question
stringlengths 1
181
| answer
stringlengths 43
208k
| conversations
listlengths 3
3
|
|---|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cueva%20del%20Fantasma
|
Cueva de El Fantasma (in Spanish, "Cave of The Phantom" after the comic book character) is a giant cave in southern Venezuela, located in one of the most biologically rich, geologically ancient parts of the world, along the slopes of Aprada-tepui. Large enough for two helicopters to land in the cave, the report from Zootaxa is said to be the first photographic evidence of such an immense cave. However, experts note, it is not technically a cave, but rather a collapsed, steep gorge.
References
External links
Live Science
Caves of Venezuela
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cueva%20del%20Fantasma",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Cueva de El Fantasma (in Spanish, \"Cave of The Phantom\" after the comic book character) is a giant cave in southern Venezuela, located in one of the most biologically rich, geologically ancient parts of the world, along the slopes of Aprada-tepui. Large enough for two helicopters to land in the cave, the report from Zootaxa is said to be the first photographic evidence of such an immense cave. However, experts note, it is not technically a cave, but rather a collapsed, steep gorge.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Live Science\n\nCaves of Venezuela",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Sub-Terrania
|
Sub-Terrania is a 1994 multidirectional shooter developed by Danish studio Zyrinx and published by Sega for the Mega Drive/Genesis. The game takes place in the future, where a deep-space mining colony has been invaded by an unknown alien race. The player assumes the role of a lone pilot who must defeat the alien forces and rescue the trapped miners. During the course of the game, the player controls a rotatable craft with thrusters that is constantly subject to gravity and the craft's inertia. Using the ship's "rotate-and-thrust" capabilities, the players must aim, shoot, dodge and carefully maneuver their way through the hazardous landscape while constantly taking gravity and refueling needs into account.
It was the first game developed by Zyrinx, a small studio formed by people who had been active in the demoscene during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Upon its release, Sub-Terrania gained a reputation as an "overly difficult" game and suffered from poor sales. However, critical reception was positive with game journalists describing it as an evolution of gravity-based shoot 'em up games like Gravitar (1982) and Thrust (1986). Critics praised its originality, graphics and soundtrack, while noting that getting used to the game's control system and physics-based gameplay can take some time.
Plot
On an off-world asteroid, a red line wipes the sky as headquarters explodes. Hostile alien forces have invaded the vital subterranean mining colony. Workers are trapped in crevices and chasms, helpless against the clouds of radioactive dust swirling toward them. An experimental attack fighter is the only weapon powerful enough to repel the alien attack. A lone pilot has been charged with the task of defeating the aliens and rescuing the trapped miners.
Gameplay
The game takes place in a side view underground environment. At all times, gravity is pulling down on the player's ship, which can work to the player's advantage to conserve fuel. The controls are similar to other gravity-based shoot 'em up games, like Gravitar and Thrust. The ship is rotated with the directional pad and the B button applies thrust in the direction it is facing. A key difference compared to other games of this type is the addition of back thrusters, which allow the players to reverse thrust as they try to dodge enemy fire and maneuver their way through the game's hazardous landscapes.
In Sub-Terrania, each level is an enclosed map in which the player is free to wander in all directions. To beat each of the game's 9 levels, the players must complete various mission objectives, which are outlined before the level begins (with the exception of the last three levels). The bulk of the missions involve rescuing trapped miners, carrying and utilizing various types of special equipment, collecting sub modules (to allow your attack ship to go underwater), and defeating alien bosses. While the players are, for the most part, free to approach things however they want, a key part of the gameplay revolves around finding efficient routes for each level.
The ship is equipped with a force field and will explode if it sustains too much enemy damage. It also has a limited supply of fuel and must be constantly recharged by collecting fuel canisters which are strategically placed throughout the levels, requiring players to plan when and where to refuel. There are various other elements that make it easier for the player to be able to finish without running out of fuel. Mining rails are suspended throughout many levels allowing players to freely slide along them while shooting. Attaching the ship on the rails turns off fuel consumption and nullifies the effects of gravity which can make for easier targeting against bosses and barriers. Scattered across the game's levels the players can find missile canisters (which equip the ship with secondary weapons), shield upgrades (which replenish the ship's force field), extra lives and various types of special equipment. When the "Mega" bar is fully-charged, the ship can also unleash a powerful multi-directional laser blast. Once used, the bar gets depleted and begins to recharge automatically.
There are three types of weapons in the game, identified by three different colors (red, green and blue). Each weapon type has its own upsides, downsides and different strategies, with varying degrees of destructive power, range and a different effect on the rate of the ship's fuel-consumption. All three weapon types can be upgraded up to level 4 by collecting power-ups which cycle though red, green and blue. The player can either take on the color of the laser they already have to increase its firepower by one level, or they can take on a different color to change the laser's attributes. When players lose a life, their weapon's power is downgraded by one level. However, this does not apply on Easy mode, in which players are allowed to retain their weapon enhancements even after losing a life.
Sub-Terrania features three difficulty modes (Easy, Normal and Hard), all available from the start. Each difficulty mode affects the rate of fuel-consumption, the strength of the gravitational pull, the intensity of inertia, the amount of enemy damage that players can sustain and the number of bonus points at the end of each stage. In Sub-Terrania, players earn points for shooting down enemies and are also rewarded with end-of-level bonus points based on their overall performance. This includes their remaining lives after a mission, the number of enemies destroyed, the number of POWs rescued and their time-efficiency in completing the mission. Compared to normal mode, players get half as many points on easy and twice as many on hard.
Development
Sub-Terrania was the first game developed by Zyrinx, a small studio formed by people who had been active in the demoscene during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Most of them were prominent members of the demogroups "Crionics" and "The Silents". Their 1991 Amiga demo "Hardwired" shares many of the visual effects and styles later used in their Mega Drive games, Sub-Terrania and Red Zone.
Crionics was disbanded shortly after Hardwired was completed, with several of their members joining The Silents. However, it was not long before The Silents suffered the same fate. Most of their Swedish members decided to form DICE and work on games like Pinball Dreams and Benefactor for the Amiga. On the other hand, their Danish members – David Guldbrandsen, Karsten Hvidberg, Jens Bo Albretsen, Michael Balle, Jesper Jørgensen and Jesper Kyd – decided to form Zyrinx and develop games for the Mega Drive, mainly because they were impressed by the amount of sprites that Sega's console was able to handle compared to the Amiga.
During the development of Sub-Terrania Zyrinx did not possess an official Sega development kit. Instead, they hacked together their own development kit using Amiga computers. Sub-Terrania was bought and published by Sega, which gave Zyrinx enough money to relocate their offices from Copenhagen to Boston. According to Sega of America producer Tony Van, the game's code was very stable but, since Zyrinx had to "hack" a lot of their data, it had a number of "incorrect read/writes" that had to be addressed. Furthermore, the game was originally too difficult and went through two rounds of difficulty reduction before it was released. The game's soundtrack was composed by Jesper Kyd using a proprietary audio system that played music at a 44 kHz quality instead of the standard 11 kHz. The long tracks are unique, with many of them get it through besides 5 minutes, while other tunes didn't cross one minute at time; the metallic and industrial sound-like matches with the underground style of the game. His sound driver was also used in Red Zone, The Adventures of Batman & Robin (Mega Drive/Genesis version), AWS Pro Moves Soccer and Ultracore.
Release
Despite the game's title screen (and credits) implying a 1993 release, Sub-Terrania was released in 1994. Upon its release, it gained a reputation as an "overly difficult" game and suffered from poor sales. In a 2005 interview with Sega-16, Sega of America producer Tony Van commented on the matter, saying, "I personally could finish the game, and I'm not anywhere near as good as most gamers, so I think it got a bad rap – a few people were put off by it, and the rest just agreed without trying it. It was one of the WORST selling games Sega of America ever released, which surprised me... Gamers usually LOVE a challenge!"
In the May 1994 issue of Mega, editor Andy Dyer criticized Sega of Europe for not giving a high-quality game enough attention, stating that "not only did [Sub-Terrania] arrive pretty much totally unannounced, but Sega seemed to have a sense of complete apathy when promoting the game". On the other hand, Sega of America held a Sub-Terrania contest between April and July 1994. Participants were tasked with playing the game on the hardest difficulty setting and taking a picture of the victory screen after defeating the final boss. The prizes included: all-paid weekends in New York and Los Angeles to attend the Marvel Mega-Tour, VIP tours of the Marvel headquarters, Sega Genesis CDX systems, three games (Gunstar Heroes, Ranger X, and Thunder Force IV), limited editions comic book ashcans, Sub-Terrania hats and T-shirts.
Reception
Sub-Terrania was met with positive reviews. Graphically, the game was described as "excellent", with "nicely constructed cavern backdrops" and "stunningly smooth parallax". Many noted the game's impressive opening scene and physics, while GamePro particularly praised the fluid animation and sharp sprites. According to Edge, "some of the sprites are very impressive – especially the huge skull on level two – and no matter how much is happening onscreen, there's never any slowdown". However, some felt that there was "nothing technically ground-breaking" and that the game could have used a bit more variety in its scenery. The game's soundtrack was described as "superb", featuring a "pseudo-industrial" style and "classy tunes" "that add a heap of atmosphere". According to Mean Machines, "the music is Depeche Mode, while being curiously reminiscent of classic C64 music by the likes of Martin Galway". Hardcore Gaming 101 noted that "pretty much every song in the game is in excess of five minutes long, and is great for listening to outside of the game if you're into stuff like Juno Reactor". The control system was generally praised for being "amusingly responsive" and offering "excellent handling". Edge and MegaTech noted that getting used to it can take some time, however, it "soon becomes instinctive" and the "high degree of maneuverability becomes apparent".
Edge awarded the game a 9 out of 10, concluding that "Sub-Terrania is quite simply a superbly structured and implemented piece of software: fast, clever, varied and, above all, addictive. Borrowing heavily from blasters from the past – Oids, Thrust and Lunar Rescue – it feels like a classic game yet breathes new life into the shoot 'em up genre". Similar sentiments were echoed in the review of German magazine ASM, which described Sub-Terrania as an evolution of the 1986 game Thrust, with updated presentation and "much more varied gameplay". In their review, GamePro deemed it "one of the best games of the year" and gave it a near-perfect score, citing the unique concept and outstanding graphics and animation.
French magazine Consoles+ felt that Sub-Terrania stands out compared to other shoot 'em up games, not only because of its graphics, music and presentation, but also for combining classic traits of the genre, like fast reactions, with methodical, more calculating, action. They gave the game a score of 90% describing it as one of the "most beautiful and interesting shoot 'em ups on the Mega Drive". Electronic Gaming Monthly had similar feelings about the game, calling it "one of the best" and "more original shooters on the Genesis". They also praised the graphics and soundtrack concluding that Sub-Terrania is "an exceptional game for shooter fans and non-shooter fans". However, they rated it a 7 out of 10 arguing that it will take players some time to get used to the gravity and that "some may find the deliberate pace maddening".
Computer and Video Games described Sub-Terrania as "a gorgeous and involving blast" in which shooting "mingles perfectly" with the gravity-based action. They gave the game a score of 85 out of 100 noting that "the inertia takes some getting used to". Mega agreed and expanded on this by explaining that inertia is "a strange thing that, when used badly, can render a game totally unplayable, but when used well, as in the case of Sub-Terrania, simply adds yet another veneer of style and quality", arguing that "half the fun of the game is becoming an expert at combating the inertia. Not many games operate in this way, so it takes quite a time to get the hang of not stopping when you stop thrusting and having to compensate". They also praised the aspect of having to "work out your routes" and "methods of fuel conservation" for adding a methodical element and "a great deal of tension to the whole game". On a similar note, Sega Zone pointed out that "the manual dexterity of staying alive and the spacial awareness of telling left from right when you're upside down give way to tactics and strategy", describing it as "a tough and well designed learning curve". They awarded the game a 91%, saying, "this will become a classic for Mega Drive owners".
Despite giving the game a raving review, Mega expressed disappointment over Sub-Terrania having only 9 levels, rating it 86%. Similarly, Mean Machines and MegaTech praised every aspect of the game, but shared Mega's concerns about its longevity. According to Richard Lloyd of MegaTech, Sub-Terrania "is very tough on the hardest settings, but after playing it for only a few hours I managed to get all the way to level eight with a whole load of lives left. Because of this and the fact that the levels are exactly the same each time you play, I can't see Sub-Terrania lasting very long, which is a shame because apart from this it is an excellent blast". Mean Machines gave it a score of 91% concluding that Sub-Terrania is "an addition to the list of Mega Drive classics, albeit a minor one for reasons of size". MegaTech noted that "this is no ordinary scrolling blaster. There are lots of little touches that you won't have seen before" and awarded the game a 90% describing it as a "sleek-looking", "highly original and challenging game" with "some classy tunes". Mega placed Sub-Terrania at number 16 in their Top Mega Drive Games of All Time, calling it "a superb game in almost every way".
Sub-Terrania appears in the book 1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die, by longtime editor of Edge magazine Tony Mott. In his retrospective take on the game he compared it to classics like Gravitar and Thrust, stating that "Zyrinx produced one of the best examples of the genre in Sub-Terrania, a game that makes no concessions to underprepared players" and "a perfect envoy for Sega's positioning of the Mega Drive as the console of choice for the hardcore gamer".
See also
Fly Harder
Gravitar
Gravity Crash
Gravity Force
Oids
Solar Jetman
TerraFire
Thrust
Zarathrusta
References
1994 video games
Multidirectional shooters
Sega Genesis games
Sega Genesis-only games
Video games scored by Jesper Kyd
Video games developed in Denmark
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Sub-Terrania",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Sub-Terrania is a 1994 multidirectional shooter developed by Danish studio Zyrinx and published by Sega for the Mega Drive/Genesis. The game takes place in the future, where a deep-space mining colony has been invaded by an unknown alien race. The player assumes the role of a lone pilot who must defeat the alien forces and rescue the trapped miners. During the course of the game, the player controls a rotatable craft with thrusters that is constantly subject to gravity and the craft's inertia. Using the ship's \"rotate-and-thrust\" capabilities, the players must aim, shoot, dodge and carefully maneuver their way through the hazardous landscape while constantly taking gravity and refueling needs into account.\n\nIt was the first game developed by Zyrinx, a small studio formed by people who had been active in the demoscene during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Upon its release, Sub-Terrania gained a reputation as an \"overly difficult\" game and suffered from poor sales. However, critical reception was positive with game journalists describing it as an evolution of gravity-based shoot 'em up games like Gravitar (1982) and Thrust (1986). Critics praised its originality, graphics and soundtrack, while noting that getting used to the game's control system and physics-based gameplay can take some time.\n\nPlot\nOn an off-world asteroid, a red line wipes the sky as headquarters explodes. Hostile alien forces have invaded the vital subterranean mining colony. Workers are trapped in crevices and chasms, helpless against the clouds of radioactive dust swirling toward them. An experimental attack fighter is the only weapon powerful enough to repel the alien attack. A lone pilot has been charged with the task of defeating the aliens and rescuing the trapped miners.\n\nGameplay\n\nThe game takes place in a side view underground environment. At all times, gravity is pulling down on the player's ship, which can work to the player's advantage to conserve fuel. The controls are similar to other gravity-based shoot 'em up games, like Gravitar and Thrust. The ship is rotated with the directional pad and the B button applies thrust in the direction it is facing. A key difference compared to other games of this type is the addition of back thrusters, which allow the players to reverse thrust as they try to dodge enemy fire and maneuver their way through the game's hazardous landscapes.\n\nIn Sub-Terrania, each level is an enclosed map in which the player is free to wander in all directions. To beat each of the game's 9 levels, the players must complete various mission objectives, which are outlined before the level begins (with the exception of the last three levels). The bulk of the missions involve rescuing trapped miners, carrying and utilizing various types of special equipment, collecting sub modules (to allow your attack ship to go underwater), and defeating alien bosses. While the players are, for the most part, free to approach things however they want, a key part of the gameplay revolves around finding efficient routes for each level.\n\nThe ship is equipped with a force field and will explode if it sustains too much enemy damage. It also has a limited supply of fuel and must be constantly recharged by collecting fuel canisters which are strategically placed throughout the levels, requiring players to plan when and where to refuel. There are various other elements that make it easier for the player to be able to finish without running out of fuel. Mining rails are suspended throughout many levels allowing players to freely slide along them while shooting. Attaching the ship on the rails turns off fuel consumption and nullifies the effects of gravity which can make for easier targeting against bosses and barriers. Scattered across the game's levels the players can find missile canisters (which equip the ship with secondary weapons), shield upgrades (which replenish the ship's force field), extra lives and various types of special equipment. When the \"Mega\" bar is fully-charged, the ship can also unleash a powerful multi-directional laser blast. Once used, the bar gets depleted and begins to recharge automatically.\n\nThere are three types of weapons in the game, identified by three different colors (red, green and blue). Each weapon type has its own upsides, downsides and different strategies, with varying degrees of destructive power, range and a different effect on the rate of the ship's fuel-consumption. All three weapon types can be upgraded up to level 4 by collecting power-ups which cycle though red, green and blue. The player can either take on the color of the laser they already have to increase its firepower by one level, or they can take on a different color to change the laser's attributes. When players lose a life, their weapon's power is downgraded by one level. However, this does not apply on Easy mode, in which players are allowed to retain their weapon enhancements even after losing a life.\n\nSub-Terrania features three difficulty modes (Easy, Normal and Hard), all available from the start. Each difficulty mode affects the rate of fuel-consumption, the strength of the gravitational pull, the intensity of inertia, the amount of enemy damage that players can sustain and the number of bonus points at the end of each stage. In Sub-Terrania, players earn points for shooting down enemies and are also rewarded with end-of-level bonus points based on their overall performance. This includes their remaining lives after a mission, the number of enemies destroyed, the number of POWs rescued and their time-efficiency in completing the mission. Compared to normal mode, players get half as many points on easy and twice as many on hard.\n\nDevelopment\n\nSub-Terrania was the first game developed by Zyrinx, a small studio formed by people who had been active in the demoscene during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Most of them were prominent members of the demogroups \"Crionics\" and \"The Silents\". Their 1991 Amiga demo \"Hardwired\" shares many of the visual effects and styles later used in their Mega Drive games, Sub-Terrania and Red Zone.\n\nCrionics was disbanded shortly after Hardwired was completed, with several of their members joining The Silents. However, it was not long before The Silents suffered the same fate. Most of their Swedish members decided to form DICE and work on games like Pinball Dreams and Benefactor for the Amiga. On the other hand, their Danish members – David Guldbrandsen, Karsten Hvidberg, Jens Bo Albretsen, Michael Balle, Jesper Jørgensen and Jesper Kyd – decided to form Zyrinx and develop games for the Mega Drive, mainly because they were impressed by the amount of sprites that Sega's console was able to handle compared to the Amiga.\n\nDuring the development of Sub-Terrania Zyrinx did not possess an official Sega development kit. Instead, they hacked together their own development kit using Amiga computers. Sub-Terrania was bought and published by Sega, which gave Zyrinx enough money to relocate their offices from Copenhagen to Boston. According to Sega of America producer Tony Van, the game's code was very stable but, since Zyrinx had to \"hack\" a lot of their data, it had a number of \"incorrect read/writes\" that had to be addressed. Furthermore, the game was originally too difficult and went through two rounds of difficulty reduction before it was released. The game's soundtrack was composed by Jesper Kyd using a proprietary audio system that played music at a 44 kHz quality instead of the standard 11 kHz. The long tracks are unique, with many of them get it through besides 5 minutes, while other tunes didn't cross one minute at time; the metallic and industrial sound-like matches with the underground style of the game. His sound driver was also used in Red Zone, The Adventures of Batman & Robin (Mega Drive/Genesis version), AWS Pro Moves Soccer and Ultracore.\n\nRelease\nDespite the game's title screen (and credits) implying a 1993 release, Sub-Terrania was released in 1994. Upon its release, it gained a reputation as an \"overly difficult\" game and suffered from poor sales. In a 2005 interview with Sega-16, Sega of America producer Tony Van commented on the matter, saying, \"I personally could finish the game, and I'm not anywhere near as good as most gamers, so I think it got a bad rap – a few people were put off by it, and the rest just agreed without trying it. It was one of the WORST selling games Sega of America ever released, which surprised me... Gamers usually LOVE a challenge!\"\n\nIn the May 1994 issue of Mega, editor Andy Dyer criticized Sega of Europe for not giving a high-quality game enough attention, stating that \"not only did [Sub-Terrania] arrive pretty much totally unannounced, but Sega seemed to have a sense of complete apathy when promoting the game\". On the other hand, Sega of America held a Sub-Terrania contest between April and July 1994. Participants were tasked with playing the game on the hardest difficulty setting and taking a picture of the victory screen after defeating the final boss. The prizes included: all-paid weekends in New York and Los Angeles to attend the Marvel Mega-Tour, VIP tours of the Marvel headquarters, Sega Genesis CDX systems, three games (Gunstar Heroes, Ranger X, and Thunder Force IV), limited editions comic book ashcans, Sub-Terrania hats and T-shirts.\n\nReception\n\nSub-Terrania was met with positive reviews. Graphically, the game was described as \"excellent\", with \"nicely constructed cavern backdrops\" and \"stunningly smooth parallax\". Many noted the game's impressive opening scene and physics, while GamePro particularly praised the fluid animation and sharp sprites. According to Edge, \"some of the sprites are very impressive – especially the huge skull on level two – and no matter how much is happening onscreen, there's never any slowdown\". However, some felt that there was \"nothing technically ground-breaking\" and that the game could have used a bit more variety in its scenery. The game's soundtrack was described as \"superb\", featuring a \"pseudo-industrial\" style and \"classy tunes\" \"that add a heap of atmosphere\". According to Mean Machines, \"the music is Depeche Mode, while being curiously reminiscent of classic C64 music by the likes of Martin Galway\". Hardcore Gaming 101 noted that \"pretty much every song in the game is in excess of five minutes long, and is great for listening to outside of the game if you're into stuff like Juno Reactor\". The control system was generally praised for being \"amusingly responsive\" and offering \"excellent handling\". Edge and MegaTech noted that getting used to it can take some time, however, it \"soon becomes instinctive\" and the \"high degree of maneuverability becomes apparent\".\n\nEdge awarded the game a 9 out of 10, concluding that \"Sub-Terrania is quite simply a superbly structured and implemented piece of software: fast, clever, varied and, above all, addictive. Borrowing heavily from blasters from the past – Oids, Thrust and Lunar Rescue – it feels like a classic game yet breathes new life into the shoot 'em up genre\". Similar sentiments were echoed in the review of German magazine ASM, which described Sub-Terrania as an evolution of the 1986 game Thrust, with updated presentation and \"much more varied gameplay\". In their review, GamePro deemed it \"one of the best games of the year\" and gave it a near-perfect score, citing the unique concept and outstanding graphics and animation.\n\nFrench magazine Consoles+ felt that Sub-Terrania stands out compared to other shoot 'em up games, not only because of its graphics, music and presentation, but also for combining classic traits of the genre, like fast reactions, with methodical, more calculating, action. They gave the game a score of 90% describing it as one of the \"most beautiful and interesting shoot 'em ups on the Mega Drive\". Electronic Gaming Monthly had similar feelings about the game, calling it \"one of the best\" and \"more original shooters on the Genesis\". They also praised the graphics and soundtrack concluding that Sub-Terrania is \"an exceptional game for shooter fans and non-shooter fans\". However, they rated it a 7 out of 10 arguing that it will take players some time to get used to the gravity and that \"some may find the deliberate pace maddening\".\n\nComputer and Video Games described Sub-Terrania as \"a gorgeous and involving blast\" in which shooting \"mingles perfectly\" with the gravity-based action. They gave the game a score of 85 out of 100 noting that \"the inertia takes some getting used to\". Mega agreed and expanded on this by explaining that inertia is \"a strange thing that, when used badly, can render a game totally unplayable, but when used well, as in the case of Sub-Terrania, simply adds yet another veneer of style and quality\", arguing that \"half the fun of the game is becoming an expert at combating the inertia. Not many games operate in this way, so it takes quite a time to get the hang of not stopping when you stop thrusting and having to compensate\". They also praised the aspect of having to \"work out your routes\" and \"methods of fuel conservation\" for adding a methodical element and \"a great deal of tension to the whole game\". On a similar note, Sega Zone pointed out that \"the manual dexterity of staying alive and the spacial awareness of telling left from right when you're upside down give way to tactics and strategy\", describing it as \"a tough and well designed learning curve\". They awarded the game a 91%, saying, \"this will become a classic for Mega Drive owners\".\n\nDespite giving the game a raving review, Mega expressed disappointment over Sub-Terrania having only 9 levels, rating it 86%. Similarly, Mean Machines and MegaTech praised every aspect of the game, but shared Mega's concerns about its longevity. According to Richard Lloyd of MegaTech, Sub-Terrania \"is very tough on the hardest settings, but after playing it for only a few hours I managed to get all the way to level eight with a whole load of lives left. Because of this and the fact that the levels are exactly the same each time you play, I can't see Sub-Terrania lasting very long, which is a shame because apart from this it is an excellent blast\". Mean Machines gave it a score of 91% concluding that Sub-Terrania is \"an addition to the list of Mega Drive classics, albeit a minor one for reasons of size\". MegaTech noted that \"this is no ordinary scrolling blaster. There are lots of little touches that you won't have seen before\" and awarded the game a 90% describing it as a \"sleek-looking\", \"highly original and challenging game\" with \"some classy tunes\". Mega placed Sub-Terrania at number 16 in their Top Mega Drive Games of All Time, calling it \"a superb game in almost every way\".\n\nSub-Terrania appears in the book 1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die, by longtime editor of Edge magazine Tony Mott. In his retrospective take on the game he compared it to classics like Gravitar and Thrust, stating that \"Zyrinx produced one of the best examples of the genre in Sub-Terrania, a game that makes no concessions to underprepared players\" and \"a perfect envoy for Sega's positioning of the Mega Drive as the console of choice for the hardcore gamer\".\n\nSee also\nFly Harder\nGravitar\nGravity Crash\nGravity Force\nOids\nSolar Jetman\nTerraFire\nThrust\nZarathrusta\n\nReferences\n\n1994 video games\nMultidirectional shooters\nSega Genesis games\nSega Genesis-only games\nVideo games scored by Jesper Kyd\nVideo games developed in Denmark",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Hesperidin
|
Hesperidin is a flavanone glycoside found in citrus fruits. Its aglycone is hesperetin. Its name is derived from the word "hesperidium", for fruit produced by citrus trees.
Hesperidin was first isolated in 1828 by French chemist M. Lebreton from the white inner layer of citrus peels (mesocarp, albedo).
Hesperidin is believed to play a role in plant defense.
Sources
Rutaceae
700–2,500 ppm in fruit of Citrus aurantium (bitter orange, petitgrain)
in orange juice (Citrus sinensis)
in Zanthoxylum gilletii
in lemon
in lime
in leaves of Agathosma serratifolia
Lamiaceae
Peppermint contains hesperidin.
Content in foods
Approximate hesperidin content per 100 ml
481 mg peppermint, dried
44 mg blood orange, pure juice
26 mg orange, pure juice
18 mg lemon, pure juice
14 mg lime, pure juice
1 mg grapefruit, pure juice
Metabolism
Hesperidin 6-O-α--rhamnosyl-β--glucosidase, an enzyme that uses hesperidin and water to produce hesperetin and rutinose, is found in the Ascomycetes species.
Research
As a flavanone found in the rinds of citrus fruits (such as oranges or lemons), hesperidin is under preliminary research for its possible biological properties in vivo. One review did not find evidence that hesperidin affected blood lipid levels or hypertension. Another review found that hesperidin may improve endothelial function in humans, but the overall results were inconclusive.
Biosynthesis
The biosynthesis of hesperidin stems from the phenylpropanoid pathway, in which the natural amino acid -phenylalanine undergoes a deamination by phenylalanine ammonia lyase to afford (E)-cinnamate. The resulting monocarboxylate undergoes an oxidation by cinnamate 4-hydroxylase to afford (E)-4-coumarate, which is transformed into (E)-4-coumaroyl-CoA by 4-coumarate-CoA ligase. (E)-4-coumaroyl-CoA is then subjected to the type III polyketide synthase naringenin chalcone synthase, undergoing successive condensation reactions and ultimately a ring-closing Claisen condensation to afford naringenin chalcone. The corresponding chalcone undergoes an isomerization by chalcone isomerase to afford (2S)-naringenin, which is oxidized to (2S)-eriodictyol by flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase. After O-methylation by caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase, the hesperitin product undergoes a glycosylation by flavanone 7-O-glucosyltransferase to afford hesperitin-7-O-β--glucoside. Finally, a rhamnosyl moiety is introduced to the monoglycosylated product by 1,2-rhamnosyltransferase, forming hesperidin.
