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Health Benefits of Biotin
<p>Health Benefits of Biotin</p>
Dr. Constance Odom, MD Picture of Dr. Constance Odom, MD
Medically reviewed by
Written by our editorial team.
Last Edited 5 min read
Biotin is a B-vitamin, and is also known by the name of vitamin B7. It was once known as coenzyme R, or vitamin H. The H stood for Haar und Haut, the German words for Hair and Skin. Biotin is water soluble, which means that it dissolves in water, and has many important functions in the body.
Biotin is necessary for the functions of several enzymes that are known as carboxylases, which are biotin-containing enzymes that participate in important metabolic functions, like the production of glucose and fatty acids. Commonly recommended, the intake is about five micrograms per day in infants and thirty micrograms in adults. This can be increased to thirty five micrograms per day in breastfeeding women.
Deficiency for biotin is fairly rare, but some groups of people are more likely to experience it in mild forms, such as pregnant women. Other factors, such as consuming raw eggs, can cause a deficiency. But to do something like that, you'd have to dine on raw eggs for quite a long amount of time. Raw egg whites contain a protein called avidin, which binds to biotin and prevents it from being absorbed by the body. Thankfully, it's rendered inactive during cooking.
Biotin is a key vitamin for energy production, and several enzymes require it to properly function. These enzymes are specifically involved in fat, protein, and carb metabolizm, and initiate crucial parts of the metabolic processes of these nutrients. Biotin plays a role in fatty acid synthesis by assisting enzymes that activate reactions important to breaking down fatty acids. It's also important in gluconeogenisis, which is the metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates. Gluconeogenesis is one of the several main mechanisms used by humans and many animals to maintain blood glucose levels, avoiding hypoglycemia. It's also important in the breakdown of amino acids, as biotin-containing enzymes are involved in the metabolism of several important kinds, such as leucine.
Biotin is important for more cosmetic purposes as well, such as brittle nails for one. Brittle nails are nails that are weak can become easily chipped, cracked, or split. It's very common to have brittle nails, unfortunately, as an estimated twenty percent of people around the globe are effected. But, in one study, eight people with brittle nails were given 2.5mg of biotin, per day, for a minimum of six up to fifteen months. Thickness in the nails improved by twenty five percent in all eight participants, and nail splitting was also reduced. In yet another study, thirty five people with brittle nails found that 2.5mg of biotin a day for one and a half to seven months improved symptoms in sixty seven percent of participants. These studies were rather small, however, and more research is certainly needed.
In a similar cosmetic vain, biotin is also often associated with an increase of hair growth, and not just any kind, but healthier, and stronger hair. And while more research is certainly needed to back this claim, a deficiency in biotin may lead to hair loss, which indicated and importance in the vitamin when it comes to maintaining a lush mane of hair. Whether or not it improves hair growth in healthy people, the jury's still out on that, but people with even a slight deficiency should certainly see results from added supplementation.
Biotin may even help controlling the blood sugar levels of those who have diabetes. Type two diabetes is a metabolic disease, and is characterized by high blood sugar levels and impaired insulin function. Recently, researches have studied how biotin supplements affect blood sugar levels in type two diabetics, and some evidence shows that biotin concentrations in blood may be lower in people with diabetes, compared to healthier individuals. Studies in diabetics given biotin alone have, as of it, provided mixed results. On the other hand, several controlled studies have shown that biotin supplements, combined with the mineral chromium, may lower blood sugar levels in some people with type two diabetes.
When it comes to skin, Biotin's role in skin healthy isn't fully understood, but it is known that you may get red, scaly skin rashes if you have a biotin deficiency. Other studies have also suggested that biotin deficiency may sometimes cause a skin disorder known as seborrheic dermatits, or cradle cap, as it's more commonly known. Biotin's role in skin healthy could possibly be related to it's effect on fat metabolism, which is important for the skin and may be impaired when dealing with a deficiency.
Biotin is important when it comes to pregnancy and breastfeeding, and require an increased requirement for the vitamin. It's actually been estimated that about half of all women who get pregnant may develop a mild deficiency in the vitamin. This means that it may start to affect their well being, but not enough to cause noticeable symptoms. Deficiencies are thought to occur in pregnant women thanks to faster breakdown during pregnancy. Additional, a major cause for concern in these women is that animals studies have found that a biotin deficiency has shown to be alongside many birth defects, and may be a contributing factor. Nevertheless, remember to always consult your doctor or dietitian/nutritionist before taking supplements during pregnancy and while breastfeeding.
Biotin also may affect multiple sclerosis, which is an autoimmune disease. In MS, the protective covering of nerve fibers in the brain, spinal cord, and eyes is damaged or destroyed. This protective covering is called myelin, and biotin is known to be an important factor in producing it. In fact, a pilot study in twenty three people with progressive Multiple Sclerosis tested the use of high doses of biotin, and over ninty percent of participants had some degree of improvement. And of course, this finding needs much more study, at least two randomized controlled trials have been carried out in people with progressive MS. The final results have not been published, but the preliminary results are promising.
Biotin is found in a rather wide variety of foods, which means that deficiency while not impossible, is rare. Such foods include Wheat germ, whole-grain cereals, whole wheat bread, eggs, dairy products, peanuts, soya nuts, Swiss chard, salmon, and chicken are all sources of biotin, alongside organ meats, such as liver and kidney and mushrooms. A bit of it is even produced by the bacteria in your stomach, on it's own or as a component of mixed vitamin supplements.
To top all of these benefits off, biotin is considered extremely safe. Even massive doses of up to three hundred milligrams a day, which is what was used to test multiple sclerosis and it's effects, have not led to any adverse side effects. And because it's a water-soluble vitamin, excess of it is lead out of the body in urine. However, there have been some reports of high-dose biotin causing strange results on thyroid tests, so check with a doctor before using if you are currently taking thyroid medication.
This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. The information contained herein is not a substitute for and should never be relied upon for professional medical advice. Always talk to your physician about the risks and benefits of any treatment. Nu Image Medical may not offer the medications or services mentioned in this article.
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How Aromatherapy Works
Aromatherapy works by stimulating receptors in the nose responsible for smell, sending messages by olfactory cells to the part of the brain that controls the drive for survival, emotions, and instinct called the limbic system. The olfactory cells recognize scents as specific aromatic molecules that fit into receptors on these cells. Although not fully understood, scientists believe that these nerve signals’ action causes powerful mood changes in response to particular smells.
Massage Therapy in Harmony with Aromatherapy
Massage therapy, combined with essential oils, candles and incense, stimulates positive emotions and relaxation, equipping clients with coping mechanisms for many other health issues. An aromatherapy massage is a popular multi-purpose way of using supplemental care for health issues. The skin absorbs essential oils maintaining suppleness, it offers pain relief, and the aroma’s mental stimulation provides clients with the ultimate massage session.
VIP Mobile Massage offers specialist care for each client, operating 7-days a week from 9:00 AM to 11:00 PM. Call us on 305-586-1267 to book an appointment or inquire about our services.
About Author
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When it comes to maximizing your gains in strength and muscle mass, understanding the role of hormones in strength training and muscle growth is crucial. Hormones act as messengers in your body, orchestrating the complex processes that lead to muscle hypertrophy and strength enhancements. In this comprehensive guide, we'll delve into the specifics of how hormones influence your fitness journey.
The Key Hormones Involved in Muscle Growth
Several hormones play pivotal roles in muscle growth. Among the most influential are testosterone, growth hormone (GH), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Each of these hormones facilitates muscle hypertrophy in distinct ways:
• Testosterone: Known as the primary male sex hormone, testosterone is critical for protein synthesis and muscle repair. It directly influences the anabolic environment in the body, promoting the growth of muscle fibers.
• Growth Hormone: Released by the pituitary gland, GH stimulates overall growth and cell reproduction. It promotes the release of IGF-1, which further enhances muscle growth.
• Insulin-like Growth Factor 1: IGF-1 works alongside GH to stimulate muscle growth and repair, thereby boosting muscle hypertrophy.
Testosterone: The Anabolic Powerhouse
Testosterone is often dubbed the king of anabolic hormones. A study published in the Journal of Applied Physiology showed that men with higher testosterone levels experienced greater muscle mass and strength gains from resistance training compared to those with lower levels (source). Here's how it works:
1. Increased Protein Synthesis: Testosterone enhances the rate at which muscle proteins are synthesized, aiding in quicker recovery and growth.
2. Reduced Muscle Breakdown: It decreases the activity of catabolic hormones that break down muscle tissue, preserving the muscle mass you work hard to build.
3. Enhanced Neural Adaptations: Higher testosterone levels can improve neuromuscular communication, leading to more effective strength training sessions.
Understanding the impact of testosterone can help you adjust your training and lifestyle to optimize its levels. Factors such as sleep, nutrition, and resistance training intensity all play roles in maintaining healthy testosterone levels.
Growth Hormone and IGF-1: The Dynamic Duo
The relationship between growth hormone and IGF-1 is akin to a duo of superheroes working together to combat muscle atrophy. Growth hormone stimulates the liver to produce IGF-1, which then circulates to the muscles and promotes growth. This relationship was highlighted in a review by the European Journal of Endocrinology (source).
Growth hormone peaks during sleep, making quality rest essential for maximizing muscle growth. Incorporating proper sleep hygiene and a balanced diet rich in protein can significantly enhance GH and IGF-1 levels, contributing to better muscle gains.
Practical Tips for Maximizing Hormonal Benefits
Here are some actionable steps to make the most of your hormonal responses for muscle growth:
• Optimize Your Sleep: Aim for 7-9 hours of quality sleep per night to support GH production.
