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[
"Phonology",
"Literary Arabic",
"Vowels"
] | Modern Standard Arabic has six pure [[vowel]] (while most modern dialects have eight pure vowels which includes the long vowels ), with short and corresponding long vowels . There are also two [[diphthongs]]: and . The pronunciation of the vowels differs from speaker to speaker, in a way that tends to reflect the pronu... | 803 | Arabic | [
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"Languages of Bahrain",
"Languages of Cameroon",
"Languages of Chad",
"Languages of the Comoros",
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"List of Arabic given names",
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"Arabic influence on the Spanish language",
"List of Arab newspapers",
"Arabi... |
[
"Phonology",
"Literary Arabic",
"Consonants"
] | The phoneme is represented by the Arabic letter '''' () and has many standard pronunciations. is characteristic of north Algeria, Iraq, and most of the Arabian peninsula but with an allophonic in some positions; occurs in most of the [[Levant]] and most of North Africa; and is used in most of Egypt and some regions in ... | 803 | Arabic | [
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"Arabic influence on the Spanish language",
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[
"Phonology",
"Literary Arabic",
"Syllable structure"
] | Arabic has two kinds of syllables: open syllables (CV) and (CVV)—and closed syllables (CVC), (CVVC) and (CVCC). The syllable types with two [[morae]] (units of time), i.e. CVC and CVV, are termed ''[[heavy syllable]]'', while those with three morae, i.e. CVVC and CVCC, are ''[[superheavy syllable]]''. Superheavy syllab... | 803 | Arabic | [
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[
"Phonology",
"Literary Arabic",
"Stress"
] | Word stress is not phonemically contrastive in Standard Arabic. It bears a strong relationship to vowel length. The basic rules for Modern Standard Arabic are: (-) A final vowel, long or short, may not be stressed. (-) Only one of the last three syllables may be stressed. (-) Given this restriction, the last [[heavy sy... | 803 | Arabic | [
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[
"Phonology",
"Literary Arabic",
"Levels of pronunciation"
] | The final short vowels (e.g., the case endings ''-a -i -u'' and mood endings ''-u -a'') are often not pronounced in this language, despite forming part of the formal paradigm of nouns and verbs. The following levels of pronunciation exist: | 803 | Arabic | [
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[
"Phonology",
"Literary Arabic",
"Levels of pronunciation",
"Full pronunciation with pausa"
] | This is the most formal level actually used in speech. All endings are pronounced as written, except at the end of an utterance, where the following changes occur: (-) Final short vowels are not pronounced. (But possibly an exception is made for feminine plural ''-na'' and shortened vowels in the jussive/imperative of ... | 803 | Arabic | [
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[
"Phonology",
"Literary Arabic",
"Levels of pronunciation",
"Formal short pronunciation"
] | This is a formal level of pronunciation sometimes seen. It is somewhat like pronouncing all words as if they were in pausal position (with influence from the [[varieties of Arabic|colloquial varieties]]). The following changes occur: (-) Most final short vowels are not pronounced. However, the following short vowels ''... | 803 | Arabic | [
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"List of Arabic given names",
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[
"Phonology",
"Literary Arabic",
"Levels of pronunciation",
"Informal short pronunciation"
] | This is the pronunciation used by speakers of Modern Standard Arabic in [[extemporaneous]] speech, i.e. when producing new sentences rather than simply reading a prepared text. It is similar to formal short pronunciation except that the rules for dropping final vowels apply ''even'' when a [[clitic]] suffix is added. B... | 803 | Arabic | [
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[
"Phonology",
"Literary Arabic",
"Levels of pronunciation",
"Informal short pronunciation"
] | (-) Dual endings will often drop out except on nouns and then used only for emphasis (similar to their use in the colloquial varieties); elsewhere, the plural endings are used (or feminine singular, if appropriate). | 803 | Arabic | [
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"List of Arabic given names",
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"List of French words of Arabic origin",
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"International Association of Arabic Dialectology",
"Arabic influence on the Spanish language",
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"Arabi... |
[
"Phonology",
"Colloquial varieties",
"Vowels"
] | As mentioned above, many spoken dialects have a process of ''emphasis spreading'', where the "emphasis" ([[pharyngealization]]) of [[emphatic consonant]] spreads forward and back through adjacent syllables, pharyngealizing all nearby consonants and triggering the back allophone in all nearby [[low vowel]]. The extent o... | 803 | Arabic | [
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"Arabic influence on the Spanish language",
"List of Arab newspapers",
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[
"Phonology",
"Colloquial varieties",
"Consonants"
] | In most dialects, there may be more or fewer phonemes than those listed in the chart above. For example, is considered a native phoneme in most Arabic dialects except in Levantine dialects like Syrian or Lebanese where is pronounced and is pronounced . or () is considered a native phoneme in most dialects except in Egy... | 803 | Arabic | [
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[
"Phonology",
"Colloquial varieties",
"Consonants"
] | Pharyngealization of the emphatic consonants tends to weaken in many of the spoken varieties, and to spread from emphatic consonants to nearby sounds. In addition, the "emphatic" allophone automatically triggers pharyngealization of adjacent sounds in many dialects. As a result, it may difficult or impossible to determ... | 803 | Arabic | [
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[
"Grammar",
"Literary Arabic"
] | As in other Semitic languages, Arabic has a complex and unusual [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] (i.e. method of constructing words from a basic [[root (linguistics)|root]]). Arabic has a [[nonconcatenative morphology|nonconcatenative]] "root-and-pattern" morphology: A root consists of a set of bare consonants (... | 803 | Arabic | [