See also
Diosmin
List of phytochemicals in food
List of MeSH codes (D03)
List of food additives
References
External links
Flavanone glycosides
Flavonoid antioxidants
Bitter compounds
Flavonoids found in Rutaceae
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Hesperidin",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Hesperidin is a flavanone glycoside found in citrus fruits. Its aglycone is hesperetin. Its name is derived from the word \"hesperidium\", for fruit produced by citrus trees.\n\nHesperidin was first isolated in 1828 by French chemist M. Lebreton from the white inner layer of citrus peels (mesocarp, albedo).\n\nHesperidin is believed to play a role in plant defense.\n\nSources\n\nRutaceae\n 700–2,500 ppm in fruit of Citrus aurantium (bitter orange, petitgrain)\n in orange juice (Citrus sinensis)\n in Zanthoxylum gilletii\n in lemon \n in lime \n in leaves of Agathosma serratifolia\n\nLamiaceae\nPeppermint contains hesperidin.\n\nContent in foods\n\nApproximate hesperidin content per 100 ml\n\n 481 mg peppermint, dried\n 44 mg blood orange, pure juice\n 26 mg orange, pure juice\n 18 mg lemon, pure juice\n 14 mg lime, pure juice\n 1 mg grapefruit, pure juice\n\nMetabolism \nHesperidin 6-O-α--rhamnosyl-β--glucosidase, an enzyme that uses hesperidin and water to produce hesperetin and rutinose, is found in the Ascomycetes species.\n\nResearch \nAs a flavanone found in the rinds of citrus fruits (such as oranges or lemons), hesperidin is under preliminary research for its possible biological properties in vivo. One review did not find evidence that hesperidin affected blood lipid levels or hypertension. Another review found that hesperidin may improve endothelial function in humans, but the overall results were inconclusive.\n\nBiosynthesis \n\nThe biosynthesis of hesperidin stems from the phenylpropanoid pathway, in which the natural amino acid -phenylalanine undergoes a deamination by phenylalanine ammonia lyase to afford (E)-cinnamate. The resulting monocarboxylate undergoes an oxidation by cinnamate 4-hydroxylase to afford (E)-4-coumarate, which is transformed into (E)-4-coumaroyl-CoA by 4-coumarate-CoA ligase. (E)-4-coumaroyl-CoA is then subjected to the type III polyketide synthase naringenin chalcone synthase, undergoing successive condensation reactions and ultimately a ring-closing Claisen condensation to afford naringenin chalcone. The corresponding chalcone undergoes an isomerization by chalcone isomerase to afford (2S)-naringenin, which is oxidized to (2S)-eriodictyol by flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase. After O-methylation by caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase, the hesperitin product undergoes a glycosylation by flavanone 7-O-glucosyltransferase to afford hesperitin-7-O-β--glucoside. Finally, a rhamnosyl moiety is introduced to the monoglycosylated product by 1,2-rhamnosyltransferase, forming hesperidin.\n\nSee also \n Diosmin\n List of phytochemicals in food\n List of MeSH codes (D03)\n List of food additives\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\nFlavanone glycosides\nFlavonoid antioxidants\nBitter compounds\nFlavonoids found in Rutaceae",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Davis%20%28baseball%29
|
Michael Dwayne Davis (born June 11, 1959) is an American former professional baseball right fielder. He played 10 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1980 to 1989 for the Oakland Athletics and Los Angeles Dodgers. He was selected by the Athletics in the third round of the 1977 Major League Baseball draft and signed as a free agent with the Dodgers before the 1988 season. He is most remembered as the Dodger who earned a two-out walk in the bottom of the ninth of Game 1 of the 1988 World Series, stole second base, and ultimately scored on Kirk Gibson's walk-off home run that won the game. The Dodgers would go on to win the series, four games to one.
Davis debuted for the Oakland Athletics in 1980 and played eight seasons for the team. From 1985 to 1987, his three best statistical seasons, he hit 65 home runs, collected 209 RBI's, and hit for a .274 average. He signed with the Los Angeles Dodgers after the 1987 season.
In 1988, Davis fought through an injury in spring training and largely struggled in his first National League season, hitting .196 with only two home runs and 17 runs batted in.
In Game 1 of that season's World Series, Davis was called upon to pinch hit against his former team with two outs in the ninth inning and the Dodgers trailing, 4-3. He faced A's closer, Dennis Eckersley, who led the league in saves that year. After throwing a first-pitch strike, Eckersley pitched carefully around his former teammate, which he later attributed in part due to Davis' power-hitting when they were teammates the year prior. With light-hitting Dave Anderson in the on deck circle, he threw the next four pitches well outside to walk Davis. Anderson was then pulled for pinch hitter Kirk Gibson, the Dodgers' best offensive weapon during the year but severely hobbled with injuries to both legs. With the count 2-2 to Gibson, Davis stole second base easily; controversy nearly ensued when Ron Hassey grazed an off-balance Gibson in his throwing motion to second base, but he did not make the throw, and interference was not called. On the next pitch, Gibson hit a now-famous home run to give the Dodgers a 5-4 win. In post-game interviews, Gibson credited Davis' steal for changing his approach to just seeking a base hit.
In the fourth inning of Game 5, he launched a two-run homer off Storm Davis on a 3-0 pitch to give the Dodgers a 4-1 lead. The Dodgers would go on to win 5-2 to clinch the series; Davis' homer provided the decisive runs in the game. It was his only hit of the series, but he also walked four times, stole two bases, and scored three runs, finishing with a .455 on-base percentage. He retired after the 1989 season.
Davis served as the hitting coach for the Clinton LumberKings, Class-A affiliate of the Seattle Mariners for the 2015 season. He served as the manager of the California High School baseball varsity team in San Ramon, California, for the 1993 season.
References
External links
, or Baseball Almanac, or Retrosheet, or Pura Pelota
1959 births
Living people
African-American baseball players
Baseball players from San Diego
Indianapolis Indians players
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Major League Baseball right fielders
Medicine Hat A's players
Modesto A's players
Oakland Athletics players
Ogden A's players
San Jose Giants players
Tacoma Tigers players
Tigres de Aragua players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Waterbury A's players
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Davis%20%28baseball%29",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Michael Dwayne Davis (born June 11, 1959) is an American former professional baseball right fielder. He played 10 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1980 to 1989 for the Oakland Athletics and Los Angeles Dodgers. He was selected by the Athletics in the third round of the 1977 Major League Baseball draft and signed as a free agent with the Dodgers before the 1988 season. He is most remembered as the Dodger who earned a two-out walk in the bottom of the ninth of Game 1 of the 1988 World Series, stole second base, and ultimately scored on Kirk Gibson's walk-off home run that won the game. The Dodgers would go on to win the series, four games to one.\n\nDavis debuted for the Oakland Athletics in 1980 and played eight seasons for the team. From 1985 to 1987, his three best statistical seasons, he hit 65 home runs, collected 209 RBI's, and hit for a .274 average. He signed with the Los Angeles Dodgers after the 1987 season.\n\nIn 1988, Davis fought through an injury in spring training and largely struggled in his first National League season, hitting .196 with only two home runs and 17 runs batted in.\n\nIn Game 1 of that season's World Series, Davis was called upon to pinch hit against his former team with two outs in the ninth inning and the Dodgers trailing, 4-3. He faced A's closer, Dennis Eckersley, who led the league in saves that year. After throwing a first-pitch strike, Eckersley pitched carefully around his former teammate, which he later attributed in part due to Davis' power-hitting when they were teammates the year prior. With light-hitting Dave Anderson in the on deck circle, he threw the next four pitches well outside to walk Davis. Anderson was then pulled for pinch hitter Kirk Gibson, the Dodgers' best offensive weapon during the year but severely hobbled with injuries to both legs. With the count 2-2 to Gibson, Davis stole second base easily; controversy nearly ensued when Ron Hassey grazed an off-balance Gibson in his throwing motion to second base, but he did not make the throw, and interference was not called. On the next pitch, Gibson hit a now-famous home run to give the Dodgers a 5-4 win. In post-game interviews, Gibson credited Davis' steal for changing his approach to just seeking a base hit.\n\nIn the fourth inning of Game 5, he launched a two-run homer off Storm Davis on a 3-0 pitch to give the Dodgers a 4-1 lead. The Dodgers would go on to win 5-2 to clinch the series; Davis' homer provided the decisive runs in the game. It was his only hit of the series, but he also walked four times, stole two bases, and scored three runs, finishing with a .455 on-base percentage. He retired after the 1989 season.\n\nDavis served as the hitting coach for the Clinton LumberKings, Class-A affiliate of the Seattle Mariners for the 2015 season. He served as the manager of the California High School baseball varsity team in San Ramon, California, for the 1993 season.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n, or Baseball Almanac, or Retrosheet, or Pura Pelota\n\n1959 births\nLiving people\nAfrican-American baseball players\nBaseball players from San Diego\nIndianapolis Indians players\nLos Angeles Dodgers players\nMajor League Baseball right fielders\nMedicine Hat A's players\nModesto A's players\nOakland Athletics players\nOgden A's players\nSan Jose Giants players\nTacoma Tigers players\nTigres de Aragua players\nAmerican expatriate baseball players in Venezuela\nWaterbury A's players\n21st-century African-American people\n20th-century African-American sportspeople",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Alexander V
|
Alexander V may refer to:
Alexander V of Macedon (died 294 BCE)
Antipope Alexander V (–1410)
Alexander V of Imereti (–1752)
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Alexander V",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Alexander V may refer to:\n\n Alexander V of Macedon (died 294 BCE)\n Antipope Alexander V (–1410)\n Alexander V of Imereti (–1752)",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Silver center cent
|
The Silver center cent is an American pattern coin produced by the United States Mint in 1792. As a precursor to the large cent it was one of the first coins of the United States and an early example of a bimetallic coin. Only 12 original examples are known to exist, of which one is located in the National Numismatic Collection at the Smithsonian Institution. Two more specimens (Morris and California) exist but contain fabricated plugs added after minting.
Due to their rarity and historical significance Silver center cents are highly prized by collectors with one graded PCGS MS61 being sold in an online auction in April 2012 for .
Origins
During the early years of the American republic, there was a general consensus that the intrinsic bullion value of the new nation's coinage should be approximately equal to its face value. Some merchants would refuse to accept coins that did not meet this standard. For most denominations, bullion parity was achieved by producing the coins in a gold or silver alloy. However, the Coinage Act of 1792 specified that the cent was to consist of 11 pennyweight (264 grains or 17.1 g) of pure copper. Such a weight, needed to maintain intrinsic value, would have been too heavy for practical everyday use.
U.S. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson suggested an alternative: a coin made of an alloy that was primarily copper, but that included enough silver to give a reasonably-sized coin an intrinsic value of one cent. This billon alloy was considered by the U.S. Mint, but U.S. Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton feared that it would be too susceptible to counterfeiting, since its appearance differed little from that of pure copper. In 1792, the Mint's chief coiner, Henry Voigt, hit upon a solution: a copper planchet, slightly smaller than that of a modern quarter, with a small silver "plug" inserted in a center hole during the striking process. The silver plug would have been worth approximately ¢ at contemporary bullion prices, while the copper planchet added an additional ¢ of intrinsic value. Several such coins were produced as test pieces. Ultimately, the additional labor required for these bimetallic coins proved unsuitable for mass production, and the large cent that was produced for circulation starting in 1793 consisted of 208 grains of 100% copper.
Design
The obverse of the silver center cent features a right-hand facing Liberty head with flowing unbound hair. The date appears below the portrait, and the words "LIBERTY PARENT OF SCIENCE & INDUST." are inscribed in a circular pattern around the central devices. The reverse design consists of a wreath with the words "ONE CENT" in the center, and the fraction "1/100" below. Surrounding the wreath, "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" is inscribed.
Specimens
References
Bi-metallic coins
One-cent coins of the United States
Goddess of Liberty on coins
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Silver center cent",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Silver center cent is an American pattern coin produced by the United States Mint in 1792. As a precursor to the large cent it was one of the first coins of the United States and an early example of a bimetallic coin. Only 12 original examples are known to exist, of which one is located in the National Numismatic Collection at the Smithsonian Institution. Two more specimens (Morris and California) exist but contain fabricated plugs added after minting.\n\nDue to their rarity and historical significance Silver center cents are highly prized by collectors with one graded PCGS MS61 being sold in an online auction in April 2012 for .\n\nOrigins\nDuring the early years of the American republic, there was a general consensus that the intrinsic bullion value of the new nation's coinage should be approximately equal to its face value. Some merchants would refuse to accept coins that did not meet this standard. For most denominations, bullion parity was achieved by producing the coins in a gold or silver alloy. However, the Coinage Act of 1792 specified that the cent was to consist of 11 pennyweight (264 grains or 17.1 g) of pure copper. Such a weight, needed to maintain intrinsic value, would have been too heavy for practical everyday use.\n\nU.S. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson suggested an alternative: a coin made of an alloy that was primarily copper, but that included enough silver to give a reasonably-sized coin an intrinsic value of one cent. This billon alloy was considered by the U.S. Mint, but U.S. Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton feared that it would be too susceptible to counterfeiting, since its appearance differed little from that of pure copper. In 1792, the Mint's chief coiner, Henry Voigt, hit upon a solution: a copper planchet, slightly smaller than that of a modern quarter, with a small silver \"plug\" inserted in a center hole during the striking process. The silver plug would have been worth approximately ¢ at contemporary bullion prices, while the copper planchet added an additional ¢ of intrinsic value. Several such coins were produced as test pieces. Ultimately, the additional labor required for these bimetallic coins proved unsuitable for mass production, and the large cent that was produced for circulation starting in 1793 consisted of 208 grains of 100% copper.\n\nDesign\nThe obverse of the silver center cent features a right-hand facing Liberty head with flowing unbound hair. The date appears below the portrait, and the words \"LIBERTY PARENT OF SCIENCE & INDUST.\" are inscribed in a circular pattern around the central devices. The reverse design consists of a wreath with the words \"ONE CENT\" in the center, and the fraction \"1/100\" below. Surrounding the wreath, \"UNITED STATES OF AMERICA\" is inscribed.\n\nSpecimens\n\nReferences\n\nBi-metallic coins\nOne-cent coins of the United States\nGoddess of Liberty on coins",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Boudica
|
Boudica or Boudicca (, from Brythonic *boudi 'victory, win' + *-kā 'having' suffix, i.e. 'Victorious Woman', known in Latin chronicles as Boadicea or Boudicea, and in Welsh as ()) was a queen of the ancient British Iceni tribe, who led a failed uprising against the conquering forces of the Roman Empire in AD 60 or 61. She is considered a British national heroine and a symbol of the struggle for justice and independence.
Boudica's husband Prasutagus, with whom she had two daughters, ruled as a nominally independent ally of Rome. He left his kingdom jointly to his daughters and to the Roman emperor in his will. When he died, his will was ignored, and the kingdom was annexed and his property taken. According to the Roman historian Tacitus, Boudica was flogged and her daughters raped. The historian Cassius Dio wrote that previous imperial donations to influential Britons were confiscated and the Roman financier and philosopher Seneca called in the loans he had forced on the reluctant Britons.
In 60/61, Boudica led the Iceni and other British tribes in revolt. They destroyed Camulodunum (modern Colchester), earlier the capital of the Trinovantes, but at that time a for discharged Roman soldiers. Upon hearing of the revolt, the Roman governor Gaius Suetonius Paulinus hurried from the island of Mona (modern Anglesey) to Londinium, the 20-year-old commercial settlement that was the rebels' next target. Unable to defend the settlement, he evacuated and abandoned it. Boudica's army defeated a detachment of the , and burnt both Londinium and Verulamium. In all, an estimated 70,000–80,000 Romans and Britons were killed by Boudica's followers. Suetonius, meanwhile, regrouped his forces, possibly in the West Midlands, and despite being heavily outnumbered, he decisively defeated the Britons. Boudica died, by suicide or illness, shortly afterwards. The crisis of 60/61 caused Nero to consider withdrawing all his imperial forces from Britain, but Suetonius's victory over Boudica confirmed Roman control of the province.
Interest in these events was revived in the English Renaissance and led to Boudica's fame in the Victorian era and as a cultural symbol in Britain.
Historical sources
The Boudican revolt against the Roman Empire is referred to in four works from classical antiquity written by three Roman historians: the Agricola () and Annals () by Tacitus; a mention of the uprising by Suetonius in his Lives of the Caesars (121); and the longest account, a detailed description of the revolt contained within Cassius Dio's history of the Empire ().
Tacitus wrote many years after the rebellion, but his father-in-law Gnaeus Julius Agricola was an eyewitness to the events, having served in Britain as a tribune under Suetonius Paulinus during this period.
Cassius Dio began his history of Rome and its empire about 140 years after Boudica's death. Much is lost and his account of Boudica survives only in the epitome of an 11th century Byzantine monk, John Xiphilinus. He provides greater and more lurid detail than Tacitus, but in general his details are often fictitious.
Both Tacitus and Dio give an account of battle-speeches given by Boudica, though it is thought that her words were never recorded during her life. Although imaginary, these speeches, designed to provide a comparison for readers of the antagonists' demands and approaches to war, and to portray the Romans as morally superior to their enemy, helped create an image of patriotism that turned Boudica into a legendary figure.
Background
Boudica was the consort of Prasutagus, king of the Iceni, a tribe who inhabited what is now the English county of Norfolk and parts of the neighbouring counties of Cambridgeshire, Suffolk and Lincolnshire. They produced some of the earliest known British coins. They had revolted against the Romans in 47 when the Roman governor Publius Ostorius Scapula planned to disarm all the peoples of Britain under Roman control. The Romans allowed the kingdom to retain its independence once the uprising was suppressed.
Events leading to the revolt
On his death in AD 60/61, Prasutagus made his two daughters as well as the Roman Emperor Nero his heirs. The Romans ignored the will, and the kingdom was absorbed into the province of Britannia. Catus Decianus, procurator of Britain, was sent to secure the Iceni kingdom for Rome.
The Romans' next actions were described by Tacitus, who detailed pillaging of the countryside, the ransacking of the king's household, and the brutal treatment of Boudica and her daughters. According to Tacitus, Boudica was flogged and her daughters were raped. These abuses are not mentioned in Dio's account, who instead cites three different causes for the rebellion: the recalling of loans that were given to the Britons by Seneca; Decianus Catus's confiscation of money formerly loaned to the Britons by the Emperor Claudius; and Boudica's own entreaties. The loans were thought by the Iceni to have been repaid by gift exchange.
Dio attributed to Boudica an apocryphal speech addressed to her people. The speech includes a reminder to her allies the Trinovantes about how much better their life was before Roman occupation, stressing that wealth cannot be enjoyed under slavery and placing the blame upon herself for not expelling the Romans as they had done when Julius Caesar had come for their land. The willingness of the barbarians to sacrifice a higher quality of living under the Romans in exchange for their freedom and personal liberty was an important part of what Dio considered to be motivation for the rebellions.
Uprising
Attacks on Camulodunum, Londinium and Verulamium
The first target of the rebels was Camulodunum (modern Colchester), a Roman for retired soldiers. A Roman temple had been erected there to Claudius, at great expense to the local population. Combined with brutal treatment of the Britons by the veterans, this had caused resentment towards the Romans.
The Iceni and the Trinovantes comprised an army of 120,000 men. Dio claimed that Boudica called upon the British goddess of victory Andraste to aid her army. Once the revolt had begun, the only Roman troops available to provide assistance, aside from the few within the colony, were 200 auxiliaries located in London, who were not equipped to fight Boudica's army. Camulodunum was captured by the rebels; those inhabitants who survived the initial attack took refuge in the Temple of Claudius for two days before they were killed. Quintus Petillius Cerialis, then commanding the Legio IX Hispana, attempted to relieve Camulodunum, but suffered an overwhelming defeat. The infantry with him were all killed and only the commander and some of his cavalry escaped. After this disaster, Catus Decianus, whose behaviour had provoked the rebellion, fled abroad to Gaul.
Suetonius was leading a campaign against the island of Mona, off the coast of North Wales. On hearing the news of the Iceni uprising, he left a garrison on Mona and returned to deal with Boudica. He moved quickly with a force of men through hostile territory to Londinium, which he reached before the arrival of Boudica's army but, outnumbered, he decided to abandon the town to the rebels, who burned it down after torturing and killing everyone who had remained. The rebels also sacked the municipium of Verulamium (modern St Albans), north-west of London, though the extent of its destruction is unclear.
Dio and Tacitus both reported that around 80,000 people were said to have been killed by the rebels. According to Tacitus, the Britons had no interest in taking the Roman population as prisoners, only in slaughter by "gibbet, fire, or cross". Dio adds that the noblest women were impaled on spikes and had their breasts cut off and sewn to their mouths, "to the accompaniment of sacrifices, banquets, and wanton behaviour" in sacred places, particularly the groves of Andraste.
Defeat and death
Suetonius regrouped his forces. He amassed an army of almost 10,000 men at an unidentified location, and took a stand in a defile with a wood behind. The Romans used the terrain to their advantage, launching javelins at the Britons before advancing in a wedge-shaped formation and deploying cavalry.
The Roman army was heavily outnumbered — according to Dio the rebels numbered 230,000 — but Boudica's army was crushed, and according to Tacitus, neither the women nor the animals were spared. Tacitus states that Boudica poisoned herself; Dio says she fell sick and died, after which she was given a lavish burial. It has been argued that these accounts are not mutually exclusive.
Name
Boudica may have been an honorific title, in which case the name that she was known by during most of her life is unknown. The English linguist and translator Kenneth Jackson concluded that the name Boudica—based on later developments in Welsh () and Irish ()—derives from the Proto-Celtic feminine adjective *boudīkā 'victorious', which in turn is derived from the Celtic word *boudā 'victory', and that the correct spelling of the name in Common Brittonic (the British Celtic language) is , pronounced . Variations on the historically correct Boudica include Boudicca, Bonduca, Boadicea, and Buduica. The Gaulish version of her name is attested in inscriptions as Boudiga in Bordeaux, Boudica in Lusitania, and Bodicca in Algeria.
Boudica's name was spelt incorrectly by Dio, who used Buduica. Her name was also misspelled by Tacitus, who added a second 'c.' After the misspelling was copied by a medieval scribe, further variations began to appear. Along with the second 'c' becoming an 'e,' an 'a' appeared in place of the 'u', which produced the medieval (and most common) version of the name, Boadicea. The true spelling was totally obscured when Boadicea first appeared in around the 17th century. William Cowper used this spelling in his poem Boadicea, an Ode (1782), a work whose impact resulted in Boudica's reinvention as a British imperialistic champion.
Early literature
One of the earliest possible mentions of Boudica (excluding Tacitus' and Dio's accounts) was the 6th century work by the British monk Gildas. In it, he demonstrates his knowledge of a female leader whom he describes as a "treacherous lioness" who "butchered the governors who had been left to give fuller voice and strength to the endeavours of Roman rule."
Both Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People (731) and the 9th century work Historia Brittonum by the Welsh monk Nennius include references to the uprising of 60/61—but do not mention Boudica.
No contemporary description of Boudica exists. Dio, writing more than a century after her death, provided a detailed description of the Iceni queen (translated in 1925): "In stature she was very tall, in appearance most terrifying, in the glance of her eye most fierce, and her voice was harsh; a great mass of the tawniest hair fell to her hips; around her neck was a large golden necklace; and she wore a tunic of divers colours over which a thick mantle was fastened with a brooch. This was her invariable attire."
Revival and the modern legend
16th and 17th century literature
During the Renaissance the works of Tacitus and Cassius Dio became available in England, after which her status changed as it was interpreted by historians, poets and dramatists. Boudica appeared as 'Voadicia' in a history, Anglica Historia, by the Italian scholar Polydore Vergil, and in the Scottish historian Hector Boece's The History and Chronicles of Scotland (1526) she is 'Voada'—the first appearance of Boudica in a British publication.
Boudica was called 'Voadicia' in the English historian Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles, published between 1577 and 1587. A narrative by the Florentine scholar Petruccio Ubaldini in The Lives of the Noble Ladies of the Kingdom of England and Scotland (1591) includes two female characters, 'Voadicia' and 'Bunduica', both based on Boudica. From the 1570s to the 1590s, when Elizabeth I's England was at war with Spain, Boudica proved to be a valuable asset for the English.
The English poet Edmund Spenser used the story of Boudica in his poem The Ruines of Time, involving a story about a British heroine he called 'Bunduca'. A variation of this name was used in the Jacobean play Bonduca (1612), a tragicomedy that most scholars agree was written by John Fletcher, in which one of the characters was Boudica. A version of that play called Bonduca, or the British Heroine was set to music by the English composer Henry Purcell in 1695. One of the choruses, "Britons, Strike Home!", became a popular patriotic song in Britain during the 18th and 19th centuries.
Depiction during the 18th and 19th centuries
During the late 18th century, Boudica was used to develop ideas of English nationhood. Illustrations of Boudica during this period—such as in Edward Barnard's New, Complete and Authentic History of England (1790) and the drawing by Thomas Stothard of the queen as a classical heroine—lacked historical accuracy. The illustration of Boudica by Robert Havell in Charles Hamilton Smith's The Costume of the Original Inhabitants of the British Islands from the Earliest Periods to the Sixth Century (1815) was an early attempt to depict her in an historically accurate way.
Cowper's 1782 poem Boadicea: An Ode was the most notable literary work to champion the resistance of the Britons, and helped to project British ideas of imperial expansion. It caused Boudica to become a British cultural icon and be perceived as a national heroine. Alfred, Lord Tennyson's poem (written in 1859, and published in 1864) drew on Cowper's poem. Depicting the Iceni queen as a violent and bloodthirsty warrior, the poem also forecasted the rise of British imperialism. Tennyson's image of Boudica was taken from the engraving produced in 1812 by Stothard. Another work, the poem "Boadicea" (1859) by Francis Barker, contained strongly patriotic and Christian themes.
A range of Victorian children's books mentioned Boudica; Beric the Briton (1893), a novel by G. A. Henty, with illustrations by William Parkinson, had a text based on the accounts of Tacitus and Dio.
Boadicea and Her Daughters, a statue of the queen in her war chariot, complete with anachronistic scythes on the wheel axles, was executed by the sculptor Thomas Thornycroft. He was encouraged by Prince Albert, who lent his horses for use as models. The statue, Thornycroft's most ambitious work, was produced between 1856 and 1871, cast in 1896, and positioned on the Victoria Embankment next to Westminster Bridge in 1902.
20th century – present
Boudica was once thought to have been buried at a place which lies now between platforms 9 and 10 in King's Cross station in London. There is no evidence for this and it is probably a post-World War II invention. At Colchester Town Hall, a life-sized statue of Boudica stands on the south facade, sculpted by L J Watts in 1902; another depiction of her is in a stained glass window by Clayton and Bell in the council chamber.
Boudica was adopted by the suffragettes as one of the symbols of the campaign for women's suffrage. In 1908, a "Boadicea Banner" was carried in several National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies marches. She appears as character in A Pageant of Great Women written by Cicely Hamilton, which opened at the Scala Theatre, London, in November 1909 before a national tour, and she was described in a 1909 pamphlet as "the eternal feminine... the guardian of the hearth, the avenger of its wrongs upon the defacer and the despoiler".
A "vocal minority" has claimed Boudica as a Celtic Welsh heroine. A statue of Boudica in the Marble Hall at Cardiff City Hall was among those unveiled by David Lloyd George in 1916, though the choice had gained little support in a public vote. It shows her with her daughters and without warrior trappings.
Permanent exhibitions describing the Boudican Revolt are at the Museum of London, Colchester Castle Museum and the Verulamium Museum. A long distance footpath called Boudica's Way passes through countryside between Norwich and Diss in Norfolk.
