region, there was passive resistance rather than strikes. The response to the strike surpassed even the expectations of the leadership of the KPD. In total, three-and-a-half million workers went on strike indirectly forcing Cuno and his cabinet to resign on 11 August. With the Cuno resignation on 11 August 1923, the strikes soon ended. Workers\",\n \"title\": \"Cuno strikes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15784754\",\n \"text\": \"the Cuno strikes nurtured, in Moscow, the hope of a German revolution. There had been clashes with police in several cities and dozens of workers had been killed. Leon Trotsky and other Influential members of the Soviet Politburo and the Comintern believed Germany was ready for revolution, but Heinrich Brandler, the head of the KPD, felt the timing was premature. Despite Brandler's misgivings, on 23 August 1923, the Soviet Politburo adopted a plan for a \\\"German October\\\", but the attempted coup was cancelled at the last minute. Word of the cancellation did not reach Hamburg in time (or was possibly\",\n \"title\": \"Cuno strikes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12796393\",\n \"text\": \"1919 and 1923, the Weimar Republic was in crisis and there were many violent conflicts between left- and right-wing elements. The economic situation of the population was rapidly deteriorating and by autumn 1923 hyperinflation was at its peak, which brought gains in popularity to the Communist Party. The Occupation of the Ruhr region further radicalized the political disputes. In August 1923, there was a wave of nationwide strikes against Reichskanzler Wilhelm Cuno. At the end of September, the government declared a state of emergency. On 1 October, the Black Reichswehr attempted the Küstrin Putsch. Two weeks later, on 13 October,\",\n \"title\": \"Hamburg Uprising\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15784749\",\n \"text\": \"costs of the passive resistance, which made local authorities and companies boycott occupation forces while the government paid the wages of those administrations and compensated the coal and steel companies for their losses. The expenses caused the collapse of the Reichsmark, which had already been inflated. During 1923, the mark fell from 21,000 to the US dollar at the beginning of the year to 6 trillion at the end. For German society, the result was complete disaster, as people rushed out to buy things before their money lost its value, and people who had had savings saw them evaporate overnight.\",\n \"title\": \"Cuno strikes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1486218\",\n \"text\": \"were then strikes in the Krupp factory. On January 11, 1923, the Occupation of the Ruhr was carried out by the invasion of French and Belgian troops into the Ruhr. The French Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré was convinced that Germany failed to comply the demands of the Treaty of Versailles. On the morning of March 31, 1923 it came to the sad culmination of this French-German confrontation. A small French military command, occupied the Krupp car hall to seize several vehicles. This event called 13 deaths and 28 injured. The occupation of the Ruhr ended in summer 1925. Heinrich Maria\",\n \"title\": \"Essen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"936540\",\n \"text\": \"of Versailles formed part of the demilitarized Rhineland. In January 1923 the whole Ruhrgebiet was occupied as a reprisal after Germany failed to fulfill World War I reparation payments as agreed in the Versailles Treaty. The German government responded with \\\"\\\"passive resistance\\\"\\\", letting workers and civil servants refuse orders and instructions by the occupation forces. Production and transport came to a standstill and the financial consequences contributed to German hyperinflation and ruined public finances in Germany and France, as well as several other countries. Passive resistance was called off in late 1923, allowing Germany to implement a currency reform and\",\n \"title\": \"Ruhr\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18561191\",\n \"text\": \"the French yielded the German side some international sympathy and the French were soon becoming isolated on this issue - on 11 August, the British government sent a harshly critical memorandum to the French which explicitly endorsed the German position that the Ruhr occupation was illegal. However, by that time popular discontent inside Germany against the government and in particular against the spiralling rate of inflation was rising fast. A wave of strikes against the government began in August 1923. Also on 11 August, the Social Democrats consequently brought a motion of no confidence against the government and announced their\",\n \"title\": \"Cuno cabinet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460445\",\n \"text\": \"mid-1923, his industrial empire was worth more than the entire German economy. By the end of the year, over two hundred factories were working full-time to produce paper for the spiralling bank note production. Stinnes' empire collapsed when the government-sponsored inflation was stopped in November 1923. In 1919, one loaf of bread cost 1 mark; by 1923, the same loaf of bread cost 100 billion marks. Since striking workers were paid benefits by the state, much additional currency was printed, fuelling a period of hyperinflation. The 1920s German inflation started when Germany had no goods to trade. The government printed\",\n \"title\": \"Weimar Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11111491\",\n \"text\": \"and attributed mainly to Senegalese Tirailleurs. The events resulted in a widespread campaign by the German right-wing press, which dubbed them as \\\"The Black Shame\\\" (\\\"Die schwarze Schande\\\" or \\\"Die schwarze Schmach\\\") and depicted them as a form of French humiliation of the German nation. In 1923, in response to German failure to pay reparations under the Treaty of Versailles, France and Belgium occupied the industrial Ruhr area of Germany, most of which lies across the river on the east bank of the Rhine, until 1925. Many Germans were killed during civil disobedience protests. e.g. against dismissal of German officials.\",\n \"title\": \"Occupation of the Rhineland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"150066\",\n \"text\": \"in Bavaria, but conservative elements in other parts of Germany attempted to overthrow the Republic in the Kapp Putsch. It was supported by parts of the \\\"Reichswehr\\\" (military) and other conservative, nationalistic and monarchist factions. After a tumultuous period of bloody street fighting in the major industrial centres, the occupation of the Ruhr by Belgian and French troops and the rise of inflation culminating in the hyperinflation of 1922–23, a debt restructuring plan and the creation of a new currency in 1924 ushered in the Golden Twenties, an era of increasing artistic innovation and liberal cultural life. Historians describe the\",\n \"title\": \"Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2765871\",\n \"text\": \"persisted with ruthless strategies aimed at achieving military victory, pursued expansionist and aggressive war goals and subjugated civilian life to the needs of the war and the war economy. For the labour force, that often meant 12-hour work days at minimal wages with inadequate food. The \\\"Hilfsdienstgesetz\\\" (Auxiliary Service Law) forced all men not in the armed forces to work. After the outbreak of the Russian February Revolution in 1917, the first organised strikes erupted in German armament factories in March and April, with about 300,000 workers going on strike. The strike was organized by a group called the Revolutionary\",\n \"title\": \"German Revolution of 1918–19\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"165176\",\n \"text\": \"Ruhr fight also led to hyperinflation, and many who lost all their fortune would become bitter enemies of the Weimar Republic, and voters of the anti-democratic right. See 1920s German inflation. In September 1923, the deteriorating economic conditions led Chancellor Gustav Stresemann to call an end to the passive resistance in the Ruhr. In November, his government introduced a new currency, the Rentenmark (later: Reichsmark), together with other measures to stop the hyperinflation. In the following six years the economic situation improved. In 1928, Germany's industrial production even regained the pre-war levels of 1913. The national elections of 1924 led\",\n \"title\": \"History of Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2649391\",\n \"text\": \"which resulted from uncertainty concerning the war debts and its adverse effect on the economy. In February, a strike engineered by the more reckless elements of labor among the railway employees paralyzed traffic for six days in North Germany and a part of Baden. It then collapsed, and was followed by disciplinary action against some of the instigators and also those participators in the strike who had been guilty of acts of violence and sabotage. The government, supported by public opinion, held that state employees had no right to strike, and received a vote of confidence on this point in\",\n \"title\": \"1922 in Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7979779\",\n \"text\": \"Hitler and National Socialism’s perceived dependence on the mass mobilization of his people, the “racial” Germans, along with the belief that Germany had lost WW I due to an unstable home front, caused the regime to be peculiarly sensitive to public, collective protests. Hitler recognized the power of collective action, advocated non-compliance toward unworthy authority (e.g. the 1923 French occupation of the Ruhr), and brought his party to power in part by mobilizing public unrest and disorder to further discredit the Weimar Republic. In power, Nazi leadersquickly banned extra-party demonstrations, fearing displays of dissent on open urban spaces might develop\",\n \"title\": \"German resistance to Nazism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12796392\",\n \"text\": \"Hamburg Uprising The Hamburg Uprising (German: \\\"Hamburger Aufstand\\\") was an insurrection during the Weimar Republic in Germany. It was started on 23 October 1923 by one of the most militant sections of the Hamburg district Communist Party (KPD), the \\\"KP Wasserkante\\\". From a military point of view, the attempt was futile and it was over within 24 hours. Rebels stormed 24 police stations, 17 in Hamburg and seven in Schleswig-Holstein Province in Prussia. Over 100 people died during the uprising. The exact details of the uprising, as well as the assessment of its impact, are controversial to this day. Between\",\n \"title\": \"Hamburg Uprising\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15784751\",\n \"text\": \"Cuno government. Against the will of KPD party chairwoman Ruth Fischer, Otto Wels, the head of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) was able to forestall a general strike. Pressured by the SPD, a conference of trade unions on 10 August 1923 rejected the call for a general strike, supported the left-wing Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund. The KPD, not accepting the defeat held a meeting of all the revolutionary works councils in Greater Berlin. It called a general strike to bring down the Cuno government but was hindered from publicizing the call widely because its \\\"Die Rote Fahne\\\" had been banned. Nevertheless,\",\n \"title\": \"Cuno strikes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1589841\",\n \"text\": \"needed to rebuild its battered economy. He also wished to recover the Rhineland, as he wrote to the Crown Prince on 23 July 1923: \\\"The most important objective of German politics is the liberation of German territory from French and Belgian occupation. First, we must remove the strangler from our throat\\\". Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic would reach its peak in November 1923. Since Germany was no longer able to pay the striking workers, more and more money was printed, which finally led to hyperinflation. Stresemann introduced a new currency, the Rentenmark, to end hyperinflation. He also persuaded the French\",\n \"title\": \"Gustav Stresemann\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"287112\",\n \"text\": \"Hitler began planning his own coup. In January 1923, France occupied the Ruhr industrial region as a result of Germany's failure to meet its reparations payments. This led to economic chaos, the resignation of Wilhelm Cuno's government and an attempt by the German Communist Party (KPD) to stage a revolution. The reaction to these events was an upsurge of nationalist sentiment. Nazi Party membership grew sharply to about 20,000. By November, Hitler had decided that the time was right for an attempt to seize power in Munich, in the hope that the \\\"Reichswehr\\\" (the post-war German military) would mutiny against\",\n \"title\": \"Nazi Party\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"284635\",\n \"text\": \"When the government defaulted on their reparations payments in January 1923, French troops occupied German industrial areas along the Ruhr and widespread civil unrest followed. The National Socialist German Workers' Party (\\\"Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei\\\", NSDAP; Nazi Party) was founded in 1920. It was the renamed successor of the German Workers' Party (DAP) formed one year earlier, and one of several far-right political parties then active in Germany. The NSDAP party platform included destruction of the Weimar Republic, rejection of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, radical antisemitism, and anti-Bolshevism. They promised a strong central government, increased \\\"Lebensraum\\\" (\\\"living space\\\")\",\n \"title\": \"Nazi Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460504\",\n \"text\": \"individuals. The Weimar Republic had some of the most serious economic problems ever experienced by any Western democracy in history. Rampant hyperinflation, massive unemployment, and a large drop in living standards were primary factors. From 1923 to 1929, there was a short period of economic recovery, but the Great Depression of the 1930s led to a worldwide recession. Germany was particularly affected because it depended heavily on American loans. In 1926, about 2 million Germans were unemployed, which rose to around 6 million in 1932. Many blamed the Weimar Republic. That was made apparent when political parties on both right\",\n \"title\": \"Weimar Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2525806\",\n \"text\": \"Wilhelm Cuno Wilhelm Carl Josef Cuno (2 July 1876 – 3 January 1933) was a German businessman and politician who was the Chancellor of Germany from 1922 to 1923, for a total of 264 days. His tenure included the episode known as the Occupation of the Ruhr by French and Belgian troops and the period in which inflation in Germany accelerated notably, heading towards hyperinflation. Cuno was also general director of the Hapag shipping company. Wilhelm Carl Josef Cuno was born on 2 July 1876 in Suhl, in what was then Prussian Saxony and is now in Thuringia. He was\",\n \"title\": \"Wilhelm Cuno\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7330607\",\n \"text\": \"pounds. German reparations payments ended in 1931. The war and the treaty were followed by the Hyper-inflation of the early 1920s that wreaked havoc on Germany's social structure and political stability. During that inflation, the value of the nation's currency, the Papiermark, collapsed from 8.9 per US$1 in 1918 to 4.2 trillion per US$1 by November 1923. Prosperity reigned 1923–29, supported by large bank loans from New York. The Great Depression struck Germany hard, starting in late 1929. There were no new American loans. Unemployment soared, especially in larger cities, fueling extremism and violence on the far right and far\",\n \"title\": \"Economic history of Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15404338\",\n \"text\": \"January 1919. By the early 1920s the party was renamed the National Socialist German Workers' Party – to attract workers away from left-wing parties such as the Social Democrats (SPD) and the Communists (KPD) – and Adolf Hitler assumed control of the organization. The National Socialist Program or \\\"25 Points\\\" was adopted in 1920 and called for a united Greater Germany that would deny citizenship to Jews or those of Jewish descent, while also supporting land reform and the nationalization of some industries. In \\\"Mein Kampf\\\" (\\\"My Struggle\\\"; 1924–1925), Hitler outlined the anti-Semitism and anti-Communism at the heart of his\",\n \"title\": \"Nazism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15449460\",\n \"text\": \"signed the Weimar Constitution into law on 11 August 1919. On 11 January 1923, the Belgian and French Army initiated the Occupation of the Ruhr that would last until 25 August 1925, in response to the failure of the Weimar Republic to pay the World War I reparations in the aftermath of World War I. In May 1923, Justice Minister Rudolf Heinze (DVP) under Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno attempted to replace the jury system with large lay judge (') courts but was defeated in the Reichstag. An Article 48 (of the Weimar Constitution) state of emergency was proclaimed by President Ebert\",\n \"title\": \"Emminger Reform\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15090147\",\n \"text\": \"in January 1923, widespread civil unrest was the result. Hitler decided the time was ripe to attempt to seize control of the government with a \\\"coup d'état\\\" modelled on Benito Mussolini's 1922 March on Rome. Hess was with Hitler on the night of 8 November 1923 when he and the SA stormed a public meeting organised by Bavaria's de facto ruler, \\\"Staatskommissar\\\" (state commissioner) Gustav von Kahr, in the \\\"Bürgerbräukeller\\\", a large beer hall in Munich. Brandishing a pistol, Hitler interrupted Kahr's speech and announced that the national revolution had begun, declaring the formation of a new government with World\",\n \"title\": \"Rudolf Hess\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"140094\",\n \"text\": \"the Fascists. The Nazis, led by Hitler and the German war hero Erich Ludendorff, attempted a \\\"March on Berlin\\\" modeled upon the March on Rome, which resulted in the failed Beer Hall Putsch in Munich in November 1923. The conditions of economic hardship caused by the Great Depression brought about an international surge of social unrest. According to historian Philip Morgan, \\\"the onset of the Great Depression...was the greatest stimulus yet to the diffusion and expansion of fascism outside Italy\\\". Fascist propaganda blamed the problems of the long depression of the 1930s on minorities and scapegoats: “Judeo-Masonic-bolshevik” conspiracies, left-wing internationalism\",\n \"title\": \"Fascism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4804123\",\n \"text\": \"as a response to the failure of the German to ship enough coal as part of its reparations, France (and Belgium) occupied the industrial region of the Ruhr. Germany responded with passive resistance including printing vast amounts of marks to pay for the occupation, thereby causing runaway inflation. Inflation heavily damaged the German middle class (because their bank accounts became worthless) but it also damaged the French franc. France fomented a separatist movement pointing to an independent buffer state, but it collapsed after some bloodshed. The intervention was a failure, and in summer 1924 France accepted the American solution to\",\n \"title\": \"Economic history of France\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7979785\",\n \"text\": \"church protests were in defense of traditions rather than an attack on the regime, they nonetheless had political consequences, the official said, with many perceiving the clergy as anti-Nazi, and a “great danger of the issue spilling over from a church affair into the political arena”. Hitler recognized that workers, through repeated strikes, might force approval of their demands and he made concessions to workers in order to preempt unrest; yet the rare but forceful public protests the regime faced were by women and Catholics, primarily. Some of the earliest work on resistance examined the Catholic record, including most spectacularly\",\n \"title\": \"German resistance to Nazism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1324910\",\n \"text\": \"units involved in the coup. On 11 January 1923, the Occupation of the Ruhr was carried out by the invasion of French and Belgian troops into the Ruhr. The French Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré was convinced that Germany failed to comply the demands of the Treaty of Versailles. On the morning of 31 March 1923, it came to the sad culmination of this French-German confrontation. Under Nazi Germany, the Old Synagogue opened in 1900 was destroyed in 1938. With a capacity of 1,300 seats, it was one of the largest Jewish houses of worship in Germany. Also, the Aplerbeck Hospital\",\n \"title\": \"Dortmund\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11711691\",\n \"text\": \"Economy of Nazi Germany The German economy, like those of many other western nations, suffered the effects of the Great Depression with unemployment soaring around the Wall Street Crash of 1929. When Adolf Hitler became Chancellor in 1933, he introduced policies aimed at improving the economy. The changes included privatization of state industries, autarky, and tariffs on imports. Wages increased by 10.9% in real terms during this period. However, reduced foreign trade meant rationing in consumer goods like poultry, fruit, and clothing for many Germans. The Nazis believed in war as the primary engine of human progress, and argued that\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of Nazi Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2055322\",\n \"text\": \"impact of necessity. Poincaré decided to occupy the Ruhr on 11 January 1923, to extract the reparations himself. This, according to historian Sally Marks, \\\"was profitable and caused neither the German hyperinflation, which began in 1922 and ballooned because of German responses to the Ruhr occupation, nor the franc's 1924 collapse, which arose from French financial practices and the evaporation of reparations.\\\" The profits, after Ruhr-Rhineland occupation costs, were nearly 900 million gold marks. During the Ruhr crisis, Poincaré received a message from Édouard Herriot, who had been in close contact with the Soviet Foreign Commissar Georgy Chicherin that the\",\n \"title\": \"Raymond Poincaré\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6279563\",\n \"text\": \"Golden Twenties The Golden Twenties, also known as The Happy Twenties, is the decade of the 1920s in Germany. The era began with the end of World War I and ended with the Wall Street Crash of 1929. The German term (\\\"Goldene Zwanziger\\\") is often applied to that country's experience of healthy economic growth, expansion of liberal values in society, and spurt in experimental and creative efforts in the field of art. Before this period, the Weimar Republic had experienced record-breaking levels of inflation of one trillion percent between January 1919 and November 1923. The inflation was so severe that\",\n \"title\": \"Golden Twenties\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"165175\",\n \"text\": \"the two signatories mutually cancelled all pre-war debts and renounced war claims. When Germany defaulted on its reparation payments, French and Belgian troops occupied the heavily industrialised Ruhr district (January 1923). The German government encouraged the population of the Ruhr to passive resistance: shops would not sell goods to the foreign soldiers, coal-miners would not dig for the foreign troops, trams in which members of the occupation army had taken seat would be left abandoned in the middle of the street. The passive resistance proved effective, insofar as the occupation became a loss-making deal for the French government. But the\",\n \"title\": \"History of Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2649393\",\n \"text\": \"Whit Monday, and the stabbing of journalist Maximilian Harden on July 3. The feeling aroused found vent in great demonstrations on the part of the republican section of the population, especially among the working classes. In certain places, \\\"e.g.