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show the free space on all filesystems
df -h
lists the name and pids of the top 5 processes by percentage of CPU usage
ps -eo pid,comm,%cpu --sort=-%cpu | head -n 6
shows how much free memory a system has
free -h
shows how much free space there is on the root filesystem
df -h /
shows the disk space used by the directory /var/log
du -sh /var/log
show the last date and time the system was rebooted
who -b
show how long the system has been up
uptime -p
who is currently logged into the system
who
install wget on Redhat without user input
yum install -y wget
set my user's time zone to Los Angeles
timedatectl set-timezone America/Los_Angeles
show the version of the kernel
uname -r
show the version of the operating system
cat /etc/os-release
find the largest file under my home directory
find ~ -type f -exec ls -lh {} + | sort -k 5 -hr | head -n 1
make data.dat readable by just the owner
chmod 400 data.dat
set the file creation mask so that only the owner has file write permission
umask 037
create a new file called data.dat with a size of 512K bytes
truncate -s 512K data.dat
create an ext3 filesystem in my existing file named disk.img
mkfs.ext3 disk.img
set the system's timezone to Los Angeles
timedatectl set-timezone America/Los_Angeles
create a new group called alfa
groupadd alfa
add user test to the group called alfa
usermod -aG alfa test
add user test to the alfa group as administrator
usermod -aG alfa test; gpasswd -A test alfa
remove the group password from the alfa group
gpasswd -r alfa
restrict access of all users in the group named alfa
chmod -R o-rwx /path/to/directory
remove user test from the alfa group
gpasswd -d test alfa
remove the alfa group
groupdel alfa
add a new user named test
adduser test
add a login for a new user named test which expires 90 days from today
useradd -e $(date -d "+90 days" +%Y-%m-%d) test
give me the date 90 days from today
date -d "+90 days"
create a new systems group called alfa2
groupadd alfa2
lock user test2's account
usermod -L test2
force user test2 to change their password at next login
chage -d 0 test2
modify the access time of my file data.dat to be 12:00 on 2022-12-31
touch -a -t 202212311200 data.dat
create a FIFO named myfifo in /tmp
mkfifo /tmp/myfifo
insert #!/usr/bin/python3 at the top of each *.py files under the current directory
for file in *.py; do sed -i '1i #!/usr/bin/python3' "$file"; done
rename all of my files named test.py replacing the string test with unit_test
find . -type f -name 'test.py' -execdir mv {} unit_test.py \;
prefix every non-blank line in file.log with the string 'hello'
sed '/./ s/^/hello/' file.log
change the file extension from .mpg to .avi every file in directory /home/test/uploads
for file in /home/test/uploads/*.mpg; do mv "$file" "${file%.mpg}.avi"; done
prefix the line number to every line in file.log
nl -ba file.log
make the file pretty-print.sh executable
chmod +x pretty-print.sh
append all PNG and JPG files to the existing tar archive file images.tar
tar -rf images.tar *.png *.jpg
calculate the md5 checksum of every file under the directory named downloads
find downloads -type f -exec md5sum {} +
change the group ownership to alfa of my file named download.dat
chgrp alfa download.dat
count all of the directories under my home directory
find ~ -type d | wc -l
list the *.dat files in the current directory in ascending order by size
ls -lS --block-size=1 --reverse *.dat
create the path src/vpd/new without an error if the path already exists
mkdir -p src/vpd/new
list all files in my Downloads directory which have not been accessed within the last 3 weeks
find ~/Downloads -type f -atime +21
count the total number of lines in the *.c files under my src directory
find src -name "*.c" -type f -exec wc -l {} + | awk '{total += $1} END {print total}'
find all *.c and *.h files under the src directory containing the pattern TODO and print just the file names
grep -lR "TODO" src --include \*.c --include \*.h
show the fully-qualified domain name of my host
hostname -f
calculate the number of days between the dates Jan 12, 2023 and Jan 20, 2024
echo $(( ($(date -d "Jan 20, 2024" +%s) - $(date -d "Jan 12, 2023" +%s)) / 86400 ))
Create a squashfs filesystem (compressed using `gzip` by default) from an uncompressed tar archive
sqfstar filesystem.squashfs < archive.tar
Create a squashfs filesystem from a tar archive compressed with `gzip`, and [comp]ress the filesystem using a specific algorithm
zcat archive.tar.gz | sqfstar -comp gzip|lzo|lz4|xz|zstd|lzma filesystem.squashfs
Create a squashfs filesystem from a tar archive compressed with `xz`, excluding some of the files
xzcat archive.tar.xz | sqfstar filesystem.squashfs file1 file2 ...
Create a squashfs filesystem from a tar archive compressed with `zstd`, excluding files ending with `.gz`
zstdcat archive.tar.zst | sqfstar filesystem.squashfs "*.gz"
Create a squashfs filesystem from a tar archive compressed with `lz4`, excluding files matching a regular expression
lz4cat archive.tar.lz4 | sqfstar filesystem.squashfs -regex "regular_expression"
Open a URL in the default application
handlr open https://example.com
Open a PDF in the default PDF viewer
handlr open path/to/file.pdf
Set `imv` as the default application for PNG files
handlr set .png imv.desktop
Set MPV as the default application for all audio files
handlr set 'audio/*' mpv.desktop
List all default apps
handlr list
Print the default application for PNG files
handlr get .png
Get the [s]ize of the HEAD commit in bytes
git cat-file -s HEAD
Get the [t]ype (blob, tree, commit, tag) of a given Git object
git cat-file -t 8c442dc3
Pretty-[p]rint the contents of a given Git object based on its type
git cat-file -p HEAD~2
Update virus definitions
freshclam
Compile a DVI document
tex source.tex
Compile a DVI document, specifying an output directory
tex -output-directory=path/to/directory source.tex
Compile a DVI document, exiting on each error
tex -halt-on-error source.tex
Display a summary of the top 10 historical uptime records
uprecords
Display the top 25 records
uprecords -m 25
Display the downtime between reboots instead of the kernel version
uprecords -d
Show the most recent reboots
uprecords -B
Don't truncate information
uprecords -w
Apply a configuration to a resource by file name or `stdin`
kubectl apply -f resource_filename
Edit the latest last-applied-configuration annotations of resources from the default editor
kubectl apply edit-last-applied -f resource_filename
Set the latest last-applied-configuration annotations by setting it to match the contents of a file
kubectl apply set-last-applied -f resource_filename
View the latest last-applied-configuration annotations by type/name or file
kubectl apply view-last-applied -f resource_filename
Resize all JPEG images in the directory to 50% of their initial size
magick mogrify -resize 50% *.jpg
Resize all images starting with `DSC` to 800x600
magick mogrify -resize 800x600 DSC*
Convert all PNGs in the directory to JPEG
magick mogrify -format jpg *.png
Halve the saturation of all image files in the current directory
magick mogrify -modulate 100,50 *
Double the brightness of all image files in the current directory
magick mogrify -modulate 200 *
Reduce file sizes of all GIF images in the current directory by reducing quality
magick mogrify -layers 'optimize' -fuzz 7% *.gif
Export an app from the container to the host (the desktop entry/icon will show up in your host system's application list)
distrobox-export --app package --extra-flags "--foreground"
Export a binary from the container to the host
distrobox-export --bin path/to/binary --export-path path/to/binary_on_host
Export a binary from the container to the host (i.e.`$HOME/.local/bin`)
distrobox-export --bin path/to/binary --export-path path/to/export
Export a service from the container to the host (`--sudo` will run the service as root inside the container)
distrobox-export --service package --extra-flags "--allow-newer-config" --sudo
Unexport/delete an exported application
distrobox-export --app package --delete
Convert a .mol file to XYZ coordinates
obabel path/to/file.mol -O path/to/output_file.xyz
Convert a SMILES string to a 500x500 picture
obabel -:"SMILES" -O path/to/output_file.png -xp 500
Convert a file of SMILES string to separate 3D .mol files
obabel path/to/file.smi -O path/to/output_file.mol --gen3D -m
Render multiple inputs into one picture
obabel path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ... -O path/to/output_file.png
List releases in a GitHub repository, limited to 30 items
gh release list
Display information about a specific release
gh release view tag
Create a new release
gh release create tag
Delete a specific release
gh release delete tag
Download assets from a specific release
gh release download tag
Upload assets to a specific release
gh release upload tag path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...
Launch `virt-viewer` with a prompt to select running virtual machines
virt-viewer
Launch `virt-viewer` for a specific virtual machine by ID, UUID or name
virt-viewer "domain"
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio

NL2SH-ALPACA (Alpaca-style)

This is a reformatted version of the NL2SH-ALFA dataset originally created by westenfelder/NL2SH-ALFA.

It has been converted to Alpaca-style format and prepared for instruction fine-tuning by Anshuman Jena, who acted as the converter and maintainer of this version.

{
  "instruction": "<natural language instruction>",
  "input": "",
  "output": "<bash command>"
}

Additionally, for the test split, the original bash2 (alternative command) and difficulty fields have been included in the output.

This dataset can be used to train instruction-following models for translating natural language instructions to shell commands.


Data Fields

The data fields are as follows:

  • instruction: natural language description of the shell task the model should perform. Each instruction is unique.
  • input: optional context or input for the task. In this dataset, this field is empty for all examples.
  • output: the shell command corresponding to the instruction. For the test split, alternative commands (bash2) and difficulty are appended to the output.

Data Instances

An example of "train" looks as follows:

{
    'instruction': 'Compile C code and cache compiled output (to use `ccache` on all `gcc` invocations, see the note above)',
    'input': '',
    'output': 'ccache gcc path/to/file.c'
}

Data Splits

train test
NL2SH-ALPACA 40,639 300

How to load

from datasets import load_dataset
ds = load_dataset("abandonedmonk/NL2SH-ALPACA")
print(ds["train"][0])

Citation

If you use this dataset, please cite the original work:

@misc{westenfelder2025nl2sh,
title={NL2SH-ALFA},
author={westenfelder},
year={2025},
howpublished={\url{[https://huggingface.co/datasets/westenfelder/NL2SH-ALFA}}](https://huggingface.co/datasets/westenfelder/NL2SH-ALFA}})
}

This version of the dataset was converted to Alpaca-style format and maintained by Anshuman Jena.

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Models trained or fine-tuned on abandonedmonk/NL2SH-ALPACA