See also
Boudica (film)
List of women warriors in folklore
Women in ancient warfare
Notes
References
Sources
Further reading
External links
Boudica
1st-century monarchs in Europe
60s in the Roman Empire
61 deaths
Ancient rebels
British rebels
Briton monarchs
Celtic women warriors
Iceni
People from Norfolk
Women in 1st-century warfare
Women in ancient European warfare
Women in war in Britain
Women warriors
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Boudica",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Boudica or Boudicca (, from Brythonic *boudi 'victory, win' + *-kā 'having' suffix, i.e. 'Victorious Woman', known in Latin chronicles as Boadicea or Boudicea, and in Welsh as ()) was a queen of the ancient British Iceni tribe, who led a failed uprising against the conquering forces of the Roman Empire in AD 60 or 61. She is considered a British national heroine and a symbol of the struggle for justice and independence.\n\nBoudica's husband Prasutagus, with whom she had two daughters, ruled as a nominally independent ally of Rome. He left his kingdom jointly to his daughters and to the Roman emperor in his will. When he died, his will was ignored, and the kingdom was annexed and his property taken. According to the Roman historian Tacitus, Boudica was flogged and her daughters raped. The historian Cassius Dio wrote that previous imperial donations to influential Britons were confiscated and the Roman financier and philosopher Seneca called in the loans he had forced on the reluctant Britons.\n\nIn 60/61, Boudica led the Iceni and other British tribes in revolt. They destroyed Camulodunum (modern Colchester), earlier the capital of the Trinovantes, but at that time a for discharged Roman soldiers. Upon hearing of the revolt, the Roman governor Gaius Suetonius Paulinus hurried from the island of Mona (modern Anglesey) to Londinium, the 20-year-old commercial settlement that was the rebels' next target. Unable to defend the settlement, he evacuated and abandoned it. Boudica's army defeated a detachment of the , and burnt both Londinium and Verulamium. In all, an estimated 70,000–80,000 Romans and Britons were killed by Boudica's followers. Suetonius, meanwhile, regrouped his forces, possibly in the West Midlands, and despite being heavily outnumbered, he decisively defeated the Britons. Boudica died, by suicide or illness, shortly afterwards. The crisis of 60/61 caused Nero to consider withdrawing all his imperial forces from Britain, but Suetonius's victory over Boudica confirmed Roman control of the province.\n\nInterest in these events was revived in the English Renaissance and led to Boudica's fame in the Victorian era and as a cultural symbol in Britain.\n\nHistorical sources \n\nThe Boudican revolt against the Roman Empire is referred to in four works from classical antiquity written by three Roman historians: the Agricola () and Annals () by Tacitus; a mention of the uprising by Suetonius in his Lives of the Caesars (121); and the longest account, a detailed description of the revolt contained within Cassius Dio's history of the Empire ().\n\nTacitus wrote many years after the rebellion, but his father-in-law Gnaeus Julius Agricola was an eyewitness to the events, having served in Britain as a tribune under Suetonius Paulinus during this period.\n\nCassius Dio began his history of Rome and its empire about 140 years after Boudica's death. Much is lost and his account of Boudica survives only in the epitome of an 11th century Byzantine monk, John Xiphilinus. He provides greater and more lurid detail than Tacitus, but in general his details are often fictitious.\n\nBoth Tacitus and Dio give an account of battle-speeches given by Boudica, though it is thought that her words were never recorded during her life. Although imaginary, these speeches, designed to provide a comparison for readers of the antagonists' demands and approaches to war, and to portray the Romans as morally superior to their enemy, helped create an image of patriotism that turned Boudica into a legendary figure.\n\nBackground \n\nBoudica was the consort of Prasutagus, king of the Iceni, a tribe who inhabited what is now the English county of Norfolk and parts of the neighbouring counties of Cambridgeshire, Suffolk and Lincolnshire. They produced some of the earliest known British coins. They had revolted against the Romans in 47 when the Roman governor Publius Ostorius Scapula planned to disarm all the peoples of Britain under Roman control. The Romans allowed the kingdom to retain its independence once the uprising was suppressed.\n\nEvents leading to the revolt\nOn his death in AD 60/61, Prasutagus made his two daughters as well as the Roman Emperor Nero his heirs. The Romans ignored the will, and the kingdom was absorbed into the province of Britannia. Catus Decianus, procurator of Britain, was sent to secure the Iceni kingdom for Rome.\n\nThe Romans' next actions were described by Tacitus, who detailed pillaging of the countryside, the ransacking of the king's household, and the brutal treatment of Boudica and her daughters. According to Tacitus, Boudica was flogged and her daughters were raped. These abuses are not mentioned in Dio's account, who instead cites three different causes for the rebellion: the recalling of loans that were given to the Britons by Seneca; Decianus Catus's confiscation of money formerly loaned to the Britons by the Emperor Claudius; and Boudica's own entreaties. The loans were thought by the Iceni to have been repaid by gift exchange.\n\nDio attributed to Boudica an apocryphal speech addressed to her people. The speech includes a reminder to her allies the Trinovantes about how much better their life was before Roman occupation, stressing that wealth cannot be enjoyed under slavery and placing the blame upon herself for not expelling the Romans as they had done when Julius Caesar had come for their land. The willingness of the barbarians to sacrifice a higher quality of living under the Romans in exchange for their freedom and personal liberty was an important part of what Dio considered to be motivation for the rebellions.\n\nUprising\n\nAttacks on Camulodunum, Londinium and Verulamium\n\nThe first target of the rebels was Camulodunum (modern Colchester), a Roman for retired soldiers. A Roman temple had been erected there to Claudius, at great expense to the local population. Combined with brutal treatment of the Britons by the veterans, this had caused resentment towards the Romans.\n\nThe Iceni and the Trinovantes comprised an army of 120,000 men. Dio claimed that Boudica called upon the British goddess of victory Andraste to aid her army. Once the revolt had begun, the only Roman troops available to provide assistance, aside from the few within the colony, were 200 auxiliaries located in London, who were not equipped to fight Boudica's army. Camulodunum was captured by the rebels; those inhabitants who survived the initial attack took refuge in the Temple of Claudius for two days before they were killed. Quintus Petillius Cerialis, then commanding the Legio IX Hispana, attempted to relieve Camulodunum, but suffered an overwhelming defeat. The infantry with him were all killed and only the commander and some of his cavalry escaped. After this disaster, Catus Decianus, whose behaviour had provoked the rebellion, fled abroad to Gaul.\n\nSuetonius was leading a campaign against the island of Mona, off the coast of North Wales. On hearing the news of the Iceni uprising, he left a garrison on Mona and returned to deal with Boudica. He moved quickly with a force of men through hostile territory to Londinium, which he reached before the arrival of Boudica's army but, outnumbered, he decided to abandon the town to the rebels, who burned it down after torturing and killing everyone who had remained. The rebels also sacked the municipium of Verulamium (modern St Albans), north-west of London, though the extent of its destruction is unclear.\n\nDio and Tacitus both reported that around 80,000 people were said to have been killed by the rebels. According to Tacitus, the Britons had no interest in taking the Roman population as prisoners, only in slaughter by \"gibbet, fire, or cross\". Dio adds that the noblest women were impaled on spikes and had their breasts cut off and sewn to their mouths, \"to the accompaniment of sacrifices, banquets, and wanton behaviour\" in sacred places, particularly the groves of Andraste.\n\nDefeat and death \nSuetonius regrouped his forces. He amassed an army of almost 10,000 men at an unidentified location, and took a stand in a defile with a wood behind. The Romans used the terrain to their advantage, launching javelins at the Britons before advancing in a wedge-shaped formation and deploying cavalry.\n\nThe Roman army was heavily outnumbered — according to Dio the rebels numbered 230,000 — but Boudica's army was crushed, and according to Tacitus, neither the women nor the animals were spared. Tacitus states that Boudica poisoned herself; Dio says she fell sick and died, after which she was given a lavish burial. It has been argued that these accounts are not mutually exclusive.\n\nName \nBoudica may have been an honorific title, in which case the name that she was known by during most of her life is unknown. The English linguist and translator Kenneth Jackson concluded that the name Boudica—based on later developments in Welsh () and Irish ()—derives from the Proto-Celtic feminine adjective *boudīkā 'victorious', which in turn is derived from the Celtic word *boudā 'victory', and that the correct spelling of the name in Common Brittonic (the British Celtic language) is , pronounced . Variations on the historically correct Boudica include Boudicca, Bonduca, Boadicea, and Buduica. The Gaulish version of her name is attested in inscriptions as Boudiga in Bordeaux, Boudica in Lusitania, and Bodicca in Algeria.\n\nBoudica's name was spelt incorrectly by Dio, who used Buduica. Her name was also misspelled by Tacitus, who added a second 'c.' After the misspelling was copied by a medieval scribe, further variations began to appear. Along with the second 'c' becoming an 'e,' an 'a' appeared in place of the 'u', which produced the medieval (and most common) version of the name, Boadicea. The true spelling was totally obscured when Boadicea first appeared in around the 17th century. William Cowper used this spelling in his poem Boadicea, an Ode (1782), a work whose impact resulted in Boudica's reinvention as a British imperialistic champion.\n\nEarly literature\nOne of the earliest possible mentions of Boudica (excluding Tacitus' and Dio's accounts) was the 6th century work by the British monk Gildas. In it, he demonstrates his knowledge of a female leader whom he describes as a \"treacherous lioness\" who \"butchered the governors who had been left to give fuller voice and strength to the endeavours of Roman rule.\"\n\nBoth Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People (731) and the 9th century work Historia Brittonum by the Welsh monk Nennius include references to the uprising of 60/61—but do not mention Boudica.\n\nNo contemporary description of Boudica exists. Dio, writing more than a century after her death, provided a detailed description of the Iceni queen (translated in 1925): \"In stature she was very tall, in appearance most terrifying, in the glance of her eye most fierce, and her voice was harsh; a great mass of the tawniest hair fell to her hips; around her neck was a large golden necklace; and she wore a tunic of divers colours over which a thick mantle was fastened with a brooch. This was her invariable attire.\"\n\nRevival and the modern legend\n\n16th and 17th century literature\n\nDuring the Renaissance the works of Tacitus and Cassius Dio became available in England, after which her status changed as it was interpreted by historians, poets and dramatists. Boudica appeared as 'Voadicia' in a history, Anglica Historia, by the Italian scholar Polydore Vergil, and in the Scottish historian Hector Boece's The History and Chronicles of Scotland (1526) she is 'Voada'—the first appearance of Boudica in a British publication.\n\nBoudica was called 'Voadicia' in the English historian Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles, published between 1577 and 1587. A narrative by the Florentine scholar Petruccio Ubaldini in The Lives of the Noble Ladies of the Kingdom of England and Scotland (1591) includes two female characters, 'Voadicia' and 'Bunduica', both based on Boudica. From the 1570s to the 1590s, when Elizabeth I's England was at war with Spain, Boudica proved to be a valuable asset for the English.\n\nThe English poet Edmund Spenser used the story of Boudica in his poem The Ruines of Time, involving a story about a British heroine he called 'Bunduca'. A variation of this name was used in the Jacobean play Bonduca (1612), a tragicomedy that most scholars agree was written by John Fletcher, in which one of the characters was Boudica. A version of that play called Bonduca, or the British Heroine was set to music by the English composer Henry Purcell in 1695. One of the choruses, \"Britons, Strike Home!\", became a popular patriotic song in Britain during the 18th and 19th centuries.\n\nDepiction during the 18th and 19th centuries \n\nDuring the late 18th century, Boudica was used to develop ideas of English nationhood. Illustrations of Boudica during this period—such as in Edward Barnard's New, Complete and Authentic History of England (1790) and the drawing by Thomas Stothard of the queen as a classical heroine—lacked historical accuracy. The illustration of Boudica by Robert Havell in Charles Hamilton Smith's The Costume of the Original Inhabitants of the British Islands from the Earliest Periods to the Sixth Century (1815) was an early attempt to depict her in an historically accurate way.\n\nCowper's 1782 poem Boadicea: An Ode was the most notable literary work to champion the resistance of the Britons, and helped to project British ideas of imperial expansion. It caused Boudica to become a British cultural icon and be perceived as a national heroine. Alfred, Lord Tennyson's poem (written in 1859, and published in 1864) drew on Cowper's poem. Depicting the Iceni queen as a violent and bloodthirsty warrior, the poem also forecasted the rise of British imperialism. Tennyson's image of Boudica was taken from the engraving produced in 1812 by Stothard. Another work, the poem \"Boadicea\" (1859) by Francis Barker, contained strongly patriotic and Christian themes.\n\nA range of Victorian children's books mentioned Boudica; Beric the Briton (1893), a novel by G. A. Henty, with illustrations by William Parkinson, had a text based on the accounts of Tacitus and Dio.\n\nBoadicea and Her Daughters, a statue of the queen in her war chariot, complete with anachronistic scythes on the wheel axles, was executed by the sculptor Thomas Thornycroft. He was encouraged by Prince Albert, who lent his horses for use as models. The statue, Thornycroft's most ambitious work, was produced between 1856 and 1871, cast in 1896, and positioned on the Victoria Embankment next to Westminster Bridge in 1902.\n\n20th century – present\nBoudica was once thought to have been buried at a place which lies now between platforms 9 and 10 in King's Cross station in London. There is no evidence for this and it is probably a post-World War II invention. At Colchester Town Hall, a life-sized statue of Boudica stands on the south facade, sculpted by L J Watts in 1902; another depiction of her is in a stained glass window by Clayton and Bell in the council chamber.\n\nBoudica was adopted by the suffragettes as one of the symbols of the campaign for women's suffrage. In 1908, a \"Boadicea Banner\" was carried in several National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies marches. She appears as character in A Pageant of Great Women written by Cicely Hamilton, which opened at the Scala Theatre, London, in November 1909 before a national tour, and she was described in a 1909 pamphlet as \"the eternal feminine... the guardian of the hearth, the avenger of its wrongs upon the defacer and the despoiler\".\n\nA \"vocal minority\" has claimed Boudica as a Celtic Welsh heroine. A statue of Boudica in the Marble Hall at Cardiff City Hall was among those unveiled by David Lloyd George in 1916, though the choice had gained little support in a public vote. It shows her with her daughters and without warrior trappings.\n\nPermanent exhibitions describing the Boudican Revolt are at the Museum of London, Colchester Castle Museum and the Verulamium Museum. A long distance footpath called Boudica's Way passes through countryside between Norwich and Diss in Norfolk.\n\nSee also \n\n Boudica (film)\n \n List of women warriors in folklore\n Women in ancient warfare\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n\nBoudica\n1st-century monarchs in Europe\n60s in the Roman Empire\n61 deaths\nAncient rebels\nBritish rebels\nBriton monarchs\nCeltic women warriors\nIceni\nPeople from Norfolk\nWomen in 1st-century warfare\nWomen in ancient European warfare\nWomen in war in Britain\nWomen warriors",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynooth%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Maynooth is a town in County Kildare, Ireland.
Maynooth may also refer to:
Maynooth, Ontario, a very small town north of Bancroft, Ontario, Canada
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynooth%20%28disambiguation%29",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Maynooth is a town in County Kildare, Ireland.\n\nMaynooth may also refer to:\n Maynooth, Ontario, a very small town north of Bancroft, Ontario, Canada",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Universal Honey
|
Universal Honey is a Canadian power pop band. The band released seven albums.
History
The group was formed in 1992 by bassist Johnny Sinclair and singer/guitarist Leslie Stanwyck, both formerly of The Pursuit of Happiness. They were joined by guitarist Simon Craig and Tim Timleck on drums. Their first album, Magic Basement, was released in 1993.
Universal Honey toured extensively as an opening act for Duran Duran and the Goo Goo Dolls. The band also opened for The Heads at the NXNE festival.
The band had moderate radio success in Canada in 1996 with the single "Any Road Back" from their album Earth Moon Transit, which was played on MTV2.
In 2004 Universal Honey released their seventh album, Vicious Circles.
After a hiatus, Universal Honey released their eighth album, Dandelion, in 2023.
Discography
Magic Basement (1993)
Earth Moon Transit (1996)
Universal Honey (1999)
Fearless (2001)
Invincible (2002)
Can't Stop Thinking About Christmas (2003)
Vicious Circles (2004)
Dandelion (2023)
References
External links
Universal Honey at MapleMusic Recordings
Musical groups established in 1992
Musical groups from Toronto
Canadian power pop groups
1992 establishments in Ontario
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Universal Honey",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Universal Honey is a Canadian power pop band. The band released seven albums.\n\nHistory\nThe group was formed in 1992 by bassist Johnny Sinclair and singer/guitarist Leslie Stanwyck, both formerly of The Pursuit of Happiness. They were joined by guitarist Simon Craig and Tim Timleck on drums. Their first album, Magic Basement, was released in 1993.\n\nUniversal Honey toured extensively as an opening act for Duran Duran and the Goo Goo Dolls. The band also opened for The Heads at the NXNE festival.\n\nThe band had moderate radio success in Canada in 1996 with the single \"Any Road Back\" from their album Earth Moon Transit, which was played on MTV2.\n\nIn 2004 Universal Honey released their seventh album, Vicious Circles.\n\nAfter a hiatus, Universal Honey released their eighth album, Dandelion, in 2023.\n\nDiscography\nMagic Basement (1993)\nEarth Moon Transit (1996)\nUniversal Honey (1999)\nFearless (2001)\nInvincible (2002)\nCan't Stop Thinking About Christmas (2003)\nVicious Circles (2004)\nDandelion (2023)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nUniversal Honey at MapleMusic Recordings\n\nMusical groups established in 1992\nMusical groups from Toronto\nCanadian power pop groups\n1992 establishments in Ontario",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault%20Magnum
|
The Renault Magnum is a heavy-duty truck that was produced by the French Manufacturer Renault Véhicules Industriels and later Renault Trucks (also part of Renault, now Volvo) from 1990 to 2013. The Magnum was available in articulated and rigid configurations, both configurations could be bought with a 6×2 or 4×2 drivetrain. The 6×4 is merely designed for heavy haulage uses.
First launched in 1990, the Magnum was awarded the "International Truck of the Year" in 1991.
The Magnum was featured in Top Gear S12 E01, when Jeremy Clarkson bought one for less than £5,000 in the Top Gear Lorry Challenge.
History
In 1985, Renault presented a prototype truck, the VE 10, with special aerodynamics to reduce fuel consumption.
The truck was launched as the Renault AE (for AErodynamic) in 1990, and notable for being the first modern truck with a completely flat cab floor and for having a mechanically separate cab and engine compartment, resulting in increased comfort inside the cab. The cab was designed by Marcello Gandini. Engines at launch were the AE 380 with a 6-cylinder turbodiesel offering , and the AE500 with a Mack V8 diesel. It was voted Truck of the Year 1991. Since 1997 the truck was marketed as Renault Magnum and the cab was redesigned, and new engines became available. In 1995, the VE 20 prototype was presented, giving a preview of the second generation Magnum.
In 2001, the major facelift was presented, with a new cab designed by Xavier Allard, keeping its characteristic boxed shape and separate engine-cab model.
A few days after the presentation of its totally renewed range, in Lyon, Renault Trucks was getting ready to turn the page on the Renault Magnum. On Wednesday 26 June 2013, the keys to the last Magnum were presented to hauliers Robert Chabbert, at the Bourg-en-Bresse site, with a brand-new Renault Trucks T also present.
Technical data
Engine
The engine is derived from the 13L straight-six engine of the AB Volvo Group. Changes include new engine management and an injection system co-developed with Delphi.
The engine was available in the following configurations:
Transmission
The transmission offered as standard is a ZF servoshift air-assisted 16-speed manual. The Optidrive II 12 speed automated transmission with 4 reverse speeds was offered as an option. This transmission could also be used in manual operation mode.
See also
Renault Trucks
Mack Magnum
References
External links
Review by Peter Shakespeare at "Transport News Network"
Commercial Motor launch article 31 May 1990
Vehicles introduced in 1990
Cab over vehicles
Magnum
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault%20Magnum",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Renault Magnum is a heavy-duty truck that was produced by the French Manufacturer Renault Véhicules Industriels and later Renault Trucks (also part of Renault, now Volvo) from 1990 to 2013. The Magnum was available in articulated and rigid configurations, both configurations could be bought with a 6×2 or 4×2 drivetrain. The 6×4 is merely designed for heavy haulage uses.\n\nFirst launched in 1990, the Magnum was awarded the \"International Truck of the Year\" in 1991.\n\nThe Magnum was featured in Top Gear S12 E01, when Jeremy Clarkson bought one for less than £5,000 in the Top Gear Lorry Challenge.\n\nHistory\nIn 1985, Renault presented a prototype truck, the VE 10, with special aerodynamics to reduce fuel consumption.\nThe truck was launched as the Renault AE (for AErodynamic) in 1990, and notable for being the first modern truck with a completely flat cab floor and for having a mechanically separate cab and engine compartment, resulting in increased comfort inside the cab. The cab was designed by Marcello Gandini. Engines at launch were the AE 380 with a 6-cylinder turbodiesel offering , and the AE500 with a Mack V8 diesel. It was voted Truck of the Year 1991. Since 1997 the truck was marketed as Renault Magnum and the cab was redesigned, and new engines became available. In 1995, the VE 20 prototype was presented, giving a preview of the second generation Magnum.\n\nIn 2001, the major facelift was presented, with a new cab designed by Xavier Allard, keeping its characteristic boxed shape and separate engine-cab model.\n\nA few days after the presentation of its totally renewed range, in Lyon, Renault Trucks was getting ready to turn the page on the Renault Magnum. On Wednesday 26 June 2013, the keys to the last Magnum were presented to hauliers Robert Chabbert, at the Bourg-en-Bresse site, with a brand-new Renault Trucks T also present.\n\nTechnical data\n\nEngine \nThe engine is derived from the 13L straight-six engine of the AB Volvo Group. Changes include new engine management and an injection system co-developed with Delphi.\n\nThe engine was available in the following configurations:\n\nTransmission\nThe transmission offered as standard is a ZF servoshift air-assisted 16-speed manual. The Optidrive II 12 speed automated transmission with 4 reverse speeds was offered as an option. This transmission could also be used in manual operation mode.\n\nSee also\nRenault Trucks\nMack Magnum\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nReview by Peter Shakespeare at \"Transport News Network\" \nCommercial Motor launch article 31 May 1990\n\nVehicles introduced in 1990\nCab over vehicles\nMagnum",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Parthian-class submarine
|
The Parthian-class submarine or P class was a class of six submarines built for the Royal Navy in the late 1920s. They were designed as long-range patrol submarines for the Far East. These boats were almost identical to the , the only difference being a different bow shape.
Boats
References
Bibliography
External links
Submarine classes
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Parthian-class submarine",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Parthian-class submarine or P class was a class of six submarines built for the Royal Navy in the late 1920s. They were designed as long-range patrol submarines for the Far East. These boats were almost identical to the , the only difference being a different bow shape.\n\nBoats\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\n\nSubmarine classes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
List of random number generators
|
Random number generators are important in many kinds of technical applications, including physics, engineering or mathematical computer studies (e.g., Monte Carlo simulations), cryptography and gambling (on game servers).
This list includes many common types, regardless of quality or applicability to a given use case.
Pseudorandom number generators (PRNGs)
The following algorithms are pseudorandom number generators.
Cryptographic algorithms
Cipher algorithms and cryptographic hashes can be used as very high-quality pseudorandom number generators. However, generally they are considerably slower (typically by a factor 2–10) than fast, non-cryptographic random number generators.
These include:
Stream ciphers. Popular choices are Salsa20 or ChaCha (often with the number of rounds reduced to 8 for speed), ISAAC, HC-128 and RC4.
Block ciphers in counter mode. Common choices are AES (which is very fast on systems supporting it in hardware), TwoFish, Serpent and Camellia.
Cryptographic hash functions
A few cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generators do not rely on cipher algorithms but try to link mathematically the difficulty of distinguishing their output from a `true' random stream to a computationally difficult problem. These approaches are theoretically important but are too slow to be practical in most applications. They include:
Blum–Micali algorithm (1984)
Blum Blum Shub (1986)
Naor–Reingold pseudorandom function (1997)
Random number generators that use external entropy
These approaches combine a pseudo-random number generator (often in the form of a block or stream cipher) with an external source of randomness (e.g., mouse movements, delay between keyboard presses etc.).
/dev/random – Unix-like systems
CryptGenRandom – Microsoft Windows
Fortuna
RDRAND instructions (called Intel Secure Key by Intel), available in Intel x86 CPUs since 2012. They use the AES generator built into the CPU, reseeding it periodically.
True Random Number Generator using Corona Discharge.
Yarrow
See also
Diceware
Diehard tests – statistical test suite for random number generators
Non-uniform random variate generation
Hardware random number generator
Random number generator attack
Randomness
TestU01 – statistical test suite for random number generators
References
External links
SP800-90 series on Random Number Generation, NIST
Random Number Generation in the GNU Scientific Library Reference Manual
Random Number Generation Routines in the NAG Numerical Library
Chris Lomont's overview of PRNGs, including a good implementation of the WELL512 algorithm
Source code to read data from a TrueRNG V2 hardware TRNG
Computing-related lists
Mathematics-related lists
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "List of random number generators",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Random number generators are important in many kinds of technical applications, including physics, engineering or mathematical computer studies (e.g., Monte Carlo simulations), cryptography and gambling (on game servers).\n\nThis list includes many common types, regardless of quality or applicability to a given use case.\n\nPseudorandom number generators (PRNGs)\n\nThe following algorithms are pseudorandom number generators.\n\nCryptographic algorithms \nCipher algorithms and cryptographic hashes can be used as very high-quality pseudorandom number generators. However, generally they are considerably slower (typically by a factor 2–10) than fast, non-cryptographic random number generators.\n\nThese include:\n\n Stream ciphers. Popular choices are Salsa20 or ChaCha (often with the number of rounds reduced to 8 for speed), ISAAC, HC-128 and RC4.\n Block ciphers in counter mode. Common choices are AES (which is very fast on systems supporting it in hardware), TwoFish, Serpent and Camellia.\n Cryptographic hash functions\n\nA few cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generators do not rely on cipher algorithms but try to link mathematically the difficulty of distinguishing their output from a `true' random stream to a computationally difficult problem. These approaches are theoretically important but are too slow to be practical in most applications. They include:\n Blum–Micali algorithm (1984)\n Blum Blum Shub (1986)\n Naor–Reingold pseudorandom function (1997)\n\nRandom number generators that use external entropy\nThese approaches combine a pseudo-random number generator (often in the form of a block or stream cipher) with an external source of randomness (e.g., mouse movements, delay between keyboard presses etc.).\n\n /dev/random – Unix-like systems\n CryptGenRandom – Microsoft Windows\n Fortuna\n RDRAND instructions (called Intel Secure Key by Intel), available in Intel x86 CPUs since 2012. They use the AES generator built into the CPU, reseeding it periodically.\nTrue Random Number Generator using Corona Discharge.\n Yarrow\n\nSee also\n Diceware\n Diehard tests – statistical test suite for random number generators\n Non-uniform random variate generation\n Hardware random number generator\n Random number generator attack\n Randomness\n TestU01 – statistical test suite for random number generators\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n SP800-90 series on Random Number Generation, NIST \nRandom Number Generation in the GNU Scientific Library Reference Manual\nRandom Number Generation Routines in the NAG Numerical Library\nChris Lomont's overview of PRNGs, including a good implementation of the WELL512 algorithm\nSource code to read data from a TrueRNG V2 hardware TRNG\n\nComputing-related lists\nMathematics-related lists",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiufen
|
Jiufen, also spelled Jioufen or Chiufen (), is a seaside mountain area in Ruifang District, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
Jiufen Old Street is a narrow, winding alleyway in the town of Jiufen, offering a glimpse into traditional Taiwanese life, with its shops, teahouses, and restaurants. It is a great place to experience the best of Taiwanese culture.
History
During the first years of the Qing Dynasty, the isolated village housed nine families, thus the village would request "nine portions" every time shipments arrived from town. Later Káu-hūn-á () would become the name of the village.
Despite the earliest reference to the production of gold in the island dating to 1430, and multiple rediscoveries by early inhabitants, visiting Japanese, Dutch occupiers, and Koxinga's retainers, awareness of the wealth of Taiwan's gold districts did not develop until the late Qing era. In 1890, workmen discovered flakes of gold while constructing the new Taipei-Keelung railway, and in 1893 a rich placer district was discovered in the hills of Kau-hun that produced several kilograms of gold a day. In the next year, the promise became greater than ever after a Chinese "expert" with experience gained in California found gold-bearing quartz in the said hills.
The resulting gold rush hastened the village's development into a town, and reached its peak during the Japanese era. In The Island of Formosa, Past and Present (1903), American diplomat James W. Davidson wrote, "Kyu-fun [Kau-hun] is as odd looking a settlement as one could find. [...] never before has the writer seen so many houses in such a small space. Some appear to be partially telescoped in adjoining buildings, other standing above as though unable to force their way to the group, and each structure seems to be making a silent appeal to its neighbor to move over." Water ran "in many small streams, directed so as to provide each building with a little rivulet, passing sometimes by the doorway or even over the floor of the building." The claim was owned by the Fujita Company, the first Japanese company to mine quartz in Taiwan and which occasionally made an income of a few thousand yen per month from the Kau-hun gold operations.
Many present features of Jiufen reflect the era under Japanese colonization, with many Japanese inns surviving to this day. During World War II, a POW camp named Kinkaseki was set up in the village, holding Allied soldiers captured in Singapore (including many British) who worked in the nearby gold mines. Gold mining activities declined after World War II, and the mine was shut off in 1971. Jiufen quickly went into decline, and for a while the town was mostly forgotten.
In 1989, Hou Hsiao-hsien's A City of Sadness, the first film to touch on the February 28 Incident, then a taboo subject in Taiwan, won acclaim around the world. As a result, Jiufen, where the film was set, revived due to the film's popularity. The nostalgic scenery of Jiufen as seen in the film, as well as appearances in other media, charmed many people into visiting Jiufen. For the beginning of the 1990s, Jiufen experienced a tourist boom that has shaped the town as a tourist attraction. Soon retro-Chinese style cafés, tea houses, and souvenir stores bearing the name "City of Sadness" were built.
Jiufen also became popular in 2001 due to its resemblance to the downtown in the Japanese anime movie Spirited Away by Studio Ghibli. Jiufen soon attracted Japanese tourists. Many Japanese travel magazines and guide books about Taiwan introduced Jiufen. It became a must visit place among Japanese tourists. However, Miyazaki himself denied that Jiufen was the model city of the movie.