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"List of Arabic given names",
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[
"Grammar",
"Literary Arabic",
"Nouns and adjectives"
] | Nouns in Literary Arabic have three grammatical [[noun case|cases]] ([[nominative case|nominative]], [[accusative case|accusative]], and [[genitive case|genitive]] [also used when the noun is governed by a preposition]); three [[grammatical number|numbers]] (singular, dual and plural); two [[gender (grammar)|genders]] ... | 803 | Arabic | [
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"List of Arabic given names",
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[
"Grammar",
"Literary Arabic",
"Verbs"
] | Verbs in Literary Arabic are marked for person (first, second, or third), gender, and number. They are [[Grammatical conjugation|conjugated]] in two major paradigms ([[past]] and [[non-past]]); two [[grammatical voice|voices]] (active and passive); and six [[grammatical mood|moods]] ([[indicative]], [[imperative mood|i... | 803 | Arabic | [
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[
"Grammar",
"Literary Arabic",
"Derivation"
] | Like other [[Semitic languages]], and unlike most other languages, Arabic makes much more use of [[nonconcatenative morphology]] (applying many templates applied roots) to [[Morphological derivation|derive]] words than adding prefixes or suffixes to words. For verbs, a given root can occur in many different [[Derived s... | 803 | Arabic | [
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"International Association of Arabic Dialectology",
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[
"Grammar",
"Colloquial varieties"
] | The spoken dialects have lost the case distinctions and make only limited use of the dual (it occurs only on nouns and its use is no longer required in all circumstances). They have lost the mood distinctions other than imperative, but many have since gained new moods through the use of prefixes (most often /bi-/ for i... | 803 | Arabic | [
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"List of Arab newspapers",
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[
"Writing system"
] | The Arabic alphabet derives from the Aramaic through [[Nabatean alphabet|Nabatean]], to which it bears a loose resemblance like that of [[Coptic alphabet|Coptic]] or [[Cyrillic script]] to [[Greek alphabet|Greek script]]. Traditionally, there were several differences between the Western (North African) and Middle Easte... | 803 | Arabic | [
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[
"Writing system",
"Calligraphy"
] | After [[Khalil ibn Ahmad al Farahidi]] finally fixed the Arabic script around 786, many styles were developed, both for the writing down of the Quran and other books, and for inscriptions on monuments as decoration. Arabic calligraphy has not fallen out of use as calligraphy has in the Western world, and is still consi... | 803 | Arabic | [
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"Languages of Chad",
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"Arabic literature",
"International Association of Arabic Dialectology",
"Arabic influence on the Spanish language",
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[
"Writing system",
"Romanization"
] | There are a number of different standards for the [[romanization of Arabic]], i.e. methods of accurately and efficiently representing Arabic with the Latin script. There are various conflicting motivations involved, which leads to multiple systems. Some are interested in [[transliteration]], i.e. representing the ''spe... | 803 | Arabic | [
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"Languages of Chad",
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"International Association of Arabic Dialectology",
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[
"Writing system",
"Numerals"
] | In most of present-day North Africa, the [[Western Arabic numerals]] (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) are used. However, in Egypt and Arabic-speaking countries to the east of it, the [[Eastern Arabic numerals]] ( – – – – – – – – – ) are in use. When representing a number in Arabic, the lowest-valued [[positional notation... | 803 | Arabic | [
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[
"Language-standards regulators"
] | [[Academy of the Arabic Language (disambiguation)|Academy of the Arabic Language]] is the name of a number of language-regulation bodies formed in the Arab League. The most active are in [[Academy of the Arabic Language in Damascus|Damascus]] and Cairo. They review language development, monitor new words and approve in... | 803 | Arabic | [
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"Languages of Cameroon",
"Languages of Chad",
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"Arabic Ontology",
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"International Association of Arabic Dialectology",
"Arabic influence on the Spanish language",
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[
"As a foreign language"
] | Arabic has been taught worldwide in many [[elementary school|elementary]] and [[secondary school|secondary]] schools, especially Muslim schools. Universities around the world have classes that teach Arabic as part of their [[Foreign Languages|foreign languages]], [[Middle Eastern studies]], and [[religious studies]] co... | 803 | Arabic | [
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[
"Status in the Arab world vs. other languages"
] | With the sole example of Medieval linguist [[Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati]] – who, while a scholar of the Arabic language, was not ethnically Arab – Medieval scholars of the Arabic language made no efforts at studying comparative linguistics, considering all other languages inferior. In modern times, the educated upper class... | 803 | Arabic | [
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[] | '''Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock''' (13 August 1899 – 29 April 1980) was an English film director, producer, and screenwriter. He is one of the most influential and widely studied filmmakers in the history of cinema. Known as the "'''Master of Suspense'''", he directed over 50 feature films in a career spanning six decad... | 808 | Alfred Hitchcock | [
"Alfred Hitchcock",
"1899 births",