\\\", Zwickau, near Magdeburg, Freiburg, Darmstadt, etc., violent exhibitions of popular resentment erupted, at times accompanied by bloodshed. The republican authorities acted with great energy, and proclaimed relentless warfare against the \\\"Right\\\". An order (invoking the infamous Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution) was issued investing the government with extraordinary powers to cope with the emergency. A few days later it was\",\n \"title\": \"1922 in Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"405621\",\n \"text\": \"economy on the treaty, and some economists estimated that the reparations accounted for as much as one-third of the hyper-inflation. In March 1921, French and Belgian troops occupied Duisburg, which formed part of the demilitarized Rhineland, according to the Treaty of Versailles. In January 1923, French and Belgian forces occupied the rest of the Ruhr area as a reprisal after Germany failed to fulfill reparation payments demanded by the Versailles Treaty. The German government answered with \\\"passive resistance\\\", which meant that coal miners and railway workers refused to obey any instructions by the occupation forces. Production and transportation came to\",\n \"title\": \"Treaty of Versailles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"433522\",\n \"text\": \"that crime levels within the economy will increase. A 2015 study published in \\\"The Lancet\\\", estimates that unemployment causes 45,000 suicides a year globally. High levels of unemployment can be causes of civil unrest, in some cases leading to revolution, and particularly totalitarianism. The fall of the Weimar Republic in 1933 and Adolf Hitler's rise to power, which culminated in World War II and the deaths of tens of millions and the destruction of much of the physical capital of Europe, is attributed to the poor economic conditions in Germany at the time, notably a high unemployment rate of above\",\n \"title\": \"Unemployment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4735549\",\n \"text\": \"occupation of the Ruhr in January 1923. Particularly galling to the French was that the timber quota the Germans defaulted on was based on an assessment of their capacity the Germans made themselves and subsequently lowered. The Allies believed that the government of Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno had defaulted on the timber deliveries deliberately as a way of testing the will of the Allies to enforce the treaty. The entire conflict was further exacerbated by a German default on coal deliveries in early January 1923, which was the thirty-fourth coal default in the previous thirty-six months. The French Premier Raymond Poincaré\",\n \"title\": \"Occupation of the Ruhr\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"540176\",\n \"text\": \"had been humiliated as a result of the Treaty of Versailles, which included a war guilt clause and forced Germany to pay enormous reparations payments and forfeit territories formerly controlled by German Empire and all its colonies. The pressure of the reparations on the German economy led to hyperinflation during the early 1920s. In 1923 the French occupied the Ruhr region when Germany defaulted on its reparations payments. Although Germany began to improve economically in the mid-1920s, the Great Depression created more economic hardship and a rise in political forces that advocated radical solutions to Germany's woes. The Nazis, under\",\n \"title\": \"Axis powers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9793488\",\n \"text\": \"French sponsorship. Dorten moved to France at the end of 1923 and later took French Citizenship. During 1923, Germany was shaken by adverse international developments and by a dramatic further deterioration in the economic climate: the year was one of crises. The German government fell into arrears with war reparations payments. In response, on 8 March 1921, French and Belgian troops moved in to occupy Duisburg and Düsseldorf. On 9 January 1923 the Reparations Commission determined that Germany had willfully held back from making payments due, and two days later troops occupied the rest of the Ruhr Area: thus the\",\n \"title\": \"Rhenish Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2649392\",\n \"text\": \"the Reichstag. A frivolous strike of the Berlin municipal workers, which left the capital without light, water, and electricity, ended after three days with an unconditional resumption of work. Food disturbances broke out at some places in the summer, but they were easily suppressed. More disturbing to the peace of the republic were the subterraneous movements which were forming in anti-republican circles. The preceding year had been marked by the murder of Matthias Erzberger. This year was marked by the aforementioned murder of Walther Rathenau, an attempt to poison Philipp Scheidemann, the lord mayor of Kassel, with prussic acid on\",\n \"title\": \"1922 in Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11927214\",\n \"text\": \"loans or taxes the resources they required, have printed notes for the balance.\\\" It was during then that French and British economic experts began to claim that Germany deliberately destroyed its economy to avoid war reparations, but both governments had conflicting views on how to handle the situation. The French declared that Germany should keep paying reparations, but Britain sought to grant a moratorium to allow financial reconstruction. Reparations accounted for about a third of the German deficit from 1920 to 1923 and so were cited by the German government as one of the main causes of hyperinflation. Other causes\",\n \"title\": \"Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15784750\",\n \"text\": \"Considerable portions of the labour movement were as or even more opposed to the German government than to the French occupying forces. Their motto was \\\"Beat Cuno and Poincaré at the Ruhr and at the Spree!\\\" A labour dispute in the Berlin printing industry triggered a wildcat strike, instigated by the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). The Reich printing plant was also affected, causing the banknote presses to be stopped and, before long, a noticeable lack of paper money. Workers from power stations, construction and the Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe joined the strike. The wave of strikes demanded the resignation of the\",\n \"title\": \"Cuno strikes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"150067\",\n \"text\": \"period between 1924 and 1929 as one of \\\"partial stabilisation.\\\" The worldwide Great Depression hit Germany in 1929. After the federal election of 1930, Chancellor Heinrich Brüning's government was enabled by President Paul von Hindenburg to act without parliamentary approval. Brüning's government pursued a policy of fiscal austerity and deflation which caused high unemployment of nearly 30% by 1932. The Nazi Party led by Adolf Hitler won the special federal election of 1932. After a series of unsuccessful cabinets, Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933. After the Reichstag fire, a decree abrogated basic civil rights\",\n \"title\": \"Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11711751\",\n \"text\": \"reading Economy of Nazi Germany The German economy, like those of many other western nations, suffered the effects of the Great Depression with unemployment soaring around the Wall Street Crash of 1929. When Adolf Hitler became Chancellor in 1933, he introduced policies aimed at improving the economy. The changes included privatization of state industries, autarky, and tariffs on imports. Wages increased by 10.9% in real terms during this period. However, reduced foreign trade meant rationing in consumer goods like poultry, fruit, and clothing for many Germans. The Nazis believed in war as the primary engine of human progress, and argued\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of Nazi Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460447\",\n \"text\": \"1923. This led to further criticism of the Republic. On 15 November 1923, a new currency, the \\\"Rentenmark\\\", was introduced at the rate of one trillion (1,000,000,000,000) \\\"Papiermark\\\" for one \\\"Rentenmark\\\", an action known as redenomination. At that time, one U.S. dollar was equal to 4.2 \\\"Rentenmark\\\". Reparation payments were resumed, and the Ruhr was returned to Germany under the Locarno Treaties, which defined the borders between Germany, France, and Belgium. The Republic was soon under attack from both left- and right-wing sources. The radical left accused the ruling Social Democrats of having betrayed the ideals of the workers' movement\",\n \"title\": \"Weimar Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3358903\",\n \"text\": \"in 1939, the extent of these problems cannot explain aggression against Poland and the reasons for the outbreak of war were due to the choices made by the Nazi leadership. Mason had argued that the German working-class was always to the Nazi dictatorship; that in the over-heated German economy of the late 1930s, German workers could force employers to grant higher wages by leaving for another firm that would grant the desired wage increases; that this was a form of political resistance and this resistance forced Adolf Hitler to go to war in 1939. Thus, the outbreak of the Second\",\n \"title\": \"Causes of World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11927218\",\n \"text\": \"quickly. That increased monetary velocity and caused an ever-faster increase in prices, creating a vicious cycle. The government and the banks had two unacceptable alternatives. If they stopped inflation, there would be immediate bankruptcies, unemployment, strikes, hunger, violence, collapse of civil order, insurrection and possibly even revolution. If they continued the inflation, they would default on their foreign debt. However, attempting to avoid both unemployment and insolvency ultimately failed when Germany had both. Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic Hyperinflation affected the German Papiermark, the currency of the Weimar Republic, between 1921 and 1923. It caused considerable internal political instability in\",\n \"title\": \"Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"433523\",\n \"text\": \"20%; see Great Depression in Central Europe for details. Note that the hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic is not directly blamed for the Nazi rise—the Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic occurred primarily in the period 1921–23, which was contemporary with Hitler's Beer Hall Putsch of 1923, and is blamed for damaging the credibility of democratic institutions, but the Nazis did not assume government until 1933, ten years after the hyperinflation but in the midst of high unemployment. Rising unemployment has traditionally been regarded by the public and media in any country as a key guarantor of electoral defeat for any\",\n \"title\": \"Unemployment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20082082\",\n \"text\": \"Germany, and seriously weakened the new democratic regime. When Germany defaulted on its reparation payments, French and Belgian troops occupied the heavily industrialised Ruhr district (January 1923). The German government encouraged the population of the Ruhr to passive resistance: shops would not sell goods to the foreign soldiers, coal-mines would not dig for the foreign troops, trams in which members of the occupation army had taken seat would be left abandoned in the middle of the street. The passive resistance proved effective, insofar as the occupation became a loss-making deal for the French government. But the Ruhr fight also led\",\n \"title\": \"History of German foreign policy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460463\",\n \"text\": \"global capital of fashion. Germany was more susceptible to Americanization, because of the close economic links brought about by the Dawes plan. In 1929, three years after receiving the 1926 Nobel Peace Prize, Stresemann died of a heart attack at age 51. When the New York Stock Exchange crashed in October, 1929, American loans dried up and the sharp decline of the German economy brought the \\\"Golden Twenties\\\" to an abrupt end. A wide range of progressive social reforms were carried out during and after the revolutionary period. In 1919, legislation provided for a maximum working 48-hour workweek, restrictions on\",\n \"title\": \"Weimar Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12796400\",\n \"text\": \"the votes rise from 12% to about 20%, though it quickly dropped back to around 12% in 1928. Hamburg Uprising The Hamburg Uprising (German: \\\"Hamburger Aufstand\\\") was an insurrection during the Weimar Republic in Germany. It was started on 23 October 1923 by one of the most militant sections of the Hamburg district Communist Party (KPD), the \\\"KP Wasserkante\\\". From a military point of view, the attempt was futile and it was over within 24 hours. Rebels stormed 24 police stations, 17 in Hamburg and seven in Schleswig-Holstein Province in Prussia. Over 100 people died during the uprising. The exact\",\n \"title\": \"Hamburg Uprising\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2765959\",\n \"text\": \"against the Weimar Republic and left-wing political opponents. In 1920, the German government was briefly overthrown in a coup organized by Wolfgang Kapp (the Kapp Putsch), and a nationalist government was briefly in power. Mass public demonstrations soon forced this regime out of power. In 1921 and 1922, Matthias Erzberger and Walter Rathenau were shot by members of the ultra-nationalist Organisation Consul. The newly formed Nazi Party, under the leadership of Adolf Hitler and supported by former German army chief Erich Ludendorff, engaged in political violence against the government and left-wing political forces as well. In 1923, in what is\",\n \"title\": \"German Revolution of 1918–19\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3591715\",\n \"text\": \"new business starts. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially those dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries. Farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few alternative sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most. The Weimar Republic in Germany gave way to two episodes of political and economic turmoil, the first culminated in the German hyperinflation of 1923 and the failed Beer Hall Putsch of that same year. The second convulsion, brought on by\",\n \"title\": \"Interwar period\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2630890\",\n \"text\": \"Wilhelm II's Dutch home at Amerongen. Ebert and his associates were not slow to decide upon the measures to be taken against the reactionaries. They issued an appeal to the working classes to engage in a drastic general strike. The appeal, which was signed by Ebert, Bauer, and Noske, read as follows: The response to this appeal by the working classes was enthusiastic and almost universal. Except in East Prussia and to some extent in Pomerania and Silesia, the Kapp \\\"government\\\" obtained scarcely any support in the country; and the Saxon, Bavarian, Württemberg, and Baden governments all rallied to the\",\n \"title\": \"1920 in Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2765859\",\n \"text\": \"Freikorps (nationalist militias) to quell the communist Spartacist uprising of 4–15 January 1919 by force. The same alliance of political forces succeeded in suppressing uprisings of the left in other parts of Germany, with the result that the country was completely pacified by late 1919. Elections for the new Weimar National Assembly were held on 19 January 1919. The revolution ended on 11 August 1919, when the Weimar Constitution was adopted. In the decade after 1900, the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) was the leading force in Germany's labour movement. With 35% of the national votes and 110 seats\",\n \"title\": \"German Revolution of 1918–19\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"450943\",\n \"text\": \"politicians] did not make sufficient use of this imposed gift supports the hypothesis that the Weimar Republic suffered from home-made political failure\\\". Erik Goldstein wrote that in 1921, the payment of reparations caused a crisis and that the occupation of the Ruhr had a disastrous effect on the German economy, resulting in the German Government printing more money as the currency collapsed. Hyperinflation began and printing presses worked overtime to print Reichsbank notes; by November 1923 one US dollar was worth Ferguson writes that the policy of the Economics Minister Robert Schmidt led Germany to avoid economic collapse from 1919\",\n \"title\": \"World War I reparations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20948140\",\n \"text\": \"order for them to acclimatise themselves to Nazi interference. After World War I, Germany saw the law as a “most respected entity” upon regaining significant stability and confidence from the people. This is often credited to the work of lawyers and judges, most of them Jewish. Hitler was inspired by Mussolini and his march on Rome to gain power in Italy. The attempt began in Bavaria, Munich, on the 8th-9 of November, 1923 and is known as the “failed Beer Hall Putsch”, after being stopped by Bavarian police in Munich with 16 Nazis killed. Hitler’s resulting time in prison was\",\n \"title\": \"Law in Nazi Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460453\",\n \"text\": \"Germany seized the chance to make an ally. Walther Rathenau, the Jewish Foreign Minister who signed the treaty, was assassinated two months later by two ultra-nationalist army officers. Further pressure from the political right came in 1923 with the Beer Hall Putsch, also called the Munich Putsch, staged by the Nazi Party under Adolf Hitler in Munich. In 1920, the German Workers' Party had become the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), or Nazi party, and would become a driving force in the collapse of Weimar. Hitler named himself as chairman of the party in July 1921. On 8 November\",\n \"title\": \"Weimar Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16672208\",\n \"text\": \"1920. The strike brought the economy to a virtual stand-still and, together with the refusal of the bureaucracy to cooperate with the new government, caused the putsch to fail in a matter of days. However, in some parts of Germany, the striking workers refused to return to work and offered armed resistance to the legitimate government of president Ebert and chancellor Bauer. The most significant of these events was the Ruhr Uprising, which was crushed by Reichswehr and \\\"Freikorps\\\" in April 1920. After 1920, the former Stewards did not play a notable role in the German labour movement any more.\",\n \"title\": \"Revolutionary Stewards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3847779\",\n \"text\": \"regional economy of the Ruhr, the industrial heartland of Germany, almost to stop. The occupation authorities reacted with arrests and deportations to strikes and sabotage. Those displaced and left without income by the \\\"Ruhrkampf\\\" and their families fell back on public income support. Tax revenues plunged as economic activity slowed. The government covered its need for funds mainly by printing money. As a result, inflation spiked and the Papiermark went into freefall on the currency market. Foreign currency reserves at the Reichsbank dwindled. As hyperinflation took hold, the cabinet of Cuno resigned in August 1923 and was replaced by the\",\n \"title\": \"German Rentenmark\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2525813\",\n \"text\": \"the agreements and on 11 January 1923 ordered troops to occupy the Ruhr (later joined by Belgians). This move, widely seen as illegal even outside Germany, caused the outraged Cuno government to call for passive resistance: Reparation shipments to France and Belgium were stopped, the mines were told not to make any more deliveries to these states, civil servants and Reichsbahn personnel were told to disobey orders by the occupation authorities. The Ruhr economy, the industrial heartland of Germany, came almost to a complete stop. Financial support payments by the Reich government to those inhabitants of the occupied zone affected\",\n \"title\": \"Wilhelm Cuno\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1816570\",\n \"text\": \"demonstrations assumed a mass character. The strike against poor wages and working conditions overnight became a workers' revolution for democratic rights. On 17 June, Soviet tanks had to restore order. This failure delayed German unification and contributed to the fall of Beria. It started when 60 construction workers building the showpiece Stalin-Allee in East Berlin went on strike on 16 June 1953, to demand a reduction in recent work-quota increases. They called for a general strike the next day, 17 June. The general strike and protest marches turned into rioting and spread throughout East Germany. The East German police failed\",\n \"title\": \"History of Berlin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12153989\",\n \"text\": \"in February 1917 impacted politics in Germany, as it ended the legitimation used by Ebert and other pro-war SPD members that Germany was in the war against a reactionary Russian government. With the overthrow of the Tsar and revolutionary socialist agitation increased in Russia, such events influenced socialists in Germany. With rising bread shortages in Germany amid war rationing, mass strikes occurred beginning in April 1917 with 300,000 strikers taking part in a strike in Berlin. The strikers demanded bread, freedom, peace and the formation of workers' councils as was being done in Russia. Amidst the German public's uproar, the\",\n \"title\": \"Social democracy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16334291\",\n \"text\": \"Avner Offer suggests that approximately “one-fifth to one-third of food could only be obtained through illegal channels.” Driven by starvation, children would break into barns and loot orchards in search of food. Such disregard for authority effectively doubled the youth crime rate in Germany. Historian G.J. Meyer noted that, according to a report from a prominent Berlin physician, “eighty thousand children had died of starvation in 1916.” Worker strikes were also common during this time as food shortages often directly led to labor unrest. The most notable strike took place in Düsseldorf in the summer of 1917 where workers complained\",\n \"title\": \"Turnip Winter\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"450962\",\n \"text\": \"1923, which lay with the German government rather than reparations. According to Slavieck, the \\\"traditional interpretation of the treaty's impact on Germany\\\" was that it \\\"plunged the nation into an economic free fall\\\". This view was shared by the German people, who believed the treaty was robbing Germany of its wealth. German banker Max Warburg said the terms of the treaty were \\\"pillage on a global scale\\\". Niall Ferguson says the German view was incorrect and \\\"not many historians would today agree with Warburg\\\". However, several historians agree with Warburg. Norman Davies writes that the treaty forced Germany to \\\"pay\",\n \"title\": \"World War I reparations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15732466\",\n \"text\": \"after World War I would intensify the 'psychological' impact of the \\\"draconian peace\\\" on the German working class. He countered the right-wing Kapp Putsch of March 1920 by organizing a massive general strike in Germany with about 12 million employees following the joint call of the legal government and the unions. The strike immediately halted all production, transportation, mining and public services, it was \\\"the strongest mass movement the German proletariat ever created\\\" and \\\"gave the Kapp régime its death blow\\\". At that time he declined Friedrich Ebert’s offer to become Chancellor of Germany. Legien died after a short illness\",\n \"title\": \"Carl Legien\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17556564\",\n \"text\": \"surrender in World War I). The largest was the \\\"Strike of the 100,000\\\", which broke out on 10 May 1941 in the Cockerill steel works in Seraing. News of the strike spread rapidly and soon at least 70,000 workers were on strike across the province of. The Germans increased workers' salaries by eight percent and the strike finished rapidly. The Germans repressed later large-scale strikes, though further important strikes occurred in November 1942 and February 1943. Passive resistance, however, could also take the form of much more minor actions, such as offering one's seat in trams to Jews, which was\",\n \"title\": \"German occupation of Belgium during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"405622\",\n \"text\": \"a standstill, but the financial consequences contributed to German hyperinflation and completely ruined public finances in Germany. Consequently, passive resistance was called off in late 1923. The end of passive resistance in the Ruhr allowed Germany to undertake a currency reform and to negotiate the Dawes Plan, which led to the withdrawal of French and Belgian troops from