At present, Jiufen is a renowned tourist attraction representative of Taiwan. It draws many tourists from Taipei during the weekends.
Gallery
Transportation
As Jiufen is a mountain town, the roads that lead there are mostly steep, curving, narrow, and possibly dangerous.
The town is served by buses that run from Keelung, Taipei, etc.
The nearest train station is Rueifang Station of the TRA Yilan Line, which is 15 minutes away by bus.
Foods
A-Zhu Peanut Ice Cream Roll
Ah Gan Taro Balls
A-Mei Tea House
Wu Di ‘Flower Lady’ Taiwanese Sausages
Zhang Ji Traditional Fish Balls
Ah Lan Glutinous Rice Cake
See also
Mining in Taiwan
Notes
References
Bibliography
This article uses translated material from the equivalent Japanese-language Wikipedia article (retrieved 26 February 2006). Both articles are licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
External links
Jiufen attractions, from the Rueifang government website
Article on AmCham Taipei site
Geography of New Taipei
Tourist attractions in New Taipei
Former gold mines
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiufen",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Jiufen, also spelled Jioufen or Chiufen (), is a seaside mountain area in Ruifang District, New Taipei City, Taiwan.\n\nJiufen Old Street is a narrow, winding alleyway in the town of Jiufen, offering a glimpse into traditional Taiwanese life, with its shops, teahouses, and restaurants. It is a great place to experience the best of Taiwanese culture.\n\nHistory\nDuring the first years of the Qing Dynasty, the isolated village housed nine families, thus the village would request \"nine portions\" every time shipments arrived from town. Later Káu-hūn-á () would become the name of the village.\n\nDespite the earliest reference to the production of gold in the island dating to 1430, and multiple rediscoveries by early inhabitants, visiting Japanese, Dutch occupiers, and Koxinga's retainers, awareness of the wealth of Taiwan's gold districts did not develop until the late Qing era. In 1890, workmen discovered flakes of gold while constructing the new Taipei-Keelung railway, and in 1893 a rich placer district was discovered in the hills of Kau-hun that produced several kilograms of gold a day. In the next year, the promise became greater than ever after a Chinese \"expert\" with experience gained in California found gold-bearing quartz in the said hills.\n\nThe resulting gold rush hastened the village's development into a town, and reached its peak during the Japanese era. In The Island of Formosa, Past and Present (1903), American diplomat James W. Davidson wrote, \"Kyu-fun [Kau-hun] is as odd looking a settlement as one could find. [...] never before has the writer seen so many houses in such a small space. Some appear to be partially telescoped in adjoining buildings, other standing above as though unable to force their way to the group, and each structure seems to be making a silent appeal to its neighbor to move over.\" Water ran \"in many small streams, directed so as to provide each building with a little rivulet, passing sometimes by the doorway or even over the floor of the building.\" The claim was owned by the Fujita Company, the first Japanese company to mine quartz in Taiwan and which occasionally made an income of a few thousand yen per month from the Kau-hun gold operations.\n\nMany present features of Jiufen reflect the era under Japanese colonization, with many Japanese inns surviving to this day. During World War II, a POW camp named Kinkaseki was set up in the village, holding Allied soldiers captured in Singapore (including many British) who worked in the nearby gold mines. Gold mining activities declined after World War II, and the mine was shut off in 1971. Jiufen quickly went into decline, and for a while the town was mostly forgotten.\n\nIn 1989, Hou Hsiao-hsien's A City of Sadness, the first film to touch on the February 28 Incident, then a taboo subject in Taiwan, won acclaim around the world. As a result, Jiufen, where the film was set, revived due to the film's popularity. The nostalgic scenery of Jiufen as seen in the film, as well as appearances in other media, charmed many people into visiting Jiufen. For the beginning of the 1990s, Jiufen experienced a tourist boom that has shaped the town as a tourist attraction. Soon retro-Chinese style cafés, tea houses, and souvenir stores bearing the name \"City of Sadness\" were built.\n\nJiufen also became popular in 2001 due to its resemblance to the downtown in the Japanese anime movie Spirited Away by Studio Ghibli. Jiufen soon attracted Japanese tourists. Many Japanese travel magazines and guide books about Taiwan introduced Jiufen. It became a must visit place among Japanese tourists. However, Miyazaki himself denied that Jiufen was the model city of the movie.\n\nAt present, Jiufen is a renowned tourist attraction representative of Taiwan. It draws many tourists from Taipei during the weekends.\n\nGallery\n\nTransportation\nAs Jiufen is a mountain town, the roads that lead there are mostly steep, curving, narrow, and possibly dangerous.\nThe town is served by buses that run from Keelung, Taipei, etc.\nThe nearest train station is Rueifang Station of the TRA Yilan Line, which is 15 minutes away by bus.\n\nFoods\n\nA-Zhu Peanut Ice Cream Roll\nAh Gan Taro Balls\nA-Mei Tea House\nWu Di ‘Flower Lady’ Taiwanese Sausages\nZhang Ji Traditional Fish Balls\nAh Lan Glutinous Rice Cake\n\nSee also\n Mining in Taiwan\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\n This article uses translated material from the equivalent Japanese-language Wikipedia article (retrieved 26 February 2006). Both articles are licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.\n\nExternal links\n\nJiufen attractions, from the Rueifang government website \nArticle on AmCham Taipei site\n\nGeography of New Taipei\nTourist attractions in New Taipei\nFormer gold mines",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso%20the%20Battler
|
Alfonso I (7 September 1134), called the Battler or the Warrior (), was King of Aragon and Navarre from 1104 until his death in 1134. He was the second son of King Sancho Ramírez and successor of his brother Peter I. With his marriage to Urraca, queen regnant of Castile, León and Galicia, in 1109, he began to use, with some justification, the grandiose title Emperor of Spain, formerly employed by his father-in-law, Alfonso VI. Alfonso the Battler earned his sobriquet in the Reconquista. He won his greatest military successes in the middle Ebro, where he conquered Zaragoza in 1118 and took Ejea, Tudela, Calatayud, Borja, Tarazona, Daroca, and Monreal del Campo. He died in September 1134 after an unsuccessful battle with the Muslims at the Battle of Fraga.
His nickname comes from the Aragonese version of the Chronicle of San Juan de la Peña (c. 1370), which says that "they called him lord Alfonso the battler because in Spain there wasn't as good a knight who won twenty-nine battles" (clamabanlo don Alfonso batallador porque en Espayna no ovo tan buen cavallero que veynte nueve batallas vençió).
Early life
His earliest years were passed in the monastery of Siresa, learning to read and write and to practice the military arts under the tutelage of Lope Garcés the Pilgrim, who was repaid for his services by his former charge with the county of Pedrola when Alfonso came to the throne.
During his brother's reign, he participated in the taking of Huesca (the Battle of Alcoraz, 1096), which became the largest city in the kingdom and the new capital. He also joined El Cid's expeditions in Valencia. His father gave him the lordships of Biel, Luna, Ardenes, and Bailo.
A series of deaths put Alfonso directly in line for the throne. His brother's children, Isabella and Peter (who married María Rodríguez, daughter of El Cid), died in 1103 and 1104 respectively.
Matrimonial conflicts
A passionate fighting-man (he fought twenty-nine battles against Christian or Moor), he was married (when well over 30 years and a habitual bachelor) in 1109 to the ambitious Queen Urraca of León, a passionate woman unsuited for a subordinate role. The marriage had been arranged by her father Alfonso VI of León in 1106 to unite the two chief Christian states against the Almoravids, and to supply them with a capable military leader. But Urraca was tenacious of her right as queen regnant and had not learnt chastity in the polygamous household of her father. Husband and wife quarrelled with the brutality of the age and came to open war, even placing Urraca under siege at Astorga in 1112. Alfonso had the support of one section of the nobles who found their account in the confusion. Being a much better soldier than any of his opponents he won the Battle of Candespina and the Battle of Viadangos, but his only trustworthy supporters were his Aragonese, who were not numerous enough to keep Castile and León subjugated. The marriage of Alfonso and Urraca was declared null by the pope, as they were second cousins, in 1110, but he ignored the papal nuncio and clung to his liaison with Urraca until 1114. During his marriage, he had called himself "King and Emperor of Castile, Toledo, Aragón, Pamplona, Sobrarbe, and Ribagorza" in recognition of his rights as Urraca's husband; of his inheritance of the lands of his father, including the kingdom of his great-uncle Gonzalo; and his prerogative to conquer Andalusia from the Muslims. He inserted the title of imperator on the basis that he had three kingdoms under his rule.
Alfonso's late marriage and his failure to remarry and produce the essential legitimate heir that should have been a dynastic linchpin of his aggressive territorial policies have been adduced as a lack of interest in women. Ibn al-Athir (1166–1234) describes Alfonso as a tireless soldier who would sleep in his armor without benefit of cover, whom when asked why he did not take his pleasure from women, responded that the man devoted to war needs the companionship of men not women.
Church relations
The king quarrelled with the church, and particularly the Cistercians, almost as violently as with his wife. As he defeated her, so he drove Archbishop Bernard into exile and replaced the abbot of Sahagún with his brother. He was finally compelled to give way in Castile and León to his stepson, Alfonso VII of Castile, son of Urraca and her first husband. The intervention of Pope Calixtus II brought about an arrangement between the old man and his young namesake.
In 1122 in Belchite, he founded a confraternity of knights to fight against the Almoravids. It was the start of the military orders in Aragon. Years later, he organised a branch of the Militia Christi of the Holy Land at Monreal del Campo.
Military expansion
Alfonso spent his first four years as king in near-constant war with the Muslims. In 1105, he conquered Ejea and Tauste and refortified Castellar and Juslibol. In 1106, he defeated Ahmad II al-Musta'in of Zaragoza at Valtierra. In 1107, he took Tamarite de Litera and San Esteban de Litera.
Then followed a period dominated by his relations with Castile and León through his wife, Urraca. He resumed his conquests in 1117 with Fitero, Corella, Cintruénigo, Murchante, Monteagudo, and Cascante.
In 1118, the Council of Toulouse declared a crusade to assist in the conquest of Zaragoza. Many Frenchmen consequently joined Alfonso at Ayerbe. They took Almudévar, Gurrea de Gállego, and Zuera, besieging Zaragoza itself by the end of May. The city fell on 18 December, and the forces of Alfonso occupied the Azuda, the government tower. The great palace of the city was given to the monks of Bernard. Promptly, the city was made Alfonso's capital. Two years later, in 1120, he defeated a Muslim army intent on reconquering his new capital at the Battle of Cutanda. He promulgated the fuero of tortum per tortum, facilitating taking the law into one's own hands, which among others reassumed the Muslim right to dwell in the city and their right to keep their properties and practice their religion under their own jurisdiction as long as they maintained tax payment and relocated to the suburbs.
In 1119, he retook Cervera, Tudejen, Castellón, Tarazona, Ágreda, Magallón, Borja, Alagón, Novillas, Mallén, Rueda, Épila and populated the region of Soria. He began the siege of Calatayud, but left to defeat the army at Cutanda trying to retake Zaragoza. When Calatayud fell, he took Bubierca, Alhama de Aragón, Ariza, and Daroca (1120). In 1123, he besieged and took Lleida, which was in the hands of the count of Barcelona. From the winter of 1124 to September 1125, he was on a risky expedition to Peña Cadiella deep in Andalusia.
In the great raid of 1125, he carried away a large part of the subject Christians from Granada, and in the south-west of France, he had rights as king of Navarre. From 1125 to 1126, he was on campaign against Granada, where he was trying to install a Christian prince, and Córdoba, where he got only as far as Motril. In 1127, he reconquered Longares, but simultaneously lost all his Castilian possessions to Alfonso VII. He confirmed a treaty with Castile the next year (1128) with the Peace of Támara, which fixed the boundaries of the two realms.
He conquered Molina de Aragón and populated Monzón in 1129, before besieging Valencia, which had fallen again upon the Cid's death.
He went north of the Pyrenées in October 1130 to protect the Val d'Aran. Early in 1131, he besieged Bayonne. It is said he ruled "from Belorado to Pallars and from Bayonne to Monreal."
At the siege of Bayonne in October 1131, three years before his death, he published a will leaving his kingdom to three autonomous religious orders based in Palestine and politically largely independent – the Knights Templars, the Hospitallers, and the Knights of the Holy Sepulchre, whose influences might have been expected to cancel one another out. The will has greatly puzzled historians, who have read it as a bizarre gesture of extreme piety uncharacteristic of Alfonso's character, one that effectively undid his life's work. Elena Lourie (1975) suggested instead that it was Alfonso's attempt to neutralize the papacy's interest in a disputed succession – Aragon had been a fief of the papacy since 1068 – and to fend off Urraca's son from her first marriage, Alfonso VII of Castile, for the papacy would be bound to press the terms of such a pious testament. Generous bequests to important churches and abbeys in Castile had the effect of making the noble churchmen there beneficiaries who would be encouraged by the will to act as a brake on Alfonso VII's ambitions to break it – and yet among the magnates witnessing the will in 1131 there was not a single cleric. In the event it was a will that his nobles refused to carry out – instead bringing his brother Ramiro from the monastery to assume royal powers – an eventuality that Lourie suggests was Alfonso's hidden intent.
His final campaigns were against Mequinenza (1133) and Fraga (1134), where García Ramírez, the future king of Navarre, and a mere 500 other knights fought with him. It fell on 17 July. He was dead by September. His tomb is in the monastery of San Pedro in Huesca.
Death
Succession
The testament of Alfonso leaving his kingdom to the three orders was dismissed out of hand by the nobility of his kingdoms, and possible successors were sought. Alfonso's only brother, Ramiro, had been a Benedictine monk since childhood, and his commitment to the church, his temperament and vow of celibacy made him ill-suited to rule a kingdom under constant military threat and in need of a stable line of succession. The step-son of the deceased king, Alfonso VII of León, as reigning monarch and legitimate descendant of Sancho III of Navarre, put himself forward but garnered no local support. The nobility of Navarre aligned behind Pedro de Atarés, the grandson of Alfonso's illegitimate uncle, while the Aragonese nobility rallied around the abbot-bishop Ramiro. A convention was called at Borja in order to develop a consensus. Pedro de Atarés had so alienated his own partisans there with his perceived arrogance that they had abandoned him, yet at the same time were unwilling to accept Alfonso's younger brother Ramiro. The convention then broke up without ever arriving at a compromise, and the two regional factions proceeded to act independently.
The choice of the Navarrese lords fell on García Ramírez, Lord of Monzón, descendant of an illegitimate son of García Sánchez III and protégé of Alfonso VII to be their king. The Aragonese took Ramiro out of a monastery and made him king, marrying him without papal dispensation to Agnes, sister of the Duke of Aquitaine, then betrothing their newborn daughter to Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona, who was then named Ramiro's heir. "The result of the crisis produced by the result of Alfonso I's will was a major reorientation of the peninsula's kingdoms: the separation of Aragon and Navarre, the union of Aragon and Catalonia and – a moot point but stressed particularly by some Castilian historians – the affirmation of 'Castilian hegemony' in Spain" by the rendering of homage for Zaragoza by Alfonso's eventual heir, Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona.
Pseudo-Alfonso the Battler
Sometime during the reign of Alfonso II of Aragon, the Battler's grandnephew, a man came forward claiming to be Alfonso the Battler. The only contemporary references to this event are two letters of Alfonso II addressed to Louis VII of France; they were carried to Louis by Berengar, the Bishop of Lleida, but are not dated. According to the second of these, the pretender was then living in Louis's domains, meaning the Principality of Catalonia, which was ruled by Alfonso under Louis's suzerainty. This pretender was an old man (appropriately, since the Battler had died some decades earlier) and Alfonso II expressed confidence that Louis would arrest him at the earliest possible moment and bring him to justice. The first letter supplies sufficient information to date it approximately, since the Bishop sojourned at the court of Louis on his way to Rome. It is known from other sources that Berengar attended the Third Lateran Council in March 1179. The letters were probably written towards the end of 1178 or in January 1179 at the latest. According to an annalist source for the years 1089–1196, the pretender was received with honour and pomp in Zaragoza, Calatayud, and Daroca, which the Battler had conquered, but after it was found out that he was false he was executed before the city of Barcelona in 1181. Modern historian Antonio Ubieto Arteta has hypothesised that the Aragonese lords of the tenancies of Zaragoza, Calatayud, and Daroca – Pedro de Luesia, Loferrench de Luna, Pedro de Castillazuelo (lord of Calatayud), Pedro Cornel (lord of Murillo de Gállego), and the majordomo Jimeno de Artusilla, all of whom disappear between 1177 and 1181 in the documentation of their tenancies – supported, at least initially, the pretender. These lords also appear in the later legend of the Bell of Huesca, which has no historical basis, as the victims of Ramiro II (1136). Since, historically, they were not active in the 1130s, it is possible that the historically based legend of the pseudo-Alfonso had some influence on the genesis of the Bell of Huesca.
The earliest chronicle source for the imposture is Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada, writing in the middle of the thirteenth century, who records that there were several legends then current about the death of Alfonso the Battler: some believed he perished in the battle of Fraga, some that his body had never been recovered, others that he was buried in the monastery of Montearagón, and still others that he had fled from Fraga in shame after his defeat and became a pilgrim as an act of penance. Some years later, Rodrigo writes, though he does not give a year, an impostor arose and was received by many as the Battler, though Alfonso II had him arrested and hanged. This is the earliest reference to the impostor's end. The legend was amplified in later years. According to the fourteenth-century Crónica de los Estados Peninsulares, the Battler went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, where he lived for many years. The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña also recounts the incident, but it depends entirely on Rodrigo and the Estados Peninsulares. It is not until the seventeenth-century historian Jerónimo Zurita penned his Anales de la Corona de Aragón that new details were added to the legend. Zurita dates the impostor's appearance to the death of Raymond Berengar IV of Barcelona, who had been exercising power in Aragon, and the succession of the child Alfonso II in 1162. The death of the impostor, by hanging, must have occurred in 1163.
Competitors for succession
Notes
References
Sources
Ubieto Arteta, Antonio. "La aparición del falso Alfonso I el Batallador." Argensola, 38 (1958), 29–38.
1070s births
1134 deaths
12th-century Aragonese monarchs
12th-century Navarrese monarchs
Spanish Roman Catholics
12th-century Roman Catholics
Jure uxoris kings
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso%20the%20Battler",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Alfonso I (7 September 1134), called the Battler or the Warrior (), was King of Aragon and Navarre from 1104 until his death in 1134. He was the second son of King Sancho Ramírez and successor of his brother Peter I. With his marriage to Urraca, queen regnant of Castile, León and Galicia, in 1109, he began to use, with some justification, the grandiose title Emperor of Spain, formerly employed by his father-in-law, Alfonso VI. Alfonso the Battler earned his sobriquet in the Reconquista. He won his greatest military successes in the middle Ebro, where he conquered Zaragoza in 1118 and took Ejea, Tudela, Calatayud, Borja, Tarazona, Daroca, and Monreal del Campo. He died in September 1134 after an unsuccessful battle with the Muslims at the Battle of Fraga.\n\nHis nickname comes from the Aragonese version of the Chronicle of San Juan de la Peña (c. 1370), which says that \"they called him lord Alfonso the battler because in Spain there wasn't as good a knight who won twenty-nine battles\" (clamabanlo don Alfonso batallador porque en Espayna no ovo tan buen cavallero que veynte nueve batallas vençió).\n\nEarly life\nHis earliest years were passed in the monastery of Siresa, learning to read and write and to practice the military arts under the tutelage of Lope Garcés the Pilgrim, who was repaid for his services by his former charge with the county of Pedrola when Alfonso came to the throne.\n\nDuring his brother's reign, he participated in the taking of Huesca (the Battle of Alcoraz, 1096), which became the largest city in the kingdom and the new capital. He also joined El Cid's expeditions in Valencia. His father gave him the lordships of Biel, Luna, Ardenes, and Bailo.\n\nA series of deaths put Alfonso directly in line for the throne. His brother's children, Isabella and Peter (who married María Rodríguez, daughter of El Cid), died in 1103 and 1104 respectively.\n\nMatrimonial conflicts\nA passionate fighting-man (he fought twenty-nine battles against Christian or Moor), he was married (when well over 30 years and a habitual bachelor) in 1109 to the ambitious Queen Urraca of León, a passionate woman unsuited for a subordinate role. The marriage had been arranged by her father Alfonso VI of León in 1106 to unite the two chief Christian states against the Almoravids, and to supply them with a capable military leader. But Urraca was tenacious of her right as queen regnant and had not learnt chastity in the polygamous household of her father. Husband and wife quarrelled with the brutality of the age and came to open war, even placing Urraca under siege at Astorga in 1112. Alfonso had the support of one section of the nobles who found their account in the confusion. Being a much better soldier than any of his opponents he won the Battle of Candespina and the Battle of Viadangos, but his only trustworthy supporters were his Aragonese, who were not numerous enough to keep Castile and León subjugated. The marriage of Alfonso and Urraca was declared null by the pope, as they were second cousins, in 1110, but he ignored the papal nuncio and clung to his liaison with Urraca until 1114. During his marriage, he had called himself \"King and Emperor of Castile, Toledo, Aragón, Pamplona, Sobrarbe, and Ribagorza\" in recognition of his rights as Urraca's husband; of his inheritance of the lands of his father, including the kingdom of his great-uncle Gonzalo; and his prerogative to conquer Andalusia from the Muslims. He inserted the title of imperator on the basis that he had three kingdoms under his rule.\n\nAlfonso's late marriage and his failure to remarry and produce the essential legitimate heir that should have been a dynastic linchpin of his aggressive territorial policies have been adduced as a lack of interest in women. Ibn al-Athir (1166–1234) describes Alfonso as a tireless soldier who would sleep in his armor without benefit of cover, whom when asked why he did not take his pleasure from women, responded that the man devoted to war needs the companionship of men not women.\n\nChurch relations\n\nThe king quarrelled with the church, and particularly the Cistercians, almost as violently as with his wife. As he defeated her, so he drove Archbishop Bernard into exile and replaced the abbot of Sahagún with his brother. He was finally compelled to give way in Castile and León to his stepson, Alfonso VII of Castile, son of Urraca and her first husband. The intervention of Pope Calixtus II brought about an arrangement between the old man and his young namesake.\n\nIn 1122 in Belchite, he founded a confraternity of knights to fight against the Almoravids. It was the start of the military orders in Aragon. Years later, he organised a branch of the Militia Christi of the Holy Land at Monreal del Campo.\n\nMilitary expansion\nAlfonso spent his first four years as king in near-constant war with the Muslims. In 1105, he conquered Ejea and Tauste and refortified Castellar and Juslibol. In 1106, he defeated Ahmad II al-Musta'in of Zaragoza at Valtierra. In 1107, he took Tamarite de Litera and San Esteban de Litera. \nThen followed a period dominated by his relations with Castile and León through his wife, Urraca. He resumed his conquests in 1117 with Fitero, Corella, Cintruénigo, Murchante, Monteagudo, and Cascante.\n\nIn 1118, the Council of Toulouse declared a crusade to assist in the conquest of Zaragoza. Many Frenchmen consequently joined Alfonso at Ayerbe. They took Almudévar, Gurrea de Gállego, and Zuera, besieging Zaragoza itself by the end of May. The city fell on 18 December, and the forces of Alfonso occupied the Azuda, the government tower. The great palace of the city was given to the monks of Bernard. Promptly, the city was made Alfonso's capital. Two years later, in 1120, he defeated a Muslim army intent on reconquering his new capital at the Battle of Cutanda. He promulgated the fuero of tortum per tortum, facilitating taking the law into one's own hands, which among others reassumed the Muslim right to dwell in the city and their right to keep their properties and practice their religion under their own jurisdiction as long as they maintained tax payment and relocated to the suburbs.\n\nIn 1119, he retook Cervera, Tudejen, Castellón, Tarazona, Ágreda, Magallón, Borja, Alagón, Novillas, Mallén, Rueda, Épila and populated the region of Soria. He began the siege of Calatayud, but left to defeat the army at Cutanda trying to retake Zaragoza. When Calatayud fell, he took Bubierca, Alhama de Aragón, Ariza, and Daroca (1120). In 1123, he besieged and took Lleida, which was in the hands of the count of Barcelona. From the winter of 1124 to September 1125, he was on a risky expedition to Peña Cadiella deep in Andalusia.\n\nIn the great raid of 1125, he carried away a large part of the subject Christians from Granada, and in the south-west of France, he had rights as king of Navarre. From 1125 to 1126, he was on campaign against Granada, where he was trying to install a Christian prince, and Córdoba, where he got only as far as Motril. In 1127, he reconquered Longares, but simultaneously lost all his Castilian possessions to Alfonso VII. He confirmed a treaty with Castile the next year (1128) with the Peace of Támara, which fixed the boundaries of the two realms.\n\nHe conquered Molina de Aragón and populated Monzón in 1129, before besieging Valencia, which had fallen again upon the Cid's death.\n\nHe went north of the Pyrenées in October 1130 to protect the Val d'Aran. Early in 1131, he besieged Bayonne. It is said he ruled \"from Belorado to Pallars and from Bayonne to Monreal.\"\n\nAt the siege of Bayonne in October 1131, three years before his death, he published a will leaving his kingdom to three autonomous religious orders based in Palestine and politically largely independent – the Knights Templars, the Hospitallers, and the Knights of the Holy Sepulchre, whose influences might have been expected to cancel one another out. The will has greatly puzzled historians, who have read it as a bizarre gesture of extreme piety uncharacteristic of Alfonso's character, one that effectively undid his life's work. Elena Lourie (1975) suggested instead that it was Alfonso's attempt to neutralize the papacy's interest in a disputed succession – Aragon had been a fief of the papacy since 1068 – and to fend off Urraca's son from her first marriage, Alfonso VII of Castile, for the papacy would be bound to press the terms of such a pious testament. Generous bequests to important churches and abbeys in Castile had the effect of making the noble churchmen there beneficiaries who would be encouraged by the will to act as a brake on Alfonso VII's ambitions to break it – and yet among the magnates witnessing the will in 1131 there was not a single cleric. In the event it was a will that his nobles refused to carry out – instead bringing his brother Ramiro from the monastery to assume royal powers – an eventuality that Lourie suggests was Alfonso's hidden intent.\n\nHis final campaigns were against Mequinenza (1133) and Fraga (1134), where García Ramírez, the future king of Navarre, and a mere 500 other knights fought with him. It fell on 17 July. He was dead by September. His tomb is in the monastery of San Pedro in Huesca.\n\nDeath\n\nSuccession\n\nThe testament of Alfonso leaving his kingdom to the three orders was dismissed out of hand by the nobility of his kingdoms, and possible successors were sought. Alfonso's only brother, Ramiro, had been a Benedictine monk since childhood, and his commitment to the church, his temperament and vow of celibacy made him ill-suited to rule a kingdom under constant military threat and in need of a stable line of succession. The step-son of the deceased king, Alfonso VII of León, as reigning monarch and legitimate descendant of Sancho III of Navarre, put himself forward but garnered no local support. The nobility of Navarre aligned behind Pedro de Atarés, the grandson of Alfonso's illegitimate uncle, while the Aragonese nobility rallied around the abbot-bishop Ramiro. A convention was called at Borja in order to develop a consensus. Pedro de Atarés had so alienated his own partisans there with his perceived arrogance that they had abandoned him, yet at the same time were unwilling to accept Alfonso's younger brother Ramiro. The convention then broke up without ever arriving at a compromise, and the two regional factions proceeded to act independently.\n\nThe choice of the Navarrese lords fell on García Ramírez, Lord of Monzón, descendant of an illegitimate son of García Sánchez III and protégé of Alfonso VII to be their king. The Aragonese took Ramiro out of a monastery and made him king, marrying him without papal dispensation to Agnes, sister of the Duke of Aquitaine, then betrothing their newborn daughter to Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona, who was then named Ramiro's heir. \"The result of the crisis produced by the result of Alfonso I's will was a major reorientation of the peninsula's kingdoms: the separation of Aragon and Navarre, the union of Aragon and Catalonia and – a moot point but stressed particularly by some Castilian historians – the affirmation of 'Castilian hegemony' in Spain\" by the rendering of homage for Zaragoza by Alfonso's eventual heir, Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona.\n\nPseudo-Alfonso the Battler\nSometime during the reign of Alfonso II of Aragon, the Battler's grandnephew, a man came forward claiming to be Alfonso the Battler. The only contemporary references to this event are two letters of Alfonso II addressed to Louis VII of France; they were carried to Louis by Berengar, the Bishop of Lleida, but are not dated. According to the second of these, the pretender was then living in Louis's domains, meaning the Principality of Catalonia, which was ruled by Alfonso under Louis's suzerainty. This pretender was an old man (appropriately, since the Battler had died some decades earlier) and Alfonso II expressed confidence that Louis would arrest him at the earliest possible moment and bring him to justice. The first letter supplies sufficient information to date it approximately, since the Bishop sojourned at the court of Louis on his way to Rome. It is known from other sources that Berengar attended the Third Lateran Council in March 1179. The letters were probably written towards the end of 1178 or in January 1179 at the latest. According to an annalist source for the years 1089–1196, the pretender was received with honour and pomp in Zaragoza, Calatayud, and Daroca, which the Battler had conquered, but after it was found out that he was false he was executed before the city of Barcelona in 1181. Modern historian Antonio Ubieto Arteta has hypothesised that the Aragonese lords of the tenancies of Zaragoza, Calatayud, and Daroca – Pedro de Luesia, Loferrench de Luna, Pedro de Castillazuelo (lord of Calatayud), Pedro Cornel (lord of Murillo de Gállego), and the majordomo Jimeno de Artusilla, all of whom disappear between 1177 and 1181 in the documentation of their tenancies – supported, at least initially, the pretender. These lords also appear in the later legend of the Bell of Huesca, which has no historical basis, as the victims of Ramiro II (1136). Since, historically, they were not active in the 1130s, it is possible that the historically based legend of the pseudo-Alfonso had some influence on the genesis of the Bell of Huesca.\n\nThe earliest chronicle source for the imposture is Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada, writing in the middle of the thirteenth century, who records that there were several legends then current about the death of Alfonso the Battler: some believed he perished in the battle of Fraga, some that his body had never been recovered, others that he was buried in the monastery of Montearagón, and still others that he had fled from Fraga in shame after his defeat and became a pilgrim as an act of penance. Some years later, Rodrigo writes, though he does not give a year, an impostor arose and was received by many as the Battler, though Alfonso II had him arrested and hanged. This is the earliest reference to the impostor's end. The legend was amplified in later years. According to the fourteenth-century Crónica de los Estados Peninsulares, the Battler went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, where he lived for many years. The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña also recounts the incident, but it depends entirely on Rodrigo and the Estados Peninsulares. It is not until the seventeenth-century historian Jerónimo Zurita penned his Anales de la Corona de Aragón that new details were added to the legend. Zurita dates the impostor's appearance to the death of Raymond Berengar IV of Barcelona, who had been exercising power in Aragon, and the succession of the child Alfonso II in 1162. The death of the impostor, by hanging, must have occurred in 1163.\n\nCompetitors for succession\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\nUbieto Arteta, Antonio. \"La aparición del falso Alfonso I el Batallador.\" Argensola, 38 (1958), 29–38.\n\n1070s births\n1134 deaths\n12th-century Aragonese monarchs\n12th-century Navarrese monarchs\nSpanish Roman Catholics\n12th-century Roman Catholics\nJure uxoris kings",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan%20Blake
|
Nathan Blake (born 27 January 1972) is a Welsh former professional footballer, pundit and television presenter.