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"Deaths from kidney failure",
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"Edgar Award winners",
"English emigrants ... | [
"List of film director and actor collaborations",
"List of Alfred Hitchcock cameo appearances",
"Alfred Hitchcock's unrealized projects"
] |
[] | After a brief lull of commercial success in the late 1940s, Hitchcock returned to form with ''[[Strangers on a Train (film)|Strangers on a Train]]'' (1951) and ''[[Dial M For Murder]]'' (1954). Between 1954 and 1960, Hitchcock directed four films [[List of films considered the best|often ranked]] among the greatest of ... | 808 | Alfred Hitchcock | [
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[
"Biography",
"Early life: 1899–1919",
"Early childhood and education"
] | Hitchcock was born on 13 August 1899 in the flat above his parents' leased grocer's shop at 517 High Road, [[Leytonstone]], on the outskirts of [[east London]] (then part of [[Essex]]), the youngest of three children: William Daniel (1890–1943), Ellen Kathleen ("Nellie") (1892–1979), and Alfred Joseph (1899-1980). His ... | 808 | Alfred Hitchcock | [
"Alfred Hitchcock",
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[
"Biography",
"Early life: 1899–1919",
"Early childhood and education"
] | While biographer Gene Adair reports that Hitchcock was "an average, or slightly above-average, pupil", Hitchcock said that he was "usually among the four or five at the top of the class"; at the end of his first year, his work in Latin, English, French and [[religious education]] was noted. His favourite subject was [[... | 808 | Alfred Hitchcock | [
"Alfred Hitchcock",
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"List of film director and actor collaborations",
"List of Alfred Hitchcock cameo appearances",
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] |
[
"Biography",
"Early life: 1899–1919",
"Henley's"
] | Hitchcock told his parents that he wanted to be an engineer, and on 25 July 1913, he left St Ignatius and enrolled in night classes at the London County Council School of Engineering and Navigation in Poplar. In a [[Hitchcock/Truffaut|book-length interview]] in 1962, he told [[François Truffaut]] that he had studied "m... | 808 | Alfred Hitchcock | [
"Alfred Hitchcock",
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[
"Biography",
"Inter-war career: 1919–1939",
"Famous Players-Lasky"
] | While still at Henley's, he read in a trade paper that [[Famous Players-Lasky]], the production arm of [[Paramount Pictures]], was opening a studio in London. They were planning to film ''[[The Sorrows of Satan]]'' by [[Marie Corelli]], so he produced some drawings for the [[Intertitle|title cards]] and sent his work t... | 808 | Alfred Hitchcock | [
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[
"Biography",
"Inter-war career: 1919–1939",
"Gainsborough Pictures and work in Germany"
] | When Paramount pulled out of London in 1922, Hitchcock was hired as an assistant director by a new firm run in the same location by [[Michael Balcon]], later known as [[Gainsborough Pictures]]. Hitchcock worked on ''[[Woman to Woman (1923 film)|Woman to Woman]]'' (1923) with the director [[Graham Cutts]], designing the... | 808 | Alfred Hitchcock | [
"Alfred Hitchcock",
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[
"Biography",
"Inter-war career: 1919–1939",
"Gainsborough Pictures and work in Germany"
] | Hitchcock's luck came with his first thriller, ''[[The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog]]'' (1927), about the hunt for a serial killer, wearing a black cloak and carrying a black bag, is murdering young blonde women in London, and only on Tuesdays. A landlady suspects that her lodger is the killer, but he turns out to... | 808 | Alfred Hitchcock | [
"Alfred Hitchcock",
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] |
[
"Biography",
"Inter-war career: 1919–1939",
"Marriage"
] | On 2 December 1926, Hitchcock married the English-American screenwriter [[Alma Reville]] (1899–1982) at the [[Church of the Immaculate Heart of Mary|Brompton Oratory]] in [[South Kensington]]. The couple honeymooned in Paris, [[Lake Como]] and St. Moritz, before returning to London to live in a leased flat on the top t... | 808 | Alfred Hitchcock | [
"Alfred Hitchcock",
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[
"Biography",
"Inter-war career: 1919–1939",
"Early sound films"
] | Hitchcock began work on his tenth film, ''[[Blackmail (1929 film)|Blackmail]]'' (1929), when its production company, [[Associated British Picture Corporation|British International Pictures]] (BIP), converted its [[Elstree Studios (Shenley Road)|Elstree studios]] to [[Sound film|sound]]. The film was the first British "... | 808 | Alfred Hitchcock | [
"Alfred Hitchcock",
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[
"Biography",
"Inter-war career: 1919–1939",
"Early sound films"
] | At this time, Hitchcock also became notorious for pranks against the cast and crew. These jokes ranged from simple and innocent to crazy and maniacal. For instance, he hosted a dinner party where he dyed all the food blue because he claimed there weren't enough blue foods. He also had a horse delivered to the dressing ... | 808 | Alfred Hitchcock | [
"Alfred Hitchcock",
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[
"Biography",
"Early Hollywood years: 1939–1945",
"Selznick contract"
] | Selznick signed Hitchcock to a seven-year contract beginning in April 1939, and the Hitchcocks moved to Hollywood. The Hitchcocks lived in a spacious flat on [[Wilshire Boulevard]], and slowly acclimatised themselves to the Los Angeles area. He and his wife Alma kept a low profile, and were not interested in attending ... | 808 | Alfred Hitchcock | [
"Alfred Hitchcock",
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[
"Biography",
"Early Hollywood years: 1939–1945",
"Selznick contract"
] | Hitchcock's second American film was the thriller ''[[Foreign Correspondent (film)|Foreign Correspondent]]'' (1940), set in Europe, based on [[Vincent Sheean]]'s book ''Personal History'' (1935) and produced by [[Walter Wanger]]. It was nominated for Best Picture that year. Hitchcock felt uneasy living and working in H... | 808 | Alfred Hitchcock | [
"Alfred Hitchcock",
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] |
[
"Biography",
"Early Hollywood years: 1939–1945",
"Early war years"