the Ruhr Area in 1925. In 1920, the head of the \\\"Reichswehr\\\" Hans von Seeckt clandestinely re-established the General Staff, by expanding the \\\"Truppenamt\\\" (Troop Office); purportedly a human resources section of the army. In March, German troops entered the Rhineland under\",\n \"title\": \"Treaty of Versailles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460450\",\n \"text\": \"in the Reichswehr. On 13 March 1920 during the Kapp Putsch, 12,000 \\\"Freikorps\\\" soldiers occupied Berlin and installed Wolfgang Kapp, a right-wing journalist, as chancellor. The national government fled to Stuttgart and called for a general strike against the putsch. The strike meant that no \\\"official\\\" pronouncements could be published, and with the civil service out on strike, the Kapp government collapsed after only four days on 17 March. Inspired by the general strikes, a workers' uprising began in the Ruhr region when 50,000 people formed a \\\"Red Army\\\" and took control of the province. The regular army and the\",\n \"title\": \"Weimar Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3358895\",\n \"text\": \"for their humiliation on the Weimar Republic. Adolf Hitler, a leader of the Nazi Party, attempted a coup d'état against the republic to establish a Greater German Reich known as the Beer Hall Putsch in 1923. Although this failed, Hitler gained recognition as a national hero amongst the German population. The demilitarized Rhineland and additional cutbacks on military infuriated the Germans. Although it is logical that France would want the Rhineland to be a neutral zone, the fact that France had the power to make that desire happen merely added onto the resentment of the Germans against the French. In\",\n \"title\": \"Causes of World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3358906\",\n \"text\": \"not Hitler's 'will' or 'intentions' that was the most important determinate on German decision-making on foreign policy. Mason argued that the Nazi leaders were deeply haunted by the November Revolution of 1918, and was most unwilling to see any fall in working class living standards out of the fear that it might provoke another November Revolution. According to Mason, by 1939, the \\\"overheating\\\" of the German economy caused by rearmament, the failure of various rearmament plans produced by the shortages of skilled workers, industrial unrest caused by the breakdown of German social policies, and the sharp drop in living standards\",\n \"title\": \"Causes of World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3908766\",\n \"text\": \"and merchant interests and the old land-owning and aristocratic interests. Natural factors included widespread drought in the early 1830s, and again in the 1840s, and a food crisis in the 1840s. Further complications emerged as a result of a shift in industrialization and manufacturing; as people sought jobs, they left their villages and small towns to work during the week in the cities, returning for a day and a half on weekends. The economic, social and cultural dislocation of ordinary people, the economic hardship of an economy in transition, and the pressures of meteorological disasters all contributed to growing problems\",\n \"title\": \"Unification of Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18904681\",\n \"text\": \"a social revolution was to be prevented and the state order must be upheld at any cost. In 1919 the Spartacist uprising challenged the power of the SPD government, but it was put down in blood and the German Communist leaders Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg were assassinated. Communist regimes briefly held power under Béla Kun in Hungary and under Kurt Eisner in Bavaria. There were further revolutionary movements in Germany until 1923, as well as in Vienna, and also in the industrial centres of northern Italy. In this period few Communists doubted, least of all Lenin and Trotsky, that\",\n \"title\": \"History of socialism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20056457\",\n \"text\": \"of its reparations, France (and Belgium) occupied the industrial region of the Ruhr. Germany responded with passive resistance including printing vast amounts of marks to pay for the occupation, thereby causing runaway inflation. Inflation heavily damaged the German middle class (because their bank accounts became worthless) but it also damaged the French franc. France fomented a separatist movement pointing to an independent buffer state, but it collapsed after some bloodshed. The intervention was a failure, and in summer 1924 France accepted the American solution to the reparations issues, as expressed in the Dawes Plan. In the 1920s, France established an\",\n \"title\": \"International relations (1919–1939)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15338222\",\n \"text\": \"February strike The February Strike () was a general strike in the German-occupied Netherlands during World War II, organized by the then-outlawed Communist Party of the Netherlands in defence of persecuted Dutch Jews and against the anti-Jewish measures and activities of the Nazis in general. The direct causes were a series of arrests and pogroms held by the Germans in the Jewish neighbourhood of Amsterdam. It started on 25 February 1941 and lasted for two days; on 26 February, 300,000 people joined the strike. The strike was harshly suppressed by the Germans after three days. The 1941 February Strike is\",\n \"title\": \"February strike\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"284639\",\n \"text\": \"blaze. Hitler proclaimed that the arson marked the start of a communist uprising. The Reichstag Fire Decree, imposed on 28 February 1933, rescinded most civil liberties, including rights of assembly and freedom of the press. The decree also allowed the police to detain people indefinitely without charges or a court order. The legislation was accompanied by a propaganda campaign that led to public support for the measure. Violent suppression of communists by the SA was undertaken nationwide and 4,000 members of the Communist Party of Germany were arrested. In March 1933, the Enabling Act, an amendment to the Weimar Constitution,\",\n \"title\": \"Nazi Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11927197\",\n \"text\": \"Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic Hyperinflation affected the German Papiermark, the currency of the Weimar Republic, between 1921 and 1923. It caused considerable internal political instability in the country, the occupation of the Ruhr by France and Belgium as well as misery for the general populace. To pay for the large costs of the ongoing First World War, Germany suspended the gold standard (the convertibility of its currency to gold) when the war broke out. Unlike the French Third Republic, which imposed its first income tax to pay for the war, German Emperor Wilhelm II and the German parliament decided\",\n \"title\": \"Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12350909\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Articulate and energetic, they were able to gather around them many of the new workers who had joined the party.\\\" In 1923, Fischer appealed to a group of Nazi students, proclaiming that \\\"Those who call for a struggle against Jewish capital are already, gentlemen, class strugglers, even if they don’t know it. You are against Jewish capital and want to fight the speculators. Very good. Throw down the Jewish capitalists, hang them from the lamp-post, stamp on them.\\\" Ruth Fischer argued that the Communist Party of Germany leaders were saying: \\\"In no circumstances must we proclaim the general strike. The\",\n \"title\": \"Ruth Fischer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460443\",\n \"text\": \"Allied claims. The highly publicised rhetoric of 1919 about paying for all the damages and all the veterans' benefits was irrelevant for the total, but it did determine how the recipients spent their share. Germany owed reparations chiefly to France, Britain, Italy and Belgium; the US Treasury received $100 million. In the early post-war years, inflation was growing at an alarming rate, but the government simply printed more currency to pay debts. By 1923, the Republic claimed it could no longer afford the reparations payments required by the Versailles Treaty, and the government defaulted on some payments. In response, French\",\n \"title\": \"Weimar Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"936539\",\n \"text\": \"came out victorious, but during that time, a return to an autocratic state was seen as the only way forward. Large parts of the working class went out on strike, but in the Ruhr, striking workers successfully managed to take government buildings, shocking the rest of Germany. An armed revolt was then instigated, and the Red Guard then installed a branch in the Ruhr. The people there declared the Ruhr an independent, socialist republic, but the Freikorp came back into the scene and put down the movement. In March 1921, French and Belgian troops occupied Duisburg, which under the Treaty\",\n \"title\": \"Ruhr\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"284706\",\n \"text\": \"payment, the Reichsbank printed money. Hitler and his economic team expected that the upcoming territorial expansion would provide the means of repaying the soaring national debt. Schacht's administration achieved a rapid decline in the unemployment rate, the largest of any country during the Great Depression. Economic recovery was uneven, with reduced hours of work and erratic availability of necessities, leading to disenchantment with the regime as early as 1934. In October 1933, the Junkers Aircraft Works was expropriated. In concert with other aircraft manufacturers and under the direction of Aviation Minister Göring, production was ramped up industry-wide. From a workforce\",\n \"title\": \"Nazi Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4735555\",\n \"text\": \"the Weimar Republic, including the Beer Hall Putsch. The Rhenish Republic was proclaimed at Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) in October 1923. Though the French did succeed in making their occupation of the Ruhr pay, the Germans through their passive resistance in the Ruhr and the hyperinflation that wrecked their economy, won the world's sympathy, and under heavy Anglo-American financial pressure (the simultaneous decline in the value of the franc made the French very open to pressure from Wall Street and the City), the French were forced to agree to the Dawes Plan of April 1924, which substantially lowered German reparations payments. Under\",\n \"title\": \"Occupation of the Ruhr\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460455\",\n \"text\": \"While in jail, Hitler dictated \\\"Mein Kampf\\\", which laid out his ideas and future policies. Hitler now decided to focus on legal methods of gaining power. Gustav Stresemann was \\\"Reichskanzler\\\" for 100 days in 1923, and served as foreign minister from 1923–1929, a period of relative stability for the Weimar Republic, known in Germany as \\\"Goldene Zwanziger\\\" (\\\"Golden Twenties\\\"). Prominent features of this period were a growing economy and a consequent decrease in civil unrest. Once civil stability had been restored, Stresemann began stabilising the German currency, which promoted confidence in the German economy and helped the recovery that was\",\n \"title\": \"Weimar Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"284764\",\n \"text\": \"early tribal Germanic gods and the new paganism of the Nazi extremists.\\\" While no unified resistance movement opposing the Nazi regime existed, acts of defiance such as sabotage and labour slowdowns took place, as well as attempts to overthrow the regime or assassinate Hitler. The banned Communist and Social Democratic parties set up resistance networks in the mid-1930s. These networks achieved little beyond fomenting unrest and initiating short-lived strikes. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler, who initially supported Hitler, changed his mind in 1936 and was later a participant in the July 20 plot. The Red Orchestra spy ring provided information to the\",\n \"title\": \"Nazi Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3358873\",\n \"text\": \"Causes of World War II Among the causes of World War II were Italian fascism in the 1920s, Japanese militarism and invasion of China in the 1930s, and especially the political takeover in 1933 of Germany by Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party and its aggressive foreign policy. The immediate cause was Germany invading Poland on September 1, 1939, and Britain and France declaring war on Germany on September 3, 1939. Problems arose in Weimar Germany that experienced strong currents of revanchism after the Treaty of Versailles that concluded its defeat in World War I in 1918. Dissatisfactions of treaty\",\n \"title\": \"Causes of World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460454\",\n \"text\": \"1923, the \\\"Kampfbund\\\", in a pact with Erich Ludendorff, took over a meeting by Bavarian prime minister Gustav von Kahr at a beer hall in Munich. Ludendorff and Hitler declared that the Weimar government was deposed and that they were planning to take control of Munich the following day. The 3,000 rebels were thwarted by the Bavarian authorities. Hitler was arrested and sentenced to five years in prison for high treason, a minimum sentence for the charge. Hitler served less than eight months in a comfortable cell, receiving a daily stream of visitors before his release on 20 December 1924.\",\n \"title\": \"Weimar Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"863309\",\n \"text\": \"March 1933) assumption of power by Hitler after the Reichstag fire of 27 February 1933. From its inception, Hitler's régime moved quickly to introduce anti-Jewish policies. Nazi propaganda singled out the 500,000 Jews in Germany, who accounted for only 0.86% of the overall population, as an enemy within who were responsible for Germany's defeat in the First World War and for its subsequent economic disasters, such as the 1920s hyperinflation and Wall Street Crash Great Depression. Beginning in 1933, the German government enacted a series of anti-Jewish laws restricting the rights of German Jews to earn a living, to enjoy\",\n \"title\": \"Kristallnacht\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"165171\",\n \"text\": \"allowed. Germany was also required to pay reparations for all civilian damage caused during the war. The humiliating peace terms in the Treaty of Versailles provoked bitter indignation throughout Germany, and seriously weakened the new democratic regime. The greatest enemies of democracy had already been constituted. In December 1918, the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) was founded, and in 1919 it tried and failed to overthrow the new republic. Adolf Hitler in 1919 took control of the new National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), which failed in a coup in Munich in 1923. Both parties, as well as parties supporting\",\n \"title\": \"History of Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"450944\",\n \"text\": \"to 1920, but that reparations accounted for most of Germany's deficit in 1921 and 1922 and that reparations were the cause of the hyperinflation. Several historians counter the argument that reparations caused the inflation and collapse of the mark. Gerhard Weinberg writes that Germany refused to pay by, and that doing so destroyed their own currency. Anthony Lentin agrees and writes that inflation was \\\"a consequence of the war rather than of the peace\\\" and that hyperinflation was a result of the \\\"German government's reckless issue of paper money\\\" during the Allied occupation of the Ruhr. British and French experts\",\n \"title\": \"World War I reparations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"284634\",\n \"text\": \"with a semi-presidential system. During its tenure, it faced numerous problems, including hyperinflation, political extremism including violence from both left- and right-wing paramilitaries, contentious relationships with the Allied victors of World War I, and a series of failed attempts at coalition government by divided political parties. Severe setbacks to the German economy began after the war ended, partly because of reparations payments required under the 1919 Treaty of Versailles. The government printed money to make the payments and to repay the country's war debt, but the resulting hyperinflation led to inflated prices for consumer goods, economic chaos, and food riots.\",\n \"title\": \"Nazi Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3591728\",\n \"text\": \"have a real army, navy, or air force. Reparations were demanded, especially by France, involving shipments of raw materials, as well as annual payments. When Germany defaulted on its reparation payments, French and Belgian troops occupied the heavily industrialised Ruhr district (January 1923). The German government encouraged the population of the Ruhr to passive resistance: shops would not sell goods to the foreign soldiers, coal mines would not dig for the foreign troops, trams in which members of the occupation army had taken seat would be left abandoned in the middle of the street. The German government printed vast quantities\",\n \"title\": \"Interwar period\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460460\",\n \"text\": \"the worst hit nations in the Great Depression. The 1920s saw a remarkable cultural renaissance in Germany. During the worst phase of hyperinflation in 1923, the clubs and bars were full of speculators who spent their daily profits so they would not lose the value the following day. Berlin intellectuals responded by condemning the excesses of capitalism, and demanding revolutionary changes on the cultural scenery. Influenced by the brief cultural explosion in the Soviet Union, German literature, cinema, theatre and musical works entered a phase of great creativity. Innovative street theatre brought plays to the public, and the cabaret scene\",\n \"title\": \"Weimar Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9793479\",\n \"text\": \"Great War was apportioned to (amongst others) the military or simply the French. France, like Germany, had been profoundly traumatised by the Great War and the conduct of her occupation of the left bank of the Rhine was perceived as unsympathetic, even among her Western wartime allies. Increasingly, however, blame was directed against the German government itself, in far-off Berlin. By 1923, as the German currency collapsed, the French occupation forces headquartered at Mainz (under the command of Generals Mangin and Fayolle) were having some success in their encouragement of anti-Berlin separatism in the occupied zones. After 1924, economic hardship\",\n \"title\": \"Rhenish Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2717163\",\n \"text\": \"of the First World War and the imposition of War Reparations at the Treaty of Versailles. As a result, the middle class lost their savings and the working class were unemployed. The Republic ended up printing money to pay its bills which lead to hyperinflation in 1923. The outcome of all of this was women, including the millions of war widows, turned to prostitution. Licentiousness and streetwalkers was common in this period and Weimar Berlin is famed for its decadence. An STD Act was discussed and adopted in 1927, it was accompanied by decriminalisation of prostitution. During the Nazi era,\",\n \"title\": \"Prostitution in Germany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2765953\",\n \"text\": \"caused an eruption of mass strikes in the Ruhr District, the Rhineland and in Saxony. Members of the USPD, the KPD and even the SPD called for a general strike that started on 4 March. Against the will of the strike leadership, the strikes escalated into street fighting in Berlin. The Prussian state government, which in the meantime had declared a state of siege, called the imperial government for help. Again Noske employed the Gardekavallerie-Schützendivision, commanded by Pabst, against the strikers in Berlin. By the end of the fighting on 16 March, they had killed approximately 1,200 people, many of\",\n \"title\": \"German Revolution of 1918–19\"\n }\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":79093,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":79093,"string":"79,093"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["David Ross","Rashad Jennings"],"string":"[\n \"David Ross\",\n \"Rashad Jennings\"\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"dancing with the stars athletes 2018 guest judges"},"compressed_prompt":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Question:\\nPlease write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 23) context: reigning champion Peta Murgatroyd, who was expecting a child, Mark Ballas, Tony Dovolani, Edyta Śliwińska, and Karina Smirnoff. Keo Motsepe returned, but as a member of the show's dance troupe. The full cast of celebrities and pros was revealed on August 30, 2016, on \\\"Good Morning America\\\". Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews return as hosts, and Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, and Bruno Tonioli return as judges. On August 26, 2016, it was reported that Julianne Hough would return to the show as a judge following a hiatus. Due to a personal tragedy involving her boyfriend, Erin Andrews took\\n\\ndancing with the stars athletes 2018 guest judges\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 222,\n \"origin_tokens\": 223,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"19692885","text":"include reigning champion Peta Murgatroyd, who was expecting a child, Mark Ballas, Tony Dovolani, Edyta Śliwińska, and Karina Smirnoff. Keo Motsepe returned, but as a member of the show's dance troupe. The full cast of celebrities and pros was revealed on August 30, 2016, on \"Good Morning America\". Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews return as hosts, and Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, and Bruno Tonioli return as judges. On August 26, 2016, it was reported that Julianne Hough would return to the show as a judge following a hiatus. Due to a personal tragedy involving her boyfriend, Erin Andrews took","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 23)"},{"id":"5325638","text":"return for seasons 25 and 26. Several former contestants appeared as judges in episode 200 (in season 11), including Hélio Castroneves, Mel B, Drew Lachey, Gilles Marini, Kelly Osbourne, and Emmitt Smith. Other celebrities, most often those who are associated with the world of dancing, former professional dancers, and past contestants have appeared as the fourth judge or in absence of one of the main judges, including Paula Abdul, Donnie Burns, Nick Carter, Cher, Maksim Chmerkovskiy, Michael Flatley, Kevin Hart, Jessie J, Rashad Jennings, Baz Luhrmann, Ricky Martin, Idina Menzel, Abby Lee Miller, Mandy Moore, Olivia Newton-John, Kenny Ortega, Donny","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)"},{"id":"20513605","text":"The five professionals from last season that are not returning are Cheryl Burke, Mark Ballas, Maksim Chmerkovskiy, Peta Murgatroyd, and Valentin Chmerkovskiy. The cast was announced on April 13 on \"Good Morning America\". Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews returned as hosts, while Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, and Bruno Tonioli returned as judges. On May 7, season 24 champion Rashad Jennings returned as a guest judge. On May 14, season 24 runner-up David Ross returned as a guest judge. The dance troupe for season 26 consists of season 25 troupe members Artur Adamski, Brandon Armstrong, Hayley Erbert, and Britt Stewart.","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 26)"},{"id":"20314074","text":"as the first celebrity competing for the season partnered with Emma Slater. On September 6, the rest of the cast was revealed on \"Good Morning America\". Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews returned as hosts, while Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, and Bruno Tonioli returned as judges. Julianne Hough did not return as a permanent judge this season, though she did return as a guest judge during the first night of the finals. On October 23, singer Shania Twain joined the panel as a guest judge. The dance troupe members for the season are former pros Sasha Farber and Jenna Johnson,","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 25)"},{"id":"18692176","text":"style to a new song that was coached by one of the three judges, as well as a freestyle routine. On the second night, the three remaining finalists performed a fusion challenge that was learned in only 24 hours. The celebrities and professional partners will dance one of these routines for each corresponding week: There were three guest judges during the course of the season. The first, season 19 champion Alfonso Ribeiro, was a judge for Week 3. Former pro dancer and season 18 champion, Maksim Chmerkovskiy, joined the judging panel for Week 5. The following week, Olivia Newton-John appeared","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 21)"},{"id":"14599947","text":"in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli.\" Individual judges' scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Guest judge, Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli In addition to recapping the week's earlier performances by the competitors, each results show features one or more guest musical performers/acts who perform at least one song. During each song, guest dancers perform a choreographed dance. Santana performed \"Oye Como Va\", while Corky Ballas, Cheryl Burke, Maksim Chmerkovskiy, Tony Dovolani, Kym Johnson, and Anna","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 11)"},{"id":"12832103","text":"one of the contestants who would compete on Season 24 of \"Dancing with the Stars\" and was paired with professional dancer Emma Slater. Jennings and Slater went on to win the competition on May 23, 2017. It was Slater's first win on the competition show and Jennings is the fourth NFL player to win the show. In November 2017, Jennings returned to 25th season in Week eight, to participate in a trio Cha-cha-cha with Drew Scott and his professional partner Emma Slater. In May 2018, Jennings returned to the ballroom as guest judge for Week 2 of season 26. Jennings","title":"Rashad Jennings"},{"id":"17701336","text":"are required to dance with each other for 20 seconds on the dance floor without their partners. \"Individual judges scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Kenny Ortega, Bruno Tonioli\". The semifinalists performed two unlearned dances to songs by American music icons. The celebrities were also able to speak with people who they consider \"icons\". Candace, Charlie, Amy, James, and Meryl each received advice from Angela Thomas, Scott Hamilton, Oprah Winfrey, L.A. Reid, and season 6 winner Kristi Yamaguchi respectively. The four finalists performed two","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 18)"},{"id":"20721699","text":"Jordan Fisher and finalist Frankie Muniz serve as hosts. Two-time pro champion Valentin Chmerkovskiy, Emmy Award winning choreographer Mandy Moore, and \"DWTS\" \"Athletes\" celebrity champion Adam Rippon serve as judges. The \"Dancing with the Stars: Juniors\" troupe consists of Makeila Lawrence, Cody Bingham, Reese Hatala, Sebastian Jozuka, and Daniel Novikov. They are mentored by \"Dancing with the Stars\" troupe member Morgan Larson. This table only counts dances scored on a 30-point scale. The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges' 30-point scale are as follows: Scores are based upon a potential 30-point maximum. \"Individual judges' scores","title":"Dancing with the Stars: Juniors"},{"id":"6918942","text":"\"Dicko\" Dickson and Bruno Tonioli have also appeared as guest judges throughout the series, providing feedback and scores as part of their judging role. Pamela Anderson, Damian Whitewood, Olivia Newton-John and Dame Edna Everage have also appeared as guest judges, but providing comments and feedback only. Key: Previous Current The following are the dances performed by couples on \"Dancing with the Stars\". In addition, each couple in the final round performs a dance of any style or combination of styles of their choosing, called \"freestyle\". In late 2005, the winners of series two (Tom Williams) and three (Ada Nicodemou) competed","title":"Dancing with the Stars (Australian TV series)"},{"id":"20029153","text":"Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Julianne Hough, and Bruno Tonioli returned as judges. On April 24, former contestant Nick Carter joined the panel as a guest judge, filling in for Hough who was on tour. On May 1, choreographer Mandy Moore also filled in for Hough as a guest judge. This table only counts dances scored on a 40-point scale. (The points awarded in Week 7 for winning either immunity or the dance-offs are not included in these totals.) The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges' 40-point scale are as follows: Scores are based upon a","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 24)"},{"id":"14599944","text":"Theme Week\" and a \"Rock n' Roll Week\", in which couples performed the Paso doble or the Tango and danced in a Rock n' Roll marathon. Fan favorites from previous seasons also came back to judge the couples, who re-created their most memorable routines on the 200th episode; these guest judges were Hélio Castroneves, Kelly Osbourne, Emmitt Smith, Drew Lachey, Gilles Marini, and Mel B. Kristi Yamaguchi and Apolo Ohno also served as team captains for the team dances. Yamaguchi's team consisted of Rick & Cheryl, Kyle & Lacey and Bristol & Mark, while Brandy & Maksim, Jennifer & Derek","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 11)"},{"id":"20513603","text":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 26) Season twenty-six of \"Dancing with the Stars\", titled Dancing with the Stars: Athletes, premiered on April 30, 2018, on the ABC network. The four-week season, the shortest ever, features a cast of current and former athletes. This is the first season where more than one couple is eliminated each week. On May 21, 2018, Olympic figure skater Adam Rippon and Jenna Johnson were announced the winners, marking the first win for Johnson. Rippon is the first openly gay winner. NFL player Josh Norman, with Sharna Burgess, and former Olympic Figure Skater Tonya Harding,","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 26)"},{"id":"20840595","text":"Milo and Witney placed second, Evanna and Keo placed third, while Alexis and Alan placed fourth. The thirteen professional dancers were revealed on \"Good Morning America\" on August 28, 2018. The ten professionals from last season returned, along with Cheryl Burke and Valentin Chmerkovskiy, who both last competed in season 25. Troupe dancer Brandon Armstrong made his debut in the pro lineup. Nancy McKeon was announced as the first celebrity competing for the season, partnered with Chmerkovskiy. On September 12, the rest of the cast was revealed on \"Good Morning America\". Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews returned as hosts, while","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 27)"},{"id":"16403172","text":"dealership commercials, alongside former teammate Kirk Cousins and current teammate Ryan Kerrigan. In September 2017, Norman donated 100,000 to the recovery efforts following the devastation Puerto Rico received after Hurricane Maria impacted the island earlier that month. In April 2018, Norman was announced as one of the celebrities to compete on season 26 of the American television show \"Dancing with the Stars\". He was partnered with professional dancer Sharna Burgess, where he eventually progressed to the finals, finishing as the runner-up behind figure skater Adam Rippon. During the 2018 Major League Baseball All-Star Game event week, Norman participated in a","title":"Josh Norman"},{"id":"20469346","text":"order from left to right: Brian Redmond, Loraine Barry, Darren Bennett.\" Due to an illness, Darren Bennett filled in for Julian Benson. Guest act: Series 1 champions, Aidan O'Mahony and Valeria Milova performing a Charleston to 'I Got a Woman' \"Individual judges scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Brian Redmond, Loraine Barry, Darren Bennett.\" Darren Bennett filled in for Julian Benson. Guest act: Brendan Cole and Faye Huddleston performing a Rumba to 'Fields of Gold' Julian Benson returned to the panel following a two-week absence. Guest act: Gavin James","title":"Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 2)"},{"id":"20255883","text":"for the label Brandy Melville. Ren appeared in a series of advertisements for the mobile game \"\". She launched an activewear line called Ren Active. Ren was named a \"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit\" 2018 Rookie of the year. On September 12, 2018, Ren was announced as one of the celebrities who will compete on season 27 of \"Dancing with the Stars\". Her professional partner was Alan Bersten. Ren and Bersten reached the finals and came in fourth place on November 19, 2018. Her mother, a health nutritionist expert, died in 2014 due to breast cancer. Following the death of her mother,","title":"Alexis Ren"},{"id":"7220900","text":"from a mini stroke, Biermann had to withdraw from the competition during Week 3 because she was not clear to travel. For season 22, he was partnered with actress Marla Maples. They were eliminated on April 11, 2016 and came in 10th place. Dovolani did not return for seasons 23, 24, 25. On February 8th, 2018, Dovolani revealed that he has officially left Dancing With The Stars. The additional score of 9.5 was awarded by guest judge Paula Abdul. The additional score of Week 3 was given by Robin Roberts For this week only, as part of the \"Partner Switch-Up\"","title":"Tony Dovolani"},{"id":"390103","text":"got the job. Twain guest starred on the Comedy Central series \"Broad City\", in a September 2017 episode titled \"Twaining Day\". On October 23, 2017, Twain appeared as a guest judge on the 25th season of \"Dancing with the Stars\" during the show's \"Movie Night\", and also performed her song \"Soldier\". Twain will be a guest judge on the 10th Season of \"Rupaul's Drag Race\". In November 2018, Twain appeared in the reality talent show \"Real Country\", as an executive producer and co-presenter with Jake Owen and Travis Tritt. In January 2005, Twain joined Scentstories by Febreze to create a","title":"Shania Twain"},{"id":"14402668","text":"fourth season, all the judges from season 3 returned except for Evaggelinos, while Giorgos Liagkas, Eugenia Manolidou and Themos Anastasiadis were guest judges for the 4th, 8th and 9th week respectively. In the fifth season all the judges from season 4 returned. Lakis Gavalas is the fifth judge in fifth season. In the sixth season Kostalas and Velikova will return as judges, while Giorgos Liagas and, former contestant, Eleonora Meleti will join the judging panel. Color key: A total of 84 celebrities have appeared during the 6 seasons of the series. Twelve celebrities participated in the first season, 14 in","title":"Dancing with the Stars (Greek TV series)"},{"id":"5976536","text":"- UK - Champions, and seven times undefeated United States International Latin Champions. They retired in 1996. Ballas judges professional competitions and teaches. He is based in Los Angeles, California and Houston, Texas. Ballas has trained many of \"Dancing with the Stars\"' professionals including Karina Smirnoff, Julianne Hough, Derek Hough, Tony Dovolani, Edyta Sliwinska, Alec Mazo, Brian Fortuna, Jonathan Roberts, Anna Trebunskaya, Jessie DeSoto and, his son, Mark Ballas. On August 25, 2008, the show's producers announced Corky himself would compete as a pro on season 7, alongside his son and former pupils. He was partnered with 82-year-old actress Cloris","title":"Corky Ballas"},{"id":"5325663","text":"it was announced that the series would begin airing on October 7, 2018, with filming taking place during August 2018. Professional skateboarder Sky Brown, junior pro JT Church and pro mentor Alan Bernsten were announced as the winners on December 9th, 2018. An unofficial live tour show called \"Dancing Pros: Live!\" toured with several \"Dancing\" pros since 2010. A \"Dancing with the Stars: Live!