• Focus on Compound Movements: Exercises like squats, deadlifts, and bench presses stimulate testosterone and GH release more than isolation exercises.
• Eat a Balanced Diet: Ensure you get enough protein, healthy fats, and carbs to fuel muscle growth and hormonal balance.
• Manage Stress: High stress levels can increase cortisol, a catabolic hormone. Practice stress-reducing activities like meditation or yoga.
Conclusion: Boost Your Gains by Understanding Hormones
Understanding the role of hormones in strength training and muscle growth can give you the edge you need to optimize your workouts and nutrition. By focusing on hormones like testosterone, growth hormone, and IGF-1, you can create an optimal internal environment for muscle hypertrophy. Implement the practical tips we've discussed, and you'll be on your way to maximizing your strength and muscle gains.
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Heart Murmurs and Other Sounds
During a regular medical checkup, your doctor will use a stethoscope to listen to your heartbeat to determine whether your heart is beating pro...
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What Are Heart Murmurs and Other Sounds?
During a regular medical checkup, your doctor will use a stethoscope to listen to your heartbeat to determine whether your heart is beating properly and has a normal rhythm. This gives the doctor information concerning the health of your heart. If your doctor hears a “murmur” or any other abnormal sounds coming from your heart, it may be an early indicator of a serious heart condition.
How Are Heart Murmurs and Other Sounds Evaluated?
A normal heartbeat has two sounds, a lub (sometimes called S1), and a dub (S2). These are caused by the closing of valves inside the heart. If there are problems in the heart, there may be additional sounds or abnormal sounds.
Your doctor will listen to your heart with a stethoscope (a medical device used for listening (auscultation) to the heart, lungs, and other organs of the human body). If problems are detected, your doctor may order an echocardiogram (a test that uses sound waves to create a moving picture of the heart) to get a better understanding of the abnormal sounds detected.
Heart Murmurs
The most common abnormal heart sound is a heart murmur. A murmur is a blowing, whooshing, or rasping sound that occurs during a heartbeat. There are two kinds of heart murmurs, innocent (also called physiological) and abnormal murmurs.
An innocent murmur is found in children, and is due to small holes between the different chambers of the heart. This usually does not cause significant problems, but may need to be monitored over time. An abnormal murmur in a child is due to congenital (present at birth) heart malformations, and may need to be corrected with surgery.
An adult abnormal murmur is usually due to problems with the valves that separate the chambers of the heart. If a valve does not close tightly and some blood leaks backward, this is called regurgitation. If a valve has become too narrow or becomes stiff, known as stenosis, it can also cause a murmur.
Murmurs are graded depending on how loud the sound is. The scale for grading is from one to six, where a one is very faint and a six is very loud—so loud it may not need a stethoscope to be heard. Murmurs are also categorized as occurring either during the first sound (S1) as systole murmurs, or during the second sound (S2) as diastole murmurs.
Galloping Rhythms
Other heart sounds include a “galloping” rhythm, with the occurrence of additional heart sounds S3 and S4. An S3 gallop or “third heart sound” is a sound that occurs after the diastole, S2 “dub” sound. In young athletes or pregnant women, it is likely to be harmless, but in older adults, it may indicate heart disease.
An S4 gallop is an extra sound before the S1 systole “lub” sound. This is always a sign of disease, likely the failure of the left ventricle of the heart. You may also have both an S3 and an S4 sound, and this is called a “summation gallop” when the heart is beating very fast. A summation gallop is very rare.
Other Sounds
Clicks or short, high-pitched sounds may also be heard during the regular heartbeat. This could indicate a mitral valve prolapse, when one or both flaps of the mitral valve are too long. This can cause some regurgitation of blood into the left atrium.
Rubbing sounds may be heard in patients with certain kinds of infections. A rubbing sound is usually caused by an infection in the pericardium due to a virus, bacteria, or fungus.
If your doctor finds any abnormal heart sounds, he or she may ask you questions about your family. If any of your family members also have abnormal heart sounds or have a history of heart problems, it is important to tell your doctor. It may make diagnosing the cause of your abnormal heart sounds easier.
You doctor will also ask if you’ve had any other symptoms, such as bluish skin, chest pain, fainting, distended neck veins, shortness of breath, swelling, or weight gain. Your doctor may also listen to your lung sounds and see if you have signs of liver enlargement. These symptoms may provide clues about what type of heart problem you are experiencing.
What Are the Causes of Heart Murmurs and Other Sounds?
The heart is made up of four chambers. The two upper chambers are called the atria and the two lower chambers are called the ventricles. Valves are located between these chambers to make sure that blood always flows in one direction.
The tricuspid valve goes from the right atrium to the right ventricle. The mitral valve leads from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The pulmonary valve goes from the right ventricle out to the pulmonary trunk, and the aortic valve goes from the left ventricle to the aorta. The pericardial sac surrounds the heart and protects it. Problems with these parts of the heart may lead to unusual sounds that can be detected by listening with a stethoscope or by performing an echocardiogram test.
Congenital Malformations
Murmurs, especially in children, may be caused by congenital (present at birth) heart malformations. These can be benign and never cause symptoms or can be severe malformations that require surgery or even a heart transplant. Innocent murmurs include pulmonary flow murmurs, Still’s murmur, and a venous hum.
One of the more serious congenital problems that is a cause of heart murmurs is called the “Tetralogy of Fallot”. This is a set of four defects in the heart that lead to episodes of cyanosis. Cyanosis is when the skin of an infant or child turns blue from lack of oxygen during activity (like crying or feeding).
Another heart problem that causes a murmur is patent ductus arteriosus, in which a connection between the aorta and the pulmonary artery fails to close correctly after birth. Other congenital problems include atrial septal defect, coarctation of the aorta, and ventricular septal defect.
Heart Valve Defects
In adults, murmurs are usually the result of problems with the heart valves. This may be caused by an infection, such as endocarditis or infectious endocarditis. Valve problems can also simply occur as a part of the aging process due to wear and tear on the heart.
Regurgitation, or backflow, is when the valves do not close properly. The aortic valve can have aortic regurgitation. The mitral valve can have regurgitation, either acute (caused by a heart attack or a sudden infection) or chronic (caused by high blood pressure, infection, mitral valve prolapse, or other causes). The tricuspid valve can also suffer from regurgitation, usually caused by the enlargement (dilatation) of the right ventricle. Pulmonary regurgitation is caused by the backflow of blood into the right ventricle when the pulmonary valve cannot close completely.
Stenosis is a narrowing or stiffening of a valve. Mitral stenosis occurs most often due to rheumatic fever (a complication of untreated strep throat or scarlet fever). Mitral stenosis can cause fluid to back up into the lungs, causing pulmonary edema. Aortic stenosis can also occur because of rheumatic fever, and it may cause heart failure. Tricuspid stenosis can occur because of rheumatic fever or heart injury. Pulmonary valve stenosis is usually a congenital problem and runs in families. Aortic and tricuspid stenosis can also be congenital.
Another cause of heart murmurs is stenosis due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The muscle of the heart thickens making it harder to pump blood through the heart. This results in a heart murmur. This is a very serious disease that is often passed on through families.
Causes of Clicks
Heart clicks are caused by problems with the mitral valve. Mitral valve prolapse is the most common cause, when one or both flaps of the mitral valve are too long. This can cause some regurgitation of blood into the left atrium.
Causes of Rubs
Heart rubs are caused by friction between layers of the pericardium—a sac around the heart. This is usually caused by an infection in the pericardium due to a virus, bacteria, or fungus.
Causes of Galloping Rhythms
A galloping rhythm of the heart, with a third or fourth heart sound, is very rare. An S3 sound is likely caused by an increased amount of blood within the ventricle. This may be harmless, but could indicate heart problems, such as congestive heart failure. An S4 sound is caused by blood being forced into a stiff left ventricle. This is a sign of serious heart disease.
What Can Be Expected in the Long-term?
Abnormal heart sounds often indicate some type of heart disease. This may be treated with medication, or may require surgery. It is important to follow up with a heart specialist and learn the details of your condition.
Written by: Christine Case-Lo
Edited by:
Medically Reviewed by: [Ljava.lang.Object;@7fb372e7
Published: Aug 1, 2012
Published By: Healthline Networks, Inc.
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Zvarova, Barbora; Uhl, Franziska E.; Uriarte, Juan J.; Borg, Zachary D.; Coffey, Amy L.; Bonenfant, Nicholas R.; Weiss, Daniel J. and Wagner, Darcy E. (2016): Residual Detergent Detection Method for Nondestructive Cytocompatibility Evaluation of Decellularized Whole Lung Scaffolds. In: Tissue Engineering Part C-Methods, Vol. 22, No. 5: pp. 418-428
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Abstract
The development of reliable tissue engineering methods using decellularized cadaveric or donor lungs could potentially provide a new source of lung tissue. The vast majority of current lung decellularization protocols are detergent based and incompletely removed residual detergents may have a deleterious impact on subsequent scaffold recellularization. Detergent removal and quality control measures that rigorously and reliably confirm removal, ideally utilizing nondestructive methods, are thus critical for generating optimal acellular scaffolds suitable for potential clinical translation. Using a modified and optimized version of a methylene blue-based detergent assay, we developed a straightforward, noninvasive method for easily and reliably detecting two of the most commonly utilized anionic detergents, sodium deoxycholate (SDC) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), in lung decellularization effluents. In parallel studies, we sought to determine the threshold of detergent concentration that was cytotoxic using four different representative human cell types utilized in the study of lung recellularization: human bronchial epithelial cells, human pulmonary vascular endothelial cells (CBF12), human lung fibroblasts, and human mesenchymal stem cells. Notably, different cells have varying thresholds for either SDC or SDS-based detergent-induced cytotoxicity. These studies demonstrate the importance of reliably removing residual detergents and argue that multiple cell lines should be tested in cytocompatibility-based assessments of acellular scaffolds. The detergent detection assay presented here is a useful nondestructive tool for assessing detergent removal in potential decellularization schemes or for use as a potential endpoint in future clinical schemes, generating acellular lungs using anionic detergent-based decellularization protocols.
