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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fused%20%28album%29
|
Fused is the second solo album by Black Sabbath guitarist Tony Iommi, released in 2005. The album also features vocalist/bassist Glenn Hughes (who briefly fronted Black Sabbath in the mid-1980s, assuming vocal duties on the album Seventh Star – an album that was originally intended to be Iommi's first solo album) and drummer Kenny Aronoff.
The album was recorded in Monnow Valley Studios, Wales in December 2004 and BHM's studio in Warwickshire, England, and was produced by Bob Marlette (who also contributed keyboards and bass on the album) and Iommi. Fused reached number 34 on Billboard's Top Heatseekers chart.
Track listing
Personnel
per liner notes
Tony Iommi – lead and rhythm guitars, additional production
Glenn Hughes – vocals, bass
Kenny Aronoff – drums
Bob Marlette – keyboards, bass, production, engineering
Mike Exeter – additional engineering, programming
Hugh Gilmour – artwork, design
Ralph Baker – executive producer
Jeff Greenberg – legal at Beldock, Levine & Hoffman, NYC
JMO Design – logo
Dick Beetham – mastering
Sid Riggs – programming
Mike Clement – equipment technician
Charts
References
External links
Fused at Black Sabbath Online
2005 albums
Sanctuary Records albums
Glenn Hughes albums
Collaborative albums
Albums produced by Bob Marlette
Tony Iommi albums
|
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fused%20%28album%29",
"role": "user"
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"content": "Fused is the second solo album by Black Sabbath guitarist Tony Iommi, released in 2005. The album also features vocalist/bassist Glenn Hughes (who briefly fronted Black Sabbath in the mid-1980s, assuming vocal duties on the album Seventh Star – an album that was originally intended to be Iommi's first solo album) and drummer Kenny Aronoff.\n\nThe album was recorded in Monnow Valley Studios, Wales in December 2004 and BHM's studio in Warwickshire, England, and was produced by Bob Marlette (who also contributed keyboards and bass on the album) and Iommi. Fused reached number 34 on Billboard's Top Heatseekers chart.\n\nTrack listing\n\nPersonnel \nper liner notes\nTony Iommi – lead and rhythm guitars, additional production\nGlenn Hughes – vocals, bass\nKenny Aronoff – drums\nBob Marlette – keyboards, bass, production, engineering\nMike Exeter – additional engineering, programming\nHugh Gilmour – artwork, design\nRalph Baker – executive producer\nJeff Greenberg – legal at Beldock, Levine & Hoffman, NYC\nJMO Design – logo\nDick Beetham – mastering\nSid Riggs – programming\nMike Clement – equipment technician\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \nFused at Black Sabbath Online\n\n2005 albums\nSanctuary Records albums\nGlenn Hughes albums\nCollaborative albums\nAlbums produced by Bob Marlette\nTony Iommi albums",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil%20Stein
|
Gil Stein may refer to:
Gil Stein (archaeologist), American archaeologist and current director of the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago
Gil Stein (ice hockey) (1928–2022), former president of the National Hockey League
See also
Jill Stein (born 1950), US Green politician
Jill Stein (restaurateur), British restaurateur for The Seafood Restaurant, and interior designer
|
[
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil%20Stein",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "Gil Stein may refer to:\n\nGil Stein (archaeologist), American archaeologist and current director of the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago\nGil Stein (ice hockey) (1928–2022), former president of the National Hockey League\n\nSee also \nJill Stein (born 1950), US Green politician\n Jill Stein (restaurateur), British restaurateur for The Seafood Restaurant, and interior designer",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
1955 Pan American Games
|
The 1955 Pan American Games opened on March 12, 1955, in the University Stadium (now Olympic Stadium) in Mexico City, Mexico, in front of a capacity crowd of 100,000 spectators.
A total number of 2,583 athletes from 22 nations marched in review and formed ranks upon the infield. The nations paraded into the stadium in Spanish alphabetical order: Argentina, Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Chile, El Salvador, United States, Guatemala, Haiti, Jamaica, Netherlands Antilles, Panama, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Mexico. The hot sun, combined with the high altitude, caused two members of the U.S. team to collapse. Both quickly recovered.
Host city selection
On March 6, 1951, the Pan American Sports Organization (PASO) selected Mexico City over Guatemala City to host the II Pan American Games. Seventeen of the eighteen countries participated in the vote, with El Salvador abstaining. Guatemala City received two votes, one from Guatemala and one from Mexico, and Mexico City received the remaining fifteen votes.
Medal table
Sports
Cycling ()
Road (2)
Track (3)
Gymnastics ()
Artistic (12)
References
External links
Mexico City 1955 - II Pan American Games - Official Report at PanamSports.org
|
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"content": "1955 Pan American Games",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The 1955 Pan American Games opened on March 12, 1955, in the University Stadium (now Olympic Stadium) in Mexico City, Mexico, in front of a capacity crowd of 100,000 spectators.\n\nA total number of 2,583 athletes from 22 nations marched in review and formed ranks upon the infield. The nations paraded into the stadium in Spanish alphabetical order: Argentina, Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Chile, El Salvador, United States, Guatemala, Haiti, Jamaica, Netherlands Antilles, Panama, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Mexico. The hot sun, combined with the high altitude, caused two members of the U.S. team to collapse. Both quickly recovered.\n\nHost city selection \nOn March 6, 1951, the Pan American Sports Organization (PASO) selected Mexico City over Guatemala City to host the II Pan American Games. Seventeen of the eighteen countries participated in the vote, with El Salvador abstaining. Guatemala City received two votes, one from Guatemala and one from Mexico, and Mexico City received the remaining fifteen votes.\n\nMedal table\n\nSports\n\n \n \n \n \n Cycling ()\n Road (2)\n Track (3)\n \n \n \n \n Gymnastics ()\n Artistic (12)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Mexico City 1955 - II Pan American Games - Official Report at PanamSports.org",
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] |
List of newspapers in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
|
This is a list of newspapers in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
Weekly
The News
The Vincentian
Searchlight
Daily
The Herald
Other
SVG Express
The VincyView
See also
Lists of newspapers
References
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Newspapers
Newspapers
|
[
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"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "List of newspapers in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "This is a list of newspapers in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.\n\nWeekly \nThe News\nThe Vincentian\nSearchlight\n\nDaily \n\n The Herald\n\nOther \n SVG Express\n The VincyView\n\nSee also\nLists of newspapers\n\nReferences \n\nSaint Vincent and the Grenadines\nNewspapers\n\nNewspapers",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilkington%20XXX%20F.C.
|
Pilkington XXX Football Club was a football club based in Birmingham, England. They joined the Midland Combination Division Three in 1998. In 2002, they changed their name from Burman Hi-Ton. They resigned from the Midland League Division One at the end of the 2015-16 season.
History
It is unclear exactly when the club was formed – the club itself notes that the present name was adopted in 2002 but does not state when the earlier incarnation had actually been formed. It is known that the club, under its previous name of Burman Hi-Ton F.C., won the Birmingham Works League Division One in the 1996–97 season and joined the Midland Combination in 1998, where the team won the Division Three championship at the first attempt.
In 2001–02 the team won the Division Two title to gain promotion to Division One, whereupon the club adopted its present name. Success again came quickly in Division One, with a runners-up spot in 2003–04 gaining the team promotion to the Premier Division.
Club records
Best league performance: 5th in Midland Combination Premier Division, 2006–07
Best FA Cup performance: First Qualifying Round 2010–11
Best FA Vase performance: Second Round Proper, 2008–09
References
History page of official club website
External links
Pilkington XXX Football Club
Football clubs in England
Midland Football Combination
Sport in Birmingham, West Midlands
Football clubs in Birmingham, West Midlands
Defunct football clubs in the West Midlands (county)
Midland Football League
Association football clubs disestablished in 2016
Association football clubs established in 1931
2016 disestablishments in England
Works association football teams in England
|
[
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"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilkington%20XXX%20F.C.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Pilkington XXX Football Club was a football club based in Birmingham, England. They joined the Midland Combination Division Three in 1998. In 2002, they changed their name from Burman Hi-Ton. They resigned from the Midland League Division One at the end of the 2015-16 season.\n\nHistory\nIt is unclear exactly when the club was formed – the club itself notes that the present name was adopted in 2002 but does not state when the earlier incarnation had actually been formed. It is known that the club, under its previous name of Burman Hi-Ton F.C., won the Birmingham Works League Division One in the 1996–97 season and joined the Midland Combination in 1998, where the team won the Division Three championship at the first attempt.\n\nIn 2001–02 the team won the Division Two title to gain promotion to Division One, whereupon the club adopted its present name. Success again came quickly in Division One, with a runners-up spot in 2003–04 gaining the team promotion to the Premier Division.\n\nClub records\nBest league performance: 5th in Midland Combination Premier Division, 2006–07\nBest FA Cup performance: First Qualifying Round 2010–11\nBest FA Vase performance: Second Round Proper, 2008–09\n\nReferences\nHistory page of official club website\n\nExternal links\n Pilkington XXX Football Club\n\nFootball clubs in England\nMidland Football Combination\nSport in Birmingham, West Midlands\nFootball clubs in Birmingham, West Midlands\nDefunct football clubs in the West Midlands (county)\nMidland Football League\nAssociation football clubs disestablished in 2016\nAssociation football clubs established in 1931\n2016 disestablishments in England\nWorks association football teams in England",
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] |
Presidential Palace, Nicosia
|
The Presidential Palace ( Proedrikó Mégaro ) is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the Republic of Cyprus. It is located close to the centre of Nicosia, the capital city of Cyprus, and is surrounded by a thick pine woodland.
History
The original building was a prefabricated structure erected in November 1878 on a site known as Snake Hill, on which Richard the Lionheart is said to have set up camp. The building was shipped by the war office from London to Ceylon, its original destination; but by the time it reached Port Said, it was no longer required there, and was diverted to Cyprus. The building arrived in Larnaca and was transported to Nicosia in boxes on the backs of camels.
The building was burned down during the pro-Enosis riots of 21 October 1931. As a result of the disturbances, a special law was enacted by Sir Ronald Storrs, the Governor of Cyprus, on 21 December 1931, whereby the Greek Cypriot inhabitants had to pay for the building of a new Government House. A total of £34,315 was demanded, payable by 30 June 1932. The amounts required from various towns included £14,000 from Nicosia, £5,500 from Limassol, £5000 from Famagusta, £2000 from Larnaca, £500 from Paphos, and £6315 from villages.
The new building was designed by Maurice Webb of the firm of Sir Aston Webb & Sons, Westminster, London. Construction was undertaken by J V Hamilton & L F Weldon of the Public Works Department, Nicosia. The main structure was built of Yerolakkos sandstone, with harder sandstone from Limassol used for the staircases. Construction was completed in 1937, at a total cost of £70,000. Among the Palace's most prominent features are the British coat-of-arms, and four gargoyles with human heads depicting the British general foreman in charge of construction, the head mason, the head carpenter, and an unknown labourer. The building was originally named Government House; in 1960, it was renamed the Presidential Palace.
The structure was gutted by fire during the coup d'état by the Cypriot National Guard and EOKA-B on 15 July 1974, and was rebuilt by the Public Works Department and Philippou Brothers in 1977. The rebuilding costs were paid by the Greek Government.
On 28 May 2010, it was announced that the building was to have a €1.2 million upgrade to reduce its carbon emissions. The project included solar panels in the car park, a new ventilation system, and replacement of windows. A further €2.7 million was spent to build a new hall for Cyprus's 2012 European Union Presidency. The new hall opened on 17 May 2012; it can seat 500 people, or 300 if seated by table.
See also
Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth
References
External links
Presidency of the Republic of Cyprus, The Presidential Palace
Cyprus and the Commonwealth of Nations
Official residences in Cyprus
Presidential residences
Buildings and structures in Nicosia
Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth
|
[
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"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
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"content": "Presidential Palace, Nicosia",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Presidential Palace ( Proedrikó Mégaro ) is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the Republic of Cyprus. It is located close to the centre of Nicosia, the capital city of Cyprus, and is surrounded by a thick pine woodland.\n\nHistory\n\nThe original building was a prefabricated structure erected in November 1878 on a site known as Snake Hill, on which Richard the Lionheart is said to have set up camp. The building was shipped by the war office from London to Ceylon, its original destination; but by the time it reached Port Said, it was no longer required there, and was diverted to Cyprus. The building arrived in Larnaca and was transported to Nicosia in boxes on the backs of camels.\n\nThe building was burned down during the pro-Enosis riots of 21 October 1931. As a result of the disturbances, a special law was enacted by Sir Ronald Storrs, the Governor of Cyprus, on 21 December 1931, whereby the Greek Cypriot inhabitants had to pay for the building of a new Government House. A total of £34,315 was demanded, payable by 30 June 1932. The amounts required from various towns included £14,000 from Nicosia, £5,500 from Limassol, £5000 from Famagusta, £2000 from Larnaca, £500 from Paphos, and £6315 from villages.\n\nThe new building was designed by Maurice Webb of the firm of Sir Aston Webb & Sons, Westminster, London. Construction was undertaken by J V Hamilton & L F Weldon of the Public Works Department, Nicosia. The main structure was built of Yerolakkos sandstone, with harder sandstone from Limassol used for the staircases. Construction was completed in 1937, at a total cost of £70,000. Among the Palace's most prominent features are the British coat-of-arms, and four gargoyles with human heads depicting the British general foreman in charge of construction, the head mason, the head carpenter, and an unknown labourer. The building was originally named Government House; in 1960, it was renamed the Presidential Palace.\n\nThe structure was gutted by fire during the coup d'état by the Cypriot National Guard and EOKA-B on 15 July 1974, and was rebuilt by the Public Works Department and Philippou Brothers in 1977. The rebuilding costs were paid by the Greek Government.\n\nOn 28 May 2010, it was announced that the building was to have a €1.2 million upgrade to reduce its carbon emissions. The project included solar panels in the car park, a new ventilation system, and replacement of windows. A further €2.7 million was spent to build a new hall for Cyprus's 2012 European Union Presidency. The new hall opened on 17 May 2012; it can seat 500 people, or 300 if seated by table.\n\nSee also\n\nGovernment Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nPresidency of the Republic of Cyprus, The Presidential Palace\n\nCyprus and the Commonwealth of Nations\nOfficial residences in Cyprus\nPresidential residences\nBuildings and structures in Nicosia\nGovernment Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth",
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] |
Jawahar Planetarium
|
The Jawahar Planetarium is located in the city of Prayagraj in Uttar Pradesh, India. It was built in 1979 and is situated beside Anand Bhavan the former residence of the Nehru-Gandhi family and now a museum. It is managed by the 'Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund' (established 1964), which has its headquarters at Teen Murti House, New Delhi.
Each year, the prestigious 'Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Lecture' is also held at the planetarium, organised under the auspices of Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund on the birth anniversary of India's first prime minister, 14 November.
See also
Astrotourism in India
Nehru Planetarium
Swami Vivekananda Planetarium, Mangalore
List of tourist attractions in Prayagraj
List of planetariums
References
Planetaria in India
Buildings and structures in Prayagraj
Tourist attractions in Prayagraj
1979 establishments in Uttar Pradesh
Education in Prayagraj
Science and technology in Prayagraj
Monuments and memorials to Jawaharlal Nehru
|
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"role": "system"
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"content": "Jawahar Planetarium",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Jawahar Planetarium is located in the city of Prayagraj in Uttar Pradesh, India. It was built in 1979 and is situated beside Anand Bhavan the former residence of the Nehru-Gandhi family and now a museum. It is managed by the 'Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund' (established 1964), which has its headquarters at Teen Murti House, New Delhi.\n\nEach year, the prestigious 'Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Lecture' is also held at the planetarium, organised under the auspices of Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund on the birth anniversary of India's first prime minister, 14 November.\n\nSee also\n\n Astrotourism in India\n Nehru Planetarium\n Swami Vivekananda Planetarium, Mangalore\n List of tourist attractions in Prayagraj\n List of planetariums\n\nReferences \n\nPlanetaria in India\nBuildings and structures in Prayagraj\nTourist attractions in Prayagraj\n1979 establishments in Uttar Pradesh\nEducation in Prayagraj\nScience and technology in Prayagraj\nMonuments and memorials to Jawaharlal Nehru",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randa%2C%20Switzerland
|
Randa is a municipality in the district of Visp in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. It is located between the Weisshorn and the Dom in the Matter Valley. The village is accessible by road and rail, and it has a campsite which offers a taxi service to Zermatt, a car-free town. The Glacier Express train line also connects Randa to Zermatt.
History
Randa is first mentioned in 1305 as Randa.
In 1819, the village was almost totally destroyed by the blast from a huge avalanche that fell nearby.
In 1991, a portion of the village was flooded following a large rockslide from a cliff above the town.
Randa is a two-hour hike from the Charles Kuonen Suspension Bridge, the world's longest simple suspension bridge for pedestrians. It was opened in 2017 as part of the Europaweg, the scenic hiking route between Grächen and Zermatt.
Geography
Randa has an area, , of . Of this area, 8.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while 9.9% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.6% is settled (buildings or roads) and 81.5% is unproductive land.
The municipality is located in the Visp district, in the Matter valley. It consists of the village of Randa and the hamlets of Lerch, Wildi and Attermänze.
Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Divided by a Bend Argent, Gules a Mullet [of Six] of the First and Vert an Edelweiss proper slipped.
Demographics
Randa has a population () of . , 22.7% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010 ) the population has changed at a rate of -9.7%. It has changed at a rate of -3.5% due to migration and at a rate of -2.8% due to births and deaths.
Most of the population () speaks German (320 or 79.2%) as their first language, Albanian is the second most common (55 or 13.6%) and Serbo-Croatian is the third (17 or 4.2%). There is 1 person who speaks French, 1 person who speaks Italian.
, the population was 46.7% male and 53.3% female. The population was made up of 133 Swiss men (33.9% of the population) and 50 (12.8%) non-Swiss men. There were 160 Swiss women (40.8%) and 49 (12.5%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 240 or about 59.4% were born in Randa and lived there in 2000. There were 51 or 12.6% who were born in the same canton, while 26 or 6.4% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 84 or 20.8% were born outside of Switzerland.
, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 27.7% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 59.7% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 12.6%.
, there were 195 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 188 married individuals, 16 widows or widowers and 5 individuals who are divorced.
, there were 146 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.8 persons per household. There were 40 households that consist of only one person and 22 households with five or more people. , a total of 145 apartments (43.0% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 151 apartments (44.8%) were seasonally occupied and 41 apartments (12.2%) were empty. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 0.29%.
The historical population is given in the following chart:
Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the CVP which received 72.09% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (12.69%), the SVP (11.9%) and the Green Party (1.66%). In the federal election, a total of 166 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 59.3%.
In the 2009 Conseil d'État/Staatsrat election a total of 147 votes were cast, of which 14 or about 9.5% were invalid. The voter participation was 54.2%, which is similar to the cantonal average of 54.67%. In the 2007 Swiss Council of States election a total of 164 votes were cast, of which 6 or about 3.7% were invalid. The voter participation was 59.6%, which is similar to the cantonal average of 59.88%.
Economy
, Randa had an unemployment rate of 3.1%. , there were 32 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 11 businesses involved in this sector. 46 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 6 businesses in this sector. 35 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 11 businesses in this sector. There were 188 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 41.0% of the workforce.
the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 86. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 13, of which 6 were in agriculture and 7 were in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 46 of which 9 or (19.6%) were in manufacturing and 37 (80.4%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 27. In the tertiary sector; 1 was in the sale or repair of motor vehicles, 2 or 7.4% were in the movement and storage of goods, 12 or 44.4% were in a hotel or restaurant, 1 was the insurance or financial industry, 2 or 7.4% were technical professionals or scientists, 5 or 18.5% were in education.
, there were 19 workers who commuted into the municipality and 138 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 7.3 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 46.3% used public transportation to get to work, and 35.6% used a private car.
Religion
From the , 328 or 81.2% were Roman Catholic, while 11 or 2.7% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 4 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.99% of the population). There were 55 (or about 13.61% of the population) who were Islamic. 1 (or about 0.25% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 5 individuals (or about 1.24% of the population) did not answer the question.
Education
In Randa about 178 or (44.1%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 13 or (3.2%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 13 who completed tertiary schooling, 76.9% were Swiss men, 15.4% were Swiss women.
, there was one student in Randa who came from another municipality, while 28 residents attended schools outside the municipality.
References
External links
Official website
|
[
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"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
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{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randa%2C%20Switzerland",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Randa is a municipality in the district of Visp in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. It is located between the Weisshorn and the Dom in the Matter Valley. The village is accessible by road and rail, and it has a campsite which offers a taxi service to Zermatt, a car-free town. The Glacier Express train line also connects Randa to Zermatt.\n\nHistory\n\nRanda is first mentioned in 1305 as Randa.\n\nIn 1819, the village was almost totally destroyed by the blast from a huge avalanche that fell nearby.\n\nIn 1991, a portion of the village was flooded following a large rockslide from a cliff above the town.\n\nRanda is a two-hour hike from the Charles Kuonen Suspension Bridge, the world's longest simple suspension bridge for pedestrians. It was opened in 2017 as part of the Europaweg, the scenic hiking route between Grächen and Zermatt.\n\nGeography\n\nRanda has an area, , of . Of this area, 8.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while 9.9% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.6% is settled (buildings or roads) and 81.5% is unproductive land.\n\nThe municipality is located in the Visp district, in the Matter valley. It consists of the village of Randa and the hamlets of Lerch, Wildi and Attermänze.\n\nCoat of arms\nThe blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Divided by a Bend Argent, Gules a Mullet [of Six] of the First and Vert an Edelweiss proper slipped.\n\nDemographics\n\nRanda has a population () of . , 22.7% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010 ) the population has changed at a rate of -9.7%. It has changed at a rate of -3.5% due to migration and at a rate of -2.8% due to births and deaths.\n\nMost of the population () speaks German (320 or 79.2%) as their first language, Albanian is the second most common (55 or 13.6%) and Serbo-Croatian is the third (17 or 4.2%). There is 1 person who speaks French, 1 person who speaks Italian.\n\n, the population was 46.7% male and 53.3% female. The population was made up of 133 Swiss men (33.9% of the population) and 50 (12.8%) non-Swiss men. There were 160 Swiss women (40.8%) and 49 (12.5%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 240 or about 59.4% were born in Randa and lived there in 2000. There were 51 or 12.6% who were born in the same canton, while 26 or 6.4% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 84 or 20.8% were born outside of Switzerland.\n\n, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 27.7% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 59.7% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 12.6%.\n\n, there were 195 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 188 married individuals, 16 widows or widowers and 5 individuals who are divorced.\n\n, there were 146 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.8 persons per household. There were 40 households that consist of only one person and 22 households with five or more people. , a total of 145 apartments (43.0% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 151 apartments (44.8%) were seasonally occupied and 41 apartments (12.2%) were empty. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 0.29%.\n\nThe historical population is given in the following chart:\n\nPolitics\nIn the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the CVP which received 72.09% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (12.69%), the SVP (11.9%) and the Green Party (1.66%). In the federal election, a total of 166 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 59.3%.\n\nIn the 2009 Conseil d'État/Staatsrat election a total of 147 votes were cast, of which 14 or about 9.5% were invalid. The voter participation was 54.2%, which is similar to the cantonal average of 54.67%. In the 2007 Swiss Council of States election a total of 164 votes were cast, of which 6 or about 3.7% were invalid. The voter participation was 59.6%, which is similar to the cantonal average of 59.88%.\n\nEconomy\n\n, Randa had an unemployment rate of 3.1%. , there were 32 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 11 businesses involved in this sector. 46 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 6 businesses in this sector. 35 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 11 businesses in this sector. There were 188 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 41.0% of the workforce.\n\n the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 86. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 13, of which 6 were in agriculture and 7 were in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 46 of which 9 or (19.6%) were in manufacturing and 37 (80.4%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 27. In the tertiary sector; 1 was in the sale or repair of motor vehicles, 2 or 7.4% were in the movement and storage of goods, 12 or 44.4% were in a hotel or restaurant, 1 was the insurance or financial industry, 2 or 7.4% were technical professionals or scientists, 5 or 18.5% were in education.\n\n, there were 19 workers who commuted into the municipality and 138 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 7.3 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 46.3% used public transportation to get to work, and 35.6% used a private car.\n\nReligion\nFrom the , 328 or 81.2% were Roman Catholic, while 11 or 2.7% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 4 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.99% of the population). There were 55 (or about 13.61% of the population) who were Islamic. 1 (or about 0.25% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 5 individuals (or about 1.24% of the population) did not answer the question.\n\nEducation\nIn Randa about 178 or (44.1%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 13 or (3.2%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 13 who completed tertiary schooling, 76.9% were Swiss men, 15.4% were Swiss women.\n\n, there was one student in Randa who came from another municipality, while 28 residents attended schools outside the municipality.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nOfficial website",
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] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11AM%20%28TV%20program%29
|
11AM (also known as Eleven AM) is an Australian news magazine television program that aired on the Seven Network from 11 am AEST to midday from 1975 to 1999.
Overview
The hour-long news magazine program started on 13 October 1975 with Roger Climpson presenting, with a number of high-profile presenters since, including Clive Robertson, Steve Liebmann, Vincent Smith, Paul Lyneham, Kerry O'Brien, Don Willesee, Helen Wellings, Richard Zachariah, Ann Sanders and Sonia Kruger, among others. Ross Symonds, Darren McDonald, Melissa Doyle and Cameron Williams all featured as news presenters throughout the shows life.
Its most famous presenter was comedian Graham Kennedy.
It last aired on 28 May 1999, presented by Melissa Doyle, who was filling in for Anne Fulwood (who had already moved to Seven News Melbourne) and Andrew Daddo. Fulwood went on to co-anchor Seven News in Melbourne with David Johnston, and Daddo to present entertainment programs. 11AM was the forerunner to Seven Morning News, Sunrise and The Morning Show.
References
1970s Australian television series
1982 Australian television series debuts
1999 Australian television series endings
Australian television news shows
Seven News
|
[
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"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11AM%20%28TV%20program%29",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "11AM (also known as Eleven AM) is an Australian news magazine television program that aired on the Seven Network from 11 am AEST to midday from 1975 to 1999.\n\nOverview \nThe hour-long news magazine program started on 13 October 1975 with Roger Climpson presenting, with a number of high-profile presenters since, including Clive Robertson, Steve Liebmann, Vincent Smith, Paul Lyneham, Kerry O'Brien, Don Willesee, Helen Wellings, Richard Zachariah, Ann Sanders and Sonia Kruger, among others. Ross Symonds, Darren McDonald, Melissa Doyle and Cameron Williams all featured as news presenters throughout the shows life.\n\nIts most famous presenter was comedian Graham Kennedy.\n\nIt last aired on 28 May 1999, presented by Melissa Doyle, who was filling in for Anne Fulwood (who had already moved to Seven News Melbourne) and Andrew Daddo. Fulwood went on to co-anchor Seven News in Melbourne with David Johnston, and Daddo to present entertainment programs. 11AM was the forerunner to Seven Morning News, Sunrise and The Morning Show.\n\nReferences\n\n1970s Australian television series\n1982 Australian television series debuts\n1999 Australian television series endings\nAustralian television news shows\nSeven News",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major%20League%20Baseball%20Umpires%20Association
|
The Major League Baseball Umpires Association (MLBUA) is an organization of Major League Baseball (MLB) umpires. It was certified by the National Labor Relations Board on February 24, 2000, as the World Umpires Association (WUA) as a bargaining agent. It took over as the bargaining agent for MLB umpires after the 2000 MLB season, replacing the Major League Umpires Association (MLUA), which dated back to 1970, and has since been responsible for defending their personal since. On July 17, 2018, it rebranded itself as the Major League Baseball Umpires Association.
Formation
The MLUA, led by longtime negotiating attorney Richie Phillips, was decertified by its member umpires (by a vote of 57 to 35) in February 2000, after Phillips' strategy of mass resignations in September 1999 backfired, with MLB simply accepting many of the resignations and promoting new umpires from the minor leagues. The WUA was created immediately afterward. Its first president was working umpire John Hirschbeck, who held the position from 2000 to 2009. He was replaced by Joe West in February 2009.
The formation of the WUA allowed longtime umpires Derryl Cousins and John Shulock to finally join the umpires' union. They were denied membership by the MLUA due to crossing the picket line during the 1979 umpires' strike.
In December 2009, the WUA reached an agreement with MLB on a five-year labor agreement, to run through December 2014 – members of the union voted to ratify the contract in January 2010. A new labor contract was subsequently ratified in January 2015 and ran until the end of 2019.
On July 17, 2018, the union rebranded itself as the Major League Baseball Umpires Association.
Leadership
As of 2021, board members Bill Miller (President), Ted Barrett (Vice-President), and Dan Bellino (Secretary/Treasurer) make up the executive board for the union. Will Little, Laz Díaz, Chris Conroy, Chris Guccione, Tom Hallion, and Tim Timmons compose the remainder of the governing body. All members of the governing and executive boards are active umpires. Legal counsel for the union is Altshuler Berzon, LLP of San Francisco, California.
Presidents
John Hirschbeck (2000–2009)
Joe West (2009–2018)
Bill Miller (2019–present)
References
External links
Major League Baseball labor relations
Sports officiating
Sports trade unions of the United States
Trade unions established in 2000
|
[
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"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major%20League%20Baseball%20Umpires%20Association",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Major League Baseball Umpires Association (MLBUA) is an organization of Major League Baseball (MLB) umpires. It was certified by the National Labor Relations Board on February 24, 2000, as the World Umpires Association (WUA) as a bargaining agent. It took over as the bargaining agent for MLB umpires after the 2000 MLB season, replacing the Major League Umpires Association (MLUA), which dated back to 1970, and has since been responsible for defending their personal since. On July 17, 2018, it rebranded itself as the Major League Baseball Umpires Association.\n\nFormation\nThe MLUA, led by longtime negotiating attorney Richie Phillips, was decertified by its member umpires (by a vote of 57 to 35) in February 2000, after Phillips' strategy of mass resignations in September 1999 backfired, with MLB simply accepting many of the resignations and promoting new umpires from the minor leagues. The WUA was created immediately afterward. Its first president was working umpire John Hirschbeck, who held the position from 2000 to 2009. He was replaced by Joe West in February 2009.\n\nThe formation of the WUA allowed longtime umpires Derryl Cousins and John Shulock to finally join the umpires' union. They were denied membership by the MLUA due to crossing the picket line during the 1979 umpires' strike. \n\nIn December 2009, the WUA reached an agreement with MLB on a five-year labor agreement, to run through December 2014 – members of the union voted to ratify the contract in January 2010. A new labor contract was subsequently ratified in January 2015 and ran until the end of 2019.\n\nOn July 17, 2018, the union rebranded itself as the Major League Baseball Umpires Association.\n\nLeadership\nAs of 2021, board members Bill Miller (President), Ted Barrett (Vice-President), and Dan Bellino (Secretary/Treasurer) make up the executive board for the union. Will Little, Laz Díaz, Chris Conroy, Chris Guccione, Tom Hallion, and Tim Timmons compose the remainder of the governing body. All members of the governing and executive boards are active umpires. Legal counsel for the union is Altshuler Berzon, LLP of San Francisco, California.\n\nPresidents\n John Hirschbeck (2000–2009)\n Joe West (2009–2018)\n Bill Miller (2019–present)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nMajor League Baseball labor relations\nSports officiating\nSports trade unions of the United States\nTrade unions established in 2000",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
Bolivian Army
|
The Bolivian Army () is the land force branch of the Armed Forces of Bolivia.
Figures on the size and composition of the Bolivian army vary considerably, with little official data available. It is estimated that the army has between 26,000 and 60,000 men.
Organization
Combat units directly under the Army general command
1st Infantry Regiment Colorados (Presidential Guard), contains two 2 battalions: BI-201 and BI-202
BATCOM-251,
Gen. maintenance cen. no. 1
Transport batt. no. 1.
1st National parks Security Regiment
Special forces command
The Special Forces command controls the following units:
1st Ranger Regt. German Busch, Challapata
12th Ranger Regt. "MANCHEGO", Montero
16th Infantry Regt. JORDAN, Riberalta (Special Forces)
18th Parachute Infantry Regiment VICTORIA "Army Special Troops Training Center", Cochabamba
24th Ranger Regiment (Mountain) MÉNDEZ ARCOS, Challapata
Army aviation command
291st Cavalry Group (La Paz)
Army aviation company 291 (La Paz)
army aviation company 292 (Santa Cruz)
Regional
The Bolivian Army has six military regions (regiones militares—RMs) covering the various Departments of Bolivia:
RM 1, La Paz, most of La Paz Department: 1st Army Division, 1st Mechanized Division, 297th MPB C.L.Saavedra (Military Police battalion), 296th En Btn CNL R.C.Zabalegui (ecological batt.), BE-297 (ecolog. batt.), BATLOG-1 (Logistics btn.), 291st Air Group, 1st Military Hospital, Military Police School, Army Equestrian Center, Military College of Bolivia "COL Gustavo Villaroel Lopez", Army School of Intelligence, Army Engineers School MCAL Antonio Jose de Sucre, Army Signals and Communications School, Army Armor School, Army 1st Engineering Regiment CPN Felipe Ochoa "Army Engineering and Maintenance Center", Bolivian Army Military School of Music "LTCOL Antonio Patino"
RM 2, Potosí, covering the departments of Oruro and Potosí: 2nd and 10th ADs,1st RR, 24th RR M.Arcos (ranger regt.), ADA-202 (a.a. group), Army Mountain School
RM 3, Tarija, consisting of Tarija Department and eastern Chuquisaca and southern Santa Cruz:3rd and 4th AD
RM 4, Sucre, covering the departments of Cochabamba and northern Chuquisaca: 7th Army Division, 272nd MP Btn., BATLOG-2 (long.Batt), mili.hospital no2, Army Arsensals Cochabamba, Army Command and Staff College MSHL Antonio de Santa Cruz, Army NCO School "SGT M. Paredez", Army Artillery School, 18th PIR "Victoria" (Army Special Troops Training Center), Army NCOs and Warrant Officers Advance Studies Institute, Army Arms Applications School, 1LT Edmundo Andrade Military High School
RM 5, Cobija, encompassing the Pando Department and parts of La Paz and Beni departments: 6th AD, 16th IR Jordan (special forces), Army Jungle Operations School
RM 6, Santa Cruz, covering most of Santa Cruz Department: 5th and 8th ADs, 273rd MPB R.Amezaga (Military Police), BE-298 (ecological batt.), 12th RR Manchego (ranger), BATLOG-3 (logist. batt.), 292 army aviation company, Bolivian Condores school (special forces), 6th IR
Army Divisions
The army is organized into ten territorial divisions, titled Army Divisions (AD), plus a mechanized division, each of which, with the exception of Viacha, occupy a region generally corresponding to the administrative departments, with some overlapping. These and their respective divisional headquarters and constituent units are:
1st Mechanized Division Viacha (La Paz Department): 1st Field Artillery Regiment "Camacho", 6th Air Defense Artillery Regiment, 23rd IR (Mechanized Infantry Training), 4th IR Tarapaca (Mech.) 5th ACR, 2nd ACR (Training), 1st Armor Regiment, 8th IR (Mech) "Ayacucho", 2nd Artillery Regt., 6th ADA Regt.
1st AD, Viacha (La Paz Department): 36th IR, 35th IR, 30th IR Murillo (mountain), 2nd CEB G.F.Roman.
2nd AD (Mountain), Oruro: 21st IR Illimani (Mountain), RI 22 Mejillones, 25th RI (Mountain Training) Tocopilla, RC 8 Braun, Bat.Ing. 7 Sajama.
3rd AD, Villamontes (Tarija Department): 5th IR Campero, RI 20 Padilla, RC 3 Aroma, RA 3 Pisagua, 1st CEB Chorolque.
4th AD, Camiri (Santa Cruz Department):, 6th Infantry Regiment Campos, RI 11 Boqueron, 1st Cavalry Regt. "E. Avaroa", FAR 4 Bullian
5th AD, Roboré (Santa Cruz Department): RI 13 Montes, RI 14 Florida, RI 15 Junin, RC 6 Castrillo, RA 5 Vergara
6th AD, Trinidad: RI 17 Indepedencia, RI 29 Echevarria, RI 31 Rios, RI 32 Murguia, 2nd Cavalry Regt. Ballivan, 8th AR Mendez (reserve), Bat.Ing. 6 Riosinho.
7th Army Division, Cochabamba (the largest):, 18th Parachute Infantry Regiment "Victoria" (Army Special Troops Training Center), 26th IR R.Barrientos (mech.) 29th PIR "CPT V.Ustariz" (airborne), 7th FA Regt. Tumusia, Bat.Ing.5 T.N.Ovando, 3rd Mil. Police Regt.
8th AD, Santa Cruz: RI 7 Marzana, RI 10 Warnes (mech.), RC 10 G.M.J.M. Mercado, RA 9 Mitre (reserve), Bat.Ing. 3 Pando.
9th AD (Reserve), Rurrenabaque: the Division has been reduced to reserve status and its component units have been divided up between DE-1 and DE-6
10th AD, Tupiz: 2nd Infantry Regiment "Marshal Antonio Jose de Sucre", 3rd IR "Juan Jose Perez", RI 4 Loa, RI 27 Antofagasta, 7th ACR Chichas (Armored Cavalry), RA 12 Ayohuma (reserve)
Regimental abbreviations
RIE/IR/PIR: infantry regiment
RC/ACR: cavalry regiment
RA: artillery regiment
Bat.Ing./CEB: Engineer battalion
The 11 divisions control the following units:
eight cavalry regiments, included two mechanized regiments
twenty-three infantry regiments included two airborne and two mountain
one recce. mechanized regiments and one armored regiment
two ranger regiments and one special forces regiment
six artillery regiments and plus three in reserve
one artillery and anti-air group
one artillery and anti-air Regiment
three military police battalions
three ecological battalions
two army aviation companies
six engineer battalions
Plus logistical and instructional support commands
Presidential Guard (Bolivian Colorados Regiment) infantry regiment under direct control of the army headquarters in La Paz's Miraflores district
The Army maintains a small fleet of utility aircraft, primarily to support headquarters.
Equipment
Vehicles
Aircraft
Uniforms
Army officers, NCOs, and enlisted personnel generally wear gray service uniforms. In tropical areas they wear gray-green service uniforms. Army fatigue uniforms are olive green, and combat uniforms consist of US woodland pattern camouflage and desert pattern camouflage. The standard headgear for enlisted personnel is a beret bearing the national colors of red, yellow, and green. Armored troops and paratroopers are distinguished by black berets. Special forces wear distinctive camouflage uniforms with green berets.
See also
List of wars involving Bolivia
References
External links
Official site (Spanish)
Bolivian Army Adopts Cuba's Revolutionary Slogan by BBC News
Military of Bolivia
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Bolivian Army",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Bolivian Army () is the land force branch of the Armed Forces of Bolivia.\nFigures on the size and composition of the Bolivian army vary considerably, with little official data available. It is estimated that the army has between 26,000 and 60,000 men.\n\nOrganization\n\nCombat units directly under the Army general command \n 1st Infantry Regiment Colorados (Presidential Guard), contains two 2 battalions: BI-201 and BI-202\n BATCOM-251,\n Gen. maintenance cen. no. 1\n Transport batt. no. 1.\n 1st National parks Security Regiment\n\nSpecial forces command \nThe Special Forces command controls the following units:\n\n 1st Ranger Regt. German Busch, Challapata\n 12th Ranger Regt. \"MANCHEGO\", Montero \n 16th Infantry Regt. JORDAN, Riberalta (Special Forces)\n 18th Parachute Infantry Regiment VICTORIA \"Army Special Troops Training Center\", Cochabamba \n 24th Ranger Regiment (Mountain) MÉNDEZ ARCOS, Challapata\n\nArmy aviation command \n\n291st Cavalry Group (La Paz)\n Army aviation company 291 (La Paz)\n army aviation company 292 (Santa Cruz)\n\nRegional\nThe Bolivian Army has six military regions (regiones militares—RMs) covering the various Departments of Bolivia:\n\n RM 1, La Paz, most of La Paz Department: 1st Army Division, 1st Mechanized Division, 297th MPB C.L.Saavedra (Military Police battalion), 296th En Btn CNL R.C.Zabalegui (ecological batt.), BE-297 (ecolog. batt.), BATLOG-1 (Logistics btn.), 291st Air Group, 1st Military Hospital, Military Police School, Army Equestrian Center, Military College of Bolivia \"COL Gustavo Villaroel Lopez\", Army School of Intelligence, Army Engineers School MCAL Antonio Jose de Sucre, Army Signals and Communications School, Army Armor School, Army 1st Engineering Regiment CPN Felipe Ochoa \"Army Engineering and Maintenance Center\", Bolivian Army Military School of Music \"LTCOL Antonio Patino\"\n RM 2, Potosí, covering the departments of Oruro and Potosí: 2nd and 10th ADs,1st RR, 24th RR M.Arcos (ranger regt.), ADA-202 (a.a. group), Army Mountain School\n RM 3, Tarija, consisting of Tarija Department and eastern Chuquisaca and southern Santa Cruz:3rd and 4th AD\n RM 4, Sucre, covering the departments of Cochabamba and northern Chuquisaca: 7th Army Division, 272nd MP Btn., BATLOG-2 (long.Batt), mili.hospital no2, Army Arsensals Cochabamba, Army Command and Staff College MSHL Antonio de Santa Cruz, Army NCO School \"SGT M. Paredez\", Army Artillery School, 18th PIR \"Victoria\" (Army Special Troops Training Center), Army NCOs and Warrant Officers Advance Studies Institute, Army Arms Applications School, 1LT Edmundo Andrade Military High School\n RM 5, Cobija, encompassing the Pando Department and parts of La Paz and Beni departments: 6th AD, 16th IR Jordan (special forces), Army Jungle Operations School \n RM 6, Santa Cruz, covering most of Santa Cruz Department: 5th and 8th ADs, 273rd MPB R.Amezaga (Military Police), BE-298 (ecological batt.), 12th RR Manchego (ranger), BATLOG-3 (logist. batt.), 292 army aviation company, Bolivian Condores school (special forces), 6th IR\n\nArmy Divisions\nThe army is organized into ten territorial divisions, titled Army Divisions (AD), plus a mechanized division, each of which, with the exception of Viacha, occupy a region generally corresponding to the administrative departments, with some overlapping. These and their respective divisional headquarters and constituent units are:\n 1st Mechanized Division Viacha (La Paz Department): 1st Field Artillery Regiment \"Camacho\", 6th Air Defense Artillery Regiment, 23rd IR (Mechanized Infantry Training), 4th IR Tarapaca (Mech.) 5th ACR, 2nd ACR (Training), 1st Armor Regiment, 8th IR (Mech) \"Ayacucho\", 2nd Artillery Regt., 6th ADA Regt.\n 1st AD, Viacha (La Paz Department): 36th IR, 35th IR, 30th IR Murillo (mountain), 2nd CEB G.F.Roman.\n 2nd AD (Mountain), Oruro: 21st IR Illimani (Mountain), RI 22 Mejillones, 25th RI (Mountain Training) Tocopilla, RC 8 Braun, Bat.Ing. 7 Sajama.\n 3rd AD, Villamontes (Tarija Department): 5th IR Campero, RI 20 Padilla, RC 3 Aroma, RA 3 Pisagua, 1st CEB Chorolque.\n 4th AD, Camiri (Santa Cruz Department):, 6th Infantry Regiment Campos, RI 11 Boqueron, 1st Cavalry Regt. \"E. Avaroa\", FAR 4 Bullian\n 5th AD, Roboré (Santa Cruz Department): RI 13 Montes, RI 14 Florida, RI 15 Junin, RC 6 Castrillo, RA 5 Vergara\n 6th AD, Trinidad: RI 17 Indepedencia, RI 29 Echevarria, RI 31 Rios, RI 32 Murguia, 2nd Cavalry Regt. Ballivan, 8th AR Mendez (reserve), Bat.Ing. 6 Riosinho.\n 7th Army Division, Cochabamba (the largest):, 18th Parachute Infantry Regiment \"Victoria\" (Army Special Troops Training Center), 26th IR R.Barrientos (mech.) 29th PIR \"CPT V.Ustariz\" (airborne), 7th FA Regt. Tumusia, Bat.Ing.5 T.N.Ovando, 3rd Mil. Police Regt.\n 8th AD, Santa Cruz: RI 7 Marzana, RI 10 Warnes (mech.), RC 10 G.M.J.M. Mercado, RA 9 Mitre (reserve), Bat.Ing. 3 Pando.\n 9th AD (Reserve), Rurrenabaque: the Division has been reduced to reserve status and its component units have been divided up between DE-1 and DE-6\n 10th AD, Tupiz: 2nd Infantry Regiment \"Marshal Antonio Jose de Sucre\", 3rd IR \"Juan Jose Perez\", RI 4 Loa, RI 27 Antofagasta, 7th ACR Chichas (Armored Cavalry), RA 12 Ayohuma (reserve)\n\nRegimental abbreviations\n\nRIE/IR/PIR: infantry regiment\n\nRC/ACR: cavalry regiment\n\nRA: artillery regiment\n\nBat.Ing./CEB: Engineer battalion\n\nThe 11 divisions control the following units:\n\n eight cavalry regiments, included two mechanized regiments\n twenty-three infantry regiments included two airborne and two mountain\n one recce. mechanized regiments and one armored regiment\n two ranger regiments and one special forces regiment\n six artillery regiments and plus three in reserve\n one artillery and anti-air group\n one artillery and anti-air Regiment\n three military police battalions\n three ecological battalions\n two army aviation companies\n six engineer battalions\n Plus logistical and instructional support commands\n Presidential Guard (Bolivian Colorados Regiment) infantry regiment under direct control of the army headquarters in La Paz's Miraflores district\n\nThe Army maintains a small fleet of utility aircraft, primarily to support headquarters.\n\nEquipment\n\nVehicles\n\nAircraft\n\nUniforms\n\nArmy officers, NCOs, and enlisted personnel generally wear gray service uniforms. In tropical areas they wear gray-green service uniforms. Army fatigue uniforms are olive green, and combat uniforms consist of US woodland pattern camouflage and desert pattern camouflage. The standard headgear for enlisted personnel is a beret bearing the national colors of red, yellow, and green. Armored troops and paratroopers are distinguished by black berets. Special forces wear distinctive camouflage uniforms with green berets.\n\nSee also\nList of wars involving Bolivia\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Official site (Spanish)\n Bolivian Army Adopts Cuba's Revolutionary Slogan by BBC News\n\nMilitary of Bolivia",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina%20Zavalloni
|
Cristina Zavalloni (born 1973 in Bologna, Italy) is a contemporary Italian singer and composer who focuses primarily on jazz and experimental (or avant-garde) music.
Biography and career
Born in Bologna, Zavalloni attended the Conservatorio di Musica "Giovan Battista Martini" and also studied classical and modern dance for several years.
Zavalloni frequently collaborates with the Dutch composer Louis Andriessen. In 2002, Andriessen composed a piece, La Passione, specifically for her and violinist Monica Germino. That song is based on the Canti Orfici by the poet Dino Campana.
In 1993, Zavalloni began a collaboration with Louis Andriessen, who wrote several works for her: Passeggiata in tram in America e ritorno; La Passione; Inanna; Letter from Cathy; and Racconto dall’ inferno, the recording of which resulted in her having been awarded a Diapason d’Or in 2008. Andriessen also composed the role of Dante in La Commedia and the role of Anaïs Nin in his new opera Anaïs—premiered in July 2010—for her.
References
External links
Cristina Zavalloni website
Cristina Zavalloni (ExB.it)
1973 births
Musicians from Bologna
Living people
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina%20Zavalloni",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Cristina Zavalloni (born 1973 in Bologna, Italy) is a contemporary Italian singer and composer who focuses primarily on jazz and experimental (or avant-garde) music.\n\nBiography and career\nBorn in Bologna, Zavalloni attended the Conservatorio di Musica \"Giovan Battista Martini\" and also studied classical and modern dance for several years.\n\nZavalloni frequently collaborates with the Dutch composer Louis Andriessen. In 2002, Andriessen composed a piece, La Passione, specifically for her and violinist Monica Germino. That song is based on the Canti Orfici by the poet Dino Campana.\n\nIn 1993, Zavalloni began a collaboration with Louis Andriessen, who wrote several works for her: Passeggiata in tram in America e ritorno; La Passione; Inanna; Letter from Cathy; and Racconto dall’ inferno, the recording of which resulted in her having been awarded a Diapason d’Or in 2008. Andriessen also composed the role of Dante in La Commedia and the role of Anaïs Nin in his new opera Anaïs—premiered in July 2010—for her.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Cristina Zavalloni website\n Cristina Zavalloni (ExB.it)\n\n1973 births\nMusicians from Bologna\nLiving people",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunsonby
|
Hunsonby is a village and civil parish in the Eden district of Cumbria, England, north east of Penrith. The parish is located south east of the city of Carlisle. Within the parish is the ancient stone circle of Long Meg and Her Daughters but not the nearby standing stone of Little Meg which is located near Langwathby. In 2011 the Census reported the parish to have a total population of 388.
In 1870–72, John Marius Wilson's Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales described Hunsonby (and Winskill) as:
"Hunsonby and Winskel, a township in Addingham parish, Cumberland; on a branch of the river Eden, 4 miles SSE of Kirkoswald. Real property, £1,690. Pop., 208. Houses, 38. There is a Wesleyan chapel."
History
19th Century
The civil parish of Hunsonby was formed in 1934 from a merger of the two parishes of Hunsonby and Winskill; and Little Salkeld, which were formed in 1866 out of the ecclesiastical and former civil parish of Addingham.
20th Century
Geography
Hunsonby is 11,397.593m² in area, with an area of 33.22m² used for domestic buildings.
Places of Worship
The only place of worship is an old Wesleyan Methodist chapel, which opened in 1862 but was closed in 2001.
Population
Over time, there hasn't been a massive change in Hunsonby's population density. Between 1881 and 1921, the population fluctuates marginally, but stays reasonably the same. In 1931, the population gradually starts to increase, reaching 371 residents in 1951. The following decade, the population then reaches 435 residents. However, in 2001 the population then decreases again, and the most recent data recorded shows Hunsonby with a population of 388 people.
Employment
Occupational History
According to the 1881 census, the occupation sector that employed the most residents and the most males was agriculture. For the majority of the female residents, their occupation was unknown, or not specified. Those whose occupation was specified, they worked in the Domestic service and office sector.
Recent Occupational Structure
The 2011 census revealed that still the biggest majority of workers are employed in the agriculture sector, matching Hunsonby's history. However, the second highest occupational group was managerial and Professional sector, showing a real shift in the occupations the last two centuries.
Transport
The A686 is the main road located near Hunsonby, which is the main route to the market town of Penrith. The nearest train station is in Langwathby.
See also
Listed buildings in Hunsonby
References
External links
Cumbria County History Trust: Hunsonby and Winskill (nb: provisional research only – see Talk page)
Villages in Cumbria
Civil parishes in Cumbria
Eden District
|
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunsonby",
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"content": "Hunsonby is a village and civil parish in the Eden district of Cumbria, England, north east of Penrith. The parish is located south east of the city of Carlisle. Within the parish is the ancient stone circle of Long Meg and Her Daughters but not the nearby standing stone of Little Meg which is located near Langwathby. In 2011 the Census reported the parish to have a total population of 388.\n\nIn 1870–72, John Marius Wilson's Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales described Hunsonby (and Winskill) as:\n\n\"Hunsonby and Winskel, a township in Addingham parish, Cumberland; on a branch of the river Eden, 4 miles SSE of Kirkoswald. Real property, £1,690. Pop., 208. Houses, 38. There is a Wesleyan chapel.\"\n\nHistory\n\n19th Century \nThe civil parish of Hunsonby was formed in 1934 from a merger of the two parishes of Hunsonby and Winskill; and Little Salkeld, which were formed in 1866 out of the ecclesiastical and former civil parish of Addingham.\n\n20th Century\n\nGeography \nHunsonby is 11,397.593m² in area, with an area of 33.22m² used for domestic buildings.\n\nPlaces of Worship \nThe only place of worship is an old Wesleyan Methodist chapel, which opened in 1862 but was closed in 2001.\n\nPopulation \n Over time, there hasn't been a massive change in Hunsonby's population density. Between 1881 and 1921, the population fluctuates marginally, but stays reasonably the same. In 1931, the population gradually starts to increase, reaching 371 residents in 1951. The following decade, the population then reaches 435 residents. However, in 2001 the population then decreases again, and the most recent data recorded shows Hunsonby with a population of 388 people.\n\nEmployment\n\nOccupational History \n According to the 1881 census, the occupation sector that employed the most residents and the most males was agriculture. For the majority of the female residents, their occupation was unknown, or not specified. Those whose occupation was specified, they worked in the Domestic service and office sector.\n\nRecent Occupational Structure \nThe 2011 census revealed that still the biggest majority of workers are employed in the agriculture sector, matching Hunsonby's history. However, the second highest occupational group was managerial and Professional sector, showing a real shift in the occupations the last two centuries.\n\nTransport \nThe A686 is the main road located near Hunsonby, which is the main route to the market town of Penrith. The nearest train station is in Langwathby.\n\nSee also\n\nListed buildings in Hunsonby\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Cumbria County History Trust: Hunsonby and Winskill (nb: provisional research only – see Talk page)\n\n \nVillages in Cumbria\nCivil parishes in Cumbria\nEden District",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily%20%28TV%20series%29
|
Emily (Émilie in the original) is a cartoon series broadcast on Antenne 2's Récré A2 block in 1979. The cartoon follows the adventures of Emily, a little girl who wears only red. It is based on the Émilie book series, written and illustrated by Domitille de Pressensé.
Emily has a pet hedgehog named Humphrey (Arthur in the French version). Other characters include Emily's cousins Alexander and Nicholas, her English friend Gregory, her friend Chloe, her little sister Pat (Elise in France), her big brother Stephen and his friends William and Sydney.
The episodes show Emily facing her fears (fear of the dark, bed-wetting, and the hospital), managing relationships (jealousy of her sister), as well as playing and having fun (playing hide-and-seek, going to the circus).
Emily was broadcast in the United States as part of Nickelodeon's preschool series Pinwheel beginning in 1981. A new CGI Émilie series was released in 2012, consisting of 52 episodes.
References
Links and references
IMDB entry on Émilie
1979 French television series debuts
1979 French television series endings
French television shows based on children's books
France 2
French children's animated television series
1970s French animated television series
2012 French television series debuts
2010s French animated television series
Animated television series about children
|
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily%20%28TV%20series%29",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Emily (Émilie in the original) is a cartoon series broadcast on Antenne 2's Récré A2 block in 1979. The cartoon follows the adventures of Emily, a little girl who wears only red. It is based on the Émilie book series, written and illustrated by Domitille de Pressensé.\n\nEmily has a pet hedgehog named Humphrey (Arthur in the French version). Other characters include Emily's cousins Alexander and Nicholas, her English friend Gregory, her friend Chloe, her little sister Pat (Elise in France), her big brother Stephen and his friends William and Sydney.\n\nThe episodes show Emily facing her fears (fear of the dark, bed-wetting, and the hospital), managing relationships (jealousy of her sister), as well as playing and having fun (playing hide-and-seek, going to the circus).\n\nEmily was broadcast in the United States as part of Nickelodeon's preschool series Pinwheel beginning in 1981. A new CGI Émilie series was released in 2012, consisting of 52 episodes.\n\nReferences\n\nLinks and references\n IMDB entry on Émilie\n\n1979 French television series debuts\n1979 French television series endings\nFrench television shows based on children's books\nFrance 2\nFrench children's animated television series\n1970s French animated television series\n2012 French television series debuts\n2010s French animated television series\nAnimated television series about children",
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1979 in association football
|
The following are the association football events of the year 1979 throughout the world.
Events
Copa Libertadores 1979: Won by Olimpia Asunción after defeating Boca Juniors on an aggregate score of 2–0.
European Cup 1979: Won by Nottingham Forest after defeating Malmö FF 1–0 in the Final.
Intercontinental Cup 1979: Won by Olimpia Asunción after defeating Malmö FF by an aggregate score of 3–1. This was the last time the Intercontinental Cup was played in two legs (South America and Europe).
May 22 – Ruud Krol becomes Holland's most capped player in history when he plays his 65th match for the Netherlands national football team against Argentina.
Winners club national championship
Asia
: Al-Sadd SC
Europe
: K.S.K. Beveren
: PFC Levski Sofia
: Omonia Nicosia
: Esbjerg fB
: Liverpool F.C.
: RC Strasbourg
: AEK Athens
: Újpest FC
: AC Milan
:
Eredivisie – Ajax Amsterdam
Eerste Divisie – Excelsior Rotterdam
: Ruch Chorzów
: FC Porto
: Dundalk F.C.
: Celtic F.C.
: Real Madrid
: Trabzonspor
: Hamburger SV
: FC Spartak Moscow
North and Central America
: Cruz Azul
/ :
Vancouver Whitecaps (NASL)
Oceania
: Marconi Fairfield
South America
Metropolitano – River Plate
Nacional – River Plate
: Internacional
: América de Cali
: Olimpia Asunción
International tournaments
1979 British Home Championship (May 19 – May 26, 1979)
Pan American Games in San Juan, Puerto Rico (July 2 – July 14, 1979)
Copa América (July 10 – December 12, 1979)
and
World Youth Championship (August 26 – September 7, 1979)
Births
January 2 – Jonathan Greening, English footballer and coach
January 4 – Shergo Biran, German footballer
January 12 – Grzegorz Rasiak, Polish footballer
January 15 – Martin Petrov, Bulgarian footballer
January 26 – Maksym Kalynychenko, Ukrainian footballer
February 2 – Daniel Bierofka, German footballer
February 13 – Rafael Márquez, Mexican footballer
February 19 – Steve Cherundolo, American footballer
February 20 – Denis Fladung, former Russian professional footballer
March 2 – Damien Duff, Irish footballer
March 4 – Vyacheslav Malafeev, Russian footballer
March 14 – Neftalí Luna, Spanish retired footballer
March 22 – Aldo Duscher, Argentine footballer
April 3 – Christoph Spatzenegger, Austrian footballer
April 5 – Timo Hildebrand, German footballer
April 12 – Tobias Linderoth, Swedish footballer
April 20 – Ludovic Magnin, Swiss footballer
April 26 – Fereydoon Zandi, Iranian-German footballer
May 11 – Tomás Jiménez, Spanish retired footballer
May 19
Diego Forlán, Uruguayan footballer
Andrea Pirlo, Italian footballer
May 29 – Arne Friedrich, German footballer
May 30 – Fabian Ernst, German footballer
June 4 – Naohiro Takahara, Japanese footballer
June 7 – Kevin Hofland, Dutch footballer
June 19 – José Kleberson, Brazilian footballer
July 14 – Sergei Ignashevich, Russian footballer
July 26 – Paul Freier, German footballer
August 7 – Pablo Salinas, Bolivian footballer
August 12 – Júnior Izaguirre, Honduran footballer
August 27 – Thierry Bayock, Cameroonian footballer
August 28 – Bojan Gojak, Serbian former footballer
September 11
Eric Abidal, French footballer
Leon Cort, English footballer
David Pizarro, Chilean footballer
September 13 – Julio de León, Honduran footballer
September 15 – Dadash Kazikhanov, former Russian professional footballer
October 8 – Doyle Vaca, Bolivian footballer
October 9 – Gonzalo Sorondo, Uruguayan footballer
October 15 – Paul Robinson, English footballer
October 18 – Jaroslav Drobny, Czech footballer
October 23 – Simon Davies, Welsh footballer
October 30 – Simone Berardi, Italian former footballer
November 2 – Marián Čišovský, Slovak footballer (d. 2020)
November 5
Patrick Owomoyela, German footballer
David Suazo, Honduran footballer
November 15 – Rowan Hendricks, South African footballer
November 20 – Dmitri Bulykin, Russian footballer
November 21 – Vincenzo Iaquinta, Italian footballer
December 7 – Diego Bengolea, Bolivian footballer
December 14
Jean-Alain Boumsong, French footballer
Michael Owen, English footballer
December 20 – Ashley Cole, English footballer
December 30 – Hernán Boyero, Argentine footballer
Deaths
February
February 16 - Henk Steeman, Dutch midfielder, bronze medalist at the 1920 Summer Olympics. (85)
April
April 18 – Pedro Arico Suárez, Argentine defender, runner up of the 1930 FIFA World Cup . (70)
April 19 - August Sackenheim, German forward, capped 4 times for the Germany national football team. (73)
April 22 – Amedeo Biavati, Italian midfielder, winner of the 1938 FIFA World Cup. (64)
April 30 - Jaap Bulder, Dutch forward, bronze medalist at the 1920 Summer Olympics. (82)
July
July 14 – Santos Urdinarán, Uruguayan striker, winner of the 1930 FIFA World Cup. (79)
July 31 – José Della Torre, Argentine defender, runner up of the 1930 FIFA World Cup . (73)
August
August 21 – Giuseppe Meazza, Italian striker, winner of the 1934 FIFA World Cup and 1938 FIFA World Cup, often seen as the best player of his era, and one of the greatest of all time. (68)
December
December 12 - Hans Rohde, German defender, 25 times capped for the Germany national football team. (65)
Movies
Yesterday's Hero
References
Association football by year
|
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"content": "1979 in association football",
"role": "user"
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"content": "The following are the association football events of the year 1979 throughout the world.\n\nEvents\nCopa Libertadores 1979: Won by Olimpia Asunción after defeating Boca Juniors on an aggregate score of 2–0.\nEuropean Cup 1979: Won by Nottingham Forest after defeating Malmö FF 1–0 in the Final.\nIntercontinental Cup 1979: Won by Olimpia Asunción after defeating Malmö FF by an aggregate score of 3–1. This was the last time the Intercontinental Cup was played in two legs (South America and Europe).\nMay 22 – Ruud Krol becomes Holland's most capped player in history when he plays his 65th match for the Netherlands national football team against Argentina.\n\nWinners club national championship\n\nAsia\n: Al-Sadd SC\n\nEurope\n: K.S.K. Beveren\n: PFC Levski Sofia\n: Omonia Nicosia\n: Esbjerg fB\n: Liverpool F.C.\n: RC Strasbourg\n: AEK Athens\n: Újpest FC\n: AC Milan\n:\nEredivisie – Ajax Amsterdam\nEerste Divisie – Excelsior Rotterdam\n: Ruch Chorzów\n: FC Porto\n: Dundalk F.C.\n: Celtic F.C.\n: Real Madrid\n: Trabzonspor \n: Hamburger SV\n: FC Spartak Moscow\n\nNorth and Central America\n: Cruz Azul\n / :\n Vancouver Whitecaps (NASL)\n\nOceania\n: Marconi Fairfield\n\nSouth America\n\nMetropolitano – River Plate\nNacional – River Plate\n: Internacional\n: América de Cali\n: Olimpia Asunción\n\nInternational tournaments\n1979 British Home Championship (May 19 – May 26, 1979)\n\n Pan American Games in San Juan, Puerto Rico (July 2 – July 14, 1979)\n \n \n \n Copa América (July 10 – December 12, 1979)\n \n \n and \n World Youth Championship (August 26 – September 7, 1979)\n\nBirths\n\n January 2 – Jonathan Greening, English footballer and coach\n January 4 – Shergo Biran, German footballer\n January 12 – Grzegorz Rasiak, Polish footballer\n January 15 – Martin Petrov, Bulgarian footballer\n January 26 – Maksym Kalynychenko, Ukrainian footballer\n February 2 – Daniel Bierofka, German footballer\n February 13 – Rafael Márquez, Mexican footballer\n February 19 – Steve Cherundolo, American footballer\n February 20 – Denis Fladung, former Russian professional footballer\n March 2 – Damien Duff, Irish footballer\n March 4 – Vyacheslav Malafeev, Russian footballer\n March 14 – Neftalí Luna, Spanish retired footballer\n March 22 – Aldo Duscher, Argentine footballer\n April 3 – Christoph Spatzenegger, Austrian footballer\n April 5 – Timo Hildebrand, German footballer\n April 12 – Tobias Linderoth, Swedish footballer\n April 20 – Ludovic Magnin, Swiss footballer\n April 26 – Fereydoon Zandi, Iranian-German footballer\n May 11 – Tomás Jiménez, Spanish retired footballer\n May 19 \n Diego Forlán, Uruguayan footballer\n Andrea Pirlo, Italian footballer\n May 29 – Arne Friedrich, German footballer\n May 30 – Fabian Ernst, German footballer\n June 4 – Naohiro Takahara, Japanese footballer\n June 7 – Kevin Hofland, Dutch footballer\n June 19 – José Kleberson, Brazilian footballer\n July 14 – Sergei Ignashevich, Russian footballer\n July 26 – Paul Freier, German footballer\n August 7 – Pablo Salinas, Bolivian footballer\n August 12 – Júnior Izaguirre, Honduran footballer\n August 27 – Thierry Bayock, Cameroonian footballer\n August 28 – Bojan Gojak, Serbian former footballer\n September 11\nEric Abidal, French footballer\nLeon Cort, English footballer\nDavid Pizarro, Chilean footballer\n September 13 – Julio de León, Honduran footballer\n September 15 – Dadash Kazikhanov, former Russian professional footballer\n October 8 – Doyle Vaca, Bolivian footballer\n October 9 – Gonzalo Sorondo, Uruguayan footballer\n October 15 – Paul Robinson, English footballer\n October 18 – Jaroslav Drobny, Czech footballer\n October 23 – Simon Davies, Welsh footballer\n October 30 – Simone Berardi, Italian former footballer\n November 2 – Marián Čišovský, Slovak footballer (d. 2020)\n November 5 \n Patrick Owomoyela, German footballer\n David Suazo, Honduran footballer\n November 15 – Rowan Hendricks, South African footballer\n November 20 – Dmitri Bulykin, Russian footballer\n November 21 – Vincenzo Iaquinta, Italian footballer\n December 7 – Diego Bengolea, Bolivian footballer\n December 14\n Jean-Alain Boumsong, French footballer\n Michael Owen, English footballer\n December 20 – Ashley Cole, English footballer\n December 30 – Hernán Boyero, Argentine footballer\n\nDeaths\n\nFebruary\n February 16 - Henk Steeman, Dutch midfielder, bronze medalist at the 1920 Summer Olympics. (85)\n\nApril\n April 18 – Pedro Arico Suárez, Argentine defender, runner up of the 1930 FIFA World Cup . (70)\n April 19 - August Sackenheim, German forward, capped 4 times for the Germany national football team. (73)\n April 22 – Amedeo Biavati, Italian midfielder, winner of the 1938 FIFA World Cup. (64)\n April 30 - Jaap Bulder, Dutch forward, bronze medalist at the 1920 Summer Olympics. (82)\n\nJuly\n July 14 – Santos Urdinarán, Uruguayan striker, winner of the 1930 FIFA World Cup. (79)\n July 31 – José Della Torre, Argentine defender, runner up of the 1930 FIFA World Cup . (73)\n\nAugust\n August 21 – Giuseppe Meazza, Italian striker, winner of the 1934 FIFA World Cup and 1938 FIFA World Cup, often seen as the best player of his era, and one of the greatest of all time. (68)\n\nDecember\n December 12 - Hans Rohde, German defender, 25 times capped for the Germany national football team. (65)\n\nMovies\nYesterday's Hero\n\nReferences\n\n \nAssociation football by year",
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St Columb Canal
|
St Columb Canal sometimes referred to as Edyvean's Canal, was an abortive canal scheme in Cornwall, England, designed for the carriage of sea sand for use as manure. It was authorised in 1773, and part of it may have been briefly used around 1780.
History
The canal was first proposed by the Cornish engineer, John Edyvean in 1773. His idea was to run a canal from Mawgan Porth through parishes inland and to return to Newquay. Its purpose was to import sea-sand, seaweed and stone for manuring to improve land. Edyvean obtained an Act of Parliament on 1 April 1773, which authorised a canal, although it appears that the clerk must have misheard what was said, as the plans were for a canal. The engineer John Harris gave evidence to a parliamentary committee to secure the Act for the canal, the cost of which was estimated to be between £5,000 and £6,000. Edyvean planned to finance the costs himself.
Work started in 1773, and two sections were built, each with an inclined plane to connect it to the foreshore, but the canal was never completed. It appears that the southern section, from Lusty Glaze to Rialton Barton near St Columb Minor, which followed the contour and was long, was started first, but may never have been used, as there were problems with the canal holding water due to sandy soil. The northern section, from Trenance Point at Mawgan Porth, which followed the contour, terminated a little short of Whitewater, where it was fed by the River Menalhyl. Edyvean advertised for 50 able-bodied men in 1776, who would be paid 14 pence (6p) per day to dig the canal. This section was some long and was used for two or three years. Edyvean appears to have spent most of his own fortune on the project, and his sister's money as well. Realising that he was unlikely to recoup much of it, the project was abandoned, and he died in the 1780s.
An account of the operation of one of the inclined planes was published in A. Rees's Cyclopaedia in 1805. It described a steep inclined plane covered in planks. The square tub-boats were brought to the end of the canal, where the front end of the boat was attached to a hinge, and the back end was attached to ropes. The ropes passed onto a wheel and drum, which was operated by a horse-gin. As the boat tipped up, the cargo of stones rolled down the planks to the beach below. The wheel and drum were also used to draw boxes containing coal or sand up from the beach, to be loaded into the boats.
In 1829, Richard Retallick, a businessman from Liskeard, revived the idea of a canal from St Columb to Mawgan Porth, which was part of a larger project to make the Porth suitable for use as a harbour during the summer months. He issued a prospectus, but no further progress was made.
Route
The canal was built as a 'tub-boat' canal which used inclined planes instead of locks to change levels. The northern section began at Trenance Point, on the cliffs to the north of Mawgan Porth, and followed the course of the Menalhyl Valley towards the east. Because it was at a higher level than the river, it had to pass a number of side streams, which was achieved by building large loops away from the river, in order to maintain the level of the canal. Most of the route is clearly visible on the 1888 Ordnance Survey map, and several sections are still visible on modern maps. The first loop was towards Trenance, now covered by housing in Mawgan Porth, but the contour shows its approximate route. To the east of Mawgan Porth was another loop, around a series of springs and a stream, which is still visible near Merlin Farm, the historical location of Moreland. To the north of Retorrick Mill, a track follows the course for some distance, after which there was another loop to accommodate the stream that flows south to join the Menalhyl upstream of the mill. After crossing the road from Little Lanherne to Lower Lanherne, the tracks around New Farm and Higher Lanvean, to the north of the Lanvean Bottoms Nature Reserve again follow the route of the canal.
The route continued to the east, passing just to the south of the buildings at Trevedras, to cross the Lower Denzell to Bolingey road. A semi-circular track shows the route, which is picked up by the bridleway to the east of Bolingey, after it crosses another side stream. The canal reached Menadews Plantation, and continued along its northern edge, where it terminated, about short of Whitewater.
The southern section began at Lusty Glaze, where the site of the incline down the cliffs is still clearly visible. It headed east, before sweeping to the south and then the north around Porth Veor and Higher Porth, now both part of Newquay. From Porth, it turned to the east, following the contour. Its course is marked by several field boundaries as it approaches St Columb Minor. An original bridge still carries the footpath from St Columb Minor to Penrose over the course of the canal. It turned to the south-east to reach Priory Road, and then continued to the east towards Rialton Mill. Near the junction of Priory Road and the A3059 Rialton Road, it turned to the south, to end where the minor road to Rialton Barton leaves the A3059.
An archaeological watching brief was carried out in 2008 when South West Water had to replace a sewage pipeline at Porth. A section through the canal revealed that although preliminary excavation work to create a terrace had been done, the canal had not been completed at that location.
See also
Canals of Great Britain
History of the British canal system
Bude Canal (also by John Edyvean)
Bibliography
References
Canals in Cornwall
Canals opened in 1779
Industrial archaeological sites in Cornwall
|
[
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"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
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"content": "St Columb Canal",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "St Columb Canal sometimes referred to as Edyvean's Canal, was an abortive canal scheme in Cornwall, England, designed for the carriage of sea sand for use as manure. It was authorised in 1773, and part of it may have been briefly used around 1780.\n\nHistory\nThe canal was first proposed by the Cornish engineer, John Edyvean in 1773. His idea was to run a canal from Mawgan Porth through parishes inland and to return to Newquay. Its purpose was to import sea-sand, seaweed and stone for manuring to improve land. Edyvean obtained an Act of Parliament on 1 April 1773, which authorised a canal, although it appears that the clerk must have misheard what was said, as the plans were for a canal. The engineer John Harris gave evidence to a parliamentary committee to secure the Act for the canal, the cost of which was estimated to be between £5,000 and £6,000. Edyvean planned to finance the costs himself.\n\nWork started in 1773, and two sections were built, each with an inclined plane to connect it to the foreshore, but the canal was never completed. It appears that the southern section, from Lusty Glaze to Rialton Barton near St Columb Minor, which followed the contour and was long, was started first, but may never have been used, as there were problems with the canal holding water due to sandy soil. The northern section, from Trenance Point at Mawgan Porth, which followed the contour, terminated a little short of Whitewater, where it was fed by the River Menalhyl. Edyvean advertised for 50 able-bodied men in 1776, who would be paid 14 pence (6p) per day to dig the canal. This section was some long and was used for two or three years. Edyvean appears to have spent most of his own fortune on the project, and his sister's money as well. Realising that he was unlikely to recoup much of it, the project was abandoned, and he died in the 1780s.\n\nAn account of the operation of one of the inclined planes was published in A. Rees's Cyclopaedia in 1805. It described a steep inclined plane covered in planks. The square tub-boats were brought to the end of the canal, where the front end of the boat was attached to a hinge, and the back end was attached to ropes. The ropes passed onto a wheel and drum, which was operated by a horse-gin. As the boat tipped up, the cargo of stones rolled down the planks to the beach below. The wheel and drum were also used to draw boxes containing coal or sand up from the beach, to be loaded into the boats.\n\nIn 1829, Richard Retallick, a businessman from Liskeard, revived the idea of a canal from St Columb to Mawgan Porth, which was part of a larger project to make the Porth suitable for use as a harbour during the summer months. He issued a prospectus, but no further progress was made.\n\nRoute\nThe canal was built as a 'tub-boat' canal which used inclined planes instead of locks to change levels. The northern section began at Trenance Point, on the cliffs to the north of Mawgan Porth, and followed the course of the Menalhyl Valley towards the east. Because it was at a higher level than the river, it had to pass a number of side streams, which was achieved by building large loops away from the river, in order to maintain the level of the canal. Most of the route is clearly visible on the 1888 Ordnance Survey map, and several sections are still visible on modern maps. The first loop was towards Trenance, now covered by housing in Mawgan Porth, but the contour shows its approximate route. To the east of Mawgan Porth was another loop, around a series of springs and a stream, which is still visible near Merlin Farm, the historical location of Moreland. To the north of Retorrick Mill, a track follows the course for some distance, after which there was another loop to accommodate the stream that flows south to join the Menalhyl upstream of the mill. After crossing the road from Little Lanherne to Lower Lanherne, the tracks around New Farm and Higher Lanvean, to the north of the Lanvean Bottoms Nature Reserve again follow the route of the canal.\n\nThe route continued to the east, passing just to the south of the buildings at Trevedras, to cross the Lower Denzell to Bolingey road. A semi-circular track shows the route, which is picked up by the bridleway to the east of Bolingey, after it crosses another side stream. The canal reached Menadews Plantation, and continued along its northern edge, where it terminated, about short of Whitewater.\n\nThe southern section began at Lusty Glaze, where the site of the incline down the cliffs is still clearly visible. It headed east, before sweeping to the south and then the north around Porth Veor and Higher Porth, now both part of Newquay. From Porth, it turned to the east, following the contour. Its course is marked by several field boundaries as it approaches St Columb Minor. An original bridge still carries the footpath from St Columb Minor to Penrose over the course of the canal. It turned to the south-east to reach Priory Road, and then continued to the east towards Rialton Mill. Near the junction of Priory Road and the A3059 Rialton Road, it turned to the south, to end where the minor road to Rialton Barton leaves the A3059.\n\nAn archaeological watching brief was carried out in 2008 when South West Water had to replace a sewage pipeline at Porth. A section through the canal revealed that although preliminary excavation work to create a terrace had been done, the canal had not been completed at that location.\n\nSee also\n\nCanals of Great Britain\nHistory of the British canal system\nBude Canal (also by John Edyvean)\n\nBibliography\n\nReferences\n\nCanals in Cornwall\nCanals opened in 1779\nIndustrial archaeological sites in Cornwall",
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Birthright citizenship
|
Birthright citizenship may refer to:
Jus soli (the right of the soil or the land), a Latin term meaning that one's nationality is determined by the place of one's birth
Jus sanguinis (the right of blood), a Latin term meaning that one may acquire nationality of a state at birth if either or both of their parents have citizenship of that state
Birthright citizenship in the United States
|
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"content": "Birthright citizenship",
"role": "user"
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"content": "Birthright citizenship may refer to:\n\n Jus soli (the right of the soil or the land), a Latin term meaning that one's nationality is determined by the place of one's birth\n Jus sanguinis (the right of blood), a Latin term meaning that one may acquire nationality of a state at birth if either or both of their parents have citizenship of that state\n Birthright citizenship in the United States",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrococcygeal%20teratoma
|
Sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) is a type of tumor known as a teratoma that develops at the base of the coccyx (tailbone) and is thought to be primarily derived from remnants of the primitive streak. Sacrococcygeal teratomas are benign 75% of the time, malignant 12% of the time, and the remainder are considered "immature teratomas" that share benign and malignant features. Benign sacrococcygeal teratomas are more likely to develop in younger children who are less than 5 months old, and older children are more likely to develop malignant sacrococcygeal teratomas.
The Currarino syndrome, due to an autosomal dominant mutation in the MNX1 gene, consists of a presacral mass (usually a mature teratoma or anterior meningocele), anorectal malformation and sacral dysgenesis.
Presentation
Complications
Maternal complications of pregnancy may include mirror syndrome. Maternal complications of delivery may include a Cesarean section or, alternatively, a vaginal delivery with mechanical dystocia.
Complications of the mass effect of a teratoma in general are addressed on the teratoma page. Complications of the mass effect of a large SCT may include hip dysplasia, bowel obstruction, urinary obstruction, hydronephrosis and hydrops fetalis. Even a small SCT can produce complications of mass effect, if it is presacral (Altman Type IV). In the fetus, severe hydronephrosis may contribute to inadequate lung development. Also in the fetus and newborn, the anus may be imperforate.
Later complications of the mass effect and/or surgery may include neurogenic bladder, other forms of urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence, and other chronic problems resulting from accidental damage to or sacrifice of nerves and muscles within the pelvis. Removal of the coccyx may include additional complications. In one review of 25 patients, however, the most frequent complication was an unsatisfactory appearance of the surgical scar.
Late effects
Late effects are of two kinds: consequences of the tumor itself, and consequences of surgery and other treatments for the tumor.
Complications of not removing the coccyx may include both recurrence of the teratoma and metastatic cancer. Late malignancies usually involve incomplete excision of the coccyx and are adenocarcinoma.Although functional disability in survivors is common, a small comparative study found a nonsignificant difference between SCT survivors and a matched control group.
In rare cases, pelvic scarring may necessitate that a pregnant woman who is a SCT survivor deliver her baby by Cesarean section.
Cause
SCT is seen in 1 in every 35,000 live births, and is the most common tumor presenting in newborn humans. Most SCTs are found in babies and children, but SCTs have been reported in adults and the increasingly routine use of prenatal ultrasound exams has dramatically increased the number of diagnosed SCTs presenting in fetuses. Like other teratomas, an SCT can grow very large. Unlike other teratomas, an SCT sometimes grows larger than the rest of the fetus.
Sacrococcygeal teratomas are the most common type of germ cell tumors (both benign and malignant) diagnosed in neonates, infants, and children younger than 4 years. SCTs occur more often in girls than in boys; ratios of 3:1 to 4:1 have been reported.
Historically, sacrococcygeal teratomas present in 2 clinical patterns related to the child's age, tumor location, and likelihood of tumor malignancy. With the advent of routine prenatal ultrasound examinations, a third clinical pattern is emerging.
Fetal tumors present during prenatal ultrasound exams, with or without maternal symptoms. SCTs found during routine exams tend to be small and partly or entirely external. The internal SCTs are not easily seen via ultrasound, unless they are large enough to reveal their presence by the abnormal position of the fetal urinary bladder and other organs, but large fetal SCTs frequently produce maternal complications which necessitate non-routine, investigative ultrasounds.
Neonatal tumors present at birth protruding from the sacral site and are usually mature or immature teratomas.
Among infants and young children, the tumor presents as a palpable mass in the sacropelvic region compressing the bladder or rectum. These pelvic tumors have a greater likelihood of being malignant. An early survey found that the rate of tumor malignancy was 48% for girls and 67% for boys older than 2 months at the time of sacrococcygeal tumor diagnosis, compared with a malignant tumor incidence of 7% for girls and 10% for boys younger than 2 months at the time of diagnosis. The pelvic site of the primary tumor has been reported to be an adverse prognostic factor, most likely caused by a higher rate of incomplete resection.
In older children and adults, the tumor may be mistaken for a pilonidal sinus, or it may be found during a rectal exam or other evaluation.
Diagnosis
During prenatal ultrasound, an SCT having an external component may appear as a fluid-filled cyst or a solid mass sticking out from the fetus' body. Fetal SCTs that are entirely internal may be undetected if they are small; detection (or at least suspicion) is possible when the fetal bladder is seen in an abnormal position, due to the SCT pushing other organs out of place.
At birth, the usual presentation is a visible lump or mass under the skin at the top of the buttocks crease. If not visible, it can sometimes be felt; gently prodded, it feels somewhat like a hardboiled egg. A small SCT, if it is entirely inside the body, may not present for years, until it grows large enough to cause pain, constipation and other symptoms of a large mass inside the pelvis, or until it begins to extend out of the pelvis. Even a relatively large SCT may be missed, if it is internal, because the bony pelvis conceals and protects it. Mediastinal tumors, including teratomas, are similarly concealed and protected by the rib cage.
Some SCTs are discovered when a child begins to talk at about age 2 years and complains of their bottom hurting or feeling "poopy" when they ride in a car seat.
Other tumors can occur in the sacrococcygeal and/or presacral regions and hence must be ruled out to obtain a differential diagnosis. These include extraspinal ependymoma, ependymoblastoma, neuroblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma.
Smaller SCTs with an external component, seen in prenatal ultrasounds or at birth, often are mistaken for spina bifida. Cystic SCT and terminal myelocystocele are especially difficult to distinguish; for more accurate diagnosis, MRI has been recommended.
Treatment
The preferred first treatment for SCT is complete surgical removal (i.e., complete resection). The preferred approach to a small SCT is through the perineum; a large SCT may require an additional approach through the abdomen. Resection should include the coccyx and may also include portions of the sacrum. The surgery should include reattachment of the small muscles and ligaments formerly attached to the coccyx, in effect reconstructing the posterior perineum. If not, there is an increased risk of perineal hernia later in life.
SCTs are classified morphologically according to their relative extent outside and inside the body:
Altman type I — entirely outside, sometimes attached to the body only by a narrow stalk
Altman type II — mostly outside
Altman type III — mostly inside
Altman type IV — entirely inside; this is also known as a presacral teratoma or retrorectal teratoma
The Altman type is significant in the contexts of management of labor and delivery, surgical approach, and complications of SCT. Serial ultrasound and MRI monitoring of SCTs in fetuses in utero has demonstrated that the Altman type can change over time. As the tumor grows, it can push between other organs and through the perineum to the body surface where the tumor appears as a bulge covered only by skin. Sometimes, the tumor bulge later slips back inside the perineum.
Like all teratomas, a sacrococcygeal teratoma has the potential to be malignant, and the standard of care requires long-term followup by an oncologist.
Management of fetal SCTs
Management of most fetal SCTs involves watchful waiting prior to any treatment. An often used decision tree is as follows:
Perform detailed ultrasound exam including fetal echocardiogram and Doppler flow analysis
If fetal high output failure, placentomegaly, or hydrops
If fetus not mature, perform pregnancy termination or fetal intervention
Else fetus mature, perform emergency Cesarean section
Else no emergent problems, perform serial non-stress tests and ultrasound biophysical profiles and plan delivery, as follows
If emergent problems develop, return to top of decision tree
Else if SCT over 5–10 cm or polyhydramnios, perform early (37 weeks gestation) elective Cesarean section
Else SCT small and no complications, permit term spontaneous vaginal delivery
Emergent problems include maternal mirror syndrome, polyhydramnios, and preterm labor. Poor management decisions, including interventions that are either premature or delayed, can have dire consequences. A very small retrospective study of 9 babies with SCTs greater than 10 cm diameter reported slightly higher survivorship in babies remaining in utero slightly longer.
In many cases, a fetus with a small SCT (under 5 or 10 cm) may be delivered vaginally. Prior to the advent of prenatal detection and hence scheduled C-section, 90% of babies diagnosed with SCT were born full term.
Management of adult SCTs
SCTs are very rare in adults, and as a rule these tumors are benign and have extremely low potential for malignancy. This estimation of potential is based on the idea that because the tumor existed for decades prior to diagnosis, without becoming malignant, it has little or no potential to ever become malignant. For this reason, and because coccygectomy in adults has greater risks than in babies, some surgeons prefer not to remove the coccyx of adult survivors of SCT. There are case reports of good outcomes.
See also
Sacrococcygeal symphysis
References
External links
Congenital disorders
Obstetrics
Rare cancers
Pediatric cancers
|
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrococcygeal%20teratoma",
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"content": "Sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) is a type of tumor known as a teratoma that develops at the base of the coccyx (tailbone) and is thought to be primarily derived from remnants of the primitive streak. Sacrococcygeal teratomas are benign 75% of the time, malignant 12% of the time, and the remainder are considered \"immature teratomas\" that share benign and malignant features. Benign sacrococcygeal teratomas are more likely to develop in younger children who are less than 5 months old, and older children are more likely to develop malignant sacrococcygeal teratomas.\n\nThe Currarino syndrome, due to an autosomal dominant mutation in the MNX1 gene, consists of a presacral mass (usually a mature teratoma or anterior meningocele), anorectal malformation and sacral dysgenesis.\n\nPresentation\n\nComplications\n\nMaternal complications of pregnancy may include mirror syndrome. Maternal complications of delivery may include a Cesarean section or, alternatively, a vaginal delivery with mechanical dystocia.\n\nComplications of the mass effect of a teratoma in general are addressed on the teratoma page. Complications of the mass effect of a large SCT may include hip dysplasia, bowel obstruction, urinary obstruction, hydronephrosis and hydrops fetalis. Even a small SCT can produce complications of mass effect, if it is presacral (Altman Type IV). In the fetus, severe hydronephrosis may contribute to inadequate lung development. Also in the fetus and newborn, the anus may be imperforate.\n\nLater complications of the mass effect and/or surgery may include neurogenic bladder, other forms of urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence, and other chronic problems resulting from accidental damage to or sacrifice of nerves and muscles within the pelvis. Removal of the coccyx may include additional complications. In one review of 25 patients, however, the most frequent complication was an unsatisfactory appearance of the surgical scar.\n\nLate effects\nLate effects are of two kinds: consequences of the tumor itself, and consequences of surgery and other treatments for the tumor.\n\nComplications of not removing the coccyx may include both recurrence of the teratoma and metastatic cancer. Late malignancies usually involve incomplete excision of the coccyx and are adenocarcinoma.Although functional disability in survivors is common, a small comparative study found a nonsignificant difference between SCT survivors and a matched control group.\n\nIn rare cases, pelvic scarring may necessitate that a pregnant woman who is a SCT survivor deliver her baby by Cesarean section.\n\nCause\n\nSCT is seen in 1 in every 35,000 live births, and is the most common tumor presenting in newborn humans. Most SCTs are found in babies and children, but SCTs have been reported in adults and the increasingly routine use of prenatal ultrasound exams has dramatically increased the number of diagnosed SCTs presenting in fetuses. Like other teratomas, an SCT can grow very large. Unlike other teratomas, an SCT sometimes grows larger than the rest of the fetus.\n\nSacrococcygeal teratomas are the most common type of germ cell tumors (both benign and malignant) diagnosed in neonates, infants, and children younger than 4 years. SCTs occur more often in girls than in boys; ratios of 3:1 to 4:1 have been reported.\n\nHistorically, sacrococcygeal teratomas present in 2 clinical patterns related to the child's age, tumor location, and likelihood of tumor malignancy. With the advent of routine prenatal ultrasound examinations, a third clinical pattern is emerging.\n\n Fetal tumors present during prenatal ultrasound exams, with or without maternal symptoms. SCTs found during routine exams tend to be small and partly or entirely external. The internal SCTs are not easily seen via ultrasound, unless they are large enough to reveal their presence by the abnormal position of the fetal urinary bladder and other organs, but large fetal SCTs frequently produce maternal complications which necessitate non-routine, investigative ultrasounds.\n Neonatal tumors present at birth protruding from the sacral site and are usually mature or immature teratomas.\nAmong infants and young children, the tumor presents as a palpable mass in the sacropelvic region compressing the bladder or rectum. These pelvic tumors have a greater likelihood of being malignant. An early survey found that the rate of tumor malignancy was 48% for girls and 67% for boys older than 2 months at the time of sacrococcygeal tumor diagnosis, compared with a malignant tumor incidence of 7% for girls and 10% for boys younger than 2 months at the time of diagnosis. The pelvic site of the primary tumor has been reported to be an adverse prognostic factor, most likely caused by a higher rate of incomplete resection.\nIn older children and adults, the tumor may be mistaken for a pilonidal sinus, or it may be found during a rectal exam or other evaluation.\n\nDiagnosis\n\nDuring prenatal ultrasound, an SCT having an external component may appear as a fluid-filled cyst or a solid mass sticking out from the fetus' body. Fetal SCTs that are entirely internal may be undetected if they are small; detection (or at least suspicion) is possible when the fetal bladder is seen in an abnormal position, due to the SCT pushing other organs out of place.\n\nAt birth, the usual presentation is a visible lump or mass under the skin at the top of the buttocks crease. If not visible, it can sometimes be felt; gently prodded, it feels somewhat like a hardboiled egg. A small SCT, if it is entirely inside the body, may not present for years, until it grows large enough to cause pain, constipation and other symptoms of a large mass inside the pelvis, or until it begins to extend out of the pelvis. Even a relatively large SCT may be missed, if it is internal, because the bony pelvis conceals and protects it. Mediastinal tumors, including teratomas, are similarly concealed and protected by the rib cage.\n\nSome SCTs are discovered when a child begins to talk at about age 2 years and complains of their bottom hurting or feeling \"poopy\" when they ride in a car seat.\n\nOther tumors can occur in the sacrococcygeal and/or presacral regions and hence must be ruled out to obtain a differential diagnosis. These include extraspinal ependymoma, ependymoblastoma, neuroblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma.\n\nSmaller SCTs with an external component, seen in prenatal ultrasounds or at birth, often are mistaken for spina bifida. Cystic SCT and terminal myelocystocele are especially difficult to distinguish; for more accurate diagnosis, MRI has been recommended.\n\nTreatment\nThe preferred first treatment for SCT is complete surgical removal (i.e., complete resection). The preferred approach to a small SCT is through the perineum; a large SCT may require an additional approach through the abdomen. Resection should include the coccyx and may also include portions of the sacrum. The surgery should include reattachment of the small muscles and ligaments formerly attached to the coccyx, in effect reconstructing the posterior perineum. If not, there is an increased risk of perineal hernia later in life.\n\nSCTs are classified morphologically according to their relative extent outside and inside the body:\nAltman type I — entirely outside, sometimes attached to the body only by a narrow stalk\nAltman type II — mostly outside\nAltman type III — mostly inside\nAltman type IV — entirely inside; this is also known as a presacral teratoma or retrorectal teratoma\n\nThe Altman type is significant in the contexts of management of labor and delivery, surgical approach, and complications of SCT. Serial ultrasound and MRI monitoring of SCTs in fetuses in utero has demonstrated that the Altman type can change over time. As the tumor grows, it can push between other organs and through the perineum to the body surface where the tumor appears as a bulge covered only by skin. Sometimes, the tumor bulge later slips back inside the perineum.\n\nLike all teratomas, a sacrococcygeal teratoma has the potential to be malignant, and the standard of care requires long-term followup by an oncologist.\n\nManagement of fetal SCTs\n\nManagement of most fetal SCTs involves watchful waiting prior to any treatment. An often used decision tree is as follows:\n\nPerform detailed ultrasound exam including fetal echocardiogram and Doppler flow analysis\nIf fetal high output failure, placentomegaly, or hydrops\nIf fetus not mature, perform pregnancy termination or fetal intervention\nElse fetus mature, perform emergency Cesarean section\nElse no emergent problems, perform serial non-stress tests and ultrasound biophysical profiles and plan delivery, as follows\nIf emergent problems develop, return to top of decision tree\nElse if SCT over 5–10 cm or polyhydramnios, perform early (37 weeks gestation) elective Cesarean section\nElse SCT small and no complications, permit term spontaneous vaginal delivery\n\nEmergent problems include maternal mirror syndrome, polyhydramnios, and preterm labor. Poor management decisions, including interventions that are either premature or delayed, can have dire consequences. A very small retrospective study of 9 babies with SCTs greater than 10 cm diameter reported slightly higher survivorship in babies remaining in utero slightly longer.\n\nIn many cases, a fetus with a small SCT (under 5 or 10 cm) may be delivered vaginally. Prior to the advent of prenatal detection and hence scheduled C-section, 90% of babies diagnosed with SCT were born full term.\n\nManagement of adult SCTs\nSCTs are very rare in adults, and as a rule these tumors are benign and have extremely low potential for malignancy. This estimation of potential is based on the idea that because the tumor existed for decades prior to diagnosis, without becoming malignant, it has little or no potential to ever become malignant. For this reason, and because coccygectomy in adults has greater risks than in babies, some surgeons prefer not to remove the coccyx of adult survivors of SCT. There are case reports of good outcomes.\n\nSee also\nSacrococcygeal symphysis\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\nCongenital disorders\nObstetrics\nRare cancers\nPediatric cancers",
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Kimberly Brooks
|
Kimberly Brooks is an American voice actress. Brooks has voiced characters in video games since the mid-1990s. She has played Luna in the Scooby-Doo franchise as part of The Hex Girls, Ashley Williams in the Mass Effect series, Stormy in the Nickelodeon revival of Winx Club, Buena Girl from ¡Mucha Lucha!, Barbara Gordon in the Batman: Arkham video game series, Shinobu Jacobs in No More Heroes and No More Heroes 2: Desperate Struggle, Princess Allura from Voltron: Legendary Defender, Mee Mee in Dexter's Laboratory, Jasper in Steven Universe, and Robin Ayou in Subnautica: Below Zero. Brooks won a BAFTA Award for Performer in a Supporting Role at the 18th British Academy Games Awards for her work in Psychonauts 2.
Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
References
External links
Living people
African-American actresses
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
American video game actresses
American voice actresses
BAFTA winners (people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women
21st-century African-American women
|
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"content": "Kimberly Brooks",
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"content": "Kimberly Brooks is an American voice actress. Brooks has voiced characters in video games since the mid-1990s. She has played Luna in the Scooby-Doo franchise as part of The Hex Girls, Ashley Williams in the Mass Effect series, Stormy in the Nickelodeon revival of Winx Club, Buena Girl from ¡Mucha Lucha!, Barbara Gordon in the Batman: Arkham video game series, Shinobu Jacobs in No More Heroes and No More Heroes 2: Desperate Struggle, Princess Allura from Voltron: Legendary Defender, Mee Mee in Dexter's Laboratory, Jasper in Steven Universe, and Robin Ayou in Subnautica: Below Zero. Brooks won a BAFTA Award for Performer in a Supporting Role at the 18th British Academy Games Awards for her work in Psychonauts 2.\n\nFilmography\n\nFilm\n\nTelevision\n\nVideo games\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nLiving people\nAfrican-American actresses\nAmerican film actresses\nAmerican stage actresses\nAmerican television actresses\nAmerican video game actresses\nAmerican voice actresses\nBAFTA winners (people)\nYear of birth missing (living people)\n20th-century American actresses\n21st-century American actresses\n20th-century African-American people\n21st-century African-American people\n20th-century African-American women\n21st-century African-American women",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%27s%2012th%20congressional%20district
|
Georgia's 12th congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is represented by Republican Rick Allen. The district's boundaries have been redrawn following the 2010 census, which granted an additional congressional seat to Georgia. The first election using the new district boundaries (listed below) were the 2012 congressional elections.
The district covers portions of the eastern and southeastern parts of the state. It includes the cities of Augusta, Dublin, Douglas, and Statesboro.
Counties
Lincoln
Wilkes (Partial, see also )
Warren
McDuffie
Columbia
Glascock
Richmond
Jefferson
Washington
Burke
Jenkins
Screven
Emanuel
Treutlen
Johnson
Laurens
Wheeler
Montgomery
Toombs
Candler
Bulloch
Effingham (Partial, see also )
Evans
Tattnall
Former
Chatham (Partial, see also )
Coffee
Jeff Davis
Appling
Election results from statewide races
List of members representing the district
Election results
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
See also
Georgia's 3rd congressional district
Georgia's congressional districts
References
Further reading
External links
PDF map of Georgia's 12th district at nationalatlas.gov
Georgia's 12th congressional district at GovTrack.us
U.S. Census data searchable by congressional district
Opensecrets.org Fundraising data from FEC reports
Analysis of district from Capitaleye.org
2006 results by county from CBSNews.com
12
Constituencies established in 2003
2003 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
|
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%27s%2012th%20congressional%20district",
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"content": "Georgia's 12th congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is represented by Republican Rick Allen. The district's boundaries have been redrawn following the 2010 census, which granted an additional congressional seat to Georgia. The first election using the new district boundaries (listed below) were the 2012 congressional elections.\n\nThe district covers portions of the eastern and southeastern parts of the state. It includes the cities of Augusta, Dublin, Douglas, and Statesboro.\n\nCounties \nLincoln\nWilkes (Partial, see also )\nWarren\nMcDuffie\nColumbia\nGlascock\nRichmond\nJefferson\nWashington\nBurke\nJenkins\nScreven\nEmanuel\nTreutlen\nJohnson\nLaurens\nWheeler\nMontgomery\nToombs\nCandler\nBulloch\nEffingham (Partial, see also )\nEvans\nTattnall\n\nFormer \nChatham (Partial, see also )\nCoffee\nJeff Davis\nAppling\n\nElection results from statewide races\n\nList of members representing the district\n\nElection results\n\n2012\n\n2014\n\n2016\n\n2018\n\n2020\n\n2022\n\nSee also \n Georgia's 3rd congressional district\n Georgia's congressional districts\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n PDF map of Georgia's 12th district at nationalatlas.gov\n Georgia's 12th congressional district at GovTrack.us\nU.S. Census data searchable by congressional district\nOpensecrets.org Fundraising data from FEC reports\nAnalysis of district from Capitaleye.org\n2006 results by county from CBSNews.com\n\n12\nConstituencies established in 2003\n2003 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafiuddin%20Ahmed
|
Shafiuddin Ahmed Babu (born June 1, 1973, Dhaka) is a former Bangladeshi cricketer who played in eleven One Day Internationals from 1997 to 2000. He is now an umpire and stood in matches in Bangladesh's National Cricket League.
References
1973 births
Living people
Bangladesh One Day International cricketers
Bangladeshi cricketers
Bangladeshi cricket umpires
Chittagong Division cricketers
Cricketers at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Cricketers at the 1999 Cricket World Cup
Commonwealth Games competitors for Bangladesh
Cricketers from Dhaka
|
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafiuddin%20Ahmed",
"role": "user"
},
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"content": "Shafiuddin Ahmed Babu (born June 1, 1973, Dhaka) is a former Bangladeshi cricketer who played in eleven One Day Internationals from 1997 to 2000. He is now an umpire and stood in matches in Bangladesh's National Cricket League.\n\nReferences\n\n1973 births\nLiving people\nBangladesh One Day International cricketers\nBangladeshi cricketers\nBangladeshi cricket umpires\nChittagong Division cricketers\nCricketers at the 1998 Commonwealth Games\nCricketers at the 1999 Cricket World Cup\nCommonwealth Games competitors for Bangladesh\nCricketers from Dhaka",
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Annius of Viterbo
|
Annius of Viterbo (; 5 January 143713 November 1502) was an Italian Dominican friar, scholar, and historian, born Giovanni Nanni in Viterbo. He is now remembered for his fabrications.
He entered the Dominican Order early in life. He obtained the degree of Master of Theology from the studium generale at Santa Maria sopra Minerva, the forerunner of the College of Saint Thomas and the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum. He served as a lector at the studium sometime before 1466.
He was highly esteemed by Sixtus IV and Alexander VI; the latter made him Master of the Sacred Palace in 1499.
As a linguist, he spuriously claimed to be skilled in the Oriental languages. Walter Stephens says: "His expertise in Semitic philology, once celebrated even by otherwise sober ecclesiastical historians, was entirely fictive." Annius also claimed to be able to read Etruscan.
In perhaps his most elaborate pseudo-archeological charade, in the autumn of 1493, he undertook a well-publicized dig at Viterbo, during which marble statues of some of the most dramatic of the mythical figures associated with the city's legendarium appeared to be unearthed; they had all been "salted" in the site beforehand.
Works
He is best known for his Antiquitatum Variarum, originally titled the Commentaria super opera diversorum auctorum de antiquitatibus loquentium (Commentaries on the Works of Various Authors Discussing Antiquity) and often known as the Antiquities of Annius. In this work, he published alleged writings and fragments of several pre-Christian Greek and Latin profane authors, destined to throw an entirely new light on ancient history. He claimed to have discovered them at Mantua.
Among his numerous other writings were De futuris Christianorum triumphis in Turcos et Saracenos (Future Triumphs of the Christians over the Turks and the Saracens), a commentary on the Apocalypse, dedicated to Sixtus IV, to Christian kings, princes, and governments, and Tractatus de imperio Turcorum (The Empire of the Turks). The author identifies Mohammad as the Antichrist, and predicts that the end of the world will take place when the Christians will have overcome the Jews and the Muslims, an event which did not appear to him to be far distant.
One influential suggestion he made — in his commentary on the Breviarium de Temporibus of Pseudo-Philo — was that the genealogy of Jesus in the Gospel of Luke traced the lineage through the father of Mary.
In the Breviarium de Temporibus, the Christ's grandfather Eli according to Luke was identified with Eliachim, an alleged variant of St Joachim, the Virgin Mary's father according to the apocryphal Protoevangelium of James. According to Annius, the Marian direct descendance from king David testified Christ's inheritance of the throne of Israel in the lineage of His holy mother.