\" official tour was announced on November 3, 2014, for the 2014–2015 season starting on December 27, 2014, in Niagara Falls, New York and ending February 15, 2015, hitting 33 cities. A second tour, “Dancing with the","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)"},{"id":"1800568","text":"sport, Ohno has worked as a motivational speaker, philanthropist, started a nutritional supplement business called 8 Zone, and in 2007, competed on and won the reality TV show \"Dancing with the Stars\". Ohno later became host of a revival of \"Minute to Win It\" on Game Show Network and served as a commentator for NBC's coverage of the 2014 Winter Games in Sochi and the 2018 Winter Games in Pyeongchang. Ohno was born in Seattle, Washington, to a Japanese-born father, and a European American mother, Jerrie Lee. Ohno's parents divorced when he was an infant, and he was raised in","title":"Apolo Ohno"},{"id":"20840594","text":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 27) Season twenty-seven of \"Dancing with the Stars\" premiered on September 24, 2018, on the ABC network. On November 19, 2018, Radio personality Bobby Bones and Sharna Burgess were announced the winners, marking the first win for Burgess. Disney Channel star Milo Manheim with Witney Carson, actress and activist Evanna Lynch with Keo Motsepe, and model and social media personality Alexis Ren with Alan Bersten were announced as runners-up during the live finale show, but the order of finish was not revealed on the program. ABC only revealed after the show was over that","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 27)"},{"id":"20469343","text":"Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 2) Dancing with the Stars returned for a second series on 7 January 2018 on RTÉ One. Loraine Barry, Brian Redmond and Julian Benson returned to the judging panel for a second year, while Amanda Byram and Nicky Byrne also returned as hosts. Sean Smullen did not return for this series, however all other professional dancers did. Sean was replaced by former \"\" professional champion, Robert Rowiński. The competition was won by Jake Carter alongside professional partner Karen Byrne. On 25 March 2018, RTÉ announced that it would return for a third series in","title":"Dancing with the Stars (Irish series 2)"},{"id":"3427149","text":"the title role of Tracey Thurman, and \"The Wrong Woman,\" portraying a woman framed for killing her boss. In 2003, McKeon starred in the film \"Comfort and Joy.\" In 2018, McKeon was announced as one of the celebrities to compete on season 27 of \"Dancing with the Stars\". She is partnered with professional dancer Valentin Chmerkovskiy. She was the third celebrity eliminated from the season on October 8. While McKeon was on \"The Facts of Life\", she and her parents were granted a private audience with Pope John Paul II. McKeon lives in Austin, Texas. She and husband Marc Andrus","title":"Nancy McKeon"},{"id":"17333173","text":"were scored on their ability to interpret the music, transition from one song to another, and stay on time. Cher was announced as a guest judge for week eight, when Len will be taking another week off. Each couple performed an individual, unlearned dance and a Halloween-themed team freestyle. The teams were chosen by the highest scoring couples Amber & Derek (Team \"FoxingAwesome\") and Elizabeth & Val (Team \"Spooky BomBom\"). \"Individual judges scores and votes in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Cher, Bruno Tonioli.\" All of the dance routines were","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 17)"},{"id":"18279462","text":"competed on Season 16).. Tom Bergeron returns as host alongside Erin Andrews. Len Goodman, Carrie Ann Inaba, Julianne Hough, and Bruno Tonioli return as judges. Joining Lindsay Arnold, Sasha Farber, Henry Byalikov and Jenna Johnson in the troupe this season are Brittany Cherry (from the tenth season of \"So You Think You Can Dance\" and the 2014–15 DWTS Live Tour) and Alan Bersten (also from the tenth season of \"So You Think You Can Dance\"). This table only counts for dances scored on a 40-point scale. The dances from the second round in week 9, which were out of 30,","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 20)"},{"id":"13392101","text":"the bolero, lambada, two-step, and the Charleston. The cast was unveiled on the Monday, August 17, 2009, edition of \"Good Morning America\", returning to the announcement format of most seasons past. Tom Bergeron and Samantha Harris returned as the show's hosts. Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli, and Carrie Ann Inaba continue as the judges this season, with Baz Luhrmann appearing as a guest judge in week two, temporarily replacing Len Goodman. Pro pairings were officially announced on August 24, 2009. This was Samantha Harris' last season as co-host. Donny Osmond, was the winner in the competition, with singer Mýa as runner-up,","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 9)"},{"id":"20029156","text":"danced with Alan Bersten on account of Maksim Chmerkovskiy's injury. Season 9 winner Donny Osmond sang \"I'll Make a Man Out of You\" live while Normani Kordei and Valentin Chmerkovskiy danced. Auli'i Cravalho sang \"How Far I'll Go\" live while Simone Biles and Sasha Farber danced. \"Individual judges' scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Nick Carter, Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli.\" The couples danced one unlearned dance and a team dance to songs from some of the most popular boy bands and girl groups throughout history. Argentine","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 24)"},{"id":"17701338","text":"of the live shows, a celebrity guest judge was present at the judges table to comment on and score the dance routines. As a result, the judges table had four judges instead of three and a dance couple could receive a top score of 40 points for their dance. \"Good Morning America\" anchor Robin Roberts was the first celebrity guest judge on March 31. The final guest judge, Kenny Ortega, appeared on the week nine semifinals, and the two-night finale was scored by the three original judges only. Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 18) Season eighteen of \"Dancing with","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 18)"},{"id":"18692166","text":"at different dates through different media. The full cast of celebrities and professional dancers was revealed on September 2, 2015, on \"GMA.\" During the show, two celebrities (Kim Zolciak-Biermann and Tamar Braxton) withdrew \"during\" the competition due to health issues, marking the first time two contestants withdrew in midseason (Nancy O'Dell and Jewel both withdrew from Season 8 before the first episode). Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews returned as hosts, while judges Carrie Ann Inaba, Julianne Hough, and Bruno Tonioli all returned this season. After twenty seasons, Len Goodman did not return this season as a judge; in a video","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 21)"},{"id":"3407319","text":"recording songs for Odyssey, including Tanya Tucker, John Conlee, Steve Wariner, Collin Raye, Mark Wills, Jamie O'Neal, Heidi Newfield, Bobby Bare, Kelly Lang, Jim Brown, Danny Shirley, Doug Supernaw and Marty Raybon, among others. More information about Odyssey can be found by visiting Schneider's website. Schneider took part In the \"Word Of Promise\" Audio Bible series, which featured the voices of many famous actors and actresses. He voiced the character of James in the Book of James. On September 12, 2018, Schneider was announced as one of the celebrities who would compete on season 27 of \"Dancing with the Stars\".","title":"John Schneider (screen actor)"},{"id":"19364207","text":"was the first celebrity revealed on \"Good Morning America\" on March 2, 2016, while TV meteorologist Ginger Zee was also revealed on that show two days later, March 4. The remaining celebrities and professionals dancers were later revealed, also on \"Good Morning America\", on March 8. Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews returned as hosts, while judges Carrie Ann Inaba and Bruno Tonioli returned this season. Head judge Len Goodman has returned after missing last season, while Julianne Hough, who served as a judge during the previous three seasons, did not return. This table only counts dances scored on a 30-point","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 22)"},{"id":"17750785","text":"Tom Bergeron returned as host alongside Erin Andrews. Len Goodman, Carrie Ann Inaba and Bruno Tonioli all returned as judges, while former professional and two-time champion Julianne Hough joined the panel as the permanent fourth judge of the season. Ray Chew also returned as bandleader. Leah Remini filled in as co-host on October 20, 2014, due to Erin Andrews' commitment with Fox to cover the 2014 World Series. Henry Byalikov, did not return as a pro this season, but returned to the show's dance troupe. Allison Holker, a contestant on season two of \"So You Think You Can Dance\" and","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 19)"},{"id":"20029152","text":"In the following days, Lindsay Arnold, Sharna Burgess, Witney Carson, Artem Chigvintsev, Valentin Chmerkovskiy, Sasha Farber, Gleb Savchenko, and Emma Slater were all confirmed to be returning as professional dancers. Also, Kym Herjavec (who last competed in season 20) and Keo Motsepe (who last competed in season 22) were confirmed to be returning as professional dancers. Pros from the previous season not returning included Cheryl Burke, Allison Holker, Derek Hough, and Jenna Johnson. The full list of celebrities and pros was announced on March 1, 2017, on \"Good Morning America\". Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews returned as hosts, and Carrie","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 24)"},{"id":"15001900","text":"All six episodes of the show were broadcast. The host is Vernon Kay and doing color commentary is retired Ice Dancer Tanith Belbin. The judges were Johnny Weir, Dick Button, and Laurieann Gibson. The 6 celebrities and professional ice skaters were: This table only counts for dances scored on a 30-points scale (the extra points from the group skate in week 5 are not included). According to the traditional 30-point scale: \"Unless indicated otherwise, individual judges scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Laurieann Gibson, Johnny Weir, Dick Button.\"
Top 10 Boys: \"It's A Man's Man's Man's World\"—James Brown (Contemporary; Choreographer: Sarah Boulter)
Top 10 Girls: \"Fighter\"—Christina Aguilera\" (Lyrical jazz; Choreographer: Kevan Allen) Overnight ratings are taken from Digital Spy and official","title":"So You Think You Can Dance (UK series 2)"},{"id":"20029154","text":"potential 40-point maximum. \"Individual judges' scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Julianne Hough, Bruno Tonioli.\" The couples danced the cha-cha-cha, quickstep, salsa, tango, or Viennese Waltz. At the end, the show paid tribute to season 11 contestant, Florence Henderson who died three days after last season's finale. The couples danced one unlearned dance. Foxtrot, jazz, jive, and paso doble are introduced. Due to a calf muscle injury, Maksim Chmerkovskiy was unable to perform, so Heather Morris danced with troupe member Alan Bersten instead. The","title":"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 24)"},{"id":"16813941","text":"up the ABTV Network. The hosts are an eclectic and knowledgeable mix of celebrities, personalities, and industry professionals. The roster of hosts includes over 400 and can be viewed on their website. Notable hosts include WWE ring announcer Lilian Garcia, \"Dancing with the Stars\" professional dancer Anna Trebunskaya, \"Access Hollywood\"
Top 10 Boys: \\\"It's A Man's Man's Man's World\\\"—James Brown (Contemporary; Choreographer: Sarah Boulter)
Top 10 Girls: \\\"Fighter\\\"—Christina Aguilera\\\" (Lyrical jazz; Choreographer: Kevan Allen) Overnight ratings are taken from Digital Spy and official\",\n \"title\": \"So You Think You Can Dance (UK series 2)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20029154\",\n \"text\": \"potential 40-point maximum. \\\"Individual judges' scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Julianne Hough, Bruno Tonioli.\\\" The couples danced the cha-cha-cha, quickstep, salsa, tango, or Viennese Waltz. At the end, the show paid tribute to season 11 contestant, Florence Henderson who died three days after last season's finale. The couples danced one unlearned dance. Foxtrot, jazz, jive, and paso doble are introduced. Due to a calf muscle injury, Maksim Chmerkovskiy was unable to perform, so Heather Morris danced with troupe member Alan Bersten instead. The\",\n \"title\": \"Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 24)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16813941\",\n \"text\": \"up the ABTV Network. The hosts are an eclectic and knowledgeable mix of celebrities, personalities, and industry professionals. The roster of hosts includes over 400 and can be viewed on their website. Notable hosts include WWE ring announcer Lilian Garcia, \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\" professional dancer Anna Trebunskaya, \\\"Access Hollywood\\\"