He notably played in the Premier League for Sheffield United, Bolton Wanderers, Blackburn Rovers and Wolverhampton Wanderers. He also played in the Football League for Cardiff City, Leicester City and Leeds United before retiring with non-league side Newport County. He was capped 30 times by Wales, scoring four goals. He has previously been capped at U21 and B team level. He was relegated from the Premier League on a joint record of five occasions (with Hermann Hreiðarsson). Blake is also one of the most promoted players to the Premier League with three promotions.
Following retirement, Blake has worked for Wales Online reporting on Cardiff City, BBC Wales, BBC 5 Live, and Sky Sports. In October 2020 he presented a programme on BBC Wales titled Wales' Black Miners.
Early life
Blake was born in Cardiff and grew up nearby on the Ringland estate in Newport, Wales. Blake was raised by his mother, aunt, and grandmother, and his cousins Matthew Robinson, a Wales rugby union international and Anthony Sullivan, a dual code rugby international. His uncle Clive Sullivan was a rugby league international. Blake attended Milton Primary School and Hartridge High School.
Club career
Cardiff City
Blake was a trainee at Chelsea but was released in 1990, without graduating to the first team. He told WalesOnline in 2020 how, despite his upbringing showing "99% of people from the estate [having] no fear", he saw racism "like no other time in my life" at Chelsea. The club have since been accused of ignoring the racist abuse of coaches Graham Rix and Gwyn Williams.
He moved back to his home-city club Cardiff City after this, where he quickly made his senior debut against Bristol Rovers in March. He quickly rose to being a first team regular in 1990–91 and went on to become a firm favourite with fans.
He helped the club to the Third Division title in 1992–93, scoring 11 times, and made a strong start to life in the third tier the next season, scoring 14 goals in 20 games. It was during this season that he rose to national prominence when he scored a spectacular goal against Manchester City to send them crashing out of the FA Cup. This form attracted Premier League Sheffield United to snap him up for £300,000 in February 1994. In total, he scored 40 goals in 164 appearances for the Welsh side.
Sheffield United
Blake scored five goals in the remainder of Sheffield United's top flight campaign, but could not halt relegation. He then finished as the Blades top scorer in the next two seasons, but neither season saw the club mount a serious promotion challenge in Division One. During the 1995–96 season, his goalscoring again won him a move to the Premier League, as he joined Bolton Wanderers in December 1995 in a £1,200,000 deal.
Bolton Wanderers
Blake failed to make an immediate impact at Bolton Wanderers and only managed one league goal as they dropped out of the Premier League after a solitary season. He rediscovered his goalscoring prowess in the 1996–97 season though, as he notched 19 league goals to fire Bolton back to the top flight as champions. The next season saw his best seasonal tally in the top flight as he bagged 12 goals, however this couldn't prevent yet another relegation for the club after one season.
Blackburn Rovers
He started the 1998–99 season brightly, with six goals in the opening 12 games, which won him his third move back to the Premier League with Blackburn Rovers in a £4.25 million deal in October 1998. History repeated itself though for Blake as he again suffered the drop in a season that saw him manage just three goals.
The striker remained at Ewood Park for two full seasons, the second of which saw him again win promotion, but he managed only nine goals over these seasons. He started the club's return in the top flight, and scored their opening goal away at Derby County, but was swiftly returned to Division One when he was sold to Wolverhampton Wanderers in September 2001 for an initial £1.5 million fee. Blake, who had a strained relationship with Blackburn manager Graeme Souness, was offered the chance to stay and fight for a place in the side but decided to accept the transfer.
Wolverhampton Wanderers
Blake quickly refound his form at First Division Wolves, scoring on his debut against Stockport County, and ending the season with 11 goals. However, he missed out on another promotion as the club suffered a late slump to fall into the play-offs where they lost to Norwich City. The next season saw Blake better his tally, despite suffering a broken foot during a match against Portsmouth in November 2002, as his 12 goals helped the club go one step further as they won the play-offs. Blake himself scored in the 3–0 final win over his former club Sheffield United, held at the Millennium Stadium in his birth city of Cardiff.
His final crack at the Premier League was hindered by a year of niggling injuries that kept him sidelined for the majority of the games. He managed just one goal, against Newcastle United, from 13 appearances as the club proved unable to survive. This relegation gave Blake the unenviable distinction of the player suffering the most Premier League relegations with five different seasons ending in the drop, a record that has since been matched by Hermann Hreiðarsson.
Blake left the club in acrimonious circumstances, having fallen out of favour, Blake fell out with manager Dave Jones after a proposed move to Portsmouth fell through when Wolves continually raised their asking price for Blake before eventually cancelling the deal.
Leicester City
Blake was released by Wolves upon their relegation in 2004, after making 85 appearances, scoring 26 times in all competitions. He joined fellow relegated club Leicester City on a one-year contract after having also had a trial at Sunderland. His opportunities here were mostly only as a substitute and he never scored a league goal for the Foxes, but did score once in a League Cup defeat to Preston North End. Failing to make an impact, he was instead loaned out to Leeds United in January 2005, where he managed the final goal of his league career against Coventry City. His loan was cut short by a ruptured hamstring and he returned to Leicester, but did not feature again before being released by the club in June 2005.
Newport County
His professional career derailed as he was given a six-month suspension in August 2005 for testing positive for a recreational drug. After serving his suspension, he had a trial at Stoke City but decided he was unwilling to commit to playing full-time anymore. Instead, he spent two months playing for non-league Newport County, where he had originally been a trainee, before his deal ended in October 2006.
International career
Born in Wales and of Jamaican descent, Blake won 29 caps for Wales, scoring four times. He made his debut on 9 March 1994 in a 3–1 friendly loss to Norway, that marked the only game of John Toshack's first spell in charge. He scored his first goal against Moldova in a 3–1 Euro 96 qualifying defeat. Blake refused to play for Wales team manager Bobby Gould after accusing Gould of making a racist comment in training. His other three international goals came against Turkey (August 1997), Norway (October 2000) and Poland (June 2001). He also set the unfortunate record of being the first Welsh player to score an international goal at Wales' Millennium Stadium when he put through his own net against Finland on 29 March 2000.
He announced his retirement in September 2004, ten months after playing his final match in the Euro 2004 play-off loss to Russia.
Outside football
On 27 January 2012, following several race related scandals in the English game, Blake came out to say whilst he was a player he was sent a racially motivated death threat after withdrawing from a Wales squad.
Blake won the award for Best Supporting Actor at Film Fest Cymru 2014 for his role in short film The Homing Bird, in which he plays a football coach. He had been nominated the previous year in the same category for his debut role in Say It.
In 2014 Blake graduated from the FA-funded Corporate Governance course On Board, aimed at getting more ex-professionals and more diverse backgrounds represented on football boards. In 2015 Blake returned to Newport County for five months as a non-executive Director advising on football decisions, including the appointment of a permanent successor to Justin Edinburgh. He remained at the club until the Supporters Trust took control of the club later in the year. Later that year he became chairman of County in the Community.
Blake has been a bit of a figure on the issue of race in football. In May 2020 he voiced his support for footballers Troy Deeney, Raheem Sterling, and Danny Rose who all expressed reluctance to return to training due to the disproportionate threat of COVID-19 to their families. In October 2020, Blake criticised former club Newport County for not taking the knee in their League Two fixture against Tranmere Rovers, despite the town having "probably one of the biggest black populations in Great Britain". County Chairman Gavin Foxall responded by clarifying he thought it had been a decision for "the referee [...] agreed with the two captains", but that the "club is fully behind the campaign".
Blake has worked for Wales Online reporting on Cardiff City, BBC Wales, BBC 5 Live, and Sky Sports. In October 2020 he presented a programme on BBC Wales titled Wales' Black Miners.
Personal life
Blake grew up in the "tough" neighbourhood of Ringland in Newport. He nevertheless states he "would choose my upbringing 100 times out of 100 - it was amazing". He noted the existence of racism in his childhood, such as being called a "n*****" at the age of seven, and not being considered academically capable at school, but praised the community spirit among those growing up on the estate. Before breaking through as a footballer, Blake fell foul of the law and was prosecuted for theft from a fruit machine in London.
Following his retirement from professional football in 2006, he set up and runs his own property management company in his native Wales. He is also involved in a football agency and has three children.
HonoursBolton Wanderers First Division: 1996–97Wolverhampton Wanderers Football League Championship; 2002–03 play-off winnersCardiff City: Football League Division Three: 1992–93
Welsh Cup: 1990–91, 1991–92Blackburn Rovers'
Football League Championship: runner-up 2000–01
References
External links
1972 births
Welsh men's footballers
Black British sportsmen
Blackburn Rovers F.C. players
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Welsh sportspeople in doping cases
Cardiff City F.C. players
Chelsea F.C. players
Doping cases in association football
Footballers from Cardiff
Leeds United F.C. players
Leicester City F.C. players
Living people
Newport County A.F.C. players
Premier League players
Sheffield United F.C. players
English Football League players
Wales men's international footballers
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
Men's association football forwards
Welsh people of Jamaican descent
British sportspeople of Jamaican descent
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan%20Blake",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Nathan Blake (born 27 January 1972) is a Welsh former professional footballer, pundit and television presenter.\n\nHe notably played in the Premier League for Sheffield United, Bolton Wanderers, Blackburn Rovers and Wolverhampton Wanderers. He also played in the Football League for Cardiff City, Leicester City and Leeds United before retiring with non-league side Newport County. He was capped 30 times by Wales, scoring four goals. He has previously been capped at U21 and B team level. He was relegated from the Premier League on a joint record of five occasions (with Hermann Hreiðarsson). Blake is also one of the most promoted players to the Premier League with three promotions.\n\nFollowing retirement, Blake has worked for Wales Online reporting on Cardiff City, BBC Wales, BBC 5 Live, and Sky Sports. In October 2020 he presented a programme on BBC Wales titled Wales' Black Miners.\n\nEarly life \nBlake was born in Cardiff and grew up nearby on the Ringland estate in Newport, Wales. Blake was raised by his mother, aunt, and grandmother, and his cousins Matthew Robinson, a Wales rugby union international and Anthony Sullivan, a dual code rugby international. His uncle Clive Sullivan was a rugby league international. Blake attended Milton Primary School and Hartridge High School.\n\nClub career\n\nCardiff City\nBlake was a trainee at Chelsea but was released in 1990, without graduating to the first team. He told WalesOnline in 2020 how, despite his upbringing showing \"99% of people from the estate [having] no fear\", he saw racism \"like no other time in my life\" at Chelsea. The club have since been accused of ignoring the racist abuse of coaches Graham Rix and Gwyn Williams.\n\nHe moved back to his home-city club Cardiff City after this, where he quickly made his senior debut against Bristol Rovers in March. He quickly rose to being a first team regular in 1990–91 and went on to become a firm favourite with fans.\n\nHe helped the club to the Third Division title in 1992–93, scoring 11 times, and made a strong start to life in the third tier the next season, scoring 14 goals in 20 games. It was during this season that he rose to national prominence when he scored a spectacular goal against Manchester City to send them crashing out of the FA Cup. This form attracted Premier League Sheffield United to snap him up for £300,000 in February 1994. In total, he scored 40 goals in 164 appearances for the Welsh side.\n\nSheffield United\nBlake scored five goals in the remainder of Sheffield United's top flight campaign, but could not halt relegation. He then finished as the Blades top scorer in the next two seasons, but neither season saw the club mount a serious promotion challenge in Division One. During the 1995–96 season, his goalscoring again won him a move to the Premier League, as he joined Bolton Wanderers in December 1995 in a £1,200,000 deal.\n\nBolton Wanderers\nBlake failed to make an immediate impact at Bolton Wanderers and only managed one league goal as they dropped out of the Premier League after a solitary season. He rediscovered his goalscoring prowess in the 1996–97 season though, as he notched 19 league goals to fire Bolton back to the top flight as champions. The next season saw his best seasonal tally in the top flight as he bagged 12 goals, however this couldn't prevent yet another relegation for the club after one season.\n\nBlackburn Rovers\nHe started the 1998–99 season brightly, with six goals in the opening 12 games, which won him his third move back to the Premier League with Blackburn Rovers in a £4.25 million deal in October 1998. History repeated itself though for Blake as he again suffered the drop in a season that saw him manage just three goals.\n\nThe striker remained at Ewood Park for two full seasons, the second of which saw him again win promotion, but he managed only nine goals over these seasons. He started the club's return in the top flight, and scored their opening goal away at Derby County, but was swiftly returned to Division One when he was sold to Wolverhampton Wanderers in September 2001 for an initial £1.5 million fee. Blake, who had a strained relationship with Blackburn manager Graeme Souness, was offered the chance to stay and fight for a place in the side but decided to accept the transfer.\n\nWolverhampton Wanderers\nBlake quickly refound his form at First Division Wolves, scoring on his debut against Stockport County, and ending the season with 11 goals. However, he missed out on another promotion as the club suffered a late slump to fall into the play-offs where they lost to Norwich City. The next season saw Blake better his tally, despite suffering a broken foot during a match against Portsmouth in November 2002, as his 12 goals helped the club go one step further as they won the play-offs. Blake himself scored in the 3–0 final win over his former club Sheffield United, held at the Millennium Stadium in his birth city of Cardiff.\n\nHis final crack at the Premier League was hindered by a year of niggling injuries that kept him sidelined for the majority of the games. He managed just one goal, against Newcastle United, from 13 appearances as the club proved unable to survive. This relegation gave Blake the unenviable distinction of the player suffering the most Premier League relegations with five different seasons ending in the drop, a record that has since been matched by Hermann Hreiðarsson.\n\nBlake left the club in acrimonious circumstances, having fallen out of favour, Blake fell out with manager Dave Jones after a proposed move to Portsmouth fell through when Wolves continually raised their asking price for Blake before eventually cancelling the deal.\n\nLeicester City\nBlake was released by Wolves upon their relegation in 2004, after making 85 appearances, scoring 26 times in all competitions. He joined fellow relegated club Leicester City on a one-year contract after having also had a trial at Sunderland. His opportunities here were mostly only as a substitute and he never scored a league goal for the Foxes, but did score once in a League Cup defeat to Preston North End. Failing to make an impact, he was instead loaned out to Leeds United in January 2005, where he managed the final goal of his league career against Coventry City. His loan was cut short by a ruptured hamstring and he returned to Leicester, but did not feature again before being released by the club in June 2005.\n\nNewport County\nHis professional career derailed as he was given a six-month suspension in August 2005 for testing positive for a recreational drug. After serving his suspension, he had a trial at Stoke City but decided he was unwilling to commit to playing full-time anymore. Instead, he spent two months playing for non-league Newport County, where he had originally been a trainee, before his deal ended in October 2006.\n\nInternational career\nBorn in Wales and of Jamaican descent, Blake won 29 caps for Wales, scoring four times. He made his debut on 9 March 1994 in a 3–1 friendly loss to Norway, that marked the only game of John Toshack's first spell in charge. He scored his first goal against Moldova in a 3–1 Euro 96 qualifying defeat. Blake refused to play for Wales team manager Bobby Gould after accusing Gould of making a racist comment in training. His other three international goals came against Turkey (August 1997), Norway (October 2000) and Poland (June 2001). He also set the unfortunate record of being the first Welsh player to score an international goal at Wales' Millennium Stadium when he put through his own net against Finland on 29 March 2000.\n\nHe announced his retirement in September 2004, ten months after playing his final match in the Euro 2004 play-off loss to Russia.\n\n Outside football \nOn 27 January 2012, following several race related scandals in the English game, Blake came out to say whilst he was a player he was sent a racially motivated death threat after withdrawing from a Wales squad.\n\nBlake won the award for Best Supporting Actor at Film Fest Cymru 2014 for his role in short film The Homing Bird, in which he plays a football coach. He had been nominated the previous year in the same category for his debut role in Say It.\n\nIn 2014 Blake graduated from the FA-funded Corporate Governance course On Board, aimed at getting more ex-professionals and more diverse backgrounds represented on football boards. In 2015 Blake returned to Newport County for five months as a non-executive Director advising on football decisions, including the appointment of a permanent successor to Justin Edinburgh. He remained at the club until the Supporters Trust took control of the club later in the year. Later that year he became chairman of County in the Community.\n\nBlake has been a bit of a figure on the issue of race in football. In May 2020 he voiced his support for footballers Troy Deeney, Raheem Sterling, and Danny Rose who all expressed reluctance to return to training due to the disproportionate threat of COVID-19 to their families. In October 2020, Blake criticised former club Newport County for not taking the knee in their League Two fixture against Tranmere Rovers, despite the town having \"probably one of the biggest black populations in Great Britain\". County Chairman Gavin Foxall responded by clarifying he thought it had been a decision for \"the referee [...] agreed with the two captains\", but that the \"club is fully behind the campaign\".\n\nBlake has worked for Wales Online reporting on Cardiff City, BBC Wales, BBC 5 Live, and Sky Sports. In October 2020 he presented a programme on BBC Wales titled Wales' Black Miners.\n\nPersonal life\nBlake grew up in the \"tough\" neighbourhood of Ringland in Newport. He nevertheless states he \"would choose my upbringing 100 times out of 100 - it was amazing\". He noted the existence of racism in his childhood, such as being called a \"n*****\" at the age of seven, and not being considered academically capable at school, but praised the community spirit among those growing up on the estate. Before breaking through as a footballer, Blake fell foul of the law and was prosecuted for theft from a fruit machine in London.\n\nFollowing his retirement from professional football in 2006, he set up and runs his own property management company in his native Wales. He is also involved in a football agency and has three children.\n\nHonoursBolton Wanderers First Division: 1996–97Wolverhampton Wanderers Football League Championship; 2002–03 play-off winnersCardiff City: Football League Division Three: 1992–93\n Welsh Cup: 1990–91, 1991–92Blackburn Rovers'\n Football League Championship: runner-up 2000–01\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1972 births\nWelsh men's footballers\nBlack British sportsmen\nBlackburn Rovers F.C. players\nBolton Wanderers F.C. players\nWelsh sportspeople in doping cases\nCardiff City F.C. players\nChelsea F.C. players\nDoping cases in association football\nFootballers from Cardiff\nLeeds United F.C. players\nLeicester City F.C. players\nLiving people\nNewport County A.F.C. players\nPremier League players\nSheffield United F.C. players\nEnglish Football League players\nWales men's international footballers\nWolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players\nMen's association football forwards\nWelsh people of Jamaican descent\nBritish sportspeople of Jamaican descent",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Doug DeWitt
|
Doug DeWitt (born August 13, 1961) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1980 to 1992, holding the inaugural WBO middleweight title from 1989 to 1990.
Career
DeWitt made his professional debut in 1980 & compiled a record of 30–6–4 before winning the inaugural WBO middleweight title. He would lose the title in his second defense to British boxer Nigel Benn.
Professional boxing record
See also
List of world middleweight boxing champions
References
External links
|-
1961 births
Living people
American male boxers
Boxers from Youngstown, Ohio
Sportspeople from Yonkers, New York
Boxers from New York (state)
World middleweight boxing champions
Middleweight boxers
World Boxing Organization champions
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Doug DeWitt",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Doug DeWitt (born August 13, 1961) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1980 to 1992, holding the inaugural WBO middleweight title from 1989 to 1990.\n\nCareer\nDeWitt made his professional debut in 1980 & compiled a record of 30–6–4 before winning the inaugural WBO middleweight title. He would lose the title in his second defense to British boxer Nigel Benn.\n\nProfessional boxing record\n\nSee also\nList of world middleweight boxing champions\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n\n|-\n\n1961 births\nLiving people\nAmerican male boxers\nBoxers from Youngstown, Ohio\nSportspeople from Yonkers, New York\nBoxers from New York (state)\nWorld middleweight boxing champions\nMiddleweight boxers\nWorld Boxing Organization champions",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Refuse-derived fuel
|
Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) is a fuel produced from various types of waste such as municipal solid waste (MSW), industrial waste or commercial waste.
The World Business Council for Sustainable Development provides a definition:
"Selected waste and by-products with recoverable calorific value can be used as fuels in a cement kiln, replacing a portion of conventional fossil fuels, like coal, if they meet strict specifications. Sometimes they can only be used after pre-processing to provide ‘tailor-made’ fuels for the cement process".
RDF consists largely of combustible components of such waste, as non recyclable plastics (not including PVC), paper cardboard, labels, and other corrugated materials. These fractions are separated by different processing steps, such as screening, air classification, ballistic separation, separation of ferrous and non ferrous materials, glass, stones and other foreign materials and shredding into a uniform grain size, or also pelletized in order to produce a homogeneous material which can be used as substitute for fossil fuels in e.g. cement plants, lime plants, coal fired power plants or as reduction agent in steel furnaces. If documented according to CEN/TC 343 it can be labeled as solid recovered fuels (SRF).
Others describe the properties, such as:
Secondary fuels
Substitute fuels
“AF“ as an abbreviation for alternative fuels
Ultimately most of the designations are only general paraphrases for alternative fuels which are either waste-derived or biomass-derived.
There is no universal exact classification or specification which is used for such materials. Even legislative authorities have not yet established any exact guidelines on the type and composition of alternative fuels. The first approaches towards classification or specification are to be found in Germany (Bundesgütegemeinschaft für Sekundärbrennstoffe) as well as at European level (European Recovered Fuel Organisation). These approaches which are initiated primarily by the producers of alternative fuels, follow a correct approach: Only through an exactly defined standardisation in the composition of such materials can both production and utilisation be uniform worldwide.
First approaches towards alternative fuel classification:
Solid recovered fuels are part of RDF in the fact that it is produced to reach a standard such as CEN/343 ANAS. A comprehensive review is now available on SRF / RDF production, quality standards and thermal recovery, including statistics on European SRF quality.
History
In the 1950s tyres were used for the first time as refuse derived fuel in the cement industry. Continuous use of various waste-derived alternative fuels then followed in the mid-1980s with “Brennstoff aus Müll“ (BRAM) – fuel from waste – in the Westphalian cement industry in Germany.
At that time the thought of cost reduction through replacement of fossil fuels was the priority as considerable competition pressure weighed down on the industry. Since the eighties the German Cement Works Association (Verein Deutscher Zementwerke e.V. (VDZ, Düsseldorf)) has been documenting the use of alternative fuels in the federal German cement industry. In 1987 less than 5% of fossil fuels were replaced by refuse derived fuels, in 2015 its use increased to almost 62%.
Refuse-derived fuels are used in a wide range of specialized waste to energy facilities, which are using processed refuse-derived fuels with lower calorific values of 8-14MJ/kg in grain sizes of up to 500 mm to produce electricity and thermal energy (heat/steam) for district heating systems or industrial uses.
Processing
Materials such as glass and metals are removed during the treatment processing since they are non-combustible. The metal is removed using a magnet and the glass using mechanical screening. After that, an air knife is used to separate the light materials from the heavy ones. The light materials have higher calorific value and they create the final RDF. The heavy materials will usually continue to a landfill. The residual material can be sold in its processed form (depending on the process treatment) as a plain mixture or it may be compressed into pellet fuel, bricks or logs and used for other purposes either stand-alone or in a recursive recycling process. RDF or SRF is the combustible sub-fraction of municipal solid waste and other similar solid waste, produced using a mix of mechanical and/or biological treatment methods such as biodrying. in mechanical-biological treatment (MBT) plants. During the production of RDF / SRF in MBT plants there are solid loses of otherwise combustible material, which generates a debate whether the production and use of RDF / SRF is resource efficient or not over traditional one-step combustion of residual MSW in incineration (Energy from waste) plants.
The production of RDF may involve the following steps:
Bag splitting/Shredding
Size screening
Magnetic separation
Air classifier (density separation)
Coarse shredding
Refining separation by infrared separation
End markets
RDF can be used in a variety of ways to produce electricity or as a replacement of fossil fuels. It can be used alongside traditional sources of fuel in coal power plants. In Europe RDF can be used in the cement kiln industry, where strict air pollution control standards of the Waste Incineration Directive apply. The main limiting factor for RDF / SRF use in cement kilns is its total chlorine (Cl) content, with mean Cl content in average commercially manufactured SRF being at 0.76 w/w on a dry basis (± 0.14% w/wd, 95% confidence). RDF can also be fed into plasma arc gasification modules & pyrolysis plants. Where the RDF is capable of being combusted cleanly or in compliance with the Kyoto Protocol, RDF can provide a funding source where unused carbon credits are sold on the open market via a carbon exchange. However, the use of municipal waste contracts and the bankability of these solutions is still a relatively new concept, thus RDF's financial advantage may be debatable. The European market for the production of RDF have been grown fast due to the European landfill directive and the imposition of landfill taxes. Refuse derived fuel (RDF) exports from the UK to Europe and beyond are expected to have reached 3.3 million tonnes in 2015, representing a near-500,000 tonnes increase on the previous year.
Measurement of RDF and SRF properties: biogenic content
The biomass fraction of RDF and SRF has a monetary value under multiple greenhouse gas protocols, such as the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme and the Renewable Obligation Certificate program in the United Kingdom. Biomass is considered to be carbon-neutral since the liberated from the combustion of biomass is recycled in plants. The combusted biomass fraction of RDF/SRF is used by stationary combustion operators to reduce their overall reported emissions.
Several methods have been developed by the European CEN 343 working group to determine the biomass fraction of RDF/SRF. The initial two methods developed (CEN/TS 15440) were the manual sorting method and the selective dissolution method; a comparative assessment of these two methods is available. An alternative, but more expensive method was developed using the principles of radiocarbon dating. A technical review (CEN/TR 15591:2007) outlining the carbon-14 method was published in 2007, and a technical standard of the carbon dating method (CEN/TS 15747:2008) was published in 2008. In the United States, there is already an equivalent carbon-14 method under the standard method ASTM D6866.
Although carbon-14 dating can determine the biomass fraction of RDF/SRF, it cannot determine directly the biomass calorific value. Determining the calorific value is important for green certificate programs such as the Renewable Obligation Certificate program. These programs award certificates based on the energy produced from biomass. Several research papers, including the one commissioned by the Renewable Energy Association in the UK, have been published that demonstrate how the carbon-14 result can be used to calculate the biomass calorific value.
Quality assurance of RDF and SRF properties: representative laboratory sub-sampling
There are major challenges related to the quality assurance and especially the accurate determination of the RDF / SRF thermal recovery (combustion) properties, due to their inherently variable (heterogeneous) composition. Recent advances enable optimal sub-sampling schemes to arrive from the SRF / SRF sample of say 1 kg to the g or mg to be tested in the analytical devices such as the bomb calorimetry or TGA. With such solutions representative sub-sampling can be secured, but less so for the chlorine content. The new evidence suggests that the theory of sampling (ToS) may be overestimating the processing effort needed, to obtain a representative sub-sample.