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A Comparative Study of Fracture Resistance of Endodontically Treated Compromised Teeth with Different Post Systems: An In Vitro Study
Abstract
Aims:
This in-vitro study was conducted to compare structural reinforcement with composite resin and two different types of posts in structurally compromised teeth.
Methods and Materials:
Forty-eight human maxillary central incisors were instrumented and obturated. Specimens were randomly divided into four groups. The control group was not compromised and was just restored with a resin composite. In the composite-reinforced group, the access cavity of the compromised teeth was restored only with composite to the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ). In the reinforced glass fiber post group, the compromised cervical area of the teeth was reinforced with a dual-cured composite and a glass fiber post. The reinforced metal cast post group was reinforced with a dual-cured composite and a casting post. The mean fracture load was measured. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and chi-square statistical analysis tests. For pair comparison, Duncan was used. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results:
The highest fracture resistance values were for the non-compromised samples (170.12 ± 12.44), while the lowest values were for the compromised ones restored only with the resin composite (71.40 ± 17.00). There was no statistically significant difference between the mean fracture resistances of the fiber (129.36 ± 21.34) and cast (116.60 ± 22.60) post groups (P>0.05).
Conclusion:
The use of a composite resin in a root with thin walls will reinforce the compromised tooth, but the type of the post will not influence the final results.
Keywords: Composite resin, Fracture resistance, Post and core technique, Permanent teeth, Resin cements, Tooth resorption.
1. INTRODUCTION
The rehabilitation of extensively damaged teeth with no dentinal support at the coronal portion of the root canal is very difficult [1]. This situation can be seen clinically when the developing permanent tooth (especially maxillary central incisors in children aged 9-10) suffers trauma, and its root formation remains incomplete [2]. The amount of residual dentin and tooth canal shape play critical roles in the strength and resistance of a tooth with posts. Hence, a post is not commonly used in teeth with flared canals, and the lack of dentinal structure also precludes the placement of reinforcing posts [3, 4]. In teeth with a significant loss of coronal and radicular tooth structures, it is important to assess the alternatives to cast posts and cores or common prefabricated posts that are also resistant to fatigue effects [5, 6]. Studies have suggested resin composites for strengthening the treated teeth with immature roots [7]. This method, in combination with the prefabricated post, has been advised for use during and after apexification [8].
There are numerous studies on the fracture resistance of devitalized teeth with different post systems, but some contradictory results have been observed in the literature concerning how the post materials affect the resistance fracture mode and stress distribution of the restored teeth [9, 10]. Some studies claim that metal posts perform better than fiber posts; others, however, state the opposite [11, 12]. Numerous studies have used composite resins along with fiber posts to strengthen the structure of damaged endodontically treated teeth [13, 14]. However, to the best of our knowledge, no study has ever compared the effect of application or non-application of a post and different kinds of posts on increasing the fracture resistance of cervically weakened teeth, such as the teeth with internal cervical resorption or necrotic immature permanent teeth. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of two strengthening methods on the weakened cervical structure with and without a post and different post types. The null hypothesis formulated in this study was that composite alone and in combination with a fiber post or a cast post would have similar strengthening effects on the weakened endodontically treated teeth at the cervical region.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Research ethics committees of the vice-chancellor in research affairs of the Medical University of Isfahan ethically approved this study (Approval ID: 384176). Based on the previous studies [15, 16], forty-eight extracted intact human maxillary central incisors without significant differences in diameter (about 11 ± 1 mm occlusogingival height and 8.5 ± 1 mm width) were selected for this study. The approximate length of all roots was considered to be 15 mm. All samples were stored in 0.5% chloramine T solution (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) until the time of the experiment.
All teeth were prepared by the same trained operator. An access cavity was prepared, and then all the teeth were instrumented up to file #70 and obturated with AH26 sealer and gutta-percha using a lateral condensation technique. After that, the specimens were randomly divided into four groups of 12 teeth each:
1. The control group that was not compromised (teeth were not cervically prepared),
2. In this group, a laboratory bur (Ivomil, IVOCLAR AG, Germany) was used to thin the cervical area of the root and simulate the thin dentinal wall of the compromised teeth. The preparation was extended to 5 mm apical to CEJ (the height of the palatal wall was 2 mm from CEJ), and nearly 1 mm thickness of dentin remained at all walls. The thickness of the remaining residual dentin at the cervical area was estimated by a digital Vernier caliper (Aerospace) and Radio Visio Graphy (RVG), which was then reinforced by resin composite (composite reinforced group),
3. In this group, Gates Glidden #1-4 and then Peeso reamers #4-6 were used (Dentsply, LD Caulk, USA) to remove the gutta-percha and prepare canals. The gutta-percha was evacuated up to 5 mm under CEJ. Then laboratory bur was used to thin the cervical area of the root and simulate the thin dentinal wall of the compromised teeth as described in group 2. Then, it was reinforced by glass fiber post (glass fiber post reinforced group),
4. Gates Glidden #1-4 and then Peeso reamers #4-6 were used (Dentsply, LD Caulk, USA) as described in group 3. Then, laboratory bur was used to thin the cervical area of the root and simulate the thin dentinal wall of the compromised teeth as described in group 2. Then, it was reinforced by a metal cast post (metal cast post reinforced group).
Then, all teeth were restored as follows: (the list of materials used in this study is provided in Table 1.
Table 1.
Materials, manufacturers, and composition.
Material Manufacturer Composition
Adper Single Bond 3M Espe. St. Paul, MN.,
USA.
BisGMA, HEMA, dimethacrylates, ethanol, water, photoinitiator system, and a methacrylate functional copolymer of polyacrylic and poly (itaconic) acids. (Approximately 10 wt % filled).
37% phosphoric acid etch-gel Total etch, Ivoclar Vivadent, Swiss.lot no. Phosphoric acid, colloidal silica, pigments, water
Bis-coreTM Bisco INC, Schaumburg, USA Bisphenol A diglycidyl methacrylate, glass filler, Urethane thriethylene glycol dimethacrylate, fused silica
Z100 ESPE, 3M Dental Product, USA Mikrohibridna kompozitna smola • Microhybrid composite resin - matrix; BIS-GMA i TEGDMA
• Matrix: BIS-GMA and TEGDMA - punilo cirkonija/silika, anorgansko punilo 66%w, veličina čestica od 3, 5 do 0,01µm
• Filler: zirconia/silica; inorganic filler loading is 66% w, particle size ranging from 3.5 to 0.01 µm
RelyX Unicem resin cement 3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany Powder: Alkaline and silane fillers, starting components, pigments Liquid: Phosphoric acid methacrylates, methacrylate monomers, starting components, stabilizers
AH26 Dentsply, De Trey, Konstanz, Germany Silver-free powder: bismuth oxide, methenamine epoxy resin
C. silicone impression putty and light body and activator Spidex®, Coltene AG, Altstatten, Switzerland Base: Hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (liquid silicone prepolymer)
Liquid: alkyl silicate, such as tetracthylsilicate, tin compound, such as dibutyltin dilaurate
Silane coupling agent Monobond-S, Ivoclar-vivadent, Liechtenstein, Germany Ethanol, [3-(methacryloyloxy) propyl] trimethoxysilane
In the non-compromised group (control group) with unprepared teeth, the coronal internal cavity surface of the tooth was etched for 15 seconds using a 37% phosphoric acid etch-gel, rinsed, and gently air-dried. Then, the root canals were treated with a resin adhesive (Single Bond) after air drying for 5 seconds, followed by light curing for 20 seconds with Coltlux 75 (Colten, Swiss) with 1000 mW/cm2 power intensity. A hybrid composite resin Z100 was used by vertical layering technique in two layers and was cured, each time for 40 seconds. In this study, all light activation steps were done by this light-curing unit.
In the composite reinforced group, the compromised region was obturated with gutta-percha by lateral condensation technique. Then, after acid etching and treatment with Single Bond, as described before, the access cavity of the tooth was restored only with Z100 composite resin in two stages. It was then cured by light activation.
In the glass fiber post-reinforced group, the post space was prepared by RTD universal burs (RTD Grenoble, France) 7 mm apical to the palatal margin of the access cavity.
1. The translucent glass fiber post: D.T Light post (RTD Grenoble, France) was tested in the prepared space, and its height was adjusted so that no direct load was applied to it.
2. After preparing the dentinal walls of the cavity with 37% phosphoric acid etch gel for 15 seconds, the etchant was rinsed and air-dried. In the second stage, the Single Bond adhesive was applied and air-dried for 5 seconds. Finally, it was light-cured for 20 seconds. For a complete cure of adhesive in this deep cavity, the light was guided through a handmade translucent sprue formed by heat with similar dimensions to the post.
3. D.T. post surfaces were cleaned with alcohol and air-dried. Then, a layer of silane coupling agent was applied according to the manufacturer’s instructions and then treated with Single Bond adhesive and light-cured for 20 seconds.