] | In September 1940 the Hitchcocks bought the Cornwall Ranch near [[Scotts Valley]], California, in the [[Santa Cruz Mountains]]. Their primary residence was an English-style home in [[Bel Air, Los Angeles|Bel Air]], purchased in 1942. Hitchcock's films were diverse during this period, ranging from the romantic comedy ''... | 808 | Alfred Hitchcock | [
"Alfred Hitchcock",
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] |
[
"Biography",
"Early Hollywood years: 1939–1945",
"Early war years"
] | Back in England, Hitchcock's mother Emma was severely ill; she died on 26 September 1942 at age 79. Hitchcock never spoke publicly about his mother, but his assistant said that he admired her. Four months later, on 4 January 1943, his brother William died of an overdose at age 52. Hitchcock was not very close to Willia... | 808 | Alfred Hitchcock | [
"Alfred Hitchcock",
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"List of film director and actor collaborations",
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] |
[
"Biography",
"Early Hollywood years: 1939–1945",
"Wartime non-fiction films"
] | Hitchcock returned to the UK for an extended visit in late 1943 and early 1944. While there he made two short [[propaganda film]], ''[[Bon Voyage (1944 film)|Bon Voyage]]'' (1944) and ''[[Aventure Malgache]]'' (1944), for the [[Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Information]]. In June and July 1945, H... | 808 | Alfred Hitchcock | [
"Alfred Hitchcock",
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"List of Alfred Hitchcock cameo appearances",
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[
"Biography",
"Post-war Hollywood years: 1945–1953",
"Later Selznick films"
] | Hitchcock worked for David Selznick again when he directed ''[[Spellbound (1945 film)|Spellbound]]'' (1945), which explores [[psychoanalysis]] and features a [[dream sequence]] designed by [[Salvador Dalí]]. The dream sequence as it appears in the film is ten minutes shorter than was originally envisioned; Selznick edi... | 808 | Alfred Hitchcock | [
"Alfred Hitchcock",
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"List of film director and actor collaborations",
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] |
[
"Biography",
"Post-war Hollywood years: 1945–1953",
"Transatlantic Pictures"
] | Hitchcock formed an independent production company, [[Transatlantic Pictures]], with his friend [[Sidney Bernstein, Baron Bernstein|Sidney Bernstein]]. He made two films with Transatlantic, one of which was his first colour film. With ''[[Rope (film)|Rope]]'' (1948), Hitchcock experimented with marshalling suspense in ... | 808 | Alfred Hitchcock | [
"Alfred Hitchcock",
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"List of film director and actor collaborations",
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"Alfred Hitchcock's unrealized projects"
] |
[
"Biography",
"Peak years: 1954–1964",
"''Dial M for Murder'' and ''Rear Window''"
] | ''I Confess'' was followed by three colour films starring [[Grace Kelly]]: ''[[Dial M for Murder]]'' (1954), ''[[Rear Window]]'' (1954), and ''[[To Catch a Thief]]'' (1955). In ''Dial M for Murder'', [[Ray Milland]] plays the villain who tries to murder his unfaithful wife (Kelly) for her money. She kills the hired ass... | 808 | Alfred Hitchcock | [
"Alfred Hitchcock",
"1899 births",
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"English emigrants ... | [
"List of film director and actor collaborations",
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[
"Biography",
"Peak years: 1954–1964",
"''Alfred Hitchcock Presents''"
] | From 1955 to 1965, Hitchcock was the host of the television series ''[[Alfred Hitchcock Presents]]''. With his droll delivery, gallows humour and iconic image, the series made Hitchcock a celebrity. The title-sequence of the show pictured a minimalist caricature of his profile (he drew it himself; it is composed of onl... | 808 | Alfred Hitchcock | [
"Alfred Hitchcock",
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"English emigrants ... | [
"List of film director and actor collaborations",
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[
"Biography",
"Peak years: 1954–1964",
"From ''To Catch a Thief'' to ''Vertigo''"
] | In 1955 Hitchcock became a United States citizen. In the same year, his third Grace Kelly film, ''[[To Catch a Thief]]'', was released; it is set in the [[French Riviera]], and stars Kelly and Cary Grant. Grant plays retired thief John Robie, who becomes the prime suspect for a spate of robberies in the Riviera. A thri... | 808 | Alfred Hitchcock | [
"Alfred Hitchcock",
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"English emigrants ... | [
"List of film director and actor collaborations",
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"Alfred Hitchcock's unrealized projects"
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[
"Biography",
"Peak years: 1954–1964",
"From ''To Catch a Thief'' to ''Vertigo''"
] | In ''Vertigo'', Stewart plays Scottie, a former police investigator suffering from [[acrophobia]], who develops an obsession with a woman he has been hired to shadow (Novak). Scottie's obsession leads to tragedy, and this time Hitchcock does not opt for a happy ending. Some critics, including Donald Spoto and [[Roger E... | 808 | Alfred Hitchcock | [
"Alfred Hitchcock",
"1899 births",
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"Edgar Award winners",
"English emigrants ... | [
"List of film director and actor collaborations",
"List of Alfred Hitchcock cameo appearances",
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] |
[
"Biography",
"Peak years: 1954–1964",
"''North by Northwest'' and ''Psycho''"
] | After ''Vertigo'', the rest of 1958 had been a difficult year for Hitchcock. During [[pre-production]] of ''[[North by Northwest]]'' (1959), which was a "slow" and "agonising" process, his wife Alma was diagnosed with cancer. While Alma was in hospital, Hitchcock kept himself occupied with his television work and would... | 808 | Alfred Hitchcock | [
"Alfred Hitchcock",
"1899 births",
"1980 deaths",
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"Edgar Award winners",
"English emigrants ... | [
"List of film director and actor collaborations",
"List of Alfred Hitchcock cameo appearances",
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] |
[
"Biography",
"Peak years: 1954–1964",
"Truffaut interview"
] | On 13 August 1962, Hitchcock's 63rd birthday, the French director [[François Truffaut]] began a 50-hour interview of Hitchcock, filmed over eight days at Universal Studios, during which Hitchcock agreed to answer 500 questions. It took four years to transcribe the tapes and organise the images; it was published as a bo... | 808 | Alfred Hitchcock | [