Regional use
Campania
In 2009, in response to the Naples waste management issue in Campania, Italy, the Acerra incineration facility was completed at a cost of over €350 million. The incinerator burns 600,000 tons of waste per year. The energy produced from the facility is enough to power 200,000 households per year.
Iowa
The first full-scale waste-to-energy facility in the US was the Arnold O. Chantland Resource Recovery Plant, built in 1975 located in Ames, Iowa. This plant also produces RDF that is sent to a local power plant for supplemental fuel.
Manchester
The city of Manchester, in the north west of England, is in the process of awarding a contract for the use of RDF which will be produced by proposed mechanical biological treatment facilities as part of a huge PFI contract. The Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority has recently announced there is significant market interest in initial bids for the use of RDF which is projected to be produced in tonnages up to 900,000 tonnes per annum.
Bollnäs
During spring 2008 Bollnäs Ovanåkers Renhållnings AB (BORAB) in Sweden, started their new waste-to-energy plant. Municipal solid waste as well as industrial waste is turned into refuse-derived fuel. The 70,000-80,000 tonnes RDF that is produced per annum is used to power the nearby BFB-plant, which provides the citizens of Bollnäs with electricity and district heating.
Israel
In late March 2017, Israel launched its own RDF plant at the Hiriya Recycling Park; which daily will intake about 1,500 tonnes of household waste, which will amount to around half a million tonnes of waste each year, with an estimated production of 500 tonnes of RDF daily. The plant is part of Israel's "diligent effort to improve and advance waste management in Israel."
United Arab Emirates
In October 2018, the UAE's Ministry of Climate Change and Environment signed a concession agreement with Emirates RDF (BESIX, Tech Group Eco Single Owner, Griffin Refineries) to develop and operate a RDF facility in the Emirate of Umm Al Quwain. The facility will receive 1,000 tons per day of household waste and convert the waste of 550,000 residents from the emirates of Ajman and Umm Al Quwain into RDF. RDF will be used in cement factories to partially replace the traditional use of gas or coal.
See also
Biodrying
Cement kiln
Heavy metals
Isle of Wight gasification facility
Mechanical biological treatment
Mechanical heat treatment
Open burning of waste
Waste-to-energy
References
Incineration
Mechanical biological treatment
Waste treatment technology
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Refuse-derived fuel",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) is a fuel produced from various types of waste such as municipal solid waste (MSW), industrial waste or commercial waste.\n\nThe World Business Council for Sustainable Development provides a definition:\n\n\"Selected waste and by-products with recoverable calorific value can be used as fuels in a cement kiln, replacing a portion of conventional fossil fuels, like coal, if they meet strict specifications. Sometimes they can only be used after pre-processing to provide ‘tailor-made’ fuels for the cement process\".\n\nRDF consists largely of combustible components of such waste, as non recyclable plastics (not including PVC), paper cardboard, labels, and other corrugated materials. These fractions are separated by different processing steps, such as screening, air classification, ballistic separation, separation of ferrous and non ferrous materials, glass, stones and other foreign materials and shredding into a uniform grain size, or also pelletized in order to produce a homogeneous material which can be used as substitute for fossil fuels in e.g. cement plants, lime plants, coal fired power plants or as reduction agent in steel furnaces. If documented according to CEN/TC 343 it can be labeled as solid recovered fuels (SRF).\n\nOthers describe the properties, such as:\n Secondary fuels\n Substitute fuels\n “AF“ as an abbreviation for alternative fuels\n Ultimately most of the designations are only general paraphrases for alternative fuels which are either waste-derived or biomass-derived.\n\nThere is no universal exact classification or specification which is used for such materials. Even legislative authorities have not yet established any exact guidelines on the type and composition of alternative fuels. The first approaches towards classification or specification are to be found in Germany (Bundesgütegemeinschaft für Sekundärbrennstoffe) as well as at European level (European Recovered Fuel Organisation). These approaches which are initiated primarily by the producers of alternative fuels, follow a correct approach: Only through an exactly defined standardisation in the composition of such materials can both production and utilisation be uniform worldwide.\n\nFirst approaches towards alternative fuel classification:\n\nSolid recovered fuels are part of RDF in the fact that it is produced to reach a standard such as CEN/343 ANAS. A comprehensive review is now available on SRF / RDF production, quality standards and thermal recovery, including statistics on European SRF quality.\n\nHistory \n\nIn the 1950s tyres were used for the first time as refuse derived fuel in the cement industry. Continuous use of various waste-derived alternative fuels then followed in the mid-1980s with “Brennstoff aus Müll“ (BRAM) – fuel from waste – in the Westphalian cement industry in Germany.\n\nAt that time the thought of cost reduction through replacement of fossil fuels was the priority as considerable competition pressure weighed down on the industry. Since the eighties the German Cement Works Association (Verein Deutscher Zementwerke e.V. (VDZ, Düsseldorf)) has been documenting the use of alternative fuels in the federal German cement industry. In 1987 less than 5% of fossil fuels were replaced by refuse derived fuels, in 2015 its use increased to almost 62%.\n\nRefuse-derived fuels are used in a wide range of specialized waste to energy facilities, which are using processed refuse-derived fuels with lower calorific values of 8-14MJ/kg in grain sizes of up to 500 mm to produce electricity and thermal energy (heat/steam) for district heating systems or industrial uses.\n\nProcessing\n\nMaterials such as glass and metals are removed during the treatment processing since they are non-combustible. The metal is removed using a magnet and the glass using mechanical screening. After that, an air knife is used to separate the light materials from the heavy ones. The light materials have higher calorific value and they create the final RDF. The heavy materials will usually continue to a landfill. The residual material can be sold in its processed form (depending on the process treatment) as a plain mixture or it may be compressed into pellet fuel, bricks or logs and used for other purposes either stand-alone or in a recursive recycling process. RDF or SRF is the combustible sub-fraction of municipal solid waste and other similar solid waste, produced using a mix of mechanical and/or biological treatment methods such as biodrying. in mechanical-biological treatment (MBT) plants. During the production of RDF / SRF in MBT plants there are solid loses of otherwise combustible material, which generates a debate whether the production and use of RDF / SRF is resource efficient or not over traditional one-step combustion of residual MSW in incineration (Energy from waste) plants.\n\nThe production of RDF may involve the following steps:\n Bag splitting/Shredding\n Size screening\n Magnetic separation\n Air classifier (density separation)\n Coarse shredding\n Refining separation by infrared separation\n\nEnd markets\n\nRDF can be used in a variety of ways to produce electricity or as a replacement of fossil fuels. It can be used alongside traditional sources of fuel in coal power plants. In Europe RDF can be used in the cement kiln industry, where strict air pollution control standards of the Waste Incineration Directive apply. The main limiting factor for RDF / SRF use in cement kilns is its total chlorine (Cl) content, with mean Cl content in average commercially manufactured SRF being at 0.76 w/w on a dry basis (± 0.14% w/wd, 95% confidence). RDF can also be fed into plasma arc gasification modules & pyrolysis plants. Where the RDF is capable of being combusted cleanly or in compliance with the Kyoto Protocol, RDF can provide a funding source where unused carbon credits are sold on the open market via a carbon exchange. However, the use of municipal waste contracts and the bankability of these solutions is still a relatively new concept, thus RDF's financial advantage may be debatable. The European market for the production of RDF have been grown fast due to the European landfill directive and the imposition of landfill taxes. Refuse derived fuel (RDF) exports from the UK to Europe and beyond are expected to have reached 3.3 million tonnes in 2015, representing a near-500,000 tonnes increase on the previous year.\n\nMeasurement of RDF and SRF properties: biogenic content\nThe biomass fraction of RDF and SRF has a monetary value under multiple greenhouse gas protocols, such as the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme and the Renewable Obligation Certificate program in the United Kingdom. Biomass is considered to be carbon-neutral since the liberated from the combustion of biomass is recycled in plants. The combusted biomass fraction of RDF/SRF is used by stationary combustion operators to reduce their overall reported emissions.\n\nSeveral methods have been developed by the European CEN 343 working group to determine the biomass fraction of RDF/SRF. The initial two methods developed (CEN/TS 15440) were the manual sorting method and the selective dissolution method; a comparative assessment of these two methods is available. An alternative, but more expensive method was developed using the principles of radiocarbon dating. A technical review (CEN/TR 15591:2007) outlining the carbon-14 method was published in 2007, and a technical standard of the carbon dating method (CEN/TS 15747:2008) was published in 2008. In the United States, there is already an equivalent carbon-14 method under the standard method ASTM D6866.\n\nAlthough carbon-14 dating can determine the biomass fraction of RDF/SRF, it cannot determine directly the biomass calorific value. Determining the calorific value is important for green certificate programs such as the Renewable Obligation Certificate program. These programs award certificates based on the energy produced from biomass. Several research papers, including the one commissioned by the Renewable Energy Association in the UK, have been published that demonstrate how the carbon-14 result can be used to calculate the biomass calorific value.\n\nQuality assurance of RDF and SRF properties: representative laboratory sub-sampling\nThere are major challenges related to the quality assurance and especially the accurate determination of the RDF / SRF thermal recovery (combustion) properties, due to their inherently variable (heterogeneous) composition. Recent advances enable optimal sub-sampling schemes to arrive from the SRF / SRF sample of say 1 kg to the g or mg to be tested in the analytical devices such as the bomb calorimetry or TGA. With such solutions representative sub-sampling can be secured, but less so for the chlorine content. The new evidence suggests that the theory of sampling (ToS) may be overestimating the processing effort needed, to obtain a representative sub-sample.\n\nRegional use\n\nCampania\nIn 2009, in response to the Naples waste management issue in Campania, Italy, the Acerra incineration facility was completed at a cost of over €350 million. The incinerator burns 600,000 tons of waste per year. The energy produced from the facility is enough to power 200,000 households per year.\n\nIowa\nThe first full-scale waste-to-energy facility in the US was the Arnold O. Chantland Resource Recovery Plant, built in 1975 located in Ames, Iowa. This plant also produces RDF that is sent to a local power plant for supplemental fuel.\n\nManchester\nThe city of Manchester, in the north west of England, is in the process of awarding a contract for the use of RDF which will be produced by proposed mechanical biological treatment facilities as part of a huge PFI contract. The Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority has recently announced there is significant market interest in initial bids for the use of RDF which is projected to be produced in tonnages up to 900,000 tonnes per annum.\n\nBollnäs\nDuring spring 2008 Bollnäs Ovanåkers Renhållnings AB (BORAB) in Sweden, started their new waste-to-energy plant. Municipal solid waste as well as industrial waste is turned into refuse-derived fuel. The 70,000-80,000 tonnes RDF that is produced per annum is used to power the nearby BFB-plant, which provides the citizens of Bollnäs with electricity and district heating.\n\nIsrael\nIn late March 2017, Israel launched its own RDF plant at the Hiriya Recycling Park; which daily will intake about 1,500 tonnes of household waste, which will amount to around half a million tonnes of waste each year, with an estimated production of 500 tonnes of RDF daily. The plant is part of Israel's \"diligent effort to improve and advance waste management in Israel.\"\n\nUnited Arab Emirates \nIn October 2018, the UAE's Ministry of Climate Change and Environment signed a concession agreement with Emirates RDF (BESIX, Tech Group Eco Single Owner, Griffin Refineries) to develop and operate a RDF facility in the Emirate of Umm Al Quwain. The facility will receive 1,000 tons per day of household waste and convert the waste of 550,000 residents from the emirates of Ajman and Umm Al Quwain into RDF. RDF will be used in cement factories to partially replace the traditional use of gas or coal.\n\nSee also \n Biodrying\n Cement kiln\n Heavy metals\n Isle of Wight gasification facility\n Mechanical biological treatment\n Mechanical heat treatment\n Open burning of waste\n Waste-to-energy\n\nReferences\n\nIncineration\nMechanical biological treatment\nWaste treatment technology",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry%20Bonds
|
Barry Lamar Bonds (born July 24, 1964) is an American former professional baseball left fielder who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB). Bonds was a member of the Pittsburgh Pirates from 1986 to 1992 and the San Francisco Giants from 1993 to 2007. He is considered to be one of the greatest baseball players of all time.
Recognized as an all-around player, Bonds received a record seven National League (NL) Most Valuable Player Awards and 12 Silver Slugger Awards, along with 14 All-Star selections. He holds many MLB hitting records, including most career home runs (762), most home runs in a single season (73, set in 2001), and most career walks. Bonds led MLB in on-base plus slugging six times and placed within the top five hitters in 12 of his 17 qualifying seasons. For his defensive play in the outfield, he won eight Gold Glove Awards. He also had 514 stolen bases, becoming the first and only MLB player to date with at least 500 home runs and 500 stolen bases. Bonds is ranked first in career Wins Above Replacement among all major league position players by Baseball-Reference.com and second by FanGraphs, behind only Babe Ruth.
Despite his accolades, Bonds led a controversial career, notably as a central figure in baseball's steroids scandal. He was indicted in 2007 on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice for allegedly lying to a grand jury during the federal government's investigation of BALCO, a manufacturer of an undetectable steroid. After the perjury charges were dropped, Bonds was convicted of obstruction of justice in 2011, but the conviction was overturned in 2015. During his 10 years of eligibility, he did not receive the 75% of the vote needed to be elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame. Some voters of the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) stated they did not vote for Bonds because he used performance-enhancing drugs.
Early life
Bonds was born in Riverside, California, to Patricia (née Howard) and former major leaguer Bobby Bonds, and grew up in San Carlos and attended Junípero Serra High School in San Mateo, where he excelled in baseball, basketball, and football. He played on the junior varsity team during his freshman year and on the varsity team for the remainder of his high school career. He garnered a .467 batting average his senior year, and was named prep All-American. The Giants drafted Bonds in the second round of the 1982 MLB draft as a high school senior but the Giants and Bonds were unable to agree on contract terms when Tom Haller's maximum offer was $70,000 ($ today) and Bonds's minimum to go pro was $75,000, so Bonds instead decided to attend college.
College career
Bonds attended Arizona State University, hitting .347 with 45 home runs and 175 runs batted in (RBI). In 1984 he batted .360 and had 30 stolen bases. In 1985, he hit 23 home runs with 66 RBIs and a .368 batting average. He was a Sporting News All-American selection that year. He tied the NCAA record with seven consecutive hits in the College World Series as a sophomore and was named to All-Time College World Series Team in 1996.
Bonds was not well-liked by his Sun Devil teammates, in part because in the words of longtime coach Jim Brock, he was "rude, inconsiderate and self-centered." When he was suspended for breaking curfew, the other players initially voted against his return even though he was easily the best player on the team.
He graduated from Arizona State in 1986 with a degree in criminology. He was named ASU On Deck Circle Most Valuable Player; other winners include Dustin Pedroia, Willie Bloomquist, Paul Lo Duca, and Ike Davis. During college, he played part of one summer in the amateur Alaska Baseball League with the Alaska Goldpanners.
Professional career
Draft and minor leagues
The Pittsburgh Pirates drafted Bonds as the sixth overall pick of the 1985 Major League Baseball draft. He joined the Prince William Pirates of the Carolina League and was named July 1985 Player of the Month for the league. In 1986, he hit .311 in 44 games for the Hawaii Islanders of the Pacific Coast League.
Pittsburgh Pirates (1986–1992)
Before Bonds made it to the major leagues in Pittsburgh, Pirate fan attendance was low, with 1984 and 1985 attendance below 10,000 per game for the 81-game home schedule, with attendance woes being a combination of the economic problems of Western Pennsylvania in the early 1980s as well as the Pittsburgh drug trials that directly affected the Pirates going from World Series champions to nearly relocating to Denver in only six years. Bonds made his major league debut on May 30, 1986. In 1986, Bonds led National League (NL) rookies with 16 home runs, 48 RBI, 36 stolen bases, and 65 walks, but he finished 6th in Rookie of the Year voting. He played center field in 1986 but switched to left field with the arrival of centerfielder Andy Van Slyke in 1987.
In his early years, Bonds batted as the leadoff hitter. With Van Slyke also in the outfield, the Pirates had a venerable defensive tandem that worked together to cover a lot of ground on the field although they were not close off the field. The Pirates experienced a surge in fan enthusiasm with Bonds on the team and set the club attendance record of 52,119 in the 1987 home opener. That year, he hit 25 home runs in his second season, along with 32 stolen bases and 59 RBIs.
Bonds improved in 1988, hitting .283 with 24 home runs. The Pirates broke the record set the previous year with 54,089 attending the home opener. Bonds now fit into a highly respected lineup featuring Bobby Bonilla, Van Slyke, and Jay Bell. He finished with 19 homers, 58 RBIs, and 14 outfield assists in 1989, which was second in the NL. Following the season, rumors that he would be traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers for Jeff Hamilton and John Wetteland, but the team denied the rumors and no such trade occurred.
Bonds won his first MVP Award in 1990, hitting .301 with 33 home runs and 114 RBIs. He also stole 52 bases, which was third in the league, to become a first-time member of the 30–30 club. He won his first Gold Glove Award and Silver Slugger Award. That year, the Pirates won the National League East title for their first postseason berth since winning the 1979 World Series. However, the Cincinnati Reds, whose last post-season berth had also been in 1979 when they lost to the Pirates in that year's NLCS, defeated the Pirates in the NLCS en route to winning the 1990 World Series.
In 1991, Bonds also put up great numbers, hitting 25 homers and driving in 116 runs, and obtained another Gold Glove and Silver Slugger. He finished second to the Atlanta Braves' Terry Pendleton (the NL batting champion) in the MVP voting.
In March 1992, Pirates general manager Ted Simmons agreed to a deal with Atlanta Braves counterpart John Schuerholz to trade Bonds, in exchange for Alejandro Peña, Keith Mitchell, and a player to be named later. Pirates manager Jim Leyland opposed the trade vehemently, and the proposal was rescinded. Bonds stayed with Pittsburgh and won his second MVP award that season. While hitting .311 with 34 homers and 103 RBIs, he propelled the Pirates to their third straight National League East division title. However, Pittsburgh was defeated by the Braves in a seven-game National League Championship Series. Bonds participated in the final play of Game 7 of the NLCS, whereby he fielded a base hit by Francisco Cabrera and attempted to throw out Sid Bream at home plate. But the throw to Pirates catcher Mike LaValliere was late and Bream scored the winning run. For the third consecutive season, the NL East Champion Pirates were denied a trip to the World Series. Following the loss, Bonds and star teammate Doug Drabek were expected to command salaries too high for Pittsburgh to again sign them.
Bonds was never well-liked by reporters or fans while in Pittsburgh, despite winning two MVP awards. One paper even gave him an "award" as the "MDP" (Most Despised Pirate).
San Francisco Giants (1993–2007)
1993 season
In 1993, Bonds left the Pirates to sign a lucrative free agent contract worth a then-record $43.75 million (equivalent to $ million in ) over six years with the Giants, with whom his father had spent the first seven years of his career, and with whom his godfather Willie Mays played 22 of his 24 Major League seasons. The deal was at that time the largest in baseball history, in terms of both total value and average annual salary.
Once he signed with the Giants, Bonds had intended to wear the number 24, his number during most of his stay with the Pirates and, after receiving Mays's blessing, the Giants were willing to unretire it until the public commotion from fans and media became too much. To honor his father, Bonds switched his jersey number to 25, as it had been Bobby's number in San Francisco.
In an emotional press conference announcing the signing, Bonds described joining the Giants as going "home" and following in the footsteps of his father and godfather as "unbelievable" and "a boyhood dream come true."
Bonds hit .336 in 1993, leading the league with 46 home runs and 123 RBI en route to his second consecutive MVP award, and third overall. As good as the Giants were (winning 103 games), the Atlanta Braves won 104 in what some call the last great pennant race (because the wild card was instituted the year after).
1994 season
In the strike-shortened season of 1994, Bonds hit .312 with 37 home runs and a league-leading 74 walks, and he finished 4th in MVP voting.
1995 season
In 1995, Bonds hit 33 homers and drove in 104 runs, hitting .294 but finished only 12th in MVP voting. In 1994, he appeared in a small role as himself in the television film Jane's House, starring James Woods and Anne Archer.
1996 season
In 1996, Bonds became the first National League player and second major league player (of the current list of four) to hit 40 home runs and steal 40 bases in the same season. The other members of the 40–40 club are José Canseco (1988), Alex Rodriguez (1998), and Alfonso Soriano (2006). His father Bobby Bonds was one home run short in 1973 when he hit 39 home runs and stole 43 bases.
Bonds hit his 300th and 301st home runs off the Florida Marlins' John Burkett on April 27. He became the fourth player in history to join the 300–300 club with 300 stolen bases and 300 home runs for a career, joining Willie Mays, Andre Dawson, and his father. Bonds's totals for the season included 129 runs driven in, a .308 average and a then-National League record 151 walks. He finished fifth in the MVP balloting.
1997 season
In 1997, Bonds hit .291, his lowest average since 1989. He hit 40 home runs for the second straight year and drove in 101 runs, leading the league in walks again with 145. He also stole 37 bases, tying his father for having the most 30–30 seasons (5), and he again placed fifth in the MVP balloting.
1998 season
With two outs in the 9th inning of a game against the Arizona Diamondbacks on May 28, 1998, Bonds became only the fifth player in baseball history to be given an intentional walk with the bases loaded. Nap Lajoie (1901), Del Bissonette (1928) and Bill Nicholson (1944) were three others in the 20th century who received that rare honor. The first to receive one was Abner Dalrymple in 1881.
On August 23, Bonds hit his 400th career home run. By doing so, he became the first player ever to enter the 400–400 club by having career totals of 400 home runs and 400 stolen bases; he is still the only player to have achieved this feat. The milestone home run came off Kirt Ojala, who, like Burkett, was pitching for the Marlins. For the season, he hit .303 with 37 home runs and drove in 122 runs, winning his eighth Gold Glove, He finished 8th in the MVP voting.
1999 season
1999 marked a career-low, up to that point, for Bonds in terms of playing time. Bonds started off the 1999 season hitting well by batting .366 in the month of April with 4 home runs and 12 RBIs in the Giants' first 12 games of the season. But on April 18 he was placed on the 15-day disabled list for only the 2nd time in his career up to that point. Bonds had suffered a torn tendon in his biceps as well as bone spurs in his elbow, both of which required surgery and cost him the rest of April and all of May.
Upon returning to action on June 9, Bonds struggled somewhat at the plate for the remainder of the 1999 season. A series of nagging injuries including elbow pain, knee inflammation and groin issues hampered his play. Only hitting .248 after his return from the disabled list, he still managed to slug 34 home runs, drive in 83 runs as well as hit for a .617 slugging percentage, despite missing nearly two full months with injuries and only playing in 102 games.
Bill James ranked Bonds as the best player of the 1990s. He added that the decade's second-best player, Craig Biggio, had been closer in production to the decade's 10th-best player than to Bonds. In 1999, with statistics through 1997 being considered, Bonds ranked Number 34 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, making him the highest-ranking active player.
When the Sporting News list was redone in 2005, Bonds was ranked 6th behind Babe Ruth, Willie Mays, Ty Cobb, Walter Johnson, and Hank Aaron. Bonds was omitted from 1999's Major League Baseball All-Century Team, to which Ken Griffey Jr. was elected. James wrote of Bonds, "Certainly the most unappreciated superstar of my lifetime. ... Griffey has always been more popular, but Bonds has been a far, far greater player." In 1999, he rated Bonds as the 16th-best player of all time. "When people begin to take in all of his accomplishments", he predicted, "Bonds may well be rated among the five greatest players in the history of the game."
2000 season
In 2000, the following year, Bonds hit .306 with career bests through that time in both slugging percentage (.688) and home runs (49) in just 143 games. He also drew a league-leading 117 walks.
2001 season
The next year, Bonds's offensive production reached even higher levels, breaking not only his own personal records but several major league records. In the Giants' first 50 games in 2001, he hit 28 home runs, including 17 in May—a career high. This early stretch included his 500th home run hit on April 17 against Terry Adams of the Los Angeles Dodgers. He also hit 39 home runs by the All-star break (a major league record), drew a major league record 177 walks, and had a .515 on-base average, a feat not seen since Mickey Mantle and Ted Williams over forty years earlier. Bonds' slugging percentage was a major league record .863 (411 total bases in 476 at-bats), and he ended the season with a major league record 73 home runs.
On October 4, by homering off Wilfredo Rodríguez in the 159th game of the season, Bonds tied the previous record of 70 set by Mark McGwire—which McGwire set in the 162nd game in 1998. He then hit numbers 71 and 72 the following night off Chan Ho Park. Bonds added his 73rd off Dennis Springer on October 7. The ball was later sold to toy manufacturer Todd McFarlane for $450,000. He previously bought Mark McGwire's 70th home run ball from 1998. Bonds received the Babe Ruth Home Run Award for leading MLB in home runs that season.
2002 season
Bonds re-signed with the Giants for a five-year, $90 million contract in January 2002. He hit five home runs in the Giants' first four games of the season, tying Lou Brock's 35-year record for most home runs after four games. He won the NL batting title with a career-high .370 average and struck out only 47 times. He hit 46 home runs in 403 at-bats.
Despite playing in nine fewer games than the previous season, he drew 198 walks, a major-league record; 68 of them were intentional walks, surpassing Willie McCovey's 45 in 1969 for another Major League record. He slugged .799, then the fourth-highest total all time. Bonds broke Ted Williams' major league record for on-base average with .582. Bonds also hit his 600th home run, less than a year and a half after hitting his 500th. The home run came on August 9 at home against Kip Wells of the Pirates.
2002 postseason
Bonds batted .322 with eight home runs, 16 RBI, and 27 walks in the postseason en route to the 2002 World Series, which the Giants lost 4–3 to the Anaheim Angels.
2003 season
In 2003, Bonds played in just 130 games. He hit 45 home runs in just 390 at-bats, along with a .341 batting average. He slugged .749, walked 148 times, and had an on-base average well over .500 (.529) for the third straight year. He also became the only member of the career 500 home run/500 stolen base club by stealing second base on June 23 off of pitcher Éric Gagné in the 11th inning of a tied ball game against the Los Angeles Dodgers (against whom Bonds had tallied his 500th home run). Bonds scored the game-winning run later that inning.
2004 season
In 2004, Bonds had perhaps his best season. He hit .362 en route to his second National League batting title, and broke his own record by walking 232 times (including a MLB record 120 intentional walks). He slugged .812, which was fourth-highest of all time, and broke his on-base percentage record with a .609 average. Bonds passed Mays on the career home run list by hitting his 661st off of Ben Ford on April 13. He then hit his 700th off of Jake Peavy on September 17. Bonds hit 45 home runs in 373 at-bats, and struck out just 41 times, putting himself in elite company, as few major leaguers have ever had more home runs than strikeouts in a season. Bonds would win his fourth consecutive MVP award and his seventh overall. His seven MVP awards are four more than any other player in history. In addition, no other player from either league has been awarded the MVP four times in a row. (The MVP award was first given in 1931). The 40-year-old Bonds also broke Willie Stargell's 25-year record as the oldest player to win a Most Valuable Player Award (Stargell, at 39 years, 8 months, was National League co-MVP with Keith Hernandez in 1979). On July 4, he tied and passed Rickey Henderson's career bases on balls record with his 2190th and 2191st career walks.
As Bonds neared Aaron's record, Aaron was called on for his opinion of Bonds. He clarified that he was a fan and admirer of Bonds and avoided the controversy regarding whether the record should be denoted with an asterisk for Bonds's alleged steroid usage. He felt recognition and respect for the award was something to be determined by the fans. As the steroid controversy received greater media attention during the offseason before the 2005 season, Aaron expressed some reservations about the statements Bonds made on the issue. Aaron expressed that he felt drug and steroid use to boost athletic performance was inappropriate. Aaron was frustrated that the media could not focus on events that occurred in the field of play and wished drugs or gambling allegations such as those associated with Pete Rose could be emphasized less. In 2007, Aaron felt the whole steroid use issue was very controversial and decided that he would not attend any possible record-breaking games. Aaron congratulated Bonds through the media including a video played on the scoreboard when Bonds eventually broke Aaron's record in August 2007.
2005 season
Bonds's salary for the 2005 season was $22 million, the second-highest salary in Major League Baseball (the Yankees' Alex Rodriguez earned the highest, $25.2 million).
Bonds endured a knee injury, multiple surgeries, and rehabilitation. He was activated on September 12 and started in left field. In his return against the San Diego Padres, he nearly hit a home run in his first at-bat. Bonds finished the night 1-for-4. Upon his return, Bonds resumed his high-caliber performance at the plate, hitting home runs in four consecutive games from September 18 to 21 and finishing with five homers in only 14 games.