4. The compromised cervical area of the teeth was restored with a dual-cure composite resin, Bis-coreTM, 1 mm apical to the CEJ, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. D.T. Light-Post (DT) was inserted into this composite bulk along the longitudinal axis of the tooth and light-cured for 20 seconds as the initial curing so that the light tip was in contact with the light post.
5. The rest of the cavity was restored with Z100, similar to the control groups.
In the metal cast post-reinforced group:
1. To create a cast post similar to the D.T. light post in the reinforced glass fiber post group, the putty of C. silicone impression material was mixed with its activator and placed in a cylinder generator. Then, D.T. light post was placed in the putty in size similar to the glass fiber post group to obtain a negative image. After the putty was hardened, the post impression was taken again more accurately using a light body (C. Silicon Spidex) mixed with the activator.
2. Using transparent heat-formed sprues, similar to the light posts and Duralay acrylic resin mixed with the relevant monomer (Acropars, Marlic Medical Industries Co, Tehran, Iran), an impression was taken from the space created in the putty to obtain a positive image of the post.
3. The cast post was made in the laboratory using nickel-chrome alloy, a common alloy used to make these posts.
4. Before cementation, the fabricated cast posts were cut at the same height as the D.T. light post. They were then sandblasted with aluminum oxide with 20-µm diameter and 2-bar pressure and cleaned with alcohol.
5. The teeth were prepared for adhesion, similarly to the second step of the light post group.
6. The compromised cervical area of the teeth was restored with a dual-cure composite resin, Bis-core TM, 1mm apical to the CEJ, according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
7. The cast post was covered with a biofilm layer to prevent the bonding of the composite inside the cavity. It was then put in the composite so that its longitudinal axis was in line with the longitudinal axis of the tooth. Next, it was extracted, etched, and rinsed with 37% phosphoric acid for 20 seconds to remove the debris, followed by drying.
8. The cleaned cast post was cemented by a dual-cure resin cement, RelyX Unicem, according to the manufacturer’s instructions and then light-cured for 40 seconds. The rest of the cavity was restored with Z100, as described before.
Then, each tooth was mounted in an acrylic resin in the form of a cylinder. For simulating the PDLs, a thin layer of wax was wrapped around the roots before pouring the acrylic mix. By using boiling water, the wax was dewaxed and substituted with light body silicone impression material. With this silicone layer around the root of the tooth, the PDL was simulated, and small movements similar to the movement of the tooth in the dental socket were reconstructed (Fig. 1).
After mounting, the specimens were subjected to compressive loads using a universal testing machine (Instron, Instron Corp, UK). Controlled loads were applied to the core on the palatal side exactly on the mesial and distal marginal ridges above the cingulum at an angle of 135° to the longitudinal axis of the root. The testing machine was set at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min, and the failure threshold was defined as a point at which a specimen no longer withstood the increasing load and fracture of the post-crown complex or root occurred.
At the fracture point, the amount of force was recorded in a computer, and the fracture patterns for each specimen were visually analysed. The data were statistically analyzed by SPSS software (SPSS ver. 23, IBM, Somers, NJ, USA) using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and chi-square statistical analysis tests. For pair comparison, Duncan was used. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
3. RESULTS
At first, the normality of the research data was confirmed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (p>0.05). The results and the means of resistance to fracture (kgf) of teeth are shown in Table 2. The highest resistance to fracture belongs to the non-compromised group (170.12 ± 12.44) and the lowest to the composite reinforced group (71.40 ± 17.00).
The results of ANOVA showed a statistically significant difference, and Dunkan analysis showed that the differences in resistance to fracture were significant between all groups except the reinforced glass fiber post group and the reinforced metal cast post group.
The results of fracture mode in different groups are shown in Table 3. The results of the chi-square test showed a statistically significant difference among all groups. The maximum non-restorable fractures were reported for composite reinforced and reinforced cast post groups, respectively.
4. DISCUSSION
The null hypothesis was slightly accepted. The results showed that irrespective of the type of the system used for the restoration of endodontically treated teeth, the highest fracture resistance was obtained when there was more dental tissue, which was in line with the results of the study conducted by Bhagat et al. on the thickness of the remaining dentin of post and core pretreatment in endodontically treated teeth [17].
Fig. (1). Using a thin layer of light body silicon impression material for simulating the PDLs.
Table 2.
Fracture resistance in different groups (kgf).
Group
Results
Non-compromised Group Composite Reinforced Group Reinforced Glass Fiber Post Group Reinforced Cast Post Group
Minimum 143.60 30.71 101.93a 82.04a
Maximum 185.80 95.97 167.65 185.2
Mean 170.12 71.40 129.36 116.60
SD 12.44 17.00 21.34 22.60
Note: Same letters show no statistically significant differences, but other pair comparisons between study groups show statistically significant differences.
Table 3.
Mode of fracture in different groups.
Group
Results
Restorable Non-Restorable
Count Percentage Count Percentage
Non-compromised group 12 100% 0 0%
Compromised composite reinforced group 0 0% 12 100%
Reinforced glass fiber post group 9 75% 3 25%
Reinforced cast post group 3 25% 9 75%
On the other hand, the results of this study indicated that in the case of the weakened remaining tissue, the application of similar fiber posts or metal cast posts within the dual cure composite strengthens the weakened tissue so that it is completely bonded to it, whether directly or using resin systems, and causes a relatively similar increase in tooth fracture resistance under functional forces and can partly recover the lost resistance. However, the use of gutta-percha in the weakened teeth or restoration of the access cavity does not increase tooth fracture resistance.
D’Arcangelo et al. [18] reported that the use of fiber posts increased the resistance of endodontically treated anterior teeth, but some other studies have shown that the use of any post system, due to the different young modulus of these materials to the dental tissue, induces negative effects on tooth fracture resistance [19]. Furthermore, some studies have shown that the use of posts, due to the unfavorable distribution of stress in the tooth structure, weakens the tooth [20].
The present study indicated that despite approximately similar fracture resistance in teeth restored with metal and glass fiber posts within the strengthening dual-cure composite that have created monoblock, in the case of fracture, the fractures in fiber posts are mostly repairable, but fractures of cast posts are mostly catastrophic and irreparable. However, the results of a systematic review were in line with this study [21].
The posts in the restoration of endodontically treated teeth that have lost too much dentin tissue and require reconstruction for better function in the oral cavity have been used by dentists for many years. However, contradictory results have been reported for the use of these materials for endodontically treated teeth. Application of endodontic posts causes more weakness of the tooth root since they require more removal of the dentine structure of the root for their placement [22]. Moreover, this preparation increases the deformities due to reduced dental tissue [23], and the hardness coefficient of these materials is not adaptable to the tooth structure, thereby causing unfavourable stress distribution [24]. In an eleven-year clinical trial performed by Naumann et al., the survival of restorations retained with metal and fiber posts, especially during the first eight years, was higher than that of the restorations without posts, but after that, it significantly reduced in glass fiber posts due to weakened dentin-cement-post bond [25].
In this study, dual-cure resin cement was used to bond the posts to the tooth structure, and also dual-cure composite was used to strengthen the weakened cervical region because polymerization was completed by chemical cure, especially in areas with highly reduced light exposure. Furthermore, it is less likely that the bond is weakened due to inadequate polymerization and remaining uncured monomers [26]. On the other hand, the curing of dual-cure resins is not influenced by the amount of translucency [27]. A reason for the similar strengthening effect of non-translucent metal cast posts and translucent glass fiber posts in this study may be due to the similar bond of these posts with the tooth structure and dual-cure composite owing to a high and similar degree of conversion and formation of monoblock in both groups. On the other hand, despite numerous studies conducted on various endodontic treatment methods for teeth with much coronal damage [13, 14], no comprehensive conclusion can be made regarding the efficacy of these materials in increasing the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth due to variation of method and type of substrate used (human or bovine teeth) [28]. This study was performed on the endodontically treated human central teeth weakened at the cervical region so that they would have similar conditions to immature necrotic teeth or teeth with internal cervical resorption. The results showed that similar fiber posts or metal cast posts, in case of complete adaptation with the internal tooth structure, had similar success in strengthening the tooth, and both would be successful if they were correctly bonded to the tooth structure with resin cement. Moreover, they are more effective than the use of composite resin alone for tooth structure strengthening. However, the fractures created in the teeth restored with metal cast posts would be more destructive than those in modified fiber posts.
Cyclic loads causing a decrease in material strength may result in dental restoration failures concluded by fatigue mechanisms [6]. Therefore, further in vitro and clinical studies, which include long-term analysis of functional cyclic forces or thermocycling, are required to obtain more definite results.
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that the maxillary central incisors treated with minimum dentin omission have the highest fracture resistance. Moreover, the common methods used for the restoration of central incisors with thin walls of root crown by composite resins without the reinforcement of the cervical part of the root cannot increase their resistance against chewing forces, but the use of posts that have good adaptation can increase teeth fracture resistance.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CEJ = Cemento-enamel junction
ANOVA = Analysis of variance
ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTI-CIPATE
Research Ethics Committees of the Vice-Chancellor in Research Affairs of the Medical University of Isfahan ethically approved this study (Approval ID: 384176).
HUMAN AND ANIMAL RIGHTS
No animals were used in this research. All human research procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the committee responsible for human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2013.
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
Informed consent was obtained from all participants.
AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author [F.S] upon reasonable request.
FUNDING
This work was financially supported by Khorasgan dental school, Isfahan, Iran.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Declared none.
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Some pictures of the research are included as supplementary materials.