"Alfred Hitchcock",
"1899 births",
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"Directors Guild of America Award winners",
"Edgar Award winners",
"English emigrants ... | [
"List of film director and actor collaborations",
"List of Alfred Hitchcock cameo appearances",
"Alfred Hitchcock's unrealized projects"
] |
[
"Biography",
"Peak years: 1954–1964",
"''The Birds''"
] | The film scholar Peter William Evans wrote that ''[[The Birds (film)|The Birds]]'' (1963) and ''[[Marnie (film)|Marnie]]'' (1964) are regarded as "undisputed masterpieces". Hitchcock had intended to film ''Marnie'' first, and in March 1962 it was announced that Grace Kelly, Princess Grace of Monaco since 1956, would co... | 808 | Alfred Hitchcock | [
"Alfred Hitchcock",
"1899 births",
"1980 deaths",
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"Edgar Award winners",
"English emigrants ... | [
"List of film director and actor collaborations",
"List of Alfred Hitchcock cameo appearances",
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] |
[
"Biography",
"Peak years: 1954–1964",
"''Marnie''"
] | In June 1962, Grace Kelly announced that she had decided against appearing in ''[[Marnie (film)|Marnie]]'' (1964). Hedren had signed an exclusive seven-year, $500-a-week contract with Hitchcock in October 1961, and he decided to cast her in the lead role opposite [[Sean Connery]]. In 2016, describing Hedren's performan... | 808 | Alfred Hitchcock | [
"Alfred Hitchcock",
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"1980 deaths",
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"BAFTA fellows",
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"English emigrants ... | [
"List of film director and actor collaborations",
"List of Alfred Hitchcock cameo appearances",
"Alfred Hitchcock's unrealized projects"
] |
[
"Biography",
"Later years: 1966–1980",
"Final films"
] | Failing health reduced Hitchcock's output during the last two decades of his life. Biographer [[Stephen Rebello]] claimed Universal imposed two films on him, ''[[Torn Curtain]]'' (1966) and ''[[Topaz (1969 film)|Topaz]]'' (1969), the latter of which is based on a [[Leon Uris]] novel, partly set in Cuba. Both were spy t... | 808 | Alfred Hitchcock | [
"Alfred Hitchcock",
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"BAFTA fellows",
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"English emigrants ... | [
"List of film director and actor collaborations",
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[
"Biography",
"Later years: 1966–1980",
"Knighthood and death"
] | Toward the end of his life, Hitchcock was working on the script for a spy thriller, ''[[The Short Night]]'', collaborating with [[James Costigan]], [[Ernest Lehman]] and [[David Freeman (screenwriter)|David Freeman]]. Despite preliminary work, it was never filmed. Hitchcock's health was declining and he was worried ab... | 808 | Alfred Hitchcock | [
"Alfred Hitchcock",
"1899 births",
"1980 deaths",
"20th-century English people",
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"BAFTA fellows",
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"List of film director and actor collaborations",
"List of Alfred Hitchcock cameo appearances",
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[
"Filmmaking",
"Style and themes"
] | Hitchcock's film production career evolved from small-scale silent films to financially significant sound films. Hitchock remarked that he was influenced by early filmmakers George Méliès, D.W. Griffith and Alice Guy-Blaché. His silent films between 1925 and 1929 were in the crime and suspense genres, but also included... | 808 | Alfred Hitchcock | [
"Alfred Hitchcock",
"1899 births",
"1980 deaths",
"20th-century English people",
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"BAFTA fellows",
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"Directors Guild of America Award winners",
"Edgar Award winners",
"English emigrants ... | [
"List of film director and actor collaborations",
"List of Alfred Hitchcock cameo appearances",
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] |
[
"Filmmaking",
"Style and themes"
] | Hitchcock's films, from the silent to the sound era, contained a number of recurring themes that he is famous for. His films explored audience as a [[Voyeurism|voyeur]], notably in ''Rear Window'', ''Marnie'' and ''Psycho''. He understood that human beings enjoy voyeuristic activities and made the audience participate ... | 808 | Alfred Hitchcock | [
"Alfred Hitchcock",
"1899 births",
"1980 deaths",
"20th-century English people",
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"BAFTA fellows",
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"Directors Guild of America Award winners",
"Edgar Award winners",
"English emigrants ... | [
"List of film director and actor collaborations",
"List of Alfred Hitchcock cameo appearances",
"Alfred Hitchcock's unrealized projects"
] |
[
"Filmmaking",
"Representation of women"
] | Hitchcock's portrayal of women has been the subject of much scholarly debate. [[Bidisha]] wrote in ''The Guardian'' in 2010: "There's the vamp, the tramp, the snitch, the witch, the slink, the double-crosser and, best of all, the demon mommy. Don't worry, they all get punished in the end." In a widely cited essay in 19... | 808 | Alfred Hitchcock | [
"Alfred Hitchcock",
"1899 births",
"1980 deaths",
"20th-century English people",
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"BAFTA fellows",
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"Directors Guild of America Award winners",
"Edgar Award winners",
"English emigrants ... | [
"List of film director and actor collaborations",
"List of Alfred Hitchcock cameo appearances",
"Alfred Hitchcock's unrealized projects"
] |
[
"Filmmaking",
"Relationship with actors"
] | Hitchcock became known for having remarked that "actors should be treated like cattle". During the filming of ''[[Mr. & Mrs. Smith (1941 film)|Mr. & Mrs. Smith]]'' (1941), [[Carole Lombard]] brought three cows onto the set wearing the name tags of Lombard, [[Robert Montgomery (actor)|Robert Montgomery]], and [[Gene Ray... | 808 | Alfred Hitchcock | [
"Alfred Hitchcock",
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"1980 deaths",
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"BAFTA fellows",
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"Directors Guild of America Award winners",
"Edgar Award winners",
"English emigrants ... | [
"List of film director and actor collaborations",