The more important of his unpublished works are:
Volumen libris septuaginta distinctum de antiquitatibus et gestis Etruscorum;
De correctione typographica chronicorum;
De dignitate officii Magistri Sacri Palatii (On the Esteem of the Office of the Master of the Sacred Palace); and lastly,
The Chronologia Nova, in which he undertakes to correct the anachronisms in the writings of Eusebius of Caesarea.
De marmoreis volturrhenis tabulis: the modern editor's preface affirmed it was "the first epigraphic study in western scholarship".
He was notorious for his text depicting the history and topography of ancient Rome from the "most ancient" authors. His Auctores vetustissimi printed at Rome, 1498, was an anthology of seventeen purportedly classical texts, all of which he had written himself, with which he embarks in the gigantic attempt to write a universal history of the post-diluvian West civilization, where the Etruscan people and the town of Viterbo/Etruria, custodian of the original knowledge of divine nature, takes on the leading role in the march of Man towards the future. Annius's map of Rome as founded by Romulus is a loose interpretation of one of his own forgeries. It prominently features Vicus Tuscus, the home of the Etruscans, whom Annius and his fellow Viterbans claimed as their ancestors. Part of the forgeries were motivated by a desire to prove that Viterbo was the site of the Etruscan Fanum Voltumnae.
In a defense of the papal lending institution, the Monte di Pietà, published c. 1495 under the title Pro Monte Pietatis, Annius contributed the essay Questiones due disputate super mutuo iudaico & ciuili & diuino, arguing against the usury of the Jews.
Looking for a patronage, Annius published its first treatise in February 1491 and dedicated it to Ranuccio Farnese. Analyzing the works of Diodorus Siculus, Annius supposed Isis and Osiris established new colonies in the Mediterranean Sea, the latter founding Viterbo, so as to derive a divine and Egyptian ancestry for the family of the ongoing Pope Alexander III, brother of Ranuccio.
Detection of his forgeries
The Antiquities met at once both with believers and with severe critics who accused him of willful interpolation, or even fabrication. The content was falsely attributed to Berosus, Fabius Pictor, Cato the Elder, Manetho and others. The spurious character of these "historians" of Annius, which he published both with and without commentaries, has long been admitted. The demolition of the forgeries owed much to Joseph Justus Scaliger.
Annius's forgeries began to unravel by the mid-16th century. In 1565–66, the humanist Girolamo Mei was engaged in a historiographical argument with Vincenzo Borghini, who presented a claim, for the occasion of the marriage of Francesco I de' Medici and Joanna of Austria, that Florence was founded by Augustus. He based his claim on inscriptions reported by Annius of Viterbo. Mei, no friend to the Medici, challenged this opinion and questioned the authenticity of Annius's materials, in a brief Latin treatise (De origine urbis Florentiae).
Viterbiae historiae epitoma
The volume Annio da Viterbo, Documenti e ricerche (Rome: Multigrafica Editrice for CNR, 1981) presents an unpublished work written by Annius: the Viterbiae historiae epitoma in the critical text edited by Giovanni Baffioni. The text is based on the manuscript Codex Vaticanus Latinus 6263 and represents the seventh and only extant book of the former work of Annius' Viterbia Historia, composed of seven books in which the Viterbian theologian writes the history of his municipal town ranging from its mythological origins (newly reinvented by Annius himself) until the times of Pope Innocent VIII. The second part of the book, edited by Paola Mattiangeli, deals with his influence on High Renaissance myth and allegory. In particular, it refers to Annius's esoteric interests and his influence over a number of painted frescoes in the city of Viterbo characterized by Egyptian imagery.
See also
Codex Nanianus
Notes
References
External links
Schiesaro, J. (2023). I falsi storiografici di Annio da Viterbo nell'Accademia fiorentina, in S. Ferrilli, M. Nava, J. Schiesaro (eds.), «Fucata vetustas». Prassi e ricezione del falso nella letteratura e nell'arte del Rinascimento italiano. Milan: Franco Angeli, pp. 121–148 "Fucata vetustas"
Pseudo-Berossus – original Latin text
Berosi sacerdotis chaldaici Antiquitatum libri quinque
Benjamin Anderson, curator. The invention of Antiquity: "The landscape of ancient Rome" Bryn Mawr exhibition, 2004
Auctores vetustissimi 1498 Woodcut of Rome illustrated in Bryn Mawr's copy
("It would appear that he was too credulous, and really believed the texts to be authentic.")
Dennis E. Rhodes, "Four Italian Judaica incunabula: Pro Monte Pietatis"
Guy Shaked, "Girolamo Mei's biography" (Archived 2009-10-25)
"L'appartamento Borgia in Vaticano"
Nicholas Temple, "Heritage and Forgery: Annio da Viterbo and the Quest for the Authentic", Public Archaeology (Vol.II/3), 2002
1430s births
1502 deaths
15th-century Italian historians
Historians of the Catholic Church
Italian Dominicans
Forgers
People from Viterbo
Fresco painters
Pseudepigraphy
Italian Renaissance humanists
|
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"content": "Annius of Viterbo",
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"content": "Annius of Viterbo (; 5 January 143713 November 1502) was an Italian Dominican friar, scholar, and historian, born Giovanni Nanni in Viterbo. He is now remembered for his fabrications.\n\nHe entered the Dominican Order early in life. He obtained the degree of Master of Theology from the studium generale at Santa Maria sopra Minerva, the forerunner of the College of Saint Thomas and the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum. He served as a lector at the studium sometime before 1466.\n\nHe was highly esteemed by Sixtus IV and Alexander VI; the latter made him Master of the Sacred Palace in 1499.\n\nAs a linguist, he spuriously claimed to be skilled in the Oriental languages. Walter Stephens says: \"His expertise in Semitic philology, once celebrated even by otherwise sober ecclesiastical historians, was entirely fictive.\" Annius also claimed to be able to read Etruscan.\n\nIn perhaps his most elaborate pseudo-archeological charade, in the autumn of 1493, he undertook a well-publicized dig at Viterbo, during which marble statues of some of the most dramatic of the mythical figures associated with the city's legendarium appeared to be unearthed; they had all been \"salted\" in the site beforehand.\n\nWorks\nHe is best known for his Antiquitatum Variarum, originally titled the Commentaria super opera diversorum auctorum de antiquitatibus loquentium (Commentaries on the Works of Various Authors Discussing Antiquity) and often known as the Antiquities of Annius. In this work, he published alleged writings and fragments of several pre-Christian Greek and Latin profane authors, destined to throw an entirely new light on ancient history. He claimed to have discovered them at Mantua.\n\nAmong his numerous other writings were De futuris Christianorum triumphis in Turcos et Saracenos (Future Triumphs of the Christians over the Turks and the Saracens), a commentary on the Apocalypse, dedicated to Sixtus IV, to Christian kings, princes, and governments, and Tractatus de imperio Turcorum (The Empire of the Turks). The author identifies Mohammad as the Antichrist, and predicts that the end of the world will take place when the Christians will have overcome the Jews and the Muslims, an event which did not appear to him to be far distant.\n\nOne influential suggestion he made — in his commentary on the Breviarium de Temporibus of Pseudo-Philo — was that the genealogy of Jesus in the Gospel of Luke traced the lineage through the father of Mary. \nIn the Breviarium de Temporibus, the Christ's grandfather Eli according to Luke was identified with Eliachim, an alleged variant of St Joachim, the Virgin Mary's father according to the apocryphal Protoevangelium of James. According to Annius, the Marian direct descendance from king David testified Christ's inheritance of the throne of Israel in the lineage of His holy mother.\n\nThe more important of his unpublished works are: \n Volumen libris septuaginta distinctum de antiquitatibus et gestis Etruscorum; \n De correctione typographica chronicorum; \n De dignitate officii Magistri Sacri Palatii (On the Esteem of the Office of the Master of the Sacred Palace); and lastly, \n The Chronologia Nova, in which he undertakes to correct the anachronisms in the writings of Eusebius of Caesarea.\n De marmoreis volturrhenis tabulis: the modern editor's preface affirmed it was \"the first epigraphic study in western scholarship\".\n\nHe was notorious for his text depicting the history and topography of ancient Rome from the \"most ancient\" authors. His Auctores vetustissimi printed at Rome, 1498, was an anthology of seventeen purportedly classical texts, all of which he had written himself, with which he embarks in the gigantic attempt to write a universal history of the post-diluvian West civilization, where the Etruscan people and the town of Viterbo/Etruria, custodian of the original knowledge of divine nature, takes on the leading role in the march of Man towards the future. Annius's map of Rome as founded by Romulus is a loose interpretation of one of his own forgeries. It prominently features Vicus Tuscus, the home of the Etruscans, whom Annius and his fellow Viterbans claimed as their ancestors. Part of the forgeries were motivated by a desire to prove that Viterbo was the site of the Etruscan Fanum Voltumnae.\n\nIn a defense of the papal lending institution, the Monte di Pietà, published c. 1495 under the title Pro Monte Pietatis, Annius contributed the essay Questiones due disputate super mutuo iudaico & ciuili & diuino, arguing against the usury of the Jews.\n\nLooking for a patronage, Annius published its first treatise in February 1491 and dedicated it to Ranuccio Farnese. Analyzing the works of Diodorus Siculus, Annius supposed Isis and Osiris established new colonies in the Mediterranean Sea, the latter founding Viterbo, so as to derive a divine and Egyptian ancestry for the family of the ongoing Pope Alexander III, brother of Ranuccio.\n\nDetection of his forgeries\nThe Antiquities met at once both with believers and with severe critics who accused him of willful interpolation, or even fabrication. The content was falsely attributed to Berosus, Fabius Pictor, Cato the Elder, Manetho and others. The spurious character of these \"historians\" of Annius, which he published both with and without commentaries, has long been admitted. The demolition of the forgeries owed much to Joseph Justus Scaliger.\n\nAnnius's forgeries began to unravel by the mid-16th century. In 1565–66, the humanist Girolamo Mei was engaged in a historiographical argument with Vincenzo Borghini, who presented a claim, for the occasion of the marriage of Francesco I de' Medici and Joanna of Austria, that Florence was founded by Augustus. He based his claim on inscriptions reported by Annius of Viterbo. Mei, no friend to the Medici, challenged this opinion and questioned the authenticity of Annius's materials, in a brief Latin treatise (De origine urbis Florentiae).\n\nViterbiae historiae epitoma\nThe volume Annio da Viterbo, Documenti e ricerche (Rome: Multigrafica Editrice for CNR, 1981) presents an unpublished work written by Annius: the Viterbiae historiae epitoma in the critical text edited by Giovanni Baffioni. The text is based on the manuscript Codex Vaticanus Latinus 6263 and represents the seventh and only extant book of the former work of Annius' Viterbia Historia, composed of seven books in which the Viterbian theologian writes the history of his municipal town ranging from its mythological origins (newly reinvented by Annius himself) until the times of Pope Innocent VIII. The second part of the book, edited by Paola Mattiangeli, deals with his influence on High Renaissance myth and allegory. In particular, it refers to Annius's esoteric interests and his influence over a number of painted frescoes in the city of Viterbo characterized by Egyptian imagery.\n\nSee also \n Codex Nanianus\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Schiesaro, J. (2023). I falsi storiografici di Annio da Viterbo nell'Accademia fiorentina, in S. Ferrilli, M. Nava, J. Schiesaro (eds.), «Fucata vetustas». Prassi e ricezione del falso nella letteratura e nell'arte del Rinascimento italiano. Milan: Franco Angeli, pp. 121–148 \"Fucata vetustas\"\n \n Pseudo-Berossus – original Latin text\n Berosi sacerdotis chaldaici Antiquitatum libri quinque\n Benjamin Anderson, curator. The invention of Antiquity: \"The landscape of ancient Rome\" Bryn Mawr exhibition, 2004\nAuctores vetustissimi 1498 Woodcut of Rome illustrated in Bryn Mawr's copy\n (\"It would appear that he was too credulous, and really believed the texts to be authentic.\")\n\n Dennis E. Rhodes, \"Four Italian Judaica incunabula: Pro Monte Pietatis\" \n Guy Shaked, \"Girolamo Mei's biography\" (Archived 2009-10-25)\n \"L'appartamento Borgia in Vaticano\"\n Nicholas Temple, \"Heritage and Forgery: Annio da Viterbo and the Quest for the Authentic\", Public Archaeology (Vol.II/3), 2002\n\n1430s births\n1502 deaths\n15th-century Italian historians\nHistorians of the Catholic Church\nItalian Dominicans\nForgers\nPeople from Viterbo\nFresco painters\nPseudepigraphy\nItalian Renaissance humanists",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard%20B.%20Stern
|
Leonard Bernard Stern (December 23, 1922 – June 7, 2011) was an American screenwriter, film and television producer, director, and one of the creators, with Roger Price, of the word game Mad Libs.
Life and career
Stern was born in New York City and majored in journalism at New York University. He was a Women’s Army Corps recruiter while serving in the Army during World War II.
Stern was a successful television writer who wrote for such now classic series such as The Honeymooners, The Phil Silvers Show, The Steve Allen Show, Tonight Starring Steve Allen and Get Smart (a program on which he served as executive producer). Stern created the signature opening door credits for Get Smart.
Stern was also a writer for the 1952 Danny Thomas and Peggy Lee version of The Jazz Singer and a few Abbott and Costello films (with Martin Ragaway), among others. In the 1970s, he produced and directed the TV series McMillan & Wife, which starred Rock Hudson and Susan Saint James.
Stern was the senior vice president of Price Stern Sloan (PSS). In 2000, after Price's death, Stern and another partner, Larry Sloan, launched another publishing company, Tallfellow Press, and acquired the rights to Droodles. Stern co-wrote, with Diane L. Robison, A Martian Wouldn't Say That (2000), a compilation of actual memos and notes from television executives.
Early in his career, when he wanted to write feature films on his own, he had trouble finding work. When he finally got the assignment for Let's Go Navy! he adopted the pseudonym "Max Adams" because he "wasn't particularly proud of doing a Bowery Boys [film]".
Personal life
Stern was married twice. His first marriage was in 1951 to actress Julie Adams. The marriage ended in divorce two years later in 1953. In 1956, Stern married actress Gloria Stroock, to whom he remained married until his death. The couple had two children, Kate and Michael.
Death
On June 7, 2011, Stern died of heart failure at his home in Beverly Hills, California, aged 88. He was survived by his wife of 55 years, actress Gloria Stroock, as well as a son, daughter, two grandchildren, and a great-granddaughter. Funeral services were held at Mount Sinai Memorial Park.
Selected film and television credits
Producer
I'm Dickens, He's Fenster (1962–1963)
Supermarket Sweep (1965)
Get Smart (1965–1968)
Run, Buddy, Run (1966)
The Hero (1966–1967)
He & She (1967–1968)
The Good Guys (1968–1970)
The Governor & J.J. (1969–1970)
McMillan & Wife (1971–1976)
The Snoop Sisters (1972–1974)
Faraday & Company (1973)
Holmes & Yoyo (1976–1977)
Lanigan's Rabbi (1976)
Rosetti and Ryan (1977)
Operation Petticoat (1977–1978)
Partners in Crime (1984)
Get Smart, Again! (1989)
Missing Pieces (film) (1992)
Writer
Africa Screams (1949) uncredited, with Martin Ragaway
Ma and Pa Kettle Go to Town (1950) with Martin Ragaway
Abbott and Costello in the Foreign Legion (1950) with Martin Ragaway
The Milkman (1952) with Martin Ragaway
Ma and Pa Kettle at the Fair (1952) with Martin Ragaway
Lost in Alaska (1952) with Martin Ragaway
The Jazz Singer (1952)
Three for the Show (1955)
The Steve Allen Show (1956–1960)
The Honeymooners (1955–1956)
The Phil Silvers Show (1956)
The Jackie Gleason Show (1953–1956)
The Good Guys (1968)
Director
I'm Dickens, He's Fenster (1962–1963)
Run, Buddy, Run (1966)
He & She (1967)
The Good Guys (1968)
The Governor & J.J. (1969)
McMillan & Wife (1971)
The Snoop Sisters (1972)
Holmes & Yoyo (1976)
Lanigan's Rabbi (1977)
Just You and Me, Kid (1979)
Partners in Crime (1984)
Missing Pieces (1992)
Awards
Emmy Award, 1957, Best Comedy Writing-variety Or Situation Comedy (The Phil Silvers Show)
Emmy Award, 1967, Outstanding Writing Achievement In Comedy (Get Smart)
References
External links
Leonard Stern interview at Archive of American Television – July 13, 2000 and August 20, 2008
1922 births
2011 deaths
Screenwriters from New York City
American publishers (people)
American television directors
Television producers from New York City
American television writers
Jewish American screenwriters
American male television writers
Primetime Emmy Award winners
21st-century American Jews
|
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard%20B.%20Stern",
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"content": "Leonard Bernard Stern (December 23, 1922 – June 7, 2011) was an American screenwriter, film and television producer, director, and one of the creators, with Roger Price, of the word game Mad Libs.\n\nLife and career\nStern was born in New York City and majored in journalism at New York University. He was a Women’s Army Corps recruiter while serving in the Army during World War II.\n\nStern was a successful television writer who wrote for such now classic series such as The Honeymooners, The Phil Silvers Show, The Steve Allen Show, Tonight Starring Steve Allen and Get Smart (a program on which he served as executive producer). Stern created the signature opening door credits for Get Smart.\n\nStern was also a writer for the 1952 Danny Thomas and Peggy Lee version of The Jazz Singer and a few Abbott and Costello films (with Martin Ragaway), among others. In the 1970s, he produced and directed the TV series McMillan & Wife, which starred Rock Hudson and Susan Saint James.\n\nStern was the senior vice president of Price Stern Sloan (PSS). In 2000, after Price's death, Stern and another partner, Larry Sloan, launched another publishing company, Tallfellow Press, and acquired the rights to Droodles. Stern co-wrote, with Diane L. Robison, A Martian Wouldn't Say That (2000), a compilation of actual memos and notes from television executives.\n\nEarly in his career, when he wanted to write feature films on his own, he had trouble finding work. When he finally got the assignment for Let's Go Navy! he adopted the pseudonym \"Max Adams\" because he \"wasn't particularly proud of doing a Bowery Boys [film]\".\n\nPersonal life\nStern was married twice. His first marriage was in 1951 to actress Julie Adams. The marriage ended in divorce two years later in 1953. In 1956, Stern married actress Gloria Stroock, to whom he remained married until his death. The couple had two children, Kate and Michael.\n\nDeath\nOn June 7, 2011, Stern died of heart failure at his home in Beverly Hills, California, aged 88. He was survived by his wife of 55 years, actress Gloria Stroock, as well as a son, daughter, two grandchildren, and a great-granddaughter. Funeral services were held at Mount Sinai Memorial Park.\n\nSelected film and television credits\nProducer\nI'm Dickens, He's Fenster (1962–1963)\nSupermarket Sweep (1965)\nGet Smart (1965–1968)\nRun, Buddy, Run (1966)\nThe Hero (1966–1967)\nHe & She (1967–1968)\nThe Good Guys (1968–1970)\nThe Governor & J.J. (1969–1970)\nMcMillan & Wife (1971–1976)\nThe Snoop Sisters (1972–1974)\nFaraday & Company (1973)\nHolmes & Yoyo (1976–1977)\nLanigan's Rabbi (1976)\nRosetti and Ryan (1977)\nOperation Petticoat (1977–1978)\nPartners in Crime (1984)\nGet Smart, Again! (1989)\nMissing Pieces (film) (1992)\n\nWriter\nAfrica Screams (1949) uncredited, with Martin Ragaway\nMa and Pa Kettle Go to Town (1950) with Martin Ragaway\nAbbott and Costello in the Foreign Legion (1950) with Martin Ragaway\nThe Milkman (1952) with Martin Ragaway\nMa and Pa Kettle at the Fair (1952) with Martin Ragaway\nLost in Alaska (1952) with Martin Ragaway\nThe Jazz Singer (1952)\nThree for the Show (1955)\nThe Steve Allen Show (1956–1960)\nThe Honeymooners (1955–1956)\nThe Phil Silvers Show (1956)\nThe Jackie Gleason Show (1953–1956)\nThe Good Guys (1968)\n\nDirector\nI'm Dickens, He's Fenster (1962–1963)\nRun, Buddy, Run (1966)\nHe & She (1967)\nThe Good Guys (1968)\nThe Governor & J.J. (1969)\nMcMillan & Wife (1971)\nThe Snoop Sisters (1972)\nHolmes & Yoyo (1976)\nLanigan's Rabbi (1977)\nJust You and Me, Kid (1979)\nPartners in Crime (1984)\nMissing Pieces (1992)\n\nAwards\n Emmy Award, 1957, Best Comedy Writing-variety Or Situation Comedy (The Phil Silvers Show)\n Emmy Award, 1967, Outstanding Writing Achievement In Comedy (Get Smart)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n Leonard Stern interview at Archive of American Television – July 13, 2000 and August 20, 2008\n\n1922 births\n2011 deaths\nScreenwriters from New York City\nAmerican publishers (people)\nAmerican television directors\nTelevision producers from New York City\nAmerican television writers\nJewish American screenwriters\nAmerican male television writers\nPrimetime Emmy Award winners\n21st-century American Jews",
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Barber coinage
|
The Barber coinage consists of a dime, quarter, and half dollar designed by United States Bureau of the Mint Chief Engraver Charles E. Barber. They were minted between 1892 and 1916, though no half dollars were struck in the final year of the series.
By the late 1880s, there were increasing calls for the replacement of the Seated Liberty design, used since the 1830s on most denominations of silver coins. In 1891, Mint Director Edward O. Leech, having been authorized by Congress to approve coin redesigns, ordered a competition, seeking a new look for the silver coins. As only the winner would receive a cash prize, invited artists refused to participate and no entry from the public proved suitable. Leech instructed Barber to prepare new designs for the dime, quarter, and half dollar, and after the chief engraver made changes to secure Leech's endorsement, they were approved by President Benjamin Harrison in November 1891. Striking of the new coins began the following January.
Public and artistic opinion of the new pieces was, and remains, mixed. In 1915, Mint officials began plans to replace them once the design's minimum term expired in 1916. The Mint issued Barber dimes and quarters in 1916 to meet commercial demand, but before the end of the year, the Mercury dime, Standing Liberty quarter, and Walking Liberty half dollar had begun production. Most dates in the Barber coin series are not difficult to obtain, but the 1894 dime struck at the San Francisco Mint (1894-S), with a mintage of 24, is a great rarity.
Background
Charles Barber
Charles E. Barber was born in London in 1840. His grandfather, John Barber, led the family to America in the early 1850s. Both John and his son William were engravers and Charles followed in their footsteps. The Barber family initially lived in Boston upon their arrival to the United States, though they later moved to Providence to allow William to work for the Gorham Manufacturing Company. William Barber's skills came to the attention of Mint Chief Engraver James B. Longacre, who hired him as an assistant engraver in 1865; when Longacre died in 1869, William Barber became chief engraver and Charles was hired as an assistant engraver.
William Barber died on August 31, 1879, of an illness contracted after swimming at Atlantic City, New Jersey. His son applied for the position of chief engraver, as did George T. Morgan, another British-born engraver hired by the Mint. In early December 1879, Treasury Secretary John Sherman, Mint Director Horatio Burchard, and Philadelphia Mint Superintendent A. Loudon Snowden met to determine the issue. They decided to recommend the appointment of Barber, who was subsequently nominated by President Rutherford B. Hayes and in February 1880, was confirmed by the Senate. Barber would serve nine presidents in the position, remaining until his death in 1917, when Morgan would succeed him.
Coinage redesign was being considered during Barber's early years as chief engraver. Superintendent Snowden believed that the base-metal coins then being struck (the one-, three-, and five-cent pieces) should have uniform designs, as did many of the silver pieces, and also some gold coins. He had Barber create experimental pattern coins. In spite of Snowden's desires, the only design modified was that of the five-cent coin, or nickel; Barber's design, known as the Liberty Head nickel, entered production in 1883. The new coin had its denomination designated by a Roman numeral "V" on the reverse; the three-cent coin had always had a "III" to designate its denomination. Enterprising fraudsters soon realized that the nickel and half eagle (or five-dollar gold piece) were close in size, and plated the base metal coins to pass to the unwary. Amid public ridicule of the Mint, production came to a halt until Barber hastily added the word "cents" to the reverse of his design.
Movement towards redesign
For much of the second half of the 19th century, most U.S. silver coins bore a design of a seated Liberty. This design had been created by Christian Gobrecht, an engraver at the United States Mint in Philadelphia, after a sketch by artist Thomas Sully, and introduced to U.S. coins in the late 1830s. The design reflected an English influence, and as artistic tastes changed over time, was increasingly disliked in the United States. In 1876, The Galaxy magazine said of the then current silver coins:
Public dissatisfaction with the newly-issued Morgan dollar led the Mint's engravers to submit designs for the smaller silver coins in 1879. Among those who called for new coinage was editor Richard Watson Gilder of The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine. Sometime in the early 1880s, he, along with one of his reporters and sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens visited Mint Director Burchard to argue for the creation of new designs. They brought along classic Greek and Roman coins in an attempt to persuade Burchard that the coinage could easily be made more beautiful. The visitors left disappointed, after learning that Burchard considered the much-criticized Morgan dollar as beautiful as any of them.
In 1885, Burchard was succeeded as Mint director by James Kimball. The new director was more receptive to Gilder's ideas and in 1887 announced a competition for new designs for the non-gold coinage. These plans were scuttled when Vermont Senator Justin Morrill questioned the Mint's authority to produce new designs. The Mint had claimed authority under the Coinage Act of 1873 in issuing the Morgan dollar in 1878 and the Liberty Head nickel in 1883. Morrill was a supporter of coin redesign and had in the past introduced bills to accomplish this; he felt, however, that this could not be done without an act of Congress. Kimball submitted the issue to government lawyers; they indicated that the Mint lacked the claimed authority. All three men worked to secure a bill to authorize new designs: Morrill by introducing and pressing legislation, Kimball by lobbying for the authority in his annual report, and Gilder by orchestrating favorable coverage. With legislators busy with other matters, it was not until September 26, 1890, that President Benjamin Harrison signed legislation making all denominations of U.S. coins available for immediate redesign by the Mint upon obtaining the Secretary of the Treasury's approval. Each coin could thereafter be altered from the 25th year after it was first produced; for example, a coin first struck in 1892 would be eligible for redesign in 1916.
Inception
Three days before the signing of the 1890 act, Barber wrote to the superintendent of the Philadelphia Mint, Oliver Bosbyshell, setting forth proposed terms of a competition to select new coin designs. Barber suggested that entrants be required to submit models, as opposed to drawings, and that the designs be in low relief, which was used for coins. He proposed that the entries include the lettering and denomination, as submissions without them would not adequately show the appearance of the finished coin. He received a reply that due to other work, the Mint would not be able to address the question until the spring of 1891.
On October 16, 1890, a new Mint director, Edward O. Leech, took office. Leech, aged 38 at the time, had spent his career at the Bureau of the Mint, and was an enthusiastic supporter of redesign. He took the precaution of obtaining recommendations from Barber as to suitable outside artists who might participate in a competition. Since most of the proposed artists were New York-based, Andrew Mason, superintendent of the New York Assay Office, was given the task of finalizing the list of invitees. Leading Mason's list of ten names was that of Saint-Gaudens. Mason sent Leech the recommendations on April 3, 1891; the following day, the Mint director announced the competition, open to the public, but he specifically invited the ten artists named by Mason to participate. Besides Saint-Gaudens, artists asked to compete included Daniel Chester French, Herbert Adams and Kenyon Cox. Although Barber had warned the director that reputable artists would likely not enter a contest in which only the winner received compensation, Leech offered a $500 prize to the winner, and no payments to anyone else. He sought new designs for both sides of the dollar, and for the obverses of the half dollar, quarter, and dime—Leech was content to let the reverses of the Seated Liberty coins continue. By law, an eagle had to appear on the quarter and half dollar, but could not appear on the dime.
Most of the artists conferred in New York and responded in a joint letter that they would be willing to participate, but not on the terms set. They proposed a competition with set fees for sketches and designs submitted by the invited artists, to be judged by a jury of their peers, and with the Mint committed to replace the Seated Liberty coins with the result. They also insisted that the same artist create both sides of a given coin, and that more time be given to allow the development of designs. Leech was unable to meet these terms, as there was only enough money available for the single prize. In addition to inviting the ten artists, he had sent thousands of solicitations through the country; a number of designs were submitted in response to the circulars. To judge the submissions, he appointed a jury consisting of Saint-Gaudens, Barber, and Henry Mitchell, a Boston seal engraver and member of the 1890 Assay Commission. The committee met in June 1891 and quickly rejected all entries.
Leech was quoted in the press regarding the result of the contest:
Barber wrote years later about the competition, "many [entries] were sent in, but Mr. St. Gaudens, who was appointed one of the committee to pass upon designs, objected to everything submitted". Numismatic historian Roger Burdette explained the artistic differences between the two men:
Preparation
Frustrated at the competition's outcome, Leech instructed Barber on June 11, 1891, to prepare designs for the half dollar, quarter, and dime. As the Morgan dollar was then being heavily struck, the Mint director decided to leave that design unaltered for the time being. For the obverse of the new coins, Leech suggested a depiction of Liberty similar to that on the French coins of the period; he was content that the current reverses be continued. Leech had previously suggested to Barber that he engage outside help if the work was to be done at the Mint; the chief engraver replied that he was aware of no one who could be of help in the preparation of new designs. Leech had spoken with Saint-Gaudens on the same subject; the sculptor stated that only four men in the world were capable of executing high-quality coin designs; three lived in France and he was the fourth.
Leech announced the decision to have Barber do the work in July, stating that he had instructed the engraver to prepare designs for presentation to Secretary of the Treasury Charles Foster. In a letter printed in the New York Tribune, Gilder expressed disappointment that the Mint was planning to generate the new designs in-house, feeling that the Mint, essentially a factory for coins, was ill-equipped to generate artistic coin designs. Due to Gilder's prominence in the coinage redesign movement, Leech felt the need to respond personally, which he did in early August. He told Gilder that "artistic designs for coins, that would meet the ideas of an art critic like yourself, and artists generally, are not always adapted for practical coining". He assured Gilder that the designs which Barber had already prepared had met with the approval of Mitchell, though Leech himself had some improvements to suggest to the chief engraver.
Barber's first attempt, modeled for the half dollar, disregarded Leech's instructions. Instead of a design based on French coinage, it depicted a standing figure of Columbia, bearing a pileus (a crown fashioned from an olive branch) atop a liberty pole; an eagle spreading its wings stands behind her. The reverse utilized the heraldic eagle from the Great Seal of the United States, enclosed inside a thick oak wreath, with the required legends surrounding the rim. Leech rejected the design, and Barber submitted a revised obverse in mid-September with a head of Liberty similar to that on the adopted coin. Leech got feedback from friends and from Secretary Foster; on September 28, he wrote Barber that Liberty's lips were "rather voluptuous" and directed him to prepare a reverse without the wreath. Barber did so, and pattern coins based on the revised design were struck. Barber complained, in a letter on October 2 to Superintendent Bosbyshell, but intended for Leech, that the constant demands for changes were wasting his time. Leech replied, stating that he did not care how much effort was expended in order to improve the design, especially since, once issued, they would have to be used for 25 years. Barber's reply was transmitted to Leech on October 6 with a cover letter from Acting Superintendent Mark Cobb (Bosbyshell was traveling) stating that Barber "disclaims any intention to be captious and certainly did not intend to question your prerogative as one of the officers designed by law to pass upon new designs for coinage". The letter from Barber was a lengthy technical explanation for various design elements, and requested further advice from Leech if he had preferences; the overall tone was argumentative. Leech chose not to write again; he addressed one concern, about whether the olive branches in the design were rendered accurately, by visiting the National Botanical Garden, obtaining one, and sending it to Barber.
The question of how to render the stars (representing the 13 original states) on the coin was posed in the letters; in the end, Leech opted for six-pointed stars on the obverse and five-pointed ones on the reverse. Barber had prepared three versions of the design, each with clouds over the eagle; Leech approved one on October 31 and ordered working dies prepared, but then began to question the presence of the clouds, and had two more versions made. On November 6, President Harrison and his Cabinet considered which of the designs to approve, and chose one without the clouds; the following day, Leech ordered working dies prepared. Barber scaled down his design for the quarter and dime. While the Cabinet approved the designs, members requested that the Mint embolden the words "Liberty" on the obverse and "E Pluribus Unum" on the reverse, believing that these legends would wear away in circulation; despite the resulting changes, this proved to be accurate. For the reverse of the dime, on which, by law, an eagle could not appear, a slight modification of the reverse of the Seated Liberty dime was used, with a wreath of foliage and produce surrounding the words "One Dime".
It is uncertain when pattern dimes and quarters were struck, but this was most likely in mid-November 1891. One variety each of pattern dime and quarter are known, whereas five different half dollars are extant; all known Barber coin patterns are in the National Numismatic Collection and none are in private hands. On December 11, Bosbyshell requested a delay in production to mid-January 1892 to allow the dies to be more thoroughly tested; Leech refused. The first Barber coins were struck at the Philadelphia Mint on January 2, 1892, at 9:00 a.m. By the end of the day, all three denominations had been coined.
Design
All three denominations of the Barber coinage depict a head of Liberty, facing right. She wears a pileus and a small headband inscribed "Liberty". On the quarter and half dollar, the motto "In God We Trust" appears above her head; she is otherwise surrounded with 13 six-pointed stars and the date. On the dime, her head is surrounded with "United States of America" and the year. The reverse of the quarter and the half dollar depicts a heraldic eagle, based on the Great Seal. The bird holds in its mouth a scroll inscribed "E Pluribus Unum" and in its right claws an olive branch; in its left it holds 13 arrows. Above the eagle are 13 five-pointed stars; it is surrounded by the name of the country and by the coin's denomination. The reverse of the dime depicts a wreath of corn, wheat, maple and oak leaves surrounding the words "One Dime". Barber's monogram "B" is on the cutoff of Liberty's neck; the mint mark, on the dime, is placed beneath the wreath on the reverse and beneath the eagle on the larger denominations.
Barber's head of Liberty is purely classical, and is rendered in the Roman style. The head is modeled after the French "Ceres" silver coinage of the late 19th century, but bears a resemblance to Morgan's design for the silver dollar. This did not escape numismatist Walter Breen in his comprehensive guide to U.S. coins: "Barber must have been feeling unusually lazy. He left the [dime] rev[erse] design as it had been since 1860, with minor simplifications. His obv[erse] was a mirror image of the Morgan dollar head, with much of Miss Anna Willess Williams' back hair cropped off, the rest concealed ... within a disproportionately large cap." In his text introducing the Barber quarter, Breen states, "the whole composition is Germanically stolid, prosy, crowded (especially on rev[erse]), and without discernible merit aside from the technical one of low relief". Burdette terms Barber's designs, "typically mediocre imitations of the current French-style—hardly better than the arcane seated Liberty type they replaced".
Art historian Cornelius Vermeule, in his work on U.S. coins, took a more positive view of Barber's coinage: "the last word as to their aesthetic merits has yet to be written. Little admired or collected for more than three generations after their appearance [writing in 1971], these essentially conservative but most dignified coins have suddenly become extremely popular with collectors". Vermeule argued that "the designs of Barber's coins were more attuned to the times than he perhaps realized. The plumpish, matronly gravitas of Liberty had come to America seven years earlier in the person of Frédéric Bartholdi's giant statue [the Statue of Liberty] ... " He suggested that the features of Daniel Chester French's huge statue Republic, created for the World Columbian Exposition, "were absolutely in harmony with what Charles Barber had created for the coinage in the year of the Fair's opening".
Reception
Leech released the new designs to the press about November 10, 1891. According to numismatist David Lange, the new coinage received mixed reviews: "while the general press and public seemed satisfied with the new dime, quarter dollar, and half dollar, numismatists were either mildly disappointed with the new coins or remained silent on the matter." Moran records a number of unfavorable reviews, without listing any favorable ones. Vermeule stated that "the initial comment on the new coinage concerned the novelty of a contest, its failure, and the inevitable result that the commission would go, as always, to the Chief Engraver [Barber] and his staff."
George Heath, editor of The Numismatist, discussed the new pieces: "the mechanical work is all that could be desired, and it is probable that owing to the conventional rut in which our mint authorities seem obliged to keep, this is the best that could be done". W.T.R. Martin wrote in the American Journal of Numismatics, "The general effect is pleasing, of the three the Dime is to many the most attractive piece. The head of Liberty is dignified, but although the silly story has been started that the profile is that of a 'reigning belle' of New York, she can hardly be called a beauty; there is a suggestion ... of the classic heads on some of the Roman coins, and a much stronger suggestion of the head on the French Francs of 1871 and onward ... these coins are an advance on what has hitherto been accomplished, but there is yet a long distance between them and the ideal National coin."
Other reactions were unfavorable. Artist Kenyon Cox, one of the invited artists to the 1891 competition, stated, "I think it disgraceful that this great country should have such a coin as this." Harper's Weekly proclaimed, "The mountain had labored and brought forth a mouse." Saint-Gaudens was also interviewed, and as author Moran put it, "injudiciously ranted": "This is inept; this looks like it had been designed by a young lady of sixteen, a miss who had taken only a few lessons in modeling. It is beneath criticism ... There are hundreds of artists in this country, any of whom, with the aid of a designer, could have made a very respectable coin, which this is not."
Production and collecting
Soon after issuance of the new quarters, the Mint received complaints that they would not stack properly. Barber made adjustments in his design to remedy this problem. Accordingly, there are two versions of the 1892 quarter, dubbed "Type I" and "Type II", both for the version without mint mark struck at Philadelphia and for those struck at the New Orleans Mint (1892-O) and the San Francisco Mint (1892-S). They may be distinguished by their reverses: Type I quarters have about half of the letter "E" in "UNITED" covered by the eagle's wing; with Type II quarters, the letter is almost entirely obscured. Type I quarters are rarer for each mint.
The 1894-S Barber dime is one of the great numismatic rarities, with a published mintage of 24 proof pieces. Various stories attend the question of how so few came to be coined. According to Nancy Oliver and Richard Kelly in their 2011 article for The Numismatist, the San Francisco Mint in June 1894 needed to coin $2.40 in silver left over from the melting of worn-out coins, just enough to coin 24 dimes. More ten-cent pieces were expected to be struck there later in the year, but this did not occur. Breen, on the other hand, related that San Francisco Mint Superintendent John Daggett had the dimes struck for a group of banker friends, giving three to each. He also gave three to his young daughter Hallie, telling her to retain them until she was as old as he was, and she would be able to sell them for a good price. According to the story, she spent one on a dish of ice cream, but kept the other two until 1954. One of the approximately nine known dimes was retrieved from circulation in 1957, and Breen speculated this may have been the ice cream specimen. One sold for $1,552,500 at auction in 2007.
In 1900, Barber modified the dies. This change resulted in quarters that were thinner, so that 21 of the new coins would stack in the space occupied by 20 of the old. Barber again set to work on the dies. San Francisco Mint officials wanted permission to use the old dies, which was refused, as it was felt that all mints should be producing coins with the same specifications. There are small differences between quarters produced at the different mints.
Except for the 1894-S dime, there are no great rarities in the Barber series, as mintages were generally adequate to high. Key dates for the dime include the 1895-O (with the lowest mintage), 1896-S, 1897-O, 1901-S and 1903-S. For the quarter, key dates are the very low mintage 1896-S, 1901-S, and 1913-S issues, with the 1901-S particularly scarce. The rarest half dollar is the 1892-O "Micro O", in which the mint mark "O" for New Orleans was impressed on the half dollar die with a puncheon intended for the quarter; other key dates are the regular 1892-O, 1892-S, 1893-S, 1897-O, 1897-S, 1913, 1914, and 1915. The last three dates have very low mintages but were preserved in substantial numbers. As half dollars were heavily circulated, prices tend to steeply rise for all coins in higher grades. "Condition rarities", relatively common and inexpensive in circulated condition but costly in high grades, include the 1901-S, 1904-S, and 1907-S half dollars. Thus, although most dates are easily obtainable, many are scarce in higher and uncirculated grades. Also, in 1909, a new half dollar hub was introduced, which made the headband word "Liberty" stronger, thus changing a grading diagnostic. Earlier Barber halves are frequently separately graded for their obverse and reverse characteristics, as the reverse tended to wear faster. Finally, large quantities of lower grade Barber coins were melted for bullion when silver prices rose in 1979 and early 1980.
Replacement
According to Burdette, "agitation to replace Barber's banal 1892 Liberty head began almost before the first coins were cold from the press." In 1894, the American Numismatic and Antiquarian Society, in conjunction with various artistic and educational institutes, began to advocate for better designs for U.S. coins, but no change took place in the remainder of the 19th century.
In 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt started to push for improvements to U.S. coins, and arranged for the Mint to engage Saint-Gaudens to redesign coins which could be changed under the 1890 act. Before his death in 1907, the sculptor provided designs for the double eagle and eagle, though the double eagle required adjustment by Barber to lower the relief before it could be released as a circulating coin. Redesign of the smaller gold pieces, Lincoln cent, and Buffalo nickel followed between 1908 and 1913. By then, the dime, quarter, and half dollar were the only coins being struck which had not received a redesign in the 20th century. As the 1916 date approached when the Barber coins could be changed without an act of Congress, calls for a new design increased.
In 1915, a new Mint director, Robert W. Woolley, took office. Woolley advocated the replacement of the silver coins when it was legal to do so, and instructed Barber and Morgan to prepare new designs. He consulted with the Commission of Fine Arts, asking them to examine the designs produced by the Mint's engravers and, if they felt they were not suitable, to recommend artists to design the new coins. The Commission rejected the Barber and Morgan designs and proposed Adolph Weinman, Hermon MacNeil, and Albin Polasek as designers. Although Woolley had hoped that each artist would produce one design, different concepts by Weinman were accepted for the dime and half dollar, and one by MacNeil for the quarter.
Woolley had hoped to begin production of the new coins on July 1, 1916. There was heavy demand for small change, and as delays in actual production stretched into the second half of the year, Woolley was forced to have Barber prepare dies for 1916-dated dimes and quarters bearing the chief engraver's 1892 design. According to numismatist David Lange, "Barber must have secretly smiled to himself as his familiar Roman bust of Liberty once again dropped from the presses by the thousands, and then by the millions." There were sufficient half dollars from 1915 available to meet demand; no Barber halves were struck in 1916. The production difficulties were eventually ironed out, and at least token quantities of each of the new coins were struck in 1916, putting an end to the Barber coinage series.
Notes
References
Bibliography
Other sources
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Excerpt from
External links
CoinCommunity.com - US Barber Coinage Information
Coins of the United States
Currencies introduced in 1892
Eagles on coins
Goddess of Liberty on coins
United States silver coins
Works by Charles E. Barber
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"content": "The Barber coinage consists of a dime, quarter, and half dollar designed by United States Bureau of the Mint Chief Engraver Charles E. Barber. They were minted between 1892 and 1916, though no half dollars were struck in the final year of the series.\n\nBy the late 1880s, there were increasing calls for the replacement of the Seated Liberty design, used since the 1830s on most denominations of silver coins. In 1891, Mint Director Edward O. Leech, having been authorized by Congress to approve coin redesigns, ordered a competition, seeking a new look for the silver coins. As only the winner would receive a cash prize, invited artists refused to participate and no entry from the public proved suitable. Leech instructed Barber to prepare new designs for the dime, quarter, and half dollar, and after the chief engraver made changes to secure Leech's endorsement, they were approved by President Benjamin Harrison in November 1891. Striking of the new coins began the following January.\n\nPublic and artistic opinion of the new pieces was, and remains, mixed. In 1915, Mint officials began plans to replace them once the design's minimum term expired in 1916. The Mint issued Barber dimes and quarters in 1916 to meet commercial demand, but before the end of the year, the Mercury dime, Standing Liberty quarter, and Walking Liberty half dollar had begun production. Most dates in the Barber coin series are not difficult to obtain, but the 1894 dime struck at the San Francisco Mint (1894-S), with a mintage of 24, is a great rarity.\n\nBackground\n\nCharles Barber \nCharles E. Barber was born in London in 1840. His grandfather, John Barber, led the family to America in the early 1850s. Both John and his son William were engravers and Charles followed in their footsteps. The Barber family initially lived in Boston upon their arrival to the United States, though they later moved to Providence to allow William to work for the Gorham Manufacturing Company. William Barber's skills came to the attention of Mint Chief Engraver James B. Longacre, who hired him as an assistant engraver in 1865; when Longacre died in 1869, William Barber became chief engraver and Charles was hired as an assistant engraver.\n\nWilliam Barber died on August 31, 1879, of an illness contracted after swimming at Atlantic City, New Jersey. His son applied for the position of chief engraver, as did George T. Morgan, another British-born engraver hired by the Mint. In early December 1879, Treasury Secretary John Sherman, Mint Director Horatio Burchard, and Philadelphia Mint Superintendent A. Loudon Snowden met to determine the issue. They decided to recommend the appointment of Barber, who was subsequently nominated by President Rutherford B. Hayes and in February 1880, was confirmed by the Senate. Barber would serve nine presidents in the position, remaining until his death in 1917, when Morgan would succeed him.\n\nCoinage redesign was being considered during Barber's early years as chief engraver. Superintendent Snowden believed that the base-metal coins then being struck (the one-, three-, and five-cent pieces) should have uniform designs, as did many of the silver pieces, and also some gold coins. He had Barber create experimental pattern coins. In spite of Snowden's desires, the only design modified was that of the five-cent coin, or nickel; Barber's design, known as the Liberty Head nickel, entered production in 1883. The new coin had its denomination designated by a Roman numeral \"V\" on the reverse; the three-cent coin had always had a \"III\" to designate its denomination. Enterprising fraudsters soon realized that the nickel and half eagle (or five-dollar gold piece) were close in size, and plated the base metal coins to pass to the unwary. Amid public ridicule of the Mint, production came to a halt until Barber hastily added the word \"cents\" to the reverse of his design.\n\nMovement towards redesign \n\nFor much of the second half of the 19th century, most U.S. silver coins bore a design of a seated Liberty. This design had been created by Christian Gobrecht, an engraver at the United States Mint in Philadelphia, after a sketch by artist Thomas Sully, and introduced to U.S. coins in the late 1830s. The design reflected an English influence, and as artistic tastes changed over time, was increasingly disliked in the United States. In 1876, The Galaxy magazine said of the then current silver coins:\n\nPublic dissatisfaction with the newly-issued Morgan dollar led the Mint's engravers to submit designs for the smaller silver coins in 1879. Among those who called for new coinage was editor Richard Watson Gilder of The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine. Sometime in the early 1880s, he, along with one of his reporters and sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens visited Mint Director Burchard to argue for the creation of new designs. They brought along classic Greek and Roman coins in an attempt to persuade Burchard that the coinage could easily be made more beautiful. The visitors left disappointed, after learning that Burchard considered the much-criticized Morgan dollar as beautiful as any of them.\n\nIn 1885, Burchard was succeeded as Mint director by James Kimball. The new director was more receptive to Gilder's ideas and in 1887 announced a competition for new designs for the non-gold coinage. These plans were scuttled when Vermont Senator Justin Morrill questioned the Mint's authority to produce new designs. The Mint had claimed authority under the Coinage Act of 1873 in issuing the Morgan dollar in 1878 and the Liberty Head nickel in 1883. Morrill was a supporter of coin redesign and had in the past introduced bills to accomplish this; he felt, however, that this could not be done without an act of Congress. Kimball submitted the issue to government lawyers; they indicated that the Mint lacked the claimed authority. All three men worked to secure a bill to authorize new designs: Morrill by introducing and pressing legislation, Kimball by lobbying for the authority in his annual report, and Gilder by orchestrating favorable coverage. With legislators busy with other matters, it was not until September 26, 1890, that President Benjamin Harrison signed legislation making all denominations of U.S. coins available for immediate redesign by the Mint upon obtaining the Secretary of the Treasury's approval. Each coin could thereafter be altered from the 25th year after it was first produced; for example, a coin first struck in 1892 would be eligible for redesign in 1916.\n\nInception \n\nThree days before the signing of the 1890 act, Barber wrote to the superintendent of the Philadelphia Mint, Oliver Bosbyshell, setting forth proposed terms of a competition to select new coin designs. Barber suggested that entrants be required to submit models, as opposed to drawings, and that the designs be in low relief, which was used for coins. He proposed that the entries include the lettering and denomination, as submissions without them would not adequately show the appearance of the finished coin. He received a reply that due to other work, the Mint would not be able to address the question until the spring of 1891.\n\nOn October 16, 1890, a new Mint director, Edward O. Leech, took office. Leech, aged 38 at the time, had spent his career at the Bureau of the Mint, and was an enthusiastic supporter of redesign. He took the precaution of obtaining recommendations from Barber as to suitable outside artists who might participate in a competition. Since most of the proposed artists were New York-based, Andrew Mason, superintendent of the New York Assay Office, was given the task of finalizing the list of invitees. Leading Mason's list of ten names was that of Saint-Gaudens. Mason sent Leech the recommendations on April 3, 1891; the following day, the Mint director announced the competition, open to the public, but he specifically invited the ten artists named by Mason to participate. Besides Saint-Gaudens, artists asked to compete included Daniel Chester French, Herbert Adams and Kenyon Cox. Although Barber had warned the director that reputable artists would likely not enter a contest in which only the winner received compensation, Leech offered a $500 prize to the winner, and no payments to anyone else. He sought new designs for both sides of the dollar, and for the obverses of the half dollar, quarter, and dime—Leech was content to let the reverses of the Seated Liberty coins continue. By law, an eagle had to appear on the quarter and half dollar, but could not appear on the dime.\n\nMost of the artists conferred in New York and responded in a joint letter that they would be willing to participate, but not on the terms set. They proposed a competition with set fees for sketches and designs submitted by the invited artists, to be judged by a jury of their peers, and with the Mint committed to replace the Seated Liberty coins with the result. They also insisted that the same artist create both sides of a given coin, and that more time be given to allow the development of designs. Leech was unable to meet these terms, as there was only enough money available for the single prize. In addition to inviting the ten artists, he had sent thousands of solicitations through the country; a number of designs were submitted in response to the circulars. To judge the submissions, he appointed a jury consisting of Saint-Gaudens, Barber, and Henry Mitchell, a Boston seal engraver and member of the 1890 Assay Commission. The committee met in June 1891 and quickly rejected all entries.\n\nLeech was quoted in the press regarding the result of the contest:\n\nBarber wrote years later about the competition, \"many [entries] were sent in, but Mr. St. Gaudens, who was appointed one of the committee to pass upon designs, objected to everything submitted\". Numismatic historian Roger Burdette explained the artistic differences between the two men:\n\nPreparation \nFrustrated at the competition's outcome, Leech instructed Barber on June 11, 1891, to prepare designs for the half dollar, quarter, and dime. As the Morgan dollar was then being heavily struck, the Mint director decided to leave that design unaltered for the time being. For the obverse of the new coins, Leech suggested a depiction of Liberty similar to that on the French coins of the period; he was content that the current reverses be continued. Leech had previously suggested to Barber that he engage outside help if the work was to be done at the Mint; the chief engraver replied that he was aware of no one who could be of help in the preparation of new designs. Leech had spoken with Saint-Gaudens on the same subject; the sculptor stated that only four men in the world were capable of executing high-quality coin designs; three lived in France and he was the fourth.\n\nLeech announced the decision to have Barber do the work in July, stating that he had instructed the engraver to prepare designs for presentation to Secretary of the Treasury Charles Foster. In a letter printed in the New York Tribune, Gilder expressed disappointment that the Mint was planning to generate the new designs in-house, feeling that the Mint, essentially a factory for coins, was ill-equipped to generate artistic coin designs. Due to Gilder's prominence in the coinage redesign movement, Leech felt the need to respond personally, which he did in early August. He told Gilder that \"artistic designs for coins, that would meet the ideas of an art critic like yourself, and artists generally, are not always adapted for practical coining\". He assured Gilder that the designs which Barber had already prepared had met with the approval of Mitchell, though Leech himself had some improvements to suggest to the chief engraver.\n\nBarber's first attempt, modeled for the half dollar, disregarded Leech's instructions. Instead of a design based on French coinage, it depicted a standing figure of Columbia, bearing a pileus (a crown fashioned from an olive branch) atop a liberty pole; an eagle spreading its wings stands behind her. The reverse utilized the heraldic eagle from the Great Seal of the United States, enclosed inside a thick oak wreath, with the required legends surrounding the rim. Leech rejected the design, and Barber submitted a revised obverse in mid-September with a head of Liberty similar to that on the adopted coin. Leech got feedback from friends and from Secretary Foster; on September 28, he wrote Barber that Liberty's lips were \"rather voluptuous\" and directed him to prepare a reverse without the wreath. Barber did so, and pattern coins based on the revised design were struck. Barber complained, in a letter on October 2 to Superintendent Bosbyshell, but intended for Leech, that the constant demands for changes were wasting his time. Leech replied, stating that he did not care how much effort was expended in order to improve the design, especially since, once issued, they would have to be used for 25 years. Barber's reply was transmitted to Leech on October 6 with a cover letter from Acting Superintendent Mark Cobb (Bosbyshell was traveling) stating that Barber \"disclaims any intention to be captious and certainly did not intend to question your prerogative as one of the officers designed by law to pass upon new designs for coinage\". The letter from Barber was a lengthy technical explanation for various design elements, and requested further advice from Leech if he had preferences; the overall tone was argumentative. Leech chose not to write again; he addressed one concern, about whether the olive branches in the design were rendered accurately, by visiting the National Botanical Garden, obtaining one, and sending it to Barber.\n\nThe question of how to render the stars (representing the 13 original states) on the coin was posed in the letters; in the end, Leech opted for six-pointed stars on the obverse and five-pointed ones on the reverse. Barber had prepared three versions of the design, each with clouds over the eagle; Leech approved one on October 31 and ordered working dies prepared, but then began to question the presence of the clouds, and had two more versions made. On November 6, President Harrison and his Cabinet considered which of the designs to approve, and chose one without the clouds; the following day, Leech ordered working dies prepared. Barber scaled down his design for the quarter and dime. While the Cabinet approved the designs, members requested that the Mint embolden the words \"Liberty\" on the obverse and \"E Pluribus Unum\" on the reverse, believing that these legends would wear away in circulation; despite the resulting changes, this proved to be accurate. For the reverse of the dime, on which, by law, an eagle could not appear, a slight modification of the reverse of the Seated Liberty dime was used, with a wreath of foliage and produce surrounding the words \"One Dime\".\n\nIt is uncertain when pattern dimes and quarters were struck, but this was most likely in mid-November 1891. One variety each of pattern dime and quarter are known, whereas five different half dollars are extant; all known Barber coin patterns are in the National Numismatic Collection and none are in private hands. On December 11, Bosbyshell requested a delay in production to mid-January 1892 to allow the dies to be more thoroughly tested; Leech refused. The first Barber coins were struck at the Philadelphia Mint on January 2, 1892, at 9:00 a.m. By the end of the day, all three denominations had been coined.\n\nDesign \n\nAll three denominations of the Barber coinage depict a head of Liberty, facing right. She wears a pileus and a small headband inscribed \"Liberty\". On the quarter and half dollar, the motto \"In God We Trust\" appears above her head; she is otherwise surrounded with 13 six-pointed stars and the date. On the dime, her head is surrounded with \"United States of America\" and the year. The reverse of the quarter and the half dollar depicts a heraldic eagle, based on the Great Seal. The bird holds in its mouth a scroll inscribed \"E Pluribus Unum\" and in its right claws an olive branch; in its left it holds 13 arrows. Above the eagle are 13 five-pointed stars; it is surrounded by the name of the country and by the coin's denomination. The reverse of the dime depicts a wreath of corn, wheat, maple and oak leaves surrounding the words \"One Dime\". Barber's monogram \"B\" is on the cutoff of Liberty's neck; the mint mark, on the dime, is placed beneath the wreath on the reverse and beneath the eagle on the larger denominations.\n\nBarber's head of Liberty is purely classical, and is rendered in the Roman style. The head is modeled after the French \"Ceres\" silver coinage of the late 19th century, but bears a resemblance to Morgan's design for the silver dollar. This did not escape numismatist Walter Breen in his comprehensive guide to U.S. coins: \"Barber must have been feeling unusually lazy. He left the [dime] rev[erse] design as it had been since 1860, with minor simplifications. His obv[erse] was a mirror image of the Morgan dollar head, with much of Miss Anna Willess Williams' back hair cropped off, the rest concealed ... within a disproportionately large cap.\" In his text introducing the Barber quarter, Breen states, \"the whole composition is Germanically stolid, prosy, crowded (especially on rev[erse]), and without discernible merit aside from the technical one of low relief\". Burdette terms Barber's designs, \"typically mediocre imitations of the current French-style—hardly better than the arcane seated Liberty type they replaced\".\n\nArt historian Cornelius Vermeule, in his work on U.S. coins, took a more positive view of Barber's coinage: \"the last word as to their aesthetic merits has yet to be written. Little admired or collected for more than three generations after their appearance [writing in 1971], these essentially conservative but most dignified coins have suddenly become extremely popular with collectors\". Vermeule argued that \"the designs of Barber's coins were more attuned to the times than he perhaps realized. The plumpish, matronly gravitas of Liberty had come to America seven years earlier in the person of Frédéric Bartholdi's giant statue [the Statue of Liberty] ... \" He suggested that the features of Daniel Chester French's huge statue Republic, created for the World Columbian Exposition, \"were absolutely in harmony with what Charles Barber had created for the coinage in the year of the Fair's opening\".\n\nReception \n\nLeech released the new designs to the press about November 10, 1891. According to numismatist David Lange, the new coinage received mixed reviews: \"while the general press and public seemed satisfied with the new dime, quarter dollar, and half dollar, numismatists were either mildly disappointed with the new coins or remained silent on the matter.\" Moran records a number of unfavorable reviews, without listing any favorable ones. Vermeule stated that \"the initial comment on the new coinage concerned the novelty of a contest, its failure, and the inevitable result that the commission would go, as always, to the Chief Engraver [Barber] and his staff.\"\n\nGeorge Heath, editor of The Numismatist, discussed the new pieces: \"the mechanical work is all that could be desired, and it is probable that owing to the conventional rut in which our mint authorities seem obliged to keep, this is the best that could be done\". W.T.R. Martin wrote in the American Journal of Numismatics, \"The general effect is pleasing, of the three the Dime is to many the most attractive piece. The head of Liberty is dignified, but although the silly story has been started that the profile is that of a 'reigning belle' of New York, she can hardly be called a beauty; there is a suggestion ... of the classic heads on some of the Roman coins, and a much stronger suggestion of the head on the French Francs of 1871 and onward ... these coins are an advance on what has hitherto been accomplished, but there is yet a long distance between them and the ideal National coin.\"\n\nOther reactions were unfavorable. Artist Kenyon Cox, one of the invited artists to the 1891 competition, stated, \"I think it disgraceful that this great country should have such a coin as this.\" Harper's Weekly proclaimed, \"The mountain had labored and brought forth a mouse.\" Saint-Gaudens was also interviewed, and as author Moran put it, \"injudiciously ranted\": \"This is inept; this looks like it had been designed by a young lady of sixteen, a miss who had taken only a few lessons in modeling. It is beneath criticism ... There are hundreds of artists in this country, any of whom, with the aid of a designer, could have made a very respectable coin, which this is not.\"\n\nProduction and collecting \n\nSoon after issuance of the new quarters, the Mint received complaints that they would not stack properly. Barber made adjustments in his design to remedy this problem. Accordingly, there are two versions of the 1892 quarter, dubbed \"Type I\" and \"Type II\", both for the version without mint mark struck at Philadelphia and for those struck at the New Orleans Mint (1892-O) and the San Francisco Mint (1892-S). They may be distinguished by their reverses: Type I quarters have about half of the letter \"E\" in \"UNITED\" covered by the eagle's wing; with Type II quarters, the letter is almost entirely obscured. Type I quarters are rarer for each mint.\n\nThe 1894-S Barber dime is one of the great numismatic rarities, with a published mintage of 24 proof pieces. Various stories attend the question of how so few came to be coined. According to Nancy Oliver and Richard Kelly in their 2011 article for The Numismatist, the San Francisco Mint in June 1894 needed to coin $2.40 in silver left over from the melting of worn-out coins, just enough to coin 24 dimes. More ten-cent pieces were expected to be struck there later in the year, but this did not occur. Breen, on the other hand, related that San Francisco Mint Superintendent John Daggett had the dimes struck for a group of banker friends, giving three to each. He also gave three to his young daughter Hallie, telling her to retain them until she was as old as he was, and she would be able to sell them for a good price. According to the story, she spent one on a dish of ice cream, but kept the other two until 1954. One of the approximately nine known dimes was retrieved from circulation in 1957, and Breen speculated this may have been the ice cream specimen. One sold for $1,552,500 at auction in 2007.\n\nIn 1900, Barber modified the dies. This change resulted in quarters that were thinner, so that 21 of the new coins would stack in the space occupied by 20 of the old. Barber again set to work on the dies. San Francisco Mint officials wanted permission to use the old dies, which was refused, as it was felt that all mints should be producing coins with the same specifications. There are small differences between quarters produced at the different mints.\n\nExcept for the 1894-S dime, there are no great rarities in the Barber series, as mintages were generally adequate to high. Key dates for the dime include the 1895-O (with the lowest mintage), 1896-S, 1897-O, 1901-S and 1903-S. For the quarter, key dates are the very low mintage 1896-S, 1901-S, and 1913-S issues, with the 1901-S particularly scarce. The rarest half dollar is the 1892-O \"Micro O\", in which the mint mark \"O\" for New Orleans was impressed on the half dollar die with a puncheon intended for the quarter; other key dates are the regular 1892-O, 1892-S, 1893-S, 1897-O, 1897-S, 1913, 1914, and 1915. The last three dates have very low mintages but were preserved in substantial numbers. As half dollars were heavily circulated, prices tend to steeply rise for all coins in higher grades. \"Condition rarities\", relatively common and inexpensive in circulated condition but costly in high grades, include the 1901-S, 1904-S, and 1907-S half dollars. Thus, although most dates are easily obtainable, many are scarce in higher and uncirculated grades. Also, in 1909, a new half dollar hub was introduced, which made the headband word \"Liberty\" stronger, thus changing a grading diagnostic. Earlier Barber halves are frequently separately graded for their obverse and reverse characteristics, as the reverse tended to wear faster. Finally, large quantities of lower grade Barber coins were melted for bullion when silver prices rose in 1979 and early 1980.\n\nReplacement \n\nAccording to Burdette, \"agitation to replace Barber's banal 1892 Liberty head began almost before the first coins were cold from the press.\" In 1894, the American Numismatic and Antiquarian Society, in conjunction with various artistic and educational institutes, began to advocate for better designs for U.S. coins, but no change took place in the remainder of the 19th century.\n\nIn 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt started to push for improvements to U.S. coins, and arranged for the Mint to engage Saint-Gaudens to redesign coins which could be changed under the 1890 act. Before his death in 1907, the sculptor provided designs for the double eagle and eagle, though the double eagle required adjustment by Barber to lower the relief before it could be released as a circulating coin. Redesign of the smaller gold pieces, Lincoln cent, and Buffalo nickel followed between 1908 and 1913. By then, the dime, quarter, and half dollar were the only coins being struck which had not received a redesign in the 20th century. As the 1916 date approached when the Barber coins could be changed without an act of Congress, calls for a new design increased.\n\nIn 1915, a new Mint director, Robert W. Woolley, took office. Woolley advocated the replacement of the silver coins when it was legal to do so, and instructed Barber and Morgan to prepare new designs. He consulted with the Commission of Fine Arts, asking them to examine the designs produced by the Mint's engravers and, if they felt they were not suitable, to recommend artists to design the new coins. The Commission rejected the Barber and Morgan designs and proposed Adolph Weinman, Hermon MacNeil, and Albin Polasek as designers. Although Woolley had hoped that each artist would produce one design, different concepts by Weinman were accepted for the dime and half dollar, and one by MacNeil for the quarter.\n\nWoolley had hoped to begin production of the new coins on July 1, 1916. There was heavy demand for small change, and as delays in actual production stretched into the second half of the year, Woolley was forced to have Barber prepare dies for 1916-dated dimes and quarters bearing the chief engraver's 1892 design. According to numismatist David Lange, \"Barber must have secretly smiled to himself as his familiar Roman bust of Liberty once again dropped from the presses by the thousands, and then by the millions.\" There were sufficient half dollars from 1915 available to meet demand; no Barber halves were struck in 1916. The production difficulties were eventually ironed out, and at least token quantities of each of the new coins were struck in 1916, putting an end to the Barber coinage series.\n\nNotes\n\nReferences \n\nBibliography\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nOther sources\n </ref>\n \n \n \n \n Excerpt from\n\nExternal links \n\n CoinCommunity.com - US Barber Coinage Information\n\nCoins of the United States\nCurrencies introduced in 1892\nEagles on coins\nGoddess of Liberty on coins\nUnited States silver coins\nWorks by Charles E. Barber",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuko%20Ichihara
|
is a fictional character in the manga xxxHolic, which was created by the artist group Clamp. Yuko is a witch who owns a shop where people come to have their wishes granted, and most of her jobs involve dealing with supernatural beings. At the beginning of xxxHolic, she meets Kimihiro Watanuki, who becomes her assistant in exchange for removing spirits that follow him. Yuko also appears in the crossover manga Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle, where she assists the main characters in their journey across the multiverse, and is known as the . She has also appeared in animated versions of the two series, as well as in other media.
When creating Yuko, Clamp wanted to have a character who is aware of the multiple fictional universes they had created in their career. Her personality was inspired by the authors' beautician. Yuko is voiced by Sayaka Ohara in Japanese and Colleen Clinkenbeard in English in the animated adaptions of xxxHolic and Tsubasa. Anne Watanabe portrays her in the xxxHolic mini-series, and Kou Shibasaki played her in the live-action xxxHolic film.
Critics praised Yuko for her personality and role in the series, as well as her connections with Watanuki, while the mystery surrounding her saw mixed response. She has also been popular with xxxHolic and Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle readers.
Creation and design
Yuko was the first character created for xxxHolic; Clamp wanted to create a character who was aware of the multiple fictional universes they have created during her career, and would act as a bridge between xxxHolic and Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle as the latter's cast travels across worlds and remain in contact with Yuko. Clamp thought that Yuko was so "special" that she could have been the series' main character. After deciding it would be more entertaining to have a character who would be interested in Yuko's past, Clamp created Kimihiro Watanuki, both of whom they compared to Doraemon and Nobita Nobi, respectively, from the manga series Doraemon, with Yuko as the lead and Watanuki the audience surrogate.
Yuko's character was not finalized until Clamp met the model they used as the basis for her. As a result, the group gave Yuko their beautician's strong personality. They had problems designing the character, as it took them a long time to design her facial expressions. Clamp artist Mokona said drawing Yuko was challenging due to the character's proportions, something she planned to change with their next work, Kobato.
Casting
Clamp looked for a voice actor who was not heavily associated with another character they created. Sayaka Ohara voiced Yuko for four years, starting with the first Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle adaptation and ending with the xxxHolic original video animation (OVA). Ohara liked Yuko and thought that Watanuki could grow as an individual from her lessons about fate. For Ohara, Yuko was an elusive role she sometimes felt she had not fully grasped, but Yuko's bouts of mischief gave her a more comical characterization rather than her serious persona. Ohara became emotional for her final role in the xxxHolic Rō due to Yuko's death and her final interaction with Watanuki.
Watanuki's actor Jun Fukuyama was grateful for how Yuko developed in the anime alongside Watanuki. Producer Toru Kawaguchi, who worked in the series' original video animations, said Yuko significantly influenced his work. He was more interested in how the character often appeared in Tsubasa as well as xxxHolic. In the English dubbed series, she is voiced by Colleen Clinkenbeard.
For the mini-series, Anne Watanabe was cast as Yuko, and Kou Shibasaki was cast as her in the 2022 live-action film.
Characterization and themes
When writing Yuko, Clamp placed emphasis on the importance of words. Yuko's conversations always affect the other characters due to how direct and secure she is when speaking. In early chapters, while Yuko works with a woman addicted to the internet by labeling her husband and child as "other people", Yuko emphasizes individualism and the power her client has. Kathryn Hemmann argues that Yuko is not depicted as a sinister character: she displays a childish persona, though she sometimes comes across as manipulative and selfish. Her appearances evoke a sex appeal common in seinen manga, making her appear to be the protagonist of the adult-aimed series. Yuko's adulthood is not only referenced by her sexuality, but also by her smoking and drinking habits. Her philosophy in regards to destiny or inevitability can be seen as a parallel to bad luck in her customers. Her deals with customers and cruel fates in some cases serve to show the readers the harsh reality of the real world which contrasts the shojo manga centered around a more optimistic view.
As the story progresses, Yuko forms a deep bond with Watanuki, who wants to grant her wish. After she dies, Watanuki starts acting like her and decides that he will wait for her inheriting his unpaid price from the series' beginning as a magic that heavily slows his aging. The bond between both of them was claimed to be toxic due to how Watanuki becomes obsessed with waiting for Yuko but Clamp claimed it was the character's ideal happy ending in response.
Appearances
In xxxHolic and Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle
Yuko is introduced in xxxHolic as a witch who runs a shop. She grants wishes to customers in exchange for something of equal value, which can range from precious objects to abstract concepts. At the beginning of the series, she hires Kimihiro Watanuki as her assistant in exchange for protecting him from yōkai. She constantly speaks of inevitability and how nothing is a coincidence while dealing with several of her guests.
Across both xxxHolic and Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle, Yuko remains in contact with Syaoran and his companions. To grant him the ability of travelling across dimensions and save his friend Sakura, Yuko uses a pair of creatures named Mokona Modoki that are able to cross worlds. Yuko created these creatures alongside the sorcerer Clow Reed in anticipation for the series' events. During Tsubasa it is revealed that Yuko was once going to die but Clow Reed accidentally used his powers to freeze time for her. After her time is frozen, she becomes the enemy of sorcerer Fei-Wang Reed who is manipulating Syaoran's group. Near the end of Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle, Yuko is revived by Fei-Wang in order to prove his superiority to Clow. She then gives up her life as the price for Fei-Wang's two creations, the clones Syaoran and Sakura, to be reborn as normal humans in compensation for how they were used by the sorcerer because of her.
Before dying, Yuko finds Watanuki and tells him her wish is for him to continue existing. Over a hundred years after her death in the ending of xxxHolic, Watanuki owns her shop. In the end, Watanuki has a series of dreams where Yuko gradually reveals herself to him; finally, she tells him that he has stayed in her shop for a long time and now has the power to leave it.
Other appearances
Outside the manga series, Yuko has appeared in the animated movie xxxHolic: A Midsummer Night's Dream, where she visits a mansion whose owner is collecting the hearts of its visitors, and in Tsubasa Reservoir Chronicle the Movie: The Princess in the Birdcage Kingdom, where she contacts Syaoran's group once again. In the xxxHolic Rō OVA, which takes place after her death, Watanuki receives a recorded tape from a girl that has Yuko saying "I'm home". In xxxHolic: Rō Adayume, Watanuki finds Yuko in one of Shizuka Dōmeki's memories. Anne Watanabe plays Yuko in the live action TV series. In the audio drama CD series Holitsuba, she appears as a teacher from the titular school.
Yuko is also in the video game xxxHolic: Watanuki no Izayoi Sowa and in the book Soel and Larg: The Adventures of Mokona Modoki. The latter event is retold in the drama xxxHolic Kei. She is also a prominent character in the novelization Another Holic by Nisio Isin. In December 2015, Clamp made a collaboration with Victor Entertainment to create a music video involving a theme by Shikao Suga, a singer who performed multiple themes for the xxxHolic animated adaptations.
The manga xxxHolic Rei features Yuko as the shop owner as Watanuki realizes that he is in parallel world and that Yuko of that world is a fake. Anne Watanabe plays Yuko in the 2012 live-action TV series, while Kou Shibasaki was cast for the role in 2022 live-action film.
Reception
Popularity
Yuko's character has been well received by Japanese readers of the series. In two popularity polls held by Weekly Shōnen Magazine, she placed seventh among all the characters in Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle. In a xxxHolic poll, Yuko was featured as the third most popular character from the series. In Animages Anime Grand Prix poll from 2007, she was voted as the thirteenth most popular female anime character. NTT customers voted her as their fourteenth favorite black-haired female anime character. Both World Cosplay Summit and Animate Times noted she was a highly popular character in Japan based on the several cosplay created by fans.
Critical response
Critical reception to the character's role in the story and traits has been positive. Carlo Santos of Anime News Network liked the character's philosophies about fate and realism as she manages to explain multiple aspects from the series "like a brilliant university professor." Megan Lavey from Mania Entertainment enjoyed how Yuko interacts with her clients and her sense of humor which involves multiple references. Across the series, Yuko grows close with Watanuki, and their development has been praised by Matthew Alexander from Mania Entertainment as Watanuki starts caring about Yuko's true desire as he realizes how much she cares for him. Johanna from Comics Worth Reading agreed with Alexander, while Ed Sizemore from the same site admitted having taken a liking to her due to her personality and the fact that she has "the wonderful sensuality of a Hollywood femme fatale from the 30s and 40s". Her death scene has been referred by Active Animes Holly Ellingwood as "tragic, inspiring, and beautifully, breathtakingly sad" for its presentation. Santos noted that while the loss of Yuko could have negatively affected the series due to her impact, it managed to retain the same quality, as Watanuki inherited most of her distinctive traits. The character's role in xxxHolic Rei was the subject of mystery due to her supposed death but reviewers still felt this incarnation of Yuko appealing. The designs of the character were found memorable and compared to Princess Hinoto from X.
Critics have also commented in regards to the actresses who portrayed Yuko in the anime. Clinkenbeard was praised by writers from Anime News Network. UKAnime News praised both the talents of Clinkenbeard and Ohara when reviewing the anime. Richard Eisenbeis regarded Yuko's character as one of the portrayed once in the drama due to his to how faithful is her actress to the concept.
Santos liked the secret talks Yuko had with Sakura on the second half of Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle, as it gave the 19th volume of the manga one of the most interesting cliffhangers from the series even she is still a supporting character. He noted that Yuko's words might come across as confusing exposition. In the next review, he felt that while the cross-over between xxxHolic and Tsubasa was interesting to see due to the foreshadowing of her role in the latter's story. In the flashback from the Tsubasa finale, Yuko was praised for how she interacts with Fei-Wang and protects Syaoran and Watanuki from the sorcerer. As the series reached its climax, Active Anime and MangaNews enjoyed Yuko's development from a supporting character to one of the most important ones in the narrative.
References
Anime and manga characters who use magic
Anime and manga telepaths
Clamp characters
Comics characters introduced in 2003
Female characters in anime and manga
Fictional advisors
Fictional alcohol abusers
Fictional characters based on real people
Fictional characters who can manipulate reality
Fictional characters who can manipulate time
Fictional characters with dimensional travel abilities
Fictional characters with slowed ageing
Fictional fortune tellers
Fictional Japanese people in anime and manga
Fictional pranksters
Fictional shopkeepers
Fictional slave owners
Fictional spiritual mediums
Fictional tricksters
Fictional witches
Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle
XxxHolic
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"content": "is a fictional character in the manga xxxHolic, which was created by the artist group Clamp. Yuko is a witch who owns a shop where people come to have their wishes granted, and most of her jobs involve dealing with supernatural beings. At the beginning of xxxHolic, she meets Kimihiro Watanuki, who becomes her assistant in exchange for removing spirits that follow him. Yuko also appears in the crossover manga Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle, where she assists the main characters in their journey across the multiverse, and is known as the . She has also appeared in animated versions of the two series, as well as in other media.\n\nWhen creating Yuko, Clamp wanted to have a character who is aware of the multiple fictional universes they had created in their career. Her personality was inspired by the authors' beautician. Yuko is voiced by Sayaka Ohara in Japanese and Colleen Clinkenbeard in English in the animated adaptions of xxxHolic and Tsubasa. Anne Watanabe portrays her in the xxxHolic mini-series, and Kou Shibasaki played her in the live-action xxxHolic film.\n\nCritics praised Yuko for her personality and role in the series, as well as her connections with Watanuki, while the mystery surrounding her saw mixed response. She has also been popular with xxxHolic and Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle readers.\n\nCreation and design\n\nYuko was the first character created for xxxHolic; Clamp wanted to create a character who was aware of the multiple fictional universes they have created during her career, and would act as a bridge between xxxHolic and Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle as the latter's cast travels across worlds and remain in contact with Yuko. Clamp thought that Yuko was so \"special\" that she could have been the series' main character. After deciding it would be more entertaining to have a character who would be interested in Yuko's past, Clamp created Kimihiro Watanuki, both of whom they compared to Doraemon and Nobita Nobi, respectively, from the manga series Doraemon, with Yuko as the lead and Watanuki the audience surrogate.\n\nYuko's character was not finalized until Clamp met the model they used as the basis for her. As a result, the group gave Yuko their beautician's strong personality. They had problems designing the character, as it took them a long time to design her facial expressions. Clamp artist Mokona said drawing Yuko was challenging due to the character's proportions, something she planned to change with their next work, Kobato.\n\nCasting\nClamp looked for a voice actor who was not heavily associated with another character they created. Sayaka Ohara voiced Yuko for four years, starting with the first Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle adaptation and ending with the xxxHolic original video animation (OVA). Ohara liked Yuko and thought that Watanuki could grow as an individual from her lessons about fate. For Ohara, Yuko was an elusive role she sometimes felt she had not fully grasped, but Yuko's bouts of mischief gave her a more comical characterization rather than her serious persona. Ohara became emotional for her final role in the xxxHolic Rō due to Yuko's death and her final interaction with Watanuki.\n\nWatanuki's actor Jun Fukuyama was grateful for how Yuko developed in the anime alongside Watanuki. Producer Toru Kawaguchi, who worked in the series' original video animations, said Yuko significantly influenced his work. He was more interested in how the character often appeared in Tsubasa as well as xxxHolic. In the English dubbed series, she is voiced by Colleen Clinkenbeard.\n\nFor the mini-series, Anne Watanabe was cast as Yuko, and Kou Shibasaki was cast as her in the 2022 live-action film.\n\nCharacterization and themes\nWhen writing Yuko, Clamp placed emphasis on the importance of words. Yuko's conversations always affect the other characters due to how direct and secure she is when speaking. In early chapters, while Yuko works with a woman addicted to the internet by labeling her husband and child as \"other people\", Yuko emphasizes individualism and the power her client has. Kathryn Hemmann argues that Yuko is not depicted as a sinister character: she displays a childish persona, though she sometimes comes across as manipulative and selfish. Her appearances evoke a sex appeal common in seinen manga, making her appear to be the protagonist of the adult-aimed series. Yuko's adulthood is not only referenced by her sexuality, but also by her smoking and drinking habits. Her philosophy in regards to destiny or inevitability can be seen as a parallel to bad luck in her customers. Her deals with customers and cruel fates in some cases serve to show the readers the harsh reality of the real world which contrasts the shojo manga centered around a more optimistic view.\n\nAs the story progresses, Yuko forms a deep bond with Watanuki, who wants to grant her wish. After she dies, Watanuki starts acting like her and decides that he will wait for her inheriting his unpaid price from the series' beginning as a magic that heavily slows his aging. The bond between both of them was claimed to be toxic due to how Watanuki becomes obsessed with waiting for Yuko but Clamp claimed it was the character's ideal happy ending in response.\n\nAppearances\n\nIn xxxHolic and Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle\nYuko is introduced in xxxHolic as a witch who runs a shop. She grants wishes to customers in exchange for something of equal value, which can range from precious objects to abstract concepts. At the beginning of the series, she hires Kimihiro Watanuki as her assistant in exchange for protecting him from yōkai. She constantly speaks of inevitability and how nothing is a coincidence while dealing with several of her guests.\n\nAcross both xxxHolic and Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle, Yuko remains in contact with Syaoran and his companions. To grant him the ability of travelling across dimensions and save his friend Sakura, Yuko uses a pair of creatures named Mokona Modoki that are able to cross worlds. Yuko created these creatures alongside the sorcerer Clow Reed in anticipation for the series' events. During Tsubasa it is revealed that Yuko was once going to die but Clow Reed accidentally used his powers to freeze time for her. After her time is frozen, she becomes the enemy of sorcerer Fei-Wang Reed who is manipulating Syaoran's group. Near the end of Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle, Yuko is revived by Fei-Wang in order to prove his superiority to Clow. She then gives up her life as the price for Fei-Wang's two creations, the clones Syaoran and Sakura, to be reborn as normal humans in compensation for how they were used by the sorcerer because of her.\n\nBefore dying, Yuko finds Watanuki and tells him her wish is for him to continue existing. Over a hundred years after her death in the ending of xxxHolic, Watanuki owns her shop. In the end, Watanuki has a series of dreams where Yuko gradually reveals herself to him; finally, she tells him that he has stayed in her shop for a long time and now has the power to leave it.\n\nOther appearances\n\nOutside the manga series, Yuko has appeared in the animated movie xxxHolic: A Midsummer Night's Dream, where she visits a mansion whose owner is collecting the hearts of its visitors, and in Tsubasa Reservoir Chronicle the Movie: The Princess in the Birdcage Kingdom, where she contacts Syaoran's group once again. In the xxxHolic Rō OVA, which takes place after her death, Watanuki receives a recorded tape from a girl that has Yuko saying \"I'm home\". In xxxHolic: Rō Adayume, Watanuki finds Yuko in one of Shizuka Dōmeki's memories. Anne Watanabe plays Yuko in the live action TV series. In the audio drama CD series Holitsuba, she appears as a teacher from the titular school.\n\nYuko is also in the video game xxxHolic: Watanuki no Izayoi Sowa and in the book Soel and Larg: The Adventures of Mokona Modoki. The latter event is retold in the drama xxxHolic Kei. She is also a prominent character in the novelization Another Holic by Nisio Isin. In December 2015, Clamp made a collaboration with Victor Entertainment to create a music video involving a theme by Shikao Suga, a singer who performed multiple themes for the xxxHolic animated adaptations.\n\nThe manga xxxHolic Rei features Yuko as the shop owner as Watanuki realizes that he is in parallel world and that Yuko of that world is a fake. Anne Watanabe plays Yuko in the 2012 live-action TV series, while Kou Shibasaki was cast for the role in 2022 live-action film.\n\nReception\n\nPopularity\nYuko's character has been well received by Japanese readers of the series. In two popularity polls held by Weekly Shōnen Magazine, she placed seventh among all the characters in Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle. In a xxxHolic poll, Yuko was featured as the third most popular character from the series. In Animages Anime Grand Prix poll from 2007, she was voted as the thirteenth most popular female anime character. NTT customers voted her as their fourteenth favorite black-haired female anime character. Both World Cosplay Summit and Animate Times noted she was a highly popular character in Japan based on the several cosplay created by fans.\n\nCritical response\n\nCritical reception to the character's role in the story and traits has been positive. Carlo Santos of Anime News Network liked the character's philosophies about fate and realism as she manages to explain multiple aspects from the series \"like a brilliant university professor.\" Megan Lavey from Mania Entertainment enjoyed how Yuko interacts with her clients and her sense of humor which involves multiple references. Across the series, Yuko grows close with Watanuki, and their development has been praised by Matthew Alexander from Mania Entertainment as Watanuki starts caring about Yuko's true desire as he realizes how much she cares for him. Johanna from Comics Worth Reading agreed with Alexander, while Ed Sizemore from the same site admitted having taken a liking to her due to her personality and the fact that she has \"the wonderful sensuality of a Hollywood femme fatale from the 30s and 40s\". Her death scene has been referred by Active Animes Holly Ellingwood as \"tragic, inspiring, and beautifully, breathtakingly sad\" for its presentation. Santos noted that while the loss of Yuko could have negatively affected the series due to her impact, it managed to retain the same quality, as Watanuki inherited most of her distinctive traits. The character's role in xxxHolic Rei was the subject of mystery due to her supposed death but reviewers still felt this incarnation of Yuko appealing. The designs of the character were found memorable and compared to Princess Hinoto from X.\n\nCritics have also commented in regards to the actresses who portrayed Yuko in the anime. Clinkenbeard was praised by writers from Anime News Network. UKAnime News praised both the talents of Clinkenbeard and Ohara when reviewing the anime. Richard Eisenbeis regarded Yuko's character as one of the portrayed once in the drama due to his to how faithful is her actress to the concept.\n\nSantos liked the secret talks Yuko had with Sakura on the second half of Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle, as it gave the 19th volume of the manga one of the most interesting cliffhangers from the series even she is still a supporting character. He noted that Yuko's words might come across as confusing exposition. In the next review, he felt that while the cross-over between xxxHolic and Tsubasa was interesting to see due to the foreshadowing of her role in the latter's story. In the flashback from the Tsubasa finale, Yuko was praised for how she interacts with Fei-Wang and protects Syaoran and Watanuki from the sorcerer. As the series reached its climax, Active Anime and MangaNews enjoyed Yuko's development from a supporting character to one of the most important ones in the narrative.\n\nReferences\n\n \n\nAnime and manga characters who use magic\nAnime and manga telepaths\nClamp characters\nComics characters introduced in 2003\nFemale characters in anime and manga\nFictional advisors\nFictional alcohol abusers\nFictional characters based on real people\nFictional characters who can manipulate reality\nFictional characters who can manipulate time\nFictional characters with dimensional travel abilities\nFictional characters with slowed ageing\nFictional fortune tellers\nFictional Japanese people in anime and manga\nFictional pranksters\nFictional shopkeepers\nFictional slave owners\nFictional spiritual mediums\nFictional tricksters\nFictional witches\nTsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle\nXxxHolic",
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Circus of Maxentius
|
The Circus of Maxentius (known until the 19th century as the Circus of Caracalla) is an ancient structure in Rome, Italy, part of a complex of buildings erected by emperor Maxentius on the Via Appia between AD 306 and 312. It is situated between the second and third miles of the Via Appia, between the basilica and catacombs of San Sebastiano and the imposing late republican tomb of Caecilia Metella, which dominates the hill that rises immediately to the east of the complex. It is part of the Appian Way Regional Park.
Overview
The Circus itself is the best preserved in the area of Rome, and is second only in size to the Circus Maximus in Rome. The only games recorded at the circus were its inaugural ones and these are generally thought to have been funerary in character. They would have been held in honour of Maxentius' son Valerius Romulus, who died in AD 309 at a very young age and who was probably interred in the adjacent cylindrical tomb (tomb of Romulus). The imperial box (pulvinar) of the circus is connected, via a covered portico, to the villa of Maxentius, whose scant remains are today obscured by dense foliage, except for the apse of the basilical audience hall, which pokes out from the tree tops. The complex was probably never used after the death of Maxentius in AD 312 (archaeological excavations indicate the tracks were covered in sand already in antiquity).
The circus is constructed, after the fashion of many Roman buildings of this period, in concrete faced with opus vittatum. The putlog holes which held the scaffolding are evident in many places in the walls, which stand several metres high in places. The modern-day visitor enters the circus from the west end, where the remains of the two still imposing towers are located. These would have contained the mechanism for raising the carceres (starting gates), which were positioned on an arcuated course between the towers. Once out of the gates, the chariots would race down the track, the full length of which can still be seen. The track was excavated in the 19th century by Antonio Nibby, whose discovery of an inscription to the 'divine Romulus' led to the circus being positively identified with Maxentius. The spina, the barrier running down the middle of the track, is exactly 1000 Roman feet (296 m) long, and would have been cased in marble. Its many ornaments, including cones, metae and obelisks, would have cast shadows across the track in the late afternoon sun. In the centre stood the Obelisk of Domitian which Maxentius presumably had moved from the Isaeum as part of the tribute to his son. Covered in hieroglyphs and lying broken in five pieces it was much discussed during the Renaissance and engraved by Etienne du Perac among others. The Collector Earl of Arundel paid a deposit for the pieces in the 1630s and attempted to have them removed to London but Urban VIII forbade its export and his successor Innocent X had it erected in the Piazza Navona by Bernini. The track's outer walls were laid out to be wider at the start to allow the racers to spread out before reaching the spina, and were also made wider at the point of the turn, which accommodated the turning circle of the chariots. At the east end of the track is a small triumphal arch, in which exposed opus vittatum work can be seen. The judges' box was located about two-thirds of the way down on the southern side of the track, where it would have been in clear sight of the finishing line. The imperial box, the remains of which are identifiable, was situated in the usual fashion to give the most dramatic views of the race. Directly opposite the imperial box, in the south track wall, there is a small arch, through which can be seen the Tomb of Caecilia Metella. From the height of the box the tomb would have been entirely visible, and it has been argued that the circus, which is curiously positioned relative to contemporary and existing structures, was purposely skewed in order to integrate the tomb into the Maxentian architectural scheme.
The circus-complex of Maxentius as originally conceived can be partly understood as an elaborate imperial version of the type of elite residences that appear in Rome and throughout the provinces in late antiquity, whose pretensions are evidenced in the regular presence of large audience halls, familial tombs and circus-shaped structures – the Villa Gordiani, also in Rome, and the complex at Piazza Armerina in Sicily, are two examples. The progenitor of these residences was of course the Palatine complex in Rome, where Maxentius himself made some alterations to the palace in which he played out public life. Imperial parallels for the Via Appia complex include that of Maxentius's contemporary Galerius at Thessaloniki and Diocletian's Palace at Split.
The complex may well have changed in use and character following the death of Romulus; the mausoleum, surely intended for Maxentius himself, as were the mausolea built by Galerius and Diocletian intended for themselves whilst still alive, now received as its occupant Maxentius' only son. The inaugural games became funeral games, and these, like the circus, were dedicated to the now deified Romulus. The pervasive emphasis of death and apotheosis has led to the argument that the whole complex became overwhelmingly funerary in character from this point, and that the memorial references generated by Romulus extend, spatially and ideologically, to the heart of Rome. Maxentius died just three years after Romulus, at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, when he was defeated by Constantine the Great, who then expropriated the property.
The circus is under the care of the Soprintendenza Archeologica di Roma, and is open to the public.
See also
List of ancient monuments in Rome
References
Sources
Coarelli, F. (2008). Roma. Rome: Laterza.
Claridge, A. (1998). Rome. Oxford: University Press.
Steinby, E. M. (1993-2000). Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae, 5 vols.
Weitzmann, Kurt, ed., Age of spirituality : late antique and early Christian art, third to seventh century, no. 100, 1979, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, ; full text available online from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries
External links
312
Buildings and structures completed in the 4th century
Ancient Roman circuses in Rome
Maxentius
|
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"content": "Circus of Maxentius",
"role": "user"
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"content": "The Circus of Maxentius (known until the 19th century as the Circus of Caracalla) is an ancient structure in Rome, Italy, part of a complex of buildings erected by emperor Maxentius on the Via Appia between AD 306 and 312. It is situated between the second and third miles of the Via Appia, between the basilica and catacombs of San Sebastiano and the imposing late republican tomb of Caecilia Metella, which dominates the hill that rises immediately to the east of the complex. It is part of the Appian Way Regional Park.\n\nOverview\nThe Circus itself is the best preserved in the area of Rome, and is second only in size to the Circus Maximus in Rome. The only games recorded at the circus were its inaugural ones and these are generally thought to have been funerary in character. They would have been held in honour of Maxentius' son Valerius Romulus, who died in AD 309 at a very young age and who was probably interred in the adjacent cylindrical tomb (tomb of Romulus). The imperial box (pulvinar) of the circus is connected, via a covered portico, to the villa of Maxentius, whose scant remains are today obscured by dense foliage, except for the apse of the basilical audience hall, which pokes out from the tree tops. The complex was probably never used after the death of Maxentius in AD 312 (archaeological excavations indicate the tracks were covered in sand already in antiquity).\n\nThe circus is constructed, after the fashion of many Roman buildings of this period, in concrete faced with opus vittatum. The putlog holes which held the scaffolding are evident in many places in the walls, which stand several metres high in places. The modern-day visitor enters the circus from the west end, where the remains of the two still imposing towers are located. These would have contained the mechanism for raising the carceres (starting gates), which were positioned on an arcuated course between the towers. Once out of the gates, the chariots would race down the track, the full length of which can still be seen. The track was excavated in the 19th century by Antonio Nibby, whose discovery of an inscription to the 'divine Romulus' led to the circus being positively identified with Maxentius. The spina, the barrier running down the middle of the track, is exactly 1000 Roman feet (296 m) long, and would have been cased in marble. Its many ornaments, including cones, metae and obelisks, would have cast shadows across the track in the late afternoon sun. In the centre stood the Obelisk of Domitian which Maxentius presumably had moved from the Isaeum as part of the tribute to his son. Covered in hieroglyphs and lying broken in five pieces it was much discussed during the Renaissance and engraved by Etienne du Perac among others. The Collector Earl of Arundel paid a deposit for the pieces in the 1630s and attempted to have them removed to London but Urban VIII forbade its export and his successor Innocent X had it erected in the Piazza Navona by Bernini. The track's outer walls were laid out to be wider at the start to allow the racers to spread out before reaching the spina, and were also made wider at the point of the turn, which accommodated the turning circle of the chariots. At the east end of the track is a small triumphal arch, in which exposed opus vittatum work can be seen. The judges' box was located about two-thirds of the way down on the southern side of the track, where it would have been in clear sight of the finishing line. The imperial box, the remains of which are identifiable, was situated in the usual fashion to give the most dramatic views of the race. Directly opposite the imperial box, in the south track wall, there is a small arch, through which can be seen the Tomb of Caecilia Metella. From the height of the box the tomb would have been entirely visible, and it has been argued that the circus, which is curiously positioned relative to contemporary and existing structures, was purposely skewed in order to integrate the tomb into the Maxentian architectural scheme.\n\nThe circus-complex of Maxentius as originally conceived can be partly understood as an elaborate imperial version of the type of elite residences that appear in Rome and throughout the provinces in late antiquity, whose pretensions are evidenced in the regular presence of large audience halls, familial tombs and circus-shaped structures – the Villa Gordiani, also in Rome, and the complex at Piazza Armerina in Sicily, are two examples. The progenitor of these residences was of course the Palatine complex in Rome, where Maxentius himself made some alterations to the palace in which he played out public life. Imperial parallels for the Via Appia complex include that of Maxentius's contemporary Galerius at Thessaloniki and Diocletian's Palace at Split.\n\nThe complex may well have changed in use and character following the death of Romulus; the mausoleum, surely intended for Maxentius himself, as were the mausolea built by Galerius and Diocletian intended for themselves whilst still alive, now received as its occupant Maxentius' only son. The inaugural games became funeral games, and these, like the circus, were dedicated to the now deified Romulus. The pervasive emphasis of death and apotheosis has led to the argument that the whole complex became overwhelmingly funerary in character from this point, and that the memorial references generated by Romulus extend, spatially and ideologically, to the heart of Rome. Maxentius died just three years after Romulus, at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, when he was defeated by Constantine the Great, who then expropriated the property.\n\nThe circus is under the care of the Soprintendenza Archeologica di Roma, and is open to the public.\n\nSee also\n\nList of ancient monuments in Rome\n\nReferences\n\nSources\nCoarelli, F. (2008). Roma. Rome: Laterza.\nClaridge, A. (1998). Rome. Oxford: University Press.\nSteinby, E. M. (1993-2000). Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae, 5 vols.\nWeitzmann, Kurt, ed., Age of spirituality : late antique and early Christian art, third to seventh century, no. 100, 1979, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, ; full text available online from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries\n\nExternal links\n\n312\nBuildings and structures completed in the 4th century\nAncient Roman circuses in Rome\nMaxentius",
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Catholic Church in Saudi Arabia
|
Catholicism in Saudi Arabia is officially barred from being practised, though Catholics are allowed into the country for temporary work. There is a large expatriate Filipino community in Saudi Arabia, many of whom are thought to be Catholics. There are no dioceses in Saudi Arabia, which comes under the jurisdiction of the Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Arabia.
Saudi Arabia allows Catholics and Christians of other denominations to enter the country as foreign workers for temporary work, but does not allow them to practise their faith openly. As a result, Catholics and other Christians generally only worship in secret within private homes. Items and articles belonging to religions other than Islam are not prohibited, as long as they're just used privately. These include Bibles, crucifixes, statues, carvings, items with religious symbols, and others, although the government's stated policy was that such items were allowed for private religious purposes.
The Saudi Arabian Mutaween (Arabic: مطوعين), or Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice prohibits the practice of any religion other than Islam. Conversion of a Muslim to another religion is considered apostasy, which, along with proselytising by non-Muslims, is prohibited, and can lead to the death penalty.
The government permits non-Muslim clergy to enter the country for the purpose of conducting religious services.
In 2018, it was reported that the Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia) had stopped enforcing the ban on Christians religious services in the Kingdom. It was also reported that a Coptic Mass was openly conducted for the first time in Riyadh during the visit of Ava Morkos, Coptic Bishop of Shobra Al-Kheima in Egypt. Morkos had been formally invited to Saudi Arabia by Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman in March 2018.
Demographics
In 2022, the number of Christians living in Saudi Arabia was estimated at 2.1 million; however, it is unknown how many are Protestants, Catholics or Orthodox.
In 2020, adherents of Catholicism were estimated to make up of 5.56% of the population. Other figures suggested that Catholics number almost 1.3 million people, making up about 7% of the Saudi population. There is a substantial Catholic community in the country, made up exclusively of immigrant workers: mainly Filipino Catholics (about 1 million, 85% Catholics according to estimates of 2010) and Indian Catholics, the number of whom is not known exactly.
In Saudi Arabia there is no territorial jurisdiction of the Catholic Church: the territory of the country is included in the apostolic vicariate of northern Arabia, based in Awali, Bahrain.
Relations between the Holy See and Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia and the Holy See do not have diplomatic relations. The pontifical representative of local Christians is the apostolic delegate in the Arabian Peninsula, who lives in Kuwait.
A historical moment occurred on November 6, 2007, when Pope Benedict XVI received King Abdullah in audience at the Vatican.
Freedom of religion
In 2023, the Open Doors World Watch List ranked Saudi Arabia as the 13th most difficult country to be a Christian.
See also
Religion in Saudi Arabia
Christianity in Saudi Arabia
Eastern Orthodoxy in Saudi Arabia
Human rights in Saudi Arabia
Capital punishment in Saudi Arabia
Filipinos in Saudi Arabia
References
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Christianity in Saudi Arabia
Catholic Church in the Arabian Peninsula
|
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"content": "Catholic Church in Saudi Arabia",
"role": "user"
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"content": "Catholicism in Saudi Arabia is officially barred from being practised, though Catholics are allowed into the country for temporary work. There is a large expatriate Filipino community in Saudi Arabia, many of whom are thought to be Catholics. There are no dioceses in Saudi Arabia, which comes under the jurisdiction of the Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Arabia.\n\nSaudi Arabia allows Catholics and Christians of other denominations to enter the country as foreign workers for temporary work, but does not allow them to practise their faith openly. As a result, Catholics and other Christians generally only worship in secret within private homes. Items and articles belonging to religions other than Islam are not prohibited, as long as they're just used privately. These include Bibles, crucifixes, statues, carvings, items with religious symbols, and others, although the government's stated policy was that such items were allowed for private religious purposes.\n\nThe Saudi Arabian Mutaween (Arabic: مطوعين), or Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice prohibits the practice of any religion other than Islam. Conversion of a Muslim to another religion is considered apostasy, which, along with proselytising by non-Muslims, is prohibited, and can lead to the death penalty. \n\nThe government permits non-Muslim clergy to enter the country for the purpose of conducting religious services.\n\nIn 2018, it was reported that the Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia) had stopped enforcing the ban on Christians religious services in the Kingdom. It was also reported that a Coptic Mass was openly conducted for the first time in Riyadh during the visit of Ava Morkos, Coptic Bishop of Shobra Al-Kheima in Egypt. Morkos had been formally invited to Saudi Arabia by Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman in March 2018.\n\nDemographics \nIn 2022, the number of Christians living in Saudi Arabia was estimated at 2.1 million; however, it is unknown how many are Protestants, Catholics or Orthodox.\n\nIn 2020, adherents of Catholicism were estimated to make up of 5.56% of the population. Other figures suggested that Catholics number almost 1.3 million people, making up about 7% of the Saudi population. There is a substantial Catholic community in the country, made up exclusively of immigrant workers: mainly Filipino Catholics (about 1 million, 85% Catholics according to estimates of 2010) and Indian Catholics, the number of whom is not known exactly.\nIn Saudi Arabia there is no territorial jurisdiction of the Catholic Church: the territory of the country is included in the apostolic vicariate of northern Arabia, based in Awali, Bahrain.\n\nRelations between the Holy See and Saudi Arabia \n\nSaudi Arabia and the Holy See do not have diplomatic relations. The pontifical representative of local Christians is the apostolic delegate in the Arabian Peninsula, who lives in Kuwait.\n\nA historical moment occurred on November 6, 2007, when Pope Benedict XVI received King Abdullah in audience at the Vatican.\n\nFreedom of religion\n\nIn 2023, the Open Doors World Watch List ranked Saudi Arabia as the 13th most difficult country to be a Christian.\n\nSee also \n Religion in Saudi Arabia\n Christianity in Saudi Arabia\n Eastern Orthodoxy in Saudi Arabia\n Human rights in Saudi Arabia\n Capital punishment in Saudi Arabia\n Filipinos in Saudi Arabia\n\nReferences\n\n \nSaudi Arabia\nSaudi Arabia\nChristianity in Saudi Arabia\nCatholic Church in the Arabian Peninsula",
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Malleco Province
|
Malleco Province () is one of two provinces in the southern Chilean region of La Araucanía (IX). Its population as of the 2017 census is 205,124, and it covers an area of . The provincial capital is the city of Angol.
Malleco Province is known for having the emblematic Malleco Viaduct and the Las Raíces Tunnel, Chile's longest tunnel, which links the eastern part to the rest of the province.
Communes
As one of Chile's second level administrative divisions, Malleco comprises eleven communes, each administered by its respective municipality.
Angol
Renaico
Collipulli
Lonquimay
Curacautín
Ercilla
Victoria
Traiguén
Lumaco
Purén
Los Sauces
Geography and demography
According to the 2017 census by the National Statistics Institute (INE), the province spans an area of and had a population of 205,124 inhabitants (99,811 men and 105,313 women), giving it a population density of . Of these, 151,057 (73.6%) lived in urban areas and 54,067 (26.4%) in rural areas. Between the 2002 and 2017 censuses, the population rose by 1.7% (3,509 persons).
Malleco Valley wine region
Located 340 miles (540 km) south of the capital of Chile, Santiago, the Malleco wine region lies in the province of the same name. It is one of Chile’s southern Denomination of Origin (DO) regions as defined by the Chilean Appellation system, the legally protected geographical indication used to identify where the grapes for a wine were grown.
The wine industry here is still developing but good results are already being obtained, particularly from its crispy and fresh Chardonnay and Pinot Noir.