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Matawan NJ Bunion Care
Bunion Care in Matawan
Do you have pain and stiffness in your big toe? That may not have seemed like a terrible problem at first, but as it persists, toe pain can be a real concern. If you’ve been diagnosed with a bunion from a Matawan NJ podiatrist, you likely also have a bony protrusion on the side of your foot, at the base of your big toe. The big toe is then pushing against the inner toe.
It looks like this because there is a misalignment of one of the bones in your feet. Specifically, a bunion is caused when the first metatarsal bone bends so it points outward. This causes the big toe to point inward. Now, the joint for the metatarsal bone is pointing outward, bent awkwardly, and causing pain.
Treatment Options in Matawan NJ for Bunions
In extreme cases, surgery may be needed. It isn’t indicated for aesthetic reasons, but only to correct the issue of pain if you are having a difficult time walking and participating in daily activities. This is a solution people turn to only when at-home treatments have failed to ease the symptoms enough for them to live their daily lives.
Let’s look at what you can do with the help of a podiatrist for treatments on your own.
Avoid standing on your feet for prolonged periods, if at all possible. If you’re on your feet for a while, attempt to schedule healthy breaks when you put your feet up to relieve the pressure.
You can find a gel-filled pad to wear inside your shoes. They sell these at most pharmacies or shoe stores but are also easy to find online. This will better cushion the foot, which will ease any hard movements against the joints.
Get shoe inserts that will keep your foot in a healthy position. There are over-the-counter inserts you can buy, or meet with your podiatrist to get a custom-made orthotic. This will always give you the best results since it will be shaped to your individual needs.
You can wear a splint at night to hold the toes straight. This can lead to some relief during the day, as the foot has used the night to better recover. You’ll need to talk to your podiatrist before doing this.
You can take over-the-counter pain relief medication, like ibuprofen.
Pain relief habits like a foot massage, ice packs, and soaking your feet in warm water for ten minutes in the evenings can all help you take care of your foot pain.
If your weight has gotten high, maintaining a healthier weight can relieve some of the pressure on your feet.
The most important thing you can do for bunion care is to wear roomy footwear. While we know that bunions tend to run in families, women indeed suffer from bunions at a much higher rate than men. They tend to have a history of wearing shoes that are too tight, putting pressure on the bones in the feet. Wearing a shoe with a lot of room in the toe box will relieve pressure, which will cause you less pain and prevent the misalignment from becoming worse.
Your best guide to taking care of your bunions, preventing them from getting worse, and supporting you whenever you have pain problems, is a podiatrist. They are specialists in everything that happens inside your foot and ankle. With Central Jersey Ankle & Foot Care Specialists on your side, you will always have someone you can consult when you have a new issue and you will have someone who can track the progress of your bunions over time. Check-in with your Matawan NJ podiatrist if you have questions about your foot health.
OFFICE HOURS
Monday
8:00am - 8:00pm
Tuesday
7:30am - 7:00pm
Wednesday
10:00am - 4:00pm
Thursday
9:00am - 5:00pm
Friday
9:00am - 2:00pm
Saturday & Sunday
Closed
Central Jersey Ankle & Foot Care Specialists
20 Cambridge Dr Suite D
Matawan, NJ 07747
P: (732) 566-2841
F: (732) 566-1264
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Nihar Gala – Advancing Neurological Surgery for Improved Patient Outcomes
Neurological surgery is a specialized field of medicine that focuses on the surgical treatment of disorders and diseases affecting the central and peripheral nervous system. Nihar Gala, an accomplished neurosurgeon, is dedicated to advancing the field of neurological surgery and improving the quality of life for his patients. In this article, we will explore the expertise and contributions of Nihar Gala in the field of neurological surgery, highlighting the significance of this specialty in providing effective surgical interventions for various neurologic conditions.
Enhancing Patient Well-being through Surgical Expertise
Neurological surgeons, like Nihar Gala, possess the expertise and skill set required to perform intricate surgical procedures on the brain, spine, and peripheral nerves. They specialize in treating a wide range of conditions, including cerebrovascular diseases, epilepsy, movement disorders, tumors, spinal cord injuries, and trauma. By utilizing advanced surgical techniques, such as minimally invasive procedures and endovascular interventions, neurosurgeons aim to provide optimal outcomes and minimize postoperative complications.
Comprehensive Management of Neurological Disorders
Neurological surgery encompasses the prevention, diagnosis, surgical treatment, and rehabilitation of disorders affecting the nervous system. Conditions such as brain tumors, spinal disorders, congenital malformations, pituitary gland tumors, aneurysms, and epilepsy require specialized surgical intervention. Neurological surgeons like Nihar Gala work closely with multidisciplinary teams, including neurologists, neurocritical care specialists, and pathologists, to provide comprehensive care to patients, integrating surgical expertise with medical management and rehabilitation programs.
Advancements in Surgical Techniques
The field of neurological surgery is constantly evolving, thanks to advancements in surgical techniques and technologies. Neurological surgeons like Nihar Gala are at the forefront of adopting innovative approaches to deliver safer and more effective surgical interventions. Minimally invasive techniques, such as endonasal surgery and cranial surgery, enable surgeons to operate on the brain directly and remove tumors with precision. Additionally, neurosurgeons are skilled in utilizing radiosurgery for posterior cranial fossa neoplasms, deep brain stimulation for tremor control, and other cutting-edge procedures that offer new treatment options for patients.
Research, Education, and Collaboration
Neurological surgeons, including Nihar Gala, actively engage in research projects to contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the field. Their involvement in clinical research enables the development of new surgical techniques, improvement of patient outcomes, and the exploration of emerging treatment modalities. Neurological surgeons also play a crucial role in teaching residents and medical students, passing on their expertise and fostering the next generation of neurosurgeons.
Improving Quality of Life through Rehabilitation
The impact of neurological surgery extends beyond the operating room. Neurosurgeons like Nihar Gala recognize the importance of rehabilitation programs in maximizing patients’ quality of life following surgical interventions. They work closely with rehabilitation specialists to create tailored plans that aid in the recovery and rehabilitation process, aiming to optimize physical, cognitive, and emotional functioning.Nihar Gala’s expertise and contributions in the field of neurological surgery exemplify the dedication of neurosurgeons in improving patient outcomes and quality of life. Through their surgical expertise, utilization of advanced techniques, and collaboration with multidisciplinary teams, neurological surgeons provide comprehensive care for patients with complex neurologic conditions. As the field continues to advance, the impact of neurological surgery on patient well-being and functional outcomes will continue to grow, thanks to the efforts of skilled professionals like Nihar Gala.
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Articles
Keto Diet Plan For Beginners - Be Healthy, Act Healthy and Eat healthy
by Cherry Lou Ms.
Keto Diet Benefits
Recently, the keto diet has become extremely popular for its health benefits such as weight loss and preventing disease. The keto diet can be hugely beneficial, but how does it work to provide these benefits?
What is the Keto Diet?
You may have heard of the high-protein, low-carbohydrate Atkins diet. The keto diet keeps carbohydrate levels low, but instead of ramping up the amount of protein in your diet, the keto diet increases the amount of fat. A typical keto diet aims for meals with 75% fat, 20% protein, and 5% carbohydrate. Eating a high-fat diet can still mean eating healthy. Keto diet menu items often include seafood, meat, dairy products, eggs, vegetables, and nuts. With the increased popularity of the keto diet, keto recipes are widely available.
How Does the Keto Diet Work?
It might seem counterintuitive that adding more fat to your diet can lead to weight loss. Normally, your diet is high in carbohydrates, which are broken down into glucose, or blood sugar, for use as energy. As glucose enters your bloodstream, your body releases insulin to store excess glucose as fat. The more carbohydrates, the more glucose. The more glucose, the more insulin, and the more insulin, the more fat.
The keto diet takes advantage of the fact that when your meals are high-fat and low-carbohydrate, there is no insulin spike, and you don't add to your fat reserves. Instead, fat from diet and stored fat are broken down to ketones ("keto" is short for "ketogenic" producing ketones). Like glucose, ketones can be used for energy, keeping your body running without increasing blood sugar or putting on excess fat. The benefits of the keto diet can be huge.
Weight Loss
Overall, the keto diet is an excellent way to burn fat and lose weight. Eating fewer carbohydrates suppresses appetite, and studies have shown that keto diet participants eat fewer calories overall because of this. Burning fat for energy can lead to rapid weight loss.
Reduced Blood Sugar and Insulin
Since carbohydrate intake is limited, blood sugar and insulin levels are lowered. This is particularly important for people with type 2 diabetes, which causes a buildup of glucose in the bloodstream. The keto diet can be used to reduce or eliminate the need for diabetic insulin injections.
Reduced Triglycerides
Fat subunit molecules called triglycerides normally circulate in your bloodstream. High levels of triglycerides are a significant risk factor in the development of heart disease. In the keto diet, because fat is being burned for energy, the number of triglyceride molecules in the bloodstream decreases, reducing the risk of heart disease.
Improved Cholesterol
"Bad" (LDL) cholesterol is another risk factor for heart disease. Too much bad cholesterol in your bloodstream builds up in your arteries, narrowing them and causing atherosclerosis, a type of heart disease. The keto diet reduces bad cholesterol levels while increasing the level of "good" (HDL) cholesterol in your body.
Summary
The keto diet provides many health benefits. This diet can not only help you quickly lose weight, but can also improve your overall health and help prevent disease.
======================================
Check out this video : How Can I Make Keto Easier
======================================
Sponsor Ads
About Cherry Lou Advanced Ms.
70 connections, 0 recommendations, 154 honor points.
Joined APSense since, November 16th, 2010, From Baltimore, United States.
Created on Jun 2nd 2020 10:09. Viewed 541 times.