"List of Alfred Hitchcock cameo appearances",
"Alfred Hitchcock's unrealized projects"
] |
[
"Filmmaking",
"Writing, storyboards and production"
] | Hitchcock planned his scripts in detail with his writers. In ''Writing with Hitchcock'' (2001), Steven DeRosa noted that Hitchcock supervised them through every draft, asking that they tell the story visually. Hitchcock told [[Roger Ebert]] in 1969: Hitchcock's films were extensively [[storyboard]] to the finest detail... | 808 | Alfred Hitchcock | [
"Alfred Hitchcock",
"1899 births",
"1980 deaths",
"20th-century English people",
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"Directors Guild of America Award winners",
"Edgar Award winners",
"English emigrants ... | [
"List of film director and actor collaborations",
"List of Alfred Hitchcock cameo appearances",
"Alfred Hitchcock's unrealized projects"
] |
[
"Filmmaking",
"Writing, storyboards and production"
] | Krohn's work also sheds light on Hitchcock's practice of generally shooting in chronological order, which he notes sent many films over budget and over schedule and, more importantly, differed from the standard operating procedure of Hollywood in the Studio System Era. Equally important is Hitchcock's tendency to shoot... | 808 | Alfred Hitchcock | [
"Alfred Hitchcock",
"1899 births",
"1980 deaths",
"20th-century English people",
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"BAFTA fellows",
"Cecil B. DeMille Award Golden Globe winners",
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"Directors Guild of America Award winners",
"Edgar Award winners",
"English emigrants ... | [
"List of film director and actor collaborations",
"List of Alfred Hitchcock cameo appearances",
"Alfred Hitchcock's unrealized projects"
] |
[
"Legacy",
"Awards and honours"
] | Hitchcock was inducted into the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] on 8 February 1960 with two stars: one for television and a second for his motion pictures. In 1978 [[John Russell Taylor]] described him as "the most universally recognizable person in the world" and "a straightforward middle-class Englishman who just happened... | 808 | Alfred Hitchcock | [
"Alfred Hitchcock",
"1899 births",
"1980 deaths",
"20th-century English people",
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"Directors Guild of America Award winners",
"Edgar Award winners",
"English emigrants ... | [
"List of film director and actor collaborations",
"List of Alfred Hitchcock cameo appearances",
"Alfred Hitchcock's unrealized projects"
] |
[
"Legacy",
"Archives"
] | The Alfred Hitchcock Collection is housed at the [[Academy Film Archive]] in Hollywood, California. It includes home movies, 16mm film shot on the set of ''Blackmail'' (1929) and ''Frenzy'' (1972), and the earliest known colour footage of Hitchcock. The Academy Film Archive has preserved many of his home movies. The Al... | 808 | Alfred Hitchcock | [
"Alfred Hitchcock",
"1899 births",
"1980 deaths",
"20th-century English people",
"Articles containing video clips",
"BAFTA fellows",
"Cecil B. DeMille Award Golden Globe winners",
"Deaths from kidney failure",
"Directors Guild of America Award winners",
"Edgar Award winners",
"English emigrants ... | [
"List of film director and actor collaborations",
"List of Alfred Hitchcock cameo appearances",
"Alfred Hitchcock's unrealized projects"
] |
[
"Legacy",
"Hitchcock portrayals"
] | (-) [[Anthony Hopkins]] in ''[[Hitchcock (film)|Hitchcock]]'' (2012) (-) [[Toby Jones]] in ''[[The Girl (2012 TV film)|The Girl]]'' (2012) (-) [[Roger Ashton-Griffiths]] in ''[[Grace of Monaco (film)|Grace of Monaco]]'' (2014) | 808 | Alfred Hitchcock | [
"Alfred Hitchcock",
"1899 births",
"1980 deaths",
"20th-century English people",
"Articles containing video clips",
"BAFTA fellows",
"Cecil B. DeMille Award Golden Globe winners",
"Deaths from kidney failure",
"Directors Guild of America Award winners",
"Edgar Award winners",
"English emigrants ... | [
"List of film director and actor collaborations",
"List of Alfred Hitchcock cameo appearances",
"Alfred Hitchcock's unrealized projects"
] |
[] | '''Anacondas''' or '''water boas''' are a group of large [[snake]] of the [[genus]] ''[[Eunectes]]''. They are found in tropical [[South America]]. Four [[species]] are currently recognized. | 809 | Anaconda | [
"Boidae",
"Snake common names"
] | [
"South American jaguar"
] |
[
"Description"
] | Although the name applies to a group of snakes, it is often used to refer only to one species, in particular, the common or [[green anaconda]] (''Eunectes murinus''), which is the largest snake in the world by weight, and the second longest. | 809 | Anaconda | [
"Boidae",
"Snake common names"
] | [
"South American jaguar"
] |
[
"Etymology"
] | The South American names ''anacauchoa'' and ''anacaona'' were suggested in an account by [[Peter Martyr d'Anghiera]], but the idea of a South American origin was questioned by [[Henry Walter Bates]] who, in his travels in South America, failed to find any similar name in use. The word anaconda is derived from the name ... | 809 | Anaconda | [
"Boidae",
"Snake common names"
] | [
"South American jaguar"
] |
[
"Species and other uses of the term \"anaconda\""
] | The term "anaconda" has been used to refer to: (-) Any member of the genus ''[[Eunectes]]'', a group of large, aquatic snakes found in South America: (-) ''[[Eunectes murinus]]'', the green anaconda – the largest species, found east of the Andes in Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil and [[... | 809 | Anaconda | [
"Boidae",
"Snake common names"
] | [
"South American jaguar"
] |
[] | '''Altaic''' (; also called '''Transeurasian''') is a ''[[sprachbund]]'' (i.e. a linguistic area) and proposed [[language family]] that would include the [[Turkic languages|Turkic]], [[Mongolic languages|Mongolian]] and [[Tungusic languages|Tungusic language families]] and possibly also the [[Japonic languages|Japonic]... | 824 | Altaic languages | [
"Altaic languages",
"Agglutinative languages",
"Central Asia",
"Proposed language families"
] | [
"Comparison of Japanese and Korean",
"Nostratic languages",
"Classification of the Japonic languages",
"Xiongnu",
"Turco-Mongol",
"Pan-Turanism",
"Uralo-Siberian languages"
] |
[
"Earliest attestations of the languages"
] | The earliest known texts in a Turkic language are the [[Orkhon inscriptions]], 720–735 AD. They were deciphered in 1893 by the Danish linguist [[Vilhelm Thomsen]] in a scholarly race with his rival, the German–Russian linguist [[Vasily Radlov|Wilhelm Radloff]]. However, Radloff was the first to publish the inscriptions... | 824 | Altaic languages | [