The climate is cool, with a high level of rainfall (51 inches (1300 mm) a year), a short growing season, and high temperature variation between day and night, which is challenging for wine producers. Most vineyards are located around the town of Traiguen, just south of the Bio Bio Valley. The volcanic soil in Malleco, composed mainly of sand and clay, are reasonably well drained. Although the valley has high rainfall, vines have to make extra effort to hydrate due to the well-drained soil, which results in less foliage and lower grape yields. All these factors produce grapes with more concentrated flavour and excellent structure, which in turn leads to the crisp and fresh wine produced in the region.
Grape distribution by varietal
Climate: Cool Mediterranean climate. 1300 mm (51.2 in) of rain per year.
Soils: Volcanic soils, clay and sand.
Primary wines: Chardonnay and Pinot Noir.
Total hectares planted: 11 ha (27 acres).
See also
Chilean wine
Maule Region
Maule River
Maipo Valley
References
Provinces of Chile
Provinces of La Araucanía Region
|
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"content": "Malleco Province",
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"content": "Malleco Province () is one of two provinces in the southern Chilean region of La Araucanía (IX). Its population as of the 2017 census is 205,124, and it covers an area of . The provincial capital is the city of Angol.\n \nMalleco Province is known for having the emblematic Malleco Viaduct and the Las Raíces Tunnel, Chile's longest tunnel, which links the eastern part to the rest of the province.\n\nCommunes\nAs one of Chile's second level administrative divisions, Malleco comprises eleven communes, each administered by its respective municipality.\n\n Angol\n Renaico\n Collipulli\n Lonquimay\n Curacautín\n Ercilla\n Victoria\n Traiguén\n Lumaco\n Purén\n Los Sauces\n\nGeography and demography\n\nAccording to the 2017 census by the National Statistics Institute (INE), the province spans an area of and had a population of 205,124 inhabitants (99,811 men and 105,313 women), giving it a population density of . Of these, 151,057 (73.6%) lived in urban areas and 54,067 (26.4%) in rural areas. Between the 2002 and 2017 censuses, the population rose by 1.7% (3,509 persons).\n\nMalleco Valley wine region\nLocated 340 miles (540 km) south of the capital of Chile, Santiago, the Malleco wine region lies in the province of the same name. It is one of Chile’s southern Denomination of Origin (DO) regions as defined by the Chilean Appellation system, the legally protected geographical indication used to identify where the grapes for a wine were grown.\nThe wine industry here is still developing but good results are already being obtained, particularly from its crispy and fresh Chardonnay and Pinot Noir.\nThe climate is cool, with a high level of rainfall (51 inches (1300 mm) a year), a short growing season, and high temperature variation between day and night, which is challenging for wine producers. Most vineyards are located around the town of Traiguen, just south of the Bio Bio Valley. The volcanic soil in Malleco, composed mainly of sand and clay, are reasonably well drained. Although the valley has high rainfall, vines have to make extra effort to hydrate due to the well-drained soil, which results in less foliage and lower grape yields. All these factors produce grapes with more concentrated flavour and excellent structure, which in turn leads to the crisp and fresh wine produced in the region.\n\nGrape distribution by varietal\n\n Climate: Cool Mediterranean climate. 1300 mm (51.2 in) of rain per year.\n Soils: Volcanic soils, clay and sand.\n Primary wines: Chardonnay and Pinot Noir.\n \n \n\n \nTotal hectares planted: 11 ha (27 acres).\n\nSee also\n Chilean wine\n Maule Region\n Maule River\n Maipo Valley\n\nReferences\n\n \n\nProvinces of Chile\nProvinces of La Araucanía Region",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science%20in%20Action%20%28book%29
|
Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society () is a seminal book by French philosopher, anthropologist and sociologist Bruno Latour first published in 1987. It is written in a textbook style, proposes an approach to the empirical study of science and technology, and is considered a canonical application of actor-network theory. It also entertains ontological conceptions and theoretical discussions making it a research monograph and not a methodological handbook per se.
In the introduction, Latour develops the methodological dictum that science and technology must be studied "in action", or "in the making". Because scientific discoveries turn esoteric and difficult to understand, it has to be studied where discoveries are made in practice. For example, Latour turns back time in the case of the discovery of the "double helix". Going back in time, deconstructing statements, machines and articles, it is possible to arrive at a point where scientific discovery could have chosen to take many other directions (contingency). Also the concept of "black box" is introduced. A black box is a metaphor borrowed from cybernetics denoting a piece of machinery that "runs by itself". That is, when a series of instructions are too complicated to be repeated all the time, a black box is drawn around it, allowing it to function only by giving it "input" and "output" data. For example, a CPU inside a computer is a black box. Its inner complexity doesn't have to be known; one only needs to use it in his/her daily activities.
Henning Schmidgen describes Science in Action as an anthropology of science, a manual where the main purpose is “a trip through the unfamiliar territory of “technoscience””. Similarly Science in Action has been described as "A guide that explains how to account for processes of making knowledge, facts, or truths. A guide designed to be used on site, while observing the negotiations and struggles that precede ready-made science".
Criticism
Latour's work, including Science in Action, has received heavy criticism from some scholars. Olga Amsterdamska's highly critical book review concluded with the following sentence: "Somehow, the ideal of a social science whose only goal is to tell inconsistent, false, and incoherent stories about nothing in particular does not strike me as very appealing or sufficiently ambitious."
See also
Laboratory Life (with Steve Woolgar)
Politics of Nature
We Have Never Been Modern
References
1987 non-fiction books
Science books
Sociology of scientific knowledge
Harvard University Press books
Works by Bruno Latour
Science and technology studies works
|
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science%20in%20Action%20%28book%29",
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"content": "Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society () is a seminal book by French philosopher, anthropologist and sociologist Bruno Latour first published in 1987. It is written in a textbook style, proposes an approach to the empirical study of science and technology, and is considered a canonical application of actor-network theory. It also entertains ontological conceptions and theoretical discussions making it a research monograph and not a methodological handbook per se.\n\nIn the introduction, Latour develops the methodological dictum that science and technology must be studied \"in action\", or \"in the making\". Because scientific discoveries turn esoteric and difficult to understand, it has to be studied where discoveries are made in practice. For example, Latour turns back time in the case of the discovery of the \"double helix\". Going back in time, deconstructing statements, machines and articles, it is possible to arrive at a point where scientific discovery could have chosen to take many other directions (contingency). Also the concept of \"black box\" is introduced. A black box is a metaphor borrowed from cybernetics denoting a piece of machinery that \"runs by itself\". That is, when a series of instructions are too complicated to be repeated all the time, a black box is drawn around it, allowing it to function only by giving it \"input\" and \"output\" data. For example, a CPU inside a computer is a black box. Its inner complexity doesn't have to be known; one only needs to use it in his/her daily activities.\n\nHenning Schmidgen describes Science in Action as an anthropology of science, a manual where the main purpose is “a trip through the unfamiliar territory of “technoscience””. Similarly Science in Action has been described as \"A guide that explains how to account for processes of making knowledge, facts, or truths. A guide designed to be used on site, while observing the negotiations and struggles that precede ready-made science\".\n\nCriticism\nLatour's work, including Science in Action, has received heavy criticism from some scholars. Olga Amsterdamska's highly critical book review concluded with the following sentence: \"Somehow, the ideal of a social science whose only goal is to tell inconsistent, false, and incoherent stories about nothing in particular does not strike me as very appealing or sufficiently ambitious.\"\n\nSee also\n Laboratory Life (with Steve Woolgar)\n Politics of Nature\n We Have Never Been Modern\n\nReferences\n\n1987 non-fiction books\nScience books\nSociology of scientific knowledge\nHarvard University Press books\nWorks by Bruno Latour\nScience and technology studies works",
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Tsunami Evaluation Coalition
|
The Tsunami Evaluation Coalition (TEC) was a unique learning and accountability initiative in the relief and development sector. It was first established in February 2005 to carry out joint evaluations of the response to the Asian earthquake and tsunamis of 26 December 2004.
The TEC had over 50 member agencies from the United Nations, Non-Governmental Organisations, and the Red Cross, as well as private donors. These organisations have been working together since the TEC was established to:
Improve policy and practice in the relief and rehabilitation sector.
Provide some accountability to both the donor and recipient public.
Improve evaluation in the relief and rehabilitation sector by learning from the TEC process itself.
Need for evaluation
The TEC was the most significant evaluation effort in the humanitarian sector since the Joint Evaluation of the response to the Rwanda Crisis in 1994, and followed in the footsteps of Study 3 of that evaluation which examined humanitarian aid and its effects.
Governance
The TEC was guided by a Core Management Group of about 15 members. The TEC was hosted by the Active Learning Network for Accountability and Performance in Humanitarian Action (ALNAP) Secretariat in London.
The TEC products
The TEC produced a series of reports:
An initial findings report in December 2005.
The main synthesis report, the five thematic reports, and the underlying country studies and other subsidiary reports in July 2006.
An expanded summary of the synthesis report in January 2007.
All the TEC reports can be found on the TEC website.
The six initial findings
The TEC published an initial findings report in December 2005. These preliminary findings were based on initial reports from the more than fifty consultants involved in the field-work.
The main synthesis report
This report synthesised the whole TEC evaluation effort. The foreword of the report was written by former US President Bill Clinton in his capacity as the United Nations Secretary-General's Special Envoy for Tsunami Recovery.
The four main findings dealt with:
Local capacities.
International support for local actors.
The quality of interventions.
The unpredictable funding system.
See also
Humanitarian response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
Program Evaluation
References
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
|
[
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"content": "Tsunami Evaluation Coalition",
"role": "user"
},
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"content": "The Tsunami Evaluation Coalition (TEC) was a unique learning and accountability initiative in the relief and development sector. It was first established in February 2005 to carry out joint evaluations of the response to the Asian earthquake and tsunamis of 26 December 2004.\n\nThe TEC had over 50 member agencies from the United Nations, Non-Governmental Organisations, and the Red Cross, as well as private donors. These organisations have been working together since the TEC was established to: \nImprove policy and practice in the relief and rehabilitation sector.\nProvide some accountability to both the donor and recipient public.\nImprove evaluation in the relief and rehabilitation sector by learning from the TEC process itself.\n\nNeed for evaluation\nThe TEC was the most significant evaluation effort in the humanitarian sector since the Joint Evaluation of the response to the Rwanda Crisis in 1994, and followed in the footsteps of Study 3 of that evaluation which examined humanitarian aid and its effects.\n\nGovernance\n\nThe TEC was guided by a Core Management Group of about 15 members. The TEC was hosted by the Active Learning Network for Accountability and Performance in Humanitarian Action (ALNAP) Secretariat in London.\n\nThe TEC products\nThe TEC produced a series of reports:\n\nAn initial findings report in December 2005.\nThe main synthesis report, the five thematic reports, and the underlying country studies and other subsidiary reports in July 2006.\nAn expanded summary of the synthesis report in January 2007.\n\nAll the TEC reports can be found on the TEC website.\n\nThe six initial findings\n\nThe TEC published an initial findings report in December 2005. These preliminary findings were based on initial reports from the more than fifty consultants involved in the field-work.\n\nThe main synthesis report\n\nThis report synthesised the whole TEC evaluation effort. The foreword of the report was written by former US President Bill Clinton in his capacity as the United Nations Secretary-General's Special Envoy for Tsunami Recovery.\n\nThe four main findings dealt with:\nLocal capacities.\nInternational support for local actors.\nThe quality of interventions.\nThe unpredictable funding system.\n\nSee also\nHumanitarian response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake\n2004 Indian Ocean earthquake\nProgram Evaluation\n\nReferences \n\n2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami",
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] |
Shahriar Hossain
|
Shahriar Hossain () is a Bangladeshi cricketer who played in three Test matches from 2000 to 2004. He was also one of the members of the 1999 World Cup Team.
In Test matches
He failed in the match against India, scoring just 12 and 7. In his next match, four years later, he scored his highest, 48, against Zimbabwe at Harare. Nevertheless, he was dropped after the tour.
In ODIs
He had a very successful 1999. At Dhaka, in March, he scored 95 against Kenya, narrowly missing out on his chance to become the first Bangladeshi to score a hundred in ODI. later, he scored 68 against more powerful Zimbabwe. In this match, he shared a 170 run first wicket partnership with Mehrab Hossain. In the WC, his 39 against Pakistan at Northampton helped Bangladesh achieve a famous win. He finished the year with knocks of 45 & 47 against West Indies at Dhaka. Injuries, however, has shortened his international career.
Other matches
In 1993, he was part of the Bangladesh under-19 team. In 1995, he played for the Bangladesh A side. In 1996, he represented the full national squad.
References
External links
Bangladeshi cricketers
1976 births
Living people
Bangladesh Test cricketers
Bangladesh One Day International cricketers
Cricketers at the 1999 Cricket World Cup
Dhaka Division cricketers
Cricketers at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games competitors for Bangladesh
Wicket-keepers
People from Narayanganj District
Cricketers from Dhaka Division
|
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"content": "Shahriar Hossain",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "Shahriar Hossain () is a Bangladeshi cricketer who played in three Test matches from 2000 to 2004. He was also one of the members of the 1999 World Cup Team.\n\nIn Test matches\nHe failed in the match against India, scoring just 12 and 7. In his next match, four years later, he scored his highest, 48, against Zimbabwe at Harare. Nevertheless, he was dropped after the tour.\n\nIn ODIs\nHe had a very successful 1999. At Dhaka, in March, he scored 95 against Kenya, narrowly missing out on his chance to become the first Bangladeshi to score a hundred in ODI. later, he scored 68 against more powerful Zimbabwe. In this match, he shared a 170 run first wicket partnership with Mehrab Hossain. In the WC, his 39 against Pakistan at Northampton helped Bangladesh achieve a famous win. He finished the year with knocks of 45 & 47 against West Indies at Dhaka. Injuries, however, has shortened his international career.\n\nOther matches\nIn 1993, he was part of the Bangladesh under-19 team. In 1995, he played for the Bangladesh A side. In 1996, he represented the full national squad.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nBangladeshi cricketers\n1976 births\nLiving people\nBangladesh Test cricketers\nBangladesh One Day International cricketers\nCricketers at the 1999 Cricket World Cup\nDhaka Division cricketers\nCricketers at the 1998 Commonwealth Games\nCommonwealth Games competitors for Bangladesh\nWicket-keepers\nPeople from Narayanganj District\nCricketers from Dhaka Division",
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] |
Rooh Afza
|
Rooh Afza (; ; ) (Soul Refresher) is a concentrated squash. It was formulated in 1906 in Ghaziabad, in the British India by Hakeem Muhammad Kabeeruddin and introduced by Hakim Hafiz Abdul Majeed, and launched from Old Delhi. Currently, Rooh Afza is manufactured by the companies founded by him and his sons, Hamdard Laboratories, India, Hamdard Laboratories (Waqf) Pakistan and Hamdard Laboratories (Waqf) Bangladesh. Since 1948, the company has been manufacturing the product in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.
Other companies formulate the same un-patented recipe in these countries as well. The specific Unani recipe of Rooh Afza combines several ingredients popularly believed to be cooling agents, such as rose, which is used as a remedy for loo (the hot summer winds of Northern India and Pakistan and Bangladesh). The drink is commonly associated with the month of Ramadan, in which it is usually consumed during iftar. It is sold commercially as a syrup to flavour sherbets, cold milk drinks, ices, and cold desserts such as the popular falooda. The name Rooh Afza is sometimes translated as "refresher of the soul". It is said that this name was made up by the original formulator of the drink, with possible cultural influences.
History
Rooh Afza was founded by Hamdard's founder Hakim Hafiz Abdul Majeed in old Delhi, India. In 1906, he wanted to create a herbal mix that would help Delhi's people stay cool in the summer. He selected herbs and syrups from traditional Unani medicine and created a drink that would help counter heat strokes and prevent water loss in people. An artist, Mirza Noor Ahmad, designed the labels of Rooh Afza in many colours in 1910. Progress in development and refining the original recipe continued all along until the final drink emerged.
After Majeed's death 15 years later, his wife Rabea Begum established a charitable trust in the name of herself and their two sons.
Following the partition of India in 1947, while the elder son, Hakim Abdul Hameed, stayed back in India – the younger son, Hakim Mohammad Said, migrated to Pakistan on 9 January 1948 and started a separate Hamdard Company from two rooms in the old Arambagh area of Karachi. Hamdard Pakistan finally became profitable in 1953. Hakim Mohammad Said had opened a branch of Hamdard in the former East Pakistan. According to Hakim Mohammad Said's daughter, Sadia Rashid, chairperson of Hamdard Pakistan in 2019, her father gifted the business to the people of Bangladesh after their independence in 1971.
In 2010, chef Nita Mehta and Indian film actress Juhi Chawla were hired for promotional activities by Hamdard Laboratories to create new mocktail and dessert recipes for Rooh Afza, their all-season summer drink, which was used in a new marketing campaign.
Ingredients
Its original formulation included:
Herbs:
Deepak ("khurfa seeds", Portulaca oleracea)
Chicory
Wine-grape raisins (Vitis vinifera)
European white lily (Nymphaea alba)
Blue star water lily (Nymphaea nouchali)
Lotus (nelumbo)
Borage
coriander
Rosemary
Fruits:
Orange
Citron
Pineapple
Apple
Berries
Strawberry
Raspberry
Loganberry
Blackberry
Cherry
Concord grapes
Blackcurrant
Watermelon
Vegetables:
Spinach
Carrot
Mint
Sponge gourd (Luffa aegyptiaca)
Flowers:
Rose
Kewra (Pandanus fascicularis)
Lemon
Orange
Roots:
Vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides)
Preparation
Rooh Afza syrup is generally served mixed with cold milk and ice. Rooh Afza is often prepared as part of Iftar (the evening meal for breaking the fast or roza), during Ramadan (the holy month of fasting for Muslims). The concentrate can also be mixed with water, which is a common preparation in the hot Pakistani summers. When mixed with water, the final drink is a type of sharbat. Rooh Afza syrup is often mixed with Kulfi ice cream and vermicelli to make a similar version of the popular Iranian dessert Faloodeh.
Lawsuit and fine in Bangladesh
On the complaint of false information, misleading advertisements and publication of false information on the web site, Safe Food Inspector Kamrul Hassan filed a case against Hamdard Laboratories Bangladesh on May 30, 2018. In the case, he mentions that the information published in the advertisement with 'Rooh Afza made with 35 fruit juice' is not correct. On June 12 of the same year, Pure food court judge AFM Maruf Chowdhury fined the company four lakhs taka for publishing misleading advertisements. If unable to pay the fine, then the Hamdard chairman and managing director would be punished for three months' imprisonment.
Variants
Hamdard Laboratories India has launched two ready to drink variants in India namely RoohAfza Fusion and RoohAfza Milkshake.
References
External links
Official Website of Hamdard Laboratories (WAQF), Bangladesh (Archive)
Official Website of Hamdard Laboratories, India
Official Website of Hamdard Laboratories (Waqf) Pakistan
Non-alcoholic drinks
Indian drink brands
Pakistani drinks
Bangladeshi drinks
Pakistani drink brands
Products introduced in 1906
Iftar foods
|
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"content": "Rooh Afza",
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"content": "Rooh Afza (; ; ) (Soul Refresher) is a concentrated squash. It was formulated in 1906 in Ghaziabad, in the British India by Hakeem Muhammad Kabeeruddin and introduced by Hakim Hafiz Abdul Majeed, and launched from Old Delhi. Currently, Rooh Afza is manufactured by the companies founded by him and his sons, Hamdard Laboratories, India, Hamdard Laboratories (Waqf) Pakistan and Hamdard Laboratories (Waqf) Bangladesh. Since 1948, the company has been manufacturing the product in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.\n\nOther companies formulate the same un-patented recipe in these countries as well. The specific Unani recipe of Rooh Afza combines several ingredients popularly believed to be cooling agents, such as rose, which is used as a remedy for loo (the hot summer winds of Northern India and Pakistan and Bangladesh). The drink is commonly associated with the month of Ramadan, in which it is usually consumed during iftar. It is sold commercially as a syrup to flavour sherbets, cold milk drinks, ices, and cold desserts such as the popular falooda. The name Rooh Afza is sometimes translated as \"refresher of the soul\". It is said that this name was made up by the original formulator of the drink, with possible cultural influences.\n\nHistory\n\nRooh Afza was founded by Hamdard's founder Hakim Hafiz Abdul Majeed in old Delhi, India. In 1906, he wanted to create a herbal mix that would help Delhi's people stay cool in the summer. He selected herbs and syrups from traditional Unani medicine and created a drink that would help counter heat strokes and prevent water loss in people. An artist, Mirza Noor Ahmad, designed the labels of Rooh Afza in many colours in 1910. Progress in development and refining the original recipe continued all along until the final drink emerged.\n\nAfter Majeed's death 15 years later, his wife Rabea Begum established a charitable trust in the name of herself and their two sons.\n\nFollowing the partition of India in 1947, while the elder son, Hakim Abdul Hameed, stayed back in India – the younger son, Hakim Mohammad Said, migrated to Pakistan on 9 January 1948 and started a separate Hamdard Company from two rooms in the old Arambagh area of Karachi. Hamdard Pakistan finally became profitable in 1953. Hakim Mohammad Said had opened a branch of Hamdard in the former East Pakistan. According to Hakim Mohammad Said's daughter, Sadia Rashid, chairperson of Hamdard Pakistan in 2019, her father gifted the business to the people of Bangladesh after their independence in 1971.\n\nIn 2010, chef Nita Mehta and Indian film actress Juhi Chawla were hired for promotional activities by Hamdard Laboratories to create new mocktail and dessert recipes for Rooh Afza, their all-season summer drink, which was used in a new marketing campaign.\n\nIngredients\nIts original formulation included:\n\nHerbs: \n Deepak (\"khurfa seeds\", Portulaca oleracea)\n Chicory\n Wine-grape raisins (Vitis vinifera)\n European white lily (Nymphaea alba)\n Blue star water lily (Nymphaea nouchali)\n Lotus (nelumbo)\n Borage\n coriander \n Rosemary\n\nFruits: \n Orange\n Citron \n Pineapple\n Apple\n Berries\n Strawberry\n Raspberry \n Loganberry\n Blackberry\n Cherry\n Concord grapes\n Blackcurrant \n Watermelon\n\nVegetables: \n Spinach\n Carrot\n Mint\n Sponge gourd (Luffa aegyptiaca)\n\nFlowers: \n Rose \n Kewra (Pandanus fascicularis)\n Lemon\n Orange\n\nRoots:\n Vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides)\n\nPreparation\nRooh Afza syrup is generally served mixed with cold milk and ice. Rooh Afza is often prepared as part of Iftar (the evening meal for breaking the fast or roza), during Ramadan (the holy month of fasting for Muslims). The concentrate can also be mixed with water, which is a common preparation in the hot Pakistani summers. When mixed with water, the final drink is a type of sharbat. Rooh Afza syrup is often mixed with Kulfi ice cream and vermicelli to make a similar version of the popular Iranian dessert Faloodeh.\n\nLawsuit and fine in Bangladesh\nOn the complaint of false information, misleading advertisements and publication of false information on the web site, Safe Food Inspector Kamrul Hassan filed a case against Hamdard Laboratories Bangladesh on May 30, 2018. In the case, he mentions that the information published in the advertisement with 'Rooh Afza made with 35 fruit juice' is not correct. On June 12 of the same year, Pure food court judge AFM Maruf Chowdhury fined the company four lakhs taka for publishing misleading advertisements. If unable to pay the fine, then the Hamdard chairman and managing director would be punished for three months' imprisonment.\n\nVariants \nHamdard Laboratories India has launched two ready to drink variants in India namely RoohAfza Fusion and RoohAfza Milkshake.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Official Website of Hamdard Laboratories (WAQF), Bangladesh (Archive)\n Official Website of Hamdard Laboratories, India\n Official Website of Hamdard Laboratories (Waqf) Pakistan\n\nNon-alcoholic drinks\nIndian drink brands\nPakistani drinks\nBangladeshi drinks\nPakistani drink brands\nProducts introduced in 1906\nIftar foods",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raggejavreraige
|
Raggejavreraige or Råggejávrrerájgge is a cave located in a mountain above the Hellemofjorden in the municipality of Hamarøy in Nordland county, Norway. The cave is located near the lake Råggejávrre, about south of the village of Musken. Råggejávrrerájgge is a limestone cave that has been eroded by this underground river. At deep, it is the deepest cave in Scandinavia and the only known deep cave north of the Arctic Circle.
Regional Setting
Generally, the area is a vast plateau (exceeding an elevation of above sea level) that is incised by the steep-walled Tysfjorden. Within the impermeable rock, there are three two-dimensional stripes of marble that run from the top of the plateau to below sea level (the fjord is deep), and continue on the other side. Raggejavreraige is located on the south side of the fjord within the westernmost stripe. In places, the cave occupies the entire width of the marble, which does not exceed .
Road access to the cave is limited. The nearest road ends at the village of Drag (via Bodø), about to the north. From Drag, there is scheduled boat service that can be taken to the small village of Musken. Accommodations at the local school and arrangements for trailhead drop-off and pickup by motor-boat can be arranged from Musken. After a stiff hike on a good trail up to an elevation of the upper entrance area is reached.
Cave Description
Surface water atop the plateau sinks where it encounters the marble, but the accessible entrance to Raggejavreraige ("RJR") is some away, a short distance above the shallow valley floor. This entrance is not particularly distinctive, but its strong, inward gust of wind erases any doubt that it is a large cave. The cave consists of about of passages that alternate between steep rifts or shafts and horizontal or low-slope passages.
RJR's dominant feature is the Storstupet ("Big Shaft"). All of the water falls down a parallel shaft only a few metres away. The Ulvgangen ("Wolf Walk") traverses across the cascades at the mouth of this wet shaft to the dry Storstupet. A pulldown descent of Storstupet is complicated by its low angle (about 80 degrees), and many teams prefer to detackle this pitch from above. Halfway down Storstupet is a window connecting back with the wet shaft, so descending cavers can enjoy all of the sound and fury of the wet shaft in relative comfort. All of the water from the parallel shaft sinks into the floor at its bottom, and is not seen again in the cave.
RJR's other major shaft is the impressive Litlestupet (Little Shaft), reduced to by a partial bypass known as Knivgangen ("Razor Passage"). Unlike Storstupet, Litlestupet is dry, quiet, and free-hanging.
As there are three entrances, cavers conducting a through-trip from the upper entrance at above sea level can exit at the Mistral exit at above sea level or at the lowest exit which is in a cliff a mere above the fjord.
Exploration
Norwegian geologist Steinar Foslie visited the RJR area in the late 1930s, and noted the presence of sinking streams resurging at sea level. In 1968, British caver David Heap of the Kendal Cave Club and Ulv Holbye (after whom Ulvgangen is named) led a school party to about partway down Storstupet, which was descended the next year by a KCC party using a winch, completing exploration of most of the cave and exiting via the middle entrance. The connection between the two lower entrances was made by a British team in 1979.
Doubts about the accuracy of the cave survey (stated depth was anywhere between ) led to a resurvey of most of the cave by Stein-Erik Lauritzen and others in 1991, which corrected the depth of the cave to . The entrances to the cave are located at elevations of , , and above sea level, with the low point of the cave at above sea level. The cave is known to resurge below sea level.
References
External links
Caving at Råggejávrrerájgge
Hamarøy
Caves of Norway
Wild caves
Landforms of Nordland
|
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raggejavreraige",
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"content": "Raggejavreraige or Råggejávrrerájgge is a cave located in a mountain above the Hellemofjorden in the municipality of Hamarøy in Nordland county, Norway. The cave is located near the lake Råggejávrre, about south of the village of Musken. Råggejávrrerájgge is a limestone cave that has been eroded by this underground river. At deep, it is the deepest cave in Scandinavia and the only known deep cave north of the Arctic Circle.\n\nRegional Setting\nGenerally, the area is a vast plateau (exceeding an elevation of above sea level) that is incised by the steep-walled Tysfjorden. Within the impermeable rock, there are three two-dimensional stripes of marble that run from the top of the plateau to below sea level (the fjord is deep), and continue on the other side. Raggejavreraige is located on the south side of the fjord within the westernmost stripe. In places, the cave occupies the entire width of the marble, which does not exceed .\n\nRoad access to the cave is limited. The nearest road ends at the village of Drag (via Bodø), about to the north. From Drag, there is scheduled boat service that can be taken to the small village of Musken. Accommodations at the local school and arrangements for trailhead drop-off and pickup by motor-boat can be arranged from Musken. After a stiff hike on a good trail up to an elevation of the upper entrance area is reached.\n\nCave Description\nSurface water atop the plateau sinks where it encounters the marble, but the accessible entrance to Raggejavreraige (\"RJR\") is some away, a short distance above the shallow valley floor. This entrance is not particularly distinctive, but its strong, inward gust of wind erases any doubt that it is a large cave. The cave consists of about of passages that alternate between steep rifts or shafts and horizontal or low-slope passages.\n\nRJR's dominant feature is the Storstupet (\"Big Shaft\"). All of the water falls down a parallel shaft only a few metres away. The Ulvgangen (\"Wolf Walk\") traverses across the cascades at the mouth of this wet shaft to the dry Storstupet. A pulldown descent of Storstupet is complicated by its low angle (about 80 degrees), and many teams prefer to detackle this pitch from above. Halfway down Storstupet is a window connecting back with the wet shaft, so descending cavers can enjoy all of the sound and fury of the wet shaft in relative comfort. All of the water from the parallel shaft sinks into the floor at its bottom, and is not seen again in the cave.\n\nRJR's other major shaft is the impressive Litlestupet (Little Shaft), reduced to by a partial bypass known as Knivgangen (\"Razor Passage\"). Unlike Storstupet, Litlestupet is dry, quiet, and free-hanging.\n\nAs there are three entrances, cavers conducting a through-trip from the upper entrance at above sea level can exit at the Mistral exit at above sea level or at the lowest exit which is in a cliff a mere above the fjord.\n\nExploration\nNorwegian geologist Steinar Foslie visited the RJR area in the late 1930s, and noted the presence of sinking streams resurging at sea level. In 1968, British caver David Heap of the Kendal Cave Club and Ulv Holbye (after whom Ulvgangen is named) led a school party to about partway down Storstupet, which was descended the next year by a KCC party using a winch, completing exploration of most of the cave and exiting via the middle entrance. The connection between the two lower entrances was made by a British team in 1979.\n\nDoubts about the accuracy of the cave survey (stated depth was anywhere between ) led to a resurvey of most of the cave by Stein-Erik Lauritzen and others in 1991, which corrected the depth of the cave to . The entrances to the cave are located at elevations of , , and above sea level, with the low point of the cave at above sea level. The cave is known to resurge below sea level.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nCaving at Råggejávrrerájgge\n\nHamarøy\nCaves of Norway\nWild caves\nLandforms of Nordland",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa-Marie%20Allen
|
Lisa-Marie Allen (born September 16, 1960 in Glendale, California) is an American former figure skater. In 1979, she won gold at the inaugural Skate America (then titled Norton Skate). She is also the 1978 Skate Canada International champion, 1975 Nebelhorn Trophy champion, 1979 NHK Trophy Silver Medalist, and a four-time U.S. national medalist (three silver, one bronze). She competed at the 1980 Winter Olympics, placing fifth.
After retiring from amateur competition, Allen became the World Professional champion in 1990 and American Open Professional champion in 1997. She was the assistant choreographer for the feature film Blades of Glory (as well as making a cameo appearance) and assistant choreographer for the opening and closing ceremonies of the Salt Lake Olympic Games.
Results
References
External links
Lisa-Marie Allen's entry at Figureskatingmystery.com
1960 births
American female single skaters
Olympic figure skaters for the United States
Figure skaters at the 1980 Winter Olympics
Living people
Sportspeople from Glendale, California
21st-century American sportswomen
Brighton Hall School alumni
|
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa-Marie%20Allen",
"role": "user"
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"content": "Lisa-Marie Allen (born September 16, 1960 in Glendale, California) is an American former figure skater. In 1979, she won gold at the inaugural Skate America (then titled Norton Skate). She is also the 1978 Skate Canada International champion, 1975 Nebelhorn Trophy champion, 1979 NHK Trophy Silver Medalist, and a four-time U.S. national medalist (three silver, one bronze). She competed at the 1980 Winter Olympics, placing fifth.\n\nAfter retiring from amateur competition, Allen became the World Professional champion in 1990 and American Open Professional champion in 1997. She was the assistant choreographer for the feature film Blades of Glory (as well as making a cameo appearance) and assistant choreographer for the opening and closing ceremonies of the Salt Lake Olympic Games.\n\nResults\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n Lisa-Marie Allen's entry at Figureskatingmystery.com\n\n1960 births\nAmerican female single skaters\nOlympic figure skaters for the United States\nFigure skaters at the 1980 Winter Olympics\nLiving people\nSportspeople from Glendale, California\n21st-century American sportswomen\nBrighton Hall School alumni",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIHF%20World%20Championship%20Division%20I
|
The IIHF World Championship Division I is an annual sports event organized by the International Ice Hockey Federation. The divisional championship is played in two groups.
History
From 2001 until 2011 the two national teams that lost the relegation round at the IIHF World Championship were relegated to Division I for the following year's World Championships. At the Division I Championship, the winner of each group was promoted to the following year's IIHF World Championship, while the loser of each group was relegated to the Division II. Beginning in 2012, the last place team from each group in the world championship is relegated to Division I A, to be replaced by first and second place in Division I A. Sixth place in I A is relegated (now) to group I B, replaced by its winner, while sixth in I B is relegated to Division II.
The Division I World Championship was formed in 2001 from Pool B and the top four Pool C teams. Beginning in 2012 the two groups became tiered rather than parallel. Group A teams were the nations who either were relegated from the World Championship, or placed 2nd and 3rd in their 2011 groups. Group B was formed from the 4th and 5th placed teams, as well as the teams promoted from Division II. Japan qualified for group A because the IIHF council voted unanimously to allow Japan to maintain their seeded position (3rd) in their respective tournaments for 2012.
Results
Pool B
Champions (1951–2000)
Summary of participation
59 championships
Division I teams (2001–present) are ranked one through twelve, with this chart assessing gold, silver, and bronze to the nations who ranked 17th, 18th, and 19th overall.
Note 1. The Federal Republic of Germany competed as West Germany from 1953 until 1990.
Note 2. Czechoslovakia, Sweden, and Finland each hosted this level on one occasion each.
See also
Ice Hockey World Championships
IIHF World Championship Division II
IIHF World Championship Division III
References
External links
2010 IIHF Championship Program on iihf.com
|
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIHF%20World%20Championship%20Division%20I",
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"content": "The IIHF World Championship Division I is an annual sports event organized by the International Ice Hockey Federation. The divisional championship is played in two groups.\n\nHistory\nFrom 2001 until 2011 the two national teams that lost the relegation round at the IIHF World Championship were relegated to Division I for the following year's World Championships. At the Division I Championship, the winner of each group was promoted to the following year's IIHF World Championship, while the loser of each group was relegated to the Division II. Beginning in 2012, the last place team from each group in the world championship is relegated to Division I A, to be replaced by first and second place in Division I A. Sixth place in I A is relegated (now) to group I B, replaced by its winner, while sixth in I B is relegated to Division II.\n\nThe Division I World Championship was formed in 2001 from Pool B and the top four Pool C teams. Beginning in 2012 the two groups became tiered rather than parallel. Group A teams were the nations who either were relegated from the World Championship, or placed 2nd and 3rd in their 2011 groups. Group B was formed from the 4th and 5th placed teams, as well as the teams promoted from Division II. Japan qualified for group A because the IIHF council voted unanimously to allow Japan to maintain their seeded position (3rd) in their respective tournaments for 2012.\n\nResults\n\nPool B\n\nChampions (1951–2000)\n\nSummary of participation\n59 championships\nDivision I teams (2001–present) are ranked one through twelve, with this chart assessing gold, silver, and bronze to the nations who ranked 17th, 18th, and 19th overall.\n\nNote 1. The Federal Republic of Germany competed as West Germany from 1953 until 1990.\nNote 2. Czechoslovakia, Sweden, and Finland each hosted this level on one occasion each.\n\nSee also\nIce Hockey World Championships\nIIHF World Championship Division II\nIIHF World Championship Division III\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n2010 IIHF Championship Program on iihf.com",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queer%20Boys%20and%20Girls%20on%20the%20Shinkansen
|
Queer Boys and Girls on the Shinkansen is a 2004 Japanese movie produced by habakari-cinema+records. The English title is Queer Boys and Girls on the Bullet Train.
Description
Queer Boys and Girls on the Shinkansen brings together ten filmmakers and artists who consistently affirm what it means to be gay or lesbian in their work. Habakari chose ten filmmakers to make a five-minute work each, developed around a gay or lesbian theme, and compiled the resulting shorts in random order to create this omnibus film. The result is a queer film, by queer filmmakers, for a queer audience. Each short is its own short story, and the styles range from drama and experimental film and animation.
Acts
The movie consists of twelve acts.
00 - Opening Act, "Let's Take a Trip".
01 - "Parallel Contact", written and directed by Hasegawa Kenjiro.
02 - "I Hum, and She's Dashing When She Walks", written and directed by iri.
03 - "Key", directed by Kang Yen-Nien.
04 - "Wrap! Rap! -10cs3-", written and directed by Woolala Satoko (うらら さとこ).
05 - "Juicy!", written and directed by JohnJ Heart.
06 - "Techniques for Deadly Blows in 199X", written, directed, and animated by Takasaki Keiichi.
07 - "Machi27", directed by Hirai Yuko.
08 - "I Want You to Kiss Me", written and directed by Imaizumi Koichi.
09 - "One Brilliant Moment", directed by Taguchi Hiroki.
10 - "Bye-Bye 'Over the Rainbow'", written and directed by Akira the Hustler.
11 - "Closing Act"
External links
The Producer's webpage
2004 films
2000s Japanese-language films
Japanese LGBT-related films
2000s Japanese films
|
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queer%20Boys%20and%20Girls%20on%20the%20Shinkansen",
"role": "user"
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"content": "Queer Boys and Girls on the Shinkansen is a 2004 Japanese movie produced by habakari-cinema+records. The English title is Queer Boys and Girls on the Bullet Train.\n\nDescription\nQueer Boys and Girls on the Shinkansen brings together ten filmmakers and artists who consistently affirm what it means to be gay or lesbian in their work. Habakari chose ten filmmakers to make a five-minute work each, developed around a gay or lesbian theme, and compiled the resulting shorts in random order to create this omnibus film. The result is a queer film, by queer filmmakers, for a queer audience. Each short is its own short story, and the styles range from drama and experimental film and animation.\n\nActs\nThe movie consists of twelve acts.\n\n00 - Opening Act, \"Let's Take a Trip\".\n01 - \"Parallel Contact\", written and directed by Hasegawa Kenjiro.\n02 - \"I Hum, and She's Dashing When She Walks\", written and directed by iri.\n03 - \"Key\", directed by Kang Yen-Nien.\n04 - \"Wrap! Rap! -10cs3-\", written and directed by Woolala Satoko (うらら さとこ).\n05 - \"Juicy!\", written and directed by JohnJ Heart.\n06 - \"Techniques for Deadly Blows in 199X\", written, directed, and animated by Takasaki Keiichi.\n07 - \"Machi27\", directed by Hirai Yuko.\n08 - \"I Want You to Kiss Me\", written and directed by Imaizumi Koichi.\n09 - \"One Brilliant Moment\", directed by Taguchi Hiroki.\n10 - \"Bye-Bye 'Over the Rainbow'\", written and directed by Akira the Hustler.\n11 - \"Closing Act\"\n\nExternal links\nThe Producer's webpage\n\n2004 films\n2000s Japanese-language films\nJapanese LGBT-related films\n2000s Japanese films",
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Hekendorp
|
Hekendorp is a village in the Dutch province of Utrecht. It is a part of the municipality of Oudewater, and lies about 6 km east of Gouda.
Hekendorp was a separate municipality between 1817 and 1964, when it merged with Driebruggen. During this period, the area was part of the province South Holland. In 1857, the municipality of Oukoop was added to Hekendorp, even though the two former municipalities did not border each other.
The Goejanverwellesluis where the patriots stopped Wilhelmina van Pruisen is located in Hekendorp.
History
The village was first mentioned in 1307 as Hedickendorp, and means "settlement of Hedeke (person)". Hekendorp developed as a dike village near the sluice where the Dubbele Wiericke enters the Hollandse IJssel. In 1845, a little Dutch Reformed Church was built in the village. The Goejanverwellesluis dates from 1607, and is still operated manually. There is a justice statue near the sluice where criminals were publicly tortured. In 1840, Hekendorp was home to 408 people.
Gallery
References
Populated places in Utrecht (province)
Former municipalities of South Holland
Oudewater
|
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"content": "Hekendorp",
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"content": "Hekendorp is a village in the Dutch province of Utrecht. It is a part of the municipality of Oudewater, and lies about 6 km east of Gouda.\n\nHekendorp was a separate municipality between 1817 and 1964, when it merged with Driebruggen. During this period, the area was part of the province South Holland. In 1857, the municipality of Oukoop was added to Hekendorp, even though the two former municipalities did not border each other. \n\nThe Goejanverwellesluis where the patriots stopped Wilhelmina van Pruisen is located in Hekendorp.\n\nHistory \nThe village was first mentioned in 1307 as Hedickendorp, and means \"settlement of Hedeke (person)\". Hekendorp developed as a dike village near the sluice where the Dubbele Wiericke enters the Hollandse IJssel. In 1845, a little Dutch Reformed Church was built in the village. The Goejanverwellesluis dates from 1607, and is still operated manually. There is a justice statue near the sluice where criminals were publicly tortured. In 1840, Hekendorp was home to 408 people.\n\nGallery\n\nReferences\n\nPopulated places in Utrecht (province)\nFormer municipalities of South Holland\nOudewater",
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] |
Careful, He Might Hear You (film)
|
Careful, He Might Hear You is a 1983 Australian drama film. It is based on the 1963 novel of the same name by Australian-American author Sumner Locke Elliott.
Plot
The film stars Wendy Hughes and Robyn Nevin as two sisters who are locked in a custody battle over their young nephew, PS, played by Nicholas Gledhill. PS has been raised by his aunt Lila (Nevin) and her husband George since his mother died soon after his birth. When Lila's richer sister Vanessa (Hughes) returns from overseas, she seeks custody of PS, citing the opportunities she can give him.
Cast
Wendy Hughes as Vanessa
Robyn Nevin as Lila
Nicholas Gledhill as PS
Michael Long
Production
There had long been interest in making a film out of the novel. In the 1960s it was announced that Joshua Logan would direct a movie version starring Elizabeth Taylor but this did not come to pass. Film rights to the novel were bought by Jill Robb who hired Mike Jenkins to adapt the screenplay and Carl Schultz to direct. Funding was obtained from the New South Wales Film Corporation among others.
After an extensive search, Nicholas Gledhill, son of actor Arthur Dignam was cast as PS.
The film was shot in and around Sydney, mostly in Neutral Bay and Darling Point. The Hordern Family garden and mansion, Babworth House, in Darling Point was used in filming.
Box office
Careful, He Might Hear You grossed $2,431,126 at the box office in Australia. The movie also enjoyed a successful release in North America.
Home media
A Collector's Edition of Careful, He Might Hear You was released on DVD with a new print by Umbrella Entertainment in June 2008. The DVD is compatible with all regional codes and includes special features such as the film trailer, bonus trailers, a still photo gallery, an interview with Sumner Locke Elliot and interviews with stars Wendy Hughes, Nicholas Gledhill and Jill Robb.
A regular edition of the film with reduced special features was released on DVD by Umbrella Entertainment in October 2008.
Accolades
See also
Cinema of Australia
References
External links
Careful, He Might Hear You at the National Film and Sound Archive
Careful He Might Hear You at Oz Movies
1983 films
1983 drama films
Australian drama films
1980s English-language films
Films about children
Films about dysfunctional families
Films based on American novels
Films based on Australian novels
Films directed by Carl Schultz
Films set in the 1960s
Works by Sumner Locke Elliott
|
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"content": "Careful, He Might Hear You (film)",
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"content": "Careful, He Might Hear You is a 1983 Australian drama film. It is based on the 1963 novel of the same name by Australian-American author Sumner Locke Elliott.\n\nPlot\nThe film stars Wendy Hughes and Robyn Nevin as two sisters who are locked in a custody battle over their young nephew, PS, played by Nicholas Gledhill. PS has been raised by his aunt Lila (Nevin) and her husband George since his mother died soon after his birth. When Lila's richer sister Vanessa (Hughes) returns from overseas, she seeks custody of PS, citing the opportunities she can give him.\n\nCast\n Wendy Hughes as Vanessa\n Robyn Nevin as Lila\n Nicholas Gledhill as PS\n Michael Long\n\nProduction\nThere had long been interest in making a film out of the novel. In the 1960s it was announced that Joshua Logan would direct a movie version starring Elizabeth Taylor but this did not come to pass. Film rights to the novel were bought by Jill Robb who hired Mike Jenkins to adapt the screenplay and Carl Schultz to direct. Funding was obtained from the New South Wales Film Corporation among others.\n\nAfter an extensive search, Nicholas Gledhill, son of actor Arthur Dignam was cast as PS.\n\nThe film was shot in and around Sydney, mostly in Neutral Bay and Darling Point. The Hordern Family garden and mansion, Babworth House, in Darling Point was used in filming.\n\nBox office\nCareful, He Might Hear You grossed $2,431,126 at the box office in Australia. The movie also enjoyed a successful release in North America.\n\nHome media\nA Collector's Edition of Careful, He Might Hear You was released on DVD with a new print by Umbrella Entertainment in June 2008. The DVD is compatible with all regional codes and includes special features such as the film trailer, bonus trailers, a still photo gallery, an interview with Sumner Locke Elliot and interviews with stars Wendy Hughes, Nicholas Gledhill and Jill Robb.\n\nA regular edition of the film with reduced special features was released on DVD by Umbrella Entertainment in October 2008.\n\nAccolades\n\nSee also\n Cinema of Australia\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nCareful, He Might Hear You at the National Film and Sound Archive\nCareful He Might Hear You at Oz Movies\n \n \n \n\n1983 films\n1983 drama films\nAustralian drama films\n1980s English-language films\nFilms about children\nFilms about dysfunctional families\nFilms based on American novels\nFilms based on Australian novels\nFilms directed by Carl Schultz\nFilms set in the 1960s\nWorks by Sumner Locke Elliott",
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Battle of Adrianople (disambiguation)
|
The Battle of Adrianople (378 CE), in which Gothic rebels defeated the Eastern Roman Empire, was the main battle of the Gothic War (376–382).
Battle of Adrianople may also refer to:
Battle of Adrianople (324), a battle in which Constantine the Great defeated Licinius in a Roman civil war
Siege of Adrianople (378), an unsuccessful siege by the Goths following the Battle of Adrianople
Battle of Adrianople (718), a battle between an alliance of Bulgarians and Byzantines against the Umayyad Caliphate, during the Siege of Constantinople (717–718)
Battle of Adrianople (813), a successful Bulgarian siege of the Byzantine city
Battle of Adrianople (914), a battle between Bulgarians and Byzantines
Battle of Adrianople (972), a battle between Byzantines and Kievan Rus' led by Sviatoslav I of Kiev
Battle of Adrianople (1003), a battle between Bulgarians and Byzantines
Battle of Adrianople (1094), part of the revolt of Constantine Diogenes (pretender) and his Cuman allies
Battle of Adrianople (1205), part of the Fourth Crusade, in which the Bulgarians defeated the Crusaders
Battle of Adrianople (1226), part of the revolt of Theodore Komnenos Doukas
Battle of Adrianople (1254), in which the Byzantines defeated the Bulgarians
Battle of Adrianople (1305), a battle between the Byzantines and the Catalan Company
Battle of Adrianople (1355), a battle between the Byzantines and the Serbs led by Stefan Dušan
Battle of Adrianople (1365), in which the Ottoman Empire took the city from the Byzantine Empire
Battle of Adrianople (1829), in which the Russians seized the city from the Ottoman Empire
Siege of Adrianople (1912–1913), in which the Bulgarians took the city from the Ottomans in the First Balkan War
Siege of Adrianople (1913)
See also
Adrianople
Battle of Tzirallum, a 313 CE battle in which Licinius defeated Maximinus Daia in a Roman civil war
|
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"content": "Battle of Adrianople (disambiguation)",
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"content": "The Battle of Adrianople (378 CE), in which Gothic rebels defeated the Eastern Roman Empire, was the main battle of the Gothic War (376–382).\n\nBattle of Adrianople may also refer to:\nBattle of Adrianople (324), a battle in which Constantine the Great defeated Licinius in a Roman civil war\nSiege of Adrianople (378), an unsuccessful siege by the Goths following the Battle of Adrianople\nBattle of Adrianople (718), a battle between an alliance of Bulgarians and Byzantines against the Umayyad Caliphate, during the Siege of Constantinople (717–718)\nBattle of Adrianople (813), a successful Bulgarian siege of the Byzantine city\nBattle of Adrianople (914), a battle between Bulgarians and Byzantines\nBattle of Adrianople (972), a battle between Byzantines and Kievan Rus' led by Sviatoslav I of Kiev\nBattle of Adrianople (1003), a battle between Bulgarians and Byzantines\nBattle of Adrianople (1094), part of the revolt of Constantine Diogenes (pretender) and his Cuman allies\nBattle of Adrianople (1205), part of the Fourth Crusade, in which the Bulgarians defeated the Crusaders\nBattle of Adrianople (1226), part of the revolt of Theodore Komnenos Doukas\nBattle of Adrianople (1254), in which the Byzantines defeated the Bulgarians\nBattle of Adrianople (1305), a battle between the Byzantines and the Catalan Company\nBattle of Adrianople (1355), a battle between the Byzantines and the Serbs led by Stefan Dušan\nBattle of Adrianople (1365), in which the Ottoman Empire took the city from the Byzantine Empire\nBattle of Adrianople (1829), in which the Russians seized the city from the Ottoman Empire\nSiege of Adrianople (1912–1913), in which the Bulgarians took the city from the Ottomans in the First Balkan War\nSiege of Adrianople (1913)\n\nSee also\n Adrianople\nBattle of Tzirallum, a 313 CE battle in which Licinius defeated Maximinus Daia in a Roman civil war",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly%20Waugh
|
Beverly Waugh (1789–1858) was an American who was a Methodist pastor, book agent, and Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, elected in 1836.
Birth and early years
Waugh was born on October 28, 1789, in Fairfax County, Virginia, the son of a veteran of the American Revolutionary War. At the age of fifteen, he was converted to the Christian faith and became a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church at Alexandria, Virginia. It is believed that he was employed as a clerk in a government office or in business for three or four years, given the excellent penmanship and accuracy of his accounts throughout his life. From the time he was eighteen until shortly before his death, he kept a journal which, in the end, amounted to several manuscript volumes.
Ordained ministry
In 1809, aged 20, Waugh entered the itinerant ministry of the Baltimore Annual Conference. After three years he was stationed in the city of Washington. For 18 years he filled a number of the most prominent appointments in the Baltimore Conference.
Waugh was elected by his peers to be a delegate to the General Conferences of 1816 and 1820, representing the Baltimore Conference. For the 1824 General Conference, because he was in favor of an elected Presiding Eldership (which the majority of his conference did not approve), he was not elected a delegate.
In 1828, Waugh was again elected a member of General Conference, and was, at that time, chosen Assistant Editor and Agent of the Book Concern of the Methodist Episcopal Church, resulting in his restationing to New York City. This also necessitated his transfer to the New York Annual Conference, as the rule in force at that time constituted the Assistant Book Agent a member of that body. In his work with the Book Concern, Waugh was closely associated with John Emory, later Bishop.
In 1832, Waugh was made the principal agent, through not a member of the General Conference that year. He was again a member of the 1836 General Conference.
Episcopal ministry
Waugh was elected to the Episcopacy of the Methodist Episcopal Church by the 1836 General Conference. He filled this highest office in the ordained ministry for nearly 22 years. After the death of Bishop Hedding in 1852, he was the Senior Bishop of his denomination.
Waugh traveled almost constantly. He was never absent from one of his conferences. He organized the Rock River, Texas Annual Conference, with only nine members, as well as other Annual Conferences. Long before the time of railroads, his routes ranged from Michigan to Georgia, and Maine to Texas. He shared with his colleagues the responsibility of presiding over five sessions of the General Conference, some of which were the most laborious and difficult known in the history of the Church. It is supposed that the average number of preachers appointed by him per annum was probably 550, or about 12,000 altogether.
Death
Waugh visited Carlisle, Pennsylvania, for several days in January 1858 to assist in a revival of religion. On his return home, he was seized with erysipelas and died on February 9, 1858, in Baltimore. The immediate cause of his death is supposed to have been an affection of the heart. He was buried in the Mount Olivet Cemetery in Baltimore, near the graves of Bishops Francis Asbury, Enoch George and John Emory.
Selected writings
Beverly Waugh's Journal. Manuscripts from 1807, continued with gaps for many years
A Series of Questions for Bible Classes, with J. Emory, 1828.
Wesley's Works, Editor (with John Emory), 1831.
"Nature and Objects of the Methodist Book Concern", a statement in Emory's Life and Works, R. Emory, 1841.
"Funeral discourse on Bishop Roberts" in Sermons on Miscellaneous Subjects, Cincinnati, 1847.
See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church
Notes
References
Further reading
Discourse on, delivered by Bishop T.A. Morris, General Conference, published by its order, 1860.
Sketch: Western Cavaliers, A.H. Redford, 1876.
Sketch: Lives of Methodist Bishops, H.B. Ridgaway, Flood and Hamilton, 1882.
Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church
1789 births
1858 deaths
American Methodist Episcopal bishops
American book editors
Editors of Christian publications
American sermon writers
American diarists
Methodist ministers
Burials at Mount Olivet Cemetery (Baltimore)
19th-century Methodist bishops
19th-century American bishops
|
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly%20Waugh",
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"content": "Beverly Waugh (1789–1858) was an American who was a Methodist pastor, book agent, and Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, elected in 1836.\n\nBirth and early years\nWaugh was born on October 28, 1789, in Fairfax County, Virginia, the son of a veteran of the American Revolutionary War. At the age of fifteen, he was converted to the Christian faith and became a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church at Alexandria, Virginia. It is believed that he was employed as a clerk in a government office or in business for three or four years, given the excellent penmanship and accuracy of his accounts throughout his life. From the time he was eighteen until shortly before his death, he kept a journal which, in the end, amounted to several manuscript volumes.\n\nOrdained ministry\nIn 1809, aged 20, Waugh entered the itinerant ministry of the Baltimore Annual Conference. After three years he was stationed in the city of Washington. For 18 years he filled a number of the most prominent appointments in the Baltimore Conference.\n\nWaugh was elected by his peers to be a delegate to the General Conferences of 1816 and 1820, representing the Baltimore Conference. For the 1824 General Conference, because he was in favor of an elected Presiding Eldership (which the majority of his conference did not approve), he was not elected a delegate.\n\nIn 1828, Waugh was again elected a member of General Conference, and was, at that time, chosen Assistant Editor and Agent of the Book Concern of the Methodist Episcopal Church, resulting in his restationing to New York City. This also necessitated his transfer to the New York Annual Conference, as the rule in force at that time constituted the Assistant Book Agent a member of that body. In his work with the Book Concern, Waugh was closely associated with John Emory, later Bishop.\n\nIn 1832, Waugh was made the principal agent, through not a member of the General Conference that year. He was again a member of the 1836 General Conference.\n\nEpiscopal ministry\nWaugh was elected to the Episcopacy of the Methodist Episcopal Church by the 1836 General Conference. He filled this highest office in the ordained ministry for nearly 22 years. After the death of Bishop Hedding in 1852, he was the Senior Bishop of his denomination.\n\nWaugh traveled almost constantly. He was never absent from one of his conferences. He organized the Rock River, Texas Annual Conference, with only nine members, as well as other Annual Conferences. Long before the time of railroads, his routes ranged from Michigan to Georgia, and Maine to Texas. He shared with his colleagues the responsibility of presiding over five sessions of the General Conference, some of which were the most laborious and difficult known in the history of the Church. It is supposed that the average number of preachers appointed by him per annum was probably 550, or about 12,000 altogether.\n\nDeath\nWaugh visited Carlisle, Pennsylvania, for several days in January 1858 to assist in a revival of religion. On his return home, he was seized with erysipelas and died on February 9, 1858, in Baltimore. The immediate cause of his death is supposed to have been an affection of the heart. He was buried in the Mount Olivet Cemetery in Baltimore, near the graves of Bishops Francis Asbury, Enoch George and John Emory.\n\nSelected writings\nBeverly Waugh's Journal. Manuscripts from 1807, continued with gaps for many years\nA Series of Questions for Bible Classes, with J. Emory, 1828.\nWesley's Works, Editor (with John Emory), 1831.\n\"Nature and Objects of the Methodist Book Concern\", a statement in Emory's Life and Works, R. Emory, 1841.\n\"Funeral discourse on Bishop Roberts\" in Sermons on Miscellaneous Subjects, Cincinnati, 1847.\n\nSee also\nList of bishops of the United Methodist Church\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\nDiscourse on, delivered by Bishop T.A. Morris, General Conference, published by its order, 1860.\nSketch: Western Cavaliers, A.H. Redford, 1876.\nSketch: Lives of Methodist Bishops, H.B. Ridgaway, Flood and Hamilton, 1882.\n\nBishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church\n1789 births\n1858 deaths\nAmerican Methodist Episcopal bishops\nAmerican book editors\nEditors of Christian publications\nAmerican sermon writers\nAmerican diarists\nMethodist ministers\nBurials at Mount Olivet Cemetery (Baltimore)\n19th-century Methodist bishops\n19th-century American bishops",
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Cávado (intermunicipal community)
|
The Comunidade Intermunicipal do Cávado () is an administrative division in northern Portugal. It was created in 2008. It is also a NUTS3 subregion of the Norte Region. The seat of the intermunicipal community is Braga, Norte. Cávado comprises part of the former Braga District. The population in 2011 was 410,169, in an area of , which makes it one of the most densely populated subregions of Portugal. Currently, as of 2021, it has 416.679 inhabitants and a population density of 351 per square kilometres.
Its name is derived from the Cávado River that drains a large part of its territory. It borders the intermunicipal community of Ave and the Metropolitan Area of Porto to the south, Alto Tâmega to the east, Alto Minho to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west.
Municipalities
It is composed of six municipalities:
References
External links
Official website CIM Cávado
Intermunicipal communities of Portugal
Norte Region, Portugal
Minho
|
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"content": "Cávado (intermunicipal community)",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "The Comunidade Intermunicipal do Cávado () is an administrative division in northern Portugal. It was created in 2008. It is also a NUTS3 subregion of the Norte Region. The seat of the intermunicipal community is Braga, Norte. Cávado comprises part of the former Braga District. The population in 2011 was 410,169, in an area of , which makes it one of the most densely populated subregions of Portugal. Currently, as of 2021, it has 416.679 inhabitants and a population density of 351 per square kilometres.\n\nIts name is derived from the Cávado River that drains a large part of its territory. It borders the intermunicipal community of Ave and the Metropolitan Area of Porto to the south, Alto Tâmega to the east, Alto Minho to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west.\n\nMunicipalities\nIt is composed of six municipalities:\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website CIM Cávado\n\nIntermunicipal communities of Portugal\nNorte Region, Portugal\nMinho",
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Harilal Madhavjibhai Patel
|
Harilal Madhavjibhai Patel (born 7 January 1953) is an Indian politician from the state of Gujarat. He was a member of Lok Sabha of India, representing the Porbandar constituency of Gujarat from 1991 to 1996, and later in 14th Lok Sabha 2004 to 2009, both times for Bharatiya Janata Party. He contested from Dhoraji in 2012 mid-term assembly elections on BJP ticket but lost to Vitthal Radadiya of Congress. He contested by-poll in 2013 from the same seat, this time on Congress' ticket, but lost again to Pravin Makadiya of BJP.
External links
Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website
1953 births
People from Rajkot
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat
Living people
India MPs 1991–1996
India MPs 2004–2009
|
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"content": "Harilal Madhavjibhai Patel",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Harilal Madhavjibhai Patel (born 7 January 1953) is an Indian politician from the state of Gujarat. He was a member of Lok Sabha of India, representing the Porbandar constituency of Gujarat from 1991 to 1996, and later in 14th Lok Sabha 2004 to 2009, both times for Bharatiya Janata Party. He contested from Dhoraji in 2012 mid-term assembly elections on BJP ticket but lost to Vitthal Radadiya of Congress. He contested by-poll in 2013 from the same seat, this time on Congress' ticket, but lost again to Pravin Makadiya of BJP.\n\nExternal links\n Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website\n\n1953 births\nPeople from Rajkot\nBharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat\nLiving people\nIndia MPs 1991–1996\nIndia MPs 2004–2009",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosaraju%27s%20algorithm
|
In computer science, Kosaraju-Sharir's algorithm (also known as Kosaraju's algorithm) is a linear time algorithm to find the strongly connected components of a directed graph. Aho, Hopcroft and Ullman credit it to S. Rao Kosaraju and Micha Sharir. Kosaraju suggested it in 1978 but did not publish it, while Sharir independently discovered it and published it in 1981. It makes use of the fact that the transpose graph (the same graph with the direction of every edge reversed) has exactly the same strongly connected components as the original graph.
The algorithm
The primitive graph operations that the algorithm uses are to enumerate the vertices of the graph, to store data per vertex (if not in the graph data structure itself, then in some table that can use vertices as indices), to enumerate the out-neighbours of a vertex (traverse edges in the forward direction), and to enumerate the in-neighbours of a vertex (traverse edges in the backward direction); however the last can be done without, at the price of constructing a representation of the transpose graph during the forward traversal phase. The only additional data structure needed by the algorithm is an ordered list of graph vertices, that will grow to contain each vertex once.
If strong components are to be represented by appointing a separate root vertex for each component, and assigning to each vertex the root vertex of its component, then Kosaraju's algorithm can be stated as follows.
For each vertex of the graph, mark as unvisited. Let be empty.
For each vertex of the graph do , where is the recursive subroutine:
If is unvisited then:
Mark as visited.
For each out-neighbour of , do .
Prepend to .
Otherwise do nothing.
For each element of in order, do where is the recursive subroutine:
If has not been assigned to a component then:
Assign as belonging to the component whose root is .
For each in-neighbour of , do .
Otherwise do nothing.
Trivial variations are to instead assign a component number to each vertex, or to construct per-component lists of the vertices that belong to it. The unvisited/visited indication may share storage location with the final assignment of root for a vertex.
The key point of the algorithm is that during the first (forward) traversal of the graph edges, vertices are prepended to the list in post-order relative to the search tree being explored. This means it does not matter whether a vertex was first visited because it appeared in the enumeration of all vertices or because it was the out-neighbour of another vertex that got visited; either way will be prepended to before is, so if there is a forward path from to then will appear before on the final list (unless and both belong to the same strong component, in which case their relative order in is arbitrary).
This means, that each element of the list can be made to correspond to a block , where the block consists of all the vertices reachable from vertex using just outward edges at each node in the path. It is important to note that no vertex in the block beginning at has an inward link from any of the blocks beginning at some vertex to its right, i.e., the blocks corresponding to vertices in the list. This is so, because otherwise the vertex having the inward link(say from the block beginning at )would have been already visited and pre-pended to in the block of , which is a contradiction. On the other hand, vertices in the block starting at can have edges pointing to the blocks starting at some vertex in
Step 3 of the algorithm, starts from , assigns all vertices which point to it, the same component as . Note that these vertices can only lie in the block beginning at as higher blocks can't have links pointing to vertices in the block of . Let the set of all vertices that point to be . Subsequently, all the vertices pointing to these vertices, are added too, and so on till no more vertices can be added.
There is a path to , from all the vertices added to the component containing . And there is a path to all the vertices added from , as all those lie in the block beginning at (which contains all the vertices reachable from following outward edges at each step of path). Hence all these form a single strongly connected component. Moreover, no vertex remains, because, to be in this strongly connected component a vertex must be reachable from and must be able to reach . All vertices that are able to reach , if any, lie in the first block only, and all the vertices in first block are reachable from . So the algorithm chooses all the vertices in the connected component of .
When we reach vertex , in the loop of step 3, and hasn't been assigned to any component, we can be sure that all the vertices to the left have made their connected components; that doesn't belong to any of those components; that doesn't point to any of the vertices to the left of it. Also, since, no edge from higher blocks to 's block exists, the proof remains same.
As given above, the algorithm for simplicity employs depth-first search, but it could just as well use breadth-first search as long as the post-order property is preserved.
The algorithm can be understood as identifying the strong component of a vertex as the set of vertices which are reachable from both by backwards and forwards traversal. Writing for the set of vertices reachable from by forward traversal, for the set of vertices reachable from by backwards traversal, and for the set of vertices which appear strictly before on the list after phase 2 of the algorithm, the strong component containing a vertex appointed as root is
Set intersection is computationally costly, but it is logically equivalent to a double set difference, and since it becomes sufficient to test whether a newly encountered element of has already been assigned to a component or not.
Complexity
Provided the graph is described using an adjacency list, Kosaraju's algorithm performs two complete traversals of the graph and so runs in Θ(V+E) (linear) time, which is asymptotically optimal because there is a matching lower bound (any algorithm must examine all vertices and edges). It is the conceptually simplest efficient algorithm, but is not as efficient in practice as Tarjan's strongly connected components algorithm and the path-based strong component algorithm, which perform only one traversal of the graph.
If the graph is represented as an adjacency matrix, the algorithm requires Ο(V2) time.
References
Alfred V. Aho, John E. Hopcroft, Jeffrey D. Ullman. Data Structures and Algorithms. Addison-Wesley, 1983.
Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest, Clifford Stein. Introduction to Algorithms, 3rd edition. The MIT Press, 2009. .
Micha Sharir. A strong-connectivity algorithm and its applications to data flow analysis. Computers and Mathematics with Applications 7(1):67–72, 1981.
External links
Good Math, Bad Math: Computing Strongly Connected Components
Graph algorithms
Graph connectivity
|
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosaraju%27s%20algorithm",
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"content": "In computer science, Kosaraju-Sharir's algorithm (also known as Kosaraju's algorithm) is a linear time algorithm to find the strongly connected components of a directed graph. Aho, Hopcroft and Ullman credit it to S. Rao Kosaraju and Micha Sharir. Kosaraju suggested it in 1978 but did not publish it, while Sharir independently discovered it and published it in 1981. It makes use of the fact that the transpose graph (the same graph with the direction of every edge reversed) has exactly the same strongly connected components as the original graph.\n\nThe algorithm\nThe primitive graph operations that the algorithm uses are to enumerate the vertices of the graph, to store data per vertex (if not in the graph data structure itself, then in some table that can use vertices as indices), to enumerate the out-neighbours of a vertex (traverse edges in the forward direction), and to enumerate the in-neighbours of a vertex (traverse edges in the backward direction); however the last can be done without, at the price of constructing a representation of the transpose graph during the forward traversal phase. The only additional data structure needed by the algorithm is an ordered list of graph vertices, that will grow to contain each vertex once.\n\nIf strong components are to be represented by appointing a separate root vertex for each component, and assigning to each vertex the root vertex of its component, then Kosaraju's algorithm can be stated as follows.\n For each vertex of the graph, mark as unvisited. Let be empty.\n For each vertex of the graph do , where is the recursive subroutine:\n If is unvisited then:\n Mark as visited.\n For each out-neighbour of , do .\n Prepend to .\n Otherwise do nothing.\n For each element of in order, do where is the recursive subroutine:\n If has not been assigned to a component then:\n Assign as belonging to the component whose root is .\n For each in-neighbour of , do .\n Otherwise do nothing.\nTrivial variations are to instead assign a component number to each vertex, or to construct per-component lists of the vertices that belong to it. The unvisited/visited indication may share storage location with the final assignment of root for a vertex.\n\nThe key point of the algorithm is that during the first (forward) traversal of the graph edges, vertices are prepended to the list in post-order relative to the search tree being explored. This means it does not matter whether a vertex was first visited because it appeared in the enumeration of all vertices or because it was the out-neighbour of another vertex that got visited; either way will be prepended to before is, so if there is a forward path from to then will appear before on the final list (unless and both belong to the same strong component, in which case their relative order in is arbitrary). \n\nThis means, that each element of the list can be made to correspond to a block , where the block consists of all the vertices reachable from vertex using just outward edges at each node in the path. It is important to note that no vertex in the block beginning at has an inward link from any of the blocks beginning at some vertex to its right, i.e., the blocks corresponding to vertices in the list. This is so, because otherwise the vertex having the inward link(say from the block beginning at )would have been already visited and pre-pended to in the block of , which is a contradiction. On the other hand, vertices in the block starting at can have edges pointing to the blocks starting at some vertex in \n\nStep 3 of the algorithm, starts from , assigns all vertices which point to it, the same component as . Note that these vertices can only lie in the block beginning at as higher blocks can't have links pointing to vertices in the block of . Let the set of all vertices that point to be . Subsequently, all the vertices pointing to these vertices, are added too, and so on till no more vertices can be added. \n\nThere is a path to , from all the vertices added to the component containing . And there is a path to all the vertices added from , as all those lie in the block beginning at (which contains all the vertices reachable from following outward edges at each step of path). Hence all these form a single strongly connected component. Moreover, no vertex remains, because, to be in this strongly connected component a vertex must be reachable from and must be able to reach . All vertices that are able to reach , if any, lie in the first block only, and all the vertices in first block are reachable from . So the algorithm chooses all the vertices in the connected component of . \n\nWhen we reach vertex , in the loop of step 3, and hasn't been assigned to any component, we can be sure that all the vertices to the left have made their connected components; that doesn't belong to any of those components; that doesn't point to any of the vertices to the left of it. Also, since, no edge from higher blocks to 's block exists, the proof remains same. \n\nAs given above, the algorithm for simplicity employs depth-first search, but it could just as well use breadth-first search as long as the post-order property is preserved.\n\nThe algorithm can be understood as identifying the strong component of a vertex as the set of vertices which are reachable from both by backwards and forwards traversal. Writing for the set of vertices reachable from by forward traversal, for the set of vertices reachable from by backwards traversal, and for the set of vertices which appear strictly before on the list after phase 2 of the algorithm, the strong component containing a vertex appointed as root is\n \nSet intersection is computationally costly, but it is logically equivalent to a double set difference, and since it becomes sufficient to test whether a newly encountered element of has already been assigned to a component or not.\n\nComplexity \nProvided the graph is described using an adjacency list, Kosaraju's algorithm performs two complete traversals of the graph and so runs in Θ(V+E) (linear) time, which is asymptotically optimal because there is a matching lower bound (any algorithm must examine all vertices and edges). It is the conceptually simplest efficient algorithm, but is not as efficient in practice as Tarjan's strongly connected components algorithm and the path-based strong component algorithm, which perform only one traversal of the graph.\n\nIf the graph is represented as an adjacency matrix, the algorithm requires Ο(V2) time.\n\nReferences \n Alfred V. Aho, John E. Hopcroft, Jeffrey D. Ullman. Data Structures and Algorithms. Addison-Wesley, 1983.\n Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest, Clifford Stein. Introduction to Algorithms, 3rd edition. The MIT Press, 2009. .\n Micha Sharir. A strong-connectivity algorithm and its applications to data flow analysis. Computers and Mathematics with Applications 7(1):67–72, 1981.\n\nExternal links \nGood Math, Bad Math: Computing Strongly Connected Components\n\nGraph algorithms\nGraph connectivity",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senden%2C%20North%20Rhine-Westphalia
|
Senden is a municipality in the district of Coesfeld, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
Geography
Geographic location
The municipality of Senden is situated in the east of the district of Coesfeld, approx. 15 km south-west of the city of Münster.
The river Stever and the Dortmund-Ems Canal are partially situated in the municipality of Senden.
Neighbouring municipalities
City:
Münster
Towns:
Dülmen
Lüdinghausen
Municipalities (villages):
Ascheberg
Havixbeck
Nordkirchen
Nottuln
Division of the municipality
The municipality of Senden consists of 4 villages:
Bösensell
Ottmarsbocholt
Senden
Venne
Special natural site
Near the village of Venne there is a famous marshland called Venner Moor. This nature reserve is situated near the Dortmund-Ems Canal and consists of some large swamps. Especially in spring and in fall the area shows its beautiful nature.
History
The first historical mentions of the villages of the municipality were as follows:
Senden in 890
Ottmarsbocholt in 980
Bösensell in 1148
Venne's in 1230
On January 1, 1975 these four formally autonomous municipalities became parts of the present municipality of Senden.
Politics
The major political party is the CDU (19 seats in the municipality council). Other parties in the council are the SPD (8 seats), Green Party (4 seats) and the FDP (3 seats). The mayor is Alfred Holz, who does not belong to a party but who is supported by the CDU and the SPD.
Transport
Near Bösensell there is an exit to the Autobahn A 43.
Two important bus lines serve the municipality. A local bus line connects the villages of Bösensell, Senden and Ottmarsbocholt. A high speed bus line, which connects Münster and Lüdinghausen via the A43 runs through Senden.
There is a small harbour at the Dortmund-Ems Canal.
The village of Bösensell has a railway station at the line between Münster and Essen.
Education
The municipality of Senden has seven schools:
Bösensell:
1 primary school
Ottmarsbocholt:
1 primary School
Senden:
2 primary schools
1 Hauptschule
1 Realschule
1 Gymnasium
References
External links
Website of Ottmarsbocholt
Coesfeld (district)
|
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"content": "Senden is a municipality in the district of Coesfeld, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.\n\nGeography\n\nGeographic location\nThe municipality of Senden is situated in the east of the district of Coesfeld, approx. 15 km south-west of the city of Münster.\n\nThe river Stever and the Dortmund-Ems Canal are partially situated in the municipality of Senden.\n\nNeighbouring municipalities\n City:\n Münster\n Towns:\n Dülmen\n Lüdinghausen\n Municipalities (villages):\n Ascheberg\n Havixbeck\n Nordkirchen\n Nottuln\n\nDivision of the municipality\nThe municipality of Senden consists of 4 villages:\n Bösensell\n Ottmarsbocholt\n Senden\n Venne\n\nSpecial natural site\nNear the village of Venne there is a famous marshland called Venner Moor. This nature reserve is situated near the Dortmund-Ems Canal and consists of some large swamps. Especially in spring and in fall the area shows its beautiful nature.\n\nHistory\nThe first historical mentions of the villages of the municipality were as follows:\n Senden in 890\n Ottmarsbocholt in 980\n Bösensell in 1148\n Venne's in 1230\n\nOn January 1, 1975 these four formally autonomous municipalities became parts of the present municipality of Senden.\n\nPolitics\nThe major political party is the CDU (19 seats in the municipality council). Other parties in the council are the SPD (8 seats), Green Party (4 seats) and the FDP (3 seats). The mayor is Alfred Holz, who does not belong to a party but who is supported by the CDU and the SPD.\n\nTransport\nNear Bösensell there is an exit to the Autobahn A 43.\n\nTwo important bus lines serve the municipality. A local bus line connects the villages of Bösensell, Senden and Ottmarsbocholt. A high speed bus line, which connects Münster and Lüdinghausen via the A43 runs through Senden.\n\nThere is a small harbour at the Dortmund-Ems Canal.\n\nThe village of Bösensell has a railway station at the line between Münster and Essen.\n\nEducation\nThe municipality of Senden has seven schools:\n Bösensell:\n 1 primary school\n Ottmarsbocholt:\n 1 primary School\n Senden:\n 2 primary schools\n 1 Hauptschule\n 1 Realschule\n 1 Gymnasium\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n Website of Ottmarsbocholt \n\nCoesfeld (district)",
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Michael Duff (footballer)
|
Michael James Duff (born 11 January 1978) is a Northern Irish professional football manager and former player. He is the head coach of Championship club Swansea City.
In a professional playing career spanning from 1996 to 2016, in which he made over 600 appearances, Duff played as a defender for Cheltenham Town, Cirencester Town (on loan) and Burnley, winning three Premier League promotions with the latter. He played in each of the top eight tiers of English football in ascending order. At international level, Duff earned 24 caps for Northern Ireland.
After retiring as a player, Duff coached at Burnley's academy before becoming manager of Cheltenham Town in 2018. In 2021, he led Cheltenham to their first automatic promotion from League Two as champions. He was appointed head coach of Barnsley in 2022, leading them to the League One play-off final in his first season. One month later, Duff was named head coach of Swansea City.
Early life
Duff was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland, in 1978. He moved with his family to Gibraltar and then Germany due to his father's career in the Royal Air Force. They settled in Bedale, North Yorkshire for six years, where Duff attended secondary school.
As a boy, Duff joined the football academies of Nottingham Forest, Darlington and Swindon Town, but was released from all three due to his short stature. At age 11, Duff witnessed the Hillsborough disaster during the 1989 FA Cup semi-final between Forest and Liverpool, which he attended with his father.
Playing career
Cheltenham Town
At 16 years old, Duff played for Carterton Town and was spotted by Cheltenham Town scout Derek Bragg. Duff attended a trial at Cheltenham before making several appearances for their first team in the Southern League.
Following a loan spell at Cirencester Town, Duff returned to Cheltenham when Steve Cotterill took over as manager. In Duff's first full season at the club, Cheltenham were promoted from the Southern League before winning the FA Trophy at Wembley in 1998. The following year, Duff scored a 93rd-minute winning goal against Yeovil Town to promote Cheltenham to the Football League.
Cheltenham won promotion again in 2002, with Duff playing as a centre-back in the team, having previously played right-back. He was named in the 2001–02 Third Division Team of the Year by the Professional Footballers' Association. The same year, Duff earned his first international cap for Northern Ireland. Cheltenham were relegated the following season, but were subsequently promoted back to the Third Division.
Burnley
In 2004, Duff made a £30,000 move to Burnley in the Championship and became a regular starter for the club, spending five consecutive seasons in the Championship. At age 29, he picked up a serious cruciate knee injury against Crystal Palace at Turf Moor during the 2007–08 season. The injury caused him to miss five months of football, but he returned at the end of the season.
The following season, Burnley were promoted to the Premier League after beating Sheffield United in the play-off final. Duff played in the match, which ended Burnley's 33-year absence from the top-flight. After completing his Premier League debut, Duff had played in the top eight tiers of English football.
Burnley were relegated in 2010, but Duff remained with the team. They were promoted again in 2014 before suffering another relegation the following year. Duff retired from playing professionally at the end of the 2015–16 season, aged 38, having helped Burnley win the Championship title and promotion back to the Premier League. As a result, he became the second footballer, after Neil Clement of West Bromwich Albion, to be promoted to the Premier League on three occasions with the same club.
Duff made more than 300 appearances for Burnley. He was capped several times for Northern Ireland as a Burnley player, playing in games such as the 1–0 win over England in 2005 and the 3–2 win over Spain in 2006, before retiring from international football in 2012.
Managerial career
After retiring from playing, Duff coached Burnley's under-18 squad in 2016 before becoming head coach of the under-23 squad in 2017. He also worked with Burnley's first-team, travelling with the squad to several UEFA Europa League matches in 2018.
Cheltenham Town
On 10 September 2018, Duff was appointed manager of his former club Cheltenham Town in League Two, his first managerial position. His first win was a 6–2 victory over Arsenal's under-21s in the EFL Trophy. In his second season, Duff won the League Two Manager of the Month award for September 2019 and February 2020. He won the award in February after Cheltenham achieved 18 points from 21, with the club sitting in fifth place and four points from automatic promotion.
The following season, Duff's Cheltenham hosted Premier League champions Manchester City in the FA Cup. They led City 1–0 before conceding three goals in the final 10 minutes. The same season, Duff secured Cheltenham's first automatic promotion in the Football League with a 1–1 draw against Carlisle United on 27 April 2021. Duff was named the League Two Manager of the Season and Cheltenham finished the season as champions.
Duff then led the club to their highest-ever finish in the Football League at the end of the 2021–22 season; a 15th placed finish in League One. In June 2022, after nearly four years at the club, Duff informed Cheltenham that he wished to depart for new opportunities.
Barnsley
On 15 June 2022, Duff was appointed head coach of recently relegated League One side Barnsley on a three-year deal. Duff won the League One Manager of the Month award for November 2022, with Barnsley winning both of their two league games during the month. He won the award for a second consecutive month after ten points from four matches saw the club rise to fourth in the table.
Duff won the award again in February 2023, with Barnsley having gained 16 points from six matches and remained unbeaten throughout the month. He led the club to the play-off final at the end of the season, losing 1–0 to Sheffield Wednesday in extra time.
Swansea City
Duff was named head coach of Championship club Swansea City on 22 June 2023.
Career statistics
Club
International
Managerial statistics
Honours
As a player
Cheltenham Town
Football League Third Division play-offs: 2002
Football Conference: 1998–99
FA Trophy: 1997–98
Burnley
Championship: 2015–16; runner-up: 2013–14; play-offs: 2009
Individual
PFA Team of the Year: 2001–02 Third Division
As a manager
Cheltenham Town
League Two: 2020–21
Individual
League Two Manager of the Season: 2020–21
League One Manager of the Month: November 2022, December 2022, February 2023
League Two Manager of the Month: September 2019, February 2020
References
External links
NIFG profile
1978 births
Living people
Association footballers from Belfast
Men's association footballers from Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland men's B international footballers
Northern Ireland men's international footballers
Men's association football defenders
Darlington F.C. players
Carterton F.C. players
Cheltenham Town F.C. players
Cirencester Town F.C. players
Burnley F.C. players
Southern Football League players
National League (English football) players
English Football League players
Premier League players
Association football managers from Northern Ireland
Cheltenham Town F.C. managers
Barnsley F.C. managers
Swansea City A.F.C. managers
English Football League managers
|
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"content": "Michael Duff (footballer)",
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"content": "Michael James Duff (born 11 January 1978) is a Northern Irish professional football manager and former player. He is the head coach of Championship club Swansea City.\n\nIn a professional playing career spanning from 1996 to 2016, in which he made over 600 appearances, Duff played as a defender for Cheltenham Town, Cirencester Town (on loan) and Burnley, winning three Premier League promotions with the latter. He played in each of the top eight tiers of English football in ascending order. At international level, Duff earned 24 caps for Northern Ireland.\n\nAfter retiring as a player, Duff coached at Burnley's academy before becoming manager of Cheltenham Town in 2018. In 2021, he led Cheltenham to their first automatic promotion from League Two as champions. He was appointed head coach of Barnsley in 2022, leading them to the League One play-off final in his first season. One month later, Duff was named head coach of Swansea City.\n\nEarly life\nDuff was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland, in 1978. He moved with his family to Gibraltar and then Germany due to his father's career in the Royal Air Force. They settled in Bedale, North Yorkshire for six years, where Duff attended secondary school.\n\nAs a boy, Duff joined the football academies of Nottingham Forest, Darlington and Swindon Town, but was released from all three due to his short stature. At age 11, Duff witnessed the Hillsborough disaster during the 1989 FA Cup semi-final between Forest and Liverpool, which he attended with his father.\n\nPlaying career\n\nCheltenham Town\nAt 16 years old, Duff played for Carterton Town and was spotted by Cheltenham Town scout Derek Bragg. Duff attended a trial at Cheltenham before making several appearances for their first team in the Southern League.\n\nFollowing a loan spell at Cirencester Town, Duff returned to Cheltenham when Steve Cotterill took over as manager. In Duff's first full season at the club, Cheltenham were promoted from the Southern League before winning the FA Trophy at Wembley in 1998. The following year, Duff scored a 93rd-minute winning goal against Yeovil Town to promote Cheltenham to the Football League.\n\nCheltenham won promotion again in 2002, with Duff playing as a centre-back in the team, having previously played right-back. He was named in the 2001–02 Third Division Team of the Year by the Professional Footballers' Association. The same year, Duff earned his first international cap for Northern Ireland. Cheltenham were relegated the following season, but were subsequently promoted back to the Third Division.\n\nBurnley\nIn 2004, Duff made a £30,000 move to Burnley in the Championship and became a regular starter for the club, spending five consecutive seasons in the Championship. At age 29, he picked up a serious cruciate knee injury against Crystal Palace at Turf Moor during the 2007–08 season. The injury caused him to miss five months of football, but he returned at the end of the season.\n\nThe following season, Burnley were promoted to the Premier League after beating Sheffield United in the play-off final. Duff played in the match, which ended Burnley's 33-year absence from the top-flight. After completing his Premier League debut, Duff had played in the top eight tiers of English football.\n\nBurnley were relegated in 2010, but Duff remained with the team. They were promoted again in 2014 before suffering another relegation the following year. Duff retired from playing professionally at the end of the 2015–16 season, aged 38, having helped Burnley win the Championship title and promotion back to the Premier League. As a result, he became the second footballer, after Neil Clement of West Bromwich Albion, to be promoted to the Premier League on three occasions with the same club.\n\nDuff made more than 300 appearances for Burnley. He was capped several times for Northern Ireland as a Burnley player, playing in games such as the 1–0 win over England in 2005 and the 3–2 win over Spain in 2006, before retiring from international football in 2012.\n\nManagerial career\nAfter retiring from playing, Duff coached Burnley's under-18 squad in 2016 before becoming head coach of the under-23 squad in 2017. He also worked with Burnley's first-team, travelling with the squad to several UEFA Europa League matches in 2018.\n\nCheltenham Town\n\nOn 10 September 2018, Duff was appointed manager of his former club Cheltenham Town in League Two, his first managerial position. His first win was a 6–2 victory over Arsenal's under-21s in the EFL Trophy. In his second season, Duff won the League Two Manager of the Month award for September 2019 and February 2020. He won the award in February after Cheltenham achieved 18 points from 21, with the club sitting in fifth place and four points from automatic promotion.\n\nThe following season, Duff's Cheltenham hosted Premier League champions Manchester City in the FA Cup. They led City 1–0 before conceding three goals in the final 10 minutes. The same season, Duff secured Cheltenham's first automatic promotion in the Football League with a 1–1 draw against Carlisle United on 27 April 2021. Duff was named the League Two Manager of the Season and Cheltenham finished the season as champions. \n\nDuff then led the club to their highest-ever finish in the Football League at the end of the 2021–22 season; a 15th placed finish in League One. In June 2022, after nearly four years at the club, Duff informed Cheltenham that he wished to depart for new opportunities.\n\nBarnsley\nOn 15 June 2022, Duff was appointed head coach of recently relegated League One side Barnsley on a three-year deal. Duff won the League One Manager of the Month award for November 2022, with Barnsley winning both of their two league games during the month. He won the award for a second consecutive month after ten points from four matches saw the club rise to fourth in the table.\n\nDuff won the award again in February 2023, with Barnsley having gained 16 points from six matches and remained unbeaten throughout the month. He led the club to the play-off final at the end of the season, losing 1–0 to Sheffield Wednesday in extra time.\n\nSwansea City\nDuff was named head coach of Championship club Swansea City on 22 June 2023.\n\nCareer statistics\n\nClub\n\nInternational\n\nManagerial statistics\n\nHonours\n\nAs a player\nCheltenham Town\nFootball League Third Division play-offs: 2002\nFootball Conference: 1998–99\nFA Trophy: 1997–98\n\nBurnley\nChampionship: 2015–16; runner-up: 2013–14; play-offs: 2009\n\nIndividual\nPFA Team of the Year: 2001–02 Third Division\n\nAs a manager\nCheltenham Town\nLeague Two: 2020–21\n\nIndividual\nLeague Two Manager of the Season: 2020–21\nLeague One Manager of the Month: November 2022, December 2022, February 2023\nLeague Two Manager of the Month: September 2019, February 2020\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nNIFG profile\n\n1978 births\nLiving people\nAssociation footballers from Belfast\nMen's association footballers from Northern Ireland\nNorthern Ireland men's B international footballers\nNorthern Ireland men's international footballers\nMen's association football defenders\nDarlington F.C. players\nCarterton F.C. players\nCheltenham Town F.C. players\nCirencester Town F.C. players\nBurnley F.C. players\nSouthern Football League players\nNational League (English football) players\nEnglish Football League players\nPremier League players\nAssociation football managers from Northern Ireland\nCheltenham Town F.C. managers\nBarnsley F.C. managers\nSwansea City A.F.C. managers\nEnglish Football League managers",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
The King of Fighters 2000
|
(KOF 2000, or KOF '00) is a fighting video game that was produced by SNK for the Neo Geo arcade and home consoles in 2000. It is the seventh installment in The King of Fighters series for the Neo Geo and the final game in the series SNK produced before the original company's bankruptcy. The game was ported to the Dreamcast (in Japan only) and the PlayStation 2 in 2002. The game's story, a sequel to The King of Fighters '99 and the second part of the "NESTS Chronicles" story arc, focuses on a new tournament held by the commander of the Ikari Warriors, Heidern, who seeks to capture and interrogate former NESTS agents K' and Maxima into revealing crucial and critical information about the NESTS cartel. The gameplay retains the Striker system of the previous games in the series, but the assisting character can also cooperate with the playable character to generate combos.
SNK entered into bankruptcy while The King of Fighters 2000 was still in development, resulting in glitches and bugs remaining in the game because staff members—most notably producer Takashi Nishiyama—left the company before the game was complete. SNK attempted to add further depth to the NESTS cast with K's new enemy Kula Diamond; other new characters like Vanessa and Seth were intended to attract different audiences. The PlayStation 2 version of the game was released in North America and in Europe in a two-in-one bundle with its immediate sequel, The King of Fighters 2001, as the first two games to be published by SNK Playmore USA. In Europe, the bundle was published by Ignition Entertainment.
Critical reception to the game's fighting system and characters has been mostly positive due to the improvements SNK brought to the franchise. There were mixed reactions to the company's handling of the graphics and backgrounds, which divided reviewers opinions about its status as one of the best games of the series. Two novelizations and an audio drama have also been published in Japan.
Gameplay
The gameplay in The King of Fighters 2000 is based on that of The King of Fighters '99; it expands on the "Striker Match" format introduced in its predecessor. The game has an Active Striker System, which allows the player to summon a Striker member in any situation, whether the player is attacking or being attacked by the opponent, allowing the player to use his or her strikers in combos. The player can also replenish Strike Bombs by either losing rounds or taunting the opponent.
The player now has two choices after selecting the Striker member of the team; he or she can choose to use the regular character or an alternate character officially known as Another Striker, a character used exclusively for striker attacks. These alternative Strikers are characters from previous KOF games and other SNK titles such as Fio Germi from Metal Slug 2, King Lion from Savage Reign, Kim Kaphwan's grandson Kim Sue Il from Kizuna Encounter, Gai Tendo from Buriki One, Kaede from The Last Blade, Rocky from Robo Army, Duke Edwards from Burning Fight and Kim Kaphwan's son Kim Dong-Hwan and Kim Jae-Hoon from Garou: Mark of the Wolves, as well as alternative versions of in-game characters such as K', Iori Yagami and Robert Garcia. There is another set of alternative Striker characters known as Maniac Strikers, which are selected in the arcade version by entering codes for notable characters only. The console versions includes additional Maniac Strikers by completing a certain number of matches in the "Party Mode".
Plot and characters
After an incident at the previous tournament, the commander of the Ikari Warriors Team, Heidern, is determined to investigate the objective of the NESTS cartel and stop it from achieving its ruthless ambition. Ling, a fellow commander and long-time friend of Heidern, tells him that K′ and Maxima were once NESTS operatives and that they may hold the key to locating the whereabouts of the mysterious organization. Using this information, Heidern decides to focus his efforts into using the next KOF tournament to lure both K′ and Maxima out of hiding so that they can be captured and interrogated by him for crucial and critical information about the NESTS cartel.
Depending on the player's performance during the tournament, Kula Diamond might appear to eliminate K', but fails from within her mission. Shortly afterwards, Ling and a couple of his associates suddenly attack and betray Heidern near the end of the tournament, the former revealing himself to be a clone of the real Ling who was murdered in the past and being replaced via the machinations of a high-ranking NESTS member named Zero, who seeks to destroy NESTS itself and create a new world order under his own rule. Through the accumulated fighting power he had gathered during the tournament, Zero initiates and utilizes a space-based satellite weapon named the "Zero Cannon", with which he sends a powerful energy blast from it straight towards Earth, destroying most of South Town via the energy blast's explosive impact upon it. After Zero's defeat in combat, he attempts but fails to use the cannon again while Heidern swiftly and forcibly removes the clone Ling's remote control of the cannon while dispatching him in the process. If the player defeats Kula previously, her supporters Diana and Foxy stop Zero while Kula destroys the Zero Cannon herself.
Here are the list of the fighters with their corresponding Striker, Another Striker and Maniac Striker.
K’ Team (Hero Team)
K'
Another K’
Krizalid
Maxima
Rocky
Vanessa
Fio
Ramón
Duke Edwards
Neo & Geo
Benimaru Team
Benimaru Nikaido
Another Benimaru
Orochi Iori
Shingo Yabuki
Cosplayer Kyoko
Seth
Goro Daimon
Lin
Eiji Kisaragi
Fatal Fury Team
Terry Bogard
Geese Howard
Brian Battler
Andy Bogard
Billy Kane
Lucky Glauber
Joe Higashi
Duck King
Heavy-D!
Blue Mary
Ryuji Yamazaki
Art of Fighting Team
Ryo Sakazaki
Kaede
G – Mantle
Robert Garcia
Another Robert
King
King Lion
Takuma Sakazaki
Gai Tendo
Mr. Big
Women Fighters Team
Mai Shiranui
Chizuru Kagura
Wolfgang Krauser
Yuri Sakazaki
Nakoruru
Kasumi Todoh
Li Xiangfei
Unknown
Ryuhaku Todoh
Hinako Shijou
Lilly Kane
Ikari Warriors Team
Leona Heidern
Goenitz
Orochi
Ralf Jones
Yashiro Nanakase
Orochi Leona
Clark Still
Shermie
Whip
Chris
Heidern
Psycho Soldier Team
Athena Asamiya
Athena
Sie Kensou
Sie “Psycho Soldier” Kensou
Chin Gentsai
Baitang
Bao
Kaoru Watabe
Korea Justice Team
Kim Kaphwan
Kim Sue Il
Chang Koehan
Kim Dong Hwan
Smart Chang
Choi Bounge
Kim Jae Hoon
Cool Choi
Jhun Hoon
Kang Baedal
Single Entry
Kyo Kusanagi
Syo Kirishima
Saisyu Kusanagi
Iori Yagami
Mature & Vice
Another Iori
Mid-Boss
Kula Diamond
Candy Diamond
Foxy
Rugal Bernstein
Final Boss
Cloned Zero
Development and release
SNK began making plans for The King of Fighters 2000 in June 1999. Former producer Takashi Nishiyama was absent from the team for the first time in the series. Because previous regulars from The King of Fighters games were not playable, SNK took advantage of the striker system and give players the choice of using Goro Daimon among others as alternative assisting characters. SNK found the Bogard brothers, Terry and Andy, unbalanced in the previous game because one of them was overpowered as a striker; the company joked that this was also a result of the love between the siblings.
One of the game developers said the team originally wanted to use more of the characters from The King of Fighters '99 but due to licensing issues it was not possible. The arcade version was nearing completion in mid-2000, with the staff becoming excited at the quality of the game. Despite early negative thoughts about the game's state, SNK was pleased with the completed title, citing the arcade as an appealing game. Following its release, SNK thanked the fans for their support. During the game's development, SNK went bankrupt, leading to the designers of the game causing multiple glitches, extra animations, and balancing issues. Some of the developers left the company, which resulted in the team in charge of the game becoming smaller.
New characters were created to appeal to different audiences. The Mexican wrestler Ramon was made to appeal to South Americans because the Neo Geo was very popular in South America. Ramon's designer loved pro-wrestling fighting moves but the character's techniques were made unrealistic. Vanessa and Seth were originally set to appear in The King of Fighters '99 but they debuted on its Dreamcast port as strikers, while becoming playable in 2000. Vanessa was created to appeal to women; she is slightly older than the other characters, which players found appealing. Both the debuting Lin and the unplayable Ron generated a major surprise to the SNK staff because their addition to the story was not overlooked. Kula Diamond was created to give a major expansion to the NESTS cartel, while Zero was made to contrast with the NESTS agent Krizalid from The King of Fighters '99, who had a darker personality. SNK, however, was disappointed with Zero, leading to the creation of stronger new character connected with him in the next game.
The arcade version of the game was released on July 26, 2000, for the MVS Circuit Board. The game was then ported to the Neo Geo and released on December 21 of that year. The Sega Dreamcast port was released on August 8, 2002, while the PlayStation 2 version was made available on November 28 that year. The ports included new striker characters and new backgrounds. For the North American version, the game was not available to the public until 2003 and released the PlayStation 2 game alongside The King of Fighters 2001 was one of the first games published by SNK Playmore USA. There has been censorship, including the removal of Whip's gun and the movement of Mai Shiranui's cleavage. The Neo-Geo and Sega Dreamcast versions of the game were included in The King of Fighters NESTS Hen, a compilation released for the Sony PlayStation 2 in Japan. The PlayStation 2 version was re-released on May 3, 2016, for the PlayStation 4 through the PlayStation Network. The game was later released on the Nintendo Switch through the Nintendo eShop service on August 10, 2017.
Reception
{{Video game reviews
| GR =
| IGN = 7.4/10
| GSpot = 7.8
| Fam =
| NLife = 7/10
| rev1 = Bonus Stage
| rev1Score = 9/10
| rev2 = Pure Nintendo| rev2Score = 7.5/10
}}
In Japan, Game Machine listed The King of Fighters 2000 on their September 1, 2000, issue as being the second-most-successful arcade game of the month.
The PlayStation 2 port of The King of Fighters 2000 sold 37,316 units in Japan during 2002. In 2017, it became one of the most downloaded games of the PlayStation Classic collection.
Critical reception for the game's fighting system has been mostly positive. GameSpot said SNK improved most of the problems of its predecessor The King of Fighters '99 by adding more gameplay features such as new attacks and new additions to the Striker system. The reviewer said fans might either like or dislike the new characters based on the differences between them and the characters from The King of Fighters '99, and said the boss Zero is less overpowered than Krizalid but lacks his appeal. IGN agreed with GameSpot in terms of the Striker system and liked the additional characters, making it one of the best games of the franchise. In another review, IGN stated that the game offered many good new characters, particularly Lin. Nintendo Life also liked the addition of the Striker system because of the newly possible combos but said the game did not live up to the previous games. Pure Nintendo compared it negatively with Capcom's fighting game Street Fighter II but still said The King of Fighters 2000 provided enough depth thanks to its character roster and gameplay mechanics, making it a good addition to Nintendo Switch's games. Bonus Stage regarded it as one of the best games from SNK, saying it might appeal to gamers who previously enjoyed the predecessor and Garou: Mark of the Wolves.
The game's presentation drew mixed reactions. While Pure Nintendo enjoyed the character designs, backgrounds, and theme songs, IGN said these elements appeared dated due to similarities with those of previous installments and the improved graphics of new consoles. GameSpot said while SNK attempted to improve the designs of the characters, the quality was still not as appealing as it should have been and that the background stages felt hollow. Echoing IGN comments, Bonus Stage stated that despite being a fighting game, the plot amazed fans because of the further exploration of NESTS organization, which is briefly explored in The King of Fighters '99, and said the game's storyline offers such an appealing dark ending that most of the fans wanted to play the following and final game from the NESTS saga to see its conclusion. HardcoreGaming found the PlayStation 2 port of the game superior to the Dreamcast version because the former fixed some slowdown issues and said Kyo Kusanagi's theme "Goodbye Esaka" was one of the best themes performed by SNK.
An audio drama CD was released by Scitron Digital Contents on September 20, 2000. It features two storylines: one exploring the first encounter between K' and Kula Diamond; the second story focuses on Athena Asamiya as she meets rivals in an airport. Series' writer Akihiko Ureshino wrote two light novels published by Kadokawa Shoten. The first novel, Strikers Strike Back, acts as a self-parody of the game's storyline and was released on February 19, 2001. The second novel, Icicle Doll, was released on December 20 the same year and features a more serious storyline.