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MENU
Oral Health During The Golden Years: What To Expect
It’s no secret - advanced age brings with it health issues. And although we pay more attention to body health than oral health, age has a dramatic effect on the mouth and teeth. The problem is that many seniors tend to react to oral health problems instead of being proactive. The fact is, there is much that can go wrong inside the mouth, and when unattended, things can get out of hand quickly. The best approach is the one the dentist in Vaughan told us on our first visit – prevention.
Enamel wears down over the years
Chewing and grinding takes a toll on the teeth, and that doesn’t include damage from broken or chipped teeth. Simply put, teeth gradually wear down with age and with years and years of use. It means that the protective outside layer of the teeth (made of enamel) is dwindling away, with no natural way to regenerate.
Prevention is the key to better oral health - not grinding the teeth; not clenching the jaw; and not biting down on hard surfaces. For those who play impact sports, a mouth-guard is a must. For those who grind while sleeping, a mouthpiece might be the answer. And for everyone, it’s important to avoid acidic foods.
Dry mouth is more prevalent
Seniors will experience a dry mouth as a consequence of getting older, or because of specific medications that are taken. Even at a younger age, saliva is vital in washing away food particles and clearing out bacteria. Without natural saliva, the potential for bacteria to collect and infect is dramatically increased.
Saliva also serves to keep everything soft and lubricated - tissue inside the mouth, the tongue, and the gums. A dry mouth can cause tissue to be irritated and susceptible to cuts or infection. As an antidote, drinking water throughout the day can lubricate soft tissues, loosen plaque, and wash away any bacteria.
Gum health declines with age
Gum health is important at any age, but particularly in the golden years. Health gums anchor the teeth and serve as a barrier against bacteria. Without proper care over the years, gums can weaken, and be vulnerable to disease. Long-term smoking is a serious threat to gum health, and affects overall health.
Gum disease is definitely more prevalent with age. This is especially true for those who did not commit to proper oral maintenance over the years. Regular brushing and flossing will at least fight plaque, tartar, and bacteria. Without proper oral care and maintenance, tooth decay and gum disease are certain.
Increased risks of oral cancer
Like many other cancers, the risk of oral cancer rises with age. However, age is not the only risk factor, as other lifestyle habits can also contribute: use of tobacco products; alcohol abuse; and infections related to HPV. With this mind, it’s essential to visit the dentist regularly, and more so at age 50 and beyond.
For seniors, it’s highly recommended to have regular oral cancer screenings. These are quick, painless, and effective. Short of any symptoms or complaints, screenings are an excellent way to identify any abnormalities and ensure early detection where necessary. Early diagnosis is key to proper treatment. Get stared with a visit to a dentist in Woodbridge near you.
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Open access peer-reviewed chapter
Vitamin D and Physical Performance: What Is the Ergogenic Actions of Vitamin D?
Written By
Rodrigo Nolasco and Marise Lazaretti-Castro
Submitted: 09 June 2018 Reviewed: 20 September 2018 Published: 05 March 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.81609
From the Edited Volume
Fads and Facts about Vitamin D
Edited by Edward T. Zawada Jr.
Chapter metrics overview
1,001 Chapter Downloads
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Abstract
Vitamin D produced in the skin by the action of the sun’s rays turns into calcitriol, a powerful hormone, recognized as important for health. Although its most known effects are on mineral homeostasis and bone metabolism, its receptors (VDRs) have been identified in almost all tissues, suggesting that it should have other actions. Vitamin D acts directly on the skeletal muscle system maintaining muscle mass, strength levels and speed of muscle contraction. Thereby, allied to that, vitamin D is among the potential factors that are related to maintaining bone, and cannot be dissociated from the prevention of osteoporosis and sarcopenia. However, in the physical performance aspect, there are still uncertainness in the literature about the use of vitamin D as an ergogenic resource aimed at improving the physical performance of amateur and professional athletes. Therefore, due to the biological actions of vitamin D and high prevalence of low levels in sedentary and physically active individuals, this chapter will discuss the facts pointed out in the literature about the action of vitamin D as an ergogenic resource aiming at the preservation or improvement of the physical, including strength muscular, aerobic capacity and balance.
Keywords
• vitamin D
• athletic performance
• lung function
• sarcopenia
1. Introduction
The increase in human life expectancy during the previous century has raised new health issues, especially the control of aging-related deterioration. Important efforts have been made to gain new insights that may lead to modalities to delay the functional impairment and progression of chronic degenerative diseases, as well as sarcopenia and osteoporosis. Undoubtedly, the physical exercises are directly interrelated with the improvement or even rehabilitation of the physical performance besides increasing the life expectancy [1]. However, the effect of hormonal action, especially vitamin D, has lately been part of this prospect.
In this context, vitamin D has attracted considerable interest among health researchers, professional organizations and the lay public in recent times. Although it is called vitamin, conceptually vitamin D is a hormone. This is due to its hormonal nature, such as the ability to be integrally produced by the organism and to have specific receptors in several tissues [2].
Vitamin D has emerged for more than 500 million years. Even though its function in plants and invertebrates is unknown, the close association between vitamin D and sunlight has become essential in the evolution of terrestrial vertebrates. The main physiological function of vitamin D is to maintain the supply of calcium and phosphorus for complete mineralization of bone tissue [2].
Sunlight is the main source for producing the right amount of vitamin D for most humans. In food, it is found in small amounts, and there are few food sources. When it comes from sunlight, it is estimated that around 80–100% of the human needs for vitamin D come from exposure to sunlight [2, 3].
Although it is recognized as important for health, it is estimated that there are approximately 1 billion people in the world with inadequate concentrations of vitamin D. Furthermore, individuals with insufficient vitamin D levels have an increased risk of bone disease, such as: rickets, low bone mass and fractures due to increased bone resorption as a consequence of an overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH) [4].
Regarding functional capacity, the inadequacy of vitamin D stocks has catabolic effects on the musculoskeletal system, causing muscle weakness, lags in balance and impairs the formation of cross-bridges, which could impair physical performance. However, there remains divergences. Reports from recognized institutes do not corroborate the adequate levels for non-skeletal outcomes, or even the existence of evidence of a non-linear association for some results on physical performance [5].
Finally, recent studies have suggested a possible action of vitamin D in the lung function of individuals without lung disease. Similarly, results were observed on aerobic capacity being influenced by a possible action of vitamin D [6].
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2. Vitamin D actions
Vitamin D is a steroid hormone. Its precursor found in animal tissues is 7-dehydrocholesterol, which is synthesized in the skin and is also the immediate precursor of cholesterol. Cholecalciferol has as its main source cutaneous synthesis catalyzed by ultraviolet light B (UVB). Its synthesis is initiated in the skin, under the action of UVB rays, which transform its precursor, 7-dehydrocholesterol, into cholecalciferol or vitamin D3. In smaller amounts, vitamin D can also be obtained through the diet of fortified foods such as dairy products and cereals, fatty fish and cod liver oil. After food intake or synthesis in the skin, vitamin D is transported into the liver where it is converted into 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH) D] or calcidiol, which is the main form of circulating vitamin D and also used for serum dosage. In the kidney, 25(OH) D is converted to its biologically active form, 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25 (OH) 2 D) [7, 8]. The biological actions of 1,25 (OH) 2 D are mediated by the nuclear transcription factor, called the vitamin D receptor (VDR) located in the cell nucleus [9].
VDR is part of the nuclear receptors of transcription factors regulating steroid hormones, retinoic acid, thyroid hormone, and vitamin D. Following the connection with VDR, there is the formation of the heterodimeric complex (Vitamin D Receptor—Retinoic Acid Receptor). This, in turn, binds to specific DNA sequences, also called the vitamin D responsive element (VDRE), promoting conformational changes that lead to the recruitment of several other transcriptional coactivators, resulting in the transcription of target genes [10].
After conversion to its biologically active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D regulates the expression of more than 900 gene variants [11]. Considering this aspect, it has been observed that these gene expressions have a significant impact on a range of variables related to health and performance, such as exercise-induced inflammation, pulmonary function, tumor suppressor genes, neurological function, cardiovascular health, glucose metabolism, health bone and skeletal muscle performance [12].
Vitamin D plays a key role in maintaining basal serum calcium and phosphorus levels for a variety of metabolic functions, regulation of transcription and bone metabolism. 1,25 (OH) 2D interacts with VDR in the small intestine to increase intestinal calcium absorption from 10–40% and phosphorus from approximately 60–80% [13]. Its action also extends to the cells responsible for bone remodeling, from the connection to the pre-osteoblasts, acting as a stimulus for precursor cells in osteoclasts from the RANK/RANK ligand system. Active osteoclasts remove calcium and phosphorus from bone to maintain serum levels of these elements. In the kidneys, 1,25 (OH) 2D stimulates calcium reabsorption of glomerular filtrate [3, 13]. Vitamin D and calcium are among the potential factors related to maintaining bone and muscle health, and cannot be separated from osteoporosis prevention in postmenopausal women [14].
2.1 Vitamin D and muscle
Moreover to the effects on bone metabolism, studies over 80 suggest improvements in physical performance in individuals exposed to UV radiation. Although these studies do not directly describe the action of vitamin D, induced changes in vitamin D levels may have played a role in muscle function [15].
Especially in older women with low vitamin D status, several intervention studies have reported that vitamin D supplementation increases appendicular muscle strength and improves physical function. In the musculoskeletal system, vitamin D exerts specific receptor-mediated functions (VDR) in processes ranging from protein synthesis to kinetics of muscle contraction, directly affecting the functional capacity of postmenopausal women [16]. Apart from this, the important mechanisms by which vitamin D can exert on human skeletal muscle can be classified as genomic or non-genomic [15].