"Altaic languages",
"Agglutinative languages",
"Central Asia",
"Proposed language families"
] | [
"Comparison of Japanese and Korean",
"Nostratic languages",
"Classification of the Japonic languages",
"Xiongnu",
"Turco-Mongol",
"Pan-Turanism",
"Uralo-Siberian languages"
] |
[
"History of the Altaic family concept",
"Origins"
] | A proposed grouping of the Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic languages was published in 1730 by [[Philip Johan von Strahlenberg]], a Swedish officer who traveled in the eastern [[Russian Empire]] while a prisoner of war after the [[Great Northern War]]. However, he may not have intended to imply a closer relationship amon... | 824 | Altaic languages | [
"Altaic languages",
"Agglutinative languages",
"Central Asia",
"Proposed language families"
] | [
"Comparison of Japanese and Korean",
"Nostratic languages",
"Classification of the Japonic languages",
"Xiongnu",
"Turco-Mongol",
"Pan-Turanism",
"Uralo-Siberian languages"
] |
[
"History of the Altaic family concept",
"Uralo-Altaic hypothesis"
] | In 1844, the Finnish [[Philology|philologist]] [[Matthias Castrén]] proposed a broader grouping, that later came to be called the [[Ural–Altaic languages|Ural–Altaic family]], which included Turkic, Mongolian, and Manchu-Tungus (=Tungusic) as an "Altaic" branch, and also the [[Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] and [[... | 824 | Altaic languages | [
"Altaic languages",
"Agglutinative languages",
"Central Asia",
"Proposed language families"
] | [
"Comparison of Japanese and Korean",
"Nostratic languages",
"Classification of the Japonic languages",
"Xiongnu",
"Turco-Mongol",
"Pan-Turanism",
"Uralo-Siberian languages"
] |
[
"History of the Altaic family concept",
"Korean and Japanese languages"
] | In 1857, the Austrian scholar [[Anton Boller]] suggested adding [[Japanese language|Japanese]] to the Ural–Altaic family. In the 1920s, [[Gustaf John Ramstedt|G.J. Ramstedt]] and [[Yevgeny Polivanov|E.D. Polivanov]] advocated the inclusion of Korean. Decades later, in his 1952 book, Ramstedt rejected the Ural–Altaic hy... | 824 | Altaic languages | [
"Altaic languages",
"Agglutinative languages",
"Central Asia",
"Proposed language families"
] | [
"Comparison of Japanese and Korean",
"Nostratic languages",
"Classification of the Japonic languages",
"Xiongnu",
"Turco-Mongol",
"Pan-Turanism",
"Uralo-Siberian languages"
] |
[
"History of the Altaic family concept",
"The Ainu language"
] | In 1962 John C. Street proposed an alternative classification, with Turkic-Mongolic-Tungusic in one grouping and Korean-Japanese-[[Ainu language|Ainu]] in another, joined in what he designated as the "North Asiatic" family. The inclusion of Ainu was adopted also by [[James Patrie]] in 1982. The Turkic-Mongolic-Tungusic... | 824 | Altaic languages | [
"Altaic languages",
"Agglutinative languages",
"Central Asia",
"Proposed language families"
] | [
"Comparison of Japanese and Korean",
"Nostratic languages",
"Classification of the Japonic languages",
"Xiongnu",
"Turco-Mongol",
"Pan-Turanism",
"Uralo-Siberian languages"
] |
[
"History of the Altaic family concept",
"Early criticism and rejection"
] | Starting in the late 1950s, some linguists became increasingly critical of even the minimal Altaic family hypothesis, disputing the alleged evidence of genetic connection between Turkic, Mongolic and Tungusic languages. Among the earlier critics were [[Gerard Clauson]] (1956), [[Gerhard Doerfer]] (1963), and [[Alexande... | 824 | Altaic languages | [
"Altaic languages",
"Agglutinative languages",
"Central Asia",
"Proposed language families"
] | [
"Comparison of Japanese and Korean",
"Nostratic languages",
"Classification of the Japonic languages",
"Xiongnu",
"Turco-Mongol",
"Pan-Turanism",
"Uralo-Siberian languages"
] |
[
"History of the Altaic family concept",
"Modern controversy"
] | A major continuing supporter of the Altaic hypothesis has been S. Starostin, who published a comparative lexical analysis of the Altaic languages in (1991). He concluded that the analysis supported the Altaic grouping, although it was "older than most other language families in Eurasia, such as Indo-European or Finno-U... | 824 | Altaic languages | [
"Altaic languages",
"Agglutinative languages",
"Central Asia",
"Proposed language families"
] | [
"Comparison of Japanese and Korean",
"Nostratic languages",
"Classification of the Japonic languages",
"Xiongnu",
"Turco-Mongol",
"Pan-Turanism",
"Uralo-Siberian languages"
] |
[
"History of the Altaic family concept",
"List of supporters and critics of the Altaic hypothesis"
] | The list below comprises linguists who have worked specifically on the Altaic problem since the publication of the first volume of Ramstedt's ''Einführung'' in 1952. The dates given are those of works concerning Altaic. For supporters of the theory, the version of Altaic they favor is given at the end of the entry, if ... | 824 | Altaic languages | [
"Altaic languages",
"Agglutinative languages",
"Central Asia",
"Proposed language families"
] | [
"Comparison of Japanese and Korean",
"Nostratic languages",
"Classification of the Japonic languages",
"Xiongnu",
"Turco-Mongol",
"Pan-Turanism",
"Uralo-Siberian languages"
] |
[
"History of the Altaic family concept",
"List of supporters and critics of the Altaic hypothesis",
"Major supporters"
] | (-) [[Pentti Aalto]] (1955). Turkic–Mongolic–Tungusic–Korean. (-) [[Anna V. Dybo]] (S. Starostin et al. 2003, A. Dybo and G. Starostin 2008). (-) [[Frederik Kortlandt]] (2010). (-) [[Karl H. Menges]] (1975). Common ancestor of Korean, Japanese and traditional Altaic dated back to the 7th or 8th millennium BC (1975: 125... | 824 | Altaic languages | [
"Altaic languages",
"Agglutinative languages",
"Central Asia",
"Proposed language families"
] | [
"Comparison of Japanese and Korean",
"Nostratic languages",
"Classification of the Japonic languages",
"Xiongnu",
"Turco-Mongol",
"Pan-Turanism",
"Uralo-Siberian languages"
] |
[
"History of the Altaic family concept",
"List of supporters and critics of the Altaic hypothesis",
"Major critics"
] | (-) [[Gerard Clauson]] (1956, 1959, 1962). (-) [[Gerhard Doerfer]] (1963, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1981, 1985, 1988, 1993). (-) [[Susumu Ōno]] (1970, 2000) (-) [[Juha Janhunen]] (1992, 1995) (tentative support of Mongolic-Tungusic). (-) [[Claus Schönig]] (2003). (-) [[Stefan Georg]] (2004, 2005). (-) [... | 824 | Altaic languages | [
"Altaic languages",
"Agglutinative languages",
"Central Asia",
"Proposed language families"
] | [
"Comparison of Japanese and Korean",