2006 season
In 2006, Bonds earned $20 million (not including bonuses), the fourth-highest salary in baseball. Through the 2006 season he had earned approximately $172 million during his then 21-year career, making him baseball's all-time highest-paid player. Bonds hit under .200 for his first 10 games of the season and did not hit a home run until April 22. This 10-game stretch was his longest home run slump since the 1998 season. On May 7, Bonds drew within one home run of tying Babe Ruth for second place on the all-time list, hitting his 713th career home run into the second level of Citizens Bank Park in Philadelphia, off pitcher Jon Lieber in a game in which the Giants lost to the Philadelphia Phillies. The towering home run—one of the longest in Citizens Bank Park's two-season history, traveling an estimated 450 feet (140 m)—hit off the facade of the third deck in right field.
On May 20, Bonds hit his 714th career home run to deep right field to lead off the top of the 2nd inning, tying Ruth for second all-time. The home run came off left-handed pitcher Brad Halsey of the Oakland A's, in an interleague game played in Oakland, California. Since this was an interleague game at an American League stadium, Bonds was batting as the designated hitter in the lineup for the Giants. Bonds was quoted after the game as being "glad it's over with" and stated that more attention could be focused on Albert Pujols, who was on a very rapid home run pace in early 2006.
On May 28, Bonds passed Ruth, hitting his 715th career home run to center field off Colorado Rockies pitcher Byung-hyun Kim. The ball was hit an estimated 445 feet (140 m) into center field where it went through the hands of several fans but then fell onto an elevated platform in center field. Then it rolled off the platform where Andrew Morbitzer, a 38-year-old San Francisco resident, caught the ball while he was in line at a concession stand. Mysteriously, radio broadcaster Dave Flemming's radio play-by-play of the home run went silent just as the ball was hit, apparently from a microphone failure. But the televised version, called by Giants broadcaster Duane Kuiper, was not affected.
On September 22, Bonds tied Henry Aaron's National League career home run record of 733. The home run came in the top of the 6th inning of a high-scoring game against the Milwaukee Brewers, at Miller Park in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The achievement was notable for its occurrence in the very city where Aaron began (with the Milwaukee Braves) and concluded (with the Brewers, then in the American League) his career. With the Giants trailing 10–8, Bonds hit a blast to deep center field on a 2–0 pitch off the Brewers' Chris Spurling with runners on first and second and one out. Though the Giants were at the time clinging to only a slim chance of making the playoffs, Bonds's home run provided the additional drama of giving the Giants an 11–10 lead late in a critical game in the final days of a pennant race. The Brewers eventually won the game, 13–12, though Bonds went 3-for-5, with two doubles, the record-tying home run, and six runs batted in.
On September 23, Bonds surpassed Aaron for the NL career home run record. Hit in Milwaukee like the previous one, this was a solo home run off Chris Capuano of the Brewers. This was the last home run Bonds hit in 2006. In 2006, Bonds recorded his lowest slugging percentage (a statistic that he had historically ranked among league leaders season after season) since 1991 with the Pittsburgh Pirates.
In January 2007, the New York Daily News reported that Bonds had tested positive for amphetamines. Under baseball's amphetamine policy, which had been in effect for one season, players testing positive were to submit to six additional tests and undergo treatment and counseling. The policy also stated that players were not to be identified for a first positive test, but the New York Daily News leaked the test's results. When the Players Association informed Bonds of the test results, he initially attributed it to a substance he had taken from the locker of Giants teammate Mark Sweeney, but would later retract this claim and publicly apologize to Sweeney.
2007 season
On January 29, 2007, the Giants finalized a contract with Bonds for the 2007 season. After the commissioner's office rejected Bonds's one-year, $15.8 million deal because it contained a personal-appearance provision, the team sent revised documents to his agent, Jeff Borris, who stated that "At this time, Barry is not signing the new documents." Bonds signed a revised one-year, $15.8 million contract on February 15 and reported to the Giants' Spring training camp on time.
Bonds resumed his march to the all-time record early in the 2007 season. In the season opener on April 3, all he had was a first-inning single past third base with the infield shifted right, immediately followed by a stolen base and then thrown out at home on a baserunning mistake, followed by a deep fly-out to left field, late in the game. Bonds regrouped the next day with his first at-bat in the second game of the season at the Giants' AT&T Park. Bonds hit a pitch from Chris Young of the San Diego Padres just over the wall to the left of straight-away center field for career home run 735. This home run put Bonds past the midway point between Ruth and Aaron.
Bonds did not homer again until April 13, when he hit two (736 and 737) in a 3 -or-3 night that included 4 RBI against the Pittsburgh Pirates. Bonds splashed a pitch by St. Louis Cardinals pitcher Ryan Franklin into McCovey Cove on April 18 for home run 738. Home runs number 739 and 740 came in back to back games on April 21 and 22 against the Arizona Diamondbacks.
The hype surrounding Bonds's pursuit of the home run record escalated on May 14. On this day, Sports Auction for Heritage (a Dallas-based auction house) offered US$1 million to the fan who would catch Bonds's record-breaking 756th-career home run. The million-dollar offer was rescinded on June 11 out of concern of fan safety. Home run 748 came on Father's Day, June 17, in the final game of a three-game road series against the Boston Red Sox at Fenway Park, where Bonds had never previously played. With this homer, Fenway Park became the 36th major league ballpark in which Bonds had hit a home run. He hit a Tim Wakefield knuckleball just over the low fence into the Giant's bullpen in right field. It was his first home run off his former Pittsburgh Pirate teammate, who became the 441st different pitcher to surrender a four-bagger to Bonds. The 750th career home run, hit on June 29, also came off a former teammate: Liván Hernández. The blast came in the 8th inning and at that point tied the game at 3–3.
On July 19, after a 21 at-bat hitless streak, Bonds hit two home runs, numbers 752 and 753, against the Chicago Cubs. He went 3-for-3 with two home runs, six RBIs, and a walk on that day. The struggling last-place Giants still lost the game, 9–8. On July 27, Bonds hit home run 754 against Florida Marlins pitcher Rick VandenHurk. Bonds was then walked his next four at-bats in the game, but a two-run shot helped the Giants win the game 12–10. It marked the first time since he had hit #747 that Bonds had homered in a game the Giants won. On August 4, Bonds hit a 382 foot (116 m) home run against Clay Hensley of the San Diego Padres for home run number 755, tying Hank Aaron's all-time record. Bonds greeted his son, Nikolai, with an extended bear hug after crossing home plate. Bonds greeted his teammates and then his wife, Liz Watson, and daughter Aisha Lynn behind the backstop. Hensley was the 445th different pitcher to give up a home run to Bonds. Ironically, given the cloud of suspicion that surrounded Bonds, the tying home run was hit off a pitcher who had been suspended by baseball in 2005 for steroid use. He was walked in his next at-bat and eventually scored on a fielder's choice.
On August 7 at 8:51 PM PDT, at Oracle Park (then known as AT&T Park) in San Francisco, Bonds hit a 435 foot (133 m) home run, his 756th, off a pitch from Mike Bacsik of the Washington Nationals, breaking the all-time career home run record, formerly held by Hank Aaron. Coincidentally, Bacsik's father had faced Aaron (as a pitcher for the Texas Rangers) after Aaron had hit his 755th home run. On August 23, 1976, Michael J. Bacsik held Aaron to a single and a fly out to right field. The younger Bacsik commented later, "If my dad had been gracious enough to let Hank Aaron hit a home run, we both would have given up 756." After hitting the home run, Bonds gave Bacsik an autographed bat.
The pitch, the seventh of the at-bat, was a 3–2 pitch which Bonds hit into the right-center field bleachers. The fan who ended up with the ball, 22-year-old Matt Murphy from Queens, New York City, (and a Mets fan), was promptly protected and escorted away from the mayhem by a group of San Francisco police officers. After Bonds finished his home run trot, a 10-minute delay followed, including a brief video by Aaron congratulating Bonds on breaking the record Aaron had held for 33 years, and expressing the hope that "the achievement of this record will inspire others to chase their own dreams". Bonds made an impromptu emotional statement on the field, with Willie Mays, his godfather, at his side and thanked his teammates, family and his late father. Bonds sat out the rest of the game.
The commissioner, Bud Selig, was not in attendance in this game but was represented by the Executive Vice President of Baseball Operations, Jimmie Lee Solomon. Selig called Bonds later that night to congratulate him on breaking the record. President George W. Bush also called Bonds the next day to congratulate him. On August 24, San Francisco honored and celebrated Bonds' career accomplishments and breaking the home run record with a large rally in Justin Herman Plaza. The rally included video messages from Lou Brock, Ernie Banks, Ozzie Smith, Joe Montana, Wayne Gretzky and Michael Jordan. Speeches were made by Willie Mays, Giants teammates Omar Vizquel and Rich Aurilia, and Giants owner Peter Magowan. Mayor Gavin Newsom presented Bonds the key to the City and County of San Francisco and Giants vice president Larry Baer gave Bonds the home plate he touched after hitting his 756th career home run.
The record-setting ball was consigned to an auction house on August 21. Bidding began on August 28 and closed with a winning bid of US$752,467 on September 15 after a three-phase online auction. The high bidder, fashion designer Marc Ecko, created a website to let fans decide its fate. Subsequently, Ben Padnos, who submitted the $186,750 winning bid on Bonds' record-tying 755th home run ball also set up a website to let fans decide its fate. Ten million voters helped Ecko decide to brand the ball with an asterisk and send it to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. Of Ecko's plans, Bonds said "He spent $750,000 on the ball and that's what he's doing with it? What he's doing is stupid." Padnos, on the other hand, sold five-year ads on a website, www.endthedebate.com, where people voted by a two-to-one margin to smash the ball.
Bonds concluded the 2007 season with a .276 batting average, 28 home runs, and 66 RBIs in 126 games and 340 at-bats. At the age of 43, he led both leagues in walks with 132.
Post-playing career
On September 21, 2007, the San Francisco Giants confirmed that they would not re-sign Bonds for the 2008 season. The story was first announced on Bonds' own website earlier that day. Bonds officially filed for free agency on October 29, 2007. His agent Jeff Borris said: "I'm anticipating widespread interest from every Major League team."
There was much speculation before the 2008 season about where Bonds might play. However, no one signed him during the 2008 or 2009 seasons. If he had returned to Major League Baseball, Bonds would have been within close range of several significant hitting milestones, needing just 65 hits to reach 3,000, four runs batted in to reach 2,000, and 38 home runs to reach 800. He would have needed 69 more runs scored to move past Rickey Henderson as the all-time runs champion, and 37 extra base hits to move past Hank Aaron as the all-time extra base hits champion.
As of November 13, 2009, Borris maintained that Bonds was still not retired. On December 9, however, Borris told the San Francisco Chronicle that Bonds had played his last major league game. Bonds announced on April 11, 2010, that he was proud of McGwire for admitting his use of steroids. Bonds said that it was not the time to retire, but he noted that he was not in shape to play immediately if an interested club called him. In May 2015, Bonds filed a grievance against Major League Baseball through the players' union arguing that the league colluded in not signing him after the 2007 season. In August 2015, an arbitrator ruled in favor of MLB and against Bonds in his collusion case.
On December 15, 2011, Bonds was sentenced to 30 days of house arrest, two years of probation and 250 hours of community service, for an obstruction of justice conviction stemming from a grand jury appearance in 2003. However, U.S. District Judge Susan Illston then delayed the sentence pending an appeal. In 2013 his conviction was upheld on appeal by a three judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. However, the full court later granted Bonds an en banc rehearing, and on April 22, 2015, an 11-judge panel of the Ninth Circuit voted 10–1 to overturn his conviction.
On March 10, 2014, Bonds began a seven-day stint as a roving spring training instructor for the Giants. On December 4, 2015, he was announced as the new hitting coach for the Miami Marlins, but was relieved of his duties on October 3, 2016, after just one season. He followed up with a public thank-you letter, acknowledging owner Jeffrey Loria, and the opportunity as "one of the most rewarding experiences of my baseball career." In 2017, Bonds officially re-joined the Giants organization as a special advisor to the CEO. On July 8, 2017, Bonds was added to the Giants Wall of Fame.
On February 6, 2018, the San Francisco Giants announced their intentions to retire his number 25 jersey, which happened on August 11, 2018. His number 24 with the Pirates remains in circulation, most prominently worn by Brian Giles from 1999 to 2003 and by Pedro Alvarez from 2011 to 2015.
National Baseball Hall of Fame consideration
In his ten years of eligibility for the National Baseball Hall of Fame, Bonds fell short of the 75% of the votes from the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) needed for induction. His vote percentages from 2013 through 2022 were: 36.2%, 34.7%, 36.8%, 44.3%, 53.8%, 56.4%, 59.1%, 60.7%, 61.8% and 66%. He appeared on 260 of 394 ballots in his last year.
Despite falling off the ballot, Bonds remained eligible through the Hall of Fame's Today's Game Committee, a committee " 16 members of the National Baseball Hall of Fame, executives, and veteran media members" (hence the nickname of "veterans' committee") who consider retired players who lost ballot eligibility while still having made notable contributions to baseball from 1986 to 2016. The vote was held in December 2022; twelve of the sixteen votes were required for induction, but Bonds received fewer than four.
Public persona
During his playing career, Bonds was frequently described as a difficult person, surly, standoffish and ungrateful. In a 2016 interview with Terence Moore, he said he regretted the persona he had created. He attributed it to a response to the pressure he felt to perform as a young player with the Pirates. Remarked Bonds,
Bonds reports that for a short time during his playing days with the Giants he changed his demeanor at the behest of a group of teammates, smiling much more frequently and engaging more with others with a pleasant attitude. Shortly thereafter, Bonds says, in the midst of a slump, the same group of teammates pleaded that he revert, having seemingly lost his competitive edge, and causing the team to lose more. In spite of his protest that they would not appreciate the results, his teammates insisted. Bonds says he complied, maintaining that familiar standoffish edge the rest of his playing career.
On May 9, 1996, Bonds shoved USA Today journalist Rod Beaton in the team's clubhouse. As Beaton was waiting to interview Robby Thompson one hour before a game against the St. Louis Cardinals, Bonds told Beaton to leave. The reporter replied that Major League Baseball rules allowed him 15 minutes more to talk with players. Bonds waved a finger in Beaton's face and shoved him in the chest, after which members of the team's coaching staff and front office interceded. Bonds and Beaton spoke again after the game. Beaton later said, "He accused me of having an attitude" and "I told him he went over the line by shoving me, but there was no apology". Bonds felt that the incident was overblown and said that, "We don't have a problem. We like each other. It was a big joke. He just got whacked out." Beaton filed no formal complaint about the incident, but USA Today filed a grievance with the team.
Controversies
BALCO scandal
Since 2003, Bonds has been a key figure in the Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative (BALCO) scandal. BALCO marketed tetrahydrogestrinone ("the Clear"), a performance-enhancing anabolic steroid that was undetectable by doping tests. He was under investigation by a federal grand jury regarding his testimony in the BALCO case, and was indicted on perjury and obstruction of justice charges on November 15, 2007. The indictment alleges that Bonds lied while under oath about his alleged use of steroids.
In 2003, BALCO's Greg Anderson, Bonds's trainer since 2000, was indicted by a federal grand jury in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California and charged with supplying anabolic steroids to athletes, including a number of baseball players. This led to speculation that Bonds had used performance-enhancing drugs during a time when there was no mandatory testing in Major League Baseball. Bonds declared his innocence, attributing his changed physique and increased power to a strict regimen of bodybuilding, diet, and legitimate supplements.
During grand jury testimony on December 4, 2003, Bonds said that he used a clear substance and a cream that he received from his personal strength trainer, Greg Anderson, who told him they were the nutritional supplement flaxseed oil and a rubbing balm for arthritis. Later reports on Bonds's leaked grand-jury testimony contend that he admitted to unknowingly using "the cream" and "the clear".
In July 2005, all four defendants in the BALCO steroid scandal trial, including Anderson, struck deals with federal prosecutors that did not require them to reveal names of athletes who might have used banned drugs.
Perjury case
On November 15, 2007, a federal grand jury indicted Bonds on four counts of perjury and one count of obstruction of justice as it relates to the government investigation of BALCO. He was tried in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California. On February 14, 2008, a typo in court papers filed by Federal prosecutors erroneously alleged that Bonds tested positive for steroids in November 2001, a month after hitting his record 73rd home run. The reference was meant instead to refer to a November 2000 test that had already been disclosed and previously reported. The typo sparked a brief media frenzy. His trial for obstruction of justice was to have begun on March 2, 2009, but jury selection was postponed by emergency appeals by the prosecution. The trial commenced on March 21, 2011, with Judge Susan Illston presiding. He was convicted on April 13, 2011, on the obstruction of justice charge, for giving an evasive answer to a question under oath. On December 15, 2011, Bonds was found guilty for an obstruction of justice conviction stemming from a grand jury appearance in 2003. However, U.S. District Judge Susan Illston then delayed the sentence pending his appeal. He was sentenced to 30 days of house arrest. He also received two years of probation and was ordered to perform 250 hours of community service.
Bonds appealed his conviction to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. In 2013, a three-judge panel of the Ninth Circuit affirmed his conviction, but in 2015 his appeal was reheard by the full court en banc, which voted 10–1 to overturn his conviction.
Player's union licensing withdrawal
In 2003, Bonds withdrew from the MLB Players Association (MLBPA) licensing agreement because he felt independent marketing deals would be more lucrative for him. Bonds is the first player in the 30-year history of the licensing program not to sign. Because of this withdrawal, his name and likeness are not usable in any merchandise licensed by the MLBPA. In order to use his name or likeness, a company must deal directly with Bonds. For this reason, he does not appear in some baseball video games, forcing game-makers to create generic athletes as replacements. These generic video games replacements tended to be white and sometimes had different handedness which was done likely to avoid potential player likeness lawsuits from Bonds.
Game of Shadows
In March 2006 the book Game of Shadows, written by Lance Williams and Mark Fainaru-Wada, was released amid a storm of media publicity including the cover of Sports Illustrated. Initially small excerpts of the book were released by the authors in the issue of Sports Illustrated. The book alleges Bonds used stanozolol and a host of other steroids, and is perhaps most responsible for the change in public opinion regarding Bonds's steroid use.
The book contained excerpts of grand jury testimony that is supposed to be sealed and confidential by law. The authors have been steadfast in their refusal to divulge their sources and at one point faced jail time. On February 14, 2007, Troy Ellerman, one of Victor Conte's lawyers, pleaded guilty to leaking grand jury testimony. Through the plea agreement, he will spend two and a half years in jail.
Love Me, Hate Me
In May 2006, former Sports Illustrated writer Jeff Pearlman released a revealing biography of Bonds entitled Love Me, Hate Me: Barry Bonds and the Making of an Anti-Hero. The book also contained many allegations against Bonds. The book, which describes Bonds as a polarizing insufferable braggart with a legendary ego and staggering ability, relied on over five hundred interviews, none with Bonds himself.
Bonds on Bonds
In April 2006 and May 2006, ESPN aired a few episodes of a 10-part reality TV (unscripted, documentary-style) series starring Bonds. The show, titled Bonds on Bonds, focused on Bonds's chase of Babe Ruth's and Hank Aaron's home run records. Some felt the show should be put on hiatus until baseball investigated Bonds's steroid use allegations. The series was canceled in June 2006, ESPN and producer Tollin/Robbins Productions citing "creative control" issues with Bonds and his representatives.
Personal life
Bonds met Susann ("Sun") Margreth Branco, the mother of his first two children (Nikolai and Shikari), in Montreal, Quebec, in August 1987. They eloped to Las Vegas February 5, 1988. The couple separated in June 1994, divorced in December 1994, and had their marriage annulled in 1997 by the Catholic Church. The divorce was a media affair because Bonds had his Swedish spouse sign a prenuptial agreement in which she "waived her right to a share of his present and future earnings" and which was upheld. Bonds had been providing his wife $20,000/month in child support and $10,000 in spousal support at the time of the ruling. During the hearings to set permanent support levels, allegations of abuse came from both parties. The trial dragged on for months, but Bonds was awarded both houses and reduced support. On August 21, 2000, the Supreme Court of California, in an opinion signed by Chief Justice Ronald M. George, unanimously held that "substantial evidence supports the determination of the trial court that the [prenuptial] agreement in the present case was entered into voluntarily." In reaction to the decision, significant changes in California law relating to the validity and enforceability of premarital agreements soon followed.
In 2010, Bonds's son Nikolai, who served as a Giants batboy during his father's years playing in San Francisco and always sat next to his dad in the dugout during games, was charged with five misdemeanors resulting from a confrontation with his mother, Sun Bonds, who was granted a restraining order against Nikolai.
In 1994, Bonds and Kimberly Bell, a graphic designer, started a relationship that lasted from 1994 through May 2003. Bonds purchased a home in Scottsdale, Arizona, for Kimberly.
On January 10, 1998, Bonds married his second wife, Liz Watson, at the San Francisco Ritz-Carlton Hotel in front of 240 guests. The couple lived in Los Altos Hills, California, with their daughter Aisha during their ten-and-a-half years of marriage before Watson filed for legal separation on June 9, 2009, citing irreconcilable differences. On July 21, 2009, just six weeks later, Watson announced that she was withdrawing her Legal Separation action. The couple were reconciled for seven months before Watson formally filed for divorce in Los Angeles on February 26, 2010. On June 6, 2011, Bonds and Watson filed a legal agreement not to take the divorce to trial and instead settle it in an "uncontested manner", agreeing to end the marriage privately at an unspecified later date without further court involvement.
Several of Bonds's family and extended family members have been involved in athletics as either a career or a notable pastime. Bonds has a younger brother, Bobby Jr., who was also a professional baseball player. His paternal aunt, Rosie Bonds, is a former American record holder in the 80 meter hurdles, and competed in the 1964 Olympics. In addition, he is a distant cousin of Hall of Famer Reggie Jackson.
Among Bonds's many real estate properties is a home he owns in the exclusive gated community of Beverly Park in Beverly Hills, California.
An avid cyclist, Bonds chose the activity to be a primary means of keeping in shape and great passion since his playing career. Because knee surgeries, back surgeries, and hip surgeries made it much more difficult to run, cycling has allowed him to engage in sufficient cardiovascular activity to help keep in shape. As a result of the cycling, he has lost 25 pounds from his final playing weight of 240 pounds.
Bonds is an active practitioner of Brazilian jiu-jitsu and was promoted to blue belt in the martial art in 2023.
Legacy
During late 2007, Chicago rapper Kanye West recorded a song titled "Barry Bonds" named after the slugger for his album Graduation.
Career distinctions
Besides holding Major League career records in home runs (762), walks (2,558), and intentional walks (688), at the time of his retirement, Bonds also led all active players in RBI (1,996), on-base percentage (.444), runs (2,227), games (2,986), extra-base hits (1,440), at-bats per home run (12.92), and total bases (5,976). He is 2nd in doubles (601), slugging percentage (.607), stolen bases (514), at-bats (9,847), and hits (2,935), 6th in triples (77), 8th in sacrifice flies (91), and 9th in strikeouts (1,539), through September 26, 2007.
Bonds is the lone member of the 500–500 club, which means he has hit at least 500 home runs (762) and stolen at least 500 bases (514); no other player has even 400 of both. He is also one of only five baseball players all-time to be in the 40–40 club (1996), which means he hit 40 home runs (42) and stole 40 bases (40) in the same season; the other members are José Canseco, Alex Rodriguez, Alfonso Soriano, and Ronald Acuña Jr.
Records held
Home runs in a single season (73), 2001
Home runs in a career (762)
Home runs since turning 40 years old (74)
Home runs in the year he turned 43 years old (28)
Consecutive seasons with 30 or more home runs (13), 1992–2004
Slugging percentage in a single season (.863), 2001
Slugging percentage in a World Series (1.294), 2002
Consecutive seasons with .600 slugging percentage or higher (8), 1998–2005
On-base percentage in a single season (.609), 2004
Walks in a single season (232), 2004
Intentional walks in a single season (120), 2004
Consecutive games with a walk (18)
Consecutive games with an intentional walk (6)
MVP awards (7—closest competitors trail with 3), 1990, 1992–93, 2001–2004
Consecutive MVP awards (4), 2001–2004
National League Player of the Month selections (13) (2nd place, either league, Frank Thomas, 8; 2nd place, N.L., George Foster, Pete Rose, and Dale Murphy, 6)
Oldest player (age 38) to win the National League batting title (.370) for the first time, 2002
Putouts as a left fielder (5,226)
Career games with at least one home run and one stolen base (102)
Records shared
Consecutive plate appearances with a walk (7)
Consecutive plate appearances reaching base (15)
Tied with his father, Bobby, for most seasons with 30 home runs and 30 stolen bases (5); they are the only father-son members of the 30–30 club
Home runs in a single postseason (8), 2002
Other accomplishments
Awards and distinctions
Five-time SF Giants Player of the Year (1998, 2001–2004)
Three-time NL Hank Aaron Award winner (2001–02, 2004)
Listed at #6 on The Sporting News list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, the highest-ranked active player, in 2005.
Named a finalist to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team in 1999, but not elected to the team in the fan balloting.
Rating of 340 on Baseball-Reference.com's Hall of Fame monitor (100 is a good HOF candidate); 10th among all hitters, highest among eligible hitters not in HOF yet.
Only the second player to twice have a single-season slugging percentage over .800, with his record .863 in 2001 and .812 in 2004. Babe Ruth was the other, with .847 in 1920 and .846 in 1921.
Became the first player in history with more times on base (376) than official at-bats (373) in 2004. This was due to the record number of walks, which count as a time on base and as a plate appearance, but not an at-bat. He had 135 hits, 232 walks, and 9 hit-by-pitches for the 376 number.
Tenth all-time in plate appearances with 12,606. He is the only player in the top ten of this category to not obtain 3,000 hits and just one of two players with as many as 12,000 plate appearances to not do so (the other being Omar Vizquel).
With his father Bobby (332, 461), leads all father-son combinations in combined home runs (1,094) and stolen bases (975), respectively through September 26, 2007.
Played minor league baseball in both Alaska and Hawaii. In 1983, he played for the Alaska Goldpanners of Fairbanks in the Alaska Baseball League, and in 1986, he played for the Hawaii Islanders in the Pacific Coast League.
Featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated. He has appeared as the main subject on the cover eight times in total; seven with the Giants and once with the Pirates. He has also appeared in an inset on the cover twice. He was the most recent Pirate player to appear on the cover, until Jason Grilli was featured in SIs edition of July 22, 2013.
See also
List of Major League Baseball career at bat leaders
List of Major League Baseball career bases on balls leaders
List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders
List of Major League Baseball career extra base hits leaders
List of Major League Baseball career games played leaders
List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders
List of Major League Baseball career hit by pitch leaders
List of Major League Baseball career on-base percentage leaders
List of Major League Baseball career OPS leaders
List of Major League Baseball career plate appearance leaders
List of Major League Baseball career records
List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders
List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders
List of Major League Baseball career slugging percentage leaders
List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders
List of Major League Baseball career strikeouts by batters leaders
List of Major League Baseball career total bases leaders
List of Major League Baseball doubles records
List of Major League Baseball home run records
List of Major League Baseball individual streaks
List of Major League Baseball progressive career home runs leaders
List of Major League Baseball progressive single-season home run leaders
List of Major League Baseball record breakers by season
List of Major League Baseball runs batted in records
List of Major League Baseball runs records
List of Major League Baseball single-season records
List of milestone home runs by Barry Bonds
List of second-generation Major League Baseball players
List of Major League Baseball players named in the Mitchell Report
Major League Baseball titles leaders
References
External links
Barry Bonds at Baseball Almanac
Barry Bonds at Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Professional Baseball League)
Barry Bonds
Bonds archive at Los Angeles Times
|-
|-
1964 births
Living people
African-American baseball coaches
African-American baseball players
American sportspeople in doping cases
Arizona State Sun Devils baseball players
Baseball coaches from California
Baseball players from Riverside, California
Doping cases in baseball
Gold Glove Award winners
Hawaii Islanders players
Major League Baseball hitting coaches
Major League Baseball left fielders
Major League Baseball players with retired numbers
Miami Marlins coaches
National League Most Valuable Player Award winners
National League All-Stars
National League batting champions
National League home run champions
National League RBI champions
Navegantes del Magallanes players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
People from San Carlos, California
Baseball players from San Mateo County, California
People from Los Altos Hills, California
Baseball players from Santa Clara County, California
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Prince William Pirates players
San Francisco Giants players
Silver Slugger Award winners
Junípero Serra High School (San Mateo, California) alumni
Alaska Goldpanners of Fairbanks players
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry%20Bonds",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Barry Lamar Bonds (born July 24, 1964) is an American former professional baseball left fielder who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB). Bonds was a member of the Pittsburgh Pirates from 1986 to 1992 and the San Francisco Giants from 1993 to 2007. He is considered to be one of the greatest baseball players of all time.\n\nRecognized as an all-around player, Bonds received a record seven National League (NL) Most Valuable Player Awards and 12 Silver Slugger Awards, along with 14 All-Star selections. He holds many MLB hitting records, including most career home runs (762), most home runs in a single season (73, set in 2001), and most career walks. Bonds led MLB in on-base plus slugging six times and placed within the top five hitters in 12 of his 17 qualifying seasons. For his defensive play in the outfield, he won eight Gold Glove Awards. He also had 514 stolen bases, becoming the first and only MLB player to date with at least 500 home runs and 500 stolen bases. Bonds is ranked first in career Wins Above Replacement among all major league position players by Baseball-Reference.com and second by FanGraphs, behind only Babe Ruth.\n\nDespite his accolades, Bonds led a controversial career, notably as a central figure in baseball's steroids scandal. He was indicted in 2007 on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice for allegedly lying to a grand jury during the federal government's investigation of BALCO, a manufacturer of an undetectable steroid. After the perjury charges were dropped, Bonds was convicted of obstruction of justice in 2011, but the conviction was overturned in 2015. During his 10 years of eligibility, he did not receive the 75% of the vote needed to be elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame. Some voters of the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) stated they did not vote for Bonds because he used performance-enhancing drugs.\n\nEarly life\nBonds was born in Riverside, California, to Patricia (née Howard) and former major leaguer Bobby Bonds, and grew up in San Carlos and attended Junípero Serra High School in San Mateo, where he excelled in baseball, basketball, and football. He played on the junior varsity team during his freshman year and on the varsity team for the remainder of his high school career. He garnered a .467 batting average his senior year, and was named prep All-American. The Giants drafted Bonds in the second round of the 1982 MLB draft as a high school senior but the Giants and Bonds were unable to agree on contract terms when Tom Haller's maximum offer was $70,000 ($ today) and Bonds's minimum to go pro was $75,000, so Bonds instead decided to attend college.\n\nCollege career\nBonds attended Arizona State University, hitting .347 with 45 home runs and 175 runs batted in (RBI). In 1984 he batted .360 and had 30 stolen bases. In 1985, he hit 23 home runs with 66 RBIs and a .368 batting average. He was a Sporting News All-American selection that year. He tied the NCAA record with seven consecutive hits in the College World Series as a sophomore and was named to All-Time College World Series Team in 1996.\n\nBonds was not well-liked by his Sun Devil teammates, in part because in the words of longtime coach Jim Brock, he was \"rude, inconsiderate and self-centered.\" When he was suspended for breaking curfew, the other players initially voted against his return even though he was easily the best player on the team.\n\nHe graduated from Arizona State in 1986 with a degree in criminology. He was named ASU On Deck Circle Most Valuable Player; other winners include Dustin Pedroia, Willie Bloomquist, Paul Lo Duca, and Ike Davis. During college, he played part of one summer in the amateur Alaska Baseball League with the Alaska Goldpanners.\n\nProfessional career\n\nDraft and minor leagues\nThe Pittsburgh Pirates drafted Bonds as the sixth overall pick of the 1985 Major League Baseball draft. He joined the Prince William Pirates of the Carolina League and was named July 1985 Player of the Month for the league. In 1986, he hit .311 in 44 games for the Hawaii Islanders of the Pacific Coast League.\n\nPittsburgh Pirates (1986–1992)\nBefore Bonds made it to the major leagues in Pittsburgh, Pirate fan attendance was low, with 1984 and 1985 attendance below 10,000 per game for the 81-game home schedule, with attendance woes being a combination of the economic problems of Western Pennsylvania in the early 1980s as well as the Pittsburgh drug trials that directly affected the Pirates going from World Series champions to nearly relocating to Denver in only six years. Bonds made his major league debut on May 30, 1986. In 1986, Bonds led National League (NL) rookies with 16 home runs, 48 RBI, 36 stolen bases, and 65 walks, but he finished 6th in Rookie of the Year voting. He played center field in 1986 but switched to left field with the arrival of centerfielder Andy Van Slyke in 1987.\n\nIn his early years, Bonds batted as the leadoff hitter. With Van Slyke also in the outfield, the Pirates had a venerable defensive tandem that worked together to cover a lot of ground on the field although they were not close off the field. The Pirates experienced a surge in fan enthusiasm with Bonds on the team and set the club attendance record of 52,119 in the 1987 home opener. That year, he hit 25 home runs in his second season, along with 32 stolen bases and 59 RBIs.\n\nBonds improved in 1988, hitting .283 with 24 home runs. The Pirates broke the record set the previous year with 54,089 attending the home opener. Bonds now fit into a highly respected lineup featuring Bobby Bonilla, Van Slyke, and Jay Bell. He finished with 19 homers, 58 RBIs, and 14 outfield assists in 1989, which was second in the NL. Following the season, rumors that he would be traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers for Jeff Hamilton and John Wetteland, but the team denied the rumors and no such trade occurred.\n\nBonds won his first MVP Award in 1990, hitting .301 with 33 home runs and 114 RBIs. He also stole 52 bases, which was third in the league, to become a first-time member of the 30–30 club. He won his first Gold Glove Award and Silver Slugger Award. That year, the Pirates won the National League East title for their first postseason berth since winning the 1979 World Series. However, the Cincinnati Reds, whose last post-season berth had also been in 1979 when they lost to the Pirates in that year's NLCS, defeated the Pirates in the NLCS en route to winning the 1990 World Series.\n\nIn 1991, Bonds also put up great numbers, hitting 25 homers and driving in 116 runs, and obtained another Gold Glove and Silver Slugger. He finished second to the Atlanta Braves' Terry Pendleton (the NL batting champion) in the MVP voting. \n\nIn March 1992, Pirates general manager Ted Simmons agreed to a deal with Atlanta Braves counterpart John Schuerholz to trade Bonds, in exchange for Alejandro Peña, Keith Mitchell, and a player to be named later. Pirates manager Jim Leyland opposed the trade vehemently, and the proposal was rescinded. Bonds stayed with Pittsburgh and won his second MVP award that season. While hitting .311 with 34 homers and 103 RBIs, he propelled the Pirates to their third straight National League East division title. However, Pittsburgh was defeated by the Braves in a seven-game National League Championship Series. Bonds participated in the final play of Game 7 of the NLCS, whereby he fielded a base hit by Francisco Cabrera and attempted to throw out Sid Bream at home plate. But the throw to Pirates catcher Mike LaValliere was late and Bream scored the winning run. For the third consecutive season, the NL East Champion Pirates were denied a trip to the World Series. Following the loss, Bonds and star teammate Doug Drabek were expected to command salaries too high for Pittsburgh to again sign them.\n\nBonds was never well-liked by reporters or fans while in Pittsburgh, despite winning two MVP awards. One paper even gave him an \"award\" as the \"MDP\" (Most Despised Pirate).\n\nSan Francisco Giants (1993–2007)\n\n1993 season\n\nIn 1993, Bonds left the Pirates to sign a lucrative free agent contract worth a then-record $43.75 million (equivalent to $ million in ) over six years with the Giants, with whom his father had spent the first seven years of his career, and with whom his godfather Willie Mays played 22 of his 24 Major League seasons. The deal was at that time the largest in baseball history, in terms of both total value and average annual salary.\n\nOnce he signed with the Giants, Bonds had intended to wear the number 24, his number during most of his stay with the Pirates and, after receiving Mays's blessing, the Giants were willing to unretire it until the public commotion from fans and media became too much. To honor his father, Bonds switched his jersey number to 25, as it had been Bobby's number in San Francisco.\n\nIn an emotional press conference announcing the signing, Bonds described joining the Giants as going \"home\" and following in the footsteps of his father and godfather as \"unbelievable\" and \"a boyhood dream come true.\"\n\nBonds hit .336 in 1993, leading the league with 46 home runs and 123 RBI en route to his second consecutive MVP award, and third overall. As good as the Giants were (winning 103 games), the Atlanta Braves won 104 in what some call the last great pennant race (because the wild card was instituted the year after).\n\n1994 season\nIn the strike-shortened season of 1994, Bonds hit .312 with 37 home runs and a league-leading 74 walks, and he finished 4th in MVP voting.\n\n1995 season\nIn 1995, Bonds hit 33 homers and drove in 104 runs, hitting .294 but finished only 12th in MVP voting. In 1994, he appeared in a small role as himself in the television film Jane's House, starring James Woods and Anne Archer.\n\n1996 season\n\nIn 1996, Bonds became the first National League player and second major league player (of the current list of four) to hit 40 home runs and steal 40 bases in the same season. The other members of the 40–40 club are José Canseco (1988), Alex Rodriguez (1998), and Alfonso Soriano (2006). His father Bobby Bonds was one home run short in 1973 when he hit 39 home runs and stole 43 bases.\n\nBonds hit his 300th and 301st home runs off the Florida Marlins' John Burkett on April 27. He became the fourth player in history to join the 300–300 club with 300 stolen bases and 300 home runs for a career, joining Willie Mays, Andre Dawson, and his father. Bonds's totals for the season included 129 runs driven in, a .308 average and a then-National League record 151 walks. He finished fifth in the MVP balloting.\n\n1997 season\nIn 1997, Bonds hit .291, his lowest average since 1989. He hit 40 home runs for the second straight year and drove in 101 runs, leading the league in walks again with 145. He also stole 37 bases, tying his father for having the most 30–30 seasons (5), and he again placed fifth in the MVP balloting.\n\n1998 season\nWith two outs in the 9th inning of a game against the Arizona Diamondbacks on May 28, 1998, Bonds became only the fifth player in baseball history to be given an intentional walk with the bases loaded. Nap Lajoie (1901), Del Bissonette (1928) and Bill Nicholson (1944) were three others in the 20th century who received that rare honor. The first to receive one was Abner Dalrymple in 1881.\n\nOn August 23, Bonds hit his 400th career home run. By doing so, he became the first player ever to enter the 400–400 club by having career totals of 400 home runs and 400 stolen bases; he is still the only player to have achieved this feat. The milestone home run came off Kirt Ojala, who, like Burkett, was pitching for the Marlins. For the season, he hit .303 with 37 home runs and drove in 122 runs, winning his eighth Gold Glove, He finished 8th in the MVP voting.\n\n1999 season\n\n1999 marked a career-low, up to that point, for Bonds in terms of playing time. Bonds started off the 1999 season hitting well by batting .366 in the month of April with 4 home runs and 12 RBIs in the Giants' first 12 games of the season. But on April 18 he was placed on the 15-day disabled list for only the 2nd time in his career up to that point. Bonds had suffered a torn tendon in his biceps as well as bone spurs in his elbow, both of which required surgery and cost him the rest of April and all of May.\n\nUpon returning to action on June 9, Bonds struggled somewhat at the plate for the remainder of the 1999 season. A series of nagging injuries including elbow pain, knee inflammation and groin issues hampered his play. Only hitting .248 after his return from the disabled list, he still managed to slug 34 home runs, drive in 83 runs as well as hit for a .617 slugging percentage, despite missing nearly two full months with injuries and only playing in 102 games.\n\nBill James ranked Bonds as the best player of the 1990s. He added that the decade's second-best player, Craig Biggio, had been closer in production to the decade's 10th-best player than to Bonds. In 1999, with statistics through 1997 being considered, Bonds ranked Number 34 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, making him the highest-ranking active player.\n\nWhen the Sporting News list was redone in 2005, Bonds was ranked 6th behind Babe Ruth, Willie Mays, Ty Cobb, Walter Johnson, and Hank Aaron. Bonds was omitted from 1999's Major League Baseball All-Century Team, to which Ken Griffey Jr. was elected. James wrote of Bonds, \"Certainly the most unappreciated superstar of my lifetime. ... Griffey has always been more popular, but Bonds has been a far, far greater player.\" In 1999, he rated Bonds as the 16th-best player of all time. \"When people begin to take in all of his accomplishments\", he predicted, \"Bonds may well be rated among the five greatest players in the history of the game.\"\n\n2000 season\nIn 2000, the following year, Bonds hit .306 with career bests through that time in both slugging percentage (.688) and home runs (49) in just 143 games. He also drew a league-leading 117 walks.\n\n2001 season\nThe next year, Bonds's offensive production reached even higher levels, breaking not only his own personal records but several major league records. In the Giants' first 50 games in 2001, he hit 28 home runs, including 17 in May—a career high. This early stretch included his 500th home run hit on April 17 against Terry Adams of the Los Angeles Dodgers. He also hit 39 home runs by the All-star break (a major league record), drew a major league record 177 walks, and had a .515 on-base average, a feat not seen since Mickey Mantle and Ted Williams over forty years earlier. Bonds' slugging percentage was a major league record .863 (411 total bases in 476 at-bats), and he ended the season with a major league record 73 home runs.\n\nOn October 4, by homering off Wilfredo Rodríguez in the 159th game of the season, Bonds tied the previous record of 70 set by Mark McGwire—which McGwire set in the 162nd game in 1998. He then hit numbers 71 and 72 the following night off Chan Ho Park. Bonds added his 73rd off Dennis Springer on October 7. The ball was later sold to toy manufacturer Todd McFarlane for $450,000. He previously bought Mark McGwire's 70th home run ball from 1998. Bonds received the Babe Ruth Home Run Award for leading MLB in home runs that season.\n\n2002 season\nBonds re-signed with the Giants for a five-year, $90 million contract in January 2002. He hit five home runs in the Giants' first four games of the season, tying Lou Brock's 35-year record for most home runs after four games. He won the NL batting title with a career-high .370 average and struck out only 47 times. He hit 46 home runs in 403 at-bats.\n\nDespite playing in nine fewer games than the previous season, he drew 198 walks, a major-league record; 68 of them were intentional walks, surpassing Willie McCovey's 45 in 1969 for another Major League record. He slugged .799, then the fourth-highest total all time. Bonds broke Ted Williams' major league record for on-base average with .582. Bonds also hit his 600th home run, less than a year and a half after hitting his 500th. The home run came on August 9 at home against Kip Wells of the Pirates.\n\n2002 postseason\nBonds batted .322 with eight home runs, 16 RBI, and 27 walks in the postseason en route to the 2002 World Series, which the Giants lost 4–3 to the Anaheim Angels.\n\n2003 season\nIn 2003, Bonds played in just 130 games. He hit 45 home runs in just 390 at-bats, along with a .341 batting average. He slugged .749, walked 148 times, and had an on-base average well over .500 (.529) for the third straight year. He also became the only member of the career 500 home run/500 stolen base club by stealing second base on June 23 off of pitcher Éric Gagné in the 11th inning of a tied ball game against the Los Angeles Dodgers (against whom Bonds had tallied his 500th home run). Bonds scored the game-winning run later that inning.\n\n2004 season\nIn 2004, Bonds had perhaps his best season. He hit .362 en route to his second National League batting title, and broke his own record by walking 232 times (including a MLB record 120 intentional walks). He slugged .812, which was fourth-highest of all time, and broke his on-base percentage record with a .609 average. Bonds passed Mays on the career home run list by hitting his 661st off of Ben Ford on April 13. He then hit his 700th off of Jake Peavy on September 17. Bonds hit 45 home runs in 373 at-bats, and struck out just 41 times, putting himself in elite company, as few major leaguers have ever had more home runs than strikeouts in a season. Bonds would win his fourth consecutive MVP award and his seventh overall. His seven MVP awards are four more than any other player in history. In addition, no other player from either league has been awarded the MVP four times in a row. (The MVP award was first given in 1931). The 40-year-old Bonds also broke Willie Stargell's 25-year record as the oldest player to win a Most Valuable Player Award (Stargell, at 39 years, 8 months, was National League co-MVP with Keith Hernandez in 1979). On July 4, he tied and passed Rickey Henderson's career bases on balls record with his 2190th and 2191st career walks.\n\nAs Bonds neared Aaron's record, Aaron was called on for his opinion of Bonds. He clarified that he was a fan and admirer of Bonds and avoided the controversy regarding whether the record should be denoted with an asterisk for Bonds's alleged steroid usage. He felt recognition and respect for the award was something to be determined by the fans. As the steroid controversy received greater media attention during the offseason before the 2005 season, Aaron expressed some reservations about the statements Bonds made on the issue. Aaron expressed that he felt drug and steroid use to boost athletic performance was inappropriate. Aaron was frustrated that the media could not focus on events that occurred in the field of play and wished drugs or gambling allegations such as those associated with Pete Rose could be emphasized less. In 2007, Aaron felt the whole steroid use issue was very controversial and decided that he would not attend any possible record-breaking games. Aaron congratulated Bonds through the media including a video played on the scoreboard when Bonds eventually broke Aaron's record in August 2007.\n\n2005 season\nBonds's salary for the 2005 season was $22 million, the second-highest salary in Major League Baseball (the Yankees' Alex Rodriguez earned the highest, $25.2 million).\nBonds endured a knee injury, multiple surgeries, and rehabilitation. He was activated on September 12 and started in left field. In his return against the San Diego Padres, he nearly hit a home run in his first at-bat. Bonds finished the night 1-for-4. Upon his return, Bonds resumed his high-caliber performance at the plate, hitting home runs in four consecutive games from September 18 to 21 and finishing with five homers in only 14 games.\n\n2006 season\n\nIn 2006, Bonds earned $20 million (not including bonuses), the fourth-highest salary in baseball. Through the 2006 season he had earned approximately $172 million during his then 21-year career, making him baseball's all-time highest-paid player. Bonds hit under .200 for his first 10 games of the season and did not hit a home run until April 22. This 10-game stretch was his longest home run slump since the 1998 season. On May 7, Bonds drew within one home run of tying Babe Ruth for second place on the all-time list, hitting his 713th career home run into the second level of Citizens Bank Park in Philadelphia, off pitcher Jon Lieber in a game in which the Giants lost to the Philadelphia Phillies. The towering home run—one of the longest in Citizens Bank Park's two-season history, traveling an estimated 450 feet (140 m)—hit off the facade of the third deck in right field.\n\nOn May 20, Bonds hit his 714th career home run to deep right field to lead off the top of the 2nd inning, tying Ruth for second all-time. The home run came off left-handed pitcher Brad Halsey of the Oakland A's, in an interleague game played in Oakland, California. Since this was an interleague game at an American League stadium, Bonds was batting as the designated hitter in the lineup for the Giants. Bonds was quoted after the game as being \"glad it's over with\" and stated that more attention could be focused on Albert Pujols, who was on a very rapid home run pace in early 2006.\n\nOn May 28, Bonds passed Ruth, hitting his 715th career home run to center field off Colorado Rockies pitcher Byung-hyun Kim. The ball was hit an estimated 445 feet (140 m) into center field where it went through the hands of several fans but then fell onto an elevated platform in center field. Then it rolled off the platform where Andrew Morbitzer, a 38-year-old San Francisco resident, caught the ball while he was in line at a concession stand. Mysteriously, radio broadcaster Dave Flemming's radio play-by-play of the home run went silent just as the ball was hit, apparently from a microphone failure. But the televised version, called by Giants broadcaster Duane Kuiper, was not affected.\n\nOn September 22, Bonds tied Henry Aaron's National League career home run record of 733. The home run came in the top of the 6th inning of a high-scoring game against the Milwaukee Brewers, at Miller Park in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The achievement was notable for its occurrence in the very city where Aaron began (with the Milwaukee Braves) and concluded (with the Brewers, then in the American League) his career. With the Giants trailing 10–8, Bonds hit a blast to deep center field on a 2–0 pitch off the Brewers' Chris Spurling with runners on first and second and one out. Though the Giants were at the time clinging to only a slim chance of making the playoffs, Bonds's home run provided the additional drama of giving the Giants an 11–10 lead late in a critical game in the final days of a pennant race. The Brewers eventually won the game, 13–12, though Bonds went 3-for-5, with two doubles, the record-tying home run, and six runs batted in.\n\nOn September 23, Bonds surpassed Aaron for the NL career home run record. Hit in Milwaukee like the previous one, this was a solo home run off Chris Capuano of the Brewers. This was the last home run Bonds hit in 2006. In 2006, Bonds recorded his lowest slugging percentage (a statistic that he had historically ranked among league leaders season after season) since 1991 with the Pittsburgh Pirates.\n\nIn January 2007, the New York Daily News reported that Bonds had tested positive for amphetamines. Under baseball's amphetamine policy, which had been in effect for one season, players testing positive were to submit to six additional tests and undergo treatment and counseling. The policy also stated that players were not to be identified for a first positive test, but the New York Daily News leaked the test's results. When the Players Association informed Bonds of the test results, he initially attributed it to a substance he had taken from the locker of Giants teammate Mark Sweeney, but would later retract this claim and publicly apologize to Sweeney.\n\n2007 season\n\nOn January 29, 2007, the Giants finalized a contract with Bonds for the 2007 season. After the commissioner's office rejected Bonds's one-year, $15.8 million deal because it contained a personal-appearance provision, the team sent revised documents to his agent, Jeff Borris, who stated that \"At this time, Barry is not signing the new documents.\" Bonds signed a revised one-year, $15.8 million contract on February 15 and reported to the Giants' Spring training camp on time.\n\nBonds resumed his march to the all-time record early in the 2007 season. In the season opener on April 3, all he had was a first-inning single past third base with the infield shifted right, immediately followed by a stolen base and then thrown out at home on a baserunning mistake, followed by a deep fly-out to left field, late in the game. Bonds regrouped the next day with his first at-bat in the second game of the season at the Giants' AT&T Park. Bonds hit a pitch from Chris Young of the San Diego Padres just over the wall to the left of straight-away center field for career home run 735. This home run put Bonds past the midway point between Ruth and Aaron.\n\nBonds did not homer again until April 13, when he hit two (736 and 737) in a 3 -or-3 night that included 4 RBI against the Pittsburgh Pirates. Bonds splashed a pitch by St. Louis Cardinals pitcher Ryan Franklin into McCovey Cove on April 18 for home run 738. Home runs number 739 and 740 came in back to back games on April 21 and 22 against the Arizona Diamondbacks.\n\nThe hype surrounding Bonds's pursuit of the home run record escalated on May 14. On this day, Sports Auction for Heritage (a Dallas-based auction house) offered US$1 million to the fan who would catch Bonds's record-breaking 756th-career home run. The million-dollar offer was rescinded on June 11 out of concern of fan safety. Home run 748 came on Father's Day, June 17, in the final game of a three-game road series against the Boston Red Sox at Fenway Park, where Bonds had never previously played. With this homer, Fenway Park became the 36th major league ballpark in which Bonds had hit a home run. He hit a Tim Wakefield knuckleball just over the low fence into the Giant's bullpen in right field. It was his first home run off his former Pittsburgh Pirate teammate, who became the 441st different pitcher to surrender a four-bagger to Bonds. The 750th career home run, hit on June 29, also came off a former teammate: Liván Hernández. The blast came in the 8th inning and at that point tied the game at 3–3.\n\nOn July 19, after a 21 at-bat hitless streak, Bonds hit two home runs, numbers 752 and 753, against the Chicago Cubs. He went 3-for-3 with two home runs, six RBIs, and a walk on that day. The struggling last-place Giants still lost the game, 9–8. On July 27, Bonds hit home run 754 against Florida Marlins pitcher Rick VandenHurk. Bonds was then walked his next four at-bats in the game, but a two-run shot helped the Giants win the game 12–10. It marked the first time since he had hit #747 that Bonds had homered in a game the Giants won. On August 4, Bonds hit a 382 foot (116 m) home run against Clay Hensley of the San Diego Padres for home run number 755, tying Hank Aaron's all-time record. Bonds greeted his son, Nikolai, with an extended bear hug after crossing home plate. Bonds greeted his teammates and then his wife, Liz Watson, and daughter Aisha Lynn behind the backstop. Hensley was the 445th different pitcher to give up a home run to Bonds. Ironically, given the cloud of suspicion that surrounded Bonds, the tying home run was hit off a pitcher who had been suspended by baseball in 2005 for steroid use. He was walked in his next at-bat and eventually scored on a fielder's choice.\n\nOn August 7 at 8:51 PM PDT, at Oracle Park (then known as AT&T Park) in San Francisco, Bonds hit a 435 foot (133 m) home run, his 756th, off a pitch from Mike Bacsik of the Washington Nationals, breaking the all-time career home run record, formerly held by Hank Aaron. Coincidentally, Bacsik's father had faced Aaron (as a pitcher for the Texas Rangers) after Aaron had hit his 755th home run. On August 23, 1976, Michael J. Bacsik held Aaron to a single and a fly out to right field. The younger Bacsik commented later, \"If my dad had been gracious enough to let Hank Aaron hit a home run, we both would have given up 756.\" After hitting the home run, Bonds gave Bacsik an autographed bat.\n\nThe pitch, the seventh of the at-bat, was a 3–2 pitch which Bonds hit into the right-center field bleachers. The fan who ended up with the ball, 22-year-old Matt Murphy from Queens, New York City, (and a Mets fan), was promptly protected and escorted away from the mayhem by a group of San Francisco police officers. After Bonds finished his home run trot, a 10-minute delay followed, including a brief video by Aaron congratulating Bonds on breaking the record Aaron had held for 33 years, and expressing the hope that \"the achievement of this record will inspire others to chase their own dreams\". Bonds made an impromptu emotional statement on the field, with Willie Mays, his godfather, at his side and thanked his teammates, family and his late father. Bonds sat out the rest of the game.\n\nThe commissioner, Bud Selig, was not in attendance in this game but was represented by the Executive Vice President of Baseball Operations, Jimmie Lee Solomon. Selig called Bonds later that night to congratulate him on breaking the record. President George W. Bush also called Bonds the next day to congratulate him. On August 24, San Francisco honored and celebrated Bonds' career accomplishments and breaking the home run record with a large rally in Justin Herman Plaza. The rally included video messages from Lou Brock, Ernie Banks, Ozzie Smith, Joe Montana, Wayne Gretzky and Michael Jordan. Speeches were made by Willie Mays, Giants teammates Omar Vizquel and Rich Aurilia, and Giants owner Peter Magowan. Mayor Gavin Newsom presented Bonds the key to the City and County of San Francisco and Giants vice president Larry Baer gave Bonds the home plate he touched after hitting his 756th career home run.\n\nThe record-setting ball was consigned to an auction house on August 21. Bidding began on August 28 and closed with a winning bid of US$752,467 on September 15 after a three-phase online auction. The high bidder, fashion designer Marc Ecko, created a website to let fans decide its fate. Subsequently, Ben Padnos, who submitted the $186,750 winning bid on Bonds' record-tying 755th home run ball also set up a website to let fans decide its fate. Ten million voters helped Ecko decide to brand the ball with an asterisk and send it to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. Of Ecko's plans, Bonds said \"He spent $750,000 on the ball and that's what he's doing with it? What he's doing is stupid.\" Padnos, on the other hand, sold five-year ads on a website, www.endthedebate.com, where people voted by a two-to-one margin to smash the ball.\n\nBonds concluded the 2007 season with a .276 batting average, 28 home runs, and 66 RBIs in 126 games and 340 at-bats. At the age of 43, he led both leagues in walks with 132.\n\nPost-playing career\nOn September 21, 2007, the San Francisco Giants confirmed that they would not re-sign Bonds for the 2008 season. The story was first announced on Bonds' own website earlier that day. Bonds officially filed for free agency on October 29, 2007. His agent Jeff Borris said: \"I'm anticipating widespread interest from every Major League team.\"\n\nThere was much speculation before the 2008 season about where Bonds might play. However, no one signed him during the 2008 or 2009 seasons. If he had returned to Major League Baseball, Bonds would have been within close range of several significant hitting milestones, needing just 65 hits to reach 3,000, four runs batted in to reach 2,000, and 38 home runs to reach 800. He would have needed 69 more runs scored to move past Rickey Henderson as the all-time runs champion, and 37 extra base hits to move past Hank Aaron as the all-time extra base hits champion.\n\nAs of November 13, 2009, Borris maintained that Bonds was still not retired. On December 9, however, Borris told the San Francisco Chronicle that Bonds had played his last major league game. Bonds announced on April 11, 2010, that he was proud of McGwire for admitting his use of steroids. Bonds said that it was not the time to retire, but he noted that he was not in shape to play immediately if an interested club called him. In May 2015, Bonds filed a grievance against Major League Baseball through the players' union arguing that the league colluded in not signing him after the 2007 season. In August 2015, an arbitrator ruled in favor of MLB and against Bonds in his collusion case.\n\nOn December 15, 2011, Bonds was sentenced to 30 days of house arrest, two years of probation and 250 hours of community service, for an obstruction of justice conviction stemming from a grand jury appearance in 2003. However, U.S. District Judge Susan Illston then delayed the sentence pending an appeal. In 2013 his conviction was upheld on appeal by a three judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. However, the full court later granted Bonds an en banc rehearing, and on April 22, 2015, an 11-judge panel of the Ninth Circuit voted 10–1 to overturn his conviction.\n\nOn March 10, 2014, Bonds began a seven-day stint as a roving spring training instructor for the Giants. On December 4, 2015, he was announced as the new hitting coach for the Miami Marlins, but was relieved of his duties on October 3, 2016, after just one season. He followed up with a public thank-you letter, acknowledging owner Jeffrey Loria, and the opportunity as \"one of the most rewarding experiences of my baseball career.\" In 2017, Bonds officially re-joined the Giants organization as a special advisor to the CEO. On July 8, 2017, Bonds was added to the Giants Wall of Fame.\n\nOn February 6, 2018, the San Francisco Giants announced their intentions to retire his number 25 jersey, which happened on August 11, 2018. His number 24 with the Pirates remains in