Considering the genomic theory, it describes that 1,25 (OH) 2 D exerts a direct effect on the human muscular VDR, sparking progressive epigenetic changes that may have an impact on the morpho functionality of skeletal muscle. Within this context, in a study of women with limited mobility and with a relatively low level of vitamin D, vitamin D3 supplementation resulted in a 30% increase in intramuscular VDR protein concentration and a 10% increase in total muscle fiber size I and II. These findings corroborate the hypothesis that vitamin D contributes to the muscle mass of individuals with a tendency towards functional disability [17].
Muscle tissues have specific nuclear receptors for 1,25-[OH] 2D. In patients with strokes with atrophied type II fibers, improvement after vitamin D supplementation was observed for 25-OHD serum deficient patients before therapy. Also, improvements in muscle strength on the intact side of these patients with vitamin D-supplemented strokes were observed. In addition, in cross-sectional analysis, there was a correlation between 25-OHD and fiber diameter and type II [18].
Conversely, the non-genomic hypothesis credits a rapid and indirect mechanism by which 1,25 (OH) 2 D activates a series of secondary messenger processes that promote increased calcium kinetics. Researchers have extensively searched the so-called 1,25 (OH) 2 D non-genomic activities through the investigation of membrane proteins and intracellular signaling [19]. They have demonstrated that 1,25 (OH) 2 D can be mediated by a different membrane-associated rapid response steroid binding protein (MARRS) to facilitate rapid responses. It has been found that this protein is similar to the multifunctional isomerase disulfide protein of family A, member 3 (PDIA3), an endoplasmic reticulum enzyme. Interestingly, the antibody that blocks this protein prevented the transport of calcium and phosphate through the membranes of the intestinal epithelial cells. Therefore, skeletal muscle functionality can be influenced by intracellular effects on calcium handling through the action of vitamin D [20].
In addition, the presence of the VDR in vascular tissue and cardiac muscle seems to support the hypothesis that the vitamin D may impact the cardiovascular system’s ability to transport oxygenated blood and the ability of skeletal muscles to use oxygen [21]. In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study with postmenopausal women, was observed a 23.5% increase in muscle strength and a reduction in the number of falls by 76% after 9 months of vitamin D supplementation [22]. In another study with older adults, significant improvements in physical performance, specifically in the up-and-go test, were reported with 2000 IU of vitamin D per day in 300 elderly women with a baseline level of 25 OHD below 24 ng/mL (60 nmol/L), [23].
In relation to the adequacy of vitamin D levels for individuals with low bone mass, this population seems to benefit in the physical performance, by serum concentrations of 25 (OH) D from 30 ng/mL (75 nmol/L) concentrations close to 36 ng/mL (90 nmol/L) as the most advantageous. Likewise, these 25 (OH) D values seem to benefit lower limb muscle strength, which was assessed by the walking test. Individuals with 25 (OH) D concentrations between 36 and 40 ng/mL (90 and 100 nmol/L) appear to perform the test faster [24].
Considering the adequacy of vitamin D levels, researchers in prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial included Brazilian people institutionalized that received a 6-month supplementation of vitamin D, had as result, the increase in 16.4% in their maximum isometric strength of hip flexors and 24.6% in knee extensors measured by a portable mechanical dynamometer at 6 months, nevertheless the calcium/placebo group showed no improvement at all [25]. The same way, in other study, researchers have found an increase in neuromuscular parameters such as the balance (4.5%), functional mobility (10.1%) and muscle strength (5.7%) after elderly supplementation with vitamin D (6 month), without the regular practice of physical activity, considering that after the study most subjects reached the sufficiency level [26].
Vitamin D supplementation in youngsters has also been shown to be effective on the muscular strength of dancers who received oral supplementation of 2000 IU/day of vitamin D3 for 4 months during the winter. At the end of the study, the supplemented group presented increased isometric strength (18.7%, p < 0.01), plyometry (7.1%, p < 0.01), and reduction of lesions when compared to control (p < 0.01) [27]. On the other hand, in a study with 179 vitamin D-deficient Lebanese adolescents, vitamin D supplementation did not show improvement in manual grip strength [28].
Even with some intriguing results, studies are still conflicting about the action of vitamin D on muscle performance. Some meta-analyzes have found antagonistic outcomes. The meta-analysis who analyzed 17 randomized controlled trials in individuals of all ages including younger subjects just showed benefit in muscle strength in subjects with vitamin D serum levels below 25 nmol/L at baseline. In another hand, the meta-analysis which reviewed results from 13 randomized controlled trials in individuals older than 60 years old, observed a small benefit of daily vitamin D supplementation (800 IU–1000 IU per day) for balance and muscle strength [29].
2.2 Vitamin D actions on the respiratory system
The interrelationships between vitamin D metabolism and respiratory function have been studied in the literature, mainly in diseases of the respiratory tract, however the results are still not conclusive. Accordingly, the mechanisms by which life D could affect lung function have not yet been fully elucidated. However, some explanations have been pointed out. It is believed that vitamin D influences approximately 3% of the human genome and directly or indirectly, vitamin D controls many genes that are involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of healthy and pathological cells [30].
1,25 (OH) 2D is mostly derived from the kidneys, however, other tissues, including the breast and prostate, may hydroxylate vitamin D in its active form. Activated, this metabolite is transported throughout the circulation by additional vitamin D binding proteins and lipoproteins; a function that allows vitamin D to actuate a wide range of skeletal and extra-skeletal functions [31].
Studies on the action of vitamin D on different cell types suggest that 1,25 (OH) 2D modulates smooth muscle excitation-contraction via intracellular Ca2+ release and Ca2+ sensitization. Airway resistance is dictated largely by the diameter of these pathways, and minor changes in this structure can significantly increase airway resistance. The absence of Vitamin D could affect the diameter of the airways, impairing pulmonary function [31, 32].
Most nucleated cells express the VDR, however the expression varies according to cell specificity. In the lungs, VDR was found in smooth muscle cells of the airway and in alveolar cells, also known as pneumocytes [32, 33, 34]. The enzyme 1α-hydroxylase, responsible for the conversion of 25 (OH) D into its active form, is also expressed by tracheal and bronchial cells [35].
Nguyen and cols, demonstrated through a series of studies with rat fetuses that type II alveolar cells underwent 1,25 (OH) 2D 3 action and suggested that vitamin D is important for maturation and the production of surfactants [36, 37]. Although in humans the mechanisms are more complex than in rats, the effect of vitamin D on the production of surfactants has been confirmed [33].
In relation to the growth and pulmonary maturation, studies with rats born to mothers with dietary vitamin D showed a loss of lung compliance compared to those born to mothers whose vitamin D supplementation [38]. In a similar study, vitamin D-deficient mice decreased lung volumes compared to the offspring of vitamin D-rich mice [39] .
In human studies, the authors used the presence of calbindin, a vitamin D-dependent calcium binding protein, as a molecular marker of the action of 1,25 (OH) 2 D3 on tissues. The authors found high levels of calbindin in fetal lung tissue between the 14th and 32nd weeks of gestation, suggesting an action of vitamin D on lung development [40].
In a cross-sectional study from the Third National Health, Nutrition and Examination Survey (NHANESIII) with a sample of 14,000 Americans, researchers found a positive correlation between FEV 1 and FVC with serum 25 (OH) D levels. The authors also observed that adults with low serum 25 (OH) D levels had lower than predicted FEV 1 of pulmonary function [41].
Although vitamin D intervention studies in postmenopausal women aiming for respiratory capacity are still scarce, in our study center, we developed a research project to evaluate the effects of a differential aquatic exercise program (HYDROS) on the musculoskeletal system in postmenopausal women compared to sedentary controls [26]. The large volume of parameters obtained during the six-month study was presented as an opportunity to evaluate, in a post-hoc analysis, the effects of vitamin D supplementation, combined or not with high intensity aquatic exercises, on the pulmonary function of postmenopausal women. We observed an improvement in the spirometric parameters of women submitted to vitamin D supplementation, even without regular physical exercise. The supplemented group obtained a 7% improvement in peak expiratory flow, similarly forced vital capacity, according to the data presented in Figure 1 [42].
Figure 1.
Follow-up of the spirometric parameters throughout the study of the three groups. Mean ± SD and percentage of change for peak expiratory flow (PEF), forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) in the control (CG), control with supplementation of vitamin D and calcium (CDG), and training groups (DTG) before and after the intervention. * p < 0.0001, # p < 0.01 and p < 0.05 indicate differences detected using Student’s t-test versus before intervention. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) on one-way analysis of variance (Tukey’s post hoc test) in relation to the percentage variation between the groups. Ref. [42]: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2359-3997000000211.
In a prospective, double-blind, randomized study, vitamin D supplementation in asthmatic children reduced the risk of exacerbation triggered by acute respiratory tract infection and significantly improved FEV1, [43]. Another prospective study in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and vitamin D deficiency demonstrated increased respiratory muscle strength, improved dyspnea scale, and superior physical performance after 1 year of vitamin D supplementation [44].
In other components of respiratory system, vitamin D status has been associated with cardiorespiratory fitness in cross-sectional investigations in the general population. Regarding the maximum volume of oxygen (VO2max), in an observational study, no correlation was observed between 25 (OH) D levels and VO2max in 53 junior and collegiate ice hockey players. However, analysis of data soccer players exposure at ultraviolet radiation, revealed a linear association between vitamin D and VO2max in both experimental sessions [45]. Corroborating with these results, across from vitamin D supplementation of soccer players during an eight-week high-intensity training program, significant results were observed in aerobic capacity. As upshot, a significant improvement in VO2max in the supplemented group was observed compared to non-supplemented subjects [46].