"Nostratic languages",
"Classification of the Japonic languages",
"Xiongnu",
"Turco-Mongol",
"Pan-Turanism",
"Uralo-Siberian languages"
] |
[
"History of the Altaic family concept",
"List of supporters and critics of the Altaic hypothesis",
"Advocates of alternative hypotheses"
] | (-) [[James Patrie]] (1982) and [[Joseph Greenberg]] (2000–2002). Turkic–Mongolic–Tungusic and Korean–Japanese–Ainu, grouped in a common [[taxon]] (cf. John C. Street 1962), called [[Eurasiatic languages|Eurasiatic]] by Greenberg. (-) [[J. Marshall Unger]] (1990). Tungusic–Korean–Japanese ("'''Macro-Tungusic'''"), with... | 824 | Altaic languages | [
"Altaic languages",
"Agglutinative languages",
"Central Asia",
"Proposed language families"
] | [
"Comparison of Japanese and Korean",
"Nostratic languages",
"Classification of the Japonic languages",
"Xiongnu",
"Turco-Mongol",
"Pan-Turanism",
"Uralo-Siberian languages"
] |
[
"Arguments",
"For the Altaic grouping",
"Phonological and grammatical features"
] | The original arguments for grouping the "micro-Altaic" languages within a Uralo-Altaic family were based on such shared features as [[vowel harmony]] and [[agglutinative language|agglutination]]. According to Roy Miller, the most pressing evidence for the theory is the similarities in [[verb]] [[morphology (linguistics... | 824 | Altaic languages | [
"Altaic languages",
"Agglutinative languages",
"Central Asia",
"Proposed language families"
] | [
"Comparison of Japanese and Korean",
"Nostratic languages",
"Classification of the Japonic languages",
"Xiongnu",
"Turco-Mongol",
"Pan-Turanism",
"Uralo-Siberian languages"
] |
[
"Arguments",
"For the Altaic grouping",
"Shared lexicon"
] | Starostin claimed in 1991 that the members of the proposed Altaic group shared about 15–20% of apparent cognates within a 110-word [[Swadesh list#Shorter lists|Swadesh-Yakhontov list]]; in particular, Turkic–Mongolic 20%, Turkic–Tungusic 18%, Turkic–Korean 17%, Mongolic–Tungusic 22%, Mongolic–Korean 16%, and Tungusic–K... | 824 | Altaic languages | [
"Altaic languages",
"Agglutinative languages",
"Central Asia",
"Proposed language families"
] | [
"Comparison of Japanese and Korean",
"Nostratic languages",
"Classification of the Japonic languages",
"Xiongnu",
"Turco-Mongol",
"Pan-Turanism",
"Uralo-Siberian languages"
] |
[
"Arguments",
"For the Altaic grouping",
"Shared lexicon"
] | (-) Proto-Koreanic *pap ‘any boiled preparation of cereal; boiled rice’ (-) Proto-Koreanic *pʌsal ‘hulled (of any grain); hulled corn of grain; hulled rice’ < Proto-Japonic *wasa-ra ‘early ripening (of any grain)’ (-) Proto-Koreanic *ipi > *pi > *pye ‘(unhusked) rice’ < Proto-Japonic *ip-i (eat-NMLZ) ‘cooked millet, st... | 824 | Altaic languages | [
"Altaic languages",
"Agglutinative languages",
"Central Asia",
"Proposed language families"
] | [
"Comparison of Japanese and Korean",
"Nostratic languages",
"Classification of the Japonic languages",
"Xiongnu",
"Turco-Mongol",
"Pan-Turanism",
"Uralo-Siberian languages"
] |
[
"Arguments",
"For the Altaic grouping",
"Archaeolinguistic support"
] | A study published in February 2020 in the ''Evolutionary Human Sciences'' supports the coherence of the Transeurasian (Altaic) family through archaeolinguistic evidence. It posits that the sophisticated [[textile]] technology and [[millet]] [[Agriculture|farming]] expansion from Northeast China in [[East Asia]] can be ... | 824 | Altaic languages | [
"Altaic languages",
"Agglutinative languages",
"Central Asia",
"Proposed language families"
] | [
"Comparison of Japanese and Korean",
"Nostratic languages",
"Classification of the Japonic languages",
"Xiongnu",
"Turco-Mongol",
"Pan-Turanism",
"Uralo-Siberian languages"
] |
[
"Arguments",
"For the Altaic grouping",
"Archaeolinguistic support"
] | However, Hudson and Robbeets (2020) responded to this study and still maintain that archaeological elements relating to sedentism, pottery, stone tools and weaving technology supports a Northeast China agricultural origin for proto-Koreanic and proto-Japonic. They pointed out several problems in the arguments of Kim an... | 824 | Altaic languages | [
"Altaic languages",
"Agglutinative languages",
"Central Asia",
"Proposed language families"
] | [
"Comparison of Japanese and Korean",
"Nostratic languages",
"Classification of the Japonic languages",
"Xiongnu",
"Turco-Mongol",
"Pan-Turanism",
"Uralo-Siberian languages"
] |
[
"Arguments",
"Against the grouping",
"Weakness of lexical and typological data"
] | According to G. Clauson (1956), G. Doerfer (1963), and A. Shcherbak (1963), many of the [[linguistic typology|typological]] features of the supposed Altaic languages, particularly [[agglutinative language|agglutinative]] strongly suffixing [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] and [[subject–object–verb]] (SOV) word o... | 824 | Altaic languages | [
"Altaic languages",
"Agglutinative languages",
"Central Asia",
"Proposed language families"
] | [
"Comparison of Japanese and Korean",
"Nostratic languages",
"Classification of the Japonic languages",
"Xiongnu",
"Turco-Mongol",
"Pan-Turanism",
"Uralo-Siberian languages"
] |
[
"Arguments",
"Against the grouping",
"The Sprachbund hypothesis"
] | Instead of a common genetic origin, Clauson, Doerfer, and Shcherbak proposed (in 1956–1966) that Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic languages form a ''[[Sprachbund]]'': a set of languages with similarities due to [[Language convergence|convergence]] through intensive borrowing and long contact, rather than common origin. [... | 824 | Altaic languages | [
"Altaic languages",
"Agglutinative languages",
"Central Asia",
"Proposed language families"
] | [
"Comparison of Japanese and Korean",
"Nostratic languages",
"Classification of the Japonic languages",
"Xiongnu",
"Turco-Mongol",
"Pan-Turanism",
"Uralo-Siberian languages"
] |
[
"Hypothesis about the original homeland"
] | The prehistory of the peoples speaking the "Altaic" languages is largely unknown. Whereas for certain other language families, such as the speakers of [[Proto-Indo-European language|Indo-European]], [[Proto-Uralic language|Uralic]], and [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]], it is possible to frame substantial hypoth... | 824 | Altaic languages | [
"Altaic languages",
"Agglutinative languages",
"Central Asia",
"Proposed language families"
] | [
"Comparison of Japanese and Korean",
"Nostratic languages",
"Classification of the Japonic languages",
"Xiongnu",
"Turco-Mongol",
"Pan-Turanism",
"Uralo-Siberian languages"
] |
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