Notes
References
External links
The King of Fighters 2000 at GameFAQs
The King of Fighters 2000 at Giant Bomb
The King of Fighters 2000 at Killer List of Videogames
The King of Fighters 2000 at MobyGames
The King of Fighters 2000/2001'' at MobyGames
2000 video games
2D fighting games
ACA Neo Geo games
Arcade video games
Neo Geo games
Nintendo Switch games
Dreamcast games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation Network games
PlayStation 4 games
SNK games
SNK Playmore games
The King of Fighters games
Video games set in Egypt
Video games set in Korea
Video games with AI-versus-AI modes
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games developed in Japan
Xbox One games
Hamster Corporation games
Dotemu games
|
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"content": "The King of Fighters 2000",
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"content": "(KOF 2000, or KOF '00) is a fighting video game that was produced by SNK for the Neo Geo arcade and home consoles in 2000. It is the seventh installment in The King of Fighters series for the Neo Geo and the final game in the series SNK produced before the original company's bankruptcy. The game was ported to the Dreamcast (in Japan only) and the PlayStation 2 in 2002. The game's story, a sequel to The King of Fighters '99 and the second part of the \"NESTS Chronicles\" story arc, focuses on a new tournament held by the commander of the Ikari Warriors, Heidern, who seeks to capture and interrogate former NESTS agents K' and Maxima into revealing crucial and critical information about the NESTS cartel. The gameplay retains the Striker system of the previous games in the series, but the assisting character can also cooperate with the playable character to generate combos.\n\nSNK entered into bankruptcy while The King of Fighters 2000 was still in development, resulting in glitches and bugs remaining in the game because staff members—most notably producer Takashi Nishiyama—left the company before the game was complete. SNK attempted to add further depth to the NESTS cast with K's new enemy Kula Diamond; other new characters like Vanessa and Seth were intended to attract different audiences. The PlayStation 2 version of the game was released in North America and in Europe in a two-in-one bundle with its immediate sequel, The King of Fighters 2001, as the first two games to be published by SNK Playmore USA. In Europe, the bundle was published by Ignition Entertainment.\n\nCritical reception to the game's fighting system and characters has been mostly positive due to the improvements SNK brought to the franchise. There were mixed reactions to the company's handling of the graphics and backgrounds, which divided reviewers opinions about its status as one of the best games of the series. Two novelizations and an audio drama have also been published in Japan.\n\nGameplay\n\nThe gameplay in The King of Fighters 2000 is based on that of The King of Fighters '99; it expands on the \"Striker Match\" format introduced in its predecessor. The game has an Active Striker System, which allows the player to summon a Striker member in any situation, whether the player is attacking or being attacked by the opponent, allowing the player to use his or her strikers in combos. The player can also replenish Strike Bombs by either losing rounds or taunting the opponent.\n\nThe player now has two choices after selecting the Striker member of the team; he or she can choose to use the regular character or an alternate character officially known as Another Striker, a character used exclusively for striker attacks. These alternative Strikers are characters from previous KOF games and other SNK titles such as Fio Germi from Metal Slug 2, King Lion from Savage Reign, Kim Kaphwan's grandson Kim Sue Il from Kizuna Encounter, Gai Tendo from Buriki One, Kaede from The Last Blade, Rocky from Robo Army, Duke Edwards from Burning Fight and Kim Kaphwan's son Kim Dong-Hwan and Kim Jae-Hoon from Garou: Mark of the Wolves, as well as alternative versions of in-game characters such as K', Iori Yagami and Robert Garcia. There is another set of alternative Striker characters known as Maniac Strikers, which are selected in the arcade version by entering codes for notable characters only. The console versions includes additional Maniac Strikers by completing a certain number of matches in the \"Party Mode\".\n\nPlot and characters\n\nAfter an incident at the previous tournament, the commander of the Ikari Warriors Team, Heidern, is determined to investigate the objective of the NESTS cartel and stop it from achieving its ruthless ambition. Ling, a fellow commander and long-time friend of Heidern, tells him that K′ and Maxima were once NESTS operatives and that they may hold the key to locating the whereabouts of the mysterious organization. Using this information, Heidern decides to focus his efforts into using the next KOF tournament to lure both K′ and Maxima out of hiding so that they can be captured and interrogated by him for crucial and critical information about the NESTS cartel.\n\nDepending on the player's performance during the tournament, Kula Diamond might appear to eliminate K', but fails from within her mission. Shortly afterwards, Ling and a couple of his associates suddenly attack and betray Heidern near the end of the tournament, the former revealing himself to be a clone of the real Ling who was murdered in the past and being replaced via the machinations of a high-ranking NESTS member named Zero, who seeks to destroy NESTS itself and create a new world order under his own rule. Through the accumulated fighting power he had gathered during the tournament, Zero initiates and utilizes a space-based satellite weapon named the \"Zero Cannon\", with which he sends a powerful energy blast from it straight towards Earth, destroying most of South Town via the energy blast's explosive impact upon it. After Zero's defeat in combat, he attempts but fails to use the cannon again while Heidern swiftly and forcibly removes the clone Ling's remote control of the cannon while dispatching him in the process. If the player defeats Kula previously, her supporters Diana and Foxy stop Zero while Kula destroys the Zero Cannon herself.\n\nHere are the list of the fighters with their corresponding Striker, Another Striker and Maniac Striker.\n\nK’ Team (Hero Team)\nK'\nAnother K’\nKrizalid\nMaxima \nRocky\nVanessa\nFio\nRamón \nDuke Edwards\nNeo & Geo\nBenimaru Team\nBenimaru Nikaido \nAnother Benimaru\nOrochi Iori\nShingo Yabuki \nCosplayer Kyoko\nSeth\nGoro Daimon\nLin\nEiji Kisaragi\nFatal Fury Team\nTerry Bogard \nGeese Howard\nBrian Battler\nAndy Bogard \nBilly Kane\nLucky Glauber\nJoe Higashi\nDuck King\nHeavy-D!\nBlue Mary\nRyuji Yamazaki\n\nArt of Fighting Team \nRyo Sakazaki \nKaede\nG – Mantle\nRobert Garcia\nAnother Robert\nKing \nKing Lion\nTakuma Sakazaki \nGai Tendo\nMr. Big\nWomen Fighters Team\nMai Shiranui \nChizuru Kagura\nWolfgang Krauser\nYuri Sakazaki\nNakoruru\nKasumi Todoh\nLi Xiangfei\nUnknown\nRyuhaku Todoh\nHinako Shijou\nLilly Kane\nIkari Warriors Team\nLeona Heidern \nGoenitz\nOrochi\nRalf Jones \nYashiro Nanakase\nOrochi Leona\nClark Still \nShermie\nWhip \nChris\nHeidern\n\nPsycho Soldier Team\nAthena Asamiya \nAthena\nSie Kensou \nSie “Psycho Soldier” Kensou\nChin Gentsai \nBaitang\nBao \nKaoru Watabe\nKorea Justice Team\nKim Kaphwan \nKim Sue Il\nChang Koehan \nKim Dong Hwan\nSmart Chang\nChoi Bounge \nKim Jae Hoon\nCool Choi\nJhun Hoon \nKang Baedal\nSingle Entry \nKyo Kusanagi \nSyo Kirishima\nSaisyu Kusanagi\nIori Yagami \nMature & Vice\nAnother Iori\nMid-Boss\nKula Diamond \nCandy Diamond\nFoxy\nRugal Bernstein\nFinal Boss\nCloned Zero\n\nDevelopment and release\nSNK began making plans for The King of Fighters 2000 in June 1999. Former producer Takashi Nishiyama was absent from the team for the first time in the series. Because previous regulars from The King of Fighters games were not playable, SNK took advantage of the striker system and give players the choice of using Goro Daimon among others as alternative assisting characters. SNK found the Bogard brothers, Terry and Andy, unbalanced in the previous game because one of them was overpowered as a striker; the company joked that this was also a result of the love between the siblings.\n\nOne of the game developers said the team originally wanted to use more of the characters from The King of Fighters '99 but due to licensing issues it was not possible. The arcade version was nearing completion in mid-2000, with the staff becoming excited at the quality of the game. Despite early negative thoughts about the game's state, SNK was pleased with the completed title, citing the arcade as an appealing game. Following its release, SNK thanked the fans for their support. During the game's development, SNK went bankrupt, leading to the designers of the game causing multiple glitches, extra animations, and balancing issues. Some of the developers left the company, which resulted in the team in charge of the game becoming smaller.\n\nNew characters were created to appeal to different audiences. The Mexican wrestler Ramon was made to appeal to South Americans because the Neo Geo was very popular in South America. Ramon's designer loved pro-wrestling fighting moves but the character's techniques were made unrealistic. Vanessa and Seth were originally set to appear in The King of Fighters '99 but they debuted on its Dreamcast port as strikers, while becoming playable in 2000. Vanessa was created to appeal to women; she is slightly older than the other characters, which players found appealing. Both the debuting Lin and the unplayable Ron generated a major surprise to the SNK staff because their addition to the story was not overlooked. Kula Diamond was created to give a major expansion to the NESTS cartel, while Zero was made to contrast with the NESTS agent Krizalid from The King of Fighters '99, who had a darker personality. SNK, however, was disappointed with Zero, leading to the creation of stronger new character connected with him in the next game.\n\nThe arcade version of the game was released on July 26, 2000, for the MVS Circuit Board. The game was then ported to the Neo Geo and released on December 21 of that year. The Sega Dreamcast port was released on August 8, 2002, while the PlayStation 2 version was made available on November 28 that year. The ports included new striker characters and new backgrounds. For the North American version, the game was not available to the public until 2003 and released the PlayStation 2 game alongside The King of Fighters 2001 was one of the first games published by SNK Playmore USA. There has been censorship, including the removal of Whip's gun and the movement of Mai Shiranui's cleavage. The Neo-Geo and Sega Dreamcast versions of the game were included in The King of Fighters NESTS Hen, a compilation released for the Sony PlayStation 2 in Japan. The PlayStation 2 version was re-released on May 3, 2016, for the PlayStation 4 through the PlayStation Network. The game was later released on the Nintendo Switch through the Nintendo eShop service on August 10, 2017.\n\nReception\n{{Video game reviews\n| GR = \n| IGN = 7.4/10\n| GSpot = 7.8\n| Fam = \n| NLife = 7/10\n| rev1 = Bonus Stage\n| rev1Score = 9/10\n| rev2 = Pure Nintendo| rev2Score = 7.5/10\n}}\n\nIn Japan, Game Machine listed The King of Fighters 2000 on their September 1, 2000, issue as being the second-most-successful arcade game of the month.\n\nThe PlayStation 2 port of The King of Fighters 2000 sold 37,316 units in Japan during 2002. In 2017, it became one of the most downloaded games of the PlayStation Classic collection.\n\nCritical reception for the game's fighting system has been mostly positive. GameSpot said SNK improved most of the problems of its predecessor The King of Fighters '99 by adding more gameplay features such as new attacks and new additions to the Striker system. The reviewer said fans might either like or dislike the new characters based on the differences between them and the characters from The King of Fighters '99, and said the boss Zero is less overpowered than Krizalid but lacks his appeal. IGN agreed with GameSpot in terms of the Striker system and liked the additional characters, making it one of the best games of the franchise. In another review, IGN stated that the game offered many good new characters, particularly Lin. Nintendo Life also liked the addition of the Striker system because of the newly possible combos but said the game did not live up to the previous games. Pure Nintendo compared it negatively with Capcom's fighting game Street Fighter II but still said The King of Fighters 2000 provided enough depth thanks to its character roster and gameplay mechanics, making it a good addition to Nintendo Switch's games. Bonus Stage regarded it as one of the best games from SNK, saying it might appeal to gamers who previously enjoyed the predecessor and Garou: Mark of the Wolves.\n\nThe game's presentation drew mixed reactions. While Pure Nintendo enjoyed the character designs, backgrounds, and theme songs, IGN said these elements appeared dated due to similarities with those of previous installments and the improved graphics of new consoles. GameSpot said while SNK attempted to improve the designs of the characters, the quality was still not as appealing as it should have been and that the background stages felt hollow. Echoing IGN comments, Bonus Stage stated that despite being a fighting game, the plot amazed fans because of the further exploration of NESTS organization, which is briefly explored in The King of Fighters '99, and said the game's storyline offers such an appealing dark ending that most of the fans wanted to play the following and final game from the NESTS saga to see its conclusion. HardcoreGaming found the PlayStation 2 port of the game superior to the Dreamcast version because the former fixed some slowdown issues and said Kyo Kusanagi's theme \"Goodbye Esaka\" was one of the best themes performed by SNK.\n\nAn audio drama CD was released by Scitron Digital Contents on September 20, 2000. It features two storylines: one exploring the first encounter between K' and Kula Diamond; the second story focuses on Athena Asamiya as she meets rivals in an airport. Series' writer Akihiko Ureshino wrote two light novels published by Kadokawa Shoten. The first novel, Strikers Strike Back, acts as a self-parody of the game's storyline and was released on February 19, 2001. The second novel, Icicle Doll, was released on December 20 the same year and features a more serious storyline.\n\n Notes \n\nReferences\n\n External links \n \n The King of Fighters 2000 at GameFAQs\n The King of Fighters 2000 at Giant Bomb\n The King of Fighters 2000 at Killer List of Videogames\n The King of Fighters 2000 at MobyGames\n The King of Fighters 2000/2001'' at MobyGames\n\n2000 video games\n2D fighting games\nACA Neo Geo games\nArcade video games\nNeo Geo games\nNintendo Switch games\nDreamcast games\nPlayStation 2 games\nPlayStation Network games\nPlayStation 4 games\nSNK games\nSNK Playmore games\nThe King of Fighters games\nVideo games set in Egypt\nVideo games set in Korea\nVideo games with AI-versus-AI modes\nMultiplayer and single-player video games\nVideo games developed in Japan\nXbox One games\nHamster Corporation games\nDotemu games",
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] |
Ilsley Boone
|
Ilsley Silias Boone (18791968) was a charismatic speaker, a powerful organizer, a magazine publisher and the founding father of the American Sunbathing Association (ASA)later reorganized as the American Association for Nude Recreation (AANR). As a publisher he distributed the first nudist magazine in the United States. That publication eventually led to a challenge to the U.S. Postal Service's ban against sending obscene materials through the mail. Boone took his challenge all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court which struck down the ban.
Early life
Ilsley was born to Silas Ilsley Boone (18461900) and Agnes Ferris Turnbull Eldridge (18491940) in Brooklyn, New York in 1879. Little is known of Boone's early life, other than that he lived in Brooklyn with his two brothers and two sisters. In 1904 he graduated from Brown University and married Alice M. Barragar. Together they had two children: a daughter, Agnes Margaret Boone, and a son, Frederick Eldredge Boone. They soon moved to Newton, Massachusetts, where he obtained a divinity degree from Newton Theological Institute. Originally ordained as a Baptist, he served as the pastor of the Baptist church in Ipswich, Massachusetts, serving from October, 1904, to August, 1907. In 1921 Boone became pastor of the Ponds Reformed Church (Dutch Reformed) in Oakland, New Jersey. In the mid-1920s, he developed the concept of visual education under contract with the New York City Public School System. With the onset of the Great Depression, the city canceled Boone's contract, but his interest in education continued, serving with the Oakland Public School system. During this period he divorced his first wife and married his paternal first cousin, Ella Murray "Mae" Boone. They had three children: Bradford Ilsley Boone, Nancy Adeline Boone, and Berton Maxfield Boone.
Nudist activism
In 1930 Kurt Barthel had formed The American League for Physical Culture (ALPC), America's first nudist organization. The following year Boone became interested in naturism and was appointed as the ALPC Executive Secretary. Soon after, Barthel asked him to take his place as President of the ALPC, the position which Boone held for 20 years until August, 1952. (The organization was by then called The American Sunbathing Association.) He traveled to Germany in the early 1930s to visit Freilichtpark (Free-Light Park) near Hamburg, the world's first naturist resort, which had opened nearly three decades earlier. During this time he also became a member of both the New York and Royal Microscopy Societies.
In 1936 Boone opened "Sunshine Park" in the Mays Landing section of Hamilton Township, New Jersey (near Atlantic City), and established the national headquarters of the American Sunbathing Association there. As a faithful adherent to Barthel's original ideals and behavior guidelines, "Uncle Danny" advocated the development of new nudist clubs, often leading legal challenges fighting local officials trying to block nudist centers in their area. He encouraged regimens of calisthenics, abstinence (alcohol), complete nudity regardless of the weather, and vegetarianism for all members and their guests. This was in addition to his overall beliefs of healthful benefits derived from the combination of nudity, sunbathing, and exercise. In 1965 the park was purchased by psychologist Oliver York for $120,000. It continued for another two decades until health violations of the aging buildings forced its closure by the city.
Later years
Boone's second wife died in 1960 and he became a widower for the last eight years of his life. Due to the proliferation of more successful competing nudist and adult publications, his Sunshine Publishing Company went out of business in 1963. Nearly broke, Boone lived his last years in the home of National Nudist Council member Edith Church, where he died on Thanksgiving Day, 1968, in Whitehouse, Ohio. at age 89. His magazine Sunshine & Health continued under another publisher into the 1980s, making it the longest published nudist magazine in America.
Publications
Following his ordination, Boone served a number of pastorates and wrote a number of books dealing with the divine, the most notable being The Conquering Christ. By 1933, however, Boone's interest in nudism led to publishing the first American nudist magazine, The Nudist (with Henry S. Huntington as its editor) which later became Sunshine & Health, published by his Sunshine Publishing Company. Even with the genitalia airbrushed out of the photos of nudists, the United States Postal Service decided the materials were obscene and could not be distributed through the U.S. mail. Boone challenged the decision and took his case all the way to the United States Supreme Court.
In 1958, he ultimately won the right to distribute uncensored nudist materials through the mail. The victory enabled not only legitimate nudist magazines and men's magazines to feature full frontal nudity (including Hugh Hefner's Playboy Magazine), but also unintentionally helped make possible the later oncoming flood of explicit adult publications during the 1960s sexual revolution.
Books
Periodicals
College Hill Verse: Being selections from student publications of Brown University 1894-1904 (editor, 1904)
The Nudist (later known as Sunshine & Health) (1933-1963)
See also
Christian naturism
Clothes free organizations
Naturism
Public nudity
Skinny dipping
Notes
References
Further reading
1879 births
1968 deaths
American activists
American naturists
People from Hamilton Township, Atlantic County, New Jersey
Social nudity advocates
Brown University alumni
|
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"content": "Ilsley Silias Boone (18791968) was a charismatic speaker, a powerful organizer, a magazine publisher and the founding father of the American Sunbathing Association (ASA)later reorganized as the American Association for Nude Recreation (AANR). As a publisher he distributed the first nudist magazine in the United States. That publication eventually led to a challenge to the U.S. Postal Service's ban against sending obscene materials through the mail. Boone took his challenge all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court which struck down the ban.\n\nEarly life \nIlsley was born to Silas Ilsley Boone (18461900) and Agnes Ferris Turnbull Eldridge (18491940) in Brooklyn, New York in 1879. Little is known of Boone's early life, other than that he lived in Brooklyn with his two brothers and two sisters. In 1904 he graduated from Brown University and married Alice M. Barragar. Together they had two children: a daughter, Agnes Margaret Boone, and a son, Frederick Eldredge Boone. They soon moved to Newton, Massachusetts, where he obtained a divinity degree from Newton Theological Institute. Originally ordained as a Baptist, he served as the pastor of the Baptist church in Ipswich, Massachusetts, serving from October, 1904, to August, 1907. In 1921 Boone became pastor of the Ponds Reformed Church (Dutch Reformed) in Oakland, New Jersey. In the mid-1920s, he developed the concept of visual education under contract with the New York City Public School System. With the onset of the Great Depression, the city canceled Boone's contract, but his interest in education continued, serving with the Oakland Public School system. During this period he divorced his first wife and married his paternal first cousin, Ella Murray \"Mae\" Boone. They had three children: Bradford Ilsley Boone, Nancy Adeline Boone, and Berton Maxfield Boone.\n\nNudist activism \nIn 1930 Kurt Barthel had formed The American League for Physical Culture (ALPC), America's first nudist organization. The following year Boone became interested in naturism and was appointed as the ALPC Executive Secretary. Soon after, Barthel asked him to take his place as President of the ALPC, the position which Boone held for 20 years until August, 1952. (The organization was by then called The American Sunbathing Association.) He traveled to Germany in the early 1930s to visit Freilichtpark (Free-Light Park) near Hamburg, the world's first naturist resort, which had opened nearly three decades earlier. During this time he also became a member of both the New York and Royal Microscopy Societies.\n\nIn 1936 Boone opened \"Sunshine Park\" in the Mays Landing section of Hamilton Township, New Jersey (near Atlantic City), and established the national headquarters of the American Sunbathing Association there. As a faithful adherent to Barthel's original ideals and behavior guidelines, \"Uncle Danny\" advocated the development of new nudist clubs, often leading legal challenges fighting local officials trying to block nudist centers in their area. He encouraged regimens of calisthenics, abstinence (alcohol), complete nudity regardless of the weather, and vegetarianism for all members and their guests. This was in addition to his overall beliefs of healthful benefits derived from the combination of nudity, sunbathing, and exercise. In 1965 the park was purchased by psychologist Oliver York for $120,000. It continued for another two decades until health violations of the aging buildings forced its closure by the city.\n\nLater years \nBoone's second wife died in 1960 and he became a widower for the last eight years of his life. Due to the proliferation of more successful competing nudist and adult publications, his Sunshine Publishing Company went out of business in 1963. Nearly broke, Boone lived his last years in the home of National Nudist Council member Edith Church, where he died on Thanksgiving Day, 1968, in Whitehouse, Ohio. at age 89. His magazine Sunshine & Health continued under another publisher into the 1980s, making it the longest published nudist magazine in America.\n\nPublications \nFollowing his ordination, Boone served a number of pastorates and wrote a number of books dealing with the divine, the most notable being The Conquering Christ. By 1933, however, Boone's interest in nudism led to publishing the first American nudist magazine, The Nudist (with Henry S. Huntington as its editor) which later became Sunshine & Health, published by his Sunshine Publishing Company. Even with the genitalia airbrushed out of the photos of nudists, the United States Postal Service decided the materials were obscene and could not be distributed through the U.S. mail. Boone challenged the decision and took his case all the way to the United States Supreme Court.\n\nIn 1958, he ultimately won the right to distribute uncensored nudist materials through the mail. The victory enabled not only legitimate nudist magazines and men's magazines to feature full frontal nudity (including Hugh Hefner's Playboy Magazine), but also unintentionally helped make possible the later oncoming flood of explicit adult publications during the 1960s sexual revolution.\n\nBooks\n\nPeriodicals \n College Hill Verse: Being selections from student publications of Brown University 1894-1904 (editor, 1904)\n The Nudist (later known as Sunshine & Health) (1933-1963)\n\nSee also \n Christian naturism\n Clothes free organizations\n Naturism\n Public nudity\n Skinny dipping\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n \n \n\n1879 births\n1968 deaths\nAmerican activists\nAmerican naturists\nPeople from Hamilton Township, Atlantic County, New Jersey\nSocial nudity advocates\nBrown University alumni",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-crossing%20rate
|
The zero-crossing rate (ZCR) is the rate at which a signal changes from positive to zero to negative or from negative to zero to positive. Its value has been widely used in both speech recognition and music information retrieval, being a key feature to classify percussive sounds.
ZCR is defined formally as
where is a signal of length and is an indicator function.
In some cases only the "positive-going" or "negative-going" crossings are counted, rather than all the crossings, since between a pair of adjacent positive zero-crossings there must be a single negative zero-crossing.
For monophonic tonal signals, the zero-crossing rate can be used as a primitive pitch detection algorithm. Zero crossing rates are also used for Voice activity detection (VAD), which determines whether human speech is present in an audio segment or not.
See also
Zero crossing
Digital signal processing
References
Signal processing
Rates
|
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-crossing%20rate",
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"content": "The zero-crossing rate (ZCR) is the rate at which a signal changes from positive to zero to negative or from negative to zero to positive. Its value has been widely used in both speech recognition and music information retrieval, being a key feature to classify percussive sounds.\n\nZCR is defined formally as\n\nwhere is a signal of length and is an indicator function.\n\nIn some cases only the \"positive-going\" or \"negative-going\" crossings are counted, rather than all the crossings, since between a pair of adjacent positive zero-crossings there must be a single negative zero-crossing.\n\nFor monophonic tonal signals, the zero-crossing rate can be used as a primitive pitch detection algorithm. Zero crossing rates are also used for Voice activity detection (VAD), which determines whether human speech is present in an audio segment or not.\n\nSee also\n Zero crossing\n Digital signal processing\n\nReferences\n\nSignal processing\nRates",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyd%20Henry%20Bode
|
Boyd Henry Bode (October 4, 1873 – March 29, 1953) was an American academic and philosopher, notable for his work on philosophy of education.
Bode was born in Ridott, Illinois. He grew up in rural areas of Iowa and South Dakota and attended Pennsylvania College in Iowa and later the University of Michigan, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1897, and Cornell University, where he received his Ph.D. in 1900.
Bode became assistant professor of philosophy at the University of Wisconsin–Madison (1900-1909) and was later appointed professor of philosophy at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (1909-1921). In 1910 Bode published An Outline of Logic.
In 1921 Bode became professor of education at Ohio State University. There Bode wrote on philosophy of education and authored Fundamentals of Education (1921), Modern Educational Theories (1927), Conflicting Psychologies of Learning (1929), Democracy as a Way of Life (1937), Progressive Education at the Crossroads (1938), and How We Learn (1940). He agreed with many of the ideas of John Dewey, especially on pragmatism. Bode retired in 1944. He died in 1953 in Gainesville, Florida.
From 1911 to 1912 Bode served as vice president of the American Philosophical Association.
Life
Boyd Bode was the son of Henry Bode and Gertrude Weinenga. His father was a minister of the First Christian Reformed Church and he also farmed. In 1848, his family was part of a religious migration of Germans to the United States. In the 1870s his family bought farm land and moved to Iowa. Bode had seven younger brothers and sisters and he was the only one to pursue an education. He earned his degree in 1896 from William Penn College in Oskaloosa, Iowa. Bode achieved another A.B. at the University of Michigan. He then earned his Ph.D. at Cornell University in 1900. Bode married Bernice Ballard and had two children in 1903.
Bode’s realistic approach to educational philosophy mimicked that of John Dewey. From 1900 to 1909 he was a professor of philosophy and philosophy of education at the University of Wisconsin. He left Wisconsin and moved to Illinois to become involved in the university’s department of education. While at the University of Illinois he published An Outline of Logic, which in the field of philosophy, launched him into becoming a young scholar.
Bode received a great compliment and was asked to come to Ohio State University to become a professor in education and head the Department of Principles and Practices of Education. This was his first time not teaching philosophy and instead education. However, he continued preaching the philosopher’s cynicism and concern for logic while teaching education. Instead of a typical lecture during class, Bode approached a different way of teaching by questioning and challenging his students. He was very well liked by his colleagues and this is shown in a quote from Ralph Tyler who worked with him at Ohio State University, “My admiration for his keen intelligence, his persistent questioning, and his ready wit led me to become a good friend of Bode’s.” This quote shows just how well liked and admired Bode was for his significance to education.
In 1927, he came out with another triumphant publication titled Modern Educational Theories. Bode felt school and education was to be the establishments which allowed social equality to become a way of life. He made this clear in two more publications titled Democracy as a Way of Life and Progressive Education at the Crossroads. Bode retired in 1944 and had several bridge jobs taking positions in Cairo, Egypt, and several universities as a teacher. In 1946 he accepted an offer of being the graduate lecturer in philosophy at the University of Florida where he spent the rest of his life until his death in 1953.
References
External links
Master's thesis about Bode's life and work
Article in Time magazine about Bode
1873 births
1953 deaths
Cornell University alumni
William Penn University alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
Ohio State University faculty
Philosophers of education
20th-century American philosophers
University of Michigan alumni
|
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyd%20Henry%20Bode",
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"content": "Boyd Henry Bode (October 4, 1873 – March 29, 1953) was an American academic and philosopher, notable for his work on philosophy of education.\n\nBode was born in Ridott, Illinois. He grew up in rural areas of Iowa and South Dakota and attended Pennsylvania College in Iowa and later the University of Michigan, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1897, and Cornell University, where he received his Ph.D. in 1900.\n\nBode became assistant professor of philosophy at the University of Wisconsin–Madison (1900-1909) and was later appointed professor of philosophy at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (1909-1921). In 1910 Bode published An Outline of Logic.\n\nIn 1921 Bode became professor of education at Ohio State University. There Bode wrote on philosophy of education and authored Fundamentals of Education (1921), Modern Educational Theories (1927), Conflicting Psychologies of Learning (1929), Democracy as a Way of Life (1937), Progressive Education at the Crossroads (1938), and How We Learn (1940). He agreed with many of the ideas of John Dewey, especially on pragmatism. Bode retired in 1944. He died in 1953 in Gainesville, Florida.\n\nFrom 1911 to 1912 Bode served as vice president of the American Philosophical Association.\n\nLife\n\nBoyd Bode was the son of Henry Bode and Gertrude Weinenga. His father was a minister of the First Christian Reformed Church and he also farmed. In 1848, his family was part of a religious migration of Germans to the United States. In the 1870s his family bought farm land and moved to Iowa. Bode had seven younger brothers and sisters and he was the only one to pursue an education. He earned his degree in 1896 from William Penn College in Oskaloosa, Iowa. Bode achieved another A.B. at the University of Michigan. He then earned his Ph.D. at Cornell University in 1900. Bode married Bernice Ballard and had two children in 1903. \nBode’s realistic approach to educational philosophy mimicked that of John Dewey. From 1900 to 1909 he was a professor of philosophy and philosophy of education at the University of Wisconsin. He left Wisconsin and moved to Illinois to become involved in the university’s department of education. While at the University of Illinois he published An Outline of Logic, which in the field of philosophy, launched him into becoming a young scholar. \nBode received a great compliment and was asked to come to Ohio State University to become a professor in education and head the Department of Principles and Practices of Education. This was his first time not teaching philosophy and instead education. However, he continued preaching the philosopher’s cynicism and concern for logic while teaching education. Instead of a typical lecture during class, Bode approached a different way of teaching by questioning and challenging his students. He was very well liked by his colleagues and this is shown in a quote from Ralph Tyler who worked with him at Ohio State University, “My admiration for his keen intelligence, his persistent questioning, and his ready wit led me to become a good friend of Bode’s.” This quote shows just how well liked and admired Bode was for his significance to education. \nIn 1927, he came out with another triumphant publication titled Modern Educational Theories. Bode felt school and education was to be the establishments which allowed social equality to become a way of life. He made this clear in two more publications titled Democracy as a Way of Life and Progressive Education at the Crossroads. Bode retired in 1944 and had several bridge jobs taking positions in Cairo, Egypt, and several universities as a teacher. In 1946 he accepted an offer of being the graduate lecturer in philosophy at the University of Florida where he spent the rest of his life until his death in 1953.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \nMaster's thesis about Bode's life and work\nArticle in Time magazine about Bode\n\n1873 births\n1953 deaths\nCornell University alumni\nWilliam Penn University alumni\nUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison faculty\nUniversity of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty\nOhio State University faculty\nPhilosophers of education\n20th-century American philosophers\nUniversity of Michigan alumni",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20James%20Catholic%20High%20School%20%28Guelph%29
|
St. James Catholic High School is a Grade 9 to 12 Catholic secondary school located in Guelph, Ontario and is part of the Wellington Catholic District School Board.
History
St. James was created in the 1950s as a junior high school for Catholic students but became a full high school in the mid-1980s. When the original Bishop Macdonell Catholic High School closed down in the mid-1990s, St. James inherited many of Bishop Mac's students along with Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic High School leading to a quick rise in school population and the subsequent construction of a new wing. Today, with the completion of the new Bishop Macdonell Catholic High School, most of the students come from the eastern and some northern parts of Guelph as well as from Wellington County.
See also
List of high schools in Ontario
References
Saint James Handbook
St. James History
External links
Wellington Catholic District School Board
Catholic secondary schools in Ontario
High schools in Guelph
Educational institutions established in 1952
1952 establishments in Ontario
|
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20James%20Catholic%20High%20School%20%28Guelph%29",
"role": "user"
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"content": "St. James Catholic High School is a Grade 9 to 12 Catholic secondary school located in Guelph, Ontario and is part of the Wellington Catholic District School Board.\n\nHistory \n\nSt. James was created in the 1950s as a junior high school for Catholic students but became a full high school in the mid-1980s. When the original Bishop Macdonell Catholic High School closed down in the mid-1990s, St. James inherited many of Bishop Mac's students along with Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic High School leading to a quick rise in school population and the subsequent construction of a new wing. Today, with the completion of the new Bishop Macdonell Catholic High School, most of the students come from the eastern and some northern parts of Guelph as well as from Wellington County.\n\nSee also\nList of high schools in Ontario\n\nReferences\nSaint James Handbook\nSt. James History\n\nExternal links \n Wellington Catholic District School Board\n\nCatholic secondary schools in Ontario\nHigh schools in Guelph\nEducational institutions established in 1952\n1952 establishments in Ontario",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Register%20of%20Historic%20Places%20listings%20in%20Keweenaw%20County%2C%20Michigan
|
The following is a list of Registered Historic Places in Keweenaw County, Michigan.
Early history
Copper was discovered in the Keweenaw in the 1830s; soon after, the US government built Fort Wilkins near Copper Harbor to maintain order in the area. Keweenaw County was split off from Houghton County in 1861, with the county seat in Eagle River. The early government and commercial buildings in Eagle River are now a Historic District. Isle Royale, although split off into its own county in 1875, was reunited with Keweenaw County ten years later, and remains part of the county.
Mining
Like Houghton County to the south, Keweenaw County's history includes much reference to copper mining. In particular, one of the earliest mines in the area, the prehistoric Minong Mine on Isle Royale, is listed as a historic district. In addition, the Central Mine and its Methodist Church are also listed on the historic register.
Shipping and transportation
However, with the greatest Great Lake, Lake Superior, surrounding the peninsula, and multiple natural harbors, Keweenaw County's history is much more entwined in shipping and transportation. Nineteen of the properties listed—over half—were directly related to Great Lakes shipping. These include nine lighthouses in Lake Superior: Copper Harbor Light, Eagle Harbor Light, Gull Rock Light Station, Isle Royale Light, Manitou Island Light Station, Passage Island Light, Rock Harbor Light, Rock of Ages Light, and Sand Hills Light. In addition, the wrecks of ten ships around Isle Royale are on the Register: The SS Algoma, SS America, SS Chester A. Congdon, PS Cumberland, SS Emperor, George M. Cox, SS Glenlyon, SS Henry Chisholm, SS Kamloops, and the SS Monarch.
In addition, the listings contain three road bridges built in the 1930s: the M-26–Cedar Creek Culvert, the M-26–Silver River Culvert, and the US 41–Fanny Hooe Creek Bridge. Finally, the Houghton County Traction Company Ahmeek Streetcar Station, an interurban rail station, represents local transportation in the Keweenaw.
Tourism
As the mining industry in the Keweenaw ran down, tourism in the area increased. This was evidenced by the increase in passenger ships (notably the SS America, mentioned above) and the construction of tourist hotels and summer cottages such as the Johns Hotel, the first resort on Isle Royale, and the Keweenaw Mountain Lodge and Golf Course Complex, built in 1933–34. Also in the 1930s, the roads accessing the Keweenaw communities were improved, with the addition of bridges such as the US 41–Fanny Hooe Creek Bridge.
Listings
|}
See also
List of Michigan State Historic Sites in Keweenaw County
List of National Historic Landmarks in Michigan
National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan
Listings in neighboring counties: Houghton
References
Keweenaw County
Keweenaw County, Michigan
|
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Register%20of%20Historic%20Places%20listings%20in%20Keweenaw%20County%2C%20Michigan",
"role": "user"
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"content": "The following is a list of Registered Historic Places in Keweenaw County, Michigan.\n\n\n\nEarly history\nCopper was discovered in the Keweenaw in the 1830s; soon after, the US government built Fort Wilkins near Copper Harbor to maintain order in the area. Keweenaw County was split off from Houghton County in 1861, with the county seat in Eagle River. The early government and commercial buildings in Eagle River are now a Historic District. Isle Royale, although split off into its own county in 1875, was reunited with Keweenaw County ten years later, and remains part of the county.\n\nMining\nLike Houghton County to the south, Keweenaw County's history includes much reference to copper mining. In particular, one of the earliest mines in the area, the prehistoric Minong Mine on Isle Royale, is listed as a historic district. In addition, the Central Mine and its Methodist Church are also listed on the historic register.\n\nShipping and transportation\nHowever, with the greatest Great Lake, Lake Superior, surrounding the peninsula, and multiple natural harbors, Keweenaw County's history is much more entwined in shipping and transportation. Nineteen of the properties listed—over half—were directly related to Great Lakes shipping. These include nine lighthouses in Lake Superior: Copper Harbor Light, Eagle Harbor Light, Gull Rock Light Station, Isle Royale Light, Manitou Island Light Station, Passage Island Light, Rock Harbor Light, Rock of Ages Light, and Sand Hills Light. In addition, the wrecks of ten ships around Isle Royale are on the Register: The SS Algoma, SS America, SS Chester A. Congdon, PS Cumberland, SS Emperor, George M. Cox, SS Glenlyon, SS Henry Chisholm, SS Kamloops, and the SS Monarch.\n\nIn addition, the listings contain three road bridges built in the 1930s: the M-26–Cedar Creek Culvert, the M-26–Silver River Culvert, and the US 41–Fanny Hooe Creek Bridge. Finally, the Houghton County Traction Company Ahmeek Streetcar Station, an interurban rail station, represents local transportation in the Keweenaw.\n\nTourism\nAs the mining industry in the Keweenaw ran down, tourism in the area increased. This was evidenced by the increase in passenger ships (notably the SS America, mentioned above) and the construction of tourist hotels and summer cottages such as the Johns Hotel, the first resort on Isle Royale, and the Keweenaw Mountain Lodge and Golf Course Complex, built in 1933–34. Also in the 1930s, the roads accessing the Keweenaw communities were improved, with the addition of bridges such as the US 41–Fanny Hooe Creek Bridge.\n\nListings\n\n|}\n\nSee also\n List of Michigan State Historic Sites in Keweenaw County\n List of National Historic Landmarks in Michigan\n National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan\n Listings in neighboring counties: Houghton\n\nReferences\n\nKeweenaw County\nKeweenaw County, Michigan",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Forrest%20%28Northern%20Ireland%20politician%29
|
George Forrest (26 October 1921 – 10 December 1968) was a unionist politician in Northern Ireland who served as MP for Mid Ulster from 1956 until his death. George Forrest was the son of Joseph Forrest (died 22 February 1968, aged 81) of Gortagammon, Tullyhogue, Cookstown, County Tyrone.
Forrest was first elected in the 1956 Mid Ulster by-election which was called after two previous MPs had been declared ineligible to sit. Initially elected as an independent, Forrest soon joined the Ulster Unionist Party and successfully contested the seat in three general elections. He became a prominent supporter of Prime Minister of Northern Ireland Terence O'Neill's liberal policies and became reviled by many of O'Neill's opponents. In 1967 he was pulled off a Twelfth of July platform in Coagh and kicked unconscious by fellow members of the Orange Order. Following his death in 1968 aged 47, his wife Anna was chosen to take over his candidacy, but the by-election was won by Bernadette Devlin.
References
External links
1921 births
1968 deaths
Independent members of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom
Independent politicians in Northern Ireland
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Mid Ulster
Ulster Unionist Party members of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1955–1959
UK MPs 1959–1964
UK MPs 1964–1966
UK MPs 1966–1970
|
[
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"role": "system"
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Forrest%20%28Northern%20Ireland%20politician%29",
"role": "user"
},
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"content": "George Forrest (26 October 1921 – 10 December 1968) was a unionist politician in Northern Ireland who served as MP for Mid Ulster from 1956 until his death. George Forrest was the son of Joseph Forrest (died 22 February 1968, aged 81) of Gortagammon, Tullyhogue, Cookstown, County Tyrone.\n\nForrest was first elected in the 1956 Mid Ulster by-election which was called after two previous MPs had been declared ineligible to sit. Initially elected as an independent, Forrest soon joined the Ulster Unionist Party and successfully contested the seat in three general elections. He became a prominent supporter of Prime Minister of Northern Ireland Terence O'Neill's liberal policies and became reviled by many of O'Neill's opponents. In 1967 he was pulled off a Twelfth of July platform in Coagh and kicked unconscious by fellow members of the Orange Order. Following his death in 1968 aged 47, his wife Anna was chosen to take over his candidacy, but the by-election was won by Bernadette Devlin.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\n1921 births\n1968 deaths\nIndependent members of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom\nIndependent politicians in Northern Ireland\nMembers of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Mid Ulster\nUlster Unionist Party members of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom\nUK MPs 1955–1959\nUK MPs 1959–1964\nUK MPs 1964–1966\nUK MPs 1966–1970",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennehy
|
Dennehy is a surname of Irish origin. The original form in Irish is Ó Duineachdha, meaning descendant of Duineachaidh, who was a chieftain who fought the Danes in Limerick in 934. The name may mean "humane", or may mean "man from the fairy hills". Spelling variations include Denehy, Dennehey, Denehey, Danahy, Deniehy, and Denahy. The name may refer to:
Billy Dennehy (born 1987), Irish football player
Brian Dennehy (1938–2020), American actor
Daniel Deniehy (1828–1865), Australian writer and politician
Darren Dennehy (born 1988), Irish football player
Donnacha Dennehy (born 1970), Irish composer
Elizabeth Dennehy (born 1960), American actress
Joanna Dennehy, serial killer; see Peterborough ditch murders
John Dennehy (born 1940), Irish politician
Miah Dennehy (born 1950), Irish football player
Mick Dennehy (born 1950), American football player and coach
Ned Dennehy (born 1965), Irish actor
Peter Denahy (born 1972), Australian musician
Thomas Dennehy (1829–1915), British general
William Francis Dennehy (1853–1918), Irish writer
Surnames of Irish origin
|
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"content": "Dennehy is a surname of Irish origin. The original form in Irish is Ó Duineachdha, meaning descendant of Duineachaidh, who was a chieftain who fought the Danes in Limerick in 934. The name may mean \"humane\", or may mean \"man from the fairy hills\". Spelling variations include Denehy, Dennehey, Denehey, Danahy, Deniehy, and Denahy. The name may refer to:\n\nBilly Dennehy (born 1987), Irish football player\nBrian Dennehy (1938–2020), American actor\nDaniel Deniehy (1828–1865), Australian writer and politician\nDarren Dennehy (born 1988), Irish football player\nDonnacha Dennehy (born 1970), Irish composer\nElizabeth Dennehy (born 1960), American actress\nJoanna Dennehy, serial killer; see Peterborough ditch murders\nJohn Dennehy (born 1940), Irish politician\nMiah Dennehy (born 1950), Irish football player\nMick Dennehy (born 1950), American football player and coach\nNed Dennehy (born 1965), Irish actor\nPeter Denahy (born 1972), Australian musician\nThomas Dennehy (1829–1915), British general\nWilliam Francis Dennehy (1853–1918), Irish writer\n\nSurnames of Irish origin",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silber
|
Silber is a surname, originally the German word meaning silver. It may refer to:
Notable people named Silber
Alexandra Silber (born 1983), American actor, singer, writer, and educator
Christoph Silber (born 1971), German-born British film producer, screenwriter, and director
Christopher Silber (born 1973), American television writer and producer
Eddie Silber (1914–1976), American baseball player
Irwin Silber (1925–2010), American writer, editor, publisher, historian, folk-song collector, and political activist
Jane Silber (born ?), American chief executive, computer scientist, and artificial intelligence technologist
Joan Silber (born ?), American novelist
John Silber (1926–2012), American academician, politician, philosophy professor, and university president
Jules C. Silber (1885–?), German WWI spy, autobiographer, and interpreter
Laura Silber (born ?), American professor, foundation executive, and writer
Marianne Rafferty (née Silber; born 1971), American television news anchor and journalist
Mary Silber (born ?), American statistical science professor, mathematician, and physicist
Max I. Silber (1911–2004), American Scouting promoter and enthusiast, ingot manufacturer, and businessman
Mitchell D. Silber (born 1970), American political risk, intelligence, and security analyst, and television commentator
Otto Silber (1893–1940), Estonian footballer and Olympics competitor
Sherman Silber (born ?), American urologist, microsurgeon, inventor, and infertility specialist
Stephen Silber (born 1944), British judge
William L. Silber (born ?), American economist, professor, and writer
Fictional characters
Katrina Silber, minor character in Buffy the Vampire Slayer
Silber, a character in the Buriki One video game series
See also
Silberman
Silver (disambiguation)
Silverman
Zilber
German-language surnames
Surnames of Jewish origin
Yiddish-language surnames
|
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silber",
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"content": "Silber is a surname, originally the German word meaning silver. It may refer to:\n\nNotable people named Silber\nAlexandra Silber (born 1983), American actor, singer, writer, and educator\nChristoph Silber (born 1971), German-born British film producer, screenwriter, and director\nChristopher Silber (born 1973), American television writer and producer\nEddie Silber (1914–1976), American baseball player\nIrwin Silber (1925–2010), American writer, editor, publisher, historian, folk-song collector, and political activist\nJane Silber (born ?), American chief executive, computer scientist, and artificial intelligence technologist\nJoan Silber (born ?), American novelist\nJohn Silber (1926–2012), American academician, politician, philosophy professor, and university president\nJules C. Silber (1885–?), German WWI spy, autobiographer, and interpreter\nLaura Silber (born ?), American professor, foundation executive, and writer\nMarianne Rafferty (née Silber; born 1971), American television news anchor and journalist\nMary Silber (born ?), American statistical science professor, mathematician, and physicist\nMax I. Silber (1911–2004), American Scouting promoter and enthusiast, ingot manufacturer, and businessman\nMitchell D. Silber (born 1970), American political risk, intelligence, and security analyst, and television commentator\nOtto Silber (1893–1940), Estonian footballer and Olympics competitor\nSherman Silber (born ?), American urologist, microsurgeon, inventor, and infertility specialist\nStephen Silber (born 1944), British judge\nWilliam L. Silber (born ?), American economist, professor, and writer\n\nFictional characters\nKatrina Silber, minor character in Buffy the Vampire Slayer\n Silber, a character in the Buriki One video game series\n\nSee also \nSilberman\nSilver (disambiguation)\nSilverman\nZilber\n\nGerman-language surnames\nSurnames of Jewish origin\nYiddish-language surnames",
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Francis Lewis High School
|
Francis Lewis High School (FLHS) is a selective public high school located in Fresh Meadows, in the New York City borough of Queens. It is one of the most-applied-to public high schools in New York City with 9,468 applicants in 2016. Operated by the New York City Department of Education, the school serves students of grades 912. The school is named after Francis Lewis, who signed the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of New York.
The school has several competitive and high-performing academic programs. Students are admitted to the school, either as zoned applicants from the surrounding area, or through these programs, whose acceptance rate are below 3% in the 2019 admissions statistics, some being as low as 1%.
The school has a 93% attendance rate, compared to 89% citywide. The school's graduation rate is 88% in four years, compared to 76% citywide. Of the graduating class, 82% of graduates enrolled in college or other post-secondary program within six months of graduation, compared to 59% citywide.
Student body
Francis Lewis is one of the most selective and applied to public high schools in New York City. In March 2016, Francis Lewis had 9,468 applicants applying for a seat in the school. During the 2019–2020 school year, Francis Lewis had 4,418 students enrolled. For the 2019–2020 academic year, the student body was 56% Asian, 22% Hispanic, 16% Caucasian, and 6% African American. Ten percent of the students were learning English as a second language. Fourteen percent of the students had special needs.
Francis Lewis is also one of the most overcrowded; it has a capacity of 2,300, and the 2019–2020 enrollment figures exceeded that capacity by 176 percent. In 2019, the New York City School Construction Authority started constructing an annex with 500 seats and amenities such as a culinary arts room, a science lab, and a greenhouse. The annex is scheduled to be completed by September 2022.
The school has an alumni association for graduates.
Special programs and enrollment
Eighth and ninth graders applying to Francis Lewis can be admitted through its specialized academic programs which include the following.
The Jacob K. Javits Law Institute for law studies. Students take semesters studying American law, analyzing the court system, and participating in mock trials and moot court. The program is a three-year program. The school's team won the New York City Moot Court Championships in December 1997.
The University Scholars Program, a program which gives its students an accelerated humanities program including Mythology for freshman year and Philosophy for sophomore year. Students are required to take AP English Language and Composition during junior year, and they have the choice of taking either Ancient Greek or AP English Literature and Composition during senior year. Students are required to take two foreign languages as well. The program is a four-year program.
The Math and Science Research Program offers advanced studies of math, science and statistics. Students analyze scientific articles, write scientific papers, design and conduct experiments, and participate in science fairs. The program is a four-year program. The program has garnered various Siemens Competition and Intel Science Talent Search finalists and winners. For example, Francis Lewis had three semifinalists in 2010, more than any other high school in New York City.
Math Team is a program that allows students to participate in citywide math competitions in addition to required math courses. In April 1999, the senior math team came in first place in the New York State Interscholastic Math Competition. In 2016, the program's math magazine received a gold medal from Columbia Scholastic Press Association, a Columbia University group.
The Robotics and Engineering Program offers students education in engineering. Students learn how to construct and program their own robots and compete in citywide competitions.
The International Relations Program allows students to take an accelerated class in international relations including conflicts and trade. Students take field trips to the United Nations building to analyze relations between different country leaders.
The Computer Science Program allows students to learn how to code on a computer and improve their programming skills.
In May 1995, the debate team won the New York City Championship in the annual Lincoln-Douglas debates for the first time in school history.
Before students enter sophomore year, Francis Lewis High School offers students the chance to switch into different programs. Several three-year programs become available, including the following:
The Dance Academy allows students to take a dance class in addition to the physical education class. Students learn how to do classical dances and modern dances. As of the 2018–2019 school year, students are able to audition to join the academy in their freshman year through orientation in June.
School of Design allows students classes to further their art skills.
The Graphic Design Academy allows students to pursue interests in graphic design.
The Journalism Academy offers students a classes to better understand news writing, reporting, and production. Students learn to produce a news story, learn to photojournalism skills, and broadcast and report through multimedia. The program has garnered multiple awards from the Newsies! Awards, run by Baruch College.
The Sports and Medicine Academy teaches students necessary skills for working in the medical field. Students study human anatomy, medicines, and medical conditions.
The Music Program allows students to further their music skills with different types of instruments and through voice, taking any of the music electives for most of their high school tenure.
The Virtual Enterprise International Academy allows students to learn the basis of designing and selling a product. Student learn marketing techniques, and they use these skills to try to sell a product to real investors. The program has garnered honors with top ranking companies in citywide competitions making nationals.
Academics
In order to give students high school credit and Regents credit, Francis Lewis offers numerous classes such as integrated algebra, geometry, trigonometry/algebra II, pre-trigonometry, English, living environment/biology, chemistry, physics, earth science, global history and geography, U.S. History and geography, U.S. government and economics, health, forensic science, sports medicine, literature, music appreciation, art, and graphic design.
As physical education classes, Francis Lewis High School offers frisbee, racket sports, soccer, basketball, yoga and dance, walking, weight training and conditioning, and volleyball.
The school offers music electives including chorus, concert choir, honors concert band, jazz ensemble, guitar, keyboard, marching band, and string orchestra. Students may take music electives for as long as their high school tenure. Music appreciation is offered as a one-year class for art/music credit.
Language studies
In keeping with the school's diversity, Francis Lewis High School teaches several foreign languages, including Chinese (Mandarin), French, Greek (for the fourth year of the University Scholars program), Italian, Japanese, Korean, Latin, and Spanish. Classes for native speakers in Chinese, Korean, and Spanish are also available for students satisfying the NYCDOE's foreign language requirement. The school previously taught Arabic and Hebrew, but those classes ended due to declining interest.
English as New Language (ENL) is also available for English learners.
Advanced Placement courses
In 1978, Francis Lewis High School was the first public high school to achieve certification to the International Baccalaureate, but stopped offering it in the 1990s. Advanced Placement (AP) courses are also available, offering college credit for work done during high school (based on the final test score). Students may choose the full program to get a full years' college credit, or simply courses of interest (for credit towards single college courses such as math or humanities). Sixty-six percent of twelfth graders take at least one Advanced Placement exam at any time during high school; of these, 50% earned at least a 3 on at least one Advanced Placement exam.
Students may choose from 20 AP courses offered at Francis Lewis, including Biology, Calculus AB, Calculus BC, Capstone, Chemistry, Chinese Language and Culture, Computer Science A, English Language and Composition, English Literature and Composition, Environmental Science, Japanese Language and Culture, Latin, Macroeconomics, Microeconomics, Physics 1, Physics 2, AP Physics C: Mechanics, Psychology, Spanish, Statistics, United States Government and Politics, United States History, and World History.
Francis Lewis High School was ranked 29th out of the 520 public high schools in New York City, according to U.S. News & World Report.
College Now! courses
Francis Lewis High School offers several courses from College Now, a program offered by the City University of New York to allow students access City University of New York classes and earn college credit. Classes are offered at Queens College and Queensborough Community College.
Students can choose up to six classes including astronomy, health and nutrition, criminal justice/sociology, computers in modern society, English, and pre-calculus.
Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps
In 1994, the US Army Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps (JROTC) program was established in the school. It is the largest in the nation, with more than 1,000 cadets of the 1,725 high school chapters in the country. The battalion is an honor unit with distinction, and it is considered one of the best and well-known US Army JROTC units in the nation. It had a 100% graduation rate from 1992 to 2013.
There are six JROTC teams, namely Academic, Choir, Drum Corps, Honor Guard, and Drill Team (Armed and Unarmed). Two teams compete, Academic and Drill Team (Unarmed – Patriot Pride, Armed – Patriot Guard). Francis Lewis High School used to have a competing Raiders team (female – Patriot Strength, male – Patriot Force).
In 2018 allegations of hazing (involving sexual and physical assault) from the male Raiders team were made.
The Patriot Guard were national champions in 2007, 2009–2011, and placed second in 2012. The Patriot Pride came in second in 2006, 2008 and 2009 and first in 2010 and 2013 National Championships in Daytona, Florida.
The female Raiders were national champions for four consecutive years from 2009 to 2012. The male Raiders' most recent first-place title was in 2011, having come in third in the 2012 Nationals and second in the 2013 Nationals.
The Academic team was awarded first place at the 2015 Leadership Bowl Nationals. The Academic team placed as finalists in the JROTC Leadership Academic Bowl in 2011, 2012, and 2013.
In 2010, Francis Lewis had more cadets in the United States Military Academy than any other public high school in the United States.
The JROTC Program may be chosen as an elective that a student may have in addition to their program. Students enrolled in JROTC are required to partake in weekly physical training, conduct school and community service, wear the Army Service Uniform once a week, as well as take courses on leadership, nutrition, personal finance, civics, and government.
Extracurricular activities
Athletics
Francis Lewis High School's athletic teams compete in the PSAL. Student-athletes compete in baseball, basketball, bowling, cheerleading, cross country, fencing, golf, handball, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis, track, volleyball, and wrestling
Francis Lewis High School's cross country team won the PSAL championship in 1968.
The school's soccer team won the PSAL championship in 1969.
The softball team won the PSAL championship in 1975.
Francis Lewis High School's girls basketball team won the PSAL Championship in March 1979. The team was undefeated in the regular season that year.
Francis Lewis has had a cricket team since 2015.
The school's male and female American handball team won the PSAL championship in the 2018–2019 season.
During the 1994–1995 season, Francis Lewis High School's boys basketball team was undefeated in its division, the first time it had done so since the 1980–1981 season. The team won the PSAL B Championship in March 1995. The team advanced to the New York State Federation Basketball Class A championship in Glens Falls. It lost to Mount Saint Michael Academy of the Bronx, knocking it out of the state tournament.
Francis Lewis High School's athletic field is named for Margaret Lambert, a German Jewish track and field athlete. During the 1930s, German athletic teams were closed to Jewish athletes, and the United States was considering to boycott the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin in protest of Germany's anti-Semitism. Adolf Hitler wanted to avoid a boycott, so he threatened her father to have her train for Germany in order to convince the world that Germany welcomed Jewish athletes to its team if they qualified. She tied the German high jump record at the national trials in Stuttgart, and she trained at the Olympic training camp in Ettlingen.
Clubs
Francis Lewis offers a varying number of clubs approved by the Student Organization (SO). Students may fill out a club registration forms from the SO Office by the late September deadline.
The 2019–2020 school year offers clubs including 4H Cornell, American Red Cross Club, Anime Club, Art Club, Asian Food Culture Club, Baseball Club, Calligraphy Club, Chess Club, Chinese Chess Club, Chinese Club, Chinese Origami Club, Christian Seekers Fellowship, Creative Writing Club, Cultural Dance Club, Current Events Club, DECA, DIY Club, Double Up (mentor) Club, Dungeons and Dragons, Endangered Species Club, Environmental Club, Fashion Club, Film Club, Fitness Club, Food Club, Gardening Club, Girls Fall Conditioning, Girls Who Code (GWC), Glamour Gals, Green Team, Harry Potter Club, Hellenic Club, History Club, HS Investment Club (HSIC), Humans of Francis Lewis Magazine, Inspiring Inclusive Leaders, International Education Club, ISS Club, Japanese Club, Jewish Student Union, Journalism Club (FLHS News), Junior State of America (JSA), K-pop and Urban Dance Club (KUD), Key Club, Korean Club, Korean Drum Club, Kung Fu Club, LGBTQ+ Club, Math Club, Media Production Club, Medical Explorers Club, Mindfulness + Yoga Club, Model United Nations, Modern Music Club, Muslim Student Association Club, My Brother's Keeper, No Place for Hate, Nu Gamma Psi (male and female step teams), One Love Counseling Club, Paper Bridges Club, Programmers Initiative Club (PI), Public Speaking for Beginners, Puzzle Club, Science Olympiads, Sikh Student Association, Spanish Club, Students for Climate Action Now, Taekwondo Club, TED Talk Club, Teen Community Service (TCS), Travelers Club, Trivia Club, Ultimate Unity Dance Club, UNICEF, Video Game Club, Visual Arts Club, Women's Empowerment Club, and Workout Club.
Former clubs include 3D Model Club (2017–2018), ACLU (2017–2018) African American Club (2018–2019), Ancient History Club (2018–2019), Animal Humane Society (2017–2018), Astronomy Club (2016–2017), Big Sib-Little Sib (2017–2018), Books for Baddies (2018–2019), Bookworms (2017–2018), Caribbean Club (2017–2018), Comedy Club (2018–2019), Comic Book Club (2016–2017), Conscious Club (2018–2019), Conservation Club (2017–2018), Dancer Dynasty Club (2018–2019), Debate Club (2018–2019), eSport Club (2018–2019), Filipino Club, FLNBC (2015–2016), Food Appreciation Club (2017–2018), Game Club (2017–2018), Gamer's Connect (2018–2019), Game Development and Design Club (2018–2019), Glee Club (2015–2018), Global Advocates Club (2017–2019), Interconnected Club (2017–2018), International Club (2017–2018), International Pop Club (2017–2018), Latin Club (2017–2018), Latinos Unidos (2018–2019), Make-Up Club (2017–2018), Mental Health Club (2018–2019), Music Cover Club (2018–2019), Music Creation (2018–2019), One Neutron Extra (ONE, 2016–2017), Operation CARE Team (2017–2019), Philosophy Club (2018–2019), Photography Club, Pre-Med Club, Social Activist Club (2018–2019), SPEAK (2018–2019), STEMP Club (2018–2019), Video Game Club (2017–2018), and Youth Civic Engagement (YCE, 2018–2019).
History
In 1952, the Northeast Queens Council for Schools advocated for a northeast Queens high school because of severe overcrowding at Bayside High School, Flushing High School, Andrew Jackson High School, and Jamaica High School.
In December 1955, the New York City Board of Education approved the building of a new high school, called Northeast Queens High School, near the intersection of Utopia Parkway and 59th Avenue, with a capacity of 3,000 students. The city bought 11 acres of land, and the City Planning Commission agreed that the high school was needed, but the Commission did not approve the allocation of money to build the school in the capital budget.
In August 1956, the city approved the hiring of the firm of Eggers & Higgins to be the architect of the building, although the budget to actually build the high school was not yet approved.
In October 1956, Mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. wrote a letter to the City Planning Commission asking it to include the construction of Northeast Queens High School in its capital budget. The construction was included in the capital budget in 1957.
In March 1958, the Board of Education approved a contract to build the high school. A $4,229,000 contract was awarded to the lowest bidder, Caristo Construction Company. The ground-breaking happened that same year. A group of parents tried to have an indoor swimming pool built in the high school, but they were not successful. The high school ended up costing $6,100,000 to build.
Francis Lewis High School opened on September 13, 1960. The school was named after Francis Lewis, a resident of Whitestone who signed the United States Declaration of Independence. Vincent McGarrett was the first principal. Herman Wolf was the first basketball coach. Queensborough Community College held some of its classes at Francis Lewis High School that year because its own campus was still under construction.
Francis Lewis High School was built for a capacity of 2,700 students. The school was overcrowded as of the 1962–1963 school year. Cardozo High School was built in 1967 in order to relieve overcrowding at Francis Lewis.
In 1965, Queensborough Community College held some of its evening classes at Francis Lewis High School due to overcrowding at Queensborough.
In 1978, Francis Lewis High School graduated International Baccalaureate diploma students, the first public high school in the United States to do so. It terminated in the 1990s.
In early 2018, Francis Lewis High School announced plans for a new annex to add more space and alleviate overcrowding. It would be located where a tennis court and the Margaret Lambert Track and Field House were. Construction began in 2019. Completion is expected by 2023.
Notable alumni
Mashama Bailey - an American chef specializing in Southern cuisine, she is the chef at The Grey
Steve Dorff (1968) – composer/music producer
Rob Echeverria – American musician who has worked as the guitarist of Biohazard, Helmet, Rest in Pieces, and Straight Ahead.
Rick Elice (1973) – actor, writer
Steve Greenberg (1978) – record producer, former President of Columbia Records
Sebastián Guenzatti – soccer player for the Tampa Bay Rowdies of the United Soccer League
Peter Guttman (1972) – travel journalist, lecturer, and author
Heejun Han (2007) – finalist on American Idol, season 11
Albie Hecht – former president of Nickelodeon, founder of Spike TV
Mike Jorgensen (1966) – drafted by the New York Mets; played for the New York Mets, Montreal Expos, Oakland Athletics, Texas Rangers, Atlanta Braves, and St. Louis Cardinals; managed the Cardinals
Paul Joskow — American economist and professor
Peter Marino – American architect
Clair Marlo (1976) - aka Clara Veseliza - composer/music producer, known for her hit-song "'Til They Take My Heart Away", for her work as a record producer, and for her exceptional body of work heard in Television, Film, and streaming worldwide.
Peter Mehlman (1973) - a renowned writer, comedian, and television and film producer best known for his work on Seinfeld and Madagascar.
Mark Miloscia – Washington State Senator
Jonathan Pontell – television director, producer, and editor
Craig Setari – American musician and former competitive boxer who is currently active as the bass player in Sick of It All – hardcore punk band
Ron Shandler (1974) – national baseball analyst, author of Baseball Forecaster, founder of BaseballHQ.com, columnist for USA Today
Dennis Walcott – former chancellor of the New York City Department of Education, president and CEO of the Queens Borough Public Library system
Chris Welty (1981) – computer scientist
Alfred Scudieri - (1963) - Former President of The Society of Former Special Agents of the FBI.
In fiction
In The Yards, Joaquin Phoenix plays a character who graduated from Francis Lewis High School. The film's director, James Gray, grew up in Flushing.
References
External links
At High School in Queens, R.O.T.C.’s Enduring Influence
At School in Queens, Success Draws Crowd - New York Times
National Drill Competition- Champions Interview- NBC
Public high schools in Queens, New York
|
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"content": "Francis Lewis High School (FLHS) is a selective public high school located in Fresh Meadows, in the New York City borough of Queens. It is one of the most-applied-to public high schools in New York City with 9,468 applicants in 2016. Operated by the New York City Department of Education, the school serves students of grades 912. The school is named after Francis Lewis, who signed the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of New York.\n\nThe school has several competitive and high-performing academic programs. Students are admitted to the school, either as zoned applicants from the surrounding area, or through these programs, whose acceptance rate are below 3% in the 2019 admissions statistics, some being as low as 1%.\n\nThe school has a 93% attendance rate, compared to 89% citywide. The school's graduation rate is 88% in four years, compared to 76% citywide. Of the graduating class, 82% of graduates enrolled in college or other post-secondary program within six months of graduation, compared to 59% citywide.\n\nStudent body \nFrancis Lewis is one of the most selective and applied to public high schools in New York City. In March 2016, Francis Lewis had 9,468 applicants applying for a seat in the school. During the 2019–2020 school year, Francis Lewis had 4,418 students enrolled. For the 2019–2020 academic year, the student body was 56% Asian, 22% Hispanic, 16% Caucasian, and 6% African American. Ten percent of the students were learning English as a second language. Fourteen percent of the students had special needs.\n\nFrancis Lewis is also one of the most overcrowded; it has a capacity of 2,300, and the 2019–2020 enrollment figures exceeded that capacity by 176 percent. In 2019, the New York City School Construction Authority started constructing an annex with 500 seats and amenities such as a culinary arts room, a science lab, and a greenhouse. The annex is scheduled to be completed by September 2022.\n\nThe school has an alumni association for graduates.\n\nSpecial programs and enrollment\nEighth and ninth graders applying to Francis Lewis can be admitted through its specialized academic programs which include the following.\n The Jacob K. Javits Law Institute for law studies. Students take semesters studying American law, analyzing the court system, and participating in mock trials and moot court. The program is a three-year program. The school's team won the New York City Moot Court Championships in December 1997. \n The University Scholars Program, a program which gives its students an accelerated humanities program including Mythology for freshman year and Philosophy for sophomore year. Students are required to take AP English Language and Composition during junior year, and they have the choice of taking either Ancient Greek or AP English Literature and Composition during senior year. Students are required to take two foreign languages as well. The program is a four-year program.\n The Math and Science Research Program offers advanced studies of math, science and statistics. Students analyze scientific articles, write scientific papers, design and conduct experiments, and participate in science fairs. The program is a four-year program. The program has garnered various Siemens Competition and Intel Science Talent Search finalists and winners. For example, Francis Lewis had three semifinalists in 2010, more than any other high school in New York City.\n Math Team is a program that allows students to participate in citywide math competitions in addition to required math courses. In April 1999, the senior math team came in first place in the New York State Interscholastic Math Competition. In 2016, the program's math magazine received a gold medal from Columbia Scholastic Press Association, a Columbia University group.\n The Robotics and Engineering Program offers students education in engineering. Students learn how to construct and program their own robots and compete in citywide competitions. \n The International Relations Program allows students to take an accelerated class in international relations including conflicts and trade. Students take field trips to the United Nations building to analyze relations between different country leaders.\n The Computer Science Program allows students to learn how to code on a computer and improve their programming skills.\n\nIn May 1995, the debate team won the New York City Championship in the annual Lincoln-Douglas debates for the first time in school history.\n\nBefore students enter sophomore year, Francis Lewis High School offers students the chance to switch into different programs. Several three-year programs become available, including the following:\nThe Dance Academy allows students to take a dance class in addition to the physical education class. Students learn how to do classical dances and modern dances. As of the 2018–2019 school year, students are able to audition to join the academy in their freshman year through orientation in June.\nSchool of Design allows students classes to further their art skills.\nThe Graphic Design Academy allows students to pursue interests in graphic design.\nThe Journalism Academy offers students a classes to better understand news writing, reporting, and production. Students learn to produce a news story, learn to photojournalism skills, and broadcast and report through multimedia. The program has garnered multiple awards from the Newsies! Awards, run by Baruch College.\n The Sports and Medicine Academy teaches students necessary skills for working in the medical field. Students study human anatomy, medicines, and medical conditions.\nThe Music Program allows students to further their music skills with different types of instruments and through voice, taking any of the music electives for most of their high school tenure.\n The Virtual Enterprise International Academy allows students to learn the basis of designing and selling a product. Student learn marketing techniques, and they use these skills to try to sell a product to real investors. The program has garnered honors with top ranking companies in citywide competitions making nationals.\n\nAcademics\nIn order to give students high school credit and Regents credit, Francis Lewis offers numerous classes such as integrated algebra, geometry, trigonometry/algebra II, pre-trigonometry, English, living environment/biology, chemistry, physics, earth science, global history and geography, U.S. History and geography, U.S. government and economics, health, forensic science, sports medicine, literature, music appreciation, art, and graphic design.\n\nAs physical education classes, Francis Lewis High School offers frisbee, racket sports, soccer, basketball, yoga and dance, walking, weight training and conditioning, and volleyball.\n\nThe school offers music electives including chorus, concert choir, honors concert band, jazz ensemble, guitar, keyboard, marching band, and string orchestra. Students may take music electives for as long as their high school tenure. Music appreciation is offered as a one-year class for art/music credit.\n\nLanguage studies \nIn keeping with the school's diversity, Francis Lewis High School teaches several foreign languages, including Chinese (Mandarin), French, Greek (for the fourth year of the University Scholars program), Italian, Japanese, Korean, Latin, and Spanish. Classes for native speakers in Chinese, Korean, and Spanish are also available for students satisfying the NYCDOE's foreign language requirement. The school previously taught Arabic and Hebrew, but those classes ended due to declining interest.\n\nEnglish as New Language (ENL) is also available for English learners.\n\nAdvanced Placement courses \nIn 1978, Francis Lewis High School was the first public high school to achieve certification to the International Baccalaureate, but stopped offering it in the 1990s. Advanced Placement (AP) courses are also available, offering college credit for work done during high school (based on the final test score). Students may choose the full program to get a full years' college credit, or simply courses of interest (for credit towards single college courses such as math or humanities). Sixty-six percent of twelfth graders take at least one Advanced Placement exam at any time during high school; of these, 50% earned at least a 3 on at least one Advanced Placement exam.\n\nStudents may choose from 20 AP courses offered at Francis Lewis, including Biology, Calculus AB, Calculus BC, Capstone, Chemistry, Chinese Language and Culture, Computer Science A, English Language and Composition, English Literature and Composition, Environmental Science, Japanese Language and Culture, Latin, Macroeconomics, Microeconomics, Physics 1, Physics 2, AP Physics C: Mechanics, Psychology, Spanish, Statistics, United States Government and Politics, United States History, and World History.\n\nFrancis Lewis High School was ranked 29th out of the 520 public high schools in New York City, according to U.S. News & World Report.\n\nCollege Now! courses \nFrancis Lewis High School offers several courses from College Now, a program offered by the City University of New York to allow students access City University of New York classes and earn college credit. Classes are offered at Queens College and Queensborough Community College.\n\nStudents can choose up to six classes including astronomy, health and nutrition, criminal justice/sociology, computers in modern society, English, and pre-calculus.\n\nJunior Reserve Officers' Training Corps\nIn 1994, the US Army Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps (JROTC) program was established in the school. It is the largest in the nation, with more than 1,000 cadets of the 1,725 high school chapters in the country. The battalion is an honor unit with distinction, and it is considered one of the best and well-known US Army JROTC units in the nation. It had a 100% graduation rate from 1992 to 2013.\n\nThere are six JROTC teams, namely Academic, Choir, Drum Corps, Honor Guard, and Drill Team (Armed and Unarmed). Two teams compete, Academic and Drill Team (Unarmed – Patriot Pride, Armed – Patriot Guard). Francis Lewis High School used to have a competing Raiders team (female – Patriot Strength, male – Patriot Force). \n\nIn 2018 allegations of hazing (involving sexual and physical assault) from the male Raiders team were made.\n\nThe Patriot Guard were national champions in 2007, 2009–2011, and placed second in 2012. The Patriot Pride came in second in 2006, 2008 and 2009 and first in 2010 and 2013 National Championships in Daytona, Florida.\n\nThe female Raiders were national champions for four consecutive years from 2009 to 2012. The male Raiders' most recent first-place title was in 2011, having come in third in the 2012 Nationals and second in the 2013 Nationals.\n\nThe Academic team was awarded first place at the 2015 Leadership Bowl Nationals. The Academic team placed as finalists in the JROTC Leadership Academic Bowl in 2011, 2012, and 2013.\n\nIn 2010, Francis Lewis had more cadets in the United States Military Academy than any other public high school in the United States.\n\nThe JROTC Program may be chosen as an elective that a student may have in addition to their program. Students enrolled in JROTC are required to partake in weekly physical training, conduct school and community service, wear the Army Service Uniform once a week, as well as take courses on leadership, nutrition, personal finance, civics, and government.\n\nExtracurricular activities\n\nAthletics \nFrancis Lewis High School's athletic teams compete in the PSAL. Student-athletes compete in baseball, basketball, bowling, cheerleading, cross country, fencing, golf, handball, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis, track, volleyball, and wrestling\n\nFrancis Lewis High School's cross country team won the PSAL championship in 1968.\n\nThe school's soccer team won the PSAL championship in 1969.\n\nThe softball team won the PSAL championship in 1975.\n\nFrancis Lewis High School's girls basketball team won the PSAL Championship in March 1979. The team was undefeated in the regular season that year.\n\nFrancis Lewis has had a cricket team since 2015.\n\nThe school's male and female American handball team won the PSAL championship in the 2018–2019 season.\n\nDuring the 1994–1995 season, Francis Lewis High School's boys basketball team was undefeated in its division, the first time it had done so since the 1980–1981 season. The team won the PSAL B Championship in March 1995. The team advanced to the New York State Federation Basketball Class A championship in Glens Falls. It lost to Mount Saint Michael Academy of the Bronx, knocking it out of the state tournament.\n\nFrancis Lewis High School's athletic field is named for Margaret Lambert, a German Jewish track and field athlete. During the 1930s, German athletic teams were closed to Jewish athletes, and the United States was considering to boycott the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin in protest of Germany's anti-Semitism. Adolf Hitler wanted to avoid a boycott, so he threatened her father to have her train for Germany in order to convince the world that Germany welcomed Jewish athletes to its team if they qualified. She tied the German high jump record at the national trials in Stuttgart, and she trained at the Olympic training camp in Ettlingen.\n\nClubs \nFrancis Lewis offers a varying number of clubs approved by the Student Organization (SO). Students may fill out a club registration forms from the SO Office by the late September deadline.\n\nThe 2019–2020 school year offers clubs including 4H Cornell, American Red Cross Club, Anime Club, Art Club, Asian Food Culture Club, Baseball Club, Calligraphy Club, Chess Club, Chinese Chess Club, Chinese Club, Chinese Origami Club, Christian Seekers Fellowship, Creative Writing Club, Cultural Dance Club, Current Events Club, DECA, DIY Club, Double Up (mentor) Club, Dungeons and Dragons, Endangered Species Club, Environmental Club, Fashion Club, Film Club, Fitness Club, Food Club, Gardening Club, Girls Fall Conditioning, Girls Who Code (GWC), Glamour Gals, Green Team, Harry Potter Club, Hellenic Club, History Club, HS Investment Club (HSIC), Humans of Francis Lewis Magazine, Inspiring Inclusive Leaders, International Education Club, ISS Club, Japanese Club, Jewish Student Union, Journalism Club (FLHS News), Junior State of America (JSA), K-pop and Urban Dance Club (KUD), Key Club, Korean Club, Korean Drum Club, Kung Fu Club, LGBTQ+ Club, Math Club, Media Production Club, Medical Explorers Club, Mindfulness + Yoga Club, Model United Nations, Modern Music Club, Muslim Student Association Club, My Brother's Keeper, No Place for Hate, Nu Gamma Psi (male and female step teams), One Love Counseling Club, Paper Bridges Club, Programmers Initiative Club (PI), Public Speaking for Beginners, Puzzle Club, Science Olympiads, Sikh Student Association, Spanish Club, Students for Climate Action Now, Taekwondo Club, TED Talk Club, Teen Community Service (TCS), Travelers Club, Trivia Club, Ultimate Unity Dance Club, UNICEF, Video Game Club, Visual Arts Club, Women's Empowerment Club, and Workout Club.\n\nFormer clubs include 3D Model Club (2017–2018), ACLU (2017–2018) African American Club (2018–2019), Ancient History Club (2018–2019), Animal Humane Society (2017–2018), Astronomy Club (2016–2017), Big Sib-Little Sib (2017–2018), Books for Baddies (2018–2019), Bookworms (2017–2018), Caribbean Club (2017–2018), Comedy Club (2018–2019), Comic Book Club (2016–2017), Conscious Club (2018–2019), Conservation Club (2017–2018), Dancer Dynasty Club (2018–2019), Debate Club (2018–2019), eSport Club (2018–2019), Filipino Club, FLNBC (2015–2016), Food Appreciation Club (2017–2018), Game Club (2017–2018), Gamer's Connect (2018–2019), Game Development and Design Club (2018–2019), Glee Club (2015–2018), Global Advocates Club (2017–2019), Interconnected Club (2017–2018), International Club (2017–2018), International Pop Club (2017–2018), Latin Club (2017–2018), Latinos Unidos (2018–2019), Make-Up Club (2017–2018), Mental Health Club (2018–2019), Music Cover Club (2018–2019), Music Creation (2018–2019), One Neutron Extra (ONE, 2016–2017), Operation CARE Team (2017–2019), Philosophy Club (2018–2019), Photography Club, Pre-Med Club, Social Activist Club (2018–2019), SPEAK (2018–2019), STEMP Club (2018–2019), Video Game Club (2017–2018), and Youth Civic Engagement (YCE, 2018–2019).\n\nHistory\nIn 1952, the Northeast Queens Council for Schools advocated for a northeast Queens high school because of severe overcrowding at Bayside High School, Flushing High School, Andrew Jackson High School, and Jamaica High School.\n\nIn December 1955, the New York City Board of Education approved the building of a new high school, called Northeast Queens High School, near the intersection of Utopia Parkway and 59th Avenue, with a capacity of 3,000 students. The city bought 11 acres of land, and the City Planning Commission agreed that the high school was needed, but the Commission did not approve the allocation of money to build the school in the capital budget.\n\nIn August 1956, the city approved the hiring of the firm of Eggers & Higgins to be the architect of the building, although the budget to actually build the high school was not yet approved.\n\nIn October 1956, Mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. wrote a letter to the City Planning Commission asking it to include the construction of Northeast Queens High School in its capital budget. The construction was included in the capital budget in 1957.\n\nIn March 1958, the Board of Education approved a contract to build the high school. A $4,229,000 contract was awarded to the lowest bidder, Caristo Construction Company. The ground-breaking happened that same year. A group of parents tried to have an indoor swimming pool built in the high school, but they were not successful. The high school ended up costing $6,100,000 to build.\n\nFrancis Lewis High School opened on September 13, 1960. The school was named after Francis Lewis, a resident of Whitestone who signed the United States Declaration of Independence. Vincent McGarrett was the first principal. Herman Wolf was the first basketball coach. Queensborough Community College held some of its classes at Francis Lewis High School that year because its own campus was still under construction.\n\nFrancis Lewis High School was built for a capacity of 2,700 students. The school was overcrowded as of the 1962–1963 school year. Cardozo High School was built in 1967 in order to relieve overcrowding at Francis Lewis.\n\nIn 1965, Queensborough Community College held some of its evening classes at Francis Lewis High School due to overcrowding at Queensborough.\n\nIn 1978, Francis Lewis High School graduated International Baccalaureate diploma students, the first public high school in the United States to do so. It terminated in the 1990s.\n\nIn early 2018, Francis Lewis High School announced plans for a new annex to add more space and alleviate overcrowding. It would be located where a tennis court and the Margaret Lambert Track and Field House were. Construction began in 2019. Completion is expected by 2023.\n\nNotable alumni\n Mashama Bailey - an American chef specializing in Southern cuisine, she is the chef at The Grey\n Steve Dorff (1968) – composer/music producer\n Rob Echeverria – American musician who has worked as the guitarist of Biohazard, Helmet, Rest in Pieces, and Straight Ahead.\n Rick Elice (1973) – actor, writer\n Steve Greenberg (1978) – record producer, former President of Columbia Records\n Sebastián Guenzatti – soccer player for the Tampa Bay Rowdies of the United Soccer League\n Peter Guttman (1972) – travel journalist, lecturer, and author\n Heejun Han (2007) – finalist on American Idol, season 11\n Albie Hecht – former president of Nickelodeon, founder of Spike TV \n Mike Jorgensen (1966) – drafted by the New York Mets; played for the New York Mets, Montreal Expos, Oakland Athletics, Texas Rangers, Atlanta Braves, and St. Louis Cardinals; managed the Cardinals\n Paul Joskow — American economist and professor\n Peter Marino – American architect\n Clair Marlo (1976) - aka Clara Veseliza - composer/music producer, known for her hit-song \"'Til They Take My Heart Away\", for her work as a record producer, and for her exceptional body of work heard in Television, Film, and streaming worldwide.\n Peter Mehlman (1973) - a renowned writer, comedian, and television and film producer best known for his work on Seinfeld and Madagascar.\n Mark Miloscia – Washington State Senator \n Jonathan Pontell – television director, producer, and editor\n Craig Setari – American musician and former competitive boxer who is currently active as the bass player in Sick of It All – hardcore punk band\n Ron Shandler (1974) – national baseball analyst, author of Baseball Forecaster, founder of BaseballHQ.com, columnist for USA Today\n Dennis Walcott – former chancellor of the New York City Department of Education, president and CEO of the Queens Borough Public Library system\n Chris Welty (1981) – computer scientist\n Alfred Scudieri - (1963) - Former President of The Society of Former Special Agents of the FBI.\n\nIn fiction\n In The Yards, Joaquin Phoenix plays a character who graduated from Francis Lewis High School. The film's director, James Gray, grew up in Flushing.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n At High School in Queens, R.O.T.C.’s Enduring Influence\n At School in Queens, Success Draws Crowd - New York Times\n National Drill Competition- Champions Interview- NBC\n\nPublic high schools in Queens, New York",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara%20Jagiellon
|
Barbara Jagiellon (15 July 1478 – 15 February 1534) was a Polish princess, member of the Jagiellonian dynasty and by marriage Duchess of Saxony.
Born in Sandomierz, she was the sixth daughter of King Casimir IV of Poland and Archduchess Elisabeth of Austria. She was named after her great-grandmother, Barbara of Cilli, Holy Roman Empress.
Life
Barbara was married on 21 November 1496 in a glittering ceremony in Leipzig to George, Duke of Saxony (1471–1539). At the wedding, 6,286 German and Polish nobles were said to be present. This marriage was a key part of maintaining good diplomatic relations between Germany and Poland. For Barbara's family, the marriage was also important due to their rivalry with the House of Habsburg.
In 1513, Barbara and her husband founded Meissen Cathedral; several Masses and liturgical celebration of Easter have been recorded to have taken place since then. Barbara sent letters to her husband while he was at battles. Witnesses say the couple had a very loving and happy marriage.
Barbara died in Leipzig aged 55. Her husband was so stricken by grief that he grew a beard during this time, which was why he was nicknamed "the Bearded". She was buried in the cathedral of Meissen in her husband's funeral chapel, built between 1521 and 1524. Barbara and George were the last Prince and Princess of the House of Wettin to be buried at the cathedral. The altarpiece in the funerary chapel was the work of Lucas Cranach the Elder. They are surrounded by apostles and saints.
Issue
Christoph of Saxony (8 September 1497 – 5 December 1497).
Johann of Saxony (24 August 1498 – 11 January 1537); married on 20 May 1516 to Elisabeth of Hesse. This union was childless.
Wolfgang of Saxony (1499 – 12 January 1500).
Anna of Saxony (21 January 1500 – 23 January 1500).
Christoph of Saxony (born and died 27 May 1501).
Agnes of Saxony (7 January 1503 – 16 April 1503).
Frederick of Saxony (15 March 1504 – 26 February 1539); married on 27 January 1539 to Elisabeth of Mansfeld. This union was childless.
Christine of Saxony (25 December 1505 – 15 April 1549); married on 11 December 1523 to Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse.
Magdalena of Saxony (7 March 1507 – 25 January 1534); married on 6 November 1524 to Joachim Hector, then Electoral Prince of Brandenburg.
Margarethe of Saxony (7 September 1508 – d. Dresden, 19 December 1510).
Ancestry
References
Bibliography
Z. Wdowiszewski: Genealogia Jagiellonów i Domu Wazów w Polsce, Avalon, Kraków 2005, pp. 131–132 and genealogical table in p. 210.
Jagiellonian dynasty
House of Wettin
1478 births
1534 deaths
Polish princesses
Duchesses of Saxony
Margravines of Meissen
⚭Barbara Jagiellon
Daughters of kings
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara%20Jagiellon",
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"content": "Barbara Jagiellon (15 July 1478 – 15 February 1534) was a Polish princess, member of the Jagiellonian dynasty and by marriage Duchess of Saxony.\n\nBorn in Sandomierz, she was the sixth daughter of King Casimir IV of Poland and Archduchess Elisabeth of Austria. She was named after her great-grandmother, Barbara of Cilli, Holy Roman Empress.\n\nLife \nBarbara was married on 21 November 1496 in a glittering ceremony in Leipzig to George, Duke of Saxony (1471–1539). At the wedding, 6,286 German and Polish nobles were said to be present. This marriage was a key part of maintaining good diplomatic relations between Germany and Poland. For Barbara's family, the marriage was also important due to their rivalry with the House of Habsburg.\n\nIn 1513, Barbara and her husband founded Meissen Cathedral; several Masses and liturgical celebration of Easter have been recorded to have taken place since then. Barbara sent letters to her husband while he was at battles. Witnesses say the couple had a very loving and happy marriage.\n\nBarbara died in Leipzig aged 55. Her husband was so stricken by grief that he grew a beard during this time, which was why he was nicknamed \"the Bearded\". She was buried in the cathedral of Meissen in her husband's funeral chapel, built between 1521 and 1524. Barbara and George were the last Prince and Princess of the House of Wettin to be buried at the cathedral. The altarpiece in the funerary chapel was the work of Lucas Cranach the Elder. They are surrounded by apostles and saints.\n\nIssue\n\n Christoph of Saxony (8 September 1497 – 5 December 1497).\n Johann of Saxony (24 August 1498 – 11 January 1537); married on 20 May 1516 to Elisabeth of Hesse. This union was childless.\n Wolfgang of Saxony (1499 – 12 January 1500).\n Anna of Saxony (21 January 1500 – 23 January 1500).\n Christoph of Saxony (born and died 27 May 1501).\n Agnes of Saxony (7 January 1503 – 16 April 1503).\n Frederick of Saxony (15 March 1504 – 26 February 1539); married on 27 January 1539 to Elisabeth of Mansfeld. This union was childless.\n Christine of Saxony (25 December 1505 – 15 April 1549); married on 11 December 1523 to Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse.\n Magdalena of Saxony (7 March 1507 – 25 January 1534); married on 6 November 1524 to Joachim Hector, then Electoral Prince of Brandenburg.\n Margarethe of Saxony (7 September 1508 – d. Dresden, 19 December 1510).\n\nAncestry\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\nZ. Wdowiszewski: Genealogia Jagiellonów i Domu Wazów w Polsce, Avalon, Kraków 2005, pp. 131–132 and genealogical table in p. 210.\n\n \n\n \n\nJagiellonian dynasty\nHouse of Wettin\n1478 births\n1534 deaths\nPolish princesses\nDuchesses of Saxony\nMargravines of Meissen\n⚭Barbara Jagiellon\nDaughters of kings",
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Division (horticulture)
|
Division, in horticulture and gardening, is a method of asexual plant propagation, where the plant (usually an herbaceous perennial) is broken up into two or more parts. Each part has an intact root and crown. The technique is of ancient origin, and has long been used to propagate bulbs such as garlic and saffron. Another type of division is though a plant tissue culture. In this method the meristem (a type of plant tissue) is divided.
Overview
Division is one of the three main methods used by gardeners to increase stocks of plants (the other two are seed-sowing and cuttings). Division is usually applied to mature perennial plants, but may also be used for shrubs with suckering roots, such as gaultheria, kerria and sarcococca. Annual and biennial plants do not lend themselves to this procedure, as their lifespan is too short.
Practice
Most perennials should be divided and replanted every few years to keep them healthy. Plants that do not have enough space between them will start to compete for resources. Additionally, plants that are too close together will stay damp longer due to poor air circulation. This can cause the leaves develop a fungal disease. Most perennials bloom during the fall or during the spring/summer. The best time to divide a perennial is when it is not blooming. Perennials that bloom in the fall should be divided in the spring and perennials that bloom in the spring/summer should be divided in the fall. The ideal day to divide a plant is when it is cool and there is rain in the forecast.
Start by digging a circle around the plant about 4-6 inches from the base. Next, dig underneath the plant and lift it out of the hole. Use a shovel, gardening shears, or knife to physically divide the plant into multiple "divisions". This is also a good time to remove any bare patches or old growth. Each division should have a good number of healthy leaves and roots. If the division is not being replanted immediately, it should be watered and kept in a shady place. The new hole should be the same depth as the original hole. After the hole has been filled in, firmly press down on the soil around the base of the plant. This helps remove air pockets and makes the plant more stable. Plants that are divided in late fall when the ground is freezing should also be mulched. The division will have trouble staying rooted if the ground is freezing and thawing frequently. Continue to water the division(s) daily once until it has established itself.
Table of when to divide common perennials
The frequency a plant should be divided is a general guideline. A plant should be divided when it starts producing fewer flowers, has a lot of dead growth in the center (crown), or cannot support its own weight.
See also
Root cutting
Bare root
References
Horticulture
Asexual reproduction
|
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"content": "Division (horticulture)",
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"content": "Division, in horticulture and gardening, is a method of asexual plant propagation, where the plant (usually an herbaceous perennial) is broken up into two or more parts. Each part has an intact root and crown. The technique is of ancient origin, and has long been used to propagate bulbs such as garlic and saffron. Another type of division is though a plant tissue culture. In this method the meristem (a type of plant tissue) is divided.\n\nOverview\nDivision is one of the three main methods used by gardeners to increase stocks of plants (the other two are seed-sowing and cuttings). Division is usually applied to mature perennial plants, but may also be used for shrubs with suckering roots, such as gaultheria, kerria and sarcococca. Annual and biennial plants do not lend themselves to this procedure, as their lifespan is too short.\n\nPractice\nMost perennials should be divided and replanted every few years to keep them healthy. Plants that do not have enough space between them will start to compete for resources. Additionally, plants that are too close together will stay damp longer due to poor air circulation. This can cause the leaves develop a fungal disease. Most perennials bloom during the fall or during the spring/summer. The best time to divide a perennial is when it is not blooming. Perennials that bloom in the fall should be divided in the spring and perennials that bloom in the spring/summer should be divided in the fall. The ideal day to divide a plant is when it is cool and there is rain in the forecast.\n\nStart by digging a circle around the plant about 4-6 inches from the base. Next, dig underneath the plant and lift it out of the hole. Use a shovel, gardening shears, or knife to physically divide the plant into multiple \"divisions\". This is also a good time to remove any bare patches or old growth. Each division should have a good number of healthy leaves and roots. If the division is not being replanted immediately, it should be watered and kept in a shady place. The new hole should be the same depth as the original hole. After the hole has been filled in, firmly press down on the soil around the base of the plant. This helps remove air pockets and makes the plant more stable. Plants that are divided in late fall when the ground is freezing should also be mulched. The division will have trouble staying rooted if the ground is freezing and thawing frequently. Continue to water the division(s) daily once until it has established itself.\n\nTable of when to divide common perennials \n\nThe frequency a plant should be divided is a general guideline. A plant should be divided when it starts producing fewer flowers, has a lot of dead growth in the center (crown), or cannot support its own weight.\n\nSee also \n Root cutting\n Bare root\n\nReferences \n\nHorticulture\nAsexual reproduction",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paonta%20Sahib
|
Paonta Sahib is an industrial town of Himachal Pradesh in India. It is located in the south of Sirmaur district, on National Highway 72 ( New NH 7). Paonta Sahib is an important place of worship for Sikhs, hosting a large Gurdwara named Gurudwara Paonta Sahib, on the banks of the river Yamuna. The river is the boundary between the states of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand.
History
The town was founded by Sikh Guru Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji. The Gurudwara Paonta Sahib has linkages to the tenth Sikh Guru, Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji and the Sikh leader Banda Singh Bahadur. Its original name was Paontika. In Hindi language, Paon means "feet" and tika means "became stable". It is believed that Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji and his horse stopped at this place, and he decided to stay here. He lived here for four and a half years, having never stayed so long at any other place in his entire life. He wrote many Sikh religious books during the stay and moved to Anandpur Sahib to establish the Khalsa Panth. The Gurudwara houses a museum containing antiques and weapons used by Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji. Paonta Sahib is the birthplace of Sahibzada Ajit Singh Ji, the eldest son of Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
Geography
Paonta Sahib is located at . It has an average elevation of 389 metres (1,276 feet). It is on the bank of the river Yamuna, the river being the boundary between the states of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. It is situated near the towns of Nahan in Himachal Pradesh, Yamunanagar in Haryana, Saharanpur in Western Uttar Pradesh and Dehradun in Uttarakhand. It is on the western extreme of the Doon Valley, which is at a distance of about 44 km from Dehradun. Kalesar National Park is 12 km from Paonta Sahib. Colonel Sher Jung National Park is around 7 km from the main town. Some luxury hotels to stay in Paonta Sahib are Hotel Guru Surbhi, Hotel Yamuna, and Hotel Paonta Valley.
Climate
Paonta Sahib has a sub-tropical continental monsoon climate characterised by a seasonal rhythm, hot summers, slightly cold winters, unreliable rainfall and great variation in temperature (1 °C to 40 °C). In winter, frost sometimes occurs during December and January. It also receives occasional winter rains from the western disturbance.
Average temperatures:
Summer: Temperatures may rise to a maximum of 44 °C. The temperature generally remains 35 °C to 40 °C.
Autumn: The temperature may go to a maximum of 36 °C. The temperature usually remains between 16 °C and 27 °C in autumn. The lowest temperature may go to 13 °C.
Winter: Temperatures are cool and sometimes chilly. Average temperature in winters (November to February) remains at (max.) 2 °C to 7 °C and (min.) 0 °C to 5 °C.
Spring: The climate remains quite pleasant. The temperature remains (max.) 16 °C to 25 °C and (min.) 9 °C to 18 °C.
Demographics
As of the 2011 Census of India, Paonta Sahib had a population of 1,58,268 (urban 25,172/ rural 1,33,096). Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Paonta Sahib has an average literacy rate of 76%, higher than National average of 74.04% (2011 figure).: male literacy is 79%, and female literacy is 72%. In Paonta Sahib, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Paonta Sahib is a municipal council which has 13 wards. This council looks after the development of the city, maintenance of roads, streets, cleanliness etc. The election takes place every five years to elect ward members and a chairman.
Industries
Major industries are cement (Cement Corporation of India in Rajban), power generation - renewable energy ( Power Group ), aviation ( Air Himalayas ), pharmaceutical (Sun Pharmaceutical, Mankind Pharma Limited), textiles, and chemicals. Apart from these, Asia's biggest limestone market is located at Sataun.
Apart, Pharma Industry includes Tirupati Medicare Limited, Tirupati Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd., Tirupati Wellness Pvt. Ltd. and Pontika Aerotech Limited, all 4 are part of 'The Tirupati Group' in Paonta Sahib on Nahan Road.
References
Cities and towns in Sirmaur district
Sikh places
External links
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"content": "Paonta Sahib is an industrial town of Himachal Pradesh in India. It is located in the south of Sirmaur district, on National Highway 72 ( New NH 7). Paonta Sahib is an important place of worship for Sikhs, hosting a large Gurdwara named Gurudwara Paonta Sahib, on the banks of the river Yamuna. The river is the boundary between the states of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand.\n\nHistory\nThe town was founded by Sikh Guru Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji. The Gurudwara Paonta Sahib has linkages to the tenth Sikh Guru, Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji and the Sikh leader Banda Singh Bahadur. Its original name was Paontika. In Hindi language, Paon means \"feet\" and tika means \"became stable\". It is believed that Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji and his horse stopped at this place, and he decided to stay here. He lived here for four and a half years, having never stayed so long at any other place in his entire life. He wrote many Sikh religious books during the stay and moved to Anandpur Sahib to establish the Khalsa Panth. The Gurudwara houses a museum containing antiques and weapons used by Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji. Paonta Sahib is the birthplace of Sahibzada Ajit Singh Ji, the eldest son of Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji.\n\nGeography\nPaonta Sahib is located at . It has an average elevation of 389 metres (1,276 feet). It is on the bank of the river Yamuna, the river being the boundary between the states of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. It is situated near the towns of Nahan in Himachal Pradesh, Yamunanagar in Haryana, Saharanpur in Western Uttar Pradesh and Dehradun in Uttarakhand. It is on the western extreme of the Doon Valley, which is at a distance of about 44 km from Dehradun. Kalesar National Park is 12 km from Paonta Sahib. Colonel Sher Jung National Park is around 7 km from the main town. Some luxury hotels to stay in Paonta Sahib are Hotel Guru Surbhi, Hotel Yamuna, and Hotel Paonta Valley.\n\nClimate\nPaonta Sahib has a sub-tropical continental monsoon climate characterised by a seasonal rhythm, hot summers, slightly cold winters, unreliable rainfall and great variation in temperature (1 °C to 40 °C). In winter, frost sometimes occurs during December and January. It also receives occasional winter rains from the western disturbance.\n\nAverage temperatures:\n Summer: Temperatures may rise to a maximum of 44 °C. The temperature generally remains 35 °C to 40 °C.\n Autumn: The temperature may go to a maximum of 36 °C. The temperature usually remains between 16 °C and 27 °C in autumn. The lowest temperature may go to 13 °C.\n Winter: Temperatures are cool and sometimes chilly. Average temperature in winters (November to February) remains at (max.) 2 °C to 7 °C and (min.) 0 °C to 5 °C.\n Spring: The climate remains quite pleasant. The temperature remains (max.) 16 °C to 25 °C and (min.) 9 °C to 18 °C.\n\nDemographics\nAs of the 2011 Census of India, Paonta Sahib had a population of 1,58,268 (urban 25,172/ rural 1,33,096). Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Paonta Sahib has an average literacy rate of 76%, higher than National average of 74.04% (2011 figure).: male literacy is 79%, and female literacy is 72%. In Paonta Sahib, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.\n\nPaonta Sahib is a municipal council which has 13 wards. This council looks after the development of the city, maintenance of roads, streets, cleanliness etc. The election takes place every five years to elect ward members and a chairman.\n\nIndustries\nMajor industries are cement (Cement Corporation of India in Rajban), power generation - renewable energy ( Power Group ), aviation ( Air Himalayas ), pharmaceutical (Sun Pharmaceutical, Mankind Pharma Limited), textiles, and chemicals. Apart from these, Asia's biggest limestone market is located at Sataun.\nApart, Pharma Industry includes Tirupati Medicare Limited, Tirupati Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd., Tirupati Wellness Pvt. Ltd. and Pontika Aerotech Limited, all 4 are part of 'The Tirupati Group' in Paonta Sahib on Nahan Road.\n\nReferences\n\nCities and towns in Sirmaur district\nSikh places\n\nExternal links",
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Lonely Runs Both Ways
|
Lonely Runs Both Ways is the twelfth album by bluegrass music group Alison Krauss & Union Station, released November 23, 2004. The album won the band three Grammy Awards in 2006, including Best Country Performance By a Duo or Group with Vocal for the song "Restless", Best Country Instrumental Performance for "Unionhouse Branch", and Best Country Album. The song "A Living Prayer" was honored with the award for Bluegrass Recorded Song of the Year from the Gospel Music Association.
Track listing
Personnel
Alison Krauss – lead vocals, fiddle, viola
Dan Tyminski – lead vocals, background vocals, acoustic guitar, mandolin
Ron Block – background vocals, acoustic guitar, banjo, slide guitar
Jerry Douglas – dobro, lap steel guitar
Barry Bales – background vocals, upright bass
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
2004 albums
Alison Krauss & Union Station albums
Rounder Records albums
Grammy Award for Best Country Album
|
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"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
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"content": "Lonely Runs Both Ways",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "Lonely Runs Both Ways is the twelfth album by bluegrass music group Alison Krauss & Union Station, released November 23, 2004. The album won the band three Grammy Awards in 2006, including Best Country Performance By a Duo or Group with Vocal for the song \"Restless\", Best Country Instrumental Performance for \"Unionhouse Branch\", and Best Country Album. The song \"A Living Prayer\" was honored with the award for Bluegrass Recorded Song of the Year from the Gospel Music Association.\n\nTrack listing\n\nPersonnel\n Alison Krauss – lead vocals, fiddle, viola\n Dan Tyminski – lead vocals, background vocals, acoustic guitar, mandolin\n Ron Block – background vocals, acoustic guitar, banjo, slide guitar \n Jerry Douglas – dobro, lap steel guitar\n Barry Bales – background vocals, upright bass\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nReferences\n\n2004 albums\nAlison Krauss & Union Station albums\nRounder Records albums\nGrammy Award for Best Country Album",
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] |
Rudnichny
|
Rudnichny (masculine), Rudnichnaya (feminine), or Rudnichnoye (neuter) may refer to:
Rudnichny City District, name of several city districts in Russia
Rudnichny, Russia (Rudnichnaya, Rudnichnoye), name of several inhabited localities in Russia
Rudnichny, Kazakhstan
Rudnichnoye, a lake in Kazakhstan
|
[
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"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
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"content": "Rudnichny",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Rudnichny (masculine), Rudnichnaya (feminine), or Rudnichnoye (neuter) may refer to:\nRudnichny City District, name of several city districts in Russia\nRudnichny, Russia (Rudnichnaya, Rudnichnoye), name of several inhabited localities in Russia\nRudnichny, Kazakhstan\nRudnichnoye, a lake in Kazakhstan",
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] |
De La Salle College Ashfield
|
De La Salle College was an independent Roman Catholic comprehensive single-sex secondary day school for boys, located in Ashfield, an inner-western suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Established in 1916 by the De La Salle Brothers and Vincentian Fathers, the college caters to students in Year 7 to Year 12 from the inner-west Parishes of the Archdiocese of Sydney. The college is under the patronage of the Archbishop of Sydney, Anthony Fisher. De La Salle College is one of 18 Lasallian Schools in Australia, and in the 1970s became the first Catholic high school in Australia to have a lay headmaster.
On 8 June 2022, it was announced that the college would amalgamate with adjacent girls' high school, Bethlehem College, and St Vincent’s Primary School, due to increasing demand for co-educational schools in inner Sydney. From 2023, the new school was known as St Vincent's College and from 2027, after a five year transition period, it will become a fully K-12 co-educational school precinct.
The school is affiliated with the Catholic Secondary Schools Association NSW/ACT, and the Metropolitan Catholic Colleges Sports Association (MCC).
In education, the college was fully accredited in 2018 to run the Newman Selective Gifted Education Program (the Gifted and Talented program), which caters towards the significant learning needs of capable students. The program is currently being facilitated in a number of the Catholic Primary and Secondary Schools within Sydney Catholic Schools. The school also uses Inquiry-Based Learning approach, focusing mainly on the Solution Fluency framework. They offer a number of co-curricular activities and experiences, including immersions to Lasallian schools overseas. The school follows the NSW Syllabus and Australian Curriculum.
History
The foundation stone for the school was laid on 10 December 1916. Upon completion a year later, the school consisted of just three classrooms, and was located behind a boarding house that was to become a monastery for the six De La Salle brothers who were given the task of educating Catholic boys of the Ashfield parish.
Despite the effects of the Great Depression, enrolments continued to increase, with 300 on the role in 1931. Through the efforts of Father Macken, a provincial of the Vincentian Fathers, the college established a separate primary school in 1934. Further, a "tech" was established in 1937 for boys who would not be going on to university or office jobs. The two-stream system of "pros" and "techs" continued until 1955.
Lay staff were employed in 1956 as the number of brothers had declined. The 1960s saw further change with the Wyndham scheme introduced in 1962 necessitating the addition of new subjects to the curriculum, and thus requiring more specialist rooms. With support from the parish and the Old Boys' Union, the principal of the time, Br Peter, began to expand the college. The main building of the college opened in 1966 during the celebration of its Golden Jubilee.
In 1972, Peter Donnan became the first lay principal of the school, thus making the school the first Catholic high school in Australia administered by a lay principal. The college's primary section closed in 1988.
In 2008, five new science laboratories were completed and an air-conditioned multi-purpose hall with seating for up to 1500 and a full theatrical lighting and sound system was added. The college hall hosted the World Youth Day 2008 Journey of the Cross and Icon (JCI) in Sydney.
In 2013, the college began implementing its student laptop program where all students could have their own personal device, now called Bring Your Own Designated Device (BYODD).
Principals
The following individuals have served as College Principal or any precedent title since the College's opening in 1917. The current principal is Paul Forrester.
Co-curriculum
Sport
De La Salle College is a member of the Metropolitan Catholic Colleges Sports Association (MCC), and competes in a range of sports including athletics, cricket, cross country, basketball, golf, rugby league, soccer, squash, swimming, tennis, touch football and volleyball.
Through MCC, the college competes against schools such as Christian Brothers' High School, Lewisham, LaSalle Catholic College, Bankstown, Marcellin College Randwick, Marist College Kogarah, Champagnat Catholic College Pagewood, Holy Cross College Ryde and Marist Catholic College North Shore. Sport has traditionally been an important part of college life, notwithstanding the school's own limited sporting facilities.
The college also has a number of elite sporting pathways for students who excel at particular sports and wish to play or compete at a professional level.
Other co-curricular activities
Since 2015, the college has offered students in Years 9-12 the ability to complete the Duke of Edinburgh (or Duke of Ed). The program is offered through the school and students from Lasallian brother & sister schools around the world frequently join participants in their hikes.
The college also excels in debating and public speaking, through the Catholic Schools Debating Association (CSDA) and other public speaking competitions.
In music, the college offers in-school instrumental & vocal tuition and also participates in the Australian A Capella Awards (AUSACA). The school also has a college choir and band. In creative arts, the college offers chances to enter national and international art competitions.
Other co-curricular activities at the college include current affairs & social justice club, science club, photography club, the Tournament of Minds competition and coding club.
The college also offers opportunities to take part in different competitions in the performing and creative arts.
Notable alumni
Mike Bailey – TV weatherman and radio presenter for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (also attended De La Salle Bankstown)
Paul Bevan – AFL player for Sydney Swans
Colin Brooks – politician, Member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly for Bundoora
Nathaniel Buzolic – actor, known for his role as Kol Mikaelson on the CW show The Vampire Diaries and its spin-off The Originals.
Tony Costa — Archibald Prize winning artist
Pat Drummond – singer song-writer
Robbie Farah – rugby league player for the Wests Tigers and South Sydney Rabbitohs, and a representative for New South Wales rugby league team
Warren Fellows – Convicted drug runner and associate of Neddy Smith
Michael Maher – former politician, variously Member for Drummoyne and Member for Lowe
Paul Pantano – actor
Gerard Price — cricket player and Cricket NSW cricket manager
Michael Rowland – TV news presenter
John Sidoti – politician, Member for Drummoyne (2011–2023)
Salvatore Coco – Actor
Paul Whelan – former NSW politician
Justice Philip Woodward – former Judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales
See also
List of Catholic schools in New South Wales
Lasallian educational institutions
Catholic education in Australia
References
External links
Former De La Salle College Ashfield website
De La Salle College Ashfield newsletter
Lasallian Schools (Australia)
Educational institutions established in 1916
Educational institutions disestablished in 2022
Catholic secondary schools in Sydney
Defunct secondary schools in Sydney
Boys' schools in New South Wales
Defunct boys' schools in Australia
Defunct Catholic schools in Australia
Metropolitan Catholic Colleges Sports Association
1916 establishments in Australia
2022 disestablishments in Australia
Ashfield
Ashfield, New South Wales
Inner West
|
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"content": "De La Salle College Ashfield",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "De La Salle College was an independent Roman Catholic comprehensive single-sex secondary day school for boys, located in Ashfield, an inner-western suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.\n\nEstablished in 1916 by the De La Salle Brothers and Vincentian Fathers, the college caters to students in Year 7 to Year 12 from the inner-west Parishes of the Archdiocese of Sydney. The college is under the patronage of the Archbishop of Sydney, Anthony Fisher. De La Salle College is one of 18 Lasallian Schools in Australia, and in the 1970s became the first Catholic high school in Australia to have a lay headmaster.\n\nOn 8 June 2022, it was announced that the college would amalgamate with adjacent girls' high school, Bethlehem College, and St Vincent’s Primary School, due to increasing demand for co-educational schools in inner Sydney. From 2023, the new school was known as St Vincent's College and from 2027, after a five year transition period, it will become a fully K-12 co-educational school precinct.\n\nThe school is affiliated with the Catholic Secondary Schools Association NSW/ACT, and the Metropolitan Catholic Colleges Sports Association (MCC).\n\nIn education, the college was fully accredited in 2018 to run the Newman Selective Gifted Education Program (the Gifted and Talented program), which caters towards the significant learning needs of capable students. The program is currently being facilitated in a number of the Catholic Primary and Secondary Schools within Sydney Catholic Schools. The school also uses Inquiry-Based Learning approach, focusing mainly on the Solution Fluency framework. They offer a number of co-curricular activities and experiences, including immersions to Lasallian schools overseas. The school follows the NSW Syllabus and Australian Curriculum.\n\nHistory\nThe foundation stone for the school was laid on 10 December 1916. Upon completion a year later, the school consisted of just three classrooms, and was located behind a boarding house that was to become a monastery for the six De La Salle brothers who were given the task of educating Catholic boys of the Ashfield parish.\n\nDespite the effects of the Great Depression, enrolments continued to increase, with 300 on the role in 1931. Through the efforts of Father Macken, a provincial of the Vincentian Fathers, the college established a separate primary school in 1934. Further, a \"tech\" was established in 1937 for boys who would not be going on to university or office jobs. The two-stream system of \"pros\" and \"techs\" continued until 1955.\n\nLay staff were employed in 1956 as the number of brothers had declined. The 1960s saw further change with the Wyndham scheme introduced in 1962 necessitating the addition of new subjects to the curriculum, and thus requiring more specialist rooms. With support from the parish and the Old Boys' Union, the principal of the time, Br Peter, began to expand the college. The main building of the college opened in 1966 during the celebration of its Golden Jubilee.\n\nIn 1972, Peter Donnan became the first lay principal of the school, thus making the school the first Catholic high school in Australia administered by a lay principal. The college's primary section closed in 1988.\n\nIn 2008, five new science laboratories were completed and an air-conditioned multi-purpose hall with seating for up to 1500 and a full theatrical lighting and sound system was added. The college hall hosted the World Youth Day 2008 Journey of the Cross and Icon (JCI) in Sydney.\n\nIn 2013, the college began implementing its student laptop program where all students could have their own personal device, now called Bring Your Own Designated Device (BYODD).\n\nPrincipals\nThe following individuals have served as College Principal or any precedent title since the College's opening in 1917. The current principal is Paul Forrester.\n\nCo-curriculum\n\nSport\nDe La Salle College is a member of the Metropolitan Catholic Colleges Sports Association (MCC), and competes in a range of sports including athletics, cricket, cross country, basketball, golf, rugby league, soccer, squash, swimming, tennis, touch football and volleyball.\n\nThrough MCC, the college competes against schools such as Christian Brothers' High School, Lewisham, LaSalle Catholic College, Bankstown, Marcellin College Randwick, Marist College Kogarah, Champagnat Catholic College Pagewood, Holy Cross College Ryde and Marist Catholic College North Shore. Sport has traditionally been an important part of college life, notwithstanding the school's own limited sporting facilities.\n\nThe college also has a number of elite sporting pathways for students who excel at particular sports and wish to play or compete at a professional level.\n\nOther co-curricular activities\nSince 2015, the college has offered students in Years 9-12 the ability to complete the Duke of Edinburgh (or Duke of Ed). The program is offered through the school and students from Lasallian brother & sister schools around the world frequently join participants in their hikes.\n\nThe college also excels in debating and public speaking, through the Catholic Schools Debating Association (CSDA) and other public speaking competitions.\n\nIn music, the college offers in-school instrumental & vocal tuition and also participates in the Australian A Capella Awards (AUSACA). The school also has a college choir and band. In creative arts, the college offers chances to enter national and international art competitions.\n\nOther co-curricular activities at the college include current affairs & social justice club, science club, photography club, the Tournament of Minds competition and coding club.\n\nThe college also offers opportunities to take part in different competitions in the performing and creative arts.\n\nNotable alumni\n Mike Bailey – TV weatherman and radio presenter for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (also attended De La Salle Bankstown)\n Paul Bevan – AFL player for Sydney Swans\n Colin Brooks – politician, Member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly for Bundoora\n Nathaniel Buzolic – actor, known for his role as Kol Mikaelson on the CW show The Vampire Diaries and its spin-off The Originals.\n Tony Costa — Archibald Prize winning artist\n Pat Drummond – singer song-writer\n Robbie Farah – rugby league player for the Wests Tigers and South Sydney Rabbitohs, and a representative for New South Wales rugby league team\n Warren Fellows – Convicted drug runner and associate of Neddy Smith\n Michael Maher – former politician, variously Member for Drummoyne and Member for Lowe\n Paul Pantano – actor\n Gerard Price — cricket player and Cricket NSW cricket manager\n Michael Rowland – TV news presenter\n John Sidoti – politician, Member for Drummoyne (2011–2023)\n Salvatore Coco – Actor\n Paul Whelan – former NSW politician\n Justice Philip Woodward – former Judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales\n\nSee also\n\n List of Catholic schools in New South Wales\nLasallian educational institutions\n Catholic education in Australia\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nFormer De La Salle College Ashfield website\nDe La Salle College Ashfield newsletter\nLasallian Schools (Australia)\n\nEducational institutions established in 1916\nEducational institutions disestablished in 2022\nCatholic secondary schools in Sydney\nDefunct secondary schools in Sydney\nBoys' schools in New South Wales\nDefunct boys' schools in Australia\nDefunct Catholic schools in Australia\nMetropolitan Catholic Colleges Sports Association\n1916 establishments in Australia\n2022 disestablishments in Australia\nAshfield\nAshfield, New South Wales\nInner West",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Guillaume%20Farges
|
Father Paul Guillaume Farges (1844–1912) was a French Catholic missionary, botanist and plant collector, based for much of his life (from 1867) in China, serving at Chongqing from 1892 until his death.
He collected over 4,000 plant specimens, including numerous species new to science, which were sent back to the National Museum of Natural History in Paris, where they were named and described by Adrien Franchet.
His name is commemorated in several plants, including Abies fargesii, Corylus fargesii, Decaisnea fargesii, Salix fargesii, and Torreya fargesii. Most notably, the bamboo genus Fargesia is named for him.
See also
Catholic Church in Sichuan
References
19th-century French botanists
Botanists active in China
Roman Catholic missionaries in Sichuan
Roman Catholic missionaries in Tibet
1844 births
1912 deaths
Missionary botanists
20th-century French botanists
Catholic Church in Chongqing
|
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Guillaume%20Farges",
"role": "user"
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"content": "Father Paul Guillaume Farges (1844–1912) was a French Catholic missionary, botanist and plant collector, based for much of his life (from 1867) in China, serving at Chongqing from 1892 until his death.\n\nHe collected over 4,000 plant specimens, including numerous species new to science, which were sent back to the National Museum of Natural History in Paris, where they were named and described by Adrien Franchet.\n\nHis name is commemorated in several plants, including Abies fargesii, Corylus fargesii, Decaisnea fargesii, Salix fargesii, and Torreya fargesii. Most notably, the bamboo genus Fargesia is named for him.\n\nSee also \n Catholic Church in Sichuan\n\nReferences\n\n19th-century French botanists\nBotanists active in China\nRoman Catholic missionaries in Sichuan\nRoman Catholic missionaries in Tibet\n1844 births\n1912 deaths\nMissionary botanists\n20th-century French botanists\nCatholic Church in Chongqing",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firestone%20District
|
Firestone District is one of four districts located in Margibi County, Liberia. It is home to Duside Hospital.
Districts of Liberia
Margibi County
ir:Distretto di Firestone
|
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firestone%20District",
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"content": "Firestone District is one of four districts located in Margibi County, Liberia. It is home to Duside Hospital.\n\nDistricts of Liberia\nMargibi County\n\nir:Distretto di Firestone",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%20in%20association%20football
|
The following are the association football events of the year 1997 throughout the world.
Events
January 1 – Manager Leo Beenhakker is named technical director at Dutch club Vitesse Arnhem and replaced as a manager by Sparta Rotterdam head coach Henk ten Cate.
Roberto Carlos goal by famous 'banana shot' in free kick against France in 1997 Tournoi de France
Copa Libertadores 1997: is won by Cruzeiro after defeating Sporting Cristal on an aggregate score of 1–0.
UEFA Champions League: Borussia Dortmund won 3–1 in final against Juventusin the Olympiastadion. The goals for the Germans are scored by Riedle in the 29th and 34th minute and Ricken in the 71st minute.
Scottish Cup: Kilmarnock FC beats Falkirk 1–0.
February 25 – Manager Hans Westerhof is sacked by FC Groningen.
April 30 – Striker Boudewijn Zenden from PSV Eindhoven plays his first international match for the Netherlands national football team, when Holland defeats San Marino 6–0 in Serravalle.
May 17 – Chelsea wins the FA Cup by defeating Middlesbrough 2–0.
May 18 – Eric Cantona, the famous and controversial French footballer in the Premiership, announces his retirement from football.
June 29 – Brazil wins the 1997 Copa América by defeating home nation Bolivia 3–1 in the final in the Estadio Hernando Siles in La Paz.
July 20 – Gudjon Thordarson makes his debut as the manager of Iceland with a 1–0 loss against Norway.
August 17 – PSV Eindhoven wins the Johan Cruijff Schaal, the annual opening of the new season in the Eredivisie, with a 3–1 win over Roda JC in the Amsterdam ArenA.
November 2 – Borussia Dortmund wins the Intercontinental Cup in Tokyo, Japan by defeating Brazil's Cruzeiro 2–0. The goals for the Germans are scored by Michael Zorc and Heiko Herrlich.
Winner national club championships
Asia
- Júbilo Iwata
– Al-Ansar
– Al-Arabi
- Pusan Daewoo Royals
- Bangkok Bank, Royal Thai Air Force
Europe
– CSKA Sofia
– Croatia Zagreb
– Manchester United
– AS Monaco
– Bayern Munich
– Olympiacos
– Juventus
– PSV Eindhoven
– Rosenborg
– Widzew Łódź
– Porto
– Real Madrid
– Galatasaray
– Partizan
North America
Verano – Chivas
Invierno – Cruz Azul
– D.C. United (MLS)
South America
Clausura – River Plate
Apertura – River Plate
– Bolívar
– Vasco da Gama
Apertura – Universidad Católica
Clausura – Colo-Colo
– Olimpia Asunción
– Alianza Lima
International tournaments
UNCAF Nations Cup in Guatemala City, Guatemala (April 16–27, 1997)
Copa América in Bolivia (June 11–29, 1997)
Baltic Cup in Vilnius, Lithuania (July 9 – 11 1997)
FIFA U-20 World Cup in Malaysia (June 16 – July 5, 1997)
FIFA U-17 World Championship in Egypt (September 5–21, 1997)
Tournoi de France in France (June 3–11, 1997)
National team results
Europe
South America
Births
January 1 – Quique Fornos, Spanish footballer
January 5 – Jesús Vallejo, Spanish footballer
January 7 – Izzy Brown, English footballer
January 8 – Fran Brodić, Croatian footballer
January 16 – Pau Torres, Spanish footballer
January 26 – Gedion Zelalem, American footballer
January 31 – Arnaut Danjuma, Dutch footballer
February 3 – Lewis Cook, English footballer
February 6 – Gogi Shoniya, Russian former footballer
February 10 – Adam Armstrong, English footballer
February 26 – Malcom, Brazilian footballer
March 3
Elia Alessandrini, Swiss footballer (d. 2022)
Jaime Carreño, Chilean footballer
March 6 – Daniel De Silva, Australian youth international
March 12
Dean Henderson, English footballer
Allan Saint-Maximin, French footballer
March 29 – Ezequiel Ponce, Argentine footballer
April 2 – Abdelhak Nouri, Dutch footballer
April 5 – Borja Mayoral, Spanish footballer
April 13 – Mateo Cassierra, Colombian footballer
April 17 – Jorge Meré, Spanish footballer
April 18 – Donny van de Beek, Dutch footballer
April 22 – Jill Roord, Dutch footballer
April 27 – Josh Onomah, English footballer
May 12 – Frenkie de Jong, Dutch footballer
May 14 – Rúben Dias, Portuguese footballer
May 17
Andrea Favilli, Italian footballer
Ayron Verkindere, Belgian footballer
June 12 – Feras Dahboor, Qatari born-Syrian footballer
June 16 – Jean-Kévin Augustin, French footballer
June 22 – Gabriel Rojas, Argentine footballer
July 3 – Filip Sachpekidis, Swedish footballer
July 11 – Rasmus Kristensen, Danish footballer
July 25 – Louis Reed, English footballer
August 2 – Ivan Šaponjić, Serbian footballer
August 3
Daniel Crowley, English youth international
Adrian Lillebekk Ovlien, Norwegian footballer (d. 2018)
August 4 – Cinzia Zehnder, Swiss footballer
August 6 – Sander Svendsen, Norwegian youth international
August 9 – Leon Bailey, Jamaican international
August 12 – Taiwo Awoniyi, Nigerian footballer
August 19 – Bartłomiej Drągowski, Polish footballer
August 22 – Lautaro Martínez, Argentine footballer
August 29 – Ainsley Maitland-Niles, English footballer
September 15 – Jeisson Vargas, Chilean footballer
September 16 – Zsanett Kaján, Hungarian women's international
October 2 – Tammy Abraham, English international
October 6 – Kasper Dolberg, Danish international
October 9 - Samuel Leach Holm, Swedish-Israeli professional footballer
October 17 – Václav Černý, Czech footballer
October 22 – Jodi Jones, Maltese footballer
November 1 – Nordi Mukiele, French footballer
November 14 – Christopher Nkunku, French footballer
November 18
Olivier Boscagli, French footballer
Robert Sánchez, Spanish footballer
November 26 – Aaron Wan-Bissaka, English footballer
December 7 – Abi Harrison, Scottish footballer
December 11 – Konstantinos Mavropanos, Greek footballer
Deaths
January
January 10 – Francisco Aramburu, Brazilian striker, runner-up at the 1950 FIFA World Cup. (75)
February
February 19 – Afonso Guimarães da Silva, Brazilian midfielder, semi-finalist at the 1938 FIFA World Cup. (82)
February 21 – Josef Posipal, West-German defender, winner of the 1954 FIFA World Cup. (69, heart failure)
March
March 25 – Baltazar, Brazilian striker, runner-up at the 1950 FIFA World Cup. (71)
April
April 23 – Brian Alderson (46), Scottish footballer
June
June 4 – Pedro Zaballa (58), Spanish footballer
June 18 – Héctor Yazalde (51), Argentinian footballer
July
July 8 – Dick van Dijk (51), Dutch footballer
July 10 – Ivor Allchurch (67), Welsh footballer
September
September 21 – Juan Burgueño, Uruguayan forward, winner of the 1950 FIFA World Cup. (91)
September 29 – Dequinha, Brazilian midfielder, Brazilian squad member at the 1954 FIFA World Cup. (69)
October
October 18 – Ramiro Castillo (31), Bolivian footballer
October 31 – Bram Appel (76), Dutch footballer
October 31 – Hans Bauer, West-German defender, winner of the 1954 FIFA World Cup. (70)
November
November 1 – Roger Marche (73), French footballer
November 9 – Helenio Herrera (80), Argentine-French footballer and manager
December
December 7 – Billy Bremner (54), Scottish footballer
December 28 – William Martínez, Uruguayan midfielder, winner of the 1950 FIFA World Cup. (69)
References
Association football by year
|
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%20in%20association%20football",
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"content": "The following are the association football events of the year 1997 throughout the world.\n\nEvents\nJanuary 1 – Manager Leo Beenhakker is named technical director at Dutch club Vitesse Arnhem and replaced as a manager by Sparta Rotterdam head coach Henk ten Cate.\nRoberto Carlos goal by famous 'banana shot' in free kick against France in 1997 Tournoi de France\nCopa Libertadores 1997: is won by Cruzeiro after defeating Sporting Cristal on an aggregate score of 1–0.\nUEFA Champions League: Borussia Dortmund won 3–1 in final against Juventusin the Olympiastadion. The goals for the Germans are scored by Riedle in the 29th and 34th minute and Ricken in the 71st minute.\nScottish Cup: Kilmarnock FC beats Falkirk 1–0.\nFebruary 25 – Manager Hans Westerhof is sacked by FC Groningen.\nApril 30 – Striker Boudewijn Zenden from PSV Eindhoven plays his first international match for the Netherlands national football team, when Holland defeats San Marino 6–0 in Serravalle.\nMay 17 – Chelsea wins the FA Cup by defeating Middlesbrough 2–0.\nMay 18 – Eric Cantona, the famous and controversial French footballer in the Premiership, announces his retirement from football.\nJune 29 – Brazil wins the 1997 Copa América by defeating home nation Bolivia 3–1 in the final in the Estadio Hernando Siles in La Paz.\nJuly 20 – Gudjon Thordarson makes his debut as the manager of Iceland with a 1–0 loss against Norway.\nAugust 17 – PSV Eindhoven wins the Johan Cruijff Schaal, the annual opening of the new season in the Eredivisie, with a 3–1 win over Roda JC in the Amsterdam ArenA.\nNovember 2 – Borussia Dortmund wins the Intercontinental Cup in Tokyo, Japan by defeating Brazil's Cruzeiro 2–0. The goals for the Germans are scored by Michael Zorc and Heiko Herrlich.\n\nWinner national club championships\n\nAsia\n - Júbilo Iwata\n – Al-Ansar\n – Al-Arabi\n - Pusan Daewoo Royals\n - Bangkok Bank, Royal Thai Air Force\n\nEurope\n – CSKA Sofia\n – Croatia Zagreb\n – Manchester United\n – AS Monaco\n – Bayern Munich\n – Olympiacos\n – Juventus\n – PSV Eindhoven\n – Rosenborg\n – Widzew Łódź\n – Porto\n – Real Madrid\n – Galatasaray\n – Partizan\n\nNorth America\n\nVerano – Chivas\nInvierno – Cruz Azul\n – D.C. United (MLS)\n\nSouth America\n\nClausura – River Plate\nApertura – River Plate\n – Bolívar\n – Vasco da Gama\n\nApertura – Universidad Católica\nClausura – Colo-Colo\n – Olimpia Asunción\n – Alianza Lima\n\nInternational tournaments\n UNCAF Nations Cup in Guatemala City, Guatemala (April 16–27, 1997)\n \n \n \n Copa América in Bolivia (June 11–29, 1997)\n \n \n \n Baltic Cup in Vilnius, Lithuania (July 9 – 11 1997)\n \n \n \n FIFA U-20 World Cup in Malaysia (June 16 – July 5, 1997)\n \n \n \n FIFA U-17 World Championship in Egypt (September 5–21, 1997)\n \n \n \n Tournoi de France in France (June 3–11, 1997)\n\nNational team results\n\nEurope\n\n\n\nSouth America\n\n\n\nBirths\n January 1 – Quique Fornos, Spanish footballer\n January 5 – Jesús Vallejo, Spanish footballer\n January 7 – Izzy Brown, English footballer\n January 8 – Fran Brodić, Croatian footballer\n January 16 – Pau Torres, Spanish footballer\n January 26 – Gedion Zelalem, American footballer\n January 31 – Arnaut Danjuma, Dutch footballer\n February 3 – Lewis Cook, English footballer\n February 6 – Gogi Shoniya, Russian former footballer\n February 10 – Adam Armstrong, English footballer\n February 26 – Malcom, Brazilian footballer\n March 3 \n Elia Alessandrini, Swiss footballer (d. 2022)\n Jaime Carreño, Chilean footballer\n March 6 – Daniel De Silva, Australian youth international\n March 12 \n Dean Henderson, English footballer\n Allan Saint-Maximin, French footballer\n March 29 – Ezequiel Ponce, Argentine footballer\n April 2 – Abdelhak Nouri, Dutch footballer\n April 5 – Borja Mayoral, Spanish footballer \n April 13 – Mateo Cassierra, Colombian footballer\n April 17 – Jorge Meré, Spanish footballer \n April 18 – Donny van de Beek, Dutch footballer\n April 22 – Jill Roord, Dutch footballer\n April 27 – Josh Onomah, English footballer\n May 12 – Frenkie de Jong, Dutch footballer\n May 14 – Rúben Dias, Portuguese footballer\n May 17\n Andrea Favilli, Italian footballer\n Ayron Verkindere, Belgian footballer\n June 12 – Feras Dahboor, Qatari born-Syrian footballer\n June 16 – Jean-Kévin Augustin, French footballer\n June 22 – Gabriel Rojas, Argentine footballer\n July 3 – Filip Sachpekidis, Swedish footballer\n July 11 – Rasmus Kristensen, Danish footballer\n July 25 – Louis Reed, English footballer\n August 2 – Ivan Šaponjić, Serbian footballer\n August 3 \n Daniel Crowley, English youth international\n Adrian Lillebekk Ovlien, Norwegian footballer (d. 2018)\n August 4 – Cinzia Zehnder, Swiss footballer\n August 6 – Sander Svendsen, Norwegian youth international\n August 9 – Leon Bailey, Jamaican international\n August 12 – Taiwo Awoniyi, Nigerian footballer\n August 19 – Bartłomiej Drągowski, Polish footballer\n August 22 – Lautaro Martínez, Argentine footballer\n August 29 – Ainsley Maitland-Niles, English footballer\n September 15 – Jeisson Vargas, Chilean footballer\n September 16 – Zsanett Kaján, Hungarian women's international\n October 2 – Tammy Abraham, English international\n October 6 – Kasper Dolberg, Danish international\n October 9 - Samuel Leach Holm, Swedish-Israeli professional footballer\n October 17 – Václav Černý, Czech footballer\n October 22 – Jodi Jones, Maltese footballer\n November 1 – Nordi Mukiele, French footballer\n November 14 – Christopher Nkunku, French footballer\n November 18 \n Olivier Boscagli, French footballer\n Robert Sánchez, Spanish footballer\n November 26 – Aaron Wan-Bissaka, English footballer\n December 7 – Abi Harrison, Scottish footballer\n December 11 – Konstantinos Mavropanos, Greek footballer\n\nDeaths\n\nJanuary\n January 10 – Francisco Aramburu, Brazilian striker, runner-up at the 1950 FIFA World Cup. (75)\n\nFebruary\n February 19 – Afonso Guimarães da Silva, Brazilian midfielder, semi-finalist at the 1938 FIFA World Cup. (82)\n February 21 – Josef Posipal, West-German defender, winner of the 1954 FIFA World Cup. (69, heart failure)\n\nMarch\n March 25 – Baltazar, Brazilian striker, runner-up at the 1950 FIFA World Cup. (71)\n\nApril\nApril 23 – Brian Alderson (46), Scottish footballer\n\nJune\nJune 4 – Pedro Zaballa (58), Spanish footballer\nJune 18 – Héctor Yazalde (51), Argentinian footballer\n\nJuly\nJuly 8 – Dick van Dijk (51), Dutch footballer\nJuly 10 – Ivor Allchurch (67), Welsh footballer\n\nSeptember\n September 21 – Juan Burgueño, Uruguayan forward, winner of the 1950 FIFA World Cup. (91)\n September 29 – Dequinha, Brazilian midfielder, Brazilian squad member at the 1954 FIFA World Cup. (69)\n\nOctober\n October 18 – Ramiro Castillo (31), Bolivian footballer\n October 31 – Bram Appel (76), Dutch footballer\n October 31 – Hans Bauer, West-German defender, winner of the 1954 FIFA World Cup. (70)\n\nNovember\nNovember 1 – Roger Marche (73), French footballer\nNovember 9 – Helenio Herrera (80), Argentine-French footballer and manager\n\nDecember\n December 7 – Billy Bremner (54), Scottish footballer\n December 28 – William Martínez, Uruguayan midfielder, winner of the 1950 FIFA World Cup. (69)\n\nReferences\n\n \nAssociation football by year",
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Bernard Baruch Handicap
|
The Bernard Baruch Handicap is a Listed American Thoroughbred horse race for three-years-old and older run over a distance of miles on the turf annually in early August at Saratoga Race Course in Saratoga Springs, New York. The event currently offers a purse of $200,000.
History
The event is named in honor of Bernard Baruch who was a statesman, an adviser to various Presidents of the United States, and a lover of horses, thoroughbred horse racing, and the life of America's racetracks.
The inaugural running of the event was on 12 August 1959 as the Bernard Baruch Stakes for three year old horses over a distance of miles on the dirt and was won by Middle Brother, ridden by Bobby Ussery defeating Howard B. Keck's Bagdad by a neck in a time of 1:49 flat setting a new track record. The event was again held for three year old horses in 1960, but in 1961 the event was moved to the turf.
During the early runnings, the event would have many more nominations than would allow to start in one race forcing Saratoga's administration to either disallow acceptance or splitting the event into two divisions. This happened seven times with the event split into divisions in 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1981 and 1983.
The event was classified as Grade III in 1973 with it being upgraded to Grade II
in 1983. For two runnings the event was Grade I, in 1988 and 1989 before returning to Grade II in 1990.
In 1975, there was a dead heat for first place between Salt Marsh and War McAllister.
In 1979, the race was switched to dirt due to weather conditions.
In the 1960s the event attracted many high calibre horses. Of these who won the event were crowned US Champion Male Turf Horse. This includes the 1966 winner Assagai, 1967 Division 2 winner Fort Marcy and the South African bred champion Hawaii in 1969.
The event even in today's Breeders' Cup era continues to attract excellent horses who have run in this race. The 2005 winner Artie Schiller went on to win the Breeders' Cup Mile later in the year, while the 2013 US Horse of the Year, Wise Dan won the 2014 event by a nose as an odds-on favorite.
In 2022 the event was downgraded by the Thoroughbred Owners and Breeders Association to Grade III status and once again in 2023 to Listed status.
Records
Speed record:
miles: 1:38.29 – Ring Weekend (2016)
miles: 1:45.33 – Shakis (2007)
Margins:
5 lengths – Steinlen (GB) (1989)
Most wins:
2 – Red Reality (1971, 1973)
2 – Win (1984, 1985)
2 – Fourstars Allstar (1992, 1995)
2 – Hap (2000, 2001)
2 – Shakis (2007, 2008)
2 - Qurbaan (2018, 2019)
Most wins by an owner:
6 – Cragwood Stables (1966, 1969 (2), 1971, 1973 (2))
Most wins by a jockey:
7 – Jerry Bailey (1983, 1993, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004)
Most wins by a trainer:
7 – MacKenzie Miller (1966, 1969 (2), 1971, 1973 (2), 1990)
Winners
Legend:
See also
List of American and Canadian Graded races
References
Open mile category horse races
Horse races in New York (state)
Turf races in the United States
Saratoga Race Course
Recurring sporting events established in 1959
1959 establishments in New York (state)
Bernard Baruch
Previously graded stakes races in the United States
|
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"content": "The Bernard Baruch Handicap is a Listed American Thoroughbred horse race for three-years-old and older run over a distance of miles on the turf annually in early August at Saratoga Race Course in Saratoga Springs, New York. The event currently offers a purse of $200,000.\n\nHistory\n\nThe event is named in honor of Bernard Baruch who was a statesman, an adviser to various Presidents of the United States, and a lover of horses, thoroughbred horse racing, and the life of America's racetracks.\n\nThe inaugural running of the event was on 12 August 1959 as the Bernard Baruch Stakes for three year old horses over a distance of miles on the dirt and was won by Middle Brother, ridden by Bobby Ussery defeating Howard B. Keck's Bagdad by a neck in a time of 1:49 flat setting a new track record. The event was again held for three year old horses in 1960, but in 1961 the event was moved to the turf.\n\nDuring the early runnings, the event would have many more nominations than would allow to start in one race forcing Saratoga's administration to either disallow acceptance or splitting the event into two divisions. This happened seven times with the event split into divisions in 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1981 and 1983.\n\nThe event was classified as Grade III in 1973 with it being upgraded to Grade II \nin 1983. For two runnings the event was Grade I, in 1988 and 1989 before returning to Grade II in 1990.\n\nIn 1975, there was a dead heat for first place between Salt Marsh and War McAllister.\n \nIn 1979, the race was switched to dirt due to weather conditions.\n\nIn the 1960s the event attracted many high calibre horses. Of these who won the event were crowned US Champion Male Turf Horse. This includes the 1966 winner Assagai, 1967 Division 2 winner Fort Marcy and the South African bred champion Hawaii in 1969.\n\nThe event even in today's Breeders' Cup era continues to attract excellent horses who have run in this race. The 2005 winner Artie Schiller went on to win the Breeders' Cup Mile later in the year, while the 2013 US Horse of the Year, Wise Dan won the 2014 event by a nose as an odds-on favorite.\n\nIn 2022 the event was downgraded by the Thoroughbred Owners and Breeders Association to Grade III status and once again in 2023 to Listed status.\n\nRecords\nSpeed record: \n miles: 1:38.29 – Ring Weekend (2016)\n miles: 1:45.33 – Shakis (2007)\n\nMargins:\n 5 lengths – Steinlen (GB) (1989)\n\nMost wins:\n 2 – Red Reality (1971, 1973)\n 2 – Win (1984, 1985)\n 2 – Fourstars Allstar (1992, 1995)\n 2 – Hap (2000, 2001)\n 2 – Shakis (2007, 2008)\n 2 - Qurbaan (2018, 2019)\n\nMost wins by an owner:\n 6 – Cragwood Stables (1966, 1969 (2), 1971, 1973 (2))\n\nMost wins by a jockey:\n 7 – Jerry Bailey (1983, 1993, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004)\n\nMost wins by a trainer:\n 7 – MacKenzie Miller (1966, 1969 (2), 1971, 1973 (2), 1990)\n\nWinners\n\nLegend:\n\nSee also\nList of American and Canadian Graded races\n\nReferences\n\nOpen mile category horse races\nHorse races in New York (state)\nTurf races in the United States\nSaratoga Race Course\nRecurring sporting events established in 1959\n1959 establishments in New York (state)\nBernard Baruch\nPreviously graded stakes races in the United States",
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Anchor
|
An anchor is a device, normally made of metal, used to secure a vessel to the bed of a body of water to prevent the craft from drifting due to wind or current. The word derives from Latin , which itself comes from the Greek ().
Anchors can either be temporary or permanent. Permanent anchors are used in the creation of a mooring, and are rarely moved; a specialist service is normally needed to move or maintain them. Vessels carry one or more temporary anchors, which may be of different designs and weights.
A sea anchor is a drag device, not in contact with the seabed, used to minimise drift of a vessel relative to the water. A drogue is a drag device used to slow or help steer a vessel running before a storm in a following or overtaking sea, or when crossing a bar in a breaking sea.
Overview
Anchors achieve holding power either by "hooking" into the seabed, or weight, or a combination of the two. Permanent moorings use large masses (commonly a block or slab of concrete) resting on the seabed. Semi-permanent mooring anchors (such as mushroom anchors) and large ship's anchors derive a significant portion of their holding power from their weight, while also hooking or embedding in the bottom. Modern anchors for smaller vessels have metal flukes that hook on to rocks on the bottom or bury themselves in soft seabed.
The vessel is attached to the anchor by the rode (also called a cable or a warp). It can be made of rope, chain or a combination of rope and chain. The ratio of the length of rode to the water depth is known as the scope (see below).
Holding ground
Holding ground is the area of sea floor that holds an anchor, and thus the attached ship or boat. Different types of anchor are designed to hold in different types of holding ground. Some bottom materials hold better than others; for instance, hard sand holds well, shell holds poorly. Holding ground may be fouled with obstacles. An anchorage location may be chosen for its holding ground. In poor holding ground, only the weight of an anchor matters; in good holding ground, it is able to dig in, and the holding power can be significantly higher.
History
Evolution of the anchor
The earliest anchors were probably rocks, and many rock anchors have been found dating from at least the Bronze Age. Pre-European Maori waka (canoes) used one or more hollowed stones, tied with flax ropes, as anchors. Many modern moorings still rely on a large rock as the primary element of their design. However, using pure weight to resist the forces of a storm works well only as a permanent mooring; a large enough rock would be nearly impossible to move to a new location.
The ancient Greeks used baskets of stones, large sacks filled with sand, and wooden logs filled with lead. According to Apollonius Rhodius and Stephen of Byzantium, anchors were formed of stone, and Athenaeus states that they were also sometimes made of wood. Such anchors held the vessel merely by their weight and by their friction along the bottom.
Fluked anchors
Iron was afterwards introduced for the construction of anchors, and an improvement was made by forming them with teeth, or "flukes", to fasten themselves into the bottom. This is the iconic anchor shape most familiar to non-sailors.
This form has been used since antiquity. The Roman Nemi ships of the 1st century AD used this form. The Viking Ladby ship (probably 10th century) used a fluked anchor of this type, made of iron, which would have had a wooden stock mounted perpendicular to the shank and flukes to make the flukes contact the bottom at a suitable angle to hook or penetrate.
Admiralty anchor
The Admiralty Pattern anchor, or simply "Admiralty", also known as a "Fisherman", consists of a central shank with a ring or shackle for attaching the rode (the rope, chain, or cable connecting the ship and the anchor). At the other end of the shank there are two arms, carrying the flukes, while the stock is mounted to the shackle end, at ninety degrees to the arms. When the anchor lands on the bottom, it generally falls over with the arms parallel to the seabed. As a strain comes onto the rope, the stock digs into the bottom, canting the anchor until one of the flukes catches and digs into the bottom.
The Admiralty Anchor is an entirely independent reinvention of a classical design, as seen in one of the Nemi ship anchors. This basic design remained unchanged for centuries, with the most significant changes being to the overall proportions, and a move from stocks made of wood to iron stocks in the late 1830s and early 1840s.
Since one fluke always protrudes up from the set anchor, there is a great tendency of the rode to foul the anchor as the vessel swings due to wind or current shifts. When this happens, the anchor may be pulled out of the bottom, and in some cases may need to be hauled up to be re-set. In the mid-19th century, numerous modifications were attempted to alleviate these problems, as well as improve holding power, including one-armed mooring anchors. The most successful of these patent anchors, the Trotman Anchor, introduced a pivot at the centre of the crown where the arms join the shank, allowing the "idle" upper arm to fold against the shank. When deployed the lower arm may fold against the shank tilting the tip of the fluke upwards, so each fluke has a tripping palm at its base, to hook on the bottom as the folded arm drags along the seabed, which unfolds the downward oriented arm until the tip of the fluke can engage the bottom.
Handling and storage of these anchors requires special equipment and procedures. Once the anchor is hauled up to the hawsepipe, the ring end is hoisted up to the end of a timber projecting from the bow known as the cathead. The crown of the anchor is then hauled up with a heavy tackle until one fluke can be hooked over the rail. This is known as "catting and fishing" the anchor. Before dropping the anchor, the fishing process is reversed, and the anchor is dropped from the end of the cathead.
Stockless anchor
The stockless anchor, patented in England in 1821, represented the first significant departure in anchor design in centuries. Although their holding-power-to-weight ratio is significantly lower than admiralty pattern anchors, their ease of handling and stowage aboard large ships led to almost universal adoption. In contrast to the elaborate stowage procedures for earlier anchors, stockless anchors are simply hauled up until they rest with the shank inside the hawsepipes, and the flukes against the hull (or inside a recess in the hull).
While there are numerous variations, stockless anchors consist of a set of heavy flukes connected by a pivot or ball and socket joint to a shank. Cast into the crown of the anchor is a set of tripping palms, projections that drag on the bottom, forcing the main flukes to dig in.
Small boat anchors
Until the mid-20th century, anchors for smaller vessels were either scaled-down versions of admiralty anchors, or simple grapnels. As new designs with greater holding-power-to-weight ratios were sought, a great variety of anchor designs has emerged. Many of these designs are still under patent, and other types are best known by their original trademarked names.
Grapnel anchor / drag
A traditional design, the grapnel is merely a shank (no stock) with four or more tines, also known as a drag. It has a benefit in that, no matter how it reaches the bottom, one or more tines are aimed to set. In coral, or rock, it is often able to set quickly by hooking into the structure, but may be more difficult to retrieve. A grapnel is often quite light, and may have additional uses as a tool to recover gear lost overboard. Its weight also makes it relatively easy to move and carry, however its shape is generally not compact and it may be awkward to stow unless a collapsing model is used.
Grapnels rarely have enough fluke area to develop much hold in sand, clay, or mud. It is not unknown for the anchor to foul on its own rode, or to foul the tines with refuse from the bottom, preventing it from digging in. On the other hand, it is quite possible for this anchor to find such a good hook that, without a trip line from the crown, it is impossible to retrieve.
Herreshoff anchor
Designed by yacht designer L. Francis Herreshoff, this is essentially the same pattern as an admiralty anchor, albeit with small diamond-shaped flukes or palms. The novelty of the design lay in the means by which it could be broken down into three pieces for stowage. In use, it still presents all the issues of the admiralty pattern anchor.
Northill anchor
Originally designed as a lightweight anchor for seaplanes, this design consists of two plough-like blades mounted to a shank, with a folding stock crossing through the crown of the anchor.
CQR plough anchor
Many manufacturers produce a plough-type anchor, so-named after its resemblance to an agricultural plough. All such anchors are copied from the original CQR (Coastal Quick Release, or Clyde Quick Release, later rebranded as 'secure' by Lewmar), a 1933 design patented in the UK by mathematician Geoffrey Ingram Taylor.
Plough anchors stow conveniently in a roller at the bow, and have been popular with cruising sailors and private boaters. Ploughs can be moderately good in all types of seafloor, though not exceptional in any. Contrary to popular belief, the CQR's hinged shank is not to allow the anchor to turn with direction changes rather than breaking out, but actually to prevent the shank's weight from disrupting the fluke's orientation while setting. The hinge can wear out and may trap a sailor's fingers. Some later plough anchors have a rigid shank, such as the Lewmar's "Delta".
A plough anchor has a fundamental flaw: like its namesake, the agricultural plough, it digs in but then tends to break out back to the surface. Plough anchors sometimes have difficulty setting at all, and instead skip across the seafloor. By contrast, modern efficient anchors tend to be "scoop" types that dig ever deeper.
Delta anchor
The Delta anchor was derived from the CQR. It was patented by Philip McCarron, James Stewart, and Gordon Lyall of British marine manufacturer Simpson-Lawrence Ltd in 1992. It was designed as an advance over the anchors used for floating systems such as oil rigs. It retains the weighted tip of the CQR but has a much higher fluke area to weight ratio than its predecessor. The designers also eliminated the sometimes troublesome hinge. It is a plough anchor with a rigid, arched shank. It is described as self-launching because it can be dropped from a bow roller simply by paying out the rode, without manual assistance. This is an oft copied design with the European Brake and Australian Sarca Excel being two of the more notable ones. Although it is a plough type anchor, it sets and holds reasonably well in hard bottoms.
Danforth anchor
American Richard Danforth invented the Danforth Anchor in the 1940s for use aboard landing craft. It uses a stock at the crown to which two large flat triangular flukes are attached. The stock is hinged so the flukes can orient toward the bottom (and on some designs may be adjusted for an optimal angle depending on the bottom type). Tripping palms at the crown act to tip the flukes into the seabed. The design is a burying variety, and once well set can develop high resistance. Its lightweight and compact flat design make it easy to retrieve and relatively easy to store; some anchor rollers and hawsepipes can accommodate a fluke-style anchor.
A Danforth does not usually penetrate or hold in gravel or weeds. In boulders and coral it may hold by acting as a hook. If there is much current, or if the vessel is moving while dropping the anchor, it may "kite" or "skate" over the bottom due to the large fluke area acting as a sail or wing.
The FOB HP anchor designed in Brittany in the 1970s is a Danforth variant designed to give increased holding through its use of rounded flukes setting at a 30° angle.
The Fortress is an American aluminum alloy Danforth variant that can be disassembled for storage and it features an adjustable 32° and 45° shank/fluke angle to improve holding capability in common sea bottoms such as hard sand and soft mud. This anchor performed well in a 1989 US Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) test and in an August 2014 holding power test that was conducted in the soft mud bottoms of the Chesapeake Bay.
Bruce or claw anchor
This claw-shaped anchor was designed by Peter Bruce from Scotland in the 1970s. Bruce gained his early reputation from the production of large-scale commercial anchors for ships and fixed installations such as oil rigs. It was later scaled down for small boats, and copies of this popular design abound. The Bruce and its copies, known generically as "claw type anchors", have been adopted on smaller boats (partly because they stow easily on a bow roller) but they are most effective in larger sizes. Claw anchors are quite popular on charter fleets as they have a high chance to set on the first try in many bottoms. They have the reputation of not breaking out with tide or wind changes, instead slowly turning in the bottom to align with the force.
Bruce anchors can have difficulty penetrating weedy bottoms and grass. They offer a fairly low holding-power-to-weight ratio and generally have to be oversized to compete with newer types.
Scoop type anchors
Three time circumnavigator German Rolf Kaczirek invented the Bügel Anker in the 1980s. Kaczirek wanted an anchor that was self-righting without necessitating a ballasted tip. Instead, he added a roll bar and switched out the plough share for a flat blade design. As none of the innovations of this anchor were patented, copies of it abound.
Alain Poiraud of France introduced the scoop type anchor in 1996. Similar in design to the Bügel anchor, Poiraud's design features a concave fluke shaped like the blade of a shovel, with a shank attached parallel to the fluke, and the load applied toward the digging end. It is designed to dig into the bottom like a shovel, and dig deeper as more pressure is applied. The common challenge with all the scoop type anchors is that they set so well, they can be difficult to weigh.
Bügelanker, or Wasi: This German-designed bow anchor has a sharp tip for penetrating weed, and features a roll-bar that allows the correct setting attitude to be achieved without the need for extra weight to be inserted into the tip.
Spade: This is a French design that has proven successful since 1996. It features a demountable shank (hollow in some instances) and the choice of galvanized steel, stainless steel, or aluminium construction, which means a lighter and more easily stowable anchor. The geometry also makes this anchor self stowing on a single roller.
Rocna: This New Zealand spade design, available in galvanised or stainless steel, has been produced since 2004. It has a roll-bar (similar to that of the Bügel), a large spade-like fluke area, and a sharp toe for penetrating weed and grass. The Rocna sets quickly and holds well.
Mantus: This is claimed to be a fast setting anchor with high holding power. It is designed as an all round anchor capable of setting even in challenging bottoms such as hard sand/clay bottoms and grass. The shank is made out of a high tensile steel capable of withstanding high loads. It is similar in design to the Rocna but has a larger and wider roll-bar that reduces the risk of fouling and increases the angle of the fluke that results in improved penetration in some bottoms.
Ultra: This is an innovative spade design that dispenses with a roll-bar. Made primarily of stainless steel, its main arm is hollow, while the fluke tip has lead within it. It is similar in appearance to the Spade anchor.
Vulcan: A recent sibling to the Rocna, this anchor performs similarly but does not have a roll-bar. Instead the Vulcan has patented design features such as the "V-bulb" and the "Roll Palm" that allow it to dig in deeply. The Vulcan was designed primarily for sailors who had difficulties accommodating the roll-bar Rocna on their bow. Peter Smith (originator of the Rocna) designed it specifically for larger powerboats. Both Vulcans and Rocnas are available in galvanised steel, or in stainless steel. The Vulcan is similar in appearance to the Spade anchor.
Knox Anchor: This is produced in Scotland and was invented by Professor John Knox. It has a divided concave large area fluke arrangement and a shank in high tensile steel. A roll bar similar to the Rocna gives fast setting and a holding power of about 40 times anchor weight.
Other temporary anchors
Mud weight: Consists of a blunt heavy weight, usually cast iron or cast lead, that sinks into the mud and resist lateral movement. It is suitable only for soft silt bottoms and in mild conditions. Sizes range between 5 and 20 kg for small craft. Various designs exist and many are home produced from lead or improvised with heavy objects. This is a commonly used method on the Norfolk Broads in England.
Bulwagga: This is a unique design featuring three flukes instead of the usual two. It has performed well in tests by independent sources such as American boating magazine Practical Sailor.
Permanent anchors
These are used where the vessel is permanently or semi-permanently sited, for example in the case of lightvessels or channel marker buoys. The anchor needs to hold the vessel in all weathers, including the most severe storm, but needs to be lifted only occasionally, at most – for example, only if the vessel is to be towed into port for maintenance. An alternative to using an anchor under these circumstances, especially if the anchor need never be lifted at all, may be to use a pile that is driven into the seabed.
Permanent anchors come in a wide range of types and have no standard form. A slab of rock with an iron staple in it to attach a chain to would serve the purpose, as would any dense object of appropriate weight (for instance, an engine block). Modern moorings may be anchored by augers, which look and act like oversized screws drilled into the seabed, or by barbed metal beams pounded in (or even driven in with explosives) like pilings, or by a variety of other non-mass means of getting a grip on the bottom. One method of building a mooring is to use three or more conventional anchors laid out with short lengths of chain attached to a swivel, so no matter which direction the vessel moves, one or more anchors are aligned to resist the force.
Mushroom
The mushroom anchor is suitable where the seabed is composed of silt or fine sand. It was invented by Robert Stevenson, for use by an 82-ton converted fishing boat, Pharos, which was used as a lightvessel between 1807 and 1810 near to Bell Rock whilst the lighthouse was being constructed. It was equipped with a 1.5-ton example.
It is shaped like an inverted mushroom, the head becoming buried in the silt. A counterweight is often provided at the other end of the shank to lay it down before it becomes buried.
A mushroom anchor normally sinks in the silt to the point where it has displaced its own weight in bottom material, thus greatly increasing its holding power. These anchors are suitable only for a silt or mud bottom, since they rely upon suction and cohesion of the bottom material, which rocky or coarse sand bottoms lack. The holding power of this anchor is at best about twice its weight until it becomes buried, when it can be as much as ten times its weight. They are available in sizes from about 5 kg up to several tons.
Deadweight
A deadweight is an anchor that relies solely on being a heavy weight. It is usually just a large block of concrete or stone at the end of the chain. Its holding power is defined by its weight underwater (i.e., taking its buoyancy into account) regardless of the type of seabed, although suction can increase this if it becomes buried. Consequently, deadweight anchors are used where mushroom anchors are unsuitable, for example in rock, gravel or coarse sand. An advantage of a deadweight anchor over a mushroom is that if it does drag, it continues to provide its original holding force. The disadvantage of using deadweight anchors in conditions where a mushroom anchor could be used is that it needs to be around ten times the weight of the equivalent mushroom anchor.
Auger
Auger anchors can be used to anchor permanent moorings, floating docks, fish farms, etc. These anchors, which have one or more slightly pitched self-drilling threads, must be screwed into the seabed with the use of a tool, so require access to the bottom, either at low tide or by use of a diver. Hence they can be difficult to install in deep water without special equipment.
Weight for weight, augers have a higher holding than other permanent designs, and so can be cheap and relatively easily installed, although difficult to set in extremely soft mud.
High-holding-types
There is a need in the oil-and-gas industry to resist large anchoring forces when laying pipelines and for drilling vessels. These anchors are installed and removed using a support tug and pennant/pendant wire. Some examples are the Stevin range supplied by Vrijhof Ankers. Large plate anchors such as the Stevmanta are used for permanent moorings.
Anchoring gear
The elements of anchoring gear include the anchor, the cable (also called a rode), the method of attaching the two together, the method of attaching the cable to the ship, charts, and a method of learning the depth of the water.
Vessels may carry a number of anchors: bower anchors are the main anchors used by a vessel and normally carried at the bow of the vessel. A kedge anchor is a light anchor used for warping an anchor, also known as kedging, or more commonly on yachts for mooring quickly or in benign conditions. A stream anchor, which is usually heavier than a kedge anchor, can be used for kedging or warping in addition to temporary mooring and restraining stern movement in tidal conditions or in waters where vessel movement needs to be restricted, such as rivers and channels.
Charts are vital to good anchoring. Knowing the location of potential dangers, as well as being useful in estimating the effects of weather and tide in the anchorage, is essential in choosing a good place to drop the hook. One can get by without referring to charts, but they are an important tool and a part of good anchoring gear, and a skilled mariner would not choose to anchor without them.
Anchor rode
The anchor rode (or "cable" or "warp") that connects the anchor to the vessel is usually made up of chain, rope, or a combination of those. Large ships use only chain rode. Smaller craft might use a rope/chain combination or an all chain rode. All rodes should have some chain; chain is heavy but it resists abrasion from coral, sharp rocks, or shellfish beds, whereas a rope warp is susceptible to abrasion and can fail in a short time when stretched against an abrasive surface. The weight of the chain also helps keep the direction of pull on the anchor closer to horizontal, which improves holding, and absorbs part of snubbing loads. Where weight is not an issue, a heavier chain provides better holding by forming a catenary curve through the water and resting as much of its length on the bottom as would not be lifted by tension of the mooring load. Any changes to the tension are accommodated by additional chain being lifted or settling on the bottom, and this absorbs shock loads until the chain is straight, at which point the full load is taken by the anchor. Additional dissipation of shock loads can be achieved by fitting a snubber between the chain and a bollard or cleat on deck. This also reduces shock loads on the deck fittings, and the vessel usually lies more comfortably and quietly.
Being strong and elastic, nylon rope is the most suitable as an anchor rode. Polyester (terylene) is stronger but less elastic than nylon. Both materials sink, so they avoid fouling other craft in crowded anchorages and do not absorb much water. Neither breaks down quickly in sunlight. Elasticity helps absorb shock loading, but causes faster abrasive wear when the rope stretches over an abrasive surface, like a coral bottom or a poorly designed chock. Polypropylene ("polyprop") is not suited to rodes because it floats and is much weaker than nylon, being barely stronger than natural fibres. Some grades of polypropylene break down in sunlight and become hard, weak, and unpleasant to handle. Natural fibres such as manila or hemp are still used in developing nations but absorb a lot of water, are relatively weak, and rot, although they do give good handling grip and are often relatively cheap. Ropes that have little or no elasticity are not suitable as anchor rodes. Elasticity is partly a function of the fibre material and partly of the rope structure.
All anchors should have chain at least equal to the boat's length. Some skippers prefer an all chain warp for greater security on coral or sharp edged rock bottoms. The chain should be shackled to the warp through a steel eye or spliced to the chain using a chain splice. The shackle pin should be securely wired or moused. Either galvanized or stainless steel is suitable for eyes and shackles, galvanised steel being the stronger of the two. Some skippers prefer to add a swivel to the rode. There is a school of thought that says these should not be connected to the anchor itself, but should be somewhere in the chain. However, most skippers connect the swivel directly to the anchor.
Scope
Scope is the ratio of length of the rode to the depth of the water measured from the highest point (usually the anchor roller or bow chock) to the seabed, making allowance for the highest expected tide. The function of this ratio is to ensure that the pull on the anchor is unlikely to break it out of the bottom if it is embedded, or lift it off a hard bottom, either of which is likely to result in the anchor dragging. A large scope induces a load that is nearly horizontal.
In moderate conditions the ratio of rode to water depth should be 4:1 – where there is sufficient swing-room, a greater scope is always better. In rougher conditions it should be up to twice this with the extra length giving more stretch and a smaller angle to the bottom to resist the anchor breaking out. For example, if the water is deep, and the anchor roller is above the water, then the 'depth' is 9 meters (~30 feet). The amount of rode to let our in moderate conditions is thus 36 meters (120 feet). (For this reason it is important to have a reliable and accurate method of measuring the depth of water.)
When using a rope rode, there is a simple way to estimate the scope: The ratio of bow height of the rode to length of rode above the water while lying back hard on the anchor is the same or less than the scope ratio. The basis for this is simple geometry (Intercept Theorem): The ratio between two sides of a triangle stays the same regardless of the size of the triangle as long as the angles do not change.
Generally, the rode should be between 5 and 10 times the depth to the seabed, giving a scope of 5:1 or 10:1; the larger the number, the shallower the angle is between the cable and the seafloor, and the less upwards force is acting on the anchor. A 10:1 scope gives the greatest holding power, but also allows for much more drifting due to the longer amount of cable paid out. Anchoring with sufficient scope and/or heavy chain rode brings the direction of strain close to parallel with the seabed. This is particularly important for light, modern anchors designed to bury in the bottom, where scopes of 5:1 to 7:1 are common, whereas heavy anchors and moorings can use a scope of 3:1, or less. Some modern anchors, such as the Ultra holds with a scope of 3:1; but, unless the anchorage is crowded, a longer scope always reduces shock stresses.
Anchoring techniques
The basic anchoring consists of determining the location, dropping the anchor, laying out the scope, setting the hook, and assessing where the vessel ends up. The ship seeks a location that is sufficiently protected; has suitable holding ground, enough depth at low tide and enough room for the boat to swing.
The location to drop the anchor should be approached from down wind or down current, whichever is stronger. As the chosen spot is approached, the vessel should be stopped or even beginning to drift back. The anchor should initially be lowered quickly but under control until it is on the bottom (see anchor windlass). The vessel should continue to drift back, and the cable should be veered out under control (slowly) so it is relatively straight.
Once the desired scope is laid out, the vessel should be gently forced astern, usually using the auxiliary motor but possibly by backing a sail. A hand on the anchor line may telegraph a series of jerks and jolts, indicating the anchor is dragging, or a smooth tension indicative of digging in. As the anchor begins to dig in and resist backward force, the engine may be throttled up to get a thorough set. If the anchor continues to drag, or sets after having dragged too far, it should be retrieved and moved back to the desired position (or another location chosen.)
There are techniques of anchoring to limit the swing of a vessel if the anchorage has limited room:
Using an anchor weight, kellet or sentinel
Lowering a concentrated, heavy weight down the anchor line – rope or chain – directly in front of the bow to the seabed behaves like a heavy chain rode and lowers the angle of pull on the anchor. If the weight is suspended off the seabed it acts as a spring or shock absorber to dampen the sudden actions that are normally transmitted to the anchor and can cause it to dislodge and drag. In light conditions, a kellet reduces the swing of the vessel considerably. In heavier conditions these effects disappear as the rode becomes straightened and the weight ineffective. Known as an "anchor chum weight" or "angel" in the UK.
Forked moor
Using two anchors set approximately 45° apart, or wider angles up to 90°, from the bow is a strong mooring for facing into strong winds. To set anchors in this way, first one anchor is set in the normal fashion. Then, taking in on the first cable as the boat is motored into the wind and letting slack while drifting back, a second anchor is set approximately a half-scope away from the first on a line perpendicular to the wind. After this second anchor is set, the scope on the first is taken up until the vessel is lying between the two anchors and the load is taken equally on each cable.
This moor also to some degree limits the range of a vessel's swing to a narrower oval. Care should be taken that other vessels do not swing down on the boat due to the limited swing range.
Bow and stern
(Not to be mistaken with the Bahamian moor, below.) In the bow and stern technique, an anchor is set off each the bow and the stern, which can severely limit a vessel's swing range and also align it to steady wind, current or wave conditions. One method of accomplishing this moor is to set a bow anchor normally, then drop back to the limit of the bow cable (or to double the desired scope, e.g. 8:1 if the eventual scope should be 4:1, 10:1 if the eventual scope should be 5:1, etc.) to lower a stern anchor. By taking up on the bow cable the stern anchor can be set. After both anchors are set, tension is taken up on both cables to limit the swing or to align the vessel.
Bahamian moor
Similar to the above, a Bahamian moor is used to sharply limit the swing range of a vessel, but allows it to swing to a current. One of the primary characteristics of this technique is the use of a swivel as follows: the first anchor is set normally, and the vessel drops back to the limit of anchor cable. A second anchor is attached to the end of the anchor cable, and is dropped and set. A swivel is attached to the middle of the anchor cable, and the vessel connected to that.
The vessel now swings in the middle of two anchors, which is acceptable in strong reversing currents, but a wind perpendicular to the current may break out the anchors, as they are not aligned for this load.
Backing an anchor
Also known as tandem anchoring, in this technique two anchors are deployed in line with each other, on the same rode. With the foremost anchor reducing the load on the aft-most, this technique can develop great holding power and may be appropriate in "ultimate storm" circumstances. It does not limit swinging range, and might not be suitable in some circumstances. There are complications, and the technique requires careful preparation and a level of skill and experience above that required for a single anchor.
Kedging
Kedging or warping is a technique for moving or turning a ship by using a relatively light anchor.
In yachts, a kedge anchor is an anchor carried in addition to the main, or bower anchors, and usually stowed aft. Every yacht should carry at least two anchors – the main or bower anchor and a second lighter kedge anchor. It is used occasionally when it is necessary to limit the turning circle as the yacht swings when it is anchored, such as in a narrow river or a deep pool in an otherwise shallow area. Kedge anchors are sometimes used to recover vessels that have run aground.
For ships, a kedge may be dropped while a ship is underway, or carried out in a suitable direction by a tender or ship's boat to enable the ship to be winched off if aground or swung into a particular heading, or even to be held steady against a tidal or other stream.
Historically, it was of particular relevance to sailing warships that used them to outmaneuver opponents when the wind had dropped but might be used by any vessel in confined, shoal water to place it in a more desirable position, provided she had enough manpower .
Club hauling
Club hauling is an archaic technique. When a vessel is in a narrow channel or on a lee shore so that there is no room to tack the vessel in a conventional manner, an anchor attached to the lee quarter may be dropped from the lee bow. This is deployed when the vessel is head to wind and has lost headway. As the vessel gathers sternway the strain on the cable pivots the vessel around what is now the weather quarter turning the vessel onto the other tack. The anchor is then normally cut away (the ship's momentum prevents recovery without aborting the maneuver).
Weighing anchor
Since all anchors that embed themselves in the bottom require the strain to be along the seabed, anchors can be broken out of the bottom by shortening the rope until the vessel is directly above the anchor; at this point the anchor chain is "up and down", in naval parlance. If necessary, motoring slowly around the location of the anchor also helps dislodge it. Anchors are sometimes fitted with a trip line attached to the crown, by which they can be unhooked from rocks, coral, chain, or other underwater hazards.
The term aweigh describes an anchor when it is hanging on the rope and is not resting on the bottom. This is linked to the term to weigh anchor, meaning to lift the anchor from the sea bed, allowing the ship or boat to move. An anchor is described as aweigh when it has been broken out of the bottom and is being hauled up to be stowed. Aweigh should not be confused with under way, which describes a vessel that is not moored to a dock or anchored, whether or not the vessel is moving through the water. Aweigh is also often confused with away, which is incorrect.
Anchor as symbol
An anchor frequently appears on the flags and coats of arms of institutions involved with the sea, both naval and commercial, as well as of port cities and seacoast regions and provinces in various countries. There also exists in heraldry the "Anchored Cross", or Mariner's Cross, a stylized cross in the shape of an anchor. The symbol can be used to signify 'fresh start' or 'hope'. The New Testament refers to the Christian's hope as "an anchor of the soul". The Mariner's Cross is also referred to as St. Clement's Cross, in reference to the way this saint was killed (being tied to an anchor and thrown from a boat into the Black Sea in 102). Anchored crosses are occasionally a feature of coats of arms in which context they are referred to by the heraldic terms anchry or ancre.
In 1887, the Delta Gamma Fraternity adopted the anchor as its badge to signify hope.
The Unicode anchor (Miscellaneous Symbols) is represented by: ⚓.
See also
"Anchors Aweigh", United States Navy marching song
References
Bibliography
Blackwell, Alex & Daria; Happy Hooking – the Art of Anchoring, 2008, 2011, 2019 White Seahorse;
Edwards, Fred; Sailing as a Second Language: An illustrated dictionary, 1988 Highmark Publishing;
Hinz, Earl R.; The Complete Book of Anchoring and Mooring, Rev. 2d ed., 1986, 1994, 2001 Cornell Maritime Press;
Hiscock, Eric C.; Cruising Under Sail, second edition, 1965 Oxford University Press;
Pardey, Lin and Larry; The Capable Cruiser; 1995 Pardey Books/Paradise Cay Publications;
Rousmaniere, John; The Annapolis Book of Seamanship, 1983, 1989 Simon and Schuster;
Smith, Everrett; Cruising World's Guide to Seamanship: Hold me tight, 1992 New York Times Sports/Leisure Magazines
Further reading
William N. Brady (1864). The Kedge-anchor; Or, Young Sailors' Assistant.
First published as The Naval Apprentice's Kedge Anchor. New York, Taylor and Clement, 1841.--The Kedge-anchor; 3rd ed. New York, 1848.--6th ed. New York, 1852.--9th ed. New York, 1857.
External links
Anchor Tests: Soft Sand Over Hard Sand—Practical-Sailor
The Big Anchor Project
Anchor comparison
Heraldic charges
Nautical terminology
Sailboat components
Sailing ship components
Ship anchors
Watercraft components
Weights
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"content": "An anchor is a device, normally made of metal, used to secure a vessel to the bed of a body of water to prevent the craft from drifting due to wind or current. The word derives from Latin , which itself comes from the Greek ().\n\nAnchors can either be temporary or permanent. Permanent anchors are used in the creation of a mooring, and are rarely moved; a specialist service is normally needed to move or maintain them. Vessels carry one or more temporary anchors, which may be of different designs and weights.\n\nA sea anchor is a drag device, not in contact with the seabed, used to minimise drift of a vessel relative to the water. A drogue is a drag device used to slow or help steer a vessel running before a storm in a following or overtaking sea, or when crossing a bar in a breaking sea.\n\nOverview \n\nAnchors achieve holding power either by \"hooking\" into the seabed, or weight, or a combination of the two. Permanent moorings use large masses (commonly a block or slab of concrete) resting on the seabed. Semi-permanent mooring anchors (such as mushroom anchors) and large ship's anchors derive a significant portion of their holding power from their weight, while also hooking or embedding in the bottom. Modern anchors for smaller vessels have metal flukes that hook on to rocks on the bottom or bury themselves in soft seabed.\n\nThe vessel is attached to the anchor by the rode (also called a cable or a warp). It can be made of rope, chain or a combination of rope and chain. The ratio of the length of rode to the water depth is known as the scope (see below).\n\nHolding ground \nHolding ground is the area of sea floor that holds an anchor, and thus the attached ship or boat. Different types of anchor are designed to hold in different types of holding ground. Some bottom materials hold better than others; for instance, hard sand holds well, shell holds poorly. Holding ground may be fouled with obstacles. An anchorage location may be chosen for its holding ground. In poor holding ground, only the weight of an anchor matters; in good holding ground, it is able to dig in, and the holding power can be significantly higher.\n\nHistory\n\nEvolution of the anchor \n\nThe earliest anchors were probably rocks, and many rock anchors have been found dating from at least the Bronze Age. Pre-European Maori waka (canoes) used one or more hollowed stones, tied with flax ropes, as anchors. Many modern moorings still rely on a large rock as the primary element of their design. However, using pure weight to resist the forces of a storm works well only as a permanent mooring; a large enough rock would be nearly impossible to move to a new location.\n\nThe ancient Greeks used baskets of stones, large sacks filled with sand, and wooden logs filled with lead. According to Apollonius Rhodius and Stephen of Byzantium, anchors were formed of stone, and Athenaeus states that they were also sometimes made of wood. Such anchors held the vessel merely by their weight and by their friction along the bottom.\n\nFluked anchors \n\nIron was afterwards introduced for the construction of anchors, and an improvement was made by forming them with teeth, or \"flukes\", to fasten themselves into the bottom. This is the iconic anchor shape most familiar to non-sailors.\n\nThis form has been used since antiquity. The Roman Nemi ships of the 1st century AD used this form. The Viking Ladby ship (probably 10th century) used a fluked anchor of this type, made of iron, which would have had a wooden stock mounted perpendicular to the shank and flukes to make the flukes contact the bottom at a suitable angle to hook or penetrate.\n\nAdmiralty anchor \n\nThe Admiralty Pattern anchor, or simply \"Admiralty\", also known as a \"Fisherman\", consists of a central shank with a ring or shackle for attaching the rode (the rope, chain, or cable connecting the ship and the anchor). At the other end of the shank there are two arms, carrying the flukes, while the stock is mounted to the shackle end, at ninety degrees to the arms. When the anchor lands on the bottom, it generally falls over with the arms parallel to the seabed. As a strain comes onto the rope, the stock digs into the bottom, canting the anchor until one of the flukes catches and digs into the bottom.\n\nThe Admiralty Anchor is an entirely independent reinvention of a classical design, as seen in one of the Nemi ship anchors. This basic design remained unchanged for centuries, with the most significant changes being to the overall proportions, and a move from stocks made of wood to iron stocks in the late 1830s and early 1840s.\n\nSince one fluke always protrudes up from the set anchor, there is a great tendency of the rode to foul the anchor as the vessel swings due to wind or current shifts. When this happens, the anchor may be pulled out of the bottom, and in some cases may need to be hauled up to be re-set. In the mid-19th century, numerous modifications were attempted to alleviate these problems, as well as improve holding power, including one-armed mooring anchors. The most successful of these patent anchors, the Trotman Anchor, introduced a pivot at the centre of the crown where the arms join the shank, allowing the \"idle\" upper arm to fold against the shank. When deployed the lower arm may fold against the shank tilting the tip of the fluke upwards, so each fluke has a tripping palm at its base, to hook on the bottom as the folded arm drags along the seabed, which unfolds the downward oriented arm until the tip of the fluke can engage the bottom.\n\nHandling and storage of these anchors requires special equipment and procedures. Once the anchor is hauled up to the hawsepipe, the ring end is hoisted up to the end of a timber projecting from the bow known as the cathead. The crown of the anchor is then hauled up with a heavy tackle until one fluke can be hooked over the rail. This is known as \"catting and fishing\" the anchor. Before dropping the anchor, the fishing process is reversed, and the anchor is dropped from the end of the cathead.\n\nStockless anchor \n\nThe stockless anchor, patented in England in 1821, represented the first significant departure in anchor design in centuries. Although their holding-power-to-weight ratio is significantly lower than admiralty pattern anchors, their ease of handling and stowage aboard large ships led to almost universal adoption. In contrast to the elaborate stowage procedures for earlier anchors, stockless anchors are simply hauled up until they rest with the shank inside the hawsepipes, and the flukes against the hull (or inside a recess in the hull).\n\nWhile there are numerous variations, stockless anchors consist of a set of heavy flukes connected by a pivot or ball and socket joint to a shank. Cast into the crown of the anchor is a set of tripping palms, projections that drag on the bottom, forcing the main flukes to dig in.\n\nSmall boat anchors \nUntil the mid-20th century, anchors for smaller vessels were either scaled-down versions of admiralty anchors, or simple grapnels. As new designs with greater holding-power-to-weight ratios were sought, a great variety of anchor designs has emerged. Many of these designs are still under patent, and other types are best known by their original trademarked names.\n\nGrapnel anchor / drag \n\nA traditional design, the grapnel is merely a shank (no stock) with four or more tines, also known as a drag. It has a benefit in that, no matter how it reaches the bottom, one or more tines are aimed to set. In coral, or rock, it is often able to set quickly by hooking into the structure, but may be more difficult to retrieve. A grapnel is often quite light, and may have additional uses as a tool to recover gear lost overboard. Its weight also makes it relatively easy to move and carry, however its shape is generally not compact and it may be awkward to stow unless a collapsing model is used.\n\nGrapnels rarely have enough fluke area to develop much hold in sand, clay, or mud. It is not unknown for the anchor to foul on its own rode, or to foul the tines with refuse from the bottom, preventing it from digging in. On the other hand, it is quite possible for this anchor to find such a good hook that, without a trip line from the crown, it is impossible to retrieve.\n\nHerreshoff anchor \nDesigned by yacht designer L. Francis Herreshoff, this is essentially the same pattern as an admiralty anchor, albeit with small diamond-shaped flukes or palms. The novelty of the design lay in the means by which it could be broken down into three pieces for stowage. In use, it still presents all the issues of the admiralty pattern anchor.\n\nNorthill anchor \nOriginally designed as a lightweight anchor for seaplanes, this design consists of two plough-like blades mounted to a shank, with a folding stock crossing through the crown of the anchor.\n\nCQR plough anchor \n\nMany manufacturers produce a plough-type anchor, so-named after its resemblance to an agricultural plough. All such anchors are copied from the original CQR (Coastal Quick Release, or Clyde Quick Release, later rebranded as 'secure' by Lewmar), a 1933 design patented in the UK by mathematician Geoffrey Ingram Taylor.\n\nPlough anchors stow conveniently in a roller at the bow, and have been popular with cruising sailors and private boaters. Ploughs can be moderately good in all types of seafloor, though not exceptional in any. Contrary to popular belief, the CQR's hinged shank is not to allow the anchor to turn with direction changes rather than breaking out, but actually to prevent the shank's weight from disrupting the fluke's orientation while setting. The hinge can wear out and may trap a sailor's fingers. Some later plough anchors have a rigid shank, such as the Lewmar's \"Delta\".\n\nA plough anchor has a fundamental flaw: like its namesake, the agricultural plough, it digs in but then tends to break out back to the surface. Plough anchors sometimes have difficulty setting at all, and instead skip across the seafloor. By contrast, modern efficient anchors tend to be \"scoop\" types that dig ever deeper.\n\nDelta anchor \nThe Delta anchor was derived from the CQR. It was patented by Philip McCarron, James Stewart, and Gordon Lyall of British marine manufacturer Simpson-Lawrence Ltd in 1992. It was designed as an advance over the anchors used for floating systems such as oil rigs. It retains the weighted tip of the CQR but has a much higher fluke area to weight ratio than its predecessor. The designers also eliminated the sometimes troublesome hinge. It is a plough anchor with a rigid, arched shank. It is described as self-launching because it can be dropped from a bow roller simply by paying out the rode, without manual assistance. This is an oft copied design with the European Brake and Australian Sarca Excel being two of the more notable ones. Although it is a plough type anchor, it sets and holds reasonably well in hard bottoms.\n\nDanforth anchor \n\nAmerican Richard Danforth invented the Danforth Anchor in the 1940s for use aboard landing craft. It uses a stock at the crown to which two large flat triangular flukes are attached. The stock is hinged so the flukes can orient toward the bottom (and on some designs may be adjusted for an optimal angle depending on the bottom type). Tripping palms at the crown act to tip the flukes into the seabed. The design is a burying variety, and once well set can develop high resistance. Its lightweight and compact flat design make it easy to retrieve and relatively easy to store; some anchor rollers and hawsepipes can accommodate a fluke-style anchor.\n\nA Danforth does not usually penetrate or hold in gravel or weeds. In boulders and coral it may hold by acting as a hook. If there is much current, or if the vessel is moving while dropping the anchor, it may \"kite\" or \"skate\" over the bottom due to the large fluke area acting as a sail or wing.\n\nThe FOB HP anchor designed in Brittany in the 1970s is a Danforth variant designed to give increased holding through its use of rounded flukes setting at a 30° angle.\n\nThe Fortress is an American aluminum alloy Danforth variant that can be disassembled for storage and it features an adjustable 32° and 45° shank/fluke angle to improve holding capability in common sea bottoms such as hard sand and soft mud. This anchor performed well in a 1989 US Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) test and in an August 2014 holding power test that was conducted in the soft mud bottoms of the Chesapeake Bay.\n\nBruce or claw anchor \n\nThis claw-shaped anchor was designed by Peter Bruce from Scotland in the 1970s. Bruce gained his early reputation from the production of large-scale commercial anchors for ships and fixed installations such as oil rigs. It was later scaled down for small boats, and copies of this popular design abound. The Bruce and its copies, known generically as \"claw type anchors\", have been adopted on smaller boats (partly because they stow easily on a bow roller) but they are most effective in larger sizes. Claw anchors are quite popular on charter fleets as they have a high chance to set on the first try in many bottoms. They have the reputation of not breaking out with tide or wind changes, instead slowly turning in the bottom to align with the force.\n\nBruce anchors can have difficulty penetrating weedy bottoms and grass. They offer a fairly low holding-power-to-weight ratio and generally have to be oversized to compete with newer types.\n\nScoop type anchors \nThree time circumnavigator German Rolf Kaczirek invented the Bügel Anker in the 1980s. Kaczirek wanted an anchor that was self-righting without necessitating a ballasted tip. Instead, he added a roll bar and switched out the plough share for a flat blade design. As none of the innovations of this anchor were patented, copies of it abound.\n\nAlain Poiraud of France introduced the scoop type anchor in 1996. Similar in design to the Bügel anchor, Poiraud's design features a concave fluke shaped like the blade of a shovel, with a shank attached parallel to the fluke, and the load applied toward the digging end. It is designed to dig into the bottom like a shovel, and dig deeper as more pressure is applied. The common challenge with all the scoop type anchors is that they set so well, they can be difficult to weigh.\n Bügelanker, or Wasi: This German-designed bow anchor has a sharp tip for penetrating weed, and features a roll-bar that allows the correct setting attitude to be achieved without the need for extra weight to be inserted into the tip.\n\n Spade: This is a French design that has proven successful since 1996. It features a demountable shank (hollow in some instances) and the choice of galvanized steel, stainless steel, or aluminium construction, which means a lighter and more easily stowable anchor. The geometry also makes this anchor self stowing on a single roller. \n \n Rocna: This New Zealand spade design, available in galvanised or stainless steel, has been produced since 2004. It has a roll-bar (similar to that of the Bügel), a large spade-like fluke area, and a sharp toe for penetrating weed and grass. The Rocna sets quickly and holds well.\n\nMantus: This is claimed to be a fast setting anchor with high holding power. It is designed as an all round anchor capable of setting even in challenging bottoms such as hard sand/clay bottoms and grass. The shank is made out of a high tensile steel capable of withstanding high loads. It is similar in design to the Rocna but has a larger and wider roll-bar that reduces the risk of fouling and increases the angle of the fluke that results in improved penetration in some bottoms.\n\n Ultra: This is an innovative spade design that dispenses with a roll-bar. Made primarily of stainless steel, its main arm is hollow, while the fluke tip has lead within it. It is similar in appearance to the Spade anchor. \n\nVulcan: A recent sibling to the Rocna, this anchor performs similarly but does not have a roll-bar. Instead the Vulcan has patented design features such as the \"V-bulb\" and the \"Roll Palm\" that allow it to dig in deeply. The Vulcan was designed primarily for sailors who had difficulties accommodating the roll-bar Rocna on their bow. Peter Smith (originator of the Rocna) designed it specifically for larger powerboats. Both Vulcans and Rocnas are available in galvanised steel, or in stainless steel. The Vulcan is similar in appearance to the Spade anchor. \n\nKnox Anchor: This is produced in Scotland and was invented by Professor John Knox. It has a divided concave large area fluke arrangement and a shank in high tensile steel. A roll bar similar to the Rocna gives fast setting and a holding power of about 40 times anchor weight.\n\nOther temporary anchors \n Mud weight: Consists of a blunt heavy weight, usually cast iron or cast lead, that sinks into the mud and resist lateral movement. It is suitable only for soft silt bottoms and in mild conditions. Sizes range between 5 and 20 kg for small craft. Various designs exist and many are home produced from lead or improvised with heavy objects. This is a commonly used method on the Norfolk Broads in England.\nBulwagga: This is a unique design featuring three flukes instead of the usual two. It has performed well in tests by independent sources such as American boating magazine Practical Sailor.\n\nPermanent anchors \nThese are used where the vessel is permanently or semi-permanently sited, for example in the case of lightvessels or channel marker buoys. The anchor needs to hold the vessel in all weathers, including the most severe storm, but needs to be lifted only occasionally, at most – for example, only if the vessel is to be towed into port for maintenance. An alternative to using an anchor under these circumstances, especially if the anchor need never be lifted at all, may be to use a pile that is driven into the seabed.\n\nPermanent anchors come in a wide range of types and have no standard form. A slab of rock with an iron staple in it to attach a chain to would serve the purpose, as would any dense object of appropriate weight (for instance, an engine block). Modern moorings may be anchored by augers, which look and act like oversized screws drilled into the seabed, or by barbed metal beams pounded in (or even driven in with explosives) like pilings, or by a variety of other non-mass means of getting a grip on the bottom. One method of building a mooring is to use three or more conventional anchors laid out with short lengths of chain attached to a swivel, so no matter which direction the vessel moves, one or more anchors are aligned to resist the force.\n\nMushroom \n\nThe mushroom anchor is suitable where the seabed is composed of silt or fine sand. It was invented by Robert Stevenson, for use by an 82-ton converted fishing boat, Pharos, which was used as a lightvessel between 1807 and 1810 near to Bell Rock whilst the lighthouse was being constructed. It was equipped with a 1.5-ton example.\n\nIt is shaped like an inverted mushroom, the head becoming buried in the silt. A counterweight is often provided at the other end of the shank to lay it down before it becomes buried.\n\nA mushroom anchor normally sinks in the silt to the point where it has displaced its own weight in bottom material, thus greatly increasing its holding power. These anchors are suitable only for a silt or mud bottom, since they rely upon suction and cohesion of the bottom material, which rocky or coarse sand bottoms lack. The holding power of this anchor is at best about twice its weight until it becomes buried, when it can be as much as ten times its weight. They are available in sizes from about 5 kg up to several tons.\n\nDeadweight \nA deadweight is an anchor that relies solely on being a heavy weight. It is usually just a large block of concrete or stone at the end of the chain. Its holding power is defined by its weight underwater (i.e., taking its buoyancy into account) regardless of the type of seabed, although suction can increase this if it becomes buried. Consequently, deadweight anchors are used where mushroom anchors are unsuitable, for example in rock, gravel or coarse sand. An advantage of a deadweight anchor over a mushroom is that if it does drag, it continues to provide its original holding force. The disadvantage of using deadweight anchors in conditions where a mushroom anchor could be used is that it needs to be around ten times the weight of the equivalent mushroom anchor.\n\nAuger \nAuger anchors can be used to anchor permanent moorings, floating docks, fish farms, etc. These anchors, which have one or more slightly pitched self-drilling threads, must be screwed into the seabed with the use of a tool, so require access to the bottom, either at low tide or by use of a diver. Hence they can be difficult to install in deep water without special equipment.\n\nWeight for weight, augers have a higher holding than other permanent designs, and so can be cheap and relatively easily installed, although difficult to set in extremely soft mud.\n\nHigh-holding-types \nThere is a need in the oil-and-gas industry to resist large anchoring forces when laying pipelines and for drilling vessels. These anchors are installed and removed using a support tug and pennant/pendant wire. Some examples are the Stevin range supplied by Vrijhof Ankers. Large plate anchors such as the Stevmanta are used for permanent moorings.\n\nAnchoring gear \n\nThe elements of anchoring gear include the anchor, the cable (also called a rode), the method of attaching the two together, the method of attaching the cable to the ship, charts, and a method of learning the depth of the water.\n\nVessels may carry a number of anchors: bower anchors are the main anchors used by a vessel and normally carried at the bow of the vessel. A kedge anchor is a light anchor used for warping an anchor, also known as kedging, or more commonly on yachts for mooring quickly or in benign conditions. A stream anchor, which is usually heavier than a kedge anchor, can be used for kedging or warping in addition to temporary mooring and restraining stern movement in tidal conditions or in waters where vessel movement needs to be restricted, such as rivers and channels.\n\nCharts are vital to good anchoring. Knowing the location of potential dangers, as well as being useful in estimating the effects of weather and tide in the anchorage, is essential in choosing a good place to drop the hook. One can get by without referring to charts, but they are an important tool and a part of good anchoring gear, and a skilled mariner would not choose to anchor without them.\n\nAnchor rode \nThe anchor rode (or \"cable\" or \"warp\") that connects the anchor to the vessel is usually made up of chain, rope, or a combination of those. Large ships use only chain rode. Smaller craft might use a rope/chain combination or an all chain rode. All rodes should have some chain; chain is heavy but it resists abrasion from coral, sharp rocks, or shellfish beds, whereas a rope warp is susceptible to abrasion and can fail in a short time when stretched against an abrasive surface. The weight of the chain also helps keep the direction of pull on the anchor closer to horizontal, which improves holding, and absorbs part of snubbing loads. Where weight is not an issue, a heavier chain provides better holding by forming a catenary curve through the water and resting as much of its length on the bottom as would not be lifted by tension of the mooring load. Any changes to the tension are accommodated by additional chain being lifted or settling on the bottom, and this absorbs shock loads until the chain is straight, at which point the full load is taken by the anchor. Additional dissipation of shock loads can be achieved by fitting a snubber between the chain and a bollard or cleat on deck. This also reduces shock loads on the deck fittings, and the vessel usually lies more comfortably and quietly. \n\nBeing strong and elastic, nylon rope is the most suitable as an anchor rode. Polyester (terylene) is stronger but less elastic than nylon. Both materials sink, so they avoid fouling other craft in crowded anchorages and do not absorb much water. Neither breaks down quickly in sunlight. Elasticity helps absorb shock loading, but causes faster abrasive wear when the rope stretches over an abrasive surface, like a coral bottom or a poorly designed chock. Polypropylene (\"polyprop\") is not suited to rodes because it floats and is much weaker than nylon, being barely stronger than natural fibres. Some grades of polypropylene break down in sunlight and become hard, weak, and unpleasant to handle. Natural fibres such as manila or hemp are still used in developing nations but absorb a lot of water, are relatively weak, and rot, although they do give good handling grip and are often relatively cheap. Ropes that have little or no elasticity are not suitable as anchor rodes. Elasticity is partly a function of the fibre material and partly of the rope structure. \n\nAll anchors should have chain at least equal to the boat's length. Some skippers prefer an all chain warp for greater security on coral or sharp edged rock bottoms. The chain should be shackled to the warp through a steel eye or spliced to the chain using a chain splice. The shackle pin should be securely wired or moused. Either galvanized or stainless steel is suitable for eyes and shackles, galvanised steel being the stronger of the two. Some skippers prefer to add a swivel to the rode. There is a school of thought that says these should not be connected to the anchor itself, but should be somewhere in the chain. However, most skippers connect the swivel directly to the anchor.\n\nScope \nScope is the ratio of length of the rode to the depth of the water measured from the highest point (usually the anchor roller or bow chock) to the seabed, making allowance for the highest expected tide. The function of this ratio is to ensure that the pull on the anchor is unlikely to break it out of the bottom if it is embedded, or lift it off a hard bottom, either of which is likely to result in the anchor dragging. A large scope induces a load that is nearly horizontal. \n\nIn moderate conditions the ratio of rode to water depth should be 4:1 – where there is sufficient swing-room, a greater scope is always better. In rougher conditions it should be up to twice this with the extra length giving more stretch and a smaller angle to the bottom to resist the anchor breaking out. For example, if the water is deep, and the anchor roller is above the water, then the 'depth' is 9 meters (~30 feet). The amount of rode to let our in moderate conditions is thus 36 meters (120 feet). (For this reason it is important to have a reliable and accurate method of measuring the depth of water.) \n\nWhen using a rope rode, there is a simple way to estimate the scope: The ratio of bow height of the rode to length of rode above the water while lying back hard on the anchor is the same or less than the scope ratio. The basis for this is simple geometry (Intercept Theorem): The ratio between two sides of a triangle stays the same regardless of the size of the triangle as long as the angles do not change.\n\nGenerally, the rode should be between 5 and 10 times the depth to the seabed, giving a scope of 5:1 or 10:1; the larger the number, the shallower the angle is between the cable and the seafloor, and the less upwards force is acting on the anchor. A 10:1 scope gives the greatest holding power, but also allows for much more drifting due to the longer amount of cable paid out. Anchoring with sufficient scope and/or heavy chain rode brings the direction of strain close to parallel with the seabed. This is particularly important for light, modern anchors designed to bury in the bottom, where scopes of 5:1 to 7:1 are common, whereas heavy anchors and moorings can use a scope of 3:1, or less. Some modern anchors, such as the Ultra holds with a scope of 3:1; but, unless the anchorage is crowded, a longer scope always reduces shock stresses.\n\nAnchoring techniques \n\nThe basic anchoring consists of determining the location, dropping the anchor, laying out the scope, setting the hook, and assessing where the vessel ends up. The ship seeks a location that is sufficiently protected; has suitable holding ground, enough depth at low tide and enough room for the boat to swing.\n\nThe location to drop the anchor should be approached from down wind or down current, whichever is stronger. As the chosen spot is approached, the vessel should be stopped or even beginning to drift back. The anchor should initially be lowered quickly but under control until it is on the bottom (see anchor windlass). The vessel should continue to drift back, and the cable should be veered out under control (slowly) so it is relatively straight.\n\nOnce the desired scope is laid out, the vessel should be gently forced astern, usually using the auxiliary motor but possibly by backing a sail. A hand on the anchor line may telegraph a series of jerks and jolts, indicating the anchor is dragging, or a smooth tension indicative of digging in. As the anchor begins to dig in and resist backward force, the engine may be throttled up to get a thorough set. If the anchor continues to drag, or sets after having dragged too far, it should be retrieved and moved back to the desired position (or another location chosen.)\n\nThere are techniques of anchoring to limit the swing of a vessel if the anchorage has limited room:\n\nUsing an anchor weight, kellet or sentinel \nLowering a concentrated, heavy weight down the anchor line – rope or chain – directly in front of the bow to the seabed behaves like a heavy chain rode and lowers the angle of pull on the anchor. If the weight is suspended off the seabed it acts as a spring or shock absorber to dampen the sudden actions that are normally transmitted to the anchor and can cause it to dislodge and drag. In light conditions, a kellet reduces the swing of the vessel considerably. In heavier conditions these effects disappear as the rode becomes straightened and the weight ineffective. Known as an \"anchor chum weight\" or \"angel\" in the UK.\n\nForked moor \nUsing two anchors set approximately 45° apart, or wider angles up to 90°, from the bow is a strong mooring for facing into strong winds. To set anchors in this way, first one anchor is set in the normal fashion. Then, taking in on the first cable as the boat is motored into the wind and letting slack while drifting back, a second anchor is set approximately a half-scope away from the first on a line perpendicular to the wind. After this second anchor is set, the scope on the first is taken up until the vessel is lying between the two anchors and the load is taken equally on each cable.\nThis moor also to some degree limits the range of a vessel's swing to a narrower oval. Care should be taken that other vessels do not swing down on the boat due to the limited swing range.\n\nBow and stern \n(Not to be mistaken with the Bahamian moor, below.) In the bow and stern technique, an anchor is set off each the bow and the stern, which can severely limit a vessel's swing range and also align it to steady wind, current or wave conditions. One method of accomplishing this moor is to set a bow anchor normally, then drop back to the limit of the bow cable (or to double the desired scope, e.g. 8:1 if the eventual scope should be 4:1, 10:1 if the eventual scope should be 5:1, etc.) to lower a stern anchor. By taking up on the bow cable the stern anchor can be set. After both anchors are set, tension is taken up on both cables to limit the swing or to align the vessel.\n\nBahamian moor \nSimilar to the above, a Bahamian moor is used to sharply limit the swing range of a vessel, but allows it to swing to a current. One of the primary characteristics of this technique is the use of a swivel as follows: the first anchor is set normally, and the vessel drops back to the limit of anchor cable. A second anchor is attached to the end of the anchor cable, and is dropped and set. A swivel is attached to the middle of the anchor cable, and the vessel connected to that.\n\nThe vessel now swings in the middle of two anchors, which is acceptable in strong reversing currents, but a wind perpendicular to the current may break out the anchors, as they are not aligned for this load.\n\nBacking an anchor \nAlso known as tandem anchoring, in this technique two anchors are deployed in line with each other, on the same rode. With the foremost anchor reducing the load on the aft-most, this technique can develop great holding power and may be appropriate in \"ultimate storm\" circumstances. It does not limit swinging range, and might not be suitable in some circumstances. There are complications, and the technique requires careful preparation and a level of skill and experience above that required for a single anchor.\n\nKedging \n\nKedging or warping is a technique for moving or turning a ship by using a relatively light anchor.\n\nIn yachts, a kedge anchor is an anchor carried in addition to the main, or bower anchors, and usually stowed aft. Every yacht should carry at least two anchors – the main or bower anchor and a second lighter kedge anchor. It is used occasionally when it is necessary to limit the turning circle as the yacht swings when it is anchored, such as in a narrow river or a deep pool in an otherwise shallow area. Kedge anchors are sometimes used to recover vessels that have run aground.\n\nFor ships, a kedge may be dropped while a ship is underway, or carried out in a suitable direction by a tender or ship's boat to enable the ship to be winched off if aground or swung into a particular heading, or even to be held steady against a tidal or other stream.\n\nHistorically, it was of particular relevance to sailing warships that used them to outmaneuver opponents when the wind had dropped but might be used by any vessel in confined, shoal water to place it in a more desirable position, provided she had enough manpower .\n\nClub hauling \nClub hauling is an archaic technique. When a vessel is in a narrow channel or on a lee shore so that there is no room to tack the vessel in a conventional manner, an anchor attached to the lee quarter may be dropped from the lee bow. This is deployed when the vessel is head to wind and has lost headway. As the vessel gathers sternway the strain on the cable pivots the vessel around what is now the weather quarter turning the vessel onto the other tack. The anchor is then normally cut away (the ship's momentum prevents recovery without aborting the maneuver).\n\nWeighing anchor \nSince all anchors that embed themselves in the bottom require the strain to be along the seabed, anchors can be broken out of the bottom by shortening the rope until the vessel is directly above the anchor; at this point the anchor chain is \"up and down\", in naval parlance. If necessary, motoring slowly around the location of the anchor also helps dislodge it. Anchors are sometimes fitted with a trip line attached to the crown, by which they can be unhooked from rocks, coral, chain, or other underwater hazards.\n\nThe term aweigh describes an anchor when it is hanging on the rope and is not resting on the bottom. This is linked to the term to weigh anchor, meaning to lift the anchor from the sea bed, allowing the ship or boat to move. An anchor is described as aweigh when it has been broken out of the bottom and is being hauled up to be stowed. Aweigh should not be confused with under way, which describes a vessel that is not moored to a dock or anchored, whether or not the vessel is moving through the water. Aweigh is also often confused with away, which is incorrect.\n\nAnchor as symbol \n\nAn anchor frequently appears on the flags and coats of arms of institutions involved with the sea, both naval and commercial, as well as of port cities and seacoast regions and provinces in various countries. There also exists in heraldry the \"Anchored Cross\", or Mariner's Cross, a stylized cross in the shape of an anchor. The symbol can be used to signify 'fresh start' or 'hope'. The New Testament refers to the Christian's hope as \"an anchor of the soul\". The Mariner's Cross is also referred to as St. Clement's Cross, in reference to the way this saint was killed (being tied to an anchor and thrown from a boat into the Black Sea in 102). Anchored crosses are occasionally a feature of coats of arms in which context they are referred to by the heraldic terms anchry or ancre.\n\nIn 1887, the Delta Gamma Fraternity adopted the anchor as its badge to signify hope.\n\nThe Unicode anchor (Miscellaneous Symbols) is represented by: ⚓.\n\nSee also \n\n \n\"Anchors Aweigh\", United States Navy marching song\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography \n Blackwell, Alex & Daria; Happy Hooking – the Art of Anchoring, 2008, 2011, 2019 White Seahorse; \n Edwards, Fred; Sailing as a Second Language: An illustrated dictionary, 1988 Highmark Publishing; \n Hinz, Earl R.; The Complete Book of Anchoring and Mooring, Rev. 2d ed., 1986, 1994, 2001 Cornell Maritime Press; \n Hiscock, Eric C.; Cruising Under Sail, second edition, 1965 Oxford University Press; \n Pardey, Lin and Larry; The Capable Cruiser; 1995 Pardey Books/Paradise Cay Publications; \n Rousmaniere, John; The Annapolis Book of Seamanship, 1983, 1989 Simon and Schuster; \n Smith, Everrett; Cruising World's Guide to Seamanship: Hold me tight, 1992 New York Times Sports/Leisure Magazines\n\nFurther reading \n William N. Brady (1864). The Kedge-anchor; Or, Young Sailors' Assistant.\nFirst published as The Naval Apprentice's Kedge Anchor. New York, Taylor and Clement, 1841.--The Kedge-anchor; 3rd ed. New York, 1848.--6th ed. New York, 1852.--9th ed. New York, 1857.\n\nExternal links \n\n Anchor Tests: Soft Sand Over Hard Sand—Practical-Sailor\n The Big Anchor Project\n Anchor comparison\n\nHeraldic charges\nNautical terminology\nSailboat components\nSailing ship components\nShip anchors\nWatercraft components\nWeights",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge%20of%20Arta
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The Bridge of Arta () is a stone bridge that crosses the Arachthos river (Άραχθος) in the west of the city of Arta (Άρτα) in Greece. It has been rebuilt many times over the centuries, starting with Roman or perhaps older foundations; the current bridge is probably a 17th-century Ottoman construction.
The folk ballad "The Bridge of Arta" tells a story of human sacrifice during its building. From the ballad, a number of Greek proverbs and customary expressions arose, associated with interminable delays, as in the text of the ballad: "All day they were building it, and in the night it would collapse."
History
According to the Epirote chronicler Panayiotis Aravantinos, the bridge was first built under the Roman Empire. Some traditions say it was rebuilt when Arta became capital of the Despotate of Epirus, possibly under Michael II Doukas (r. 1230–1268). The current bridge is Ottoman, probably from 1602–06 or perhaps 1613.
From the annexation of Arta in 1881 to the outbreak of the First Balkan War in 1912, the highest point of the bridge was the border between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Greece.
Folklore
According to the folk ballad of the acritic songs family, 45 masons and 60 apprentices, under the leadership of the Head Builder, were building a bridge, but its foundations would collapse each night. Finally a bird with a human voice informed the Head Builder that, in order for the bridge to remain standing, he should sacrifice his wife. As she is being buried alive in the foundations of the construction, she curses the bridge to flutter like a leaf, and those who pass it to fall like leaves also. She is then reminded that her brother is abroad and might pass the bridge himself, so she changes her curses so as to become actual blessings: "As the tall mountains tremble, so shall the bridge tremble, and as the birds of prey fall, so shall passers fall".
Parallels
Immurement was a common motive in the folklore of Balkan peoples. For example, the Serbian epic poem The Building of Skadar and the Romanian folk poem The Argeș Monastery embody the theme.
One of the legends associated with Merlin is that Vortigern, the King of the Celts, was building a tower to defend himself from Ambrosius and Uther Pendragon. Like the Bridge of Arta, whenever they finished one day's work on the tower it would collapse in the night and Vortigern's advisors recommended that sacrificing a child and mixing his blood with the mortar would prevent the collapse.
References
Sources
Artemis Leontis, "The Bridge between the Classical and the Balkan", The South Atlantic Quarterly 98:4:625-631 (1999) at MUSE On understanding the place of the Bridge of Arta in the literary landscape.
External links
Bridge of Arta, in Greek
A thousand masons worked at Pavel’s bridge, video performed by Irina Alexe (Romania) in Thracian Greek, and its text recorded 2017 by Thede Kahl, from
Historical Bridge of Arta (discoverarta)
Bridges completed in the 17th century
Ottoman bridges in Epirus (region)
Stone bridges in Greece
Buildings and structures in Arta, Greece
Medieval legends
17th-century architecture in Greece
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"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge%20of%20Arta",
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"content": "The Bridge of Arta () is a stone bridge that crosses the Arachthos river (Άραχθος) in the west of the city of Arta (Άρτα) in Greece. It has been rebuilt many times over the centuries, starting with Roman or perhaps older foundations; the current bridge is probably a 17th-century Ottoman construction.\n\nThe folk ballad \"The Bridge of Arta\" tells a story of human sacrifice during its building. From the ballad, a number of Greek proverbs and customary expressions arose, associated with interminable delays, as in the text of the ballad: \"All day they were building it, and in the night it would collapse.\"\n\nHistory\nAccording to the Epirote chronicler Panayiotis Aravantinos, the bridge was first built under the Roman Empire. Some traditions say it was rebuilt when Arta became capital of the Despotate of Epirus, possibly under Michael II Doukas (r. 1230–1268). The current bridge is Ottoman, probably from 1602–06 or perhaps 1613.\nFrom the annexation of Arta in 1881 to the outbreak of the First Balkan War in 1912, the highest point of the bridge was the border between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Greece.\n\nFolklore\n\nAccording to the folk ballad of the acritic songs family, 45 masons and 60 apprentices, under the leadership of the Head Builder, were building a bridge, but its foundations would collapse each night. Finally a bird with a human voice informed the Head Builder that, in order for the bridge to remain standing, he should sacrifice his wife. As she is being buried alive in the foundations of the construction, she curses the bridge to flutter like a leaf, and those who pass it to fall like leaves also. She is then reminded that her brother is abroad and might pass the bridge himself, so she changes her curses so as to become actual blessings: \"As the tall mountains tremble, so shall the bridge tremble, and as the birds of prey fall, so shall passers fall\".\n\nParallels \n\nImmurement was a common motive in the folklore of Balkan peoples. For example, the Serbian epic poem The Building of Skadar and the Romanian folk poem The Argeș Monastery embody the theme.\n\nOne of the legends associated with Merlin is that Vortigern, the King of the Celts, was building a tower to defend himself from Ambrosius and Uther Pendragon. Like the Bridge of Arta, whenever they finished one day's work on the tower it would collapse in the night and Vortigern's advisors recommended that sacrificing a child and mixing his blood with the mortar would prevent the collapse.\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\n Artemis Leontis, \"The Bridge between the Classical and the Balkan\", The South Atlantic Quarterly 98:4:625-631 (1999) at MUSE On understanding the place of the Bridge of Arta in the literary landscape.\n\nExternal links\n\n \n Bridge of Arta, in Greek\n A thousand masons worked at Pavel’s bridge, video performed by Irina Alexe (Romania) in Thracian Greek, and its text recorded 2017 by Thede Kahl, from \n Historical Bridge of Arta (discoverarta)\n\nBridges completed in the 17th century\nOttoman bridges in Epirus (region)\nStone bridges in Greece\nBuildings and structures in Arta, Greece\nMedieval legends\n17th-century architecture in Greece",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid%20Meier%27s%20Alpha%20Centauri
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Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri is a 4X video game, considered a spiritual sequel to the Civilization series. Set in a science fiction depiction of the 22nd century, the game begins as seven competing ideological factions land on the planet Chiron ("Planet") in the Alpha Centauri star system. As the game progresses, Planet's growing sentience becomes a formidable obstacle to the human colonists.
Sid Meier, designer of Civilization, and Brian Reynolds, designer of Civilization II, developed Alpha Centauri after they left MicroProse to join with Jeff Briggs in creating a new video game developer: Firaxis Games. Electronic Arts released both Alpha Centauri and its expansion, Sid Meier's Alien Crossfire, in 1999. The following year, Aspyr Media ported both titles to Classic Mac OS while Loki Software ported them to Linux.
Alpha Centauri features improvements on Civilization IIs game engine, including simultaneous multiplay, social engineering, climate, customizable units, alien native life, additional diplomatic and spy options, additional ways to win, and greater mod-ability. Alien Crossfire introduces five new human and two non-human factions, as well as additional technologies, facilities, secret projects, native life, unit abilities, and a victory condition.
The game received wide critical acclaim, being compared favorably to Civilization II. Critics praised its science fiction storyline (comparing the plot to works by Stanley Kubrick, Frank Herbert, Arthur C. Clarke, and Isaac Asimov), the in-game writing, the voice acting, the user-created custom units, and the depth of the technology tree. Alpha Centauri also won several awards for best game of the year and best strategy game of the year.
Synopsis
Setting
Space-race victories in the Civilization series conclude with a journey to Alpha Centauri. Beginning with that premise the Alpha Centauri narrative starts in the 22nd century, after the United Nations sends "Unity", a colonization mission, to Alpha Centauri's planet Chiron ("Planet"). Unbeknownst to humans, advanced extraterrestrials ("Progenitors") had been conducting experiments in vast distributed nervous systems, culminating in a planetary biosphere-sized presentient nervous system ("Manifold") on Chiron, leaving behind monoliths and artifacts on Planet to guide and examine the system's growth. Immediately prior to the start of the game, a reactor malfunction on the Unity spacecraft wakes the crew and colonists early and irreparably severs communications with Earth. After the captain is assassinated, the most powerful leaders on board build ideological factions with dedicated followers, conflicting agendas for the future of mankind, and "desperately serious" commitments. As the ship breaks up, seven escape pods, each containing a faction, are scattered across Planet.
In the Alien Crossfire expansion pack, players learn that alien experiments led to disastrous consequences at Tau Ceti, creating a hundred-million-year evolutionary cycle that ended with the eradication of most complex animal life in several neighboring inhabited star systems. After the disaster (referred to by Progenitors as "Tau Ceti Flowering"), the Progenitors split into two factions: Manifold Caretakers, opposed to further experimentation and dedicated to preventing another Flowering; and Manifold Usurpers, favoring further experimentation and intending to induce a controlled Flowering in Alpha Centauris Planet. In Alien Crossfire, these factions compete along with the human factions for control over the destiny of Planet.
Characters and factions
The game focuses on the leaders of seven factions, chosen by the player from the 14 possible leaders in Alpha Centauri and Alien Crossfire, and Planet (voiced by Alena Kanka). The characters are developed from the faction leaders' portraits, the spoken monologues accompanying scientific discoveries and the "photographs in the corner of a commlink – home towns, first steps, first loves, family, graduation, spacewalk." The leaders in Alpha Centauri comprise: Lady Deirdre Skye, a Scottish activist (voiced by Carolyn Dahl), of Gaia's Stepdaughters; Chairman Sheng-Ji Yang, a Chinese Legalist official (voiced by Lu Yu), of the Human Hive; Academician Prokhor Zakharov, a Russian academic (voiced by Yuri Nesteroff) of the University of Planet; CEO Nwabudike Morgan, a Namibian businessman (voiced by Regi Davis), of Morgan Industries; Colonel Corazon Santiago, an American militiawoman (voiced by Wanda Niño) of the Spartan Federation; Sister Miriam Godwinson, an American minister and social psychologist (voiced by Gretchen Weigel), of the Lord's Believers; and Commissioner Pravin Lal, an Indian surgeon and diplomat (voiced by Hesh Gordon), of the Peacekeeping Forces.
The player controls one of the leaders and competes against the others to colonize and conquer Planet. The Datalinks (voiced by Robert Levy and Katherine Ferguson) are minor characters who provide information to the player. Each faction excels at one or two important aspects of the game and follows a distinct philosophical belief, such as technological utopianism, Conclave Christianity, "free-market" capitalism, militarist survivalism, Chinese Legalism, U.N. Charter humanitarianism, or Environmentalist Gaia philosophy. The game takes place on Planet, with its "rolling red ochre plains" and "bands of lonely terraformed green".
The seven additional faction leaders in Alien Crossfire are Prime Function Aki Zeta-Five, a Norwegian research assistant-turned-cyborg (voiced by Allie Rivenbark), of The Cybernetic Consciousness; Captain Ulrik Svensgaard, an American fisherman and naval officer (voiced by James Liebman), of The Nautilus Pirates; Foreman Domai, an Australian labor leader (voiced by Frederick Serafin), of The Free Drones; Datajack Sinder Roze, a Trinidadian hacker (voiced by Christine Melton), of The Data Angels; Prophet Cha Dawn, a human born on Planet (voiced by Stacy Spenser) of The Cult of Planet; Guardian Lular H'minee, a Progenitor leader (voiced by Jeff Gordon), of The Manifold Caretakers; and Conqueror Judaa Maar, a Progenitor leader (voiced by Jeff Gordon), of The Manifold Usurpers.
Plot
The story unfolds via the introduction video, explanations of new technologies, videos obtained for completing secret projects, interludes, and cut-scenes. The native life consists primarily of simple wormlike alien parasites and a type of red fungus that spreads rapidly via spores. The fungus is difficult to traverse, provides invisibility for the enemy, provides few resources, and spawns "mindworms" that attack population centres and military units by neurally parasitising them. Mindworms can eventually be captured and bred in captivity and used as terroristic bioweapons, and the player eventually discovers that the fungus and mindworms can think collectively.
A voice intrudes into the player's dreams and soon waking moments, threatening more attacks if the industrial pollution and terraforming by the colonists is not reversed. The player discovers that Planet is a dormant semi-sentient hive organism that will soon experience a metamorphosis which will destroy all human life. To counter this threat, the player or a computer faction builds "The Voice of Alpha Centauri" secret project, which artificially links Planet's distributed nervous system into the human Datalinks, delaying Planet's metamorphosis into full self-awareness but incidentally increasing its ultimate intelligence substantially by giving it access to all of humanity's accumulated knowledge. Finally, the player or a computer faction embraces the "Ascent to Transcendence" in which humans too join their brains with the hive organism in its metamorphosis to godhood. Thus, Alpha Centauri closes "with a swell of hope and wonder in place of the expected triumphalism", reassuring "that the events of the game weren't the entirety of mankind's future, but just another step."
Gameplay
Alpha Centauri, a turn-based strategy game with a science fiction setting, is played from an isometric perspective. Many game features from Civilization II are present, but renamed or slightly tweaked: players establish bases (Civilization II's cities), build facilities (buildings) and secret projects (Wonders of the World), explore territory, research technology, and conquer other factions (civilizations). In addition to conquering all non-allied factions, players may also win by obtaining votes from three quarters of the total population (similar to Civilization IVs Diplomatic victory), "cornering the Global Energy Market", completing the Ascent to Transcendence secret project, or for alien factions, constructing six Subspace Generators.
The main map (the upper two thirds of the screen) is divided into squares, on which players can establish bases, move units and engage in combat. Through terraforming, players may modify the effects of the individual map squares on movement, combat and resources. Resources are used to feed the population, construct units and facilities, and supply energy. Players can allocate energy between research into new technology and energy reserves. Unlike Civilization II, new technology grants access to additional unit components rather than pre-designed units, allowing players to design and re-design units as their factions' priorities shift. Energy reserves allow the player to upgrade units, maintain facilities, and attempt to win by the Global Energy Market scenario. Bases are military strongpoints and objectives that are vital for all winning strategies. They produce military units, house the population, collect energy, and build secret projects and Subspace Generators. Facilities and secret projects improve the performance of individual bases and of the entire faction.
In addition to terraforming, optimizing individual base performance and building secret projects, players may also benefit their factions through social engineering, probe teams, and diplomacy. Social engineering modifies the ideologically based bonuses and penalties forced by the player's choice of faction. Probe teams can sabotage and steal information, units, technology, and energy from enemy bases, while diplomacy lets the player create coalitions with other factions. It also allows the trade or transfer of units, bases, technology and energy. The Planetary Council, similar to the United Nations Security Council, takes Planet-wide actions and determines population victories.
In addition to futuristic technological advances and secret projects, the game includes alien life, structures and machines. "Xenofungus" and "sea fungus" provide movement, combat, and resource penalties, as well as concealment for "mind worms" and "spore launchers". Immobile "fungal towers" spawn native life. Native life, including the seaborne "Isles of the Deep" and "Sealurks" and airborne "Locusts of Chiron", use psionic combat, an alternate form of combat which ignores weapons and armor. Monoliths repair units and provide resources; artifacts yield new technology and hasten secret projects; landmarks provide resource bonuses; and random events add danger and opportunity. Excessive development leads to terraforming-destroying fungus blooms and new native life.
Alpha Centauri provides a single player mode and supports customization and multiplayer. Players may customize the game by choosing options at the beginning of the game, using the built-in scenario and map editors, and modifying Alpha Centauris game files. In addition to a choice of seven (or 14 in Alien Crossfire) factions, pre-game options include scenario game, customized random map, difficulty level, and game rules that include victory conditions, research control, and initial map knowledge. The scenario and map editors allow players to create customized scenarios and maps. The game's basic rules, diplomatic dialog, and the factions' starting abilities are in text files, which "the designers have done their best to make it reasonably easy to modify..., even for non-programmers." Alpha Centauri supports play by email ("PBEM") and TCP/IP mode featuring simultaneous movement, and introduces direct player-to-player negotiation, allowing the unconstrained trade of technology, energy, maps, and other elements.
Development
Inspirations
In 1996, MicroProse released the lauded Civilization II, designed by Brian Reynolds. Spectrum Holobyte who owned MicroProse at the time, opted to consolidate their business under the MicroProse name, moving the company from Maryland to California by the time the game shipped, and laying off several MicroProse employees. Disagreements between the new management and its employees prompted Reynolds, Jeff Briggs, and Sid Meier (designer of the original Civilization) to leave MicroProse and found Firaxis. Although unable to use the same intellectual property as Civilization II, the new company felt that players wanted "a new sweeping epic of a turn-based game". Having just completed a game of human history up to the present, they wanted a fresh topic and chose science fiction.
With no previous experience in science fiction games, the developers believed future history was a fitting first foray. For the elements of exploring and terraforming an alien world, they chose a plausible near future situation of a human mission to colonize the solar system's nearest neighbour and human factions. Reynolds researched science fiction for the game's writing. His inspiration included "classic works of science fiction", including Frank Herbert's The Jesus Incident and Hellstrom's Hive, A Fire Upon the Deep by Vernor Vinge, and The Mote in God's Eye by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle for alien races; Kim Stanley Robinson's Red Mars, Slant by Greg Bear, and Stephen R. Donaldson's The Real Story for future technology and science; and Dune by Herbert and Bear's Anvil of Stars for negative interactions between humans.
Alpha Centauri set out to capture the whole sweep of humanity's future, including technology, futuristic warfare, social and economic development, the future of the human condition, spirituality, and philosophy. Reynolds also said that "getting philosophy into the game" was one of the attractions of the game. Believing good science fiction thrives on constraint, the developers began with near-future technologies. As they proceeded into the future, they tried to present a coherent, logical, and detailed picture of future developments in physics, biology, information technology, economics, society, government, and philosophy. Alien ecologies and mysterious intelligences were incorporated into Alpha Centauri as external "natural forces" intended to serve as flywheels for the backstory and a catalyst for many player intelligences. Chris Pine, creator of the in-game map of Planet, strove to make Planet look like a real planet, which resulted in evidence of tectonic action. Another concern was that Planet matched the story, which resulted in the fungus being connected across continents, as it is supposed to be a gigantic neural network.
Terraforming is a natural outgrowth of colonizing an alien world. The first playable prototype was just a map generator that tested climate changes during the game. This required the designers to create a world builder program and climatic model far more powerful than anything they'd done before. Temperature, wind, and rainfall patterns were modeled in ways that allow players to make changes: for example, creating a ridge-line and then watching the effects. In addition to raising terrain, the player can also divert rivers, dig huge boreholes into the planet's mantle, and melt ice caps.
In addition to scientific advances, the designers speculated on the future development of human society. The designers allow the player to decide on a whole series of value choices and choose a "ruthless", "moderate", or "idealistic" stance. Reynolds said the designers don't promote a single "right" answer, instead giving each value choice positive and negative consequences. This design was intended to force the player to "think" and make the game "addictive". He also commented that Alpha Centauris fictional nature allowed them to draw their characters "a lot more sharply and distinctly than the natural blurring and greyness of history".
Chiron, the name of the planet, is the name of the only non-barbaric centaur in Greek mythology and an important loregiver and teacher for humanity. The name also pays homage to James P. Hogan's 1982 space opera novel Voyage from Yesteryear, in which a human colony is artificially planted by an automatic probe on a planet later named by colonists as Chiron. In the game, Chiron has two moons, named after the centaurs Nessus and Pholus, with the combined tidal force of Earth's Moon, and is the second planet out from Alpha Centauri A, the innermost planet being the Mercury-like planet named after the centaur Eurytion. Alpha Centauri B is also dubbed Hercules, a reference to him killing several centaurs in mythology, and the second star preventing the formation of larger planets. The arrival on Chiron is referred to as "Planetfall", which is a term used in many science fiction novels, including Robert A. Heinlein's Future History series, and Infocom's celebrated comic interactive fiction adventure Planetfall. Vernor Vinge's concept of technological singularity is the origin of the Transcendence concept. The game's cutscenes use montages of live-action video, CGI, or both; most of the former is from the 1992 experimental documentary Baraka.
Alpha Centauri
In July 1996, Firaxis began work on Alpha Centauri, with Reynolds heading the project. Meier and Reynolds wrote playable prototype code and Jason Coleman wrote the first lines of the development libraries. Because the development of Gettysburg took up most of Firaxis' time, the designers spent the first year prototyping the basic ideas. By late 1996, the developers were playing games on the prototype, and by the middle of the next year, they were working on a multiplayer engine. Although Firaxis intended to include multiplayer support in its games, an important goal was to create games with depth and longevity in single-player mode because they believed that the majority of players spend most of their time playing this way. Reynolds felt that smart computer opponents are an integral part of a classic computer game, and considered it a challenge to make them so. Reynolds' previous games omitted internet support because he believed that complex turn-based games with many player options and opportunities for player input are difficult to facilitate online.
Reynolds said that the most important principle of game design is for the designer to play the game as it is developed; Reynolds claimed that this was how a good artificial intelligence (AI) was built. To this end, he would track the decisions he made and why he made them as he played the game. The designer also watched what the computer players did, noting "dumb" actions and trying to discover why the computer made them. Reynolds then taught the computer his reasoning process so the AI could find the right choice when presented several attractive possibilities. He said the AI for diplomatic personalities was the best he had done up to that point.
Doug Kaufman, a co-designer of Civilization II, was invited to join development as a game balancer. Reynolds cited the Alpha Centauris balance for the greater sense of urgency and the more pressing pacing than in his earlier game, Sid Meier's Colonization. According to producer Timothy Train, in designing the strengths and weaknesses of the factions, the goal was to suggest, without requiring, certain strategies and give the player interesting and fun things to do without unbalancing the game. He didn't want a faction to be dependent on its strength or a faction's power to be dominant over the rest. Train felt that fun meant the factions always have something fun to do with their attributes.
Around the summer of 1997, the staff began research on the scientific realities involved in interstellar travel. In late 1997, Bing Gordon—then Chief Creative Officer of Electronic Arts—joined the team, and was responsible for the Planetary Council, extensive diplomacy, and landmarks. A few months before the 1998 Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3), the team incorporated the Explore/Discover/Build/Conquer marketing campaign into the game. The game was announced in May 1998 at E3.
In the latter half of 1998, the team produced a polished and integrated interface, wrote the game manual and foreign language translations, painted the faction leader portraits and terrain, built the 3D vehicles and vehicle parts, and created the music. Michael Ely directed the Secret Project movies and cast the faction leaders. 25 volunteers participated in Firaxis' first public beta test. The beta testers suggested the Diplomatic and Economic victories and the Random Events.
The design team started with a very simple playable game. They strengthened the "fun" aspects and fixed or removed the unenjoyable ones, a process Sid Meier called "surrounding the fun". After the revision, they played it again, repeating the cycle of revision and play. Playing the game repeatedly and in-depth was a rule at Firaxis. In the single-player mode, the team tried extreme strategies to find any sure-fire paths to victory and to see how often a particular computer faction ends up at the bottom. The goal was a product of unprecedented depth, scope, longevity, and addictiveness, where the player is always challenged by the game to come up with new strategies with no all-powerful factions or unstoppable tactics. According to Reynolds, the process has been around since Sid Meier's early days at Microprose. At Firaxis, as iterations continue, they expand the group giving feedback, bringing in outside gamers with fresh perspectives. Alpha Centauri was the first Firaxis game with public beta testers.
Finally, Brian Reynolds discussed the use of the demo in the development process. Originally a marketing tool released prior to the game, they started getting feedback. They were able to incorporate many suggestions into the retail version. According to Brian Reynolds, they made improvement in the game's interface, added a couple of new features and fixed a few glitches. They also improved some rules, fine-tuned the game balance and improved the AI. Finally, he adds that they continued to add patches to enhance the game after the game was released.
In the months leading to the release of Alpha Centauri, multimedia producer Michael Ely wrote the 35 weekly episodes of Journey to Centauri detailing the splintering of the U.N. mission to Alpha Centauri.
Alien Crossfire
A month after Alpha Centauris February 1999 release, the Firaxis team began work on the expansion pack, Sid Meier's Alien Crossfire. Alien Crossfire features seven new factions (two that are non-human), new technologies, new facilities, new secret projects, new alien life forms, new unit special abilities, new victory conditions (including the new "Progenitor Victory") and several additional concepts and strategies. The development team included Train as producer and designer, Chris Pine as programmer, Jerome Atherholt and Greg Foertsch as artists, and Doug Kaufman as co-designer and game balancer.
The team considered several ideas, including a return to a post-apocalyptic earth and the conquest of another planet in the Alpha Centauri system, before deciding to keep the new title on Planet. The premise allowed them to mix and match old and new characters and delve into the mysteries of the monoliths and alien artifacts. The backstory evolved quickly, and the main conflict centered on the return of the original alien inhabitants. The idea of humans inadvertently caught up in an off-world civil war focused the story.
Train wanted to improve the "build" aspects, feeling that the god-game genre had always been heavily slanted towards the "Conquer" end of the spectrum. He wanted to provide "builders" with the tools to construct an empire in the face of heated competition. The internet community provided "invaluable" feedback. The first "call for features" was posted around April 1999 and produced the Fletchette Defense System, Algorithmic Enhancement, and The Nethack Terminus.
The team had several goals: factions should not be "locked-in" to certain strategies; players should have interesting things to do without unbalancing the game, and the factions must be fun to play. The team believed the "coolness" of the Progenitor aliens would determine the success or failure of Alien Crossfire. They strove to make them feel significantly different to play, but still compatible with the existing game mechanics. The developers eventually provided the aliens with Battle Ogres, a Planetary survey, non-blind research, and other powers to produce "a nasty and potent race that would take the combined might of humanity to bring them down". Chris Pine modified the AI to account for the additions. The team also used artwork, sound effects, music, and diplomatic text to set the aliens apart. Other than the aliens, the Pirates proved to be the toughest faction to balance because their ocean start gave them huge advantages.
Upon completion, the team felt that Alien Crossfire was somewhere between an expansion and a full-blown sequel. In the months leading to the release of Alien Crossfire, multimedia producer Michael Ely wrote the 9 episodes of Centauri: Arrival, introducing the Alien Crossfire factions. The game initially had a single production run. Electronic Arts bundled Alpha Centauri and Alien Crossfire in the Alpha Centauri Planetary Pack in 2000 and included both games in The Laptop Collection in 2003. In 2000, both Alpha Centauri and Alien Crossfire were ported to Classic Mac OS by Aspyr Media and to Linux by Loki Software.
Reception
Alpha Centauri received wide critical acclaim upon its release, with reviewers voicing respect for the game's pedigree, especially that of Reynolds and Meier. The video game review aggregator websites GameRankings and Metacritic, which collect data from numerous review websites, listed scores of 92% and 89%, respectively. The game was favorably compared to Reynold's previous title, Civilization II, and Rawn Shah of IT World Canada praised the expansion for a "believable" plot. However, despite its critical reception, it sold the fewest copies of all the games in the Civilization series. It sold more than 100,000 copies in its first two months of release. This was followed by 50,000 copies in April, May and June. In the United States, Alpha Centauri was the tenth-best-selling computer game of 1999's first half. Its sales in that country alone reached 224,939 copies by the end of 1999, and rose to 281,115 units by September 2000.
Critical reaction
The game showed well at the 1998 Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3). Walter Morbeck of GameSpot said that Alpha Centauri was "more than hi-tech physics and new ways to blow each other up", and that the game would feature realistic aliens. Terry Coleman of Computer Gaming World predicted that Alpha Centauri would be "another huge hit". OGR awarded it "Most Promising Strategy Game" and one of the top 25 games of E3 '98. In a vote of 27 journalists from 22 gaming magazine, Alpha Centauri won "Best Turn Based Strategy" of E3 Show Award. Aaron John Loeb, the Awards Committee Chairman, said "for those that understand the intricacies, the wonder, the glory of turn based 'culture building,' this is the game worth skipping class for."
Alpha Centauri's science fiction storyline received high praise; IGN considered the game an exception to PC sci-fi cliches, and GamePro compared the plot to the works of writers Stanley Kubrick and Isaac Asimov. J.C. Herz of The New York Times suggested that the game was a marriage of SimCity and Frank Herbert's Dune. GamePros Dan Morris said "As the single-player campaign builds to its final showdown, the ramifications of the final theoretical discoveries elevate Alpha Centauri from great strategy game to science-fiction epic." Game Revolution said, "The well crafted story, admirable science-fiction world, fully realized scenario, and quality core gameplay are sure to please." Edge praised the uniqueness of expression saying it was "the same kind of old-fashioned, consensual storytelling that once drew universes out of ASCII." The in-game writing and faction leaders were also well-received for their believability, especially the voice acting. GameSpot reviewer Denny Atkin called the factions and their abilities Alpha Centauris "most impressive aspect". Greg Tito of The Escapist said, "the genius of the game is how it flawlessly blends its great writing with strategy elements."
Alpha Centauri's turn-based gameplay, including the technology trees and factional warfare, was commonly compared to Civilization and Civilization II. The Adrenaline Vault's Pete Hines said, "While Alpha Centauri is the evolutionary off-spring to [Civilization] and [Civilization II], it is not [Civilization II] in space. Although the comparison is inevitable because of the lineage, it is still short-sighted." Edge in 2006 praised "Alpha Centauri's greater sophistications as a strategy game." IGN said "Alpha Centauri is a better game than Civilization II; it's deep, rich, rewarding, thought-provoking in almost every way." Game Revolution's reviewer was less magnanimous, saying "Alpha Centauri is at least as good a game as Civilization 2. But it is its great similarity that also does it the most detriment. Alpha Centauri simply does not do enough that is new; it just doesn't innovate enough to earn a higher grade." The ability to create custom units was praised, as was the depth of the tech tree. The artificial intelligence of computer-controlled factions, which featured adaptability and behavioral subtlety, was given mixed comments; some reviewers thought it was efficient and logical, while others found it confusing or erratic. Edge was disappointed in the game's diplomacy, finding "no more and no less than is expected from the genre" and unhappy with "the inability to sound out any real sense of relationship or rational discourse."
The game's graphics were widely acknowledged to be above average at the time of its release, but not revolutionary. Its maps and interface were
considered detailed and in accordance with a space theme, but the game was released with a limited color palette. The in-game cutscenes, particularly the full motion video that accompanied technological advances, were praised for their quality and innovation. Alpha Centauri's sound and music received similar comments; FiringSquad said "[The sound effect quality] sort of follows the same line as the unit graphics – not too splashy but enough to get the job done."
Next Generation reviewed the PC version of the game, rating it five stars out of five, and stated that "Sid Meier creates yet another masterpiece in this game that, at a glance, looks all too familiar."
Alpha Centauri has won several Game of the Year awards, including those from the Denver Post and the Toronto Sun. It won the "Turn-based Strategy Game of the Year" award from GameSpot as well. The Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences awarded Alpha Centauri for "PC Strategy Game of the Year" at the 2nd Annual Interactive Achievement Awards; it also received nominations for "Game of the Year", "Computer Entertainment Title of the Year", and "Outstanding Achievement in Interactive Design". In 2000, Alpha Centauri won the Origins Award for Best Strategy Computer Game of 1999. The editors of PC Gamer US named Alpha Centauri their "Best Turn-Based Strategy Game" of 1999, and wrote that it "set a new standard for this venerable genre." Alpha Centauri has the distinction of receiving gaming magazine PC Gamers highest score to date as of 2019 (98%), alongside Half-Life 2 and Crysis, surpassing Civilization IIs score (97%). Alien Crossfire was a runner-up for Computer Games Strategy Pluss 1999 "Add-on of the Year" award, which ultimately went to Heroes of Might and Magic III: Armageddon's Blade.
Legacy
There have been no direct sequels beyond Alien Crossfire, something that writer Greg Tito attributed to Reynolds leaving Firaxis in 2000 to form Big Huge Games. Alien Crossfire producer and lead designer Timothy Train also left Firaxis with Reynolds. However, a spiritual sequel, Civilization: Beyond Earth, was announced by Firaxis in April 2014 and released on October 24, 2014; several of those that worked on Alpha Centauri helped to develop the new title. A review in Polygon noted however that while the new game has better graphics, its story fails to rival the original, a sentiment echoed by another review in PC Gamer. Another in Engadget noted "as a spiritual successor to Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri, however, it's a cut-rate disappointment".
Many of the features introduced in Alpha Centauri were carried over into subsequent Civilization titles; upon its release, Civilization III was compared negatively to Alpha Centauri, whose Civilization characteristics were reminiscent of faction bonuses and penalties. The government system in Civilization IV closely resembles Alpha Centauris, and Civilization V includes a new victory condition: the completion of the 'Utopia project', which is reminiscent of the Ascent to Transcendence secret project.
According to Edge magazine, Alpha Centauri remained "highly regarded" in 2006. A decade after its release, Sold-Out Software and GOG.com re-released the game for online-download sales. Escapist Magazine reviewed the game in 2014, noting that "Alpha Centauri is still playable. It still has a unique flavor that is unlike anything else".
After the release of the expansion, multimedia producer Michael Ely wrote a trilogy of novels based on the game. Writer Steve Darnall and illustrator Rafael Kayanan also made a graphic novel entitled Alpha Centauri: Power of the Mindworms. Steve Jackson Games published GURPS Alpha Centauri, a sourcebook for the GURPS role-playing game set in the Alpha Centauri universe.
See also
Alpha Centauri in fiction
Group mind (science fiction)
Survivalism in fiction
Sid Meier's Civilization: Beyond Earth
Notes
References
Further reading
– covers the early years of colonization of the planet Chiron and describes the siege of United Nations HQ by the Spartans, the loss of Peacekeeper sovereignty and the consequent flight by the United Nations survivors into Gaian territory.
– occurs years after the events of Centauri Dawn and describes the Gaia's Stepdaughters' use of "mindworms" to rebuff an attack by the technologically superior Morgan Industries.
– follows the tension between the University of Planet and the Lord's Believers and describes the use of singularity bombs to destroy Morgan Industries and the Spartan Federation and the native life uprising which destroys humanity.
External links
Official website mirrored by alphacentauri2.info.
Unofficial patches
1999 video games
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Alpha Centauri in fiction
Aspyr games
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Civilization (series)
Firaxis Games games
Interstellar travel in fiction
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Loki Entertainment games
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Multiplayer and single-player video games
Origins Award winners
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"content": "Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri is a 4X video game, considered a spiritual sequel to the Civilization series. Set in a science fiction depiction of the 22nd century, the game begins as seven competing ideological factions land on the planet Chiron (\"Planet\") in the Alpha Centauri star system. As the game progresses, Planet's growing sentience becomes a formidable obstacle to the human colonists.\n\nSid Meier, designer of Civilization, and Brian Reynolds, designer of Civilization II, developed Alpha Centauri after they left MicroProse to join with Jeff Briggs in creating a new video game developer: Firaxis Games. Electronic Arts released both Alpha Centauri and its expansion, Sid Meier's Alien Crossfire, in 1999. The following year, Aspyr Media ported both titles to Classic Mac OS while Loki Software ported them to Linux.\n\nAlpha Centauri features improvements on Civilization IIs game engine, including simultaneous multiplay, social engineering, climate, customizable units, alien native life, additional diplomatic and spy options, additional ways to win, and greater mod-ability. Alien Crossfire introduces five new human and two non-human factions, as well as additional technologies, facilities, secret projects, native life, unit abilities, and a victory condition.\n\nThe game received wide critical acclaim, being compared favorably to Civilization II. Critics praised its science fiction storyline (comparing the plot to works by Stanley Kubrick, Frank Herbert, Arthur C. Clarke, and Isaac Asimov), the in-game writing, the voice acting, the user-created custom units, and the depth of the technology tree. Alpha Centauri also won several awards for best game of the year and best strategy game of the year.\n\nSynopsis\n\nSetting\nSpace-race victories in the Civilization series conclude with a journey to Alpha Centauri. Beginning with that premise the Alpha Centauri narrative starts in the 22nd century, after the United Nations sends \"Unity\", a colonization mission, to Alpha Centauri's planet Chiron (\"Planet\"). Unbeknownst to humans, advanced extraterrestrials (\"Progenitors\") had been conducting experiments in vast distributed nervous systems, culminating in a planetary biosphere-sized presentient nervous system (\"Manifold\") on Chiron, leaving behind monoliths and artifacts on Planet to guide and examine the system's growth. Immediately prior to the start of the game, a reactor malfunction on the Unity spacecraft wakes the crew and colonists early and irreparably severs communications with Earth. After the captain is assassinated, the most powerful leaders on board build ideological factions with dedicated followers, conflicting agendas for the future of mankind, and \"desperately serious\" commitments. As the ship breaks up, seven escape pods, each containing a faction, are scattered across Planet.\n\nIn the Alien Crossfire expansion pack, players learn that alien experiments led to disastrous consequences at Tau Ceti, creating a hundred-million-year evolutionary cycle that ended with the eradication of most complex animal life in several neighboring inhabited star systems. After the disaster (referred to by Progenitors as \"Tau Ceti Flowering\"), the Progenitors split into two factions: Manifold Caretakers, opposed to further experimentation and dedicated to preventing another Flowering; and Manifold Usurpers, favoring further experimentation and intending to induce a controlled Flowering in Alpha Centauris Planet. In Alien Crossfire, these factions compete along with the human factions for control over the destiny of Planet.\n\nCharacters and factions\nThe game focuses on the leaders of seven factions, chosen by the player from the 14 possible leaders in Alpha Centauri and Alien Crossfire, and Planet (voiced by Alena Kanka). The characters are developed from the faction leaders' portraits, the spoken monologues accompanying scientific discoveries and the \"photographs in the corner of a commlink – home towns, first steps, first loves, family, graduation, spacewalk.\" The leaders in Alpha Centauri comprise: Lady Deirdre Skye, a Scottish activist (voiced by Carolyn Dahl), of Gaia's Stepdaughters; Chairman Sheng-Ji Yang, a Chinese Legalist official (voiced by Lu Yu), of the Human Hive; Academician Prokhor Zakharov, a Russian academic (voiced by Yuri Nesteroff) of the University of Planet; CEO Nwabudike Morgan, a Namibian businessman (voiced by Regi Davis), of Morgan Industries; Colonel Corazon Santiago, an American militiawoman (voiced by Wanda Niño) of the Spartan Federation; Sister Miriam Godwinson, an American minister and social psychologist (voiced by Gretchen Weigel), of the Lord's Believers; and Commissioner Pravin Lal, an Indian surgeon and diplomat (voiced by Hesh Gordon), of the Peacekeeping Forces.\n\nThe player controls one of the leaders and competes against the others to colonize and conquer Planet. The Datalinks (voiced by Robert Levy and Katherine Ferguson) are minor characters who provide information to the player. Each faction excels at one or two important aspects of the game and follows a distinct philosophical belief, such as technological utopianism, Conclave Christianity, \"free-market\" capitalism, militarist survivalism, Chinese Legalism, U.N. Charter humanitarianism, or Environmentalist Gaia philosophy. The game takes place on Planet, with its \"rolling red ochre plains\" and \"bands of lonely terraformed green\".\n\nThe seven additional faction leaders in Alien Crossfire are Prime Function Aki Zeta-Five, a Norwegian research assistant-turned-cyborg (voiced by Allie Rivenbark), of The Cybernetic Consciousness; Captain Ulrik Svensgaard, an American fisherman and naval officer (voiced by James Liebman), of The Nautilus Pirates; Foreman Domai, an Australian labor leader (voiced by Frederick Serafin), of The Free Drones; Datajack Sinder Roze, a Trinidadian hacker (voiced by Christine Melton), of The Data Angels; Prophet Cha Dawn, a human born on Planet (voiced by Stacy Spenser) of The Cult of Planet; Guardian Lular H'minee, a Progenitor leader (voiced by Jeff Gordon), of The Manifold Caretakers; and Conqueror Judaa Maar, a Progenitor leader (voiced by Jeff Gordon), of The Manifold Usurpers.\n\nPlot\nThe story unfolds via the introduction video, explanations of new technologies, videos obtained for completing secret projects, interludes, and cut-scenes. The native life consists primarily of simple wormlike alien parasites and a type of red fungus that spreads rapidly via spores. The fungus is difficult to traverse, provides invisibility for the enemy, provides few resources, and spawns \"mindworms\" that attack population centres and military units by neurally parasitising them. Mindworms can eventually be captured and bred in captivity and used as terroristic bioweapons, and the player eventually discovers that the fungus and mindworms can think collectively.\n\nA voice intrudes into the player's dreams and soon waking moments, threatening more attacks if the industrial pollution and terraforming by the colonists is not reversed. The player discovers that Planet is a dormant semi-sentient hive organism that will soon experience a metamorphosis which will destroy all human life. To counter this threat, the player or a computer faction builds \"The Voice of Alpha Centauri\" secret project, which artificially links Planet's distributed nervous system into the human Datalinks, delaying Planet's metamorphosis into full self-awareness but incidentally increasing its ultimate intelligence substantially by giving it access to all of humanity's accumulated knowledge. Finally, the player or a computer faction embraces the \"Ascent to Transcendence\" in which humans too join their brains with the hive organism in its metamorphosis to godhood. Thus, Alpha Centauri closes \"with a swell of hope and wonder in place of the expected triumphalism\", reassuring \"that the events of the game weren't the entirety of mankind's future, but just another step.\"\n\nGameplay\n\nAlpha Centauri, a turn-based strategy game with a science fiction setting, is played from an isometric perspective. Many game features from Civilization II are present, but renamed or slightly tweaked: players establish bases (Civilization II's cities), build facilities (buildings) and secret projects (Wonders of the World), explore territory, research technology, and conquer other factions (civilizations). In addition to conquering all non-allied factions, players may also win by obtaining votes from three quarters of the total population (similar to Civilization IVs Diplomatic victory), \"cornering the Global Energy Market\", completing the Ascent to Transcendence secret project, or for alien factions, constructing six Subspace Generators.\n\nThe main map (the upper two thirds of the screen) is divided into squares, on which players can establish bases, move units and engage in combat. Through terraforming, players may modify the effects of the individual map squares on movement, combat and resources. Resources are used to feed the population, construct units and facilities, and supply energy. Players can allocate energy between research into new technology and energy reserves. Unlike Civilization II, new technology grants access to additional unit components rather than pre-designed units, allowing players to design and re-design units as their factions' priorities shift. Energy reserves allow the player to upgrade units, maintain facilities, and attempt to win by the Global Energy Market scenario. Bases are military strongpoints and objectives that are vital for all winning strategies. They produce military units, house the population, collect energy, and build secret projects and Subspace Generators. Facilities and secret projects improve the performance of individual bases and of the entire faction.\n\nIn addition to terraforming, optimizing individual base performance and building secret projects, players may also benefit their factions through social engineering, probe teams, and diplomacy. Social engineering modifies the ideologically based bonuses and penalties forced by the player's choice of faction. Probe teams can sabotage and steal information, units, technology, and energy from enemy bases, while diplomacy lets the player create coalitions with other factions. It also allows the trade or transfer of units, bases, technology and energy. The Planetary Council, similar to the United Nations Security Council, takes Planet-wide actions and determines population victories.\n\nIn addition to futuristic technological advances and secret projects, the game includes alien life, structures and machines. \"Xenofungus\" and \"sea fungus\" provide movement, combat, and resource penalties, as well as concealment for \"mind worms\" and \"spore launchers\". Immobile \"fungal towers\" spawn native life. Native life, including the seaborne \"Isles of the Deep\" and \"Sealurks\" and airborne \"Locusts of Chiron\", use psionic combat, an alternate form of combat which ignores weapons and armor. Monoliths repair units and provide resources; artifacts yield new technology and hasten secret projects; landmarks provide resource bonuses; and random events add danger and opportunity. Excessive development leads to terraforming-destroying fungus blooms and new native life.\n\nAlpha Centauri provides a single player mode and supports customization and multiplayer. Players may customize the game by choosing options at the beginning of the game, using the built-in scenario and map editors, and modifying Alpha Centauris game files. In addition to a choice of seven (or 14 in Alien Crossfire) factions, pre-game options include scenario game, customized random map, difficulty level, and game rules that include victory conditions, research control, and initial map knowledge. The scenario and map editors allow players to create customized scenarios and maps. The game's basic rules, diplomatic dialog, and the factions' starting abilities are in text files, which \"the designers have done their best to make it reasonably easy to modify..., even for non-programmers.\" Alpha Centauri supports play by email (\"PBEM\") and TCP/IP mode featuring simultaneous movement, and introduces direct player-to-player negotiation, allowing the unconstrained trade of technology, energy, maps, and other elements.\n\nDevelopment\n\nInspirations\nIn 1996, MicroProse released the lauded Civilization II, designed by Brian Reynolds. Spectrum Holobyte who owned MicroProse at the time, opted to consolidate their business under the MicroProse name, moving the company from Maryland to California by the time the game shipped, and laying off several MicroProse employees. Disagreements between the new management and its employees prompted Reynolds, Jeff Briggs, and Sid Meier (designer of the original Civilization) to leave MicroProse and found Firaxis. Although unable to use the same intellectual property as Civilization II, the new company felt that players wanted \"a new sweeping epic of a turn-based game\". Having just completed a game of human history up to the present, they wanted a fresh topic and chose science fiction.\n\nWith no previous experience in science fiction games, the developers believed future history was a fitting first foray. For the elements of exploring and terraforming an alien world, they chose a plausible near future situation of a human mission to colonize the solar system's nearest neighbour and human factions. Reynolds researched science fiction for the game's writing. His inspiration included \"classic works of science fiction\", including Frank Herbert's The Jesus Incident and Hellstrom's Hive, A Fire Upon the Deep by Vernor Vinge, and The Mote in God's Eye by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle for alien races; Kim Stanley Robinson's Red Mars, Slant by Greg Bear, and Stephen R. Donaldson's The Real Story for future technology and science; and Dune by Herbert and Bear's Anvil of Stars for negative interactions between humans.\n\nAlpha Centauri set out to capture the whole sweep of humanity's future, including technology, futuristic warfare, social and economic development, the future of the human condition, spirituality, and philosophy. Reynolds also said that \"getting philosophy into the game\" was one of the attractions of the game. Believing good science fiction thrives on constraint, the developers began with near-future technologies. As they proceeded into the future, they tried to present a coherent, logical, and detailed picture of future developments in physics, biology, information technology, economics, society, government, and philosophy. Alien ecologies and mysterious intelligences were incorporated into Alpha Centauri as external \"natural forces\" intended to serve as flywheels for the backstory and a catalyst for many player intelligences. Chris Pine, creator of the in-game map of Planet, strove to make Planet look like a real planet, which resulted in evidence of tectonic action. Another concern was that Planet matched the story, which resulted in the fungus being connected across continents, as it is supposed to be a gigantic neural network.\n\nTerraforming is a natural outgrowth of colonizing an alien world. The first playable prototype was just a map generator that tested climate changes during the game. This required the designers to create a world builder program and climatic model far more powerful than anything they'd done before. Temperature, wind, and rainfall patterns were modeled in ways that allow players to make changes: for example, creating a ridge-line and then watching the effects. In addition to raising terrain, the player can also divert rivers, dig huge boreholes into the planet's mantle, and melt ice caps.\n\nIn addition to scientific advances, the designers speculated on the future development of human society. The designers allow the player to decide on a whole series of value choices and choose a \"ruthless\", \"moderate\", or \"idealistic\" stance. Reynolds said the designers don't promote a single \"right\" answer, instead giving each value choice positive and negative consequences. This design was intended to force the player to \"think\" and make the game \"addictive\". He also commented that Alpha Centauris fictional nature allowed them to draw their characters \"a lot more sharply and distinctly than the natural blurring and greyness of history\".\nChiron, the name of the planet, is the name of the only non-barbaric centaur in Greek mythology and an important loregiver and teacher for humanity. The name also pays homage to James P. Hogan's 1982 space opera novel Voyage from Yesteryear, in which a human colony is artificially planted by an automatic probe on a planet later named by colonists as Chiron. In the game, Chiron has two moons, named after the centaurs Nessus and Pholus, with the combined tidal force of Earth's Moon, and is the second planet out from Alpha Centauri A, the innermost planet being the Mercury-like planet named after the centaur Eurytion. Alpha Centauri B is also dubbed Hercules, a reference to him killing several centaurs in mythology, and the second star preventing the formation of larger planets. The arrival on Chiron is referred to as \"Planetfall\", which is a term used in many science fiction novels, including Robert A. Heinlein's Future History series, and Infocom's celebrated comic interactive fiction adventure Planetfall. Vernor Vinge's concept of technological singularity is the origin of the Transcendence concept. The game's cutscenes use montages of live-action video, CGI, or both; most of the former is from the 1992 experimental documentary Baraka.\n\nAlpha Centauri\nIn July 1996, Firaxis began work on Alpha Centauri, with Reynolds heading the project. Meier and Reynolds wrote playable prototype code and Jason Coleman wrote the first lines of the development libraries. Because the development of Gettysburg took up most of Firaxis' time, the designers spent the first year prototyping the basic ideas. By late 1996, the developers were playing games on the prototype, and by the middle of the next year, they were working on a multiplayer engine. Although Firaxis intended to include multiplayer support in its games, an important goal was to create games with depth and longevity in single-player mode because they believed that the majority of players spend most of their time playing this way. Reynolds felt that smart computer opponents are an integral part of a classic computer game, and considered it a challenge to make them so. Reynolds' previous games omitted internet support because he believed that complex turn-based games with many player options and opportunities for player input are difficult to facilitate online.\n\nReynolds said that the most important principle of game design is for the designer to play the game as it is developed; Reynolds claimed that this was how a good artificial intelligence (AI) was built. To this end, he would track the decisions he made and why he made them as he played the game. The designer also watched what the computer players did, noting \"dumb\" actions and trying to discover why the computer made them. Reynolds then taught the computer his reasoning process so the AI could find the right choice when presented several attractive possibilities. He said the AI for diplomatic personalities was the best he had done up to that point.\n\nDoug Kaufman, a co-designer of Civilization II, was invited to join development as a game balancer. Reynolds cited the Alpha Centauris balance for the greater sense of urgency and the more pressing pacing than in his earlier game, Sid Meier's Colonization. According to producer Timothy Train, in designing the strengths and weaknesses of the factions, the goal was to suggest, without requiring, certain strategies and give the player interesting and fun things to do without unbalancing the game. He didn't want a faction to be dependent on its strength or a faction's power to be dominant over the rest. Train felt that fun meant the factions always have something fun to do with their attributes.\n\nAround the summer of 1997, the staff began research on the scientific realities involved in interstellar travel. In late 1997, Bing Gordon—then Chief Creative Officer of Electronic Arts—joined the team, and was responsible for the Planetary Council, extensive diplomacy, and landmarks. A few months before the 1998 Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3), the team incorporated the Explore/Discover/Build/Conquer marketing campaign into the game. The game was announced in May 1998 at E3.\n\nIn the latter half of 1998, the team produced a polished and integrated interface, wrote the game manual and foreign language translations, painted the faction leader portraits and terrain, built the 3D vehicles and vehicle parts, and created the music. Michael Ely directed the Secret Project movies and cast the faction leaders. 25 volunteers participated in Firaxis' first public beta test. The beta testers suggested the Diplomatic and Economic victories and the Random Events.\n\nThe design team started with a very simple playable game. They strengthened the \"fun\" aspects and fixed or removed the unenjoyable ones, a process Sid Meier called \"surrounding the fun\". After the revision, they played it again, repeating the cycle of revision and play. Playing the game repeatedly and in-depth was a rule at Firaxis. In the single-player mode, the team tried extreme strategies to find any sure-fire paths to victory and to see how often a particular computer faction ends up at the bottom. The goal was a product of unprecedented depth, scope, longevity, and addictiveness, where the player is always challenged by the game to come up with new strategies with no all-powerful factions or unstoppable tactics. According to Reynolds, the process has been around since Sid Meier's early days at Microprose. At Firaxis, as iterations continue, they expand the group giving feedback, bringing in outside gamers with fresh perspectives. Alpha Centauri was the first Firaxis game with public beta testers.\n\nFinally, Brian Reynolds discussed the use of the demo in the development process. Originally a marketing tool released prior to the game, they started getting feedback. They were able to incorporate many suggestions into the retail version. According to Brian Reynolds, they made improvement in the game's interface, added a couple of new features and fixed a few glitches. They also improved some rules, fine-tuned the game balance and improved the AI. Finally, he adds that they continued to add patches to enhance the game after the game was released.\nIn the months leading to the release of Alpha Centauri, multimedia producer Michael Ely wrote the 35 weekly episodes of Journey to Centauri detailing the splintering of the U.N. mission to Alpha Centauri.\n\nAlien Crossfire\nA month after Alpha Centauris February 1999 release, the Firaxis team began work on the expansion pack, Sid Meier's Alien Crossfire. Alien Crossfire features seven new factions (two that are non-human), new technologies, new facilities, new secret projects, new alien life forms, new unit special abilities, new victory conditions (including the new \"Progenitor Victory\") and several additional concepts and strategies. The development team included Train as producer and designer, Chris Pine as programmer, Jerome Atherholt and Greg Foertsch as artists, and Doug Kaufman as co-designer and game balancer.\n\nThe team considered several ideas, including a return to a post-apocalyptic earth and the conquest of another planet in the Alpha Centauri system, before deciding to keep the new title on Planet. The premise allowed them to mix and match old and new characters and delve into the mysteries of the monoliths and alien artifacts. The backstory evolved quickly, and the main conflict centered on the return of the original alien inhabitants. The idea of humans inadvertently caught up in an off-world civil war focused the story.\n\nTrain wanted to improve the \"build\" aspects, feeling that the god-game genre had always been heavily slanted towards the \"Conquer\" end of the spectrum. He wanted to provide \"builders\" with the tools to construct an empire in the face of heated competition. The internet community provided \"invaluable\" feedback. The first \"call for features\" was posted around April 1999 and produced the Fletchette Defense System, Algorithmic Enhancement, and The Nethack Terminus.\n\nThe team had several goals: factions should not be \"locked-in\" to certain strategies; players should have interesting things to do without unbalancing the game, and the factions must be fun to play. The team believed the \"coolness\" of the Progenitor aliens would determine the success or failure of Alien Crossfire. They strove to make them feel significantly different to play, but still compatible with the existing game mechanics. The developers eventually provided the aliens with Battle Ogres, a Planetary survey, non-blind research, and other powers to produce \"a nasty and potent race that would take the combined might of humanity to bring them down\". Chris Pine modified the AI to account for the additions. The team also used artwork, sound effects, music, and diplomatic text to set the aliens apart. Other than the aliens, the Pirates proved to be the toughest faction to balance because their ocean start gave them huge advantages.\n\nUpon completion, the team felt that Alien Crossfire was somewhere between an expansion and a full-blown sequel. In the months leading to the release of Alien Crossfire, multimedia producer Michael Ely wrote the 9 episodes of Centauri: Arrival, introducing the Alien Crossfire factions. The game initially had a single production run. Electronic Arts bundled Alpha Centauri and Alien Crossfire in the Alpha Centauri Planetary Pack in 2000 and included both games in The Laptop Collection in 2003. In 2000, both Alpha Centauri and Alien Crossfire were ported to Classic Mac OS by Aspyr Media and to Linux by Loki Software.\n\nReception\nAlpha Centauri received wide critical acclaim upon its release, with reviewers voicing respect for the game's pedigree, especially that of Reynolds and Meier. The video game review aggregator websites GameRankings and Metacritic, which collect data from numerous review websites, listed scores of 92% and 89%, respectively. The game was favorably compared to Reynold's previous title, Civilization II, and Rawn Shah of IT World Canada praised the expansion for a \"believable\" plot. However, despite its critical reception, it sold the fewest copies of all the games in the Civilization series. It sold more than 100,000 copies in its first two months of release. This was followed by 50,000 copies in April, May and June. In the United States, Alpha Centauri was the tenth-best-selling computer game of 1999's first half. Its sales in that country alone reached 224,939 copies by the end of 1999, and rose to 281,115 units by September 2000.\n\nCritical reaction\n\nThe game showed well at the 1998 Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3). Walter Morbeck of GameSpot said that Alpha Centauri was \"more than hi-tech physics and new ways to blow each other up\", and that the game would feature realistic aliens. Terry Coleman of Computer Gaming World predicted that Alpha Centauri would be \"another huge hit\". OGR awarded it \"Most Promising Strategy Game\" and one of the top 25 games of E3 '98. In a vote of 27 journalists from 22 gaming magazine, Alpha Centauri won \"Best Turn Based Strategy\" of E3 Show Award. Aaron John Loeb, the Awards Committee Chairman, said \"for those that understand the intricacies, the wonder, the glory of turn based 'culture building,' this is the game worth skipping class for.\"\n\nAlpha Centauri's science fiction storyline received high praise; IGN considered the game an exception to PC sci-fi cliches, and GamePro compared the plot to the works of writers Stanley Kubrick and Isaac Asimov. J.C. Herz of The New York Times suggested that the game was a marriage of SimCity and Frank Herbert's Dune. GamePros Dan Morris said \"As the single-player campaign builds to its final showdown, the ramifications of the final theoretical discoveries elevate Alpha Centauri from great strategy game to science-fiction epic.\" Game Revolution said, \"The well crafted story, admirable science-fiction world, fully realized scenario, and quality core gameplay are sure to please.\" Edge praised the uniqueness of expression saying it was \"the same kind of old-fashioned, consensual storytelling that once drew universes out of ASCII.\" The in-game writing and faction leaders were also well-received for their believability, especially the voice acting. GameSpot reviewer Denny Atkin called the factions and their abilities Alpha Centauris \"most impressive aspect\". Greg Tito of The Escapist said, \"the genius of the game is how it flawlessly blends its great writing with strategy elements.\"\n\nAlpha Centauri's turn-based gameplay, including the technology trees and factional warfare, was commonly compared to Civilization and Civilization II. The Adrenaline Vault's Pete Hines said, \"While Alpha Centauri is the evolutionary off-spring to [Civilization] and [Civilization II], it is not [Civilization II] in space. Although the comparison is inevitable because of the lineage, it is still short-sighted.\" Edge in 2006 praised \"Alpha Centauri's greater sophistications as a strategy game.\" IGN said \"Alpha Centauri is a better game than Civilization II; it's deep, rich, rewarding, thought-provoking in almost every way.\" Game Revolution's reviewer was less magnanimous, saying \"Alpha Centauri is at least as good a game as Civilization 2. But it is its great similarity that also does it the most detriment. Alpha Centauri simply does not do enough that is new; it just doesn't innovate enough to earn a higher grade.\" The ability to create custom units was praised, as was the depth of the tech tree. The artificial intelligence of computer-controlled factions, which featured adaptability and behavioral subtlety, was given mixed comments; some reviewers thought it was efficient and logical, while others found it confusing or erratic. Edge was disappointed in the game's diplomacy, finding \"no more and no less than is expected from the genre\" and unhappy with \"the inability to sound out any real sense of relationship or rational discourse.\"\n\nThe game's graphics were widely acknowledged to be above average at the time of its release, but not revolutionary. Its maps and interface were\nconsidered detailed and in accordance with a space theme, but the game was released with a limited color palette. The in-game cutscenes, particularly the full motion video that accompanied technological advances, were praised for their quality and innovation. Alpha Centauri's sound and music received similar comments; FiringSquad said \"[The sound effect quality] sort of follows the same line as the unit graphics – not too splashy but enough to get the job done.\"\n\nNext Generation reviewed the PC version of the game, rating it five stars out of five, and stated that \"Sid Meier creates yet another masterpiece in this game that, at a glance, looks all too familiar.\"\n\nAlpha Centauri has won several Game of the Year awards, including those from the Denver Post and the Toronto Sun. It won the \"Turn-based Strategy Game of the Year\" award from GameSpot as well. The Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences awarded Alpha Centauri for \"PC Strategy Game of the Year\" at the 2nd Annual Interactive Achievement Awards; it also received nominations for \"Game of the Year\", \"Computer Entertainment Title of the Year\", and \"Outstanding Achievement in Interactive Design\". In 2000, Alpha Centauri won the Origins Award for Best Strategy Computer Game of 1999. The editors of PC Gamer US named Alpha Centauri their \"Best Turn-Based Strategy Game\" of 1999, and wrote that it \"set a new standard for this venerable genre.\" Alpha Centauri has the distinction of receiving gaming magazine PC Gamers highest score to date as of 2019 (98%), alongside Half-Life 2 and Crysis, surpassing Civilization IIs score (97%). Alien Crossfire was a runner-up for Computer Games Strategy Pluss 1999 \"Add-on of the Year\" award, which ultimately went to Heroes of Might and Magic III: Armageddon's Blade.\n\nLegacy\nThere have been no direct sequels beyond Alien Crossfire, something that writer Greg Tito attributed to Reynolds leaving Firaxis in 2000 to form Big Huge Games. Alien Crossfire producer and lead designer Timothy Train also left Firaxis with Reynolds. However, a spiritual sequel, Civilization: Beyond Earth, was announced by Firaxis in April 2014 and released on October 24, 2014; several of those that worked on Alpha Centauri helped to develop the new title. A review in Polygon noted however that while the new game has better graphics, its story fails to rival the original, a sentiment echoed by another review in PC Gamer. Another in Engadget noted \"as a spiritual successor to Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri, however, it's a cut-rate disappointment\".\n\nMany of the features introduced in Alpha Centauri were carried over into subsequent Civilization titles; upon its release, Civilization III was compared negatively to Alpha Centauri, whose Civilization characteristics were reminiscent of faction bonuses and penalties. The government system in Civilization IV closely resembles Alpha Centauris, and Civilization V includes a new victory condition: the completion of the 'Utopia project', which is reminiscent of the Ascent to Transcendence secret project.\n\nAccording to Edge magazine, Alpha Centauri remained \"highly regarded\" in 2006. A decade after its release, Sold-Out Software and GOG.com re-released the game for online-download sales. Escapist Magazine reviewed the game in 2014, noting that \"Alpha Centauri is still playable. It still has a unique flavor that is unlike anything else\".\n\nAfter the release of the expansion, multimedia producer Michael Ely wrote a trilogy of novels based on the game. Writer Steve Darnall and illustrator Rafael Kayanan also made a graphic novel entitled Alpha Centauri: Power of the Mindworms. Steve Jackson Games published GURPS Alpha Centauri, a sourcebook for the GURPS role-playing game set in the Alpha Centauri universe.\n\nSee also\n\nAlpha Centauri in fiction\nGroup mind (science fiction)\nSurvivalism in fiction\nSid Meier's Civilization: Beyond Earth\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n \n – covers the early years of colonization of the planet Chiron and describes the siege of United Nations HQ by the Spartans, the loss of Peacekeeper sovereignty and the consequent flight by the United Nations survivors into Gaian territory.\n – occurs years after the events of Centauri Dawn and describes the Gaia's Stepdaughters' use of \"mindworms\" to rebuff an attack by the technologically superior Morgan Industries.\n – follows the tension between the University of Planet and the Lord's Believers and describes the use of singularity bombs to destroy Morgan Industries and the Spartan Federation and the native life uprising which destroys humanity.\n\nExternal links\n\n \n Official website mirrored by alphacentauri2.info.\n Unofficial patches\n\n1999 video games\n4X video games\nAlpha Centauri in fiction\nAspyr games\nCity-building games\nCivilization (series)\nFiraxis Games games\nInterstellar travel in fiction\nLinux games\nLoki Entertainment games\nClassic Mac OS games\nMacOS games\nMultiplayer and single-player video games\nOrigins Award winners\nReligion in science fiction\nScience fiction video games\nAlpha Centauri\nTurn-based strategy video games\nVideo games about extraterrestrial life\nVideo games adapted into comics\nVideo games developed in the United States\nVideo games scored by Jeff Briggs\nVideo games set on fictional planets\nVideo games with expansion packs\nVideo games with isometric graphics\nVideo games with voxel graphics\nWindows games\nMultiplayer hotseat games\nXenoarchaeology in fiction",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vormsund
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Vormsund is a village in the municipality of Nes, Akershus, Norway. Its population (2005) is 461.
References
Villages in Akershus
Nes, Akershus
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[
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"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
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{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vormsund",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Vormsund is a village in the municipality of Nes, Akershus, Norway. Its population (2005) is 461.\n\nReferences\n\nVillages in Akershus\nNes, Akershus",
"role": "assistant"
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Little India (magazine)
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Little India is the largest circulated Indian American publication in the United States. The magazine was established in 1991 by its founding editor and publisher, Achal Mehra, a professor at Albright College in Reading, Pennsylvania. It focuses on the non-resident Indians (NRIs) in the United States and features editorials and articles on living in the United States while being of Indian heritage and happenings and people from India. Usually there are several NRIs that are highlighted in each issue as well as articles on politics, problems of acculturation and cultural retention that most ABCDs face, news from India, popular culture, students, Bollywood, Indian cuisine and the generation gap.
The magazine is published monthly and has a BPA audited circulation of over 142,000, penetrating almost one in five Indian households in the United States. The magazine is published in nine editions from coast to coast — New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Washington, D.C., Georgia, Florida, Illinois, Texas and California. Little India has won 21 Ippie Awards from the Independent Press Association of New York and seven New American Media awards as well as Magazine of the Year 2006 from the South Asian Students Alliance. Little India is believed to be the largest overseas Indian publication in the world.
See also
Indians in the New York City metropolitan region
References
External links
Little India
1991 establishments in Pennsylvania
Lifestyle magazines published in the United States
Monthly magazines published in the United States
Asian-American magazines
Ethnic mass media in the United States
Indian-American culture
Magazines established in 1991
Magazines published in Connecticut
Indian diaspora mass media
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"content": "Little India (magazine)",
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"content": "Little India is the largest circulated Indian American publication in the United States. The magazine was established in 1991 by its founding editor and publisher, Achal Mehra, a professor at Albright College in Reading, Pennsylvania. It focuses on the non-resident Indians (NRIs) in the United States and features editorials and articles on living in the United States while being of Indian heritage and happenings and people from India. Usually there are several NRIs that are highlighted in each issue as well as articles on politics, problems of acculturation and cultural retention that most ABCDs face, news from India, popular culture, students, Bollywood, Indian cuisine and the generation gap.\n\nThe magazine is published monthly and has a BPA audited circulation of over 142,000, penetrating almost one in five Indian households in the United States. The magazine is published in nine editions from coast to coast — New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Washington, D.C., Georgia, Florida, Illinois, Texas and California. Little India has won 21 Ippie Awards from the Independent Press Association of New York and seven New American Media awards as well as Magazine of the Year 2006 from the South Asian Students Alliance. Little India is believed to be the largest overseas Indian publication in the world.\n\nSee also\n Indians in the New York City metropolitan region\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Little India\n\n1991 establishments in Pennsylvania\nLifestyle magazines published in the United States\nMonthly magazines published in the United States\nAsian-American magazines\nEthnic mass media in the United States\nIndian-American culture\nMagazines established in 1991\nMagazines published in Connecticut\nIndian diaspora mass media",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myasishchev%20M-101T
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The Myasishchev M-101T is a Russian business class aircraft, designed by Myasishchev and built by Sokol. The aircraft was first flown on 31 March 1995.
Operators
Dexter Air Taxi (3 aircraft).
3 more aircraft operated by Buguruslansk Civil Aviation School.
1 aircraft RA15106, was demonstrated in 2004 in South Africa by ROSAVIA and flown at multiple airshows in South Africa. These demonstrations were flown by Yurij Polyakov and South African born Andrew Cross. The project generated a lot of interest but did not sell because the asking price was too high. When the project ended the aircraft was ferried back to Russia by Yurij Polyakov.
Specifications
See also
References
Further reading
Taylor, Michael J.H. Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory 1999/2000. London:Brassey's, 1999. .
External links
Class Struggle
M-101T
1990s Soviet and Russian business aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Single-engined turboprop aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1995
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myasishchev%20M-101T",
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"content": "The Myasishchev M-101T is a Russian business class aircraft, designed by Myasishchev and built by Sokol. The aircraft was first flown on 31 March 1995.\n\nOperators\n \n Dexter Air Taxi (3 aircraft).\n 3 more aircraft operated by Buguruslansk Civil Aviation School.\n1 aircraft RA15106, was demonstrated in 2004 in South Africa by ROSAVIA and flown at multiple airshows in South Africa. These demonstrations were flown by Yurij Polyakov and South African born Andrew Cross. The project generated a lot of interest but did not sell because the asking price was too high. When the project ended the aircraft was ferried back to Russia by Yurij Polyakov.\n\nSpecifications\n\nSee also\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n Taylor, Michael J.H. Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory 1999/2000. London:Brassey's, 1999. .\n\nExternal links\n\n Class Struggle\n\nM-101T\n1990s Soviet and Russian business aircraft\nSingle-engined tractor aircraft\nSingle-engined turboprop aircraft\nLow-wing aircraft\nAircraft first flown in 1995",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/95th%20Reconnaissance%20Squadron
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The 95th Reconnaissance Squadron is a squadron of the United States Air Force. It is assigned to the 55th Operations Group, Air Combat Command, stationed at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska. The squadron is equipped with several variants of the Boeing C-135 aircraft equipped for reconnaissance missions.
The 95th is one of the oldest units in the United States Air Force, first being organized as the 95th Aero Squadron on 20 August 1917 at Kelly Field, Texas. The squadron deployed to France and fought on the Western Front during World War I as a pursuit squadron.
During World War II the unit served in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations (MTO) as part of Twelfth Air Force as a B-26 Marauder light bomber squadron, participating in the North African and the Southern France Campaign. In the Cold War, the squadron fought in the Korean War with Douglas B-26 Invader medium bombers, then later as part of Strategic Air Command, flying TR-1A Dragonlady reconnaissance aircraft supporting NATO.
Mission
Conducts RC-135 Rivet Joint flight operations in the European and Mediterranean theaters of operations as tasked by National Command Authorities and European Command. Provides all operational management, aircraft maintenance, administration, and intelligence support to produce politically sensitive real-time intelligence data vital to national foreign policy. Supports EC-135, OC-135 Open Skies, and Boeing E-4B missions when theater deployed.
Although it is a component of the 55th Operations Group, main flying operations are conducted from RAF Mildenhall, United Kingdom and Souda Bay, Crete.
History
World War I
The 95th was originally activated as the 95th Aero Squadron (a fighter unit) on 20 August 1917 at Kelly Field in Texas. It deployed to various locations in France during World War I, initially at Issoudun Aerodrome. On 5 May 1918, it was assigned to the 1st Pursuit Group. Well-known pilots with the 95th Aero Squadron who perished in World War I included Lt. Quentin Roosevelt, the youngest son of President Theodore Roosevelt, and Irby Curry. Both of them died while the squadron was based in Saints Aerodrome, France. A number of aces also served with the unit, including Lansing Holden, Sumner Sewall, Harold Buckley, Edward Peck Curtis, James Knowles, and one of its commanding officers, Captain David M. Peterson.
After the war ended on 11 November 1918, the 95th Aero Squadron was demobilized on 18 March 1919. As the 95th Pursuit Squadron it conducted bombing missions on the Clinton River to prevent flooding in communities near the river caused by an ice jam. As the 95th Attack Squadron, it flew reconnaissance missions in March 1938 to support flood relief operations in southern California.
Interwar years
The 95th Aero Squadron underwent various activations and inactivations over the years and experienced numerous name changes.
World War II
During World War II, it was known as the 95th Bombardment Squadron (Medium) and was a squadron in the 17th Bombardment Group that provided North American B-25 Mitchells and 6 crews for the Doolittle Raid and later flew the Martin B-26 Marauder in the Mediterranean Theatre of Operations.
Korean War
Reconnaissance operations
After being inactivated on 25 June 1958, it was redesignated as the 95th Reconnaissance Squadron on 20 January 1982 and reactivated at RAF Alconbury in the United Kingdom on 1 October 1982. It flew Lockheed U-2 and TR-1 aircraft in support of NATO and United States Air Forces Europe missions. After the end of the Cold War, the 95th was no longer needed and the unit was inactivated on 15 September 1993. This hiatus did not last long as the unit was reactivated on 1 July 1994 at RAF Mildenhall, this time flying the RC-135 Rivet Joint and OC-135 Open Skies aircraft.
Lineage
Organized as the 95th Aero Squadron (Pursuit) on 20 August 1917
Redesignated as: 95th Aero Squadron (Pursuit), on 5 March 1918
Demobilized on 18 March 1919<
Reconstituted and organized on 12 August 1919
Redesignated 95th Squadron (Pursuit) on 14 March 1921
Redesignated 95th Pursuit Squadron on 30 September 1922
Redesignated 95th Pursuit Squadron, Air Service on 25 January 1923
Redesignated 95th Pursuit Squadron, Air Corps on 8 August 1926
Inactivated on 31 July 1927
Redesignated 95th Pursuit Squadron and activated, on 1 June 1928
Redesignated 95th Attack Squadron on 1 March 1935
Redesignated 95th Bombardment Squadron (Medium) on 17 October 1939
Redesignated 95th Bombardment Squadron, Medium on 9 October 1944
Inactivated on 26 November 1945
Redesignated 95th Bombardment Squadron, Light on 29 April 1947
Activated on 19 May 1947
Inactivated on 10 September 1948
Redesignated 95th Bombardment Squadron, Light, Night Intruder on 8 May 1952
Activated on 10 May 1952
Redesignated 95th Bombardment Squadron, Tactical on 1 October 1955
Inactivated on 25 June 1958
Redesignated 95th Reconnaissance Squadron on 20 January 1982
Activated on 1 October 1982
Inactivated on 15 September 1993
Activated on 1 July 1994
Assignments
Post Headquarters, Kelly Field, 20 August 1917
Aviation Concentration Center, 30 September 1917
Headquarters Air Service, AEF, 11–16 November 1917
Third Aviation Instruction Center, 16 November 1917
1st Pursuit Organization Center, 16 February 1918
1st Pursuit Group, 5 May 1918
1st Air Depot, 11 December 1918
Advanced Section Services of Supply, 6 February 1919
Eastern Department, 1–18 March 1919
1st Pursuit Group, 12 August 1919
Air Corps Training Center, c. 7 June-31 July 1927
Unknown, 1 June 1928 – 30 May 1929
17th Pursuit Group (later 17th Attack; 17th Bombardment Group), 31 May 1929 – 26 November 1945 (attached to 7th Bombardment Group until 29 October 1931)
17th Bombardment Group, 19 May 1947 – 10 September 1948
17th Bombardment Group, 10 May 1952 – 25 June 1958 (attached to 17th Bombardment Wing after 8 June 1957)
17th Reconnaissance Wing, 1 October 1982
9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing (later 9th Reconnaissance) Wing), 30 June 1991 – 15 September 1993
55th Operations Group, 1 July 1994 – present
Stations
Kelly Field, Texas, 20 August 1917
Hazelhurst Field, New York, 5–27 October 1917
Liverpool, England, 10 November 1917
British Rest Camp #2, Le Havre, France, 13 November 1917
Issoudun Aerodrome, France, 16 November 1917
Villeneuve-les-Vertus Aerodrome, France, 16 February 1918
Epiez Aerodrome, France, 1 April 1918
Gengault Aerodrome, Toul, France, 4 May 1918
Touquin Aerodrome, France, 28 June 1918
Saints Aerodrome, France, 9 July 1918
Rembercourt Aerodrome, France, 2 September 1918
Flight operated from Verdun Aerodrome, France, 7–11 November 1918
Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome, France, 11 December 1918
Brest, France, France, 6–19 February 1919
Camp Mills, New York, 1 March 1919
Mitchell Field, New York, 4–18 March 1919
Selfridge Field, Michigan, 12 August 1919
Kelly Field, Texas, 31 August 1919
Ellington Field, Texas, 1 July 1921
Selfridge Field, Michigan, 1 July 1922
March Field, California, 7 June-31 July 1927
Rockwell Field, California, 1 June 1928
March Field, California, 29 October 1931
Rockwell Field, California, 3 May 1932
March Field, California, 14 May 1932
Rockwell Field, California, 1 July 1932
March Field, California, 9 August 1932
Rentschler Field, Connecticut, 2 May 1938
March Field, California, 20 May 1938 (operated from Kern County Airport, California, 14–26 January 1940
McChord Field, Washington, 26 June 1940
Pendleton Field, Oregon, 29 June 1941
Lexington County Airport, South Carolina, 15 February 1942
Barksdale Field, Louisiana, 24 June-18 Nov 1942
Telergma Airfield, Algeria, c. 24 December 1942
Sedrata Airfield, Algeria, 14 May 1943
Djedeida Airfield, Tunisia, 25 June 1943
Villacidro Airfield, Sardinia, France, c. 5 December 1943
Poretta Airfield, Corsica, Italy, c. 19 September 1944
Dijon Airfield (Y-9), France, c. 21 November 1944
Linz Airport, Austria, c. 14 June 1945
Ebensee, Austria (Ground echelon), 5 July 1945
Clastres Airfield, France, c. 3 October-c. 17 November 1945
Camp Myles Standish, Massachusetts, 25–26 November 1945
Langley Field, Virginia, 19 May 1947 – 10 September 1948
Pusan East (K-9) Air Base, South Korea, 10 May 1952 (operated from Pusan West Air Base (K-1), South Korea, 1 October-20 December 1952)
Miho Air Base, Japan, c. 9 October 1954 – c. 19 March 1955
Hurlburt Field, Florida, 1 April 1955 – 25 June 1958
RAF Alconbury, England, 1 October 1982 – 15 September 1993
RAF Mildenhall, England, 1 July 1994 – present
Aircraft
Nieuport 28, 1917–1918
SPAD S.XIII, 1918, 1919
Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5, 1919–1922
Thomas-Morse MB-3, 1922–1925
Fokker D.VII, 1919–1925
Dayton-Wright DH-4, 1919–1925
Curtiss PW–8 Hawk, 1924–1926
Curtiss P-1 Hawk, 1925–1927
Boeing PW-9, 1928–1929
Boeing P-12, 1929–1934, 1935–1936
Boeing P-26 Peashooter, 1934–1935
Northrop A-17, 1936–1939
Douglas B-18 Bolo, 1939–1940
Douglas B-23 Dragon, 1940–1941
North American B-25 Mitchell, 1941–1942
Martin B-26 Marauder, 1942–1945
Douglas B-26 Invader, 1952–1956
Douglas B-66 Destroyer, 1956–1958
Lockheed U-2, 1991–1993
Lockheed TR-1, 1991–1993
Boeing RC-135U Combat Sent, 1994–present
Boeing RC-135V Rivet Joint, 1994–present
Boeing RC-135W Rivet Joint, 1994–present
Boeing OC-135B Open Skies, 1994–present
See also
List of American Aero Squadrons
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
External links
Offutt Air Force Base web site
14 July 2008 – 90th anniversary Commemoration of 27th, 94th, 95th, 147th aero squadrons in France
95th Reconnaissance Squadron [95th RS]
095
Military units and formations established in 1982
|
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"content": "The 95th Reconnaissance Squadron is a squadron of the United States Air Force. It is assigned to the 55th Operations Group, Air Combat Command, stationed at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska. The squadron is equipped with several variants of the Boeing C-135 aircraft equipped for reconnaissance missions.\n\nThe 95th is one of the oldest units in the United States Air Force, first being organized as the 95th Aero Squadron on 20 August 1917 at Kelly Field, Texas. The squadron deployed to France and fought on the Western Front during World War I as a pursuit squadron.\n\nDuring World War II the unit served in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations (MTO) as part of Twelfth Air Force as a B-26 Marauder light bomber squadron, participating in the North African and the Southern France Campaign. In the Cold War, the squadron fought in the Korean War with Douglas B-26 Invader medium bombers, then later as part of Strategic Air Command, flying TR-1A Dragonlady reconnaissance aircraft supporting NATO.\n\nMission\nConducts RC-135 Rivet Joint flight operations in the European and Mediterranean theaters of operations as tasked by National Command Authorities and European Command. Provides all operational management, aircraft maintenance, administration, and intelligence support to produce politically sensitive real-time intelligence data vital to national foreign policy. Supports EC-135, OC-135 Open Skies, and Boeing E-4B missions when theater deployed.\n\nAlthough it is a component of the 55th Operations Group, main flying operations are conducted from RAF Mildenhall, United Kingdom and Souda Bay, Crete.\n\nHistory\n\nWorld War I\nThe 95th was originally activated as the 95th Aero Squadron (a fighter unit) on 20 August 1917 at Kelly Field in Texas. It deployed to various locations in France during World War I, initially at Issoudun Aerodrome. On 5 May 1918, it was assigned to the 1st Pursuit Group. Well-known pilots with the 95th Aero Squadron who perished in World War I included Lt. Quentin Roosevelt, the youngest son of President Theodore Roosevelt, and Irby Curry. Both of them died while the squadron was based in Saints Aerodrome, France. A number of aces also served with the unit, including Lansing Holden, Sumner Sewall, Harold Buckley, Edward Peck Curtis, James Knowles, and one of its commanding officers, Captain David M. Peterson.\n\nAfter the war ended on 11 November 1918, the 95th Aero Squadron was demobilized on 18 March 1919. As the 95th Pursuit Squadron it conducted bombing missions on the Clinton River to prevent flooding in communities near the river caused by an ice jam. As the 95th Attack Squadron, it flew reconnaissance missions in March 1938 to support flood relief operations in southern California.\n\nInterwar years\nThe 95th Aero Squadron underwent various activations and inactivations over the years and experienced numerous name changes.\n\nWorld War II\nDuring World War II, it was known as the 95th Bombardment Squadron (Medium) and was a squadron in the 17th Bombardment Group that provided North American B-25 Mitchells and 6 crews for the Doolittle Raid and later flew the Martin B-26 Marauder in the Mediterranean Theatre of Operations.\n\nKorean War\n\nReconnaissance operations\nAfter being inactivated on 25 June 1958, it was redesignated as the 95th Reconnaissance Squadron on 20 January 1982 and reactivated at RAF Alconbury in the United Kingdom on 1 October 1982. It flew Lockheed U-2 and TR-1 aircraft in support of NATO and United States Air Forces Europe missions. After the end of the Cold War, the 95th was no longer needed and the unit was inactivated on 15 September 1993. This hiatus did not last long as the unit was reactivated on 1 July 1994 at RAF Mildenhall, this time flying the RC-135 Rivet Joint and OC-135 Open Skies aircraft.\n\nLineage\n Organized as the 95th Aero Squadron (Pursuit) on 20 August 1917\n Redesignated as: 95th Aero Squadron (Pursuit), on 5 March 1918\n Demobilized on 18 March 1919<\n Reconstituted and organized on 12 August 1919\n Redesignated 95th Squadron (Pursuit) on 14 March 1921\n Redesignated 95th Pursuit Squadron on 30 September 1922\n Redesignated 95th Pursuit Squadron, Air Service on 25 January 1923\n Redesignated 95th Pursuit Squadron, Air Corps on 8 August 1926\n Inactivated on 31 July 1927\n Redesignated 95th Pursuit Squadron and activated, on 1 June 1928\n Redesignated 95th Attack Squadron on 1 March 1935\n Redesignated 95th Bombardment Squadron (Medium) on 17 October 1939\n Redesignated 95th Bombardment Squadron, Medium on 9 October 1944\n Inactivated on 26 November 1945\n Redesignated 95th Bombardment Squadron, Light on 29 April 1947\n Activated on 19 May 1947\n Inactivated on 10 September 1948\n Redesignated 95th Bombardment Squadron, Light, Night Intruder on 8 May 1952\n Activated on 10 May 1952\n Redesignated 95th Bombardment Squadron, Tactical on 1 October 1955\n Inactivated on 25 June 1958\n Redesignated 95th Reconnaissance Squadron on 20 January 1982\n Activated on 1 October 1982\n Inactivated on 15 September 1993\n Activated on 1 July 1994\n\nAssignments\n\n Post Headquarters, Kelly Field, 20 August 1917\n Aviation Concentration Center, 30 September 1917\n Headquarters Air Service, AEF, 11–16 November 1917\n Third Aviation Instruction Center, 16 November 1917\n 1st Pursuit Organization Center, 16 February 1918\n 1st Pursuit Group, 5 May 1918\n 1st Air Depot, 11 December 1918\n Advanced Section Services of Supply, 6 February 1919\n Eastern Department, 1–18 March 1919\n 1st Pursuit Group, 12 August 1919\n Air Corps Training Center, c. 7 June-31 July 1927\n Unknown, 1 June 1928 – 30 May 1929\n\n 17th Pursuit Group (later 17th Attack; 17th Bombardment Group), 31 May 1929 – 26 November 1945 (attached to 7th Bombardment Group until 29 October 1931)\n 17th Bombardment Group, 19 May 1947 – 10 September 1948\n 17th Bombardment Group, 10 May 1952 – 25 June 1958 (attached to 17th Bombardment Wing after 8 June 1957)\n 17th Reconnaissance Wing, 1 October 1982\n 9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing (later 9th Reconnaissance) Wing), 30 June 1991 – 15 September 1993\n 55th Operations Group, 1 July 1994 – present\n\nStations\n\n Kelly Field, Texas, 20 August 1917\n Hazelhurst Field, New York, 5–27 October 1917\n Liverpool, England, 10 November 1917\n British Rest Camp #2, Le Havre, France, 13 November 1917\n Issoudun Aerodrome, France, 16 November 1917\n Villeneuve-les-Vertus Aerodrome, France, 16 February 1918\n Epiez Aerodrome, France, 1 April 1918\n Gengault Aerodrome, Toul, France, 4 May 1918\n Touquin Aerodrome, France, 28 June 1918\n Saints Aerodrome, France, 9 July 1918\n Rembercourt Aerodrome, France, 2 September 1918\n Flight operated from Verdun Aerodrome, France, 7–11 November 1918\n Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome, France, 11 December 1918\n Brest, France, France, 6–19 February 1919\n Camp Mills, New York, 1 March 1919\n Mitchell Field, New York, 4–18 March 1919\n Selfridge Field, Michigan, 12 August 1919\n Kelly Field, Texas, 31 August 1919\n Ellington Field, Texas, 1 July 1921\n Selfridge Field, Michigan, 1 July 1922\n March Field, California, 7 June-31 July 1927\n Rockwell Field, California, 1 June 1928\n March Field, California, 29 October 1931\n Rockwell Field, California, 3 May 1932\n March Field, California, 14 May 1932\n Rockwell Field, California, 1 July 1932\n\n March Field, California, 9 August 1932\n Rentschler Field, Connecticut, 2 May 1938\n March Field, California, 20 May 1938 (operated from Kern County Airport, California, 14–26 January 1940\n McChord Field, Washington, 26 June 1940\n Pendleton Field, Oregon, 29 June 1941\n Lexington County Airport, South Carolina, 15 February 1942\n Barksdale Field, Louisiana, 24 June-18 Nov 1942\n Telergma Airfield, Algeria, c. 24 December 1942\n Sedrata Airfield, Algeria, 14 May 1943\n Djedeida Airfield, Tunisia, 25 June 1943\n Villacidro Airfield, Sardinia, France, c. 5 December 1943\n Poretta Airfield, Corsica, Italy, c. 19 September 1944\n Dijon Airfield (Y-9), France, c. 21 November 1944\n Linz Airport, Austria, c. 14 June 1945\n Ebensee, Austria (Ground echelon), 5 July 1945\n Clastres Airfield, France, c. 3 October-c. 17 November 1945\n Camp Myles Standish, Massachusetts, 25–26 November 1945\n Langley Field, Virginia, 19 May 1947 – 10 September 1948\n Pusan East (K-9) Air Base, South Korea, 10 May 1952 (operated from Pusan West Air Base (K-1), South Korea, 1 October-20 December 1952)\n Miho Air Base, Japan, c. 9 October 1954 – c. 19 March 1955\n Hurlburt Field, Florida, 1 April 1955 – 25 June 1958\n RAF Alconbury, England, 1 October 1982 – 15 September 1993\n RAF Mildenhall, England, 1 July 1994 – present\n\nAircraft\n\n Nieuport 28, 1917–1918\n SPAD S.XIII, 1918, 1919\n Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5, 1919–1922\n Thomas-Morse MB-3, 1922–1925\n Fokker D.VII, 1919–1925\n Dayton-Wright DH-4, 1919–1925\n Curtiss PW–8 Hawk, 1924–1926\n Curtiss P-1 Hawk, 1925–1927\n Boeing PW-9, 1928–1929\n Boeing P-12, 1929–1934, 1935–1936\n Boeing P-26 Peashooter, 1934–1935\n Northrop A-17, 1936–1939\n Douglas B-18 Bolo, 1939–1940\n Douglas B-23 Dragon, 1940–1941\n North American B-25 Mitchell, 1941–1942\n Martin B-26 Marauder, 1942–1945\n Douglas B-26 Invader, 1952–1956\n Douglas B-66 Destroyer, 1956–1958\n Lockheed U-2, 1991–1993\n Lockheed TR-1, 1991–1993\n Boeing RC-135U Combat Sent, 1994–present\n Boeing RC-135V Rivet Joint, 1994–present\n Boeing RC-135W Rivet Joint, 1994–present\n Boeing OC-135B Open Skies, 1994–present\n\nSee also\n\n List of American Aero Squadrons\n\nReferences\n Notes\n\n Citations\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\n Offutt Air Force Base web site\n 14 July 2008 – 90th anniversary Commemoration of 27th, 94th, 95th, 147th aero squadrons in France\n 95th Reconnaissance Squadron [95th RS]\n\n095\nMilitary units and formations established in 1982",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ox-wagon
|
An ox-wagon or bullock wagon is a four-wheeled vehicle pulled by oxen (draught cattle). It was a traditional form of transport, especially in Southern Africa but also in New Zealand and Australia. Ox-wagons were also used in the United States. The first recorded use of an ox-wagon was around 1670, but they continue to be used in some areas up to modern times.
Design
Ox-wagons are typically drawn by teams of oxen, harnessed in pairs. This gave them a very wide turning circle, the legacy of which are the broad, pleasant boulevards of cities such as Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, which are wide, and Grahamstown, South Africa, which are "wide enough to turn an ox-wagon".
The wagon itself is made of various kinds of wood, with the rims of the wheels being covered with tyres of iron, and since the middle of the 19th century the axles have also been made of iron. The back wheels are usually substantially larger than the front ones and rigidly connected to the tray of the vehicle. The front wheels are usually greater in diameter than the clearance under the tray of the vehicle so that the steering axle could not turn far under the tray. This makes little difference to the turning circle of the wagon because of the oxen drawing it (see above) and it makes the front of the wagon much more stable because the track is never much less than the width of the tray. It also allowed a much more robust connection between the hauling traces of the oxen and the rear axle of the wagon (usually iron chain or rods) that is necessary for heavy haulage.
Most of the load-carrying area was covered in canvas supported by wooden arches; the driver sat in the open on a wooden chest (Afrikaans: ).
Australia
Bullock wagons were important in the colonial history of Australia. Olaf Ruhen, in his book Bullock Teams remarks on how bullock teams "shaped and built the colony. They carved the roads and built the rail; their tractive power made populating the interior possible; their contributions to the harvesting of timber opened the bush; they offered a start in life to the enterprising youngster". Bullocks were preferred by many explorers and teamsters because they were cheaper, quieter, tougher and more easily maintained than horses therefore making them more popular for draught work. Frequently comprising long trains of bullocks, yoked in pairs, they were used for hauling drays, wagon or jinker loads of goods and lumber prior to the construction of railways and the formation of roads. In early days the flexible two-wheeled dray, with a centre pole and narrow iron tyres was commonly used. The four-wheeled dray or box wagon came into use after about 1860 for loads of and was drawn by 16 to 18 bullocks. A bullock team was led by a pair of well trained leaders who responded to verbal commands as they did not have reins or a bridle. The bullock team driver was called a bullocky, bullock puncher or teamster.
Many Australian country towns owe their origin to the bullock teams, having grown from a store or shanty where teams rested or crossed a stream. These shanties were spaced at about intervals, which was the usual distance for a team to travel in a day.
South Africa
The Voortrekkers used ox-wagons () during the Great Trek north and north-east from the Cape Colony in the 1830s and 1840s. An ox-wagon traditionally made with the sides rising toward the rear of the wagon to resemble the lower jaw-bone of an animal is also known as a kakebeenwa (jaw-bone wagon). South Africa has 800 varieties of wood of which 17 varieties were used for wagon building. South African wood varieties are regarded as the best for wagon building. Wood varieties used for wagon making ranged from hard yellowwood to Boekenhout, is a softer wood and was used as a shock absorber but still stayed firmly in place. The iron rim around the wheel was burnt onto the wheel, the charcoal would protect the iron rim from rust and rot, making it easy to cross rivers. The ox-wagon could be pulled by 12-16 oxen.
The ox-wagon could also be disassembled in five minutes by hitting out four pegs on the wheels, then lifting the top of the wagon in seven pieces and carried by four people over rough terrain or across rivers. The ox-wagon could also twist 40 degrees which made it ideal for traversing difficult surface areas. The wheels of the ox-wagon were painted in red lead paint which acted as an excellent water repellant. Various flower and ornament designs were also painted on the wagons and the chests the wagons carried, making them look very colourful.
Often the wagons where employed as a mobile fortification called a laager, such as was the case at the Battle of Blood River.
After the discovery of gold in the Barberton area in 1881, ox-wagons were used to bring in supplies from former Lourenço Marques. James Percy FitzPatrick worked on those ox-wagons and described them in his famous 1907 book Jock of the Bushveld.
Afrikaner symbolism
In South Africa, the ox-wagon was adopted as an Afrikaner cultural icon. The ossewa is mentioned in the first verse of "Die Stem", the Afrikaans poem which became South Africa's national anthem from 1957 to 1994. When a pro-German Afrikaner nationalist organisation formed in 1939, to oppose South Africa's entry into World War II on the British side, it called itself the Ossewabrandwag (Ox-wagon Sentinel).
Gallery
See also
Bullock cart (ox-cart)
Bullocky
Carriage
Chuckwagon
Conestoga wagon
Oxbow
Wagon
References
Cattle
Wagons
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"content": "An ox-wagon or bullock wagon is a four-wheeled vehicle pulled by oxen (draught cattle). It was a traditional form of transport, especially in Southern Africa but also in New Zealand and Australia. Ox-wagons were also used in the United States. The first recorded use of an ox-wagon was around 1670, but they continue to be used in some areas up to modern times.\n\nDesign\nOx-wagons are typically drawn by teams of oxen, harnessed in pairs. This gave them a very wide turning circle, the legacy of which are the broad, pleasant boulevards of cities such as Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, which are wide, and Grahamstown, South Africa, which are \"wide enough to turn an ox-wagon\".\n\nThe wagon itself is made of various kinds of wood, with the rims of the wheels being covered with tyres of iron, and since the middle of the 19th century the axles have also been made of iron. The back wheels are usually substantially larger than the front ones and rigidly connected to the tray of the vehicle. The front wheels are usually greater in diameter than the clearance under the tray of the vehicle so that the steering axle could not turn far under the tray. This makes little difference to the turning circle of the wagon because of the oxen drawing it (see above) and it makes the front of the wagon much more stable because the track is never much less than the width of the tray. It also allowed a much more robust connection between the hauling traces of the oxen and the rear axle of the wagon (usually iron chain or rods) that is necessary for heavy haulage.\n\nMost of the load-carrying area was covered in canvas supported by wooden arches; the driver sat in the open on a wooden chest (Afrikaans: ).\n\nAustralia\n\nBullock wagons were important in the colonial history of Australia. Olaf Ruhen, in his book Bullock Teams remarks on how bullock teams \"shaped and built the colony. They carved the roads and built the rail; their tractive power made populating the interior possible; their contributions to the harvesting of timber opened the bush; they offered a start in life to the enterprising youngster\". Bullocks were preferred by many explorers and teamsters because they were cheaper, quieter, tougher and more easily maintained than horses therefore making them more popular for draught work. Frequently comprising long trains of bullocks, yoked in pairs, they were used for hauling drays, wagon or jinker loads of goods and lumber prior to the construction of railways and the formation of roads. In early days the flexible two-wheeled dray, with a centre pole and narrow iron tyres was commonly used. The four-wheeled dray or box wagon came into use after about 1860 for loads of and was drawn by 16 to 18 bullocks. A bullock team was led by a pair of well trained leaders who responded to verbal commands as they did not have reins or a bridle. The bullock team driver was called a bullocky, bullock puncher or teamster.\n\nMany Australian country towns owe their origin to the bullock teams, having grown from a store or shanty where teams rested or crossed a stream. These shanties were spaced at about intervals, which was the usual distance for a team to travel in a day.\n\nSouth Africa\n\nThe Voortrekkers used ox-wagons () during the Great Trek north and north-east from the Cape Colony in the 1830s and 1840s. An ox-wagon traditionally made with the sides rising toward the rear of the wagon to resemble the lower jaw-bone of an animal is also known as a kakebeenwa (jaw-bone wagon). South Africa has 800 varieties of wood of which 17 varieties were used for wagon building. South African wood varieties are regarded as the best for wagon building. Wood varieties used for wagon making ranged from hard yellowwood to Boekenhout, is a softer wood and was used as a shock absorber but still stayed firmly in place. The iron rim around the wheel was burnt onto the wheel, the charcoal would protect the iron rim from rust and rot, making it easy to cross rivers. The ox-wagon could be pulled by 12-16 oxen.\n\nThe ox-wagon could also be disassembled in five minutes by hitting out four pegs on the wheels, then lifting the top of the wagon in seven pieces and carried by four people over rough terrain or across rivers. The ox-wagon could also twist 40 degrees which made it ideal for traversing difficult surface areas. The wheels of the ox-wagon were painted in red lead paint which acted as an excellent water repellant. Various flower and ornament designs were also painted on the wagons and the chests the wagons carried, making them look very colourful.\n\nOften the wagons where employed as a mobile fortification called a laager, such as was the case at the Battle of Blood River.\n\nAfter the discovery of gold in the Barberton area in 1881, ox-wagons were used to bring in supplies from former Lourenço Marques. James Percy FitzPatrick worked on those ox-wagons and described them in his famous 1907 book Jock of the Bushveld.\n\nAfrikaner symbolism\nIn South Africa, the ox-wagon was adopted as an Afrikaner cultural icon. The ossewa is mentioned in the first verse of \"Die Stem\", the Afrikaans poem which became South Africa's national anthem from 1957 to 1994. When a pro-German Afrikaner nationalist organisation formed in 1939, to oppose South Africa's entry into World War II on the British side, it called itself the Ossewabrandwag (Ox-wagon Sentinel).\n\nGallery\n\nSee also\n\nBullock cart (ox-cart)\nBullocky\n Carriage\n Chuckwagon\n Conestoga wagon\n Oxbow\n Wagon\n\nReferences\n\nCattle\nWagons",
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Mid Staffordshire (UK Parliament constituency)
|
Mid Staffordshire was a parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom from 1983 until 1997.
It covered a swathe of territory across the centre of Staffordshire, stretching from Lichfield and Rugeley in the south to Stone in the north.
At the 1983 general election, the seat was won by John Heddle of the Conservative Party, who had previously represented the Lichfield and Tamworth constituency. Heddle held the seat at the 1987 general election.
Following Heddle's suicide in December 1989, a by-election followed on 22 March 1990. The by-election attracted a blaze of publicity, and a large number of candidates (14), as it took place at the height of the public dissatisfaction with the Conservative government over the Community Charge or Poll Tax (indeed, the notorious Poll Tax Riots took place only days after the by-election). Sylvia Heal of the Labour Party was victorious in the by-election; however she failed to retain the seat at the 1992 general election, losing to the Conservatives' Michael Fabricant.
In 1997, a review by the Boundary Commission reorganised the constituencies in Staffordshire, and Mid Staffordshire was abolished. It was replaced by parts of four constituencies: mostly by the Lichfield and Stone constituencies, apart from Rugeley which was included in Cannock Chase, and the area around the village of Great Haywood which was covered by the Stafford constituency. Michael Fabricant became MP for Lichfield at the 1997 general election.
Boundaries
The District of Lichfield wards of Armitage with Handsacre, Central, Chadsmead, Colton and Ridwares, Curborough, King's Bromley, Longdon, Leomansley, St John's, and Stowe, the Borough of Stafford wards of Barlaston, Chartley, Fulford, Haywood, Milwich, Oulton, St Michael's, and Stonefield and Christchurch, and the District of Cannock Chase wards of Brereton and Ravenhill, Brindley Heath, Etching Hill, Hagley, and Western Springs.
Members of Parliament
Elections
Elections in the 1980s
Elections in the 1990s
Notes and references
Sources
United Kingdom Election Results
Parliamentary constituencies in Staffordshire (historic)
Borough of Stafford
Politics of Lichfield
Cannock Chase District
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1983
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1997
|
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"content": "Mid Staffordshire (UK Parliament constituency)",
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"content": "Mid Staffordshire was a parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom from 1983 until 1997.\n\nIt covered a swathe of territory across the centre of Staffordshire, stretching from Lichfield and Rugeley in the south to Stone in the north.\n\nAt the 1983 general election, the seat was won by John Heddle of the Conservative Party, who had previously represented the Lichfield and Tamworth constituency. Heddle held the seat at the 1987 general election.\n\nFollowing Heddle's suicide in December 1989, a by-election followed on 22 March 1990. The by-election attracted a blaze of publicity, and a large number of candidates (14), as it took place at the height of the public dissatisfaction with the Conservative government over the Community Charge or Poll Tax (indeed, the notorious Poll Tax Riots took place only days after the by-election). Sylvia Heal of the Labour Party was victorious in the by-election; however she failed to retain the seat at the 1992 general election, losing to the Conservatives' Michael Fabricant.\n\nIn 1997, a review by the Boundary Commission reorganised the constituencies in Staffordshire, and Mid Staffordshire was abolished. It was replaced by parts of four constituencies: mostly by the Lichfield and Stone constituencies, apart from Rugeley which was included in Cannock Chase, and the area around the village of Great Haywood which was covered by the Stafford constituency. Michael Fabricant became MP for Lichfield at the 1997 general election.\n\nBoundaries\nThe District of Lichfield wards of Armitage with Handsacre, Central, Chadsmead, Colton and Ridwares, Curborough, King's Bromley, Longdon, Leomansley, St John's, and Stowe, the Borough of Stafford wards of Barlaston, Chartley, Fulford, Haywood, Milwich, Oulton, St Michael's, and Stonefield and Christchurch, and the District of Cannock Chase wards of Brereton and Ravenhill, Brindley Heath, Etching Hill, Hagley, and Western Springs.\n\nMembers of Parliament\n\nElections\n\nElections in the 1980s\n\nElections in the 1990s\n\nNotes and references\n\nSources\nUnited Kingdom Election Results\n\nParliamentary constituencies in Staffordshire (historic)\nBorough of Stafford\nPolitics of Lichfield\nCannock Chase District\nConstituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1983\nConstituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1997",
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Supermarine S.6B
|
The Supermarine S.6B is a British racing seaplane developed by R.J. Mitchell for the Supermarine company to take part in the Schneider Trophy competition of 1931. The S.6B marked the culmination of Mitchell's quest to "perfect the design of the racing seaplane" and represented the cutting edge of aerodynamic technology for the era.
The S.6B was last in a line of racing seaplanes to be developed by Supermarine, following the S.4, S.5 and the S.6. Despite these predecessors having previously won the Schneider Trophy competition twice, the development of the S.6B was hampered by wavering government support, which was first promised then withdrawn, and then given once more after a high-profile public campaign encouraged by Lord Rothermere and backed by a substantial donation by Lady Houston. Once government backing had been secured, there were only nine months before the race, so Mitchell's only realistic option was to refine the existing S.6, rather than attempting a new design.
The principal differences between the S.6 and the S.6B were the increased power of the Rolls-Royce R engine and redesigned floats: minor aerodynamic refinements typically aimed at drag reduction were also made. A pair of S.6Bs, serials S1595 and S1596, were built for the competition. Flown by members of RAF High Speed Flight, the type competed successfully, winning the Schneider Trophy for Britain. Shortly after the race, S.6B S1596, flown by Flt Lt. George Stainforth, broke the world air speed record, attaining a peak speed of 407.5 mph (655.67 km/h).
Development
Financing
Despite the Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald's pledge that government support would be provided for the next British race entrant immediately after Britain's 1929 victory, official funding was withdrawn less than two months later following the Wall Street Crash; the official reason given for the withdrawal that the previous two contests had collected sufficient data on high speed flight, so further expenditure of public money was unwarranted. A further rationale given for the government's revised position was that that original purpose in pioneering high speed seaplanes had been satisfied by this point. A committee established by the Royal Aero Club, responsible for organising the 1931 race, and which included representatives from both the aircraft and aero engine industries, was formed to discuss the feasibility of a privately funded entry, but concluded that not only would this be beyond their financial reach, but that the lack of the highly skilled RAF pilots of the High-Speed Flight would pose a severe problem.
The withdrawal of backing resulted in enormous public disappointment: having won two successive races, a British victory in a third race would secure the trophy outright. As ever active in aviation affairs, Lord Rothermere's Daily Mail group of newspapers launched a public appeal for money to support a British race entrant; in response, several thousand pounds were raised. Lady Houston publicly pledged £100,000. The British government also changed its position and announced its support for an entry in January 1931; however, by this point, there were less than nine months left to design, produce and prepare any race entrant. The RAF High Speed Flight was reformed while Mitchell and Rolls-Royce set to work.
Redesign and refinement
Mitchell, with limited time to prepare an entry, knew that there was not enough time left to design a new aircraft from scratch. The obvious means of improving the S.6's performance was by obtaining more power from the R-Type engine. Engineers at Rolls-Royce had managed to increase the available power of the engine by 400 hp (298 kW), enabling it to now provide up to 2,300 hp (1,715 kW); however, this level of performance was only guaranteed for a short time. To improve the engine performance, the use of an exotic fuel mix was necessary, as well as the adoption of sodium-cooled valves. Instead, he refined the design of the existing Supermarine S.6, the new variant being referred to as the Supermarine S.6B. Mitchell retained the majority of the S.6's design, his efforts being principally focused on improving the prospective aircraft's heat dissipation; speaking on a radio broadcast, he later referred to the S.6B as a "flying radiator". Mitchell decided to use the aircraft's floats as an additional radiator area; these were longer than those of the S.6, their design being supported by a series of wind tunnel tests performed at the National Physical Laboratory, which was also an area in which government support was helpful to the project. The floats were extended forward by some three feet (0.9 m); while longer than their predecessors, they were streamlined and had a smaller frontal area.
Other modifications to the airframe design were mostly limited to minor improvements and some strengthening in order to cope with the increased weight of the aircraft.
Operational history
Competition and records
Although the British team faced no competitors, due to misfortunes and delays suffered by other intending participants, the RAF High Speed Flight brought a total of six Supermarine Schneider racers to Calshot Spit on Southampton Water for training and practice. These aircraft were: S.5 serial number N219, second at Venice in 1927, S.5 N220, winner at Venice in 1927, two S.6s with new engines and redesignated as S.6As (N247 that won at Calshot in 1929 and S.6A N248, disqualified at Calshot in 1929), and the newly built S.6Bs, S1595 and S1596.
For the competition itself, only the S.6Bs and S.6As were intended to participate. The British plan for the Schneider contest was to have S1595 fly the course alone and, if its speed was not high enough, or the aircraft encountered mechanical failure, then the more-proven S.6A N248 would fly the course. If both S1595 and N248 failed in their attempts, then N247, which was planned to be held in reserve, would be used. The S.6B S1596 was then to attempt the world air speed record. During practice, N247 was destroyed in a takeoff accident, resulting in the death of the pilot, Lieut. G. L. Brinton, R.N., precluding any other plans with only the two S.6Bs and the sole surviving S.6A prepared to conduct the final Schneider run.
On 13 September 1931, the Schneider flight was performed by S.6B S1595, piloted by Flt. Lt. John Boothman, attaining a recorded top speed of 340.08 mph (547.19 km/h) and flying seven perfect laps of the triangular course over the Solent, the strait between the Isle of Wight and the British mainland. As the only contender it necessarily won, and the British record of wins entitled them to retain the Schneider trophy permanently. Seventeen days later, another historic flight was performed by S.6B S1596, flown by Flt Lt. George Stainforth, having broken the world air speed record by reaching a peak speed of 407.5 mph (655.67 km/h).
Legacy
The performance of the S.6B and its forerunners caused Mitchell to be recognised as a great designer of performance aircraft. The S.6B has been hailed as giving the impetus to the development of both the Supermarine Spitfire fighter aircraft and the Rolls-Royce Merlin engine that powered it. Neither Mitchell nor Supermarine would produce further racing aircraft for successive competitions as work on the development of a new fighter aircraft at the British government's behest had taken precedence.
Only 18 days after the S.6B's Schneider triumph the British Air Ministry issued Specification F7/30, which called for an all-metal land-based fighter aircraft and sought innovative solutions aiming at a major improvement in British fighter aircraft. The Ministry specifically invited Supermarine to participate. Accordingly, Mitchell's next endeavour after the S.6B was the design of the company's submission to meet this specification, designated the Type 224. While the Type 224 was a disappointment and was not selected for production, Supermarine's next project led to the development of the legendary Spitfire.
The outstanding performance of the S.6B had drawn the attention of not only British military officials and aircraft designers, but internationally as well, influencing new fighter projects in, amongst other nations, both Nazi Germany and the United States.
Aircraft on display
After the completion of the record-breaking flights, both S.6Bs were retired. The Schneider Trophy winning S.6B S1595 was donated to the Science Museum in London, where it is displayed in an unrestored state.
The ultimate fate of S1596 is presently unknown. For a short period of time, S1596 did undergo testing at the Marine Aircraft Experimental Establishment (MAEE) at Felixstowe. Until the 1960s, S.6A N248 was displayed incorrectly as S1596 at Southampton Royal Pier as a visitor attraction.
Operators
Royal Air Force
High Speed Flight
Specifications (S.6B)
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
Anderson, John D. Jr. "The Grand Designers." Cambridge University Press, 2018. .
Andrews, C.F. and E.B. Morgan. Supermarine Aircraft since 1914, 2nd edition. London: Putnam, 1987. .
Bader, Douglas. "Fight for the Sky: the Story of the Spitfire and the Hurricane." Doubleday, 1973. .
Ferdinand Andrews, Charles and Eric B. Morgan. "Supermarine aircraft since 1914." Putnam, 1981. .
Green, William, ed. "Supermarine's Schneider Seaplanes." Flying Review International, Volume 10, No. 11, July 1967.
Lionel Robert James, Cyril. "Letters from London: Seven Essays by C.L.R. James." Signal Books, 2003. .
Matthews, Birch. "Race with the Wind: How Air Racing Advanced Aviation." MBI Publishing Company, 2001. .
McKinstry, Leo. Spitfire – Portrait of a Legend. London: John Murray, 2007. .
Nichols, Mark, ed. Spitfire 70: Invaluable Reference to Britain's Greatest Fighter, Flypast Special. Stamford, Linc, UK: Key Publishing, 1996.
Price, Alfred. Spitfire: A Documentary History. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1997. .
Robertson, Bruce. Spitfire: Story of a Famous Fighter. London: Harleyford, 1962. .
Spick, Mike. Supermarine Spitfire. New York: Gallery Books, 1990. .
Stephens, Philip H. Industrial design: a practising professional. Hard Pressed Pub., 2002. .
Winchester, Jim. "Supermarine S.6B". Concept Aircraft: Prototypes, X-Planes and Experimental Aircraft. Kent, UK: Grange Books plc., 2005. .
External links
Air racing history
RJ Mitchell: A life in aviation, 1931 Schneider Trophy, Cowes
16mm B&W Newsreel footage of 1931 Schneider Trophy
"The Supermarine S.6b", Popular Mechanics, December 1931, complete detailed cutaway drawings of S.6B
Photo walk around by Don Busack of the actual Schneider Trophy winning Supermarine S.6B displayed at the Science Museum, London.
"The Supermarine S.6B Monoplane." Flight,'' 2 October 1931, pp. 981–982.
Further information about a replica S.6B at the Planes of Fame Air Museum, Chino, California
1930s British sport aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1931
Floatplanes
Low-wing aircraft
Schneider Trophy
Single-engined tractor aircraft
S.6B
|
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"content": "Supermarine S.6B",
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"content": "The Supermarine S.6B is a British racing seaplane developed by R.J. Mitchell for the Supermarine company to take part in the Schneider Trophy competition of 1931. The S.6B marked the culmination of Mitchell's quest to \"perfect the design of the racing seaplane\" and represented the cutting edge of aerodynamic technology for the era.\n\nThe S.6B was last in a line of racing seaplanes to be developed by Supermarine, following the S.4, S.5 and the S.6. Despite these predecessors having previously won the Schneider Trophy competition twice, the development of the S.6B was hampered by wavering government support, which was first promised then withdrawn, and then given once more after a high-profile public campaign encouraged by Lord Rothermere and backed by a substantial donation by Lady Houston. Once government backing had been secured, there were only nine months before the race, so Mitchell's only realistic option was to refine the existing S.6, rather than attempting a new design.\n\nThe principal differences between the S.6 and the S.6B were the increased power of the Rolls-Royce R engine and redesigned floats: minor aerodynamic refinements typically aimed at drag reduction were also made. A pair of S.6Bs, serials S1595 and S1596, were built for the competition. Flown by members of RAF High Speed Flight, the type competed successfully, winning the Schneider Trophy for Britain. Shortly after the race, S.6B S1596, flown by Flt Lt. George Stainforth, broke the world air speed record, attaining a peak speed of 407.5 mph (655.67 km/h).\n\nDevelopment\n\nFinancing\nDespite the Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald's pledge that government support would be provided for the next British race entrant immediately after Britain's 1929 victory, official funding was withdrawn less than two months later following the Wall Street Crash; the official reason given for the withdrawal that the previous two contests had collected sufficient data on high speed flight, so further expenditure of public money was unwarranted. A further rationale given for the government's revised position was that that original purpose in pioneering high speed seaplanes had been satisfied by this point. A committee established by the Royal Aero Club, responsible for organising the 1931 race, and which included representatives from both the aircraft and aero engine industries, was formed to discuss the feasibility of a privately funded entry, but concluded that not only would this be beyond their financial reach, but that the lack of the highly skilled RAF pilots of the High-Speed Flight would pose a severe problem.\n\nThe withdrawal of backing resulted in enormous public disappointment: having won two successive races, a British victory in a third race would secure the trophy outright. As ever active in aviation affairs, Lord Rothermere's Daily Mail group of newspapers launched a public appeal for money to support a British race entrant; in response, several thousand pounds were raised. Lady Houston publicly pledged £100,000. The British government also changed its position and announced its support for an entry in January 1931; however, by this point, there were less than nine months left to design, produce and prepare any race entrant. The RAF High Speed Flight was reformed while Mitchell and Rolls-Royce set to work.\n\nRedesign and refinement\n\nMitchell, with limited time to prepare an entry, knew that there was not enough time left to design a new aircraft from scratch. The obvious means of improving the S.6's performance was by obtaining more power from the R-Type engine. Engineers at Rolls-Royce had managed to increase the available power of the engine by 400 hp (298 kW), enabling it to now provide up to 2,300 hp (1,715 kW); however, this level of performance was only guaranteed for a short time. To improve the engine performance, the use of an exotic fuel mix was necessary, as well as the adoption of sodium-cooled valves. Instead, he refined the design of the existing Supermarine S.6, the new variant being referred to as the Supermarine S.6B. Mitchell retained the majority of the S.6's design, his efforts being principally focused on improving the prospective aircraft's heat dissipation; speaking on a radio broadcast, he later referred to the S.6B as a \"flying radiator\". Mitchell decided to use the aircraft's floats as an additional radiator area; these were longer than those of the S.6, their design being supported by a series of wind tunnel tests performed at the National Physical Laboratory, which was also an area in which government support was helpful to the project. The floats were extended forward by some three feet (0.9 m); while longer than their predecessors, they were streamlined and had a smaller frontal area.\n\nOther modifications to the airframe design were mostly limited to minor improvements and some strengthening in order to cope with the increased weight of the aircraft.\n\nOperational history\n\nCompetition and records\n\nAlthough the British team faced no competitors, due to misfortunes and delays suffered by other intending participants, the RAF High Speed Flight brought a total of six Supermarine Schneider racers to Calshot Spit on Southampton Water for training and practice. These aircraft were: S.5 serial number N219, second at Venice in 1927, S.5 N220, winner at Venice in 1927, two S.6s with new engines and redesignated as S.6As (N247 that won at Calshot in 1929 and S.6A N248, disqualified at Calshot in 1929), and the newly built S.6Bs, S1595 and S1596.\n\nFor the competition itself, only the S.6Bs and S.6As were intended to participate. The British plan for the Schneider contest was to have S1595 fly the course alone and, if its speed was not high enough, or the aircraft encountered mechanical failure, then the more-proven S.6A N248 would fly the course. If both S1595 and N248 failed in their attempts, then N247, which was planned to be held in reserve, would be used. The S.6B S1596 was then to attempt the world air speed record. During practice, N247 was destroyed in a takeoff accident, resulting in the death of the pilot, Lieut. G. L. Brinton, R.N., precluding any other plans with only the two S.6Bs and the sole surviving S.6A prepared to conduct the final Schneider run.\n\nOn 13 September 1931, the Schneider flight was performed by S.6B S1595, piloted by Flt. Lt. John Boothman, attaining a recorded top speed of 340.08 mph (547.19 km/h) and flying seven perfect laps of the triangular course over the Solent, the strait between the Isle of Wight and the British mainland. As the only contender it necessarily won, and the British record of wins entitled them to retain the Schneider trophy permanently. Seventeen days later, another historic flight was performed by S.6B S1596, flown by Flt Lt. George Stainforth, having broken the world air speed record by reaching a peak speed of 407.5 mph (655.67 km/h).\n\nLegacy\n\nThe performance of the S.6B and its forerunners caused Mitchell to be recognised as a great designer of performance aircraft. The S.6B has been hailed as giving the impetus to the development of both the Supermarine Spitfire fighter aircraft and the Rolls-Royce Merlin engine that powered it. Neither Mitchell nor Supermarine would produce further racing aircraft for successive competitions as work on the development of a new fighter aircraft at the British government's behest had taken precedence.\n\nOnly 18 days after the S.6B's Schneider triumph the British Air Ministry issued Specification F7/30, which called for an all-metal land-based fighter aircraft and sought innovative solutions aiming at a major improvement in British fighter aircraft. The Ministry specifically invited Supermarine to participate. Accordingly, Mitchell's next endeavour after the S.6B was the design of the company's submission to meet this specification, designated the Type 224. While the Type 224 was a disappointment and was not selected for production, Supermarine's next project led to the development of the legendary Spitfire.\n\nThe outstanding performance of the S.6B had drawn the attention of not only British military officials and aircraft designers, but internationally as well, influencing new fighter projects in, amongst other nations, both Nazi Germany and the United States.\n\nAircraft on display\nAfter the completion of the record-breaking flights, both S.6Bs were retired. The Schneider Trophy winning S.6B S1595 was donated to the Science Museum in London, where it is displayed in an unrestored state.\n\nThe ultimate fate of S1596 is presently unknown. For a short period of time, S1596 did undergo testing at the Marine Aircraft Experimental Establishment (MAEE) at Felixstowe. Until the 1960s, S.6A N248 was displayed incorrectly as S1596 at Southampton Royal Pier as a visitor attraction.\n\nOperators\n\n Royal Air Force\n High Speed Flight\n\nSpecifications (S.6B)\n\nSee also\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\n Anderson, John D. Jr. \"The Grand Designers.\" Cambridge University Press, 2018. .\n Andrews, C.F. and E.B. Morgan. Supermarine Aircraft since 1914, 2nd edition. London: Putnam, 1987. .\n Bader, Douglas. \"Fight for the Sky: the Story of the Spitfire and the Hurricane.\" Doubleday, 1973. .\n Ferdinand Andrews, Charles and Eric B. Morgan. \"Supermarine aircraft since 1914.\" Putnam, 1981. .\n Green, William, ed. \"Supermarine's Schneider Seaplanes.\" Flying Review International, Volume 10, No. 11, July 1967.\n Lionel Robert James, Cyril. \"Letters from London: Seven Essays by C.L.R. James.\" Signal Books, 2003. .\n Matthews, Birch. \"Race with the Wind: How Air Racing Advanced Aviation.\" MBI Publishing Company, 2001. .\n McKinstry, Leo. Spitfire – Portrait of a Legend. London: John Murray, 2007. .\n Nichols, Mark, ed. Spitfire 70: Invaluable Reference to Britain's Greatest Fighter, Flypast Special. Stamford, Linc, UK: Key Publishing, 1996.\n Price, Alfred. Spitfire: A Documentary History. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1997. .\n Robertson, Bruce. Spitfire: Story of a Famous Fighter. London: Harleyford, 1962. .\n \n Spick, Mike. Supermarine Spitfire. New York: Gallery Books, 1990. .\n Stephens, Philip H. Industrial design: a practising professional. Hard Pressed Pub., 2002. .\n Winchester, Jim. \"Supermarine S.6B\". Concept Aircraft: Prototypes, X-Planes and Experimental Aircraft. Kent, UK: Grange Books plc., 2005. .\n\nExternal links\n\n Air racing history\n RJ Mitchell: A life in aviation, 1931 Schneider Trophy, Cowes\n 16mm B&W Newsreel footage of 1931 Schneider Trophy\n \"The Supermarine S.6b\", Popular Mechanics, December 1931, complete detailed cutaway drawings of S.6B\n Photo walk around by Don Busack of the actual Schneider Trophy winning Supermarine S.6B displayed at the Science Museum, London.\n \"The Supermarine S.6B Monoplane.\" Flight,'' 2 October 1931, pp. 981–982.\n Further information about a replica S.6B at the Planes of Fame Air Museum, Chino, California\n\n1930s British sport aircraft\nAircraft first flown in 1931\nFloatplanes\nLow-wing aircraft\nSchneider Trophy\nSingle-engined tractor aircraft\nS.6B",
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Jo Beth Taylor
|
Joanne Rebecca Guilfoyle (born 29 May 1971), known professionally as Jo Beth Taylor, is an Australian television presenter, actress and singer most well known for hosting three weekly programs at the same time in the 1990s on the Nine Network: Australia's Funniest Home Video Show (1993–1997), Hey Hey It's Saturday (1995–1997) and What's Up Doc? (1996–1997), before taking a hiatus from television for more than two years.
Upon her return, Taylor hosted StarStruck (2000), which was to be her last regular role until Dirty Jobs (2007). During the 1990s, Taylor also had a music career with the release of an album and four singles, and had starring stage roles in musical theatre. In recent years, Taylor has appeared on reality television programs Dancing with the Stars (2010) and I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (2016).
Career
1984–1992
Taylor began singing at the age of 5 and performing professionally when she started her career on the television program Perth's Young Entertainers at the age of 13 in 1984. At the age of 15 she released a music video Running For Our Lives and in 1988 joined a band named Street Cafe and played regularly around Perth. Taylor moved to Melbourne in 1989 and recorded a demo tape, which found its way into the hands of Molly Meldrum, who signed her to Melodian Records. When Taylor signed her record contract Meldrum suggested she change her name to Jo Beth as Joanne "wasn't good".
In 1990, Taylor toured with Indecent Obsession as the support act for Debbie Gibson. After becoming friends, Gibson invited Taylor to go to New York City, where she then lived for a year. During this time Gibson wrote and produced five tracks on Taylor's debut album 99 Reasons. While in New York Taylor also worked with Jelly Benetez who produced five tracks on her album.
Taylor moved back to Australia and released her first single "99 Reasons" in 1991. The song hit the Australian Top 40, peaking at No. 31 and spending 9 weeks in the Top 50. Taylor's debut album was also titled 99 Reasons, however it failed to reach the top 100. "You Don't Own Me" was released as the second and final single from the album and was not a commercial success, charting at No. 137 on the ARIA Chart. Taylor was nominated for Best New Talent at the ARIA Awards in 1992.
1993–1997
A new track titled "A Prayer For Jane", penned by Steve Kipner who worked with Olivia Newton-John and Tina Turner, was released as a single in 1993. Taylor wrote the song about a friend who had taken their own life. The song reached No. 61 on the Australian Charts.
In February 1993, Taylor took over the hosting role of the top-rating Nine Network program Australia's Funniest Home Video Show. This made Taylor not only the sole woman to be hosting a prime-time show in Australia, but at just 22 years old she was also the youngest person. Taylor also sang the shows opening theme song, titled "The Funny Things You Do". Throughout 1995 and 1996 Taylor also starred in the stage shows Cinderella and The New Rocky Horror Show.
In 1995, whilst still hosting on Funniest Home Videos Taylor earned the role of co-host on the long running variety program Hey Hey It's Saturday following the departure of Ernie Carroll's Ossie Ostrich. On a number of occasions Taylor would host the entire show by herself, when Daryl Somers was away. Taylor would regularly perform music on the program. She was with the team when they celebrated their 25th Anniversary of the show at Disneyworld.
1996 saw Taylor make a brief return to music with the release of "I Love My Dog", a single for the 101 Dalmatians Movie soundtrack; reaching No. 95 on the ARIA chart. During this time, Taylor hosted a number of specials for the Nine Network, including the Vision for a Better World Telethon and the 40 Years of Television special which was filmed on the set of Taylor's sometime day job, What's Up Doc?.
In mid-1997 Taylor's time as host on Funniest Home Videos and co-host on Hey Hey came to an abrupt end when she failed to show for work, later explaining she suffered a nervous breakdown. As she finished both programs without warning, emergency replacements were called in, with Getaway presenter Catriona Rowntree temporarily replacing her on Funniest Home Videos, before Kim Kilby was brought in as a permanent host, whilst Livinia Nixon replaced her as co-host of Hey Hey It's Saturday.
1999–2010
After more than two years off-screen, Taylor made her return television appearance on In Melbourne Tonight in August 1999, singing "I Want You Back". Taylor joined the cast of the Australian stage production, Happy Days: The Arena Mega Musical in October 1999. Taylor played Laura, a character created for the stage show, who was in cahoots with Jon Stevens' Frank (also an original character) to put the famous diner out of business. The music selected for the Happy Days production was almost entirely from the 1960s. Taylor's songs included "Stand By Me", "You Don't Own Me" and "Smell Him".
Taylor returned to Australia's Funniest Home Video Show as a guest in late 1999 for the shows 10th Anniversary special. She performed the program's theme song, "The Funny Things You Do", and Stevie Wonder's version of "Happy Birthday". Taylor also returned as a guest and performer for the final episode of Hey Hey It's Saturday's original run in November 1999.
In 2000, Taylor hosted Starstruck, a Saturday night talent quest show, in what was her final regular television role for more than seven years. Taylor appeared as a guest on Greeks on the Roof in 2003 and on Australia Unites: Reach Out to Asia in 2005, a joint venture by the Seven, Nine, and Ten networks to raise money for the Boxing Day Tsunami. In 2005 Taylor was announced as co-host of Nine's new lifestyle program Scotty's Place (later renamed Our Place), but was replaced before the first episode.
In 2006, Taylor joined Noosa's radio station Zinc 96.1 FM morning crew with Jamie Dunn and Agro for six months. Taylor co-hosted an Australian version of Dirty Jobs on the Nine Network with Ben Dark between October and November 2007 and made an appearance on Mornings With Kerri-Anne in 2009 during a travel infomercial segment. Taylor returned for the second Hey Hey It's Saturday reunion show on 7 October 2009.
Taylor was amongst the line up of celebrities competing in the tenth season of Dancing with the Stars on the Seven Network. She was eliminated in the fourth week. On 13 November 2010 episode of Hey Hey It's Saturday she returned to the show as a contestant during one of the game segments. She returned again on 27 November 2010 to judge Red Faces on the series finale.
2016–present
Taylor returned to screens again after a six-year absence as a contestant on season two of I'm A Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! in January 2016. She entered the South African jungle on Day 1 and chose World Vision Australia as her charity. She later appeared as a co-host on Studio 10 and a contestant on All Star Family Feud on 1 August 2016.
Personal life
After disappearing from television in mid-1997, Taylor moved to San Diego, California, and remained out of the public eye for more than two years. She returned to Australia in August 1999 and revealed in an interview with Ray Martin that her disappearance was due to a nervous breakdown. In 2016, during an episode of I'm A Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!, Taylor confirmed her abrupt disappearance in 1997 was due to being exhausted and stressed due to work pressures, along with the negative effect a falsely rumoured sex tape was having on herself and her family. Taylor described that time of her life as extremely difficult and explained that her mental instability and weaknesses were not talked about back then, but that she is not ashamed.
Taylor travelled to Ethiopia and Uganda in 1996 as an ambassador for World Vision Australia to meet her sponsor child and film a documentary.
Taylor's first marriage was to guitarist Jamie Jardine from 1992 until 1997. In 1995, they purchased a historic 500-hectare property on the northern NSW coast. Taylor's second marriage was to tennis player Thomas Muster. Taylor and Muster married in Austria in 2000 and had one child, Christian (born 2001). Their wedding photos and story appeared in Woman's Day magazine. Taylor and Muster separated in 2002 and divorced in 2005.
In 2019, Taylor moved back to Perth after living in Melbourne and Noosa with her son since 2005. She has been practicing Iyengar Yoga since 2010 and is studying as a yoga teacher trainee.
Filmography
Television
Stage
Discography
Albums
Singles
Awards and nominations
ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987.
|
|-
| 1992
| "99 Reasons"
| ARIA Award for Best New Talent
|
|
|-
References
External links
1971 births
Living people
Australian women pop singers
Australian television presenters
Actresses from Perth, Western Australia
People educated at Carine Senior High School
21st-century Australian singers
21st-century Australian women singers
Australian women television presenters
Musicians from Perth, Western Australia
|
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"content": "Jo Beth Taylor",
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"content": "Joanne Rebecca Guilfoyle (born 29 May 1971), known professionally as Jo Beth Taylor, is an Australian television presenter, actress and singer most well known for hosting three weekly programs at the same time in the 1990s on the Nine Network: Australia's Funniest Home Video Show (1993–1997), Hey Hey It's Saturday (1995–1997) and What's Up Doc? (1996–1997), before taking a hiatus from television for more than two years.\n\nUpon her return, Taylor hosted StarStruck (2000), which was to be her last regular role until Dirty Jobs (2007). During the 1990s, Taylor also had a music career with the release of an album and four singles, and had starring stage roles in musical theatre. In recent years, Taylor has appeared on reality television programs Dancing with the Stars (2010) and I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (2016).\n\nCareer\n\n1984–1992\n\nTaylor began singing at the age of 5 and performing professionally when she started her career on the television program Perth's Young Entertainers at the age of 13 in 1984. At the age of 15 she released a music video Running For Our Lives and in 1988 joined a band named Street Cafe and played regularly around Perth. Taylor moved to Melbourne in 1989 and recorded a demo tape, which found its way into the hands of Molly Meldrum, who signed her to Melodian Records. When Taylor signed her record contract Meldrum suggested she change her name to Jo Beth as Joanne \"wasn't good\".\n\nIn 1990, Taylor toured with Indecent Obsession as the support act for Debbie Gibson. After becoming friends, Gibson invited Taylor to go to New York City, where she then lived for a year. During this time Gibson wrote and produced five tracks on Taylor's debut album 99 Reasons. While in New York Taylor also worked with Jelly Benetez who produced five tracks on her album.\n\nTaylor moved back to Australia and released her first single \"99 Reasons\" in 1991. The song hit the Australian Top 40, peaking at No. 31 and spending 9 weeks in the Top 50. Taylor's debut album was also titled 99 Reasons, however it failed to reach the top 100. \"You Don't Own Me\" was released as the second and final single from the album and was not a commercial success, charting at No. 137 on the ARIA Chart. Taylor was nominated for Best New Talent at the ARIA Awards in 1992.\n\n1993–1997\nA new track titled \"A Prayer For Jane\", penned by Steve Kipner who worked with Olivia Newton-John and Tina Turner, was released as a single in 1993. Taylor wrote the song about a friend who had taken their own life. The song reached No. 61 on the Australian Charts.\n\nIn February 1993, Taylor took over the hosting role of the top-rating Nine Network program Australia's Funniest Home Video Show. This made Taylor not only the sole woman to be hosting a prime-time show in Australia, but at just 22 years old she was also the youngest person. Taylor also sang the shows opening theme song, titled \"The Funny Things You Do\". Throughout 1995 and 1996 Taylor also starred in the stage shows Cinderella and The New Rocky Horror Show.\n\nIn 1995, whilst still hosting on Funniest Home Videos Taylor earned the role of co-host on the long running variety program Hey Hey It's Saturday following the departure of Ernie Carroll's Ossie Ostrich. On a number of occasions Taylor would host the entire show by herself, when Daryl Somers was away. Taylor would regularly perform music on the program. She was with the team when they celebrated their 25th Anniversary of the show at Disneyworld.\n\n1996 saw Taylor make a brief return to music with the release of \"I Love My Dog\", a single for the 101 Dalmatians Movie soundtrack; reaching No. 95 on the ARIA chart. During this time, Taylor hosted a number of specials for the Nine Network, including the Vision for a Better World Telethon and the 40 Years of Television special which was filmed on the set of Taylor's sometime day job, What's Up Doc?.\n\nIn mid-1997 Taylor's time as host on Funniest Home Videos and co-host on Hey Hey came to an abrupt end when she failed to show for work, later explaining she suffered a nervous breakdown. As she finished both programs without warning, emergency replacements were called in, with Getaway presenter Catriona Rowntree temporarily replacing her on Funniest Home Videos, before Kim Kilby was brought in as a permanent host, whilst Livinia Nixon replaced her as co-host of Hey Hey It's Saturday.\n\n1999–2010\n\nAfter more than two years off-screen, Taylor made her return television appearance on In Melbourne Tonight in August 1999, singing \"I Want You Back\". Taylor joined the cast of the Australian stage production, Happy Days: The Arena Mega Musical in October 1999. Taylor played Laura, a character created for the stage show, who was in cahoots with Jon Stevens' Frank (also an original character) to put the famous diner out of business. The music selected for the Happy Days production was almost entirely from the 1960s. Taylor's songs included \"Stand By Me\", \"You Don't Own Me\" and \"Smell Him\".\n\nTaylor returned to Australia's Funniest Home Video Show as a guest in late 1999 for the shows 10th Anniversary special. She performed the program's theme song, \"The Funny Things You Do\", and Stevie Wonder's version of \"Happy Birthday\". Taylor also returned as a guest and performer for the final episode of Hey Hey It's Saturday's original run in November 1999.\n\nIn 2000, Taylor hosted Starstruck, a Saturday night talent quest show, in what was her final regular television role for more than seven years. Taylor appeared as a guest on Greeks on the Roof in 2003 and on Australia Unites: Reach Out to Asia in 2005, a joint venture by the Seven, Nine, and Ten networks to raise money for the Boxing Day Tsunami. In 2005 Taylor was announced as co-host of Nine's new lifestyle program Scotty's Place (later renamed Our Place), but was replaced before the first episode.\n\nIn 2006, Taylor joined Noosa's radio station Zinc 96.1 FM morning crew with Jamie Dunn and Agro for six months. Taylor co-hosted an Australian version of Dirty Jobs on the Nine Network with Ben Dark between October and November 2007 and made an appearance on Mornings With Kerri-Anne in 2009 during a travel infomercial segment. Taylor returned for the second Hey Hey It's Saturday reunion show on 7 October 2009.\n\nTaylor was amongst the line up of celebrities competing in the tenth season of Dancing with the Stars on the Seven Network. She was eliminated in the fourth week. On 13 November 2010 episode of Hey Hey It's Saturday she returned to the show as a contestant during one of the game segments. She returned again on 27 November 2010 to judge Red Faces on the series finale.\n\n2016–present\n\nTaylor returned to screens again after a six-year absence as a contestant on season two of I'm A Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! in January 2016. She entered the South African jungle on Day 1 and chose World Vision Australia as her charity. She later appeared as a co-host on Studio 10 and a contestant on All Star Family Feud on 1 August 2016.\n\nPersonal life\n\nAfter disappearing from television in mid-1997, Taylor moved to San Diego, California, and remained out of the public eye for more than two years. She returned to Australia in August 1999 and revealed in an interview with Ray Martin that her disappearance was due to a nervous breakdown. In 2016, during an episode of I'm A Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!, Taylor confirmed her abrupt disappearance in 1997 was due to being exhausted and stressed due to work pressures, along with the negative effect a falsely rumoured sex tape was having on herself and her family. Taylor described that time of her life as extremely difficult and explained that her mental instability and weaknesses were not talked about back then, but that she is not ashamed.\n\nTaylor travelled to Ethiopia and Uganda in 1996 as an ambassador for World Vision Australia to meet her sponsor child and film a documentary.\n\nTaylor's first marriage was to guitarist Jamie Jardine from 1992 until 1997. In 1995, they purchased a historic 500-hectare property on the northern NSW coast. Taylor's second marriage was to tennis player Thomas Muster. Taylor and Muster married in Austria in 2000 and had one child, Christian (born 2001). Their wedding photos and story appeared in Woman's Day magazine. Taylor and Muster separated in 2002 and divorced in 2005.\n\nIn 2019, Taylor moved back to Perth after living in Melbourne and Noosa with her son since 2005. She has been practicing Iyengar Yoga since 2010 and is studying as a yoga teacher trainee.\n\nFilmography\n\nTelevision\n\nStage\n\nDiscography\n\nAlbums\n\nSingles\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nARIA Music Awards\nThe ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987.\n\n|\n|-\n| 1992\n| \"99 Reasons\"\n| ARIA Award for Best New Talent\n| \n|\n|-\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1971 births\nLiving people\nAustralian women pop singers\nAustralian television presenters\nActresses from Perth, Western Australia\nPeople educated at Carine Senior High School\n21st-century Australian singers\n21st-century Australian women singers\nAustralian women television presenters\nMusicians from Perth, Western Australia",
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Louis Henri Boussenard
|
Louis Henri Boussenard (4 October 1847, Escrennes, Loiret – 11 September 1910 in Orléans) was a French author of adventure novels, dubbed "the French Rider Haggard" during his lifetime, but known better presently in Eastern Europe than in Francophone countries. As a measure of his popularity, 40 volumes of his collected works were published in Imperial Russia during 1911.
A physician by profession, Boussenard travelled throughout the French colonies, especially in Africa. He was drafted during the Franco-Prussian War but soon capitulated to the Prussian soldiers, an experience that could explain a nationalist theme present in many of his novels. Some of his books demonstrate a certain disdain of Britons and Americans, a fact which likely contributed to his obscurity and lack of translations in the English-speaking countries.
The author's picaresque humour flourished in his earliest books, À travers Australie: Les dix millions de l'Opossum rouge (1879), Le tour du monde d'un gamin de Paris (1880), Les Robinsons de la Guyane (1882), Aventures périlleuses de trois Français au pays des diamants (1884, set in a mysterious cavern underneath the Victoria Falls), The Crusoes of Guyana; or, The White Tiger (1885), and Les étrangleurs du Bengale (1901).
Boussenard's best-known book Le Capitaine Casse-Cou (1901) was set at the time of the Second Boer War. L'île en feu (1898) fictionalized Cuba's struggle for independence. Aspiring to emulate Jules Verne, Boussenard also produced several science fiction novels, notably Les secrets de monsieur Synthèse (1888) and Dix mille ans dans un bloc de glace (1890), both translated by Brian Stableford in 2013 with the title Monsieur Synthesis
References
External links
1847 births
1911 deaths
People from Loiret
French science fiction writers
19th-century French novelists
20th-century French novelists
20th-century French male writers
French explorers
French male novelists
19th-century French male writers
1911 suicides
French military personnel of the Franco-Prussian War
|
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"content": "Louis Henri Boussenard (4 October 1847, Escrennes, Loiret – 11 September 1910 in Orléans) was a French author of adventure novels, dubbed \"the French Rider Haggard\" during his lifetime, but known better presently in Eastern Europe than in Francophone countries. As a measure of his popularity, 40 volumes of his collected works were published in Imperial Russia during 1911.\n\nA physician by profession, Boussenard travelled throughout the French colonies, especially in Africa. He was drafted during the Franco-Prussian War but soon capitulated to the Prussian soldiers, an experience that could explain a nationalist theme present in many of his novels. Some of his books demonstrate a certain disdain of Britons and Americans, a fact which likely contributed to his obscurity and lack of translations in the English-speaking countries.\n\nThe author's picaresque humour flourished in his earliest books, À travers Australie: Les dix millions de l'Opossum rouge (1879), Le tour du monde d'un gamin de Paris (1880), Les Robinsons de la Guyane (1882), Aventures périlleuses de trois Français au pays des diamants (1884, set in a mysterious cavern underneath the Victoria Falls), The Crusoes of Guyana; or, The White Tiger (1885), and Les étrangleurs du Bengale (1901).\n\nBoussenard's best-known book Le Capitaine Casse-Cou (1901) was set at the time of the Second Boer War. L'île en feu (1898) fictionalized Cuba's struggle for independence. Aspiring to emulate Jules Verne, Boussenard also produced several science fiction novels, notably Les secrets de monsieur Synthèse (1888) and Dix mille ans dans un bloc de glace (1890), both translated by Brian Stableford in 2013 with the title Monsieur Synthesis\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\n1847 births\n1911 deaths\nPeople from Loiret\nFrench science fiction writers\n19th-century French novelists\n20th-century French novelists\n20th-century French male writers\nFrench explorers\nFrench male novelists\n19th-century French male writers\n1911 suicides\nFrench military personnel of the Franco-Prussian War",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan%20Massie
|
Allan Johnstone Massie (born 16 October 1938) is a Scottish journalist, columnist, sports writer and novelist. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature. He has lived in the Scottish Borders for the last 25 years, and now lives in Selkirk.
Early life
Born in Singapore, where his father was a rubber planter for Sime Darby, Massie spent his childhood in Aberdeenshire. He was educated at Drumtochty Castle preparatory school and Glenalmond College in Perthshire before going on to attend Trinity College, Cambridge, where he read history.
Career
Journalist
Massie is a journalist and critic of fiction, writing regular columns for The Scotsman, The Sunday Times (Scotland) and the Scottish Daily Mail. He has been The Scotsman's chief fiction reviewer for a quarter of a century and also regularly writes about rugby union and cricket for that paper. He has previously been a columnist for The Daily Telegraph, the Glasgow Herald, and was the Sunday Standard's television critic during that paper's brief existence. He is also a contributor to The Spectator - where he writes an occasional column, Life and Letters - the Literary Review, The Independent, and The Catholic Herald. He has also written for the New York Review of Books.
His conservative political outlook is apparent, despite the then decline of Conservative influence in Scotland. He was a leading, if lonely, campaigner against Scottish devolution, and a critic of much of the legislation passed by the Scottish Parliament since its establishment in 1999. Though initially in favour of greater devolutionary powers for Scotland, his views on devolution changed during the Thatcher years and he came to regret his support for the 1979 devolution referendum.
In his literary reviews, his preferences lie towards traditional novels rather than the avant-garde. He is a great admirer of Sir Walter Scott (and a past president of the Sir Walter Scott Club). Among contemporary novelists, he is a champion of the Russian writer Andreï Makine and Scotland's William McIlvanney. Though he has criticised Irvine Welsh and James Kelman, he has admired some of the latter's work, arguing that Kelman is an important voice for a section of society often ignored in literary fiction.
Novelist
He is the author of nearly 30 books, including 20 novels. He is notable for writing about the distant past, and the middle class, rather than grittier elements of the present. The most successful of his novels, at least in terms of sales, have been a series of reconstructed autobiographies or biographies of Roman political figures, including Augustus, Tiberius, Mark Antony, Caesar, Caligula and Nero's Heirs. Gore Vidal called him a "master of the long-ago historical novel." His most recent book is The Thistle and the Rose, a series of essays on the often thorny relationship between Scotland and England, in which he takes a strong Unionist viewpoint.
His 1989 novel about Vichy France, A Question of Loyalties, won the Saltire Society's Scottish Book of the Year award - an award he has been shortlisted for more than once. The Sins of the Fathers (1991) caused a controversy when Nicholas Mosley resigned from the judging panel for the Booker Prize, protesting that none of his books (of which Massie's was the favourite) made it on to the shortlist (Martin Amis' Time's Arrow edged out Massie's novel for the final spot on the six book list).
Those two novels, and Shadows of Empire constitute a loose trilogy in which a constant concern is the potential danger of idealism and ideology, as well as the struggle to lead a decent personal life in indecent political times.
In 2009, Massie brought out what he calls "a private novel" (i.e. an examination of private morality rather than the large political or "public" dilemmas examined in his other contemporary novels). This innovative work, Surviving, is set in Rome and concerns a group of English-speaking alcoholics and the intensity of their friendships. It is also a highly personal work, reflecting the author's own experience of Italy in the seventies, although the book is set in the nineties.
His 2010 novel, Death in Bordeaux, sees Massie return to Vichy France in the first of a trilogy.
Other works include critical studies of Muriel Spark and Colette as well as histories of Edinburgh and Glasgow and A Portrait of Scottish Rugby.
Massie was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2013 Birthday Honours for services to literature.
All-time Scotland XV
Massie is a keen rugby fan and writer, and came up with an all time XV in 1984. Firstly, he excludes any players from before 1951, as he says it is unfair to judge the abilities of players without having been able to see them for himself, and secondly, his list, being published in the mid 80s excludes most of the people involved in the 1990 Grand Slam:
Backline: Andy Irvine, Arthur Smith, Jim Renwick, Ken Scotland, Roger Baird;
Half backs John Rutherford, Roy Laidlaw;
Forwards: Hugh McLeod, Colin Deans, Sandy Carmichael, Gordon Brown, Alastair McHarg, Douglas Elliot, Jim Telfer (captain), David Leslie
He also supplies a list of reserves:
Jock Turner, David Chisholm, Alex Hastie, David Rollo, Norman Bruce, Iain Paxton
Players that Massie includes in his early selection, but not in the final team include:
Ian Laughland, Chris Rea, Ian McGeechan, Robertson, David Johnston; Aitken, Milne, Bruce, Laidlaw, Mike Campbell-Lamerton, Peter Brown, Tomes, Cuthbertson, Jim Greenwood, Ron Glasgow, Derrick Grant, Rodger Arneil, Jim Calder.
Awards
Massie has received the following awards:
Scottish Arts Council Book Award for The Death of Men (1982)
Frederick Niven Literary Award for The Last Peacock (1980)
Bibliography
Novels
Change and Decay in All Around I See - (1978)
The Last Peacock - (1980)
The Death of Men - (1981)
One Night in Winter - (1984)
Augustus (1986)
A Question of Loyalties - (1989)
The Hanging Tree - (1990)
Tiberius - (1991)
The Sins of the Father - (1991)
Caesar - (1993)
The Ragged Lion - (1994)
These Enchanted Woods (sequel to The Last Peacock) - (1993)
King David (novel) - (1995)
Shadows of Empire - (1997)
Antony - (1997)
Nero's Heirs - (1999)
The Evening of the World - (2001)
Caligula - (2003)
Arthur the King - (2004)
Charlemagne and Roland - (2007)
Surviving - (2009)
Klaus: and other stories - (2010)
Death in Bordeaux - (2010)
Dark Summer in Bordeaux - (2012)
Cold Winter in Bordeaux - (2014)
End Games in Bordeaux - (2015)
Non-fiction
Muriel Spark - (1979)
Ill Met by Gaslight: Five Edinburgh Murders - (1980)
The Caesars - (1983)
Aberdeen: Portrait of a City - (1984)
A Portrait of Scottish Rugby (Polygon, Edinburgh; ) - (1984)
Colette - (1986)
101 Great Scots - (1987)
Byron's Travels - (1988)
The Novelist's View of the Market Economy - (1988)
How Should Health Services be Financed?: A Patient’s View - (1988)
Glasgow: Portraits of a City - (1989)
The Novel Today: A Critical Guide to the British Novel, 1970-1989 - (1990)
Edinburgh - (1994)
The History of Selkirk Merchant Company 1694 - 1994 - (1994)
The Thistle and the Rose: Six Centuries of Love and Hate Between the Scots and the English - (2005)
The Royal Stuarts: A History of the Family That Shaped Britain - (2010)
Edited books
Edinburgh and the Borders: In Verse - (1983)
P.E.N. New Fiction II - (1987)
The History Man columns in Scots Heritage Magazine
Book reviews
Reviews
McKie, Dave (1980), review of The Last Peacock, in Bold, Christine (ed.), Cencrastus No. 3, Summer 1980, pp. 42 & 43
Further reading
Paterson, Lindsay (1982), Language and Society: The Novels of Allan Massie, in Hearn, Sheila G. (ed.), Cencrastus No. 10, Autumn 1982, pp. 34 – 36,
References
External links
1938 births
1930s births
Living people
Scottish columnists
People educated at Glenalmond College
People educated at Drumtochty Castle Preparatory School
Scottish journalists
Scottish novelists
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
Rugby union journalists
Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Scots Heritage Magazine people
Scottish sportswriters
Scottish political commentators
The Spectator people
Singaporean emigrants to the United Kingdom
|
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan%20Massie",
"role": "user"
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"content": "Allan Johnstone Massie (born 16 October 1938) is a Scottish journalist, columnist, sports writer and novelist. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature. He has lived in the Scottish Borders for the last 25 years, and now lives in Selkirk.\n\nEarly life\nBorn in Singapore, where his father was a rubber planter for Sime Darby, Massie spent his childhood in Aberdeenshire. He was educated at Drumtochty Castle preparatory school and Glenalmond College in Perthshire before going on to attend Trinity College, Cambridge, where he read history.\n\nCareer\n\nJournalist\nMassie is a journalist and critic of fiction, writing regular columns for The Scotsman, The Sunday Times (Scotland) and the Scottish Daily Mail. He has been The Scotsman's chief fiction reviewer for a quarter of a century and also regularly writes about rugby union and cricket for that paper. He has previously been a columnist for The Daily Telegraph, the Glasgow Herald, and was the Sunday Standard's television critic during that paper's brief existence. He is also a contributor to The Spectator - where he writes an occasional column, Life and Letters - the Literary Review, The Independent, and The Catholic Herald. He has also written for the New York Review of Books.\n\nHis conservative political outlook is apparent, despite the then decline of Conservative influence in Scotland. He was a leading, if lonely, campaigner against Scottish devolution, and a critic of much of the legislation passed by the Scottish Parliament since its establishment in 1999. Though initially in favour of greater devolutionary powers for Scotland, his views on devolution changed during the Thatcher years and he came to regret his support for the 1979 devolution referendum.\n\nIn his literary reviews, his preferences lie towards traditional novels rather than the avant-garde. He is a great admirer of Sir Walter Scott (and a past president of the Sir Walter Scott Club). Among contemporary novelists, he is a champion of the Russian writer Andreï Makine and Scotland's William McIlvanney. Though he has criticised Irvine Welsh and James Kelman, he has admired some of the latter's work, arguing that Kelman is an important voice for a section of society often ignored in literary fiction.\n\nNovelist\nHe is the author of nearly 30 books, including 20 novels. He is notable for writing about the distant past, and the middle class, rather than grittier elements of the present. The most successful of his novels, at least in terms of sales, have been a series of reconstructed autobiographies or biographies of Roman political figures, including Augustus, Tiberius, Mark Antony, Caesar, Caligula and Nero's Heirs. Gore Vidal called him a \"master of the long-ago historical novel.\" His most recent book is The Thistle and the Rose, a series of essays on the often thorny relationship between Scotland and England, in which he takes a strong Unionist viewpoint.\n\nHis 1989 novel about Vichy France, A Question of Loyalties, won the Saltire Society's Scottish Book of the Year award - an award he has been shortlisted for more than once. The Sins of the Fathers (1991) caused a controversy when Nicholas Mosley resigned from the judging panel for the Booker Prize, protesting that none of his books (of which Massie's was the favourite) made it on to the shortlist (Martin Amis' Time's Arrow edged out Massie's novel for the final spot on the six book list).\n\nThose two novels, and Shadows of Empire constitute a loose trilogy in which a constant concern is the potential danger of idealism and ideology, as well as the struggle to lead a decent personal life in indecent political times.\n\nIn 2009, Massie brought out what he calls \"a private novel\" (i.e. an examination of private morality rather than the large political or \"public\" dilemmas examined in his other contemporary novels). This innovative work, Surviving, is set in Rome and concerns a group of English-speaking alcoholics and the intensity of their friendships. It is also a highly personal work, reflecting the author's own experience of Italy in the seventies, although the book is set in the nineties.\n\nHis 2010 novel, Death in Bordeaux, sees Massie return to Vichy France in the first of a trilogy.\n\nOther works include critical studies of Muriel Spark and Colette as well as histories of Edinburgh and Glasgow and A Portrait of Scottish Rugby.\n\nMassie was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2013 Birthday Honours for services to literature.\n\nAll-time Scotland XV\nMassie is a keen rugby fan and writer, and came up with an all time XV in 1984. Firstly, he excludes any players from before 1951, as he says it is unfair to judge the abilities of players without having been able to see them for himself, and secondly, his list, being published in the mid 80s excludes most of the people involved in the 1990 Grand Slam:\n Backline: Andy Irvine, Arthur Smith, Jim Renwick, Ken Scotland, Roger Baird;\n Half backs John Rutherford, Roy Laidlaw;\n Forwards: Hugh McLeod, Colin Deans, Sandy Carmichael, Gordon Brown, Alastair McHarg, Douglas Elliot, Jim Telfer (captain), David Leslie\n\nHe also supplies a list of reserves:\n Jock Turner, David Chisholm, Alex Hastie, David Rollo, Norman Bruce, Iain Paxton\n\nPlayers that Massie includes in his early selection, but not in the final team include:\n Ian Laughland, Chris Rea, Ian McGeechan, Robertson, David Johnston; Aitken, Milne, Bruce, Laidlaw, Mike Campbell-Lamerton, Peter Brown, Tomes, Cuthbertson, Jim Greenwood, Ron Glasgow, Derrick Grant, Rodger Arneil, Jim Calder.\n\nAwards\nMassie has received the following awards:\n Scottish Arts Council Book Award for The Death of Men (1982)\n Frederick Niven Literary Award for The Last Peacock (1980)\n\nBibliography\n\nNovels\nChange and Decay in All Around I See - (1978)\nThe Last Peacock - (1980)\nThe Death of Men - (1981)\nOne Night in Winter - (1984)\nAugustus (1986)\nA Question of Loyalties - (1989)\nThe Hanging Tree - (1990)\nTiberius - (1991)\nThe Sins of the Father - (1991)\nCaesar - (1993)\nThe Ragged Lion - (1994)\nThese Enchanted Woods (sequel to The Last Peacock) - (1993)\nKing David (novel) - (1995)\nShadows of Empire - (1997)\nAntony - (1997)\nNero's Heirs - (1999)\nThe Evening of the World - (2001)\nCaligula - (2003)\nArthur the King - (2004)\nCharlemagne and Roland - (2007)\nSurviving - (2009)\nKlaus: and other stories - (2010)\nDeath in Bordeaux - (2010)\nDark Summer in Bordeaux - (2012)\nCold Winter in Bordeaux - (2014)\nEnd Games in Bordeaux - (2015)\n\nNon-fiction\nMuriel Spark - (1979)\nIll Met by Gaslight: Five Edinburgh Murders - (1980)\nThe Caesars - (1983)\nAberdeen: Portrait of a City - (1984)\nA Portrait of Scottish Rugby (Polygon, Edinburgh; ) - (1984)\nColette - (1986)\n101 Great Scots - (1987)\nByron's Travels - (1988)\nThe Novelist's View of the Market Economy - (1988)\nHow Should Health Services be Financed?: A Patient’s View - (1988)\nGlasgow: Portraits of a City - (1989)\nThe Novel Today: A Critical Guide to the British Novel, 1970-1989 - (1990)\nEdinburgh - (1994)\nThe History of Selkirk Merchant Company 1694 - 1994 - (1994)\nThe Thistle and the Rose: Six Centuries of Love and Hate Between the Scots and the English - (2005)\nThe Royal Stuarts: A History of the Family That Shaped Britain - (2010)\n\nEdited books\nEdinburgh and the Borders: In Verse - (1983)\nP.E.N. New Fiction II - (1987)\n\nThe History Man columns in Scots Heritage Magazine\n\nBook reviews\n\nReviews\n McKie, Dave (1980), review of The Last Peacock, in Bold, Christine (ed.), Cencrastus No. 3, Summer 1980, pp. 42 & 43\n\nFurther reading\n Paterson, Lindsay (1982), Language and Society: The Novels of Allan Massie, in Hearn, Sheila G. (ed.), Cencrastus No. 10, Autumn 1982, pp. 34 – 36,\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1938 births\n1930s births\nLiving people\nScottish columnists\nPeople educated at Glenalmond College\nPeople educated at Drumtochty Castle Preparatory School\nScottish journalists\nScottish novelists\nAlumni of Trinity College, Cambridge\nFellows of the Royal Society of Literature\nRugby union journalists\nChevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres\nCommanders of the Order of the British Empire\nScots Heritage Magazine people\nScottish sportswriters\nScottish political commentators\nThe Spectator people\nSingaporean emigrants to the United Kingdom",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
Anne Meson
|
Anne Meson (born 12 May 1975) is a French show host and singer. Her mother Anne was a Russian artist and a dance teacher. Her father José was a Spanish acrobat y bailarín principal del molino rojo de Paris. In her childhood, Meson studied piano, dance but also horse riding.
Her TV careers began in 1982 at 7, when she appears in several commercials. She also was a child model.
Meson appeared for the first time on the silver screen in 1984, in Stress along with French actors Carole Laure and Guy Marchand. Later, she joined the casts of : L'amour ou presque (1985), La lettre perdue (1987) and Bernadette (1988).
In addition to her cinema career, Meson also appeared on stage. She played in Molière's Le malade imaginaire, and starred in Philippe Chatel's famous musical Emilie Jolie. Two years later, Meson played as an accompanist to French rock-star Johnny Hallyday during one of his concerts in Paris-Bercy.
The Disney era
In 1989, Meson became the new French Disney Ambassador, succeeding to Douchka.
Her singing career began with the hit Oliver, inspired from Disney's Oliver and Company (1988). Her first solo album was released a few month later. In the meantime, her TV careers took a step forward as she co presented the Disney Parade French show with French presenter Jean-Pierre Foucault.
From this moment on, her career bore the "Disney" seal : As the French Disney Ambassador, she made the front page of several "Disney" magazines, recorded stories on K7. She performed the French version of several Disney animated series, like Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers (released in France under the title Tic et Tac, les rangers du risque) and Darkwing Duck (released in France under the title Myster Mask). Meson also worked at the French radio station RTL where she appears in two programs: RTL en scène and Quoi de neuf chez Disney. She also appeared in the French version of the musical Annie playing Tessie, one of the orphans before taking on the title role Annie.
Meanwhile, three of the four first album's singles made it to the top ranks of the French Charts, and two years later saw Meson's consecration, as she was among the nominees for the 1991 "Victoire de la Musique – Album pour enfants de l'année" (Best Album for Children of the Year) for her first album. At the same time, her new LP, entitled "Demain c'est aujourd'hui" (Tomorrow is Today) is released. "Demain c'est aujourd'hui" contents several tracks entirely independent from the "Disney" movies and characters, like "1.2.3 Soleil" or "Mais qu'est-ce qui m'arrive ?". Meson also took part in a single designed to save a dying radio station for children "Superloustic".
In 1992, Meson was back to the French stage of the Olympia where she performed live tracks taken from her two first albums. The same year, her third album was released. Christened Que fera la belle? (a reference to Disney's Beauty and the Beast (1991)) had rather few "Disney" songs. Her second album was nominated for the Victoire de la Musique (Best album for Children of the Year). That year, Meson sits her Baccalauréat, as she prepares her last Disney album, "Mon plus beau rêve" (My dearest dream).
At the end of her Disney engagement in 1994, Meson left the Disney label.
American career
The following year, Meson got a show on her own on French TV, before leaving to the United States, where she entered the Theatre of Art. Her American career included dubbing movies and commercials, the writing of her first play Alfredo's way. She came back to France to dance in Maurice Béjart's 1789 et nous, during the anniversary of the French Revolution. She also joined the Notre-Dame de Paris B cast in Las Vegas. This cast recorded an album, in which she sings these three songs : So look no more for love, Shining like the sun and My heart if you will swear.
She was selected for the new Notre-Dame de Paris French cast, in which she sometimes played Esméralda's and Fleur-de-lys' parts. She also recorded a demo for Randall Wallace's film The Man in the Iron Mask and a chorus part on a track in Garou's solo debut album Seul.
Meson moved to Spain where she currently lives with her boyfriend. She has not given up singing, as she's a member of Spanish band Naughty noise.
Discographie
Albums
1990: Anne
1991: Demain c'est aujourd'hui
1992: Anne au pays d'EuroDisney
1992: Que fera la belle
1993: A toi de chanter volume 1 et 2
1993: Mon plus beau rêve
1994: Ses plus belles chansons
2000: Notre Dame de Paris Las Vegas cast B
2000: Garou – Seul (Choeurs sur "Criminel")
2000: Naughty noise – New bauhaus
2002: Naugthy noise – Mind your head
Singles
1987: Comme le dit toujours mon père (chorus)
1989: Oliver
1990: Si ma vie tourne bien
1990: La petite sirène
1990: Les p'tits loups
1990: Anne
1991: Bernard et Bianca au pays des kangourous
1991: 1,2,3 soleil
1991: Demain c'est aujourd'hui (special edition)
1991: Superloustic – Ta radio c'est ton droit (participation)
1991: Demain c'est aujourd'hui
1992: Anne au pays d'EuroDisney
1992: Que fera la belle
1992: Comme Bambi
1992: Dans le bleu
1993: Mon plus beau rêve
1993: Tout le monde veut devenir un cat
1993: A toi de chanter volume 1 et 2
1993: Mon plus beau rêve
1994: Ses plus belles chansons
Filmographie
1984: Stress de Jean-Louis Bertucelli
1985: L'amour ou presque de Jean-François Balme
1987: La lettre perdue de Jean-Louis Bertucelli
1988: Bernadette de Jean Delannoy
French children's musicians
French people of Russian descent
French people of Spanish descent
1975 births
Living people
21st-century French singers
21st-century French women singers
|
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"content": "Anne Meson",
"role": "user"
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"content": "Anne Meson (born 12 May 1975) is a French show host and singer. Her mother Anne was a Russian artist and a dance teacher. Her father José was a Spanish acrobat y bailarín principal del molino rojo de Paris. In her childhood, Meson studied piano, dance but also horse riding.\n\nHer TV careers began in 1982 at 7, when she appears in several commercials. She also was a child model.\n\nMeson appeared for the first time on the silver screen in 1984, in Stress along with French actors Carole Laure and Guy Marchand. Later, she joined the casts of : L'amour ou presque (1985), La lettre perdue (1987) and Bernadette (1988).\n\nIn addition to her cinema career, Meson also appeared on stage. She played in Molière's Le malade imaginaire, and starred in Philippe Chatel's famous musical Emilie Jolie. Two years later, Meson played as an accompanist to French rock-star Johnny Hallyday during one of his concerts in Paris-Bercy.\n\nThe Disney era \nIn 1989, Meson became the new French Disney Ambassador, succeeding to Douchka.\n\nHer singing career began with the hit Oliver, inspired from Disney's Oliver and Company (1988). Her first solo album was released a few month later. In the meantime, her TV careers took a step forward as she co presented the Disney Parade French show with French presenter Jean-Pierre Foucault.\n\nFrom this moment on, her career bore the \"Disney\" seal : As the French Disney Ambassador, she made the front page of several \"Disney\" magazines, recorded stories on K7. She performed the French version of several Disney animated series, like Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers (released in France under the title Tic et Tac, les rangers du risque) and Darkwing Duck (released in France under the title Myster Mask). Meson also worked at the French radio station RTL where she appears in two programs: RTL en scène and Quoi de neuf chez Disney. She also appeared in the French version of the musical Annie playing Tessie, one of the orphans before taking on the title role Annie.\n\nMeanwhile, three of the four first album's singles made it to the top ranks of the French Charts, and two years later saw Meson's consecration, as she was among the nominees for the 1991 \"Victoire de la Musique – Album pour enfants de l'année\" (Best Album for Children of the Year) for her first album. At the same time, her new LP, entitled \"Demain c'est aujourd'hui\" (Tomorrow is Today) is released. \"Demain c'est aujourd'hui\" contents several tracks entirely independent from the \"Disney\" movies and characters, like \"1.2.3 Soleil\" or \"Mais qu'est-ce qui m'arrive ?\". Meson also took part in a single designed to save a dying radio station for children \"Superloustic\".\n\nIn 1992, Meson was back to the French stage of the Olympia where she performed live tracks taken from her two first albums. The same year, her third album was released. Christened Que fera la belle? (a reference to Disney's Beauty and the Beast (1991)) had rather few \"Disney\" songs. Her second album was nominated for the Victoire de la Musique (Best album for Children of the Year). That year, Meson sits her Baccalauréat, as she prepares her last Disney album, \"Mon plus beau rêve\" (My dearest dream).\n\nAt the end of her Disney engagement in 1994, Meson left the Disney label.\n\nAmerican career \nThe following year, Meson got a show on her own on French TV, before leaving to the United States, where she entered the Theatre of Art. Her American career included dubbing movies and commercials, the writing of her first play Alfredo's way. She came back to France to dance in Maurice Béjart's 1789 et nous, during the anniversary of the French Revolution. She also joined the Notre-Dame de Paris B cast in Las Vegas. This cast recorded an album, in which she sings these three songs : So look no more for love, Shining like the sun and My heart if you will swear.\n\nShe was selected for the new Notre-Dame de Paris French cast, in which she sometimes played Esméralda's and Fleur-de-lys' parts. She also recorded a demo for Randall Wallace's film The Man in the Iron Mask and a chorus part on a track in Garou's solo debut album Seul.\n\nMeson moved to Spain where she currently lives with her boyfriend. She has not given up singing, as she's a member of Spanish band Naughty noise.\n\nDiscographie\n\nAlbums \n1990: Anne\n1991: Demain c'est aujourd'hui\n1992: Anne au pays d'EuroDisney\n1992: Que fera la belle\n1993: A toi de chanter volume 1 et 2\n1993: Mon plus beau rêve\n1994: Ses plus belles chansons\n2000: Notre Dame de Paris Las Vegas cast B\n2000: Garou – Seul (Choeurs sur \"Criminel\")\n2000: Naughty noise – New bauhaus\n2002: Naugthy noise – Mind your head\n\nSingles \n1987: Comme le dit toujours mon père (chorus)\n1989: Oliver\n1990: Si ma vie tourne bien\n1990: La petite sirène\n1990: Les p'tits loups\n1990: Anne\n1991: Bernard et Bianca au pays des kangourous\n1991: 1,2,3 soleil\n1991: Demain c'est aujourd'hui (special edition)\n1991: Superloustic – Ta radio c'est ton droit (participation)\n1991: Demain c'est aujourd'hui\n1992: Anne au pays d'EuroDisney\n1992: Que fera la belle\n1992: Comme Bambi\n1992: Dans le bleu\n1993: Mon plus beau rêve\n1993: Tout le monde veut devenir un cat\n1993: A toi de chanter volume 1 et 2\n1993: Mon plus beau rêve\n1994: Ses plus belles chansons\n\nFilmographie \n1984: Stress de Jean-Louis Bertucelli\n1985: L'amour ou presque de Jean-François Balme\n1987: La lettre perdue de Jean-Louis Bertucelli\n1988: Bernadette de Jean Delannoy\n\nFrench children's musicians\nFrench people of Russian descent\nFrench people of Spanish descent\n1975 births\nLiving people\n21st-century French singers\n21st-century French women singers",
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Alexandra DeWitt
|
Alexandra DeWitt is a fictional character in the . She is the girlfriend of Kyle Rayner before he receives the Green Lantern power ring from Ganthet. She is best known, however, as the murder victim whose manner of disposal led writer Gail Simone to coin the phrase "Women in Refrigerators". DeWitt first appears with Kyle at the end of Green Lantern vol. 3, #48.
Fictional character history
Time with Kyle Rayner
As a photographer for a newspaper in Los Angeles, Alex is annoyed by Kyle's somewhat immature attitude towards work. When Kyle reveals the new ring he has received, she is at first apprehensive, but she agrees to help Kyle train himself to use his new powers. Alex's time with Kyle is short-lived, however. Kyle returns home to find that Major Force has strangled Alex and stuffed her in the refrigerator. This drives Kyle to attack Major Force. During the battle, he nearly loses the ring when its charge runs out, but Major Force reveals that the 'green rock' in his possession is a power lantern that recharges the ring.
After death
In Kyle's first encounter with Hal Jordan as Parallax, Hal offers to resurrect Alex as part of his plan to recreate the universe, but Kyle rejects the offer. When Kyle moves to New York and joins the Titans, he falls asleep while watching the monitors and his ring makes a projection of Alex. Later, when the demon Neron attacks, he attempts to entice Kyle by offering to resurrect Alex. Kyle, having already rejected the same offer from Hal, similarly refuses Neron's offer. Finally, in a Green Lantern Annual, Kyle and Hal's spirits are switched, so that Kyle's spirit is in Hal's body at the time in which Hal is debuting as Green Lantern, while Hal's spirit is occupying Kyle's body during the time in which Alex is still his girlfriend. Here, Major Force attacks Alex, but Hal is able to prevent him from killing her. However, when Kyle and Hal's souls are eventually returned to their respective bodies and they are back in the present, Alex is once again deceased.
A different version of Alex is found in the story arc "Green Lantern: Circle of Fire", where Kyle summons six different versions of Green Lantern to help him fight off a villain named Oblivion. One of these Green Lanterns is Alexandra DeWitt, who was believed to be from an alternate reality where she rather than Kyle acquired the ring, but she was later revealed to be a sentient construct of Kyle's ring representing Kyle's positive aspect for love.
Another version of Alex appeared by Ion #3, as one of the projections made from Mogo's power and Kyle's own subconscious.
Jade, another of Kyle's deceased loves, and reanimated as an undead Black Lantern, created a black energy construct crafted in an image of Alex from her black ring to torment Kyle. Alex's remains become a Black Lantern later, trapping Kyle inside a black energy construct of a refrigerator before using her powers to take control of his body, transforming him into a facsimile of Major Force, and forcing him to relive the moments of her death. She tries to mentally break Kyle by saying that, since Force attacked her because of him, he essentially killed her himself. After what happened with Jade, Kyle does not fall prey to the same manipulation. With the help of the Indigo Tribesman Munk, he destroys her after saying goodbye.
Woman in Refrigerator syndrome
Because of the brutal manner in which Alex is killed, and because of the different 'significant others' of superheroes that are constantly in danger of being killed, women in the series who are killed in a particularly violent manner, to further a male hero's story, are said to have suffered from the Woman in Refrigerator syndrome.
Alexandra was reimagined as Samantha Dean in The Refrigerator Monologues.
See also
Portrayal of women in American comics
References
External links
Summary of Green Lantern #54
Characters created by Ron Marz
Comics characters introduced in 1994
DC Comics female characters
Fictional characters from Los Angeles
Fictional murdered people
Fictional photographers
Green Lantern characters
|
[
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"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
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{
"content": "Alexandra DeWitt",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Alexandra DeWitt is a fictional character in the . She is the girlfriend of Kyle Rayner before he receives the Green Lantern power ring from Ganthet. She is best known, however, as the murder victim whose manner of disposal led writer Gail Simone to coin the phrase \"Women in Refrigerators\". DeWitt first appears with Kyle at the end of Green Lantern vol. 3, #48.\n\nFictional character history\n\nTime with Kyle Rayner\nAs a photographer for a newspaper in Los Angeles, Alex is annoyed by Kyle's somewhat immature attitude towards work. When Kyle reveals the new ring he has received, she is at first apprehensive, but she agrees to help Kyle train himself to use his new powers. Alex's time with Kyle is short-lived, however. Kyle returns home to find that Major Force has strangled Alex and stuffed her in the refrigerator. This drives Kyle to attack Major Force. During the battle, he nearly loses the ring when its charge runs out, but Major Force reveals that the 'green rock' in his possession is a power lantern that recharges the ring.\n\nAfter death\nIn Kyle's first encounter with Hal Jordan as Parallax, Hal offers to resurrect Alex as part of his plan to recreate the universe, but Kyle rejects the offer. When Kyle moves to New York and joins the Titans, he falls asleep while watching the monitors and his ring makes a projection of Alex. Later, when the demon Neron attacks, he attempts to entice Kyle by offering to resurrect Alex. Kyle, having already rejected the same offer from Hal, similarly refuses Neron's offer. Finally, in a Green Lantern Annual, Kyle and Hal's spirits are switched, so that Kyle's spirit is in Hal's body at the time in which Hal is debuting as Green Lantern, while Hal's spirit is occupying Kyle's body during the time in which Alex is still his girlfriend. Here, Major Force attacks Alex, but Hal is able to prevent him from killing her. However, when Kyle and Hal's souls are eventually returned to their respective bodies and they are back in the present, Alex is once again deceased.\n\nA different version of Alex is found in the story arc \"Green Lantern: Circle of Fire\", where Kyle summons six different versions of Green Lantern to help him fight off a villain named Oblivion. One of these Green Lanterns is Alexandra DeWitt, who was believed to be from an alternate reality where she rather than Kyle acquired the ring, but she was later revealed to be a sentient construct of Kyle's ring representing Kyle's positive aspect for love.\n\nAnother version of Alex appeared by Ion #3, as one of the projections made from Mogo's power and Kyle's own subconscious.\n\nJade, another of Kyle's deceased loves, and reanimated as an undead Black Lantern, created a black energy construct crafted in an image of Alex from her black ring to torment Kyle. Alex's remains become a Black Lantern later, trapping Kyle inside a black energy construct of a refrigerator before using her powers to take control of his body, transforming him into a facsimile of Major Force, and forcing him to relive the moments of her death. She tries to mentally break Kyle by saying that, since Force attacked her because of him, he essentially killed her himself. After what happened with Jade, Kyle does not fall prey to the same manipulation. With the help of the Indigo Tribesman Munk, he destroys her after saying goodbye.\n\nWoman in Refrigerator syndrome \nBecause of the brutal manner in which Alex is killed, and because of the different 'significant others' of superheroes that are constantly in danger of being killed, women in the series who are killed in a particularly violent manner, to further a male hero's story, are said to have suffered from the Woman in Refrigerator syndrome.\n\nAlexandra was reimagined as Samantha Dean in The Refrigerator Monologues.\n\nSee also\n Portrayal of women in American comics\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nSummary of Green Lantern #54\n\nCharacters created by Ron Marz\nComics characters introduced in 1994\nDC Comics female characters\nFictional characters from Los Angeles\nFictional murdered people\nFictional photographers\nGreen Lantern characters",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vital%20record
|
Vital records are records of life events kept under governmental authority, including birth certificates, marriage licenses (or marriage certificates), separation agreements, divorce certificates or divorce party and death certificates. In some jurisdictions, vital records may also include records of civil unions or domestic partnerships.
Note that only the life events meaning is restricted to government; the records management meaning in this article applies to both government and non-government organizations.
United States
In the United States, vital records are typically maintained at both the county and state levels. In the United Kingdom and numerous other countries vital records are recorded in the civil registry. In the United States, vital records are public and in most cases can be viewed by anyone in person at the governmental authority. Copies can also be requested for a fee. There are two types of copies: certified and uncertified. Certified copies are official copies that can be used as identification whereas uncertified copies do not contain the governmental authority's seal and often are marked that they should not be used for identification. There may be additional restrictions in place on who can actually request a certified copy, such as immediate family or someone with written authorization. Certified copies are usually much more expensive than uncertified copies. Some states have started making vital records available online for free. Vital records that are online typically are 90 or more years old and assume the person listed in the record is no longer alive.
Europe
Various European countries are members of an International Commission on Civil Status which provides a mutually recognized convention on the coding of entries appearing in civil status documents, with common codes and translation tables between the language of the member states. They also provide an English unofficial translation.
In the fields of records management and archival science, the term vital record is used to mean "records, regardless of medium, which are essential to the organization in order to continue with its business-crucial functions both during and after a disaster. They need not be permanent, might be active or inactive, originals or copies."
Challenges
In the past 10 years, there has been an overall increase in global birth registration rates of children under five from 58 percent to 65 percent. However, more than 100 developing countries still do not have functioning systems that can support efficient registration of births and other life events like marriages and death. Around the world, almost 230 million children under the age of five are not registered. Sub-Saharan Africa is home to 85 million of these children, while 135 million live in Asia and the Pacific. Progress with death registration has been much slower globally. In countries in most need of CRVS, up to 80 percent of deaths that occur outside health facilities and two-thirds of all deaths globally are not counted.
See also
Civil registration
Family register
Vital statistics (government records)
References
External links
Where to Write for Vital Records in the US - National Center for Health Statistics
New Horizons Genealogy specializes in New England and New York Colonial American Vital records, Barbour Collection, State Census records, Census Mortality Schedules, Cemetery records.
Vital Records and Records Disaster Mitigation and Recovery: An Instructional Guide published by the National Archives and Records Administration of the USA.
Identity documents
Records management
|
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"content": "Vital records are records of life events kept under governmental authority, including birth certificates, marriage licenses (or marriage certificates), separation agreements, divorce certificates or divorce party and death certificates. In some jurisdictions, vital records may also include records of civil unions or domestic partnerships.\n\nNote that only the life events meaning is restricted to government; the records management meaning in this article applies to both government and non-government organizations.\n\nUnited States\nIn the United States, vital records are typically maintained at both the county and state levels. In the United Kingdom and numerous other countries vital records are recorded in the civil registry. In the United States, vital records are public and in most cases can be viewed by anyone in person at the governmental authority. Copies can also be requested for a fee. There are two types of copies: certified and uncertified. Certified copies are official copies that can be used as identification whereas uncertified copies do not contain the governmental authority's seal and often are marked that they should not be used for identification. There may be additional restrictions in place on who can actually request a certified copy, such as immediate family or someone with written authorization. Certified copies are usually much more expensive than uncertified copies. Some states have started making vital records available online for free. Vital records that are online typically are 90 or more years old and assume the person listed in the record is no longer alive.\n\nEurope\nVarious European countries are members of an International Commission on Civil Status which provides a mutually recognized convention on the coding of entries appearing in civil status documents, with common codes and translation tables between the language of the member states. They also provide an English unofficial translation.\n\nIn the fields of records management and archival science, the term vital record is used to mean \"records, regardless of medium, which are essential to the organization in order to continue with its business-crucial functions both during and after a disaster. They need not be permanent, might be active or inactive, originals or copies.\"\n\nChallenges\nIn the past 10 years, there has been an overall increase in global birth registration rates of children under five from 58 percent to 65 percent. However, more than 100 developing countries still do not have functioning systems that can support efficient registration of births and other life events like marriages and death. Around the world, almost 230 million children under the age of five are not registered. Sub-Saharan Africa is home to 85 million of these children, while 135 million live in Asia and the Pacific. Progress with death registration has been much slower globally. In countries in most need of CRVS, up to 80 percent of deaths that occur outside health facilities and two-thirds of all deaths globally are not counted.\n\nSee also\nCivil registration\n Family register\n Vital statistics (government records)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nWhere to Write for Vital Records in the US - National Center for Health Statistics\nNew Horizons Genealogy specializes in New England and New York Colonial American Vital records, Barbour Collection, State Census records, Census Mortality Schedules, Cemetery records.\nVital Records and Records Disaster Mitigation and Recovery: An Instructional Guide published by the National Archives and Records Administration of the USA.\n\nIdentity documents\nRecords management",
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At bat
|
In baseball, an at bat (AB) or time at bat is a batter's turn batting against a pitcher. An at bat is different from a plate appearance. A batter is credited with a plate appearance regardless of what happens during their turn at bat, but a batter is credited with an at bat only if that plate appearance does not have one of the results enumerated below. While at bats are used to calculate certain statistics, including batting average and slugging percentage, a player can qualify for the season-ending rankings in these categories only if they accumulate 502 plate appearances during the season.
Batters will not receive credit for an at bat if their plate appearances end under the following circumstances:
They receive a base on balls (BB).
They are hit by a pitch (HBP).
They hit a sacrifice fly or a sacrifice bunt (also known as sacrifice hit).
They are awarded first base due to interference or obstruction, usually by the catcher.
They are replaced by another hitter before their at bat is completed, in which case the plate appearance and any related statistics go to the pinch hitter (unless they are replaced with two strikes and their replacement completes a strikeout, in which case the at bat and strikeout are charged to the first batter).
In addition, if the inning ends while they are still at bat (due to the third out being made by a runner caught stealing, for example), no at bat or plate appearance will result.
Put shortly, an at bat is a specific type of plate appearance in which the batter puts the ball in play intending to get on base---it is why at bats, and not plate appearances, are used to calculate batting average, as plate appearances in general can result in many outcomes that don't involve putting the ball in play, and batting average specifically measures a batter's contact hitting.
Rule 9.02(a)(1) of the official rules of Major League Baseball defines an at bat as: "Number of times batted, except that no time at bat shall be charged when a player: (A) hits a sacrifice bunt or sacrifice fly; (B) is awarded first base on four called balls; (C) is hit by a pitched ball; or (D) is awarded first base because of interference or obstruction[.]"
Examples
An at bat is counted when:
The batter reaches first base on a hit
The batter reaches first base on an error
The batter is called out for any reason other than a sacrifice
There is a fielder's choice
Records
Pete Rose had 14,053 career at bats, the all-time major league and National League record. The American League record is held by Carl Yastrzemski, whose 11,988 career at bats were all in the AL.
The single season record is held by Jimmy Rollins, who had 716 at bats in 2007; Willie Wilson, Ichiro Suzuki and Juan Samuel also had more than 700 at bats in a season. 14 players share the single game record of 11 at bats in a single game, all of which were extra inning games. In games of 9 innings or fewer, the record is 7 at bats and has occurred more than 200 times.
The team record for most at bats in a single season is 5,781 by the 1997 Boston Red Sox.
At bat as a phrase
"At bat", "up", "up at bat", and "at the plate" are all phrases describing a batter who is facing the pitcher. Note that just because a player is described as being "at bat" in this sense, he will not necessarily be given an at bat in his statistics; the phrase actually signifies a plate appearance (assuming it is eventually completed). This ambiguous terminology is usually clarified by context. To refer explicitly to a statistical "at bat", the term "official at bat" is sometimes used.
"Time at bat" in the rulebook
Official Baseball Rule 5.06(c) provides that "[a] batter has legally completed his time at bat when he is put out or becomes a runner" (emphasis added). The "time at bat" defined in this rule is more commonly referred to as a plate appearance, and the playing rules (Rules 1 through 8) uses the phrase "time at bat" in this sense. In contrast, the scoring rules use the phrase "time at bat" to refer to the statistic at bat, defined in Rule 9.02(a)(1), but sometimes uses the phrase "official time at bat" or refers back to Rule 9.02(a)(1) when mentioning the statistic. The phrase "plate appearance" is used in Rules 9.22 and 9.23 dealing with batting titles and hitting streaks, and in Rule 5.10(g) comment regarding the Three-Batter Minimum: "[t]o qualify as one of three consecutive batters, the batter must complete his plate appearance, which ends only when the batter is put out or becomes a runner." The term is not elsewhere defined in the rulebook.
See also
Batting order
At bats with runners in scoring position
Notes
References
Batting statistics
Batting (baseball)
|
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"content": "At bat",
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"content": "In baseball, an at bat (AB) or time at bat is a batter's turn batting against a pitcher. An at bat is different from a plate appearance. A batter is credited with a plate appearance regardless of what happens during their turn at bat, but a batter is credited with an at bat only if that plate appearance does not have one of the results enumerated below. While at bats are used to calculate certain statistics, including batting average and slugging percentage, a player can qualify for the season-ending rankings in these categories only if they accumulate 502 plate appearances during the season.\n\nBatters will not receive credit for an at bat if their plate appearances end under the following circumstances:\n They receive a base on balls (BB).\n They are hit by a pitch (HBP).\n They hit a sacrifice fly or a sacrifice bunt (also known as sacrifice hit).\n They are awarded first base due to interference or obstruction, usually by the catcher.\n They are replaced by another hitter before their at bat is completed, in which case the plate appearance and any related statistics go to the pinch hitter (unless they are replaced with two strikes and their replacement completes a strikeout, in which case the at bat and strikeout are charged to the first batter).\nIn addition, if the inning ends while they are still at bat (due to the third out being made by a runner caught stealing, for example), no at bat or plate appearance will result.\n\nPut shortly, an at bat is a specific type of plate appearance in which the batter puts the ball in play intending to get on base---it is why at bats, and not plate appearances, are used to calculate batting average, as plate appearances in general can result in many outcomes that don't involve putting the ball in play, and batting average specifically measures a batter's contact hitting.\n\nRule 9.02(a)(1) of the official rules of Major League Baseball defines an at bat as: \"Number of times batted, except that no time at bat shall be charged when a player: (A) hits a sacrifice bunt or sacrifice fly; (B) is awarded first base on four called balls; (C) is hit by a pitched ball; or (D) is awarded first base because of interference or obstruction[.]\"\n\nExamples\nAn at bat is counted when:\nThe batter reaches first base on a hit\nThe batter reaches first base on an error\nThe batter is called out for any reason other than a sacrifice\nThere is a fielder's choice\n\nRecords\n\nPete Rose had 14,053 career at bats, the all-time major league and National League record. The American League record is held by Carl Yastrzemski, whose 11,988 career at bats were all in the AL.\n\nThe single season record is held by Jimmy Rollins, who had 716 at bats in 2007; Willie Wilson, Ichiro Suzuki and Juan Samuel also had more than 700 at bats in a season. 14 players share the single game record of 11 at bats in a single game, all of which were extra inning games. In games of 9 innings or fewer, the record is 7 at bats and has occurred more than 200 times.\n\nThe team record for most at bats in a single season is 5,781 by the 1997 Boston Red Sox.\n\nAt bat as a phrase\n\"At bat\", \"up\", \"up at bat\", and \"at the plate\" are all phrases describing a batter who is facing the pitcher. Note that just because a player is described as being \"at bat\" in this sense, he will not necessarily be given an at bat in his statistics; the phrase actually signifies a plate appearance (assuming it is eventually completed). This ambiguous terminology is usually clarified by context. To refer explicitly to a statistical \"at bat\", the term \"official at bat\" is sometimes used.\n\n\"Time at bat\" in the rulebook \nOfficial Baseball Rule 5.06(c) provides that \"[a] batter has legally completed his time at bat when he is put out or becomes a runner\" (emphasis added). The \"time at bat\" defined in this rule is more commonly referred to as a plate appearance, and the playing rules (Rules 1 through 8) uses the phrase \"time at bat\" in this sense. In contrast, the scoring rules use the phrase \"time at bat\" to refer to the statistic at bat, defined in Rule 9.02(a)(1), but sometimes uses the phrase \"official time at bat\" or refers back to Rule 9.02(a)(1) when mentioning the statistic. The phrase \"plate appearance\" is used in Rules 9.22 and 9.23 dealing with batting titles and hitting streaks, and in Rule 5.10(g) comment regarding the Three-Batter Minimum: \"[t]o qualify as one of three consecutive batters, the batter must complete his plate appearance, which ends only when the batter is put out or becomes a runner.\" The term is not elsewhere defined in the rulebook.\n\nSee also\nBatting order\nAt bats with runners in scoring position\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nBatting statistics\nBatting (baseball)",
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John Offerdahl
|
John Arnold Offerdahl (born August 17, 1964) is an American former professional football player who spent his entire eight-year career as an inside linebacker for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Western Michigan Broncos, before being selected by the Dolphins with the 52nd pick of the 1986 draft.
While at WMU, Offerdahl set school records in tackles and recovered fumbles, making the All Mid-American Conference first-team his last three years, the Associated Press All American third-team his junior year, and the All American second-team his senior year. In his professional career, Offerdahl was selected for the Pro Bowl in each of his first five years in the league, and was a two-time All-Pro; in 1986 as a second-team selection and in 1990 as a first-team selection.
While still playing, Offerdahl opened a chain of bagel restaurants called Offerdahl's Bagel Gourmet, before selling the franchise in 1995. In 2000, he started a second franchise, Offerdahl's Cafe Grill.
Early life
John Offerdahl was born in Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin, on August 17, 1964, to Arnold and Irene Offerdahl. His mother was a teacher, first of art and later of furniture refinishing. He has four older sisters, Mary, Ruth, Susan, and Sarah.
After graduating from Fort Atkinson High School, Offerdahl received a partial football scholarship by Western Michigan University, the only Division I team to make him an offer. WMU noticed Offerdahl while scouting his teammate Jerry Quaerna. The scholarship became a full scholarship after Offerdahl impressed the coaching staff in early practices. Offerdahl stayed at WMU for four years – from the 1982 through 1985 seasons – and majored in biomedicine. He started every game over that time.
While at WMU, Offerdahl recorded 694 career tackles, a school record. In addition to the career record, he set the school's single-season record with 192 tackles during his sophomore year. He led the Mid-American Conference in tackles his sophomore, junior, and senior years, and was second in the conference his freshman year. He also forced 17 fumbles during his time at WMU, recovering a school record of 8.
Offerdahl was named a third-team All American by the Associated Press in 1984, and second-team All American in 1985. He made the all-conference first-team in each of his last three years, and was the conference Defensive Player of the Year in his senior year. Western Michigan University retired his jersey number in 1995 and inducted Offerdahl into its Hall of Fame a year later. He was inducted into the Mid-American Conference Hall of Fame in 2013.
Professional career
Offerdahl was drafted by the Miami Dolphins in the second round in the 1986 NFL Draft. The Dolphins did not have a first-round pick, making Offerdahl their first selection of the draft, and the draft's 52nd overall. Originally considered a middle or late-round pick, Offerdahl's draft stock skyrocketed during the Senior Bowl, which saw him put on an impressive performance against Heisman Trophy-winning running back Bo Jackson. His Senior Bowl highlights included two stops at the goal line during the same drive, one of which was an acrobatic move that stopped Jackson in mid-air. Offerdahl was taken to reinforce a struggling Dolphins defense, which held the 23rd-overall rank in the previous season.
In his rookie year, Offerdahl was the Dolphins' starting right inside linebacker. As with his rookie year in college, he impressed the coaching staff early in the preseason; he was named the starter 10 days after joining training camp, and had twice as many tackles as any of his teammates after the first three preseason games. Although the Dolphins had an 8–8 season, Offerdahl impressed individually. He was selected for the Pro Bowl and was named a second-team All-Pro by the Associated Press after recording 130 tackles, two sacks, and an interception in 15 games. He also shared the Pro Football Weekly/Pro Football Writers Association's Defensive Rookie of the Year Award with the San Diego Chargers' Leslie O'Neal.
In his second season, which was shortened by a players' strike, Offerdahl was limited to nine starts due to injury. Despite the reduction in playing time, he recorded sacks and was invited back to the Pro Bowl. His third season was the first in which he played in all 16 games. He had two interceptions – the most in a season during his professional career – as well as his career's only fumble recovery and a half-sack, on the way to his third consecutive Pro Bowl appearance.
Offerdahl spent the first 81 days of the 1989 season, his fourth in the league, in a contract holdout. Veteran player Barry Krauss was brought into the Dolphins at the beginning of the season to play the right inside linebacker position while Offerdahl held out. Instead of displacing Krauss, Offerdahl was moved to the left inside linebacker position upon his return. Offerdahl played 10 games and started 8, recording sacks, and was invited to the Pro Bowl for a fourth time.
The 1990 season is considered one of Offerdahl's best. Continuing at left inside linebacker, Offerdahl started all sixteen regular-season games, leading the team in tackles and contributing a sack and an interception for a 28-yard return, the longest in his career. He was invited to a fifth consecutive Pro Bowl and was named a first-team All-Pro.
Injuries plagued Offerdahl's last three years in the league, including bicep, shoulder, and hamstring injuries in his final season. Between 1991 and 1993, he played in 6, 8, and 9 regular-season games respectively, although in all but one of those games he was a starter. Returning to the right inside linebacker position, he recorded sacks in each of the 1991 and 1992 seasons, and none in 1993. Including the Dolphins' two games in the 1992 playoffs, Offerdahl played in 24 out of a possible 50 games, during which time they went 14–3 when he was fully fit, and 15–18 when he was playing through injury or inactive. He retired after the 1993 season, walking away from a contract worth up to $2.5 million for the year after struggling in a 1994 preseason game at only 31 years of age.
In October 2013, Offerdahl was added to the Dolphins' Ring of Honor, an honor roll permanently displayed inside of the team's stadium. He joined the 1972 undefeated team and 24 other players as a member of the Ring.
Business ventures
In 1990, while still playing for the Dolphins, Offerdahl opened a bagel store, Offerdahl's Bagel Gourmet, in Weston, Florida. It would become the first of 10 locations. In 1995, Offerdahl merged with three other bagel retailers to form Einstein Bros. Bagels, a national chain. He stayed with the company for just over a year as the Vice President of Operations for Florida, and was a member of the board until 1997. In the aftermath of Hurricane Andrew in 1992, Offerdahl's Bagel Gourmet, then with three locations, produced 6,000 bagels to distribute to people that lost their homes in the storm.
In 2000, he again entered the restaurant business, opening Offerdahl's Café Grill, a chain of casual restaurants. According to Katie Sharp and Louis Bien of SB Nation, Offerdahl – while not alone as an athlete-turned restaurateur – is one of only a few to focus on healthy food. As of December 2015, there are six Offerdahl's Café Grill locations; four in Broward County and one in each of Miami-Dade and Palm Beach counties. Offerdahl's bagels eventually was sold and merged with Einstein Bros. Bagels. Offerdahl's Café Grill is now called Offerdahl's Off the Grill.
Personal
Offerdahl lives in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, with his wife, Lynn. The couple have three children, Alexandra, Drew, and Jameson.
In his final season with the Dolphins, Offerdahl received the Ed Block Courage Award, an NFL-wide award for humanitarian work. He also received the Nat Moore Community Service Award, a Miami Dolphins-specific award for community engagement, in 1989, 1990, and 1993. He is the chairperson of the National Christian Foundation of South Florida. He holds an annual charity event in Pompano Beach, Florida, called the Gridiron Grill-off Food, Wine, & Tailgate Festival.
In 1993, while recovering from a bicep injury during the preseason, Offerdahl and four others rescued an elderly couple whose car was knocked into a pond after being hit by another car. After rescuing the passenger, Offerdahl dived into the pond repeatedly in an effort to free the driver, and was ultimately successful in doing so.
In 2009, Offerdahl and his son approached two men acting suspiciously outside of the house of neighbor Bernice Novack; the men fled and Offerdahl and his son were unable to catch them. Novack was later murdered; it is believed that one of those two men was the killer and that Offerdahl's intervention foiled a first attempt at Novack's life.
References
External links
MAC HOF BIO
1964 births
Living people
American football linebackers
Miami Dolphins players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
Western Michigan Broncos football players
Players of American football from Wisconsin
People from Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin
American restaurateurs
Sigma Alpha Epsilon members
|
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"content": "John Arnold Offerdahl (born August 17, 1964) is an American former professional football player who spent his entire eight-year career as an inside linebacker for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Western Michigan Broncos, before being selected by the Dolphins with the 52nd pick of the 1986 draft.\n\nWhile at WMU, Offerdahl set school records in tackles and recovered fumbles, making the All Mid-American Conference first-team his last three years, the Associated Press All American third-team his junior year, and the All American second-team his senior year. In his professional career, Offerdahl was selected for the Pro Bowl in each of his first five years in the league, and was a two-time All-Pro; in 1986 as a second-team selection and in 1990 as a first-team selection.\n\nWhile still playing, Offerdahl opened a chain of bagel restaurants called Offerdahl's Bagel Gourmet, before selling the franchise in 1995. In 2000, he started a second franchise, Offerdahl's Cafe Grill.\n\nEarly life \nJohn Offerdahl was born in Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin, on August 17, 1964, to Arnold and Irene Offerdahl. His mother was a teacher, first of art and later of furniture refinishing. He has four older sisters, Mary, Ruth, Susan, and Sarah.\n\nAfter graduating from Fort Atkinson High School, Offerdahl received a partial football scholarship by Western Michigan University, the only Division I team to make him an offer. WMU noticed Offerdahl while scouting his teammate Jerry Quaerna. The scholarship became a full scholarship after Offerdahl impressed the coaching staff in early practices. Offerdahl stayed at WMU for four years – from the 1982 through 1985 seasons – and majored in biomedicine. He started every game over that time.\n\nWhile at WMU, Offerdahl recorded 694 career tackles, a school record. In addition to the career record, he set the school's single-season record with 192 tackles during his sophomore year. He led the Mid-American Conference in tackles his sophomore, junior, and senior years, and was second in the conference his freshman year. He also forced 17 fumbles during his time at WMU, recovering a school record of 8.\n\nOfferdahl was named a third-team All American by the Associated Press in 1984, and second-team All American in 1985. He made the all-conference first-team in each of his last three years, and was the conference Defensive Player of the Year in his senior year. Western Michigan University retired his jersey number in 1995 and inducted Offerdahl into its Hall of Fame a year later. He was inducted into the Mid-American Conference Hall of Fame in 2013.\n\nProfessional career \nOfferdahl was drafted by the Miami Dolphins in the second round in the 1986 NFL Draft. The Dolphins did not have a first-round pick, making Offerdahl their first selection of the draft, and the draft's 52nd overall. Originally considered a middle or late-round pick, Offerdahl's draft stock skyrocketed during the Senior Bowl, which saw him put on an impressive performance against Heisman Trophy-winning running back Bo Jackson. His Senior Bowl highlights included two stops at the goal line during the same drive, one of which was an acrobatic move that stopped Jackson in mid-air. Offerdahl was taken to reinforce a struggling Dolphins defense, which held the 23rd-overall rank in the previous season.\n\nIn his rookie year, Offerdahl was the Dolphins' starting right inside linebacker. As with his rookie year in college, he impressed the coaching staff early in the preseason; he was named the starter 10 days after joining training camp, and had twice as many tackles as any of his teammates after the first three preseason games. Although the Dolphins had an 8–8 season, Offerdahl impressed individually. He was selected for the Pro Bowl and was named a second-team All-Pro by the Associated Press after recording 130 tackles, two sacks, and an interception in 15 games. He also shared the Pro Football Weekly/Pro Football Writers Association's Defensive Rookie of the Year Award with the San Diego Chargers' Leslie O'Neal.\n\nIn his second season, which was shortened by a players' strike, Offerdahl was limited to nine starts due to injury. Despite the reduction in playing time, he recorded sacks and was invited back to the Pro Bowl. His third season was the first in which he played in all 16 games. He had two interceptions – the most in a season during his professional career – as well as his career's only fumble recovery and a half-sack, on the way to his third consecutive Pro Bowl appearance.\n\nOfferdahl spent the first 81 days of the 1989 season, his fourth in the league, in a contract holdout. Veteran player Barry Krauss was brought into the Dolphins at the beginning of the season to play the right inside linebacker position while Offerdahl held out. Instead of displacing Krauss, Offerdahl was moved to the left inside linebacker position upon his return. Offerdahl played 10 games and started 8, recording sacks, and was invited to the Pro Bowl for a fourth time.\n\nThe 1990 season is considered one of Offerdahl's best. Continuing at left inside linebacker, Offerdahl started all sixteen regular-season games, leading the team in tackles and contributing a sack and an interception for a 28-yard return, the longest in his career. He was invited to a fifth consecutive Pro Bowl and was named a first-team All-Pro.\n\nInjuries plagued Offerdahl's last three years in the league, including bicep, shoulder, and hamstring injuries in his final season. Between 1991 and 1993, he played in 6, 8, and 9 regular-season games respectively, although in all but one of those games he was a starter. Returning to the right inside linebacker position, he recorded sacks in each of the 1991 and 1992 seasons, and none in 1993. Including the Dolphins' two games in the 1992 playoffs, Offerdahl played in 24 out of a possible 50 games, during which time they went 14–3 when he was fully fit, and 15–18 when he was playing through injury or inactive. He retired after the 1993 season, walking away from a contract worth up to $2.5 million for the year after struggling in a 1994 preseason game at only 31 years of age.\n\nIn October 2013, Offerdahl was added to the Dolphins' Ring of Honor, an honor roll permanently displayed inside of the team's stadium. He joined the 1972 undefeated team and 24 other players as a member of the Ring.\n\nBusiness ventures\nIn 1990, while still playing for the Dolphins, Offerdahl opened a bagel store, Offerdahl's Bagel Gourmet, in Weston, Florida. It would become the first of 10 locations. In 1995, Offerdahl merged with three other bagel retailers to form Einstein Bros. Bagels, a national chain. He stayed with the company for just over a year as the Vice President of Operations for Florida, and was a member of the board until 1997. In the aftermath of Hurricane Andrew in 1992, Offerdahl's Bagel Gourmet, then with three locations, produced 6,000 bagels to distribute to people that lost their homes in the storm.\n\nIn 2000, he again entered the restaurant business, opening Offerdahl's Café Grill, a chain of casual restaurants. According to Katie Sharp and Louis Bien of SB Nation, Offerdahl – while not alone as an athlete-turned restaurateur – is one of only a few to focus on healthy food. As of December 2015, there are six Offerdahl's Café Grill locations; four in Broward County and one in each of Miami-Dade and Palm Beach counties. Offerdahl's bagels eventually was sold and merged with Einstein Bros. Bagels. Offerdahl's Café Grill is now called Offerdahl's Off the Grill.\n\nPersonal\nOfferdahl lives in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, with his wife, Lynn. The couple have three children, Alexandra, Drew, and Jameson.\n\nIn his final season with the Dolphins, Offerdahl received the Ed Block Courage Award, an NFL-wide award for humanitarian work. He also received the Nat Moore Community Service Award, a Miami Dolphins-specific award for community engagement, in 1989, 1990, and 1993. He is the chairperson of the National Christian Foundation of South Florida. He holds an annual charity event in Pompano Beach, Florida, called the Gridiron Grill-off Food, Wine, & Tailgate Festival.\n\nIn 1993, while recovering from a bicep injury during the preseason, Offerdahl and four others rescued an elderly couple whose car was knocked into a pond after being hit by another car. After rescuing the passenger, Offerdahl dived into the pond repeatedly in an effort to free the driver, and was ultimately successful in doing so.\n\nIn 2009, Offerdahl and his son approached two men acting suspiciously outside of the house of neighbor Bernice Novack; the men fled and Offerdahl and his son were unable to catch them. Novack was later murdered; it is believed that one of those two men was the killer and that Offerdahl's intervention foiled a first attempt at Novack's life.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nMAC HOF BIO\n\n1964 births\nLiving people\nAmerican football linebackers\nMiami Dolphins players\nAmerican Conference Pro Bowl players\nWestern Michigan Broncos football players\nPlayers of American football from Wisconsin\nPeople from Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin\nAmerican restaurateurs\nSigma Alpha Epsilon members",
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Mickey's Speedway USA
|
Mickey's Speedway USA is a Disney racing game for the Nintendo 64 and Game Boy Color, developed by Rareware and published by Nintendo under license from Disney Interactive. It is styled after other kart racers such as Mario Kart 64 and Diddy Kong Racing, and features characters from the Mickey Mouse universe racing across the United States. It is Rare and Nintendo's second Disney-themed racing game following Mickey's Racing Adventure (1999).
Gameplay
Mickey's Speedway USA features various characters from the Mickey Mouse universe racing in karts to complete laps around a track as quickly as possible. Scattered along each track are tokens that increase racers' maximum speed, boosters which will give racers a quick burst of acceleration, and items that can be used to interfere with opponents, such as baseballs and paint cans. The Nintendo 64 (N64) version features gameplay similar to Rare's previous N64 racing game Diddy Kong Racing, while the Game Boy Color (GBC) version uses a top down gameplay style similar to its predecessor, Mickey's Racing Adventure.
The game includes a Grand Prix mode, a time trial mode, a practice mode, and multiplayer racing modes in both the N64 and GBC versions, along with a multiplayer battle mode on N64. Completing each Grand Prix on different difficulties will unlock new characters, cheats, and other features. The game features 20 different race tracks spread across five Grands Prix, all themed after famous American cities and locations such as Los Angeles, Washington, D.C., and the Grand Canyon; the selection of tracks slightly differs between versions. An additional bonus track can be unlocked in the N64 version via a cheat code and in the GBC version by linking up to a copy of Mickey's Racing Adventure via the system's infrared port.
Six playable characters are included in both versions of the game. These default characters are paired in statistics: Mickey and Donald have average statistics, Minnie and Daisy focus on handling and acceleration, and Goofy and Pete have a concentration in speed and quickness. Three additional characters, consisting of Dewey, Louie, and Ludwig Von Drake, can be unlocked in the N64 version through completing objectives in Grand Prix mode; a fourth character, Huey, can only be unlocked by connecting to the GBC version through the Transfer Pak.
Synopsis
Mickey discovers his dog, Pluto, has been kidnapped by the Weasels for his diamond collar. He calls Minnie, Donald, Daisy and Goofy to help search for him, while Pete intercepts the phone call and follows behind. Professor Ludwig von Drake builds race cars for the group to help them search faster, and they travel across America following a series of postcards left by the Weasels. After a final race, the Weasels are found, caught, and sent to jail. Mickey happily reunites with Pluto, revealing the supposed diamonds on his collar are simply glass beads from one of Minnie's old necklaces, and the group heads home.
Reception
The Nintendo 64 version received "average" reviews according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.
Matthew Byrd, writing for Den of Geek in 2017, said: "To be honest, Mickey's Speedway USA doesn't quite measure up to the likes of Diddy Kong Racing, Mario Kart 64, or Crash Team Racing. Its courses are not nearly as inventive (many are just basic recreations of US locations), its power-ups are a little slim, its A.I. is perpetually stuck in first, and its roster is a bit thin (...) [but] Rare still managed to produce an engagingly charming and more than functional kart racing title that's only notable flaws are tied into the fact that it didn't surpass what came before it".
See also
List of Disney video games
References
External links
Official Nintendo Japan Mickey's Speedway USA site
2000 video games
Disney video games
Donald Duck video games
Game Boy Color games
Games with Transfer Pak support
Goofy (Disney) video games
Kart racing video games
Mickey Mouse video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Nintendo games
Nintendo 64 games
Racing video games set in the United States
Rare (company) games
Vehicular combat games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
|
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"content": "Mickey's Speedway USA",
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"content": "Mickey's Speedway USA is a Disney racing game for the Nintendo 64 and Game Boy Color, developed by Rareware and published by Nintendo under license from Disney Interactive. It is styled after other kart racers such as Mario Kart 64 and Diddy Kong Racing, and features characters from the Mickey Mouse universe racing across the United States. It is Rare and Nintendo's second Disney-themed racing game following Mickey's Racing Adventure (1999).\n\nGameplay\n\nMickey's Speedway USA features various characters from the Mickey Mouse universe racing in karts to complete laps around a track as quickly as possible. Scattered along each track are tokens that increase racers' maximum speed, boosters which will give racers a quick burst of acceleration, and items that can be used to interfere with opponents, such as baseballs and paint cans. The Nintendo 64 (N64) version features gameplay similar to Rare's previous N64 racing game Diddy Kong Racing, while the Game Boy Color (GBC) version uses a top down gameplay style similar to its predecessor, Mickey's Racing Adventure.\n\nThe game includes a Grand Prix mode, a time trial mode, a practice mode, and multiplayer racing modes in both the N64 and GBC versions, along with a multiplayer battle mode on N64. Completing each Grand Prix on different difficulties will unlock new characters, cheats, and other features. The game features 20 different race tracks spread across five Grands Prix, all themed after famous American cities and locations such as Los Angeles, Washington, D.C., and the Grand Canyon; the selection of tracks slightly differs between versions. An additional bonus track can be unlocked in the N64 version via a cheat code and in the GBC version by linking up to a copy of Mickey's Racing Adventure via the system's infrared port.\n\nSix playable characters are included in both versions of the game. These default characters are paired in statistics: Mickey and Donald have average statistics, Minnie and Daisy focus on handling and acceleration, and Goofy and Pete have a concentration in speed and quickness. Three additional characters, consisting of Dewey, Louie, and Ludwig Von Drake, can be unlocked in the N64 version through completing objectives in Grand Prix mode; a fourth character, Huey, can only be unlocked by connecting to the GBC version through the Transfer Pak.\n\nSynopsis\nMickey discovers his dog, Pluto, has been kidnapped by the Weasels for his diamond collar. He calls Minnie, Donald, Daisy and Goofy to help search for him, while Pete intercepts the phone call and follows behind. Professor Ludwig von Drake builds race cars for the group to help them search faster, and they travel across America following a series of postcards left by the Weasels. After a final race, the Weasels are found, caught, and sent to jail. Mickey happily reunites with Pluto, revealing the supposed diamonds on his collar are simply glass beads from one of Minnie's old necklaces, and the group heads home.\n\nReception\n\nThe Nintendo 64 version received \"average\" reviews according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.\n\nMatthew Byrd, writing for Den of Geek in 2017, said: \"To be honest, Mickey's Speedway USA doesn't quite measure up to the likes of Diddy Kong Racing, Mario Kart 64, or Crash Team Racing. Its courses are not nearly as inventive (many are just basic recreations of US locations), its power-ups are a little slim, its A.I. is perpetually stuck in first, and its roster is a bit thin (...) [but] Rare still managed to produce an engagingly charming and more than functional kart racing title that's only notable flaws are tied into the fact that it didn't surpass what came before it\".\n\nSee also\nList of Disney video games\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial Nintendo Japan Mickey's Speedway USA site\n\n2000 video games\nDisney video games\nDonald Duck video games\nGame Boy Color games\nGames with Transfer Pak support\nGoofy (Disney) video games\nKart racing video games\nMickey Mouse video games\nMultiplayer and single-player video games\nNintendo games\nNintendo 64 games\nRacing video games set in the United States\nRare (company) games\nVehicular combat games\nVideo games developed in the United Kingdom",
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Asclettin
|
Asclettin (from Old Norse Ásketill) is a masculine Norman given name. It may refer to:
Asclettin, Count of Acerenza (fl. 1016–42), Norman mercenary
Asclettin, Count of Aversa (r. died 1045), son of preceding
Asclettin (Sicilian chancellor), officer serving William I of Sicily
|
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"content": "Asclettin",
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"content": "Asclettin (from Old Norse Ásketill) is a masculine Norman given name. It may refer to:\nAsclettin, Count of Acerenza (fl. 1016–42), Norman mercenary\nAsclettin, Count of Aversa (r. died 1045), son of preceding\nAsclettin (Sicilian chancellor), officer serving William I of Sicily",
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Harald Moltke Glacier
|
The Harald Moltke Glacier () is a glacier in Greenland.
Geography
The Harald Moltke Glacier is located in the far northwest of Greenland, to the north of the Thule Air Base. It is one of four large glaciers which feeds the Wolstenholme Fjord (sometimes referred to as "the world's largest ice machine"). The other glaciers are the Salisbury Glacier, the Chamberlin Glacier, and the Knud Rasmussen Glacier. The Harald Moltke Glacier is over in length and is approximately in width.
See also
List of glaciers in Greenland
References
Glaciers of Greenland
|
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"content": "Harald Moltke Glacier",
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"content": "The Harald Moltke Glacier () is a glacier in Greenland.\n\nGeography\nThe Harald Moltke Glacier is located in the far northwest of Greenland, to the north of the Thule Air Base. It is one of four large glaciers which feeds the Wolstenholme Fjord (sometimes referred to as \"the world's largest ice machine\"). The other glaciers are the Salisbury Glacier, the Chamberlin Glacier, and the Knud Rasmussen Glacier. The Harald Moltke Glacier is over in length and is approximately in width.\n\nSee also\nList of glaciers in Greenland\n\nReferences\n\nGlaciers of Greenland",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canol%20Heritage%20Trail
|
The Canol Heritage Trail is a trail running from Norman Wells, Northwest Territories, through the Mackenzie Mountains, to the Yukon border. Because of its remoteness, length and river crossings it is considered one of the most challenging trails in Canada. The trail is in the process of becoming a territorial park.
History
The trail follows the route of the Canol Road lying within the Northwest Territories where it is no longer maintained beyond the Yukon border. The road was constructed during the Second World War by the United States Army Corps of Engineers to build and service a pipeline bringing oil from Norman Wells to a refinery in Whitehorse, Yukon. Though built at huge expense, it was abandoned after only thirteen months of operation.
Logistics
The eastern end of the trail is at Milepost 4, across the Mackenzie River from Norman Wells, requiring arrangements to be made to cross the river by either air or boat. The western end can be reached by plane from either Norman Wells or Whitehorse. In summer, it can also be reached by road along Yukon Highway 6/North Canol Road. The road receives minimal maintenance and can be a rough ride up to the Yukon-NWT border where it is no longer maintained and quickly becomes impassable to most vehicles. The western end of the trail is officially the airstrip at Milepost 222 in the NWT. The small airstrip at Macmillan Pass near the Yukon border is also used, which brings the total distance to the Mackenzie River to .
Due to its length and difficulty, it should only be undertaken by experienced and fit hikers. Most hikers will take between 14 and 22 days to complete the trail. There are no services along the trail and, though it has been hiked with no resupply, most people arrange for one to three food drops to be made by aircraft. The fastest known time to hike the trail is just over 5 days.
Major river crossings include the third and fourth crossings of the Ekwi, the Twitya, the Little Keele and the second crossing of the Carcajou. Depending on water levels these can be difficult or impossible to cross on foot. There are also many smaller creek and river crossings that may be difficult at high water. A hiker died in 2016 after being swept away crossing the Little Keele. In 2016 a seasonal cable ferry system was tested to provide a safer crossing of the Twitya, however it has not been reinstalled.
In 2018 the Government of the Northwest Territories began building emergency shelters on the trail. As of 2020 five shelters have been completed with plans to add up to 15 more.
The trail crosses grizzly bear and black bear habitat, so precautions should be taken.
Environmental clean-up and park status
After the Americans decided the Canol project was a failure, it was abandoned and sold for scrap to Imperial Oil.
Some valuable equipment was salvaged but a great deal of pipeline, wire, vehicles and buildings remained as well as various contaminants.
Clean-up of telegraph wire began in 2015 and at the end of 2016 over 70% of wire on the trail had been cut and stockpiled for future removal. Work to remove contaminants, collect bundles of wire, secure standing buildings and address physical hazards was completed between 2017 and 2019 and long-term monitoring is now underway. Remediation of the trail will allow the creation of a territorial park to proceed as set out in the Sahtu Dene and Metis Comprehensive Land Claim Agreement.
In 2021, the trail was designated as part of the Trans Canada Trail network.
Other modes of travel
The first successful summer motorized expedition, crossing from Ross River, YT to Norman Wells, NWT, occurred in July 1973. Unassisted, seven Honda ATC90 trikes and riders traveled 589 km (366 mi) in 10 days.
The entire trail was first completed by bicycle in 1991. In 2012 the trail was completed in eight days, with no food drops, from Macmillan Pass to the Mackenzie River using mountain bikes and packrafts and since that time cycling attempts have become more common.
The trail has been traversed by snowmobile and dog team in the winter and by All-terrain vehicle in the summer.
Attempts to travel it by off road vehicles in 2009 and 2011 sparked controversy in the Northwest Territories over motorized use of the trail.
Images
References
External links
Hiking and biking the Canol Heritage Trail includes a trail guide and list of trip reports
Canol trail on trailpeak.com
Canol Trail Information and trip reports (Warning pop ups, menu with trail map etc. is in top window)
Hiking trails in the Northwest Territories
Heritage trails
|
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canol%20Heritage%20Trail",
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"content": "The Canol Heritage Trail is a trail running from Norman Wells, Northwest Territories, through the Mackenzie Mountains, to the Yukon border. Because of its remoteness, length and river crossings it is considered one of the most challenging trails in Canada. The trail is in the process of becoming a territorial park.\n\nHistory \nThe trail follows the route of the Canol Road lying within the Northwest Territories where it is no longer maintained beyond the Yukon border. The road was constructed during the Second World War by the United States Army Corps of Engineers to build and service a pipeline bringing oil from Norman Wells to a refinery in Whitehorse, Yukon. Though built at huge expense, it was abandoned after only thirteen months of operation.\n\nLogistics \nThe eastern end of the trail is at Milepost 4, across the Mackenzie River from Norman Wells, requiring arrangements to be made to cross the river by either air or boat. The western end can be reached by plane from either Norman Wells or Whitehorse. In summer, it can also be reached by road along Yukon Highway 6/North Canol Road. The road receives minimal maintenance and can be a rough ride up to the Yukon-NWT border where it is no longer maintained and quickly becomes impassable to most vehicles. The western end of the trail is officially the airstrip at Milepost 222 in the NWT. The small airstrip at Macmillan Pass near the Yukon border is also used, which brings the total distance to the Mackenzie River to .\n\nDue to its length and difficulty, it should only be undertaken by experienced and fit hikers. Most hikers will take between 14 and 22 days to complete the trail. There are no services along the trail and, though it has been hiked with no resupply, most people arrange for one to three food drops to be made by aircraft. The fastest known time to hike the trail is just over 5 days.\n\nMajor river crossings include the third and fourth crossings of the Ekwi, the Twitya, the Little Keele and the second crossing of the Carcajou. Depending on water levels these can be difficult or impossible to cross on foot. There are also many smaller creek and river crossings that may be difficult at high water. A hiker died in 2016 after being swept away crossing the Little Keele. In 2016 a seasonal cable ferry system was tested to provide a safer crossing of the Twitya, however it has not been reinstalled.\n\nIn 2018 the Government of the Northwest Territories began building emergency shelters on the trail. As of 2020 five shelters have been completed with plans to add up to 15 more. \n\nThe trail crosses grizzly bear and black bear habitat, so precautions should be taken.\n\nEnvironmental clean-up and park status\n\nAfter the Americans decided the Canol project was a failure, it was abandoned and sold for scrap to Imperial Oil.\nSome valuable equipment was salvaged but a great deal of pipeline, wire, vehicles and buildings remained as well as various contaminants.\n\nClean-up of telegraph wire began in 2015 and at the end of 2016 over 70% of wire on the trail had been cut and stockpiled for future removal. Work to remove contaminants, collect bundles of wire, secure standing buildings and address physical hazards was completed between 2017 and 2019 and long-term monitoring is now underway. Remediation of the trail will allow the creation of a territorial park to proceed as set out in the Sahtu Dene and Metis Comprehensive Land Claim Agreement.\n\nIn 2021, the trail was designated as part of the Trans Canada Trail network.\n\nOther modes of travel \nThe first successful summer motorized expedition, crossing from Ross River, YT to Norman Wells, NWT, occurred in July 1973. Unassisted, seven Honda ATC90 trikes and riders traveled 589 km (366 mi) in 10 days. \n\nThe entire trail was first completed by bicycle in 1991. In 2012 the trail was completed in eight days, with no food drops, from Macmillan Pass to the Mackenzie River using mountain bikes and packrafts and since that time cycling attempts have become more common. \n\nThe trail has been traversed by snowmobile and dog team in the winter and by All-terrain vehicle in the summer.\n\nAttempts to travel it by off road vehicles in 2009 and 2011 sparked controversy in the Northwest Territories over motorized use of the trail.\n\nImages\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nHiking and biking the Canol Heritage Trail includes a trail guide and list of trip reports \nCanol trail on trailpeak.com\nCanol Trail Information and trip reports (Warning pop ups, menu with trail map etc. is in top window)\n\nHiking trails in the Northwest Territories\nHeritage trails",
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University of Minnesota Medical School
|
The University of Minnesota Medical School is an accredited medical school at the University of Minnesota. It is a combination of two campuses located in Minneapolis and Duluth, Minnesota.
History
The University of Minnesota Medical School began in the late nineteenth century when three of the private medical schools in the Twin Cities in Minnesota offered up their charters and merged their programs to form the University of Minnesota Medical School. A fourth school was absorbed in the early twentieth century. As a consequence of these mergers in 1888 and 1908, the school is the only medical school in the Twin Cities or Duluth and is one of only two in the state, the other being the Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine in Rochester, Minnesota.
The University of Minnesota Medical School's older buildings include the Mayo Memorial Building (1954) and Jackson Hall (1912). Jackson Hall was built as the home of the Institute of Anatomy and is still the site of anatomy instruction for medical students, undergraduates, and students of dentistry, nursing, physical therapy, and mortuary science. More visible today are the 1978 Phillips-Wangensteen and Moos Tower buildings. A new university hospital overlooking the river was completed in 1986. The university began its partnership with Fairview Health Services in 1997, bringing the university hospital under Fairview operations and eventually moving pediatrics to the West Bank. In 2011, a new pediatric hospital was opened. The M Health Fairview Masonic Children’s Hospital provides pediatric programs from surgery, imaging and neonatal and pediatric intensive care to cardiac and oncology (cancer care) services and blood and marrow and organ transplantation.
The Duluth program began in late 1972. It is now a branch campus of the medical school, specializing in the training of physicians for rural and small-town settings in rural Minnesota. The University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus is ranked #2 in the nation for training American Indian and Alaskan Indian physicians, according to the Association of American Medical Colleges. Students spend their first two years on the Duluth campus before transferring down to the Twin Cities class for rotations and clinical lessons.
Accomplishments
The University of Minnesota Medical School research history includes:
First successful open-heart surgery by John Lewis, Walton Lillehei, Richard Varco and others in 1952
The first portable cardiac pacemaker was invented by Earl Bakken with the help of Walton Lillehei and Richard Varco in 1957
First pancreas-kidney transplant by Richard Lillehei and William Kelly in 1966
First intestinal transplant by Richard Lillehei in 1966
First bone marrow transplant by Robert Good in 1968
The field of Medical Oncology was pioneered by B.J. Kennedy in 1972
First total pancreatectomy and islet-auto transplant (T-PIAT) in 1977
First bone marrow and cord blood transplant by John Wagner and Jakub Tolar in 2007
The first cord blood transplant aimed at curing leukemia and HIV/AIDS was performed in 2013
The medical school has more than 17,000 alumni as of 2022. As of 2017, 70% of the state's physicians had taken classes there. A 2010 study in the Annals of Internal Medicine found the University of Minnesota Medical School to be one of only two of 141 medical schools in the United States to be in the top quartile for NIH funding, output of primary care physicians, and social mission score.
Academics
The University of Minnesota Medical School is part of one of the largest Academic Health Centers (AHC) in the United States. This center allows health professionals to train collaboratively across interdisciplinary teams throughout the course of their training programs. The AHC comprises the Medical School, School of Dentistry, School of Nursing, College of Pharmacy, School of Public Health, and the College of Veterinary Medicine.
The University of Minnesota Medical School offers seven dual-degree programs for students interested in combining their medical education with a degree in medical research (MD/PhD), public health (MD/MPH), biomedical engineering (MD/MS), law (MD/JD), business (MD/MBA), or health informatics (MD/MHI). The Medical School also offers 10 individualized pathways for learners to experience a longitudinal integrated clerkships at a variety of hosting sites, each with a different focus. The first longitudinal integrated clerkship in the country was designed and implemented at the University of Minnesota Medical School in 1971. Jack Verby created the Rural Physicians Associate Program (RPAP) as a workforce initiative for rural Minnesota. This program continues today.
In addition to training medical students for their MD degrees, the University of Minnesota Medical School also has numerous residencies and fellowships as part of their graduate medical education programs. These residencies and fellowships are hosted at a variety of health systems across the Twin Cities and Minnesota, adding variety in patient populations and case loads to learners' experience.
The larger of the two campuses is in the Twin Cities. This campus has approximately 170 students in each of the first two years of medical school with a mixture of traditional medical students and students pursuing combined advanced degrees such as a Ph.D. through a MSTP scholarship. As the larger of the two campuses, the Twin Cities campus provides increased opportunities for research and specialty care and also provides the main clinical education site for both campuses. Thus, at the end of the fourth year, the total graduating class at Minneapolis usually exceeds 220 students. The University of Minnesota Medical school makes use of many teaching hospitals in the Twin Cities area. The University of Minnesota Medical Center is just one of these; others include Hennepin County Medical Center (HCMC), Regions Hospital (St. Paul), North Memorial Hospital (Robbinsdale), Children Hospital of Minneapolis and St Paul, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, and the Minneapolis Veteran's Administration Hospital.
The Duluth campus, formerly the University of Minnesota Duluth School of Medicine, has approximately 65 students enrolled for each of the first two years of medical school as of 2022, after which they transfer to the Twin Cities campus for their clinical rotations. The mission of the Duluth Campus is to select and educate students who will likely select Family Medicine/Primary Care and practice in rural locations. Duluth is also a primary site for the Center for American Indian and Minority Health which aims to educate increased numbers of Native American students as medical professionals.
Research
In 2014, with the support of Governor Mark Dayton and the Minnesota legislature, the University of Minnesota Medical School created Medical Discovery Teams (MDT) to support the Medical School's efforts to increase national preeminence by attracting and retaining world-class faculty, staff, students, and residents. These Medical Discovery Teams are structured to help achieve the state's goals of improving patient and population health, lowering costs, and improving healthcare experiences. The four Medical Discovery Teams were created to focus specifically on four of the biggest health problems facing Minnesota:
Medical Discovery Team on Addiction- The mission of the MDT on addiction is to make rapid advancements in the understanding of brain mechanisms of addiction and relapse, and translate discoveries into new effective therapies that prevent and treat addiction.
Memory Keepers Medical Discovery Team- The mission of the Memory Keepers Medical Discovery Team is to support an environment of Team Science to conduct community-based participatory action research on dementia in Indigenous and rural communities with the aim of achieving health equity.
The Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism- The mission of the iBAM MDT is to extend healthy aging by focusing on research and testing pharmaceutical approaches to lessen or eliminate age-related diseases and conditions. Led by Laura Niedernhofer, this group works on Senolytic Drugs as a potential therapeutic approach to lessen the impacts of aging.
Discovery Team for Optical Imaging and Brain Science- The mission of the MDT on Optical Imaging and Brain Science is to produce a dynamic blueprint of the functioning brain using new methods for large-scale monitoring and interrogation of neural activity.
Research conducted by Sylvain Lesné in the area of Alzheimer's disease is under investigation as of July 2022; a Science magazine article covered allegations that images were manipulated in a 2006 Nature publication, co-authored by Karen Ashe and others.
Patient care
Patient care at the University of Minnesota Medical School happens through partnerships with hospitals and clinics, in particular through M Health Fairview, as well as within its group practice, University of Minnesota Physicians (M Physicians).
University of Minnesota Physicians is the multi-specialty group practice of the University of Minnesota Medical School faculty.
A clinical partnership has resulted in M Health Fairview—a collaboration between the University of Minnesota, University of Minnesota Physicians, and Fairview Health Services which was finalized with a 2019 agreement. The expanded partnership of the University of Minnesota, University of Minnesota Physicians, and Fairview brings together 11 hospitals, 56 primary care clinics, and other services into a shared care delivery system led by a single leadership structure, led by Fairview CEO James Hereford and Medical School Dean Jakub Tolar, MD. This academic health system serves hundreds of thousands of patients annually.
Rankings
In its 2023 report, U.S. News & World Report ranked the University of Minnesota Medical School 2nd in the nation for primary care, 35th in the United States for medical research, and 7th for family medicine.
The University of Minnesota Medical School was ranked 21st in the country in the 2022 Blue Ridge Rankings, based on annual NIH funding of $341MM.
The University of Minnesota Medical School is ranked #57 on U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities for Clinical Medicine.
The University of Minnesota Medical School is ranked #26 by Shanghai Ranking for Medical Technology and #101 for Clinical Medicine
The University of Minnesota Medical School is ranked #67 by CEOWorld's Best Medical Schools in the World 2022
Notable alumni and faculty
Department of Surgery
C. Walton Lillehei
Russell M. Nelson - pioneer in open heart surgery, later president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Norman Shumway
Owen Harding Wangensteen
Department of Medicine
Kathleen Annette
Paul P. Boswell
Mary A. G. Dight
Robert A. Good
B. J. Kennedy
Maureen Reed
Vernon L. Sommerdorf
Department of Pediatrics
Jakub Tolar
Damien Fair
References
External links
Medical schools in Minnesota
Medical School
Mortuary schools
Universities and colleges established in 1888
1888 establishments in Minnesota
|
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"content": "University of Minnesota Medical School",
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"content": "The University of Minnesota Medical School is an accredited medical school at the University of Minnesota. It is a combination of two campuses located in Minneapolis and Duluth, Minnesota.\n\nHistory\nThe University of Minnesota Medical School began in the late nineteenth century when three of the private medical schools in the Twin Cities in Minnesota offered up their charters and merged their programs to form the University of Minnesota Medical School. A fourth school was absorbed in the early twentieth century. As a consequence of these mergers in 1888 and 1908, the school is the only medical school in the Twin Cities or Duluth and is one of only two in the state, the other being the Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine in Rochester, Minnesota.\n\nThe University of Minnesota Medical School's older buildings include the Mayo Memorial Building (1954) and Jackson Hall (1912). Jackson Hall was built as the home of the Institute of Anatomy and is still the site of anatomy instruction for medical students, undergraduates, and students of dentistry, nursing, physical therapy, and mortuary science. More visible today are the 1978 Phillips-Wangensteen and Moos Tower buildings. A new university hospital overlooking the river was completed in 1986. The university began its partnership with Fairview Health Services in 1997, bringing the university hospital under Fairview operations and eventually moving pediatrics to the West Bank. In 2011, a new pediatric hospital was opened. The M Health Fairview Masonic Children’s Hospital provides pediatric programs from surgery, imaging and neonatal and pediatric intensive care to cardiac and oncology (cancer care) services and blood and marrow and organ transplantation.\n\nThe Duluth program began in late 1972. It is now a branch campus of the medical school, specializing in the training of physicians for rural and small-town settings in rural Minnesota. The University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus is ranked #2 in the nation for training American Indian and Alaskan Indian physicians, according to the Association of American Medical Colleges. Students spend their first two years on the Duluth campus before transferring down to the Twin Cities class for rotations and clinical lessons.\n\nAccomplishments \nThe University of Minnesota Medical School research history includes:\n\n First successful open-heart surgery by John Lewis, Walton Lillehei, Richard Varco and others in 1952\n The first portable cardiac pacemaker was invented by Earl Bakken with the help of Walton Lillehei and Richard Varco in 1957\n First pancreas-kidney transplant by Richard Lillehei and William Kelly in 1966\n First intestinal transplant by Richard Lillehei in 1966\n First bone marrow transplant by Robert Good in 1968\n The field of Medical Oncology was pioneered by B.J. Kennedy in 1972\n First total pancreatectomy and islet-auto transplant (T-PIAT) in 1977\n First bone marrow and cord blood transplant by John Wagner and Jakub Tolar in 2007\n The first cord blood transplant aimed at curing leukemia and HIV/AIDS was performed in 2013\n\nThe medical school has more than 17,000 alumni as of 2022. As of 2017, 70% of the state's physicians had taken classes there. A 2010 study in the Annals of Internal Medicine found the University of Minnesota Medical School to be one of only two of 141 medical schools in the United States to be in the top quartile for NIH funding, output of primary care physicians, and social mission score.\n\nAcademics\nThe University of Minnesota Medical School is part of one of the largest Academic Health Centers (AHC) in the United States. This center allows health professionals to train collaboratively across interdisciplinary teams throughout the course of their training programs. The AHC comprises the Medical School, School of Dentistry, School of Nursing, College of Pharmacy, School of Public Health, and the College of Veterinary Medicine.\n\nThe University of Minnesota Medical School offers seven dual-degree programs for students interested in combining their medical education with a degree in medical research (MD/PhD), public health (MD/MPH), biomedical engineering (MD/MS), law (MD/JD), business (MD/MBA), or health informatics (MD/MHI). The Medical School also offers 10 individualized pathways for learners to experience a longitudinal integrated clerkships at a variety of hosting sites, each with a different focus. The first longitudinal integrated clerkship in the country was designed and implemented at the University of Minnesota Medical School in 1971. Jack Verby created the Rural Physicians Associate Program (RPAP) as a workforce initiative for rural Minnesota. This program continues today.\n\nIn addition to training medical students for their MD degrees, the University of Minnesota Medical School also has numerous residencies and fellowships as part of their graduate medical education programs. These residencies and fellowships are hosted at a variety of health systems across the Twin Cities and Minnesota, adding variety in patient populations and case loads to learners' experience.\n\nThe larger of the two campuses is in the Twin Cities. This campus has approximately 170 students in each of the first two years of medical school with a mixture of traditional medical students and students pursuing combined advanced degrees such as a Ph.D. through a MSTP scholarship. As the larger of the two campuses, the Twin Cities campus provides increased opportunities for research and specialty care and also provides the main clinical education site for both campuses. Thus, at the end of the fourth year, the total graduating class at Minneapolis usually exceeds 220 students. The University of Minnesota Medical school makes use of many teaching hospitals in the Twin Cities area. The University of Minnesota Medical Center is just one of these; others include Hennepin County Medical Center (HCMC), Regions Hospital (St. Paul), North Memorial Hospital (Robbinsdale), Children Hospital of Minneapolis and St Paul, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, and the Minneapolis Veteran's Administration Hospital.\n\nThe Duluth campus, formerly the University of Minnesota Duluth School of Medicine, has approximately 65 students enrolled for each of the first two years of medical school as of 2022, after which they transfer to the Twin Cities campus for their clinical rotations. The mission of the Duluth Campus is to select and educate students who will likely select Family Medicine/Primary Care and practice in rural locations. Duluth is also a primary site for the Center for American Indian and Minority Health which aims to educate increased numbers of Native American students as medical professionals.\n\nResearch \nIn 2014, with the support of Governor Mark Dayton and the Minnesota legislature, the University of Minnesota Medical School created Medical Discovery Teams (MDT) to support the Medical School's efforts to increase national preeminence by attracting and retaining world-class faculty, staff, students, and residents. These Medical Discovery Teams are structured to help achieve the state's goals of improving patient and population health, lowering costs, and improving healthcare experiences. The four Medical Discovery Teams were created to focus specifically on four of the biggest health problems facing Minnesota: \n\n Medical Discovery Team on Addiction- The mission of the MDT on addiction is to make rapid advancements in the understanding of brain mechanisms of addiction and relapse, and translate discoveries into new effective therapies that prevent and treat addiction. \n Memory Keepers Medical Discovery Team- The mission of the Memory Keepers Medical Discovery Team is to support an environment of Team Science to conduct community-based participatory action research on dementia in Indigenous and rural communities with the aim of achieving health equity.\n The Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism- The mission of the iBAM MDT is to extend healthy aging by focusing on research and testing pharmaceutical approaches to lessen or eliminate age-related diseases and conditions. Led by Laura Niedernhofer, this group works on Senolytic Drugs as a potential therapeutic approach to lessen the impacts of aging. \n Discovery Team for Optical Imaging and Brain Science- The mission of the MDT on Optical Imaging and Brain Science is to produce a dynamic blueprint of the functioning brain using new methods for large-scale monitoring and interrogation of neural activity. \n\nResearch conducted by Sylvain Lesné in the area of Alzheimer's disease is under investigation as of July 2022; a Science magazine article covered allegations that images were manipulated in a 2006 Nature publication, co-authored by Karen Ashe and others.\n\nPatient care \nPatient care at the University of Minnesota Medical School happens through partnerships with hospitals and clinics, in particular through M Health Fairview, as well as within its group practice, University of Minnesota Physicians (M Physicians). \n\nUniversity of Minnesota Physicians is the multi-specialty group practice of the University of Minnesota Medical School faculty. \n\nA clinical partnership has resulted in M Health Fairview—a collaboration between the University of Minnesota, University of Minnesota Physicians, and Fairview Health Services which was finalized with a 2019 agreement. The expanded partnership of the University of Minnesota, University of Minnesota Physicians, and Fairview brings together 11 hospitals, 56 primary care clinics, and other services into a shared care delivery system led by a single leadership structure, led by Fairview CEO James Hereford and Medical School Dean Jakub Tolar, MD. This academic health system serves hundreds of thousands of patients annually.\n\nRankings\nIn its 2023 report, U.S. News & World Report ranked the University of Minnesota Medical School 2nd in the nation for primary care, 35th in the United States for medical research, and 7th for family medicine.\n\nThe University of Minnesota Medical School was ranked 21st in the country in the 2022 Blue Ridge Rankings, based on annual NIH funding of $341MM.\n\nThe University of Minnesota Medical School is ranked #57 on U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities for Clinical Medicine.\n\nThe University of Minnesota Medical School is ranked #26 by Shanghai Ranking for Medical Technology and #101 for Clinical Medicine \n\nThe University of Minnesota Medical School is ranked #67 by CEOWorld's Best Medical Schools in the World 2022\n\nNotable alumni and faculty\n\nDepartment of Surgery\nC. Walton Lillehei\n Russell M. Nelson - pioneer in open heart surgery, later president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\nNorman Shumway\nOwen Harding Wangensteen\n\nDepartment of Medicine\nKathleen Annette\nPaul P. Boswell\nMary A. G. Dight\nRobert A. Good\nB. J. Kennedy\nMaureen Reed\nVernon L. Sommerdorf\n\nDepartment of Pediatrics\nJakub Tolar\nDamien Fair\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nMedical schools in Minnesota\nMedical School\nMortuary schools\nUniversities and colleges established in 1888\n1888 establishments in Minnesota",
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Kevin Bishop
|
Kevin Brian Bishop (born 18 June 1980) is a British actor, comedian and writer. He is best known for his roles as Jim Hawkins in Muppet Treasure Island, Stupid Brian in My Family, and Nigel Norman Fletcher in the 2016 revival of Porridge, and as star of The Kevin Bishop Show, which he co-wrote with Lee Hupfield.
Life and career
Bishop's first role was in Grange Hill. His second role, at age 16, was as Ben Quayle in Silent Witness. He played Stupid Brian in three episodes of My Family. He starred in Muppet Treasure Island as Jim Hawkins.
In 2005, he portrayed the late comedian Dudley Moore onstage in Pete and Dud: Come Again, a drama charting Moore's turbulent relationship with Peter Cook, which debuted at the Assembly Rooms as part of the Edinburgh Fringe before transferring to The Venue in London's West End in March 2006. In August 2007 he appeared as the title character in Channel 4's satirical spoof documentary "Being Tom Cruise", a spin-off of Star Stories. In September 2014, Bishop appeared in the one-man show Fully Committed at the Menier Chocolate Factory, in which he played forty characters.
In 2013, Bishop appeared in the American comedy series Super Fun Night, written by and starring Australian comedic actress Rebel Wilson. The show ran for one season.
In August 2016, Bishop starred in the revival of classic 1970s BBC sitcom Porridge. He played the role of Fletch, grandson of Ronnie Barker's original main character, locked up for cyber-crime. Originally a one-off, the show was commissioned to full series in October 2016. The first series was broadcast in October 2017 on a 6-week run on BBC One as well as the full series being released at the same time on BBC iPlayer.
In 2016, Bishop played Nigel Farage in a one-off BBC Two comedy series entitled Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back.
In 2017, Bishop became the speaking voice for 2-D, fictional lead singer of British virtual band Gorillaz.
Selected filmography
Awards and nominations
References
External links
BBC Interview
Interview with Kevin Bishop, myparkmag.co.uk
Interview, EcranLarge.com, 6 July 2005
1980 births
English male child actors
English male comedians
English comedy writers
English male film actors
English male musical theatre actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
English television writers
Living people
People from Orpington
Male actors from London
Musicians from Kent
Male actors from Kent
British male television writers
Actors from Bromley
Comedians from London
Gorillaz members
|
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"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
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"content": "Kevin Bishop",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Kevin Brian Bishop (born 18 June 1980) is a British actor, comedian and writer. He is best known for his roles as Jim Hawkins in Muppet Treasure Island, Stupid Brian in My Family, and Nigel Norman Fletcher in the 2016 revival of Porridge, and as star of The Kevin Bishop Show, which he co-wrote with Lee Hupfield.\n\nLife and career\n\nBishop's first role was in Grange Hill. His second role, at age 16, was as Ben Quayle in Silent Witness. He played Stupid Brian in three episodes of My Family. He starred in Muppet Treasure Island as Jim Hawkins. \n\nIn 2005, he portrayed the late comedian Dudley Moore onstage in Pete and Dud: Come Again, a drama charting Moore's turbulent relationship with Peter Cook, which debuted at the Assembly Rooms as part of the Edinburgh Fringe before transferring to The Venue in London's West End in March 2006. In August 2007 he appeared as the title character in Channel 4's satirical spoof documentary \"Being Tom Cruise\", a spin-off of Star Stories. In September 2014, Bishop appeared in the one-man show Fully Committed at the Menier Chocolate Factory, in which he played forty characters. \n\nIn 2013, Bishop appeared in the American comedy series Super Fun Night, written by and starring Australian comedic actress Rebel Wilson. The show ran for one season.\n\nIn August 2016, Bishop starred in the revival of classic 1970s BBC sitcom Porridge. He played the role of Fletch, grandson of Ronnie Barker's original main character, locked up for cyber-crime. Originally a one-off, the show was commissioned to full series in October 2016. The first series was broadcast in October 2017 on a 6-week run on BBC One as well as the full series being released at the same time on BBC iPlayer.\n\nIn 2016, Bishop played Nigel Farage in a one-off BBC Two comedy series entitled Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back.\n\nIn 2017, Bishop became the speaking voice for 2-D, fictional lead singer of British virtual band Gorillaz.\n\nSelected filmography\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nBBC Interview\nInterview with Kevin Bishop, myparkmag.co.uk\nInterview, EcranLarge.com, 6 July 2005\n\n1980 births\nEnglish male child actors\nEnglish male comedians\nEnglish comedy writers\nEnglish male film actors\nEnglish male musical theatre actors\nEnglish male stage actors\nEnglish male television actors\nEnglish television writers\nLiving people\nPeople from Orpington\nMale actors from London\nMusicians from Kent\nMale actors from Kent\nBritish male television writers\nActors from Bromley\nComedians from London\nGorillaz members",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Fitzpatrick
|
Karl Fitzpatrick (born 13 September 1980) is a former Ireland international rugby league , and Chief executive officer of the Warrington Wolves in the Super League.
Playing career
Fitzpatrick was originally a scrum half before he switched to full back. He is a product of Wigan St Patricks. Fitzpatrick began his professional career at Widnes Vikings, followed by spells at Tonneins XIII (France) and Swinton Lions.
Fitzpatrick signed for Salford in 2003. In 2004, Fitzpatrick represented Ireland in the Rugby League European Cup, and also picked up the most improved player award at Salford.
He was named in the Ireland squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup.
References
External links
Profile at reds.originalreddevils.com
(archived by web.archive.org) Profile at rli.ie
Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org
1980 births
Living people
British rugby league administrators
English people of Irish descent
English rugby league players
Ireland national rugby league team players
Irish rugby league players
Rugby league fullbacks
Rugby league players from Wigan
Salford Red Devils players
Swinton Lions players
Tonneins XIII players
Widnes Vikings players
Wigan St Patricks players
|
[
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"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Fitzpatrick",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Karl Fitzpatrick (born 13 September 1980) is a former Ireland international rugby league , and Chief executive officer of the Warrington Wolves in the Super League.\n\nPlaying career\nFitzpatrick was originally a scrum half before he switched to full back. He is a product of Wigan St Patricks. Fitzpatrick began his professional career at Widnes Vikings, followed by spells at Tonneins XIII (France) and Swinton Lions.\n\nFitzpatrick signed for Salford in 2003. In 2004, Fitzpatrick represented Ireland in the Rugby League European Cup, and also picked up the most improved player award at Salford.\n\nHe was named in the Ireland squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nProfile at reds.originalreddevils.com\n(archived by web.archive.org) Profile at rli.ie\nStatistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\n\n1980 births\nLiving people\nBritish rugby league administrators\nEnglish people of Irish descent\nEnglish rugby league players\nIreland national rugby league team players\nIrish rugby league players\nRugby league fullbacks\nRugby league players from Wigan\nSalford Red Devils players\nSwinton Lions players\nTonneins XIII players\nWidnes Vikings players\nWigan St Patricks players",
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Ones (album)
|
Ones () is a compilation album by American singer Selena, released in the United States on October 1, 2002 by EMI Latin. It was released on November 11, 2002 in Spanish-speaking countries, while the limited edition included a bonus DVD of her music videos. Ones was released building on the popularity of the 1997 biographical film Selena. The album was aimed at Selena's new generation of fans, and its release marked the singer's twentieth year in the music industry. Ones features six number one singles namely, "Amor Prohibido", "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom", "No Me Queda Más", "Fotos y Recuerdos", and her duets with Álvaro Torres on "Buenos Amigos" and the Barrio Boyzz on "Donde Quiera Que Estés".
Selena's brother, A.B. Quintanilla, remixed three of her singles ("Amor Prohibido", "Como la Flor" and "Si Una Vez") into a medley mash-up entitled "Con Tanto Amor Medley", the same tracks found on the album. Ones received a positive reception among music critics, while Jon O'Brien of AllMusic noticed that the record label ignored Selena's self-titled debut album. The recording peaked at number two on the US Billboard Top Latin Albums and number one on the Latin Pop Albums charts. Ones peaked at number 42 on the Billboard 200 chart and was certified 18× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), signifying 1,080,000 album-equivalent units sold in the United States.
Background and release
On March 31, 1995, American Tejano music singer Selena was shot and killed by Yolanda Saldívar, her friend and former manager of her boutiques. The impact of the singer's death had a negative impact on Latin music, her genre—which she catapulted it into the mainstream market—suffered and its popularity waned following Selena's death. Following her death, the singer's commodity grew, as interest in Selena sparked a buying frenzy among Hispanic and Latino Americans. The singer's father and manager, Abraham Quintanilla Jr. was forced to release Selena (1997), a biopic on Selena's life and career, after two major film production companies were in the process of making their own films about Selena without the consent of the singer's family. The film's release introduced a new generation of fans and inspired her family to release a compilation album containing the singer's most popular songs. In an interview with Julie Chen, her family explained their intentions on releasing Ones as way to showcase who Selena was as a singer and a performer. They included a bonus DVD of Selena's music videos for those who never saw her in person.
The album was released as part of the singer's 20th anniversary in the music industry. EMI Latin re-released Selena's previous works, which were remastered and included bonus tracks, music videos, and spoken liner notes containing commentary and recollections from the singer's family, friends, and her band. Ones was released on October 1, 2002 by EMI Latin, while Unos was released in Spanish-speaking countries.
Songs
The singer's self-titled debut album was excluded from the tracklisting. The first of Selena's number ones to be featured on the album was her duet with Álvaro Torres on "Buenos Amigos". The song became the singer's first number one single in her career when it peaked at number one on the US Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart in June 1991. Two other songs were included from her second studio album Ven Conmigo (1990), of them were "No Quiero Saber" and "Baila Esta Cumbia". "Como la Flor", which became a career-launching single and the singer's signature song, was included on Ones, and together with "La Carcacha" were taken from Entre a Mi Mundo (1992). The singles from Selena's 1993 release Live!, made an appearance on the album as well. "No Debes Jugar", the lead single from Live!, was praised by critics for its distinguishable cumbia music sounds that ultimately became her trademark. The second single from Live!, "La Llamada", provided Selena her fourth top ten single.
Tracks from Selena's fourth studio album Amor Prohibido (1994), made up most of the tracklisting on Ones. The title track "Amor Prohibido" sampled the cencerro, which was intended by the singer's brother and record producer A.B. Quintanilla, to attract people of different ethnicities to Selena's music. "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom" became a popular song among the singer's younger fans, while posthumous reviews cited the song's catchiness and noted a sense of conviviality in the song. "No Me Queda Más", the third recording off of Amor Prohibido, was praised for the singer's vocal interpretations and her ability to tackle such a song reserved for established musicians twice her age. Another song from Amor Prohibido, "Fotos y Recuerdos", which sampled the Pretenders' 1983 single "Back on the Chain Gang", peaked at number one following Selena's death in April 1995. Other songs from Amor Prohibido including "El Chico del Apartamento 512", "Techno Cumbia", and "Si Una Vez", were included on Ones. Selena's duet with the Barrio Boyzz on their 1994 single "Donde Quiera Que Estés" is also featured on Ones, the track topped the Hot Latin Songs chart for six consecutive weeks. The singles "Tú Sólo Tú", "Siempre Hace Frio", "I Could Fall in Love", and "Dreaming of You", were released posthumously and were added to Ones. The latter two were shelved tracks intended for the Don Juan DeMarco (1995) soundtrack in which Selena made a cameo appearance. "I Could Fall in Love" and "Dreaming of You" were the only songs featured on Ones from the singer's intended crossover album Dreaming of You (1995).
Reception and chart performance
The album was met with positive reviews from music critics. Ramiro Burr of the San Antonio Express-News compared Ones to the greatest hits releases of Buddy Holly, Janis Joplin and Jimi Hendrix. Jon O'Brien of AllMusic noticed that the company intentionally wanted to focus on Selena's career between 1990 and 1995, ignoring her 1989 debut album. The iTunes editorial team found Ones as a showcase of the singer's versatile soprano voice that inspires one to dance or be brought with emotion. They noted a sense of intonation, "spine-chilling" vibrato, and coherency throughout the album. Jessica Roiz of Billboard found Ones to have contained several of the singer's most popular singles. Roiz listed several songs included in Ones on her list of songs recorded by Selena that are meant to help those who are going through a breakup. Ones was marketed through TV advertisements as a replacement to Selena's previous works, which were removed from distribution. The album's release coincided with VH1's Behind the Music episode of Selena, which first aired on October 2, 2002.
Ones debuted at number four on the US Billboard Top Latin Albums and Latin Pop Albums chart on the week ending October 19, 2002, the highest-debuting album that week. The album debuted at number 162 on the Billboard 200 chart, before peaking at number 159 on the week ending November 9, 2002. In a year-end report compiled by Nielsen SoundScan, Ones was named with other Latin music albums, to have end the slight decline in Latin music sales that plagued the United States in the first and second quarters of 2002. The recording was nominated for the Latin Greatest Hits Album of the Year at the 2003 Billboard Latin Music Awards. Ones ended 2003 as the 13th best-selling Latin album and ninth best-selling Latin pop album of the year. Ones reentered the Top Latin Albums chart the week of February 7, 2004 at number 74 before slipping off and reentering the chart the week of March 13 at number 65. On the chart's April 17, 2004 list, Ones rose to number 11, receiving the highest percentage gains for an album that week, which was followed by the singer's ninth anniversary of her death. The album remained on the chart until May 29, 2004. Ones was removed from Billboards Top Latin Albums and Latin Pop Albums chart and began charting on the Top Latin Catalog Albums chart. On the April 19, 2009 chart, Ones rose 51-percent in sales and climbed 61-percent to number three on the Top Latin Catalog Albums chart, which was followed by the singer's 14th anniversary of her death. Ones ended up as the 88th best-selling Latin album of the 2000s decade.
On October 14, 2016, Ones was released on a limited edition purple double disc vinyl. The limited edition helped Ones debut and peak at number 70 on the Top Album Sales and number four on the Vinyl Albums chart. Ones also debuted on the Top Pop Catalog Albums chart, peaking at number seven. Following another revision to its Latin albums charts, Billboard removed its two-decade-long ban of catalog albums in its chart beginning with the February 11, 2017 list; Ones re-entered the Top Latin Albums and Latin Pop Albums chart after 15 years. After its revision, Ones claimed the number one position on the Latin Pop Albums chart within three weeks, dethroning CNCO's Primera Cita (2016). The album remained atop the Latin Pop Albums chart for six consecutive weeks and was displaced by Alejandro Fernandez' album Rompiendo Fronteras (2017) on April 8, 2017. Before its revision, Nielsen SoundScan reported that Ones sold 25,000 units in 2016; the seventh best-selling Latin album of the year, Ones was the best-selling Latin album by a woman in 2016. In 2017's mid-year report, Ones sold 42,000 album-equivalent units, while 13,000 were pure album sales, ranking as the seventh best-selling Latin album. In 2018's mid-year report, Ones sold 8,000 units and ranked as the tenth best-selling Latin album. On July 12, 2018, Ones reached number one on iTunes' Latin Albums chart, out-selling living musicians recent releases including Maluma's F.A.M.E. (2018), J Balvin's Vibras (2018), Ozuna's Odisea (2017), and Shakira's El Dorado (2017). The event was celebrated on the singer's official Facebook page while Billboard noticed that the album had reached its 140th week on their Top Latin Albums chart. Ones was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in February 2003, signifying that 100,000 units had been shipped in the United States. In November 2017 the RIAA recertified the album 18× platinum in the Latin field, denoting 1,080,000 album-equivalent units sold in the United States.
Track listing
Personnel
Credits are taken from the album's liner notes.
Vocals
Selena—main vocalist
Álvaro Torres—guest artist
Trey Lorenz—backing vocalist
Lucy Perez—backing vocalist
Composers
A.B. Quintanilla
Pete Astudillo
Miguel Flores
Cliff Friend
Franne Golde
Chrissie Hynde
Felipe Valdés Leal
K. C. Porter
Cuco Sánchez
Tom Snow
Keith Thomas
Alvaro Torres
Ricky Vela
Engineers
Marcelo Añez
Gregg Vickers
José Luis Arroyave
Juan Jose Virviescas
Instrumentals
José Luis Arroyave—keyboards
Kike Santander—keyboards
Joe Ojeda—keyboards
Manny López—guitar (nylon string)
Chris Pérez—guitar
Henry Gomez—guitar
Tedoy Mullet—trumpet
Arturo Meza—percussion
Jesse "O'Jay" Martinez—percussion
Suzette Quintanilla—drums
Eliza Howardson—violin
Producers
A.B. Quintanilla III
José Luis Arroyave—programming
Sergio Minski
Guillermo J. Page
Jorge Alberto Pino—executive producer
Andrés Felipe Silva—executive director
Kike Santander
Charts
Weekly charts
Quarterly charts
Year-end charts
Decade-end charts
Certifications
See also
2002 in Latin music
Selena albums discography
List of number-one Billboard Latin Pop Albums from the 2010s
Latin American music in the United States
References
Works cited
External links
2002 greatest hits albums
Selena compilation albums
Albums produced by A.B. Quintanilla
EMI Latin compilation albums
Spanish-language compilation albums
Compilation albums published posthumously
Albums recorded at Q-Productions
|
[
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"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
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{
"content": "Ones (album)",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "Ones () is a compilation album by American singer Selena, released in the United States on October 1, 2002 by EMI Latin. It was released on November 11, 2002 in Spanish-speaking countries, while the limited edition included a bonus DVD of her music videos. Ones was released building on the popularity of the 1997 biographical film Selena. The album was aimed at Selena's new generation of fans, and its release marked the singer's twentieth year in the music industry. Ones features six number one singles namely, \"Amor Prohibido\", \"Bidi Bidi Bom Bom\", \"No Me Queda Más\", \"Fotos y Recuerdos\", and her duets with Álvaro Torres on \"Buenos Amigos\" and the Barrio Boyzz on \"Donde Quiera Que Estés\".\n\nSelena's brother, A.B. Quintanilla, remixed three of her singles (\"Amor Prohibido\", \"Como la Flor\" and \"Si Una Vez\") into a medley mash-up entitled \"Con Tanto Amor Medley\", the same tracks found on the album. Ones received a positive reception among music critics, while Jon O'Brien of AllMusic noticed that the record label ignored Selena's self-titled debut album. The recording peaked at number two on the US Billboard Top Latin Albums and number one on the Latin Pop Albums charts. Ones peaked at number 42 on the Billboard 200 chart and was certified 18× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), signifying 1,080,000 album-equivalent units sold in the United States.\n\nBackground and release \nOn March 31, 1995, American Tejano music singer Selena was shot and killed by Yolanda Saldívar, her friend and former manager of her boutiques. The impact of the singer's death had a negative impact on Latin music, her genre—which she catapulted it into the mainstream market—suffered and its popularity waned following Selena's death. Following her death, the singer's commodity grew, as interest in Selena sparked a buying frenzy among Hispanic and Latino Americans. The singer's father and manager, Abraham Quintanilla Jr. was forced to release Selena (1997), a biopic on Selena's life and career, after two major film production companies were in the process of making their own films about Selena without the consent of the singer's family. The film's release introduced a new generation of fans and inspired her family to release a compilation album containing the singer's most popular songs. In an interview with Julie Chen, her family explained their intentions on releasing Ones as way to showcase who Selena was as a singer and a performer. They included a bonus DVD of Selena's music videos for those who never saw her in person.\n\nThe album was released as part of the singer's 20th anniversary in the music industry. EMI Latin re-released Selena's previous works, which were remastered and included bonus tracks, music videos, and spoken liner notes containing commentary and recollections from the singer's family, friends, and her band. Ones was released on October 1, 2002 by EMI Latin, while Unos was released in Spanish-speaking countries.\n\nSongs \n\nThe singer's self-titled debut album was excluded from the tracklisting. The first of Selena's number ones to be featured on the album was her duet with Álvaro Torres on \"Buenos Amigos\". The song became the singer's first number one single in her career when it peaked at number one on the US Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart in June 1991. Two other songs were included from her second studio album Ven Conmigo (1990), of them were \"No Quiero Saber\" and \"Baila Esta Cumbia\". \"Como la Flor\", which became a career-launching single and the singer's signature song, was included on Ones, and together with \"La Carcacha\" were taken from Entre a Mi Mundo (1992). The singles from Selena's 1993 release Live!, made an appearance on the album as well. \"No Debes Jugar\", the lead single from Live!, was praised by critics for its distinguishable cumbia music sounds that ultimately became her trademark. The second single from Live!, \"La Llamada\", provided Selena her fourth top ten single.\n\nTracks from Selena's fourth studio album Amor Prohibido (1994), made up most of the tracklisting on Ones. The title track \"Amor Prohibido\" sampled the cencerro, which was intended by the singer's brother and record producer A.B. Quintanilla, to attract people of different ethnicities to Selena's music. \"Bidi Bidi Bom Bom\" became a popular song among the singer's younger fans, while posthumous reviews cited the song's catchiness and noted a sense of conviviality in the song. \"No Me Queda Más\", the third recording off of Amor Prohibido, was praised for the singer's vocal interpretations and her ability to tackle such a song reserved for established musicians twice her age. Another song from Amor Prohibido, \"Fotos y Recuerdos\", which sampled the Pretenders' 1983 single \"Back on the Chain Gang\", peaked at number one following Selena's death in April 1995. Other songs from Amor Prohibido including \"El Chico del Apartamento 512\", \"Techno Cumbia\", and \"Si Una Vez\", were included on Ones. Selena's duet with the Barrio Boyzz on their 1994 single \"Donde Quiera Que Estés\" is also featured on Ones, the track topped the Hot Latin Songs chart for six consecutive weeks. The singles \"Tú Sólo Tú\", \"Siempre Hace Frio\", \"I Could Fall in Love\", and \"Dreaming of You\", were released posthumously and were added to Ones. The latter two were shelved tracks intended for the Don Juan DeMarco (1995) soundtrack in which Selena made a cameo appearance. \"I Could Fall in Love\" and \"Dreaming of You\" were the only songs featured on Ones from the singer's intended crossover album Dreaming of You (1995).\n\nReception and chart performance \n\nThe album was met with positive reviews from music critics. Ramiro Burr of the San Antonio Express-News compared Ones to the greatest hits releases of Buddy Holly, Janis Joplin and Jimi Hendrix. Jon O'Brien of AllMusic noticed that the company intentionally wanted to focus on Selena's career between 1990 and 1995, ignoring her 1989 debut album. The iTunes editorial team found Ones as a showcase of the singer's versatile soprano voice that inspires one to dance or be brought with emotion. They noted a sense of intonation, \"spine-chilling\" vibrato, and coherency throughout the album. Jessica Roiz of Billboard found Ones to have contained several of the singer's most popular singles. Roiz listed several songs included in Ones on her list of songs recorded by Selena that are meant to help those who are going through a breakup. Ones was marketed through TV advertisements as a replacement to Selena's previous works, which were removed from distribution. The album's release coincided with VH1's Behind the Music episode of Selena, which first aired on October 2, 2002.\n\nOnes debuted at number four on the US Billboard Top Latin Albums and Latin Pop Albums chart on the week ending October 19, 2002, the highest-debuting album that week. The album debuted at number 162 on the Billboard 200 chart, before peaking at number 159 on the week ending November 9, 2002. In a year-end report compiled by Nielsen SoundScan, Ones was named with other Latin music albums, to have end the slight decline in Latin music sales that plagued the United States in the first and second quarters of 2002. The recording was nominated for the Latin Greatest Hits Album of the Year at the 2003 Billboard Latin Music Awards. Ones ended 2003 as the 13th best-selling Latin album and ninth best-selling Latin pop album of the year. Ones reentered the Top Latin Albums chart the week of February 7, 2004 at number 74 before slipping off and reentering the chart the week of March 13 at number 65. On the chart's April 17, 2004 list, Ones rose to number 11, receiving the highest percentage gains for an album that week, which was followed by the singer's ninth anniversary of her death. The album remained on the chart until May 29, 2004. Ones was removed from Billboards Top Latin Albums and Latin Pop Albums chart and began charting on the Top Latin Catalog Albums chart. On the April 19, 2009 chart, Ones rose 51-percent in sales and climbed 61-percent to number three on the Top Latin Catalog Albums chart, which was followed by the singer's 14th anniversary of her death. Ones ended up as the 88th best-selling Latin album of the 2000s decade.\n\nOn October 14, 2016, Ones was released on a limited edition purple double disc vinyl. The limited edition helped Ones debut and peak at number 70 on the Top Album Sales and number four on the Vinyl Albums chart. Ones also debuted on the Top Pop Catalog Albums chart, peaking at number seven. Following another revision to its Latin albums charts, Billboard removed its two-decade-long ban of catalog albums in its chart beginning with the February 11, 2017 list; Ones re-entered the Top Latin Albums and Latin Pop Albums chart after 15 years. After its revision, Ones claimed the number one position on the Latin Pop Albums chart within three weeks, dethroning CNCO's Primera Cita (2016). The album remained atop the Latin Pop Albums chart for six consecutive weeks and was displaced by Alejandro Fernandez' album Rompiendo Fronteras (2017) on April 8, 2017. Before its revision, Nielsen SoundScan reported that Ones sold 25,000 units in 2016; the seventh best-selling Latin album of the year, Ones was the best-selling Latin album by a woman in 2016. In 2017's mid-year report, Ones sold 42,000 album-equivalent units, while 13,000 were pure album sales, ranking as the seventh best-selling Latin album. In 2018's mid-year report, Ones sold 8,000 units and ranked as the tenth best-selling Latin album. On July 12, 2018, Ones reached number one on iTunes' Latin Albums chart, out-selling living musicians recent releases including Maluma's F.A.M.E. (2018), J Balvin's Vibras (2018), Ozuna's Odisea (2017), and Shakira's El Dorado (2017). The event was celebrated on the singer's official Facebook page while Billboard noticed that the album had reached its 140th week on their Top Latin Albums chart. Ones was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in February 2003, signifying that 100,000 units had been shipped in the United States. In November 2017 the RIAA recertified the album 18× platinum in the Latin field, denoting 1,080,000 album-equivalent units sold in the United States.\n\nTrack listing\n\nPersonnel \nCredits are taken from the album's liner notes.\n\nVocals\nSelena—main vocalist\nÁlvaro Torres—guest artist\nTrey Lorenz—backing vocalist\nLucy Perez—backing vocalist\n\nComposers\nA.B. Quintanilla\nPete Astudillo \nMiguel Flores\nCliff Friend\nFranne Golde\nChrissie Hynde\nFelipe Valdés Leal\nK. C. Porter\nCuco Sánchez\nTom Snow\nKeith Thomas\nAlvaro Torres\nRicky Vela\n\nEngineers\nMarcelo Añez\nGregg Vickers\nJosé Luis Arroyave\nJuan Jose Virviescas\n\nInstrumentals\nJosé Luis Arroyave—keyboards\nKike Santander—keyboards\nJoe Ojeda—keyboards\nManny López—guitar (nylon string)\nChris Pérez—guitar\nHenry Gomez—guitar\nTedoy Mullet—trumpet\nArturo Meza—percussion\nJesse \"O'Jay\" Martinez—percussion\nSuzette Quintanilla—drums\nEliza Howardson—violin\n\nProducers\nA.B. Quintanilla III\nJosé Luis Arroyave—programming \nSergio Minski\nGuillermo J. Page\nJorge Alberto Pino—executive producer\nAndrés Felipe Silva—executive director\nKike Santander\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nQuarterly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nDecade-end charts\n\nCertifications\n\nSee also \n\n 2002 in Latin music\n Selena albums discography\n List of number-one Billboard Latin Pop Albums from the 2010s\n Latin American music in the United States\n\nReferences\n\nWorks cited\n\nExternal links \n\n2002 greatest hits albums\nSelena compilation albums\nAlbums produced by A.B. Quintanilla\nEMI Latin compilation albums\nSpanish-language compilation albums\nCompilation albums published posthumously\nAlbums recorded at Q-Productions",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apus
|
Apus is a small constellation in the southern sky. It represents a bird-of-paradise, and its name means "without feet" in Greek because the bird-of-paradise was once wrongly believed to lack feet. First depicted on a celestial globe by Petrus Plancius in 1598, it was charted on a star atlas by Johann Bayer in his 1603 Uranometria. The French explorer and astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille charted and gave the brighter stars their Bayer designations in 1756.
The five brightest stars are all reddish in hue. Shading the others at apparent magnitude 3.8 is Alpha Apodis, an orange giant that has around 48 times the diameter and 928 times the luminosity of the Sun. Marginally fainter is Gamma Apodis, another ageing giant star. Delta Apodis is a double star, the two components of which are 103 arcseconds apart and visible with the naked eye. Two star systems have been found to have planets.
History
Apus was one of twelve constellations published by Petrus Plancius from the observations of Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman who had sailed on the first Dutch trading expedition, known as the Eerste Schipvaart, to the East Indies. It first appeared on a 35-cm (14 in) diameter celestial globe published in 1598 in Amsterdam by Plancius with Jodocus Hondius. De Houtman included it in his southern star catalogue in 1603 under the Dutch name De Paradijs Voghel, "The Bird of Paradise", and Plancius called the constellation Paradysvogel Apis Indica; the first word is Dutch for "bird of paradise". Apis (Latin for "bee") is assumed to have been a typographical error for avis ("bird").
After its introduction on Plancius's globe, the constellation's first known appearance in a celestial atlas was in German cartographer Johann Bayer's Uranometria of 1603. Bayer called it Apis Indica while fellow astronomers Johannes Kepler and his son-in-law Jakob Bartsch called it Apus or Avis Indica. The name Apus is derived from the Greek apous, meaning "without feet". This referred to the Western misconception that the bird-of-paradise had no feet, which arose because the only specimens available in the West had their feet and wings removed. Such specimens began to arrive in Europe in 1522, when the survivors of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition brought them home. The constellation later lost some of its tail when Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille used those stars to establish Octans in the 1750s.
Characteristics
Covering 206.3 square degrees and hence 0.5002% of the sky, Apus ranks 67th of the 88 modern constellations by area. Its position in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere means that the whole constellation is visible to observers south of 7°N. It is bordered by Ara, Triangulum Australe and Circinus to the north, Musca and Chamaeleon to the west, Octans to the south, and Pavo to the east. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is "Aps". The official constellation boundaries, as set by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of six segments (illustrated in infobox). In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between and , while the declination coordinates are between −67.48° and −83.12°.
Features
Stars
Lacaille gave twelve stars Bayer designations, labelling them Alpha through to Kappa, including two stars next to each other as Delta and another two stars near each other as Kappa. Within the constellation's borders, there are 39 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5. Beta, Gamma and Delta Apodis form a narrow triangle, with Alpha Apodis lying to the east. The five brightest stars are all red-tinged, which is unusual among constellations.
Alpha Apodis is an orange giant of spectral type K3III located 430 ± 20 light-years away from Earth, with an apparent magnitude of 3.8. It spent much of its life as a blue-white (B-type) main sequence star before expanding, cooling and brightening as it used up its core hydrogen. It has swollen to 48 times the Sun's diameter, and shines with a luminosity approximately 928 times that of the Sun, with a surface temperature of 4312 K. Beta Apodis is an orange giant 149 ± 2 light-years away, with a magnitude of 4.2. It is around 1.84 times as massive as the Sun, with a surface temperature of 4677 K. Gamma Apodis is a yellow giant of spectral type G8III located 150 ± 4 light-years away, with a magnitude of 3.87. It is approximately 63 times as luminous the Sun, with a surface temperature of 5279 K. Delta Apodis is a double star, the two components of which are 103 arcseconds apart and visible through binoculars. Delta1 is a red giant star of spectral type M4III located 630 ± 30 light-years away. It is a semiregular variable that varies from magnitude +4.66 to +4.87, with pulsations of multiple periods of 68.0, 94.9 and 101.7 days. Delta2 is an orange giant star of spectral type K3III, located 550 ± 10 light-years away, with a magnitude of 5.3. The separate components can be resolved with the naked eye.
The fifth-brightest star is Zeta Apodis at magnitude 4.8, a star that has swollen and cooled to become an orange giant of spectral type K1III, with a surface temperature of 4649 K and a luminosity 133 times that of the Sun. It is 300 ± 4 light-years distant. Near Zeta is Iota Apodis, a binary star system 1,040 ± 60 light-years distant, that is composed of two blue-white main sequence stars that orbit each other every 59.32 years. Of spectral types B9V and B9.5 V, they are both over three times as massive as the Sun.
Eta Apodis is a white main sequence star located 140.8 ± 0.9 light-years distant. Of apparent magnitude 4.89, it is 1.77 times as massive, 15.5 times as luminous as the Sun and has 2.13 times its radius. Aged 250 ± 200 million years old, this star is emitting an excess of 24 μm infrared radiation, which may be caused by a debris disk of dust orbiting at a distance of more than 31 astronomical units from it.
Theta Apodis is a cool red giant of spectral type M7 III located 350 ± 30 light-years distant. It shines with a luminosity approximately 3879 times that of the Sun and has a surface temperature of 3151 K. A semiregular variable, it varies by 0.56 magnitudes with a period of 119 days—or approximately 4 months. It is losing mass at the rate of times the mass of the Sun per year through its stellar wind. Dusty material ejected from this star is interacting with the surrounding interstellar medium, forming a bow shock as the star moves through the galaxy. NO Apodis is a red giant of spectral type M3III that varies between magnitudes 5.71 and 5.95. Located 780 ± 20 light-years distant, it shines with a luminosity estimated at 2059 times that of the Sun and has a surface temperature of 3568 K. S Apodis is a rare R Coronae Borealis variable, an extremely hydrogen-deficient supergiant thought to have arisen as the result of the merger of two white dwarfs; fewer than 100 have been discovered as of 2012. It has a baseline magnitude of 9.7. R Apodis is a star that was given a variable star designation, yet has turned out not to be variable. Of magnitude 5.3, it is another orange giant.
Two star systems have had exoplanets discovered by doppler spectroscopy, and the substellar companion of a third star system—the sunlike star HD 131664—has since been found to be a brown dwarf with a calculated mass of the companion to 23 times that of Jupiter (minimum of 18 and maximum of 49 Jovian masses). HD 134606 is a yellow sunlike star of spectral type G6IV that has begun expanding and cooling off the main sequence. Three planets orbit it with periods of 12, 59.5 and 459 days, successively larger as they are further away from the star. HD 137388 is another star—of spectral type K2IV—that is cooler than the Sun and has begun cooling off the main sequence. Around 47% as luminous and 88% as massive as the Sun, with 85% of its diameter, it is thought to be around 7.4 ± 3.9 billion years old. It has a planet that is 79 times as massive as the Earth and orbits its sun every 330 days at an average distance of 0.89 astronomical units (AU).
Deep-sky objects
The Milky Way covers much of the constellation's area. Of the deep-sky objects in Apus, there are two prominent globular clusters—NGC 6101 and IC 4499—and a large faint nebula that covers several degrees east of Beta and Gamma Apodis. NGC 6101 is a globular cluster of apparent magnitude 9.2 located around 50,000 light-years distant from Earth, which is around 160 light-years across. Around 13 billion years old, it contains a high concentration of massive bright stars known as blue stragglers, thought to be the result of two stars merging. IC 4499 is a loose globular cluster in the medium-far galactic halo; its apparent magnitude is 10.6.
The galaxies in the constellation are faint. IC 4633 is a very faint spiral galaxy surrounded by a vast amount of Milky Way line-of-sight integrated flux nebulae—large faint clouds thought to be lit by large numbers of stars.
See also
IAU-recognized constellations
Notes
References
External links
The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Apus
The clickable Apus
Southern constellations
Constellations listed by Petrus Plancius
Dutch celestial cartography in the Age of Discovery
Astronomy in the Dutch Republic
1590s in the Dutch Republic
|
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apus",
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"content": "Apus is a small constellation in the southern sky. It represents a bird-of-paradise, and its name means \"without feet\" in Greek because the bird-of-paradise was once wrongly believed to lack feet. First depicted on a celestial globe by Petrus Plancius in 1598, it was charted on a star atlas by Johann Bayer in his 1603 Uranometria. The French explorer and astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille charted and gave the brighter stars their Bayer designations in 1756.\n\nThe five brightest stars are all reddish in hue. Shading the others at apparent magnitude 3.8 is Alpha Apodis, an orange giant that has around 48 times the diameter and 928 times the luminosity of the Sun. Marginally fainter is Gamma Apodis, another ageing giant star. Delta Apodis is a double star, the two components of which are 103 arcseconds apart and visible with the naked eye. Two star systems have been found to have planets.\n\nHistory\n\nApus was one of twelve constellations published by Petrus Plancius from the observations of Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman who had sailed on the first Dutch trading expedition, known as the Eerste Schipvaart, to the East Indies. It first appeared on a 35-cm (14 in) diameter celestial globe published in 1598 in Amsterdam by Plancius with Jodocus Hondius. De Houtman included it in his southern star catalogue in 1603 under the Dutch name De Paradijs Voghel, \"The Bird of Paradise\", and Plancius called the constellation Paradysvogel Apis Indica; the first word is Dutch for \"bird of paradise\". Apis (Latin for \"bee\") is assumed to have been a typographical error for avis (\"bird\").\n\nAfter its introduction on Plancius's globe, the constellation's first known appearance in a celestial atlas was in German cartographer Johann Bayer's Uranometria of 1603. Bayer called it Apis Indica while fellow astronomers Johannes Kepler and his son-in-law Jakob Bartsch called it Apus or Avis Indica. The name Apus is derived from the Greek apous, meaning \"without feet\". This referred to the Western misconception that the bird-of-paradise had no feet, which arose because the only specimens available in the West had their feet and wings removed. Such specimens began to arrive in Europe in 1522, when the survivors of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition brought them home. The constellation later lost some of its tail when Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille used those stars to establish Octans in the 1750s.\n\nCharacteristics\nCovering 206.3 square degrees and hence 0.5002% of the sky, Apus ranks 67th of the 88 modern constellations by area. Its position in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere means that the whole constellation is visible to observers south of 7°N. It is bordered by Ara, Triangulum Australe and Circinus to the north, Musca and Chamaeleon to the west, Octans to the south, and Pavo to the east. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is \"Aps\". The official constellation boundaries, as set by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of six segments (illustrated in infobox). In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between and , while the declination coordinates are between −67.48° and −83.12°.\n\nFeatures\n\nStars\n\nLacaille gave twelve stars Bayer designations, labelling them Alpha through to Kappa, including two stars next to each other as Delta and another two stars near each other as Kappa. Within the constellation's borders, there are 39 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5. Beta, Gamma and Delta Apodis form a narrow triangle, with Alpha Apodis lying to the east. The five brightest stars are all red-tinged, which is unusual among constellations.\n\nAlpha Apodis is an orange giant of spectral type K3III located 430 ± 20 light-years away from Earth, with an apparent magnitude of 3.8. It spent much of its life as a blue-white (B-type) main sequence star before expanding, cooling and brightening as it used up its core hydrogen. It has swollen to 48 times the Sun's diameter, and shines with a luminosity approximately 928 times that of the Sun, with a surface temperature of 4312 K. Beta Apodis is an orange giant 149 ± 2 light-years away, with a magnitude of 4.2. It is around 1.84 times as massive as the Sun, with a surface temperature of 4677 K. Gamma Apodis is a yellow giant of spectral type G8III located 150 ± 4 light-years away, with a magnitude of 3.87. It is approximately 63 times as luminous the Sun, with a surface temperature of 5279 K. Delta Apodis is a double star, the two components of which are 103 arcseconds apart and visible through binoculars. Delta1 is a red giant star of spectral type M4III located 630 ± 30 light-years away. It is a semiregular variable that varies from magnitude +4.66 to +4.87, with pulsations of multiple periods of 68.0, 94.9 and 101.7 days. Delta2 is an orange giant star of spectral type K3III, located 550 ± 10 light-years away, with a magnitude of 5.3. The separate components can be resolved with the naked eye.\n\nThe fifth-brightest star is Zeta Apodis at magnitude 4.8, a star that has swollen and cooled to become an orange giant of spectral type K1III, with a surface temperature of 4649 K and a luminosity 133 times that of the Sun. It is 300 ± 4 light-years distant. Near Zeta is Iota Apodis, a binary star system 1,040 ± 60 light-years distant, that is composed of two blue-white main sequence stars that orbit each other every 59.32 years. Of spectral types B9V and B9.5 V, they are both over three times as massive as the Sun.\n\nEta Apodis is a white main sequence star located 140.8 ± 0.9 light-years distant. Of apparent magnitude 4.89, it is 1.77 times as massive, 15.5 times as luminous as the Sun and has 2.13 times its radius. Aged 250 ± 200 million years old, this star is emitting an excess of 24 μm infrared radiation, which may be caused by a debris disk of dust orbiting at a distance of more than 31 astronomical units from it.\n\nTheta Apodis is a cool red giant of spectral type M7 III located 350 ± 30 light-years distant. It shines with a luminosity approximately 3879 times that of the Sun and has a surface temperature of 3151 K. A semiregular variable, it varies by 0.56 magnitudes with a period of 119 days—or approximately 4 months. It is losing mass at the rate of times the mass of the Sun per year through its stellar wind. Dusty material ejected from this star is interacting with the surrounding interstellar medium, forming a bow shock as the star moves through the galaxy. NO Apodis is a red giant of spectral type M3III that varies between magnitudes 5.71 and 5.95. Located 780 ± 20 light-years distant, it shines with a luminosity estimated at 2059 times that of the Sun and has a surface temperature of 3568 K. S Apodis is a rare R Coronae Borealis variable, an extremely hydrogen-deficient supergiant thought to have arisen as the result of the merger of two white dwarfs; fewer than 100 have been discovered as of 2012. It has a baseline magnitude of 9.7. R Apodis is a star that was given a variable star designation, yet has turned out not to be variable. Of magnitude 5.3, it is another orange giant.\n\nTwo star systems have had exoplanets discovered by doppler spectroscopy, and the substellar companion of a third star system—the sunlike star HD 131664—has since been found to be a brown dwarf with a calculated mass of the companion to 23 times that of Jupiter (minimum of 18 and maximum of 49 Jovian masses). HD 134606 is a yellow sunlike star of spectral type G6IV that has begun expanding and cooling off the main sequence. Three planets orbit it with periods of 12, 59.5 and 459 days, successively larger as they are further away from the star. HD 137388 is another star—of spectral type K2IV—that is cooler than the Sun and has begun cooling off the main sequence. Around 47% as luminous and 88% as massive as the Sun, with 85% of its diameter, it is thought to be around 7.4 ± 3.9 billion years old. It has a planet that is 79 times as massive as the Earth and orbits its sun every 330 days at an average distance of 0.89 astronomical units (AU).\n\nDeep-sky objects\n\nThe Milky Way covers much of the constellation's area. Of the deep-sky objects in Apus, there are two prominent globular clusters—NGC 6101 and IC 4499—and a large faint nebula that covers several degrees east of Beta and Gamma Apodis. NGC 6101 is a globular cluster of apparent magnitude 9.2 located around 50,000 light-years distant from Earth, which is around 160 light-years across. Around 13 billion years old, it contains a high concentration of massive bright stars known as blue stragglers, thought to be the result of two stars merging. IC 4499 is a loose globular cluster in the medium-far galactic halo; its apparent magnitude is 10.6.\n\nThe galaxies in the constellation are faint. IC 4633 is a very faint spiral galaxy surrounded by a vast amount of Milky Way line-of-sight integrated flux nebulae—large faint clouds thought to be lit by large numbers of stars.\n\nSee also\n IAU-recognized constellations\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Apus\n The clickable Apus\n\n \nSouthern constellations\nConstellations listed by Petrus Plancius\nDutch celestial cartography in the Age of Discovery\nAstronomy in the Dutch Republic\n1590s in the Dutch Republic",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier%20Arroyuelo
|
Javier Arroyuelo (born in Argentina) is an author and journalist.
Born in Avellaneda, Buenos Aires, in 1949. He has lived in Paris (1969-2006) then in Buenos Aires since 2006.
Career
Journalism
His first contribution to Vogue Paris in collaboration with Rafael López Sánchez was a piece for Marlene Dietrich's special 1975 Christmas issue. As a regular contributor of Vogue Paris he wrote about the cultural scene in Paris and New York, the theatre and the arts, and worked with photographers such as Horst, Hurrell and Helmut Newton. His column, Oh, les beaux mondes, ran in the magazine until 1980.
In the 1980s, his monthly column Out in Paris, also in collaboration with López Sánchez, ran in Andy Warhol's Interview Magazine.
His work, mainly long pieces on fashion, style, decoration, the arts- has also appeared in Vanity Fair, and the American editions of Vogue, and House and Garden, as well as in Italy's Vanity Fair.
From 1988 to 2016 he was a regular contributor of Vogue Italia and L'Uomo Vogue.
His journalistic work focuses on the analysis and commentary of social trends and popular culture, fashion and consumerism.
In 2002 he published Roberto Cavalli and contributed to kARTell.
Since 2014 he writes a column for La Nación Revista, the Sunday magazine of La Nación, one of Argentina's leading newspapers.
Other work
His texts for the theater include Goddess and, with Rafael López Sánchez, L'Histoire du Théâtre, Comédie Policière, and Futura, some of which they also directed -L'Interprétation, and ''Succès'.
In the 1980s and '90s he worked for the Paloma Picasso brand, most particularly the fragrance, cosmetics and accessories lines.
In 1968, associated with Rafael López Sánchez, Pedro Pujó and Jorge Alvarez, he created Mandioca, la madre de los chicos, an artistic venture centered on rock and roll recordings and shows.
References
External links
Javier Arroyuelo's articles
Hombre Vogue (in Spanish)
Argentine writers in French
Argentine journalists
Argentine male journalists
20th-century French writers
20th-century French male writers
French journalists
Living people
Argentine expatriates in France
French male non-fiction writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
|
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier%20Arroyuelo",
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"content": "Javier Arroyuelo (born in Argentina) is an author and journalist.\n\nBorn in Avellaneda, Buenos Aires, in 1949. He has lived in Paris (1969-2006) then in Buenos Aires since 2006.\n\nCareer\n\nJournalism\nHis first contribution to Vogue Paris in collaboration with Rafael López Sánchez was a piece for Marlene Dietrich's special 1975 Christmas issue. As a regular contributor of Vogue Paris he wrote about the cultural scene in Paris and New York, the theatre and the arts, and worked with photographers such as Horst, Hurrell and Helmut Newton. His column, Oh, les beaux mondes, ran in the magazine until 1980.\n\nIn the 1980s, his monthly column Out in Paris, also in collaboration with López Sánchez, ran in Andy Warhol's Interview Magazine.\n\nHis work, mainly long pieces on fashion, style, decoration, the arts- has also appeared in Vanity Fair, and the American editions of Vogue, and House and Garden, as well as in Italy's Vanity Fair.\n\nFrom 1988 to 2016 he was a regular contributor of Vogue Italia and L'Uomo Vogue.\nHis journalistic work focuses on the analysis and commentary of social trends and popular culture, fashion and consumerism.\nIn 2002 he published Roberto Cavalli and contributed to kARTell.\nSince 2014 he writes a column for La Nación Revista, the Sunday magazine of La Nación, one of Argentina's leading newspapers.\n\nOther work\nHis texts for the theater include Goddess and, with Rafael López Sánchez, L'Histoire du Théâtre, Comédie Policière, and Futura, some of which they also directed -L'Interprétation, and ''Succès'. \nIn the 1980s and '90s he worked for the Paloma Picasso brand, most particularly the fragrance, cosmetics and accessories lines. \nIn 1968, associated with Rafael López Sánchez, Pedro Pujó and Jorge Alvarez, he created Mandioca, la madre de los chicos, an artistic venture centered on rock and roll recordings and shows.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Javier Arroyuelo's articles\n Hombre Vogue (in Spanish)\n\nArgentine writers in French\nArgentine journalists\nArgentine male journalists\n20th-century French writers\n20th-century French male writers\nFrench journalists\nLiving people\nArgentine expatriates in France\nFrench male non-fiction writers\nYear of birth missing (living people)",
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] |
British North Borneo dollar
|
The British North Borneo dollar was the currency of British North Borneo from 1882 to 1953. It was subdivided into 100 cents. The dollar had remained at par with the Straits dollar (and its successor the Malayan dollar), the currency of Malaya and Singapore, at the value of one dollar to 2 shillings 4 pence sterling from its introduction until both currencies were replaced by the Malaya and British Borneo dollar in 1953. Both coins and banknotes were issued by the British North Borneo Company.
During the Japanese occupation period (1942–1945), paper money was issued in denominations ranging from 1 cent to 1000 dollars. This currency was fixed at 1 dollar = 1 Japanese yen, compared to a 1:2 pre-war rate. Following the war, the Japanese occupation currency was declared worthless and the previous issues of the British North Borneo dollar regained their value relative to sterling (two shillings four pence).
Coins
Coins were first minted in values of cent and 1 cent in copper, and later 1 cent, cents, and 5 cents in copper-nickel, and 25 cents in silver. Originally they were issued under the name "British North Borneo Co", as The British North Borneo Company had the right to produce coin under its Royal Charter granted in 1881. Later they were minted under "State of North Borneo", starting in 1903. All coins depicted the company/state coat of arms on the obverse and denomination on the reverse. These were last minted in 1941 and later phased out and replaced by coins of the Malayan dollar.
Banknote
Banknotes were printed in values of 25 cents, 50 cents, , , , and . The design of the banknotes did not change much during the currency's lifetime. However, their physical sizes tend to shrink over time. They either show the coat of arms, Mount Kinabalu, or both.
See also
Malayan dollar
Postal orders of British North Borneo
Sarawak dollar
References
External links
Global Financial Data currency histories table
Online Coin Club / Coins from North Borneo
British North Borneo
Currencies of the British Empire
Currencies of Malaysia
Modern obsolete currencies
Obsolete currencies in Malaysian history
1882 establishments in the British Empire
1953 disestablishments
|
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"content": "British North Borneo dollar",
"role": "user"
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"content": "The British North Borneo dollar was the currency of British North Borneo from 1882 to 1953. It was subdivided into 100 cents. The dollar had remained at par with the Straits dollar (and its successor the Malayan dollar), the currency of Malaya and Singapore, at the value of one dollar to 2 shillings 4 pence sterling from its introduction until both currencies were replaced by the Malaya and British Borneo dollar in 1953. Both coins and banknotes were issued by the British North Borneo Company.\n\nDuring the Japanese occupation period (1942–1945), paper money was issued in denominations ranging from 1 cent to 1000 dollars. This currency was fixed at 1 dollar = 1 Japanese yen, compared to a 1:2 pre-war rate. Following the war, the Japanese occupation currency was declared worthless and the previous issues of the British North Borneo dollar regained their value relative to sterling (two shillings four pence).\n\nCoins \n\nCoins were first minted in values of cent and 1 cent in copper, and later 1 cent, cents, and 5 cents in copper-nickel, and 25 cents in silver. Originally they were issued under the name \"British North Borneo Co\", as The British North Borneo Company had the right to produce coin under its Royal Charter granted in 1881. Later they were minted under \"State of North Borneo\", starting in 1903. All coins depicted the company/state coat of arms on the obverse and denomination on the reverse. These were last minted in 1941 and later phased out and replaced by coins of the Malayan dollar.\n\nBanknote \nBanknotes were printed in values of 25 cents, 50 cents, , , , and . The design of the banknotes did not change much during the currency's lifetime. However, their physical sizes tend to shrink over time. They either show the coat of arms, Mount Kinabalu, or both.\n\nSee also \n\n Malayan dollar\n Postal orders of British North Borneo\n Sarawak dollar\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Global Financial Data currency histories table\n Online Coin Club / Coins from North Borneo\n\nBritish North Borneo\nCurrencies of the British Empire\nCurrencies of Malaysia\nModern obsolete currencies\nObsolete currencies in Malaysian history\n1882 establishments in the British Empire\n1953 disestablishments",
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] |
Doğubayazıt
|
Doğubayazıt (; ) is a town of Ağrı Province of Turkey, near the border with Iran. Its elevation is 1625 m. It is the seat of Doğubayazıt District. Its population is 80,061 (2021). Also known as Kurdava, the town was the capital of the self-declared Republic of Ararat, an independent Kurdish state centered in the Ağrı Province.
History
For most of the periods described here, Doğubayazıt was a bigger and more important settlement than the present-day provincial capital Ağrı, not least because this is the Iranian border crossing.
The area has had a rich history with monuments dating back to the time of the Kingdom of Urartu (over 2700 years ago). Before the Ottoman Empire the site was referred to by its Armenian name Daruynk. In the 4th century the Sasanians failed to capture the Armenian stronghold and royal treasury at Daroynk. Princes of the Bagratid dynasty of Armenia resided at Daroynk and rebuilt the fortress into its present configuration with multiple baileys and towers carefully integrated into the ascending rock outcrop. When King Gagik I Artsruni reoccupied the fortress ca.922 A.D. it became the seat of a bishop. It was subsequently conquered and reconquered by Persians, Armenians, Byzantines, and Seljuks all of whom would have used the plain to rest and recoup during their passages across the mountains. Turkish peoples arrived in 1064, but were soon followed by the Mongols and further waves of Turks. The castle of Daroynk was repaired many times throughout this history, although it is now named after the Turkish warlord Celayırlı Şehzade Bayazıt Han who ordered one of the rebuildings (in 1374). Ultimately, the town was renamed Beyazit itself in the 16th century.
From the time of the Safavids, the area was ruled by Turkic-speaking generals, later including the Ottoman general İshakpaşa, who built the palace that still bears his name.
The town saw fighting in the Ottoman–Persian War (1821–23) when in 1821 commander-in-chief Abbas Mirza of Qajar Iran occupied the town, as well as when it was attacked by Russia later in 1856, and taken by the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78). When the Russians retreated many of the Armenian population left with them to build New Beyazit (now Gavar at Armenia) on the shore of lake Sevan.
Doğubayazıt was further ravaged during World War I and the Turkish War of Independence
Starting in 1920, the area began producing sulphur.
The widely dispersed village of Bayazit, was originally an Armenian settlement and populated by Kurds in 1930 and Yazidis from the Serhat region. But in 1930 the Turkish army destroyed it in response to the Ararat Rebellion. A new town was built in the plain below the old site in the 1930s (hence the new name "Doğubayazıt", which literally means "East Beyazıt").
Doğubayazıt was the capital of the Kurdish Republic of Ararat led by Ibrahim Haski and Ihsan Nuri of the Xoybûn organization between 1927 and 1930. The town was thus dubbed the provisional capital of Kurdistan and was subsequently presented to the League of Nations and the Great Powers as the center of an independent Kurdish state.
In January 2006, Doğubayazıt was the centre of a H5N1 bird flu outbreak. Several children died from the disease after playing with chicken carcasses.
Politics
In the local elections in March 2019, Yıldız Acar was elected Mayor of the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP).
Sports
The Doğubayazıtspor football club plays in the lower divisions of the Turkish football league. It played in the Turkish Third League for three seasons.
Geography
The town of Doğubayazıt is a settlement with a long history. It lies 15 km southwest of Mount Ararat, 93 km east of the city of Ağrı and 35 km from the Iranian border. The town stands on a plain surrounded by some of Turkey's highest peaks including: Ararat (5,137 m), Little Ararat (3,896 m), Tendürek Dağı (3,533 m), Kaletepe (3,196 m) Arıdağı (2,934 m) and Göllertepe (2,643 m). Kizil Mountain at 2,730 m is two kilometers east of the town. The climate on the plain is hot and dry in summer, cold and dry in winter.
Places of interest
Mount Ararat - 15 km from Doğubayazıt, and the best views of the mountain are from here.
Ishak Pasha Palace, completed in 1784 on a hill to the south of town.
The castle and mosque of Old Beyazit, first built by the Urartu but which bear traces of many civilisations.
The geological formation of "Durupınar site" is 16 km southeast of town and promoted by some believers as the petrified ruins of Noah's Ark.
Lake Balık - a lake in a lava bed, 60 km from Doğubayazıt, near Taşlıçay.
The Ice Cave - on the side of Little Ararat near the village of Hallaç.
The ruins of the 900BC Urartu temple and palace on the hill of Giriktepe.
The ancient Armenian cemetery.
Notable people
Mahmud Bayazidi, Kurdish philosopher and polymath from Bayazid in the Ottoman Empire.
Ibrahim Heski, Kurdish Politician
Ahmet Arvasi, writer and philosopher
Kaya Özcan, Wrestler
Ümit Şamiloğlu, artistic gymnast and part of the national team
Yıldız Tilbe, Turkish singer of Kurdish descent and one of the best-selling musical artists in Turkey
International relations
Doğubayazıt is twinned with:
Eilat, Israel
Podgorica, Montenegro
Montevideo, Uruguay
Kitwe, Zambia
Lusaka, Zambia
Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia
Gothenburg, Sweden
Karlstad, Sweden
Timbuktu, Mali
Bergen, Norway
Turku, Finland
Saarbrücken, Germany
N'djamena, Chad
Esbjerg, Denmark
References
External links
Extensive photographic survey, description and plan of Doğubeyazit Castle
Doğubayazıt
Iran–Turkey border crossings
Kurdish settlements in Turkey
Mount Ararat
Former Armenian communities in Ağrı Province
District municipalities in Turkey
|
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"content": "Doğubayazıt",
"role": "user"
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"content": "Doğubayazıt (; ) is a town of Ağrı Province of Turkey, near the border with Iran. Its elevation is 1625 m. It is the seat of Doğubayazıt District. Its population is 80,061 (2021). Also known as Kurdava, the town was the capital of the self-declared Republic of Ararat, an independent Kurdish state centered in the Ağrı Province.\n\nHistory\n\nFor most of the periods described here, Doğubayazıt was a bigger and more important settlement than the present-day provincial capital Ağrı, not least because this is the Iranian border crossing.\n\nThe area has had a rich history with monuments dating back to the time of the Kingdom of Urartu (over 2700 years ago). Before the Ottoman Empire the site was referred to by its Armenian name Daruynk. In the 4th century the Sasanians failed to capture the Armenian stronghold and royal treasury at Daroynk. Princes of the Bagratid dynasty of Armenia resided at Daroynk and rebuilt the fortress into its present configuration with multiple baileys and towers carefully integrated into the ascending rock outcrop. When King Gagik I Artsruni reoccupied the fortress ca.922 A.D. it became the seat of a bishop. It was subsequently conquered and reconquered by Persians, Armenians, Byzantines, and Seljuks all of whom would have used the plain to rest and recoup during their passages across the mountains. Turkish peoples arrived in 1064, but were soon followed by the Mongols and further waves of Turks. The castle of Daroynk was repaired many times throughout this history, although it is now named after the Turkish warlord Celayırlı Şehzade Bayazıt Han who ordered one of the rebuildings (in 1374). Ultimately, the town was renamed Beyazit itself in the 16th century.\n\nFrom the time of the Safavids, the area was ruled by Turkic-speaking generals, later including the Ottoman general İshakpaşa, who built the palace that still bears his name.\n\nThe town saw fighting in the Ottoman–Persian War (1821–23) when in 1821 commander-in-chief Abbas Mirza of Qajar Iran occupied the town, as well as when it was attacked by Russia later in 1856, and taken by the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78). When the Russians retreated many of the Armenian population left with them to build New Beyazit (now Gavar at Armenia) on the shore of lake Sevan.\n\nDoğubayazıt was further ravaged during World War I and the Turkish War of Independence\n\nStarting in 1920, the area began producing sulphur.\n\nThe widely dispersed village of Bayazit, was originally an Armenian settlement and populated by Kurds in 1930 and Yazidis from the Serhat region. But in 1930 the Turkish army destroyed it in response to the Ararat Rebellion. A new town was built in the plain below the old site in the 1930s (hence the new name \"Doğubayazıt\", which literally means \"East Beyazıt\").\n\nDoğubayazıt was the capital of the Kurdish Republic of Ararat led by Ibrahim Haski and Ihsan Nuri of the Xoybûn organization between 1927 and 1930. The town was thus dubbed the provisional capital of Kurdistan and was subsequently presented to the League of Nations and the Great Powers as the center of an independent Kurdish state.\n\nIn January 2006, Doğubayazıt was the centre of a H5N1 bird flu outbreak. Several children died from the disease after playing with chicken carcasses.\n\nPolitics \n\nIn the local elections in March 2019, Yıldız Acar was elected Mayor of the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP).\n\nSports \nThe Doğubayazıtspor football club plays in the lower divisions of the Turkish football league. It played in the Turkish Third League for three seasons.\n\nGeography \n\nThe town of Doğubayazıt is a settlement with a long history. It lies 15 km southwest of Mount Ararat, 93 km east of the city of Ağrı and 35 km from the Iranian border. The town stands on a plain surrounded by some of Turkey's highest peaks including: Ararat (5,137 m), Little Ararat (3,896 m), Tendürek Dağı (3,533 m), Kaletepe (3,196 m) Arıdağı (2,934 m) and Göllertepe (2,643 m). Kizil Mountain at 2,730 m is two kilometers east of the town. The climate on the plain is hot and dry in summer, cold and dry in winter.\n\nPlaces of interest\n Mount Ararat - 15 km from Doğubayazıt, and the best views of the mountain are from here.\n Ishak Pasha Palace, completed in 1784 on a hill to the south of town.\n The castle and mosque of Old Beyazit, first built by the Urartu but which bear traces of many civilisations.\n The geological formation of \"Durupınar site\" is 16 km southeast of town and promoted by some believers as the petrified ruins of Noah's Ark.\n Lake Balık - a lake in a lava bed, 60 km from Doğubayazıt, near Taşlıçay.\n The Ice Cave - on the side of Little Ararat near the village of Hallaç.\n The ruins of the 900BC Urartu temple and palace on the hill of Giriktepe.\n The ancient Armenian cemetery.\n\nNotable people\n Mahmud Bayazidi, Kurdish philosopher and polymath from Bayazid in the Ottoman Empire. \n Ibrahim Heski, Kurdish Politician\n Ahmet Arvasi, writer and philosopher\n Kaya Özcan, Wrestler\n Ümit Şamiloğlu, artistic gymnast and part of the national team\n Yıldız Tilbe, Turkish singer of Kurdish descent and one of the best-selling musical artists in Turkey\n\nInternational relations\n\nDoğubayazıt is twinned with:\n\n Eilat, Israel\n Podgorica, Montenegro\n Montevideo, Uruguay\n Kitwe, Zambia\n Lusaka, Zambia\n Bulawayo, Zimbabwe\n Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia\n Gothenburg, Sweden\n Karlstad, Sweden\n Timbuktu, Mali\n Bergen, Norway\n Turku, Finland\n Saarbrücken, Germany\n N'djamena, Chad\n Esbjerg, Denmark\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nExtensive photographic survey, description and plan of Doğubeyazit Castle\n\nDoğubayazıt\nIran–Turkey border crossings\nKurdish settlements in Turkey\nMount Ararat\nFormer Armenian communities in Ağrı Province\nDistrict municipalities in Turkey",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masurian
|
Masurian or Mazurian may refer to:
someone or something from Masuria
the Masurians, a sub-ethnic group
the Masurian dialects of Polish
the Masurians, historical name for Masovians
Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, an administrative division in northern Poland
Masurian Landscape Park, a protected area in Masuria
Masurian Lake District
|
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masurian",
"role": "user"
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"content": "Masurian or Mazurian may refer to:\nsomeone or something from Masuria\nthe Masurians, a sub-ethnic group\nthe Masurian dialects of Polish\nthe Masurians, historical name for Masovians\nWarmian-Masurian Voivodeship, an administrative division in northern Poland\nMasurian Landscape Park, a protected area in Masuria\nMasurian Lake District",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20in%20Burkina%20Faso
|
Islam in Burkina Faso (Upper Volta) has a long and varied history. According to the 2010 census, the population of the country was 63.2% Muslim. The 2019 census notes that 63.8% of the population are Muslim (mainly Sunni).
Although the vast majority of Muslims are Sunni Muslims who follow Maliki school of thought, Shia Islam and Ahmadiyya movement also have some following. A 2009 Pew Forum report estimates that less than 1% of Muslims in Burkina Faso are Shia. The Ahlu Bayt Portal cites several studies ranging from under 1% of the Muslim population, to a 2000 cite from the Imam Husayn Encyclopedia which claims that 9.38% of Burkinese Muslims are Shi'a.
History
Until the end of the 19th century, the Upper Volta was dominated by the Mossi Kingdoms, who are believed to have come from central or eastern Africa sometime in the 11th century. The Mossi initially defended their religious beliefs and social structure against Islamic influences from Muslims from the northwest. In the 15th century the Upper Volta region attracted Muslim merchants and settlements by the opening of the Akan gold fields, and the opportunity to trade in gold, kola nuts, and salt. Some of these merchants were Soninke-speaking peoples from Timbuktu and Djenné who later adopted Malinke dialect and became known as Dyula. They settled in the towns of Bobo-Dyulasso, Kong, Bunduku, and other places leading to the goldfields. Other traders came from Kanem, Bornu, and the Hausa city-states and moved into Gonja, Dagomba, and other parts of the Volta region. Muslims married local women and raised families, which were tied to the Muslim community through the father and to the local pagan community through the mother. The offspring of these marriages often inherited chieftainships and brought about the conversion of local peoples. They organized festivals, offered prayers and divination at local courts, distributed talismans, and participated in anti-witchcraft rituals. As a result, Muslims in the region were not a distinct language group but regarded themselves as part of the Mossi kingdom.
Throughout the region, the Dyula communities maintained a high standard of Muslim education. A Dyula family enterprise based on the lu, a working unit consisting of a father, his sons, and other attached males, could afford to give some of its younger men a Muslim education. Thus there emerged an ulema class known as karamokos, who were educated in Qur'an, tafsir, hadith, and the life of Muhammad. A student read these works with a single teacher over a period varying from five to thirty years, and earned his living as a part-time farmer working on the lands of his teacher. Having completed his studies, a karamoko obtained a turban and an ijazah, his license to teach, and set forth in search of further instruction or to start his own school in a remote village. Certain families provided scholars generation after generation. During the great Senegambian jihad led by Ma Ba (1809–1867) Islam spread in the stateless region of the Upper Volta, the Ivory Coast and Guinea.
French colonial rule was imposed on Upper Volta in 1919, but it was divided among the Ivory Coast, Niger, and French Sudan, and then reconstituted in 1947. French rule was characterized by a promotion of secular elites selected from the indigenous population, but it also aided the peaceful spread of Islam. Colonial administration indirectly favored the spread of Islam by creating peace and order and by stimulating trade. They also tended to regard Muslims as culturally and educationally more advanced than non-Muslim Africans, and appointed Muslim chiefs and clerks as administrators in non-Muslim areas. In Upper Volta at the end of the 19th century there were only some 30,000 Muslims, but by 1959 there were 800,000, approximately 20 percent of the population.
In 1984, Upper Volta was renamed Burkina Faso. After a succession of military coups, a constitutional republic was established in 1991. In Burkina Faso the Arabist and Islamist movement is viewed a counter-culture to the European style of modernity, and also a way of integrating the disparate ethnic groups which make up the Muslim population of the country. Madrasa education, which began just after World War II, now serves half of the Muslim population, though only tiny minorities reach the secondary level. Islam is also strengthened by the construction of mosques, preaching on national television, official recognition of Muslim festivals, and support from the Arab world. Madrasa education appeals to the lower middle classes, excluded from political power, who favor a state based on sharia. The Islamic movements, however, are divided into numerous factions.
See also
Ahmadiyya in Burkina Faso
Shia Islam in Burkina Faso
Religion in Burkina Faso
Freedom of religion in Burkina Faso
Christianity in Burkina Faso
References
Further reading
Ira M. Lapidus, A History of Islamic Societies 2nd Ed. 1988
|
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20in%20Burkina%20Faso",
"role": "user"
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"content": "Islam in Burkina Faso (Upper Volta) has a long and varied history. According to the 2010 census, the population of the country was 63.2% Muslim. The 2019 census notes that 63.8% of the population are Muslim (mainly Sunni). \n\nAlthough the vast majority of Muslims are Sunni Muslims who follow Maliki school of thought, Shia Islam and Ahmadiyya movement also have some following. A 2009 Pew Forum report estimates that less than 1% of Muslims in Burkina Faso are Shia. The Ahlu Bayt Portal cites several studies ranging from under 1% of the Muslim population, to a 2000 cite from the Imam Husayn Encyclopedia which claims that 9.38% of Burkinese Muslims are Shi'a.\n\nHistory\nUntil the end of the 19th century, the Upper Volta was dominated by the Mossi Kingdoms, who are believed to have come from central or eastern Africa sometime in the 11th century. The Mossi initially defended their religious beliefs and social structure against Islamic influences from Muslims from the northwest. In the 15th century the Upper Volta region attracted Muslim merchants and settlements by the opening of the Akan gold fields, and the opportunity to trade in gold, kola nuts, and salt. Some of these merchants were Soninke-speaking peoples from Timbuktu and Djenné who later adopted Malinke dialect and became known as Dyula. They settled in the towns of Bobo-Dyulasso, Kong, Bunduku, and other places leading to the goldfields. Other traders came from Kanem, Bornu, and the Hausa city-states and moved into Gonja, Dagomba, and other parts of the Volta region. Muslims married local women and raised families, which were tied to the Muslim community through the father and to the local pagan community through the mother. The offspring of these marriages often inherited chieftainships and brought about the conversion of local peoples. They organized festivals, offered prayers and divination at local courts, distributed talismans, and participated in anti-witchcraft rituals. As a result, Muslims in the region were not a distinct language group but regarded themselves as part of the Mossi kingdom.\n\nThroughout the region, the Dyula communities maintained a high standard of Muslim education. A Dyula family enterprise based on the lu, a working unit consisting of a father, his sons, and other attached males, could afford to give some of its younger men a Muslim education. Thus there emerged an ulema class known as karamokos, who were educated in Qur'an, tafsir, hadith, and the life of Muhammad. A student read these works with a single teacher over a period varying from five to thirty years, and earned his living as a part-time farmer working on the lands of his teacher. Having completed his studies, a karamoko obtained a turban and an ijazah, his license to teach, and set forth in search of further instruction or to start his own school in a remote village. Certain families provided scholars generation after generation. During the great Senegambian jihad led by Ma Ba (1809–1867) Islam spread in the stateless region of the Upper Volta, the Ivory Coast and Guinea.\n\nFrench colonial rule was imposed on Upper Volta in 1919, but it was divided among the Ivory Coast, Niger, and French Sudan, and then reconstituted in 1947. French rule was characterized by a promotion of secular elites selected from the indigenous population, but it also aided the peaceful spread of Islam. Colonial administration indirectly favored the spread of Islam by creating peace and order and by stimulating trade. They also tended to regard Muslims as culturally and educationally more advanced than non-Muslim Africans, and appointed Muslim chiefs and clerks as administrators in non-Muslim areas. In Upper Volta at the end of the 19th century there were only some 30,000 Muslims, but by 1959 there were 800,000, approximately 20 percent of the population.\n\nIn 1984, Upper Volta was renamed Burkina Faso. After a succession of military coups, a constitutional republic was established in 1991. In Burkina Faso the Arabist and Islamist movement is viewed a counter-culture to the European style of modernity, and also a way of integrating the disparate ethnic groups which make up the Muslim population of the country. Madrasa education, which began just after World War II, now serves half of the Muslim population, though only tiny minorities reach the secondary level. Islam is also strengthened by the construction of mosques, preaching on national television, official recognition of Muslim festivals, and support from the Arab world. Madrasa education appeals to the lower middle classes, excluded from political power, who favor a state based on sharia. The Islamic movements, however, are divided into numerous factions.\n\nSee also\nAhmadiyya in Burkina Faso\nShia Islam in Burkina Faso\nReligion in Burkina Faso\nFreedom of religion in Burkina Faso\nChristianity in Burkina Faso\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\n Ira M. Lapidus, A History of Islamic Societies 2nd Ed. 1988",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenfaba
|
Glenfaba ( ; ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man.
It is located on the west of the island (part of the traditional North Side division) and consists of the two historic parishes of German and Patrick. Historically, from 1796 until some time in the twentieth century (1986) it also included the parish of Marown.
Geographically, the sheading of Glenfaba also includes the town of Peel.
Other settlements in the sheading include St John's in the parish of German (home of the Tynwald Day ceremony), and Dalby, Foxdale, Glen Maye and Niarbyl (all in the parish of Patrick).
Etymology
The first mention of Glenfaba may be in a bull of Pope Gregory IX in 1231. The origin of the name is not known, but may be connected with that of the river Neb.
MHKs and elections
Until 2016, Glenfaba was also a House of Keys constituency, electing one MHK. From 2016 it is part of the Glenfaba & Peel constituency.
In 2016 the constituency was abolished.
See also
Local government in the Isle of Man
References
External links
Constituency maps and general election results
Sheadings of the Isle of Man
Constituencies of the Isle of Man
|
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"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenfaba",
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},
{
"content": "Glenfaba ( ; ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man.\n\nIt is located on the west of the island (part of the traditional North Side division) and consists of the two historic parishes of German and Patrick. Historically, from 1796 until some time in the twentieth century (1986) it also included the parish of Marown.\n\nGeographically, the sheading of Glenfaba also includes the town of Peel.\n\nOther settlements in the sheading include St John's in the parish of German (home of the Tynwald Day ceremony), and Dalby, Foxdale, Glen Maye and Niarbyl (all in the parish of Patrick).\n\nEtymology\n\nThe first mention of Glenfaba may be in a bull of Pope Gregory IX in 1231. The origin of the name is not known, but may be connected with that of the river Neb.\n\nMHKs and elections \nUntil 2016, Glenfaba was also a House of Keys constituency, electing one MHK. From 2016 it is part of the Glenfaba & Peel constituency.\n\nIn 2016 the constituency was abolished.\n\nSee also\nLocal government in the Isle of Man\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nConstituency maps and general election results\n\nSheadings of the Isle of Man\nConstituencies of the Isle of Man",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason%20%28The%20Fray%20EP%29
|
Reason EP is the second EP from Denver-based rock band the Fray, released in 2003 by an independent record label. In October 2007, the EP was re-released by Epic Records.
Track listing
All songs written by Isaac Slade and Joe King, except "Vienna", co-written with Dan Battenhouse.
"Together" – 2:23
"Some Trust" – 2:54
"Vienna" – 3:49
"Without Reason" – 3:33
"City Hall" – 3:00
"Oceans Away" – 3:58
"Unsaid" – 3:04
Notes
The drums on "Oceans Away" and "Vienna" are done by Zach Johnson, the first drummer for The Fray. For "Together", the guitar is played by Mike Ayars. The tracks "Vienna" and "Oceans Away" were featured in the band's first EP, Movement. "Vienna" was again featured on the band's debut album How to Save a Life.
Personnel
Isaac Slade - lead vocals, piano
Dave Welsh - lead guitar on all tracks except "Together"
Joe King - rhythm guitar, backing vocals
Dan Battenhouse - bass guitar
Ben Wysocki - drums, percussion on all tracks except "Oceans Away" and "Vienna"
Additional musicians
Mike Ayars - lead guitar on "Together"
Zach Johnson - drums on "Oceans Away" and "Vienna"
Production
Aaron Johnson - production, mixing, mastering, engineering
Reception
Reason EP launched the band into prominence in its native Denver city. The songs from the EP began receiving airplay on Denver radio stations, especially on KTCL. The band were invited as a headliner at a local theatre and later, it was voted Best New Band by Westword (a local alternative newsweekly). The band also won in the rock category of the "Westword Music Showcase Awards." Epic Records A&R man, Mike Flynn grew interested in the band after hearing the third track on the EP, "Vienna". He stated that the song "was real music. It was timeless music. Epic later signed the band in 2004.
Following its re-issue in 2007 (by which time the band had achieved mainstream success with the release of its debut album, How to Save a Life), Allmusic, in its review of the EP, compared it unfavorably to the radio-friendly style of the debut album, but stated that "the music is pleasant enough, with moodswinging melodies and tasteful piano fashioning some fine, middle-of-the-road pop/rock tunes." Westword gave the EP a positive review, stating "the music is epic, no doubt, but it's played on a wholly human scale" and compared The Fray favorably to Coldplay. CNET later termed Reason EP as "a career changing EP".
References
External links
Blue Object Design Cover art by Ben Yarnell.
The Fray albums
2003 EPs
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason%20%28The%20Fray%20EP%29",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Reason EP is the second EP from Denver-based rock band the Fray, released in 2003 by an independent record label. In October 2007, the EP was re-released by Epic Records.\n\nTrack listing\nAll songs written by Isaac Slade and Joe King, except \"Vienna\", co-written with Dan Battenhouse.\n\n\"Together\" – 2:23\n\"Some Trust\" – 2:54\n\"Vienna\" – 3:49\n\"Without Reason\" – 3:33\n\"City Hall\" – 3:00\n\"Oceans Away\" – 3:58\n\"Unsaid\" – 3:04\n\nNotes \nThe drums on \"Oceans Away\" and \"Vienna\" are done by Zach Johnson, the first drummer for The Fray. For \"Together\", the guitar is played by Mike Ayars. The tracks \"Vienna\" and \"Oceans Away\" were featured in the band's first EP, Movement. \"Vienna\" was again featured on the band's debut album How to Save a Life.\n\nPersonnel \n\nIsaac Slade - lead vocals, piano\nDave Welsh - lead guitar on all tracks except \"Together\"\nJoe King - rhythm guitar, backing vocals\nDan Battenhouse - bass guitar\nBen Wysocki - drums, percussion on all tracks except \"Oceans Away\" and \"Vienna\"\n\nAdditional musicians\nMike Ayars - lead guitar on \"Together\"\nZach Johnson - drums on \"Oceans Away\" and \"Vienna\"\n\nProduction\nAaron Johnson - production, mixing, mastering, engineering\n\nReception \nReason EP launched the band into prominence in its native Denver city. The songs from the EP began receiving airplay on Denver radio stations, especially on KTCL. The band were invited as a headliner at a local theatre and later, it was voted Best New Band by Westword (a local alternative newsweekly). The band also won in the rock category of the \"Westword Music Showcase Awards.\" Epic Records A&R man, Mike Flynn grew interested in the band after hearing the third track on the EP, \"Vienna\". He stated that the song \"was real music. It was timeless music. Epic later signed the band in 2004.\n\nFollowing its re-issue in 2007 (by which time the band had achieved mainstream success with the release of its debut album, How to Save a Life), Allmusic, in its review of the EP, compared it unfavorably to the radio-friendly style of the debut album, but stated that \"the music is pleasant enough, with moodswinging melodies and tasteful piano fashioning some fine, middle-of-the-road pop/rock tunes.\" Westword gave the EP a positive review, stating \"the music is epic, no doubt, but it's played on a wholly human scale\" and compared The Fray favorably to Coldplay. CNET later termed Reason EP as \"a career changing EP\".\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Blue Object Design Cover art by Ben Yarnell.\n\nThe Fray albums\n2003 EPs",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRRS
|
PRRS can refer to:
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, a disease of pigs
Radical Socialist Republican Party, a former Spanish political party
See also
PRR (disambiguation)
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRRS",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "PRRS can refer to:\n\n Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, a disease of pigs\n Radical Socialist Republican Party, a former Spanish political party\n\nSee also\n PRR (disambiguation)",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
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