A recent study found that more than 60% of athletes had vitamin D insufficiency even when the data collected near hot and sunny summer. Studies with high intensity athletes have been suggesting that athletes with vitamin D3 deficiency should be supplemented with this vitamin to improve physical performance, especially VO2max [47]. The explanation would be to athletes to achieve the best results in the summer, while exposure to solar radiation. The authors suggest that the replenished 25 (OH) D3 level may protect athletes against acute and chronic diseases. Considering the above, vitamin D3 supplementation along with the training load may induce adaptive changes of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in athletes of different sports [47].
In rowers, significantly higher energy and oxygen consumption scores were observed during a continuous exercise test in the vitamin D3 supplemented group over the 8-week training period. They demonstrated a significantly increase in VO2max (12.1 and 10.3%, respectively) [21]. At the same time, the blood parameters of the supplemented athletes, such as IL-1b, CRP, LDH, reached lower values. These results suggest that vitamin D3, whose blood concentration increased by 400% in the supplemented group after supplementation, could be the justification for improving aerobic metabolism in rowers and reducing their inflammatory reactions in response to high intensity training [21].
The possible assumption by which vitamin D to affect VO2max would be caused the influence of the enzymes Cytochrome P450 (CYP) [48]. These enzymes activate vitamin D3, which has no hormonal action, converting it to an active hormonal form (1α, 25 (OH) 2D3) by the action of CYP enzymes. Reactions catalyzed by the CYP enzymes (mitochondrial CYP27A1, microsomal CYP2R1 in liver and the latter reaction by mitochondrial CYP27B1 in kidney) have proteins containing heme and could potentially affect the binding affinity of oxygen to hemoglobin [29, 49]. The existence of this compound is important for the transport of oxygen, since it is present mainly in hemoglobin, myoglobin and enzymes. Beside this, vitamin D could also influence VO2max through iron metabolism and erythropoietin. Complementing, the vitamin D deficiency results in dysregulation of innate immunity and inflammation which is affecting iron metabolism and contributes to erythropoietin resistance, and this well documented that is linearly associated with changes in red blood cells levels [47].
2.3 Vitamin D levels in athletes and physical performance
Even after 100 years its discovery, when early researchers suggested sunbathing to prevent and cure rickets, vitamin D remains in the spotlight. The actions of the vitamin D extend beyond bone health, becoming recognized at appropriate levels, beneficial to various non-skeletal health outcomes [49, 50]. Vitamin D is a multiactive hormone acting in different spheres of the body. Research over time has shown that vitamin D3 biological action is much broader than researchers originally thought, as shown by the tissue distribution of the VDR, from mediating only calcium homeostasis. Along with this, even after this recognition, it is visible from epidemiological data; that vitamin D deficiency excessively prevalent globally [50, 51].
Based on population data, the values of 25 (OH) D discussed in the literature with emphasis on bone outcomes range from 20 to 32 ng/mL (50–80 nmol/L). Several authors have confirmed that the best cut point of is 30 ng/mL (75 nmol/L) for the correction of secondary hyperparathyroidism, reduced risk of falls and fractures, and maximum absorption of calcium. Thus, serum concentrations below 20 ng/mL (50 nmol/L) are classified as deficiency, between 20 and 29 ng/mL (50 and 74 nmol/L) as insufficiency and between 30 and 100 ng/mL (75 and 250 ng/mL) as sufficiency [14, 52].
Surprisingly, it is estimated that around the world, 1 billion people fall into these categories. In addition, both vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency are increasing in prevalence [53]. Among athletes of different categories, deficiencies or deficiencies were observed in most dancers, taekwondo fighters, jockeys, elite wheelchair athletes, handball players, athletics athletes, weightlifters, swimmers and volleyball players. In relation to other professional sports, the athletes are affected in the same way. National Football League players, 26% were found to have deficient levels of vitamin D, and 42–80% of athletes had levels defined as insufficient. Similarly, professional basketball players, 32% of athletes are vitamin D deficient and 47% are insufficient [53].
The detection of vitamin D levels in athletes, in addition to the main function of vitamin D, acting in the interrelationship between the bone and muscular systems, also had as objective the sporting performance. Athletes need to potentiate the training stimulus, so it is a fundamental principle of the training program. The great scope of high performance training is to provide a stimulus to bring an adaptive response to the entire structure of the body that improves the performance of the competition. Thus, considering these aspects, the ergogenic resources to complement the adaptive response to a physical/metabolic challenge are intensively researched [53].
In the last decade, in vitro and animal studies have provided information on a beneficial role derived from vitamin D in skeletal muscle repair and remodeling. Although in humans the action of vitamin D within muscle tissue, still raise questions, in rodent were observed possible effects. The cytochrome precursor (CYP27B1) responsible for rendering vitamin D of 25 (OH) D3 inactive, in metabolically active (1,25 (OH) 2 D3), was found in cells at different stages of differentiation; expression in rodent muscle fibers [29, 54]. This finding suggests the action of vitamin D on the regulation of muscle tissue. In addition, recent studies suggest that VDR is expressed in myoblasts and C2C12 myotubes in murine skeletal muscle [54].
In human skeletal, in situ detection of VDR points towards a role of vitamin-D on muscle function. In addition, VDR has been localized to skeletal muscle cells that promote de novo protein synthesis. Considering the genomic effects, the activation of VDR induces heterodimerization between the active VDR and the retinoic receptor (RXR). In this way, this induces the activation of the vitamin D response element (VDRE), a complex of genes coding for the “genomic effects” of vitamin D [29, 54].
Among the genomic repercussions of VDR (Figure 2) [29], the increase in calcium handling by enhancing the activities of the calcium binding protein (calbindin-D9K) in cell sarcoplasm, muscle cell differentiation and proliferation through effects on insulin growth factor (IGF) expression which in turn induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy [29].
Figure 2.
Repercussions of the 1.25 vitamin D on skeletal muscle system: Molecular and nuclear pathways. Genomic and non-genomic effects. Ref. [29]: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/953241.
In an intervention study with 61 male athletes, it was observed that 62% had a serum concentration of 25 (OH) D of 20 ng/L at baseline and after supplementation with (5000 IU) of vitamin D3 per day for 8 weeks increased significantly 25 (OH) D concentrations and reflected on the velocity, verified through the 10-meter sprint time and the explosive force, through the vertical jump when compared to a placebo group [55].
Also in relation to physical performance, in a randomized, double-blind study, judo athletes supplemented with vitamin D3 achieved a 13% increase in muscle strength compared to a placebo group (p = 0.01) [56]. In a British study, through jump mechanography, was observed a positive association between serum vitamin D levels and jump height, velocity and power (p = 0.005, 0.002 and 0.003, respectively) in postmenarche adolescent girls [57].
Although some studies have demonstrated a possible outcome on physical performance [58], on the other hand, researchers investigated whether weekly supplementation with vitamin D3 at doses of 20,000 IU (500 IU) or 40,000 IU (1000 IU) for 12 weeks improved 25 (OH) D levels or performance measures in 30 club-level athletes. No correlations were observed between 25 (OH) D concentration and performance measures, indicating either vitamin D3 supplementation does not influence skeletal muscle function to induce measurable effect. These results were obtained even after 25 (OH) D levels were increased at the end of the study [59].
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3. Conclusion
Vitamin D deficiency results in poor muscle function and weakness that are reversible upon reaching a complete vitamin D state. However, prospective studies examining the effects of vitamin D on muscle function have shown conflicting results, measures of physical performance of the distinct population (non-athletes, athletes, young and old). In this way, to make emphatic conclusions on the ergogenic use of vitamin D, we still have reflections on the potential mechanisms of interaction, or even, what would be the appropriate levels for the different age groups.
The direct mechanisms by which vitamin D could affect lung function have not yet been fully elucidated. Perhaps in future well-controlled studies, the parameters of cause and effect may be better supported. However, studies have shown that treatment with Vitamin D3 was effective in postmenopausal women to produce a significant increase in plasma concentrations of 25 (OH) D [42]. This adequacy of vitamin D status was associated with improved pulmonary function parameters, independent of the performance of the aquatic exercise program. In addition, the correction of its deficiency could also be a supporting measure for the strategies used to prevent and treat diseases with impaired pulmonary function or incapacitated individuals.
Furthermore, new questions are raised as to whether athletes amatours and professional susceptible to muscle damage and/or Vitamin D inadequacy, such as have been described in the elderly to exhibit low serum 25 [OH] D, experience aggravated declines in regenerative capacity and remodeling when serum 25 [OH] D is low. In addition to the health benefits, future studies may establish new views on the action of vitamin D as a possible legal ergogenic resource contributing to better athletic performance and record breaking.
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Written By
Rodrigo Nolasco and Marise Lazaretti-Castro
Submitted: 09 June 2018 Reviewed: 20 September 2018 Published: 05 March 2019
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9222580d47c553ea90dc0f5e416f8f3a
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4,676,859,538,327,758,000
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How do I know whether there are any positive or negative interactions between Medical Cannabis and Prescription Drugs?
NGT tests indicate inhibitors and inducers for both Rx prescription drugs and Medical Cannabinoids which can enhance, delay, or prevent the efficacy of the prescription and/or medical cannabinoids. We report on evidenced-based Drug-to-Drug interactions for each medication and for the cannabinoids we report on.
← Back to FAQ
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b755ed28a90d11d590ef646404f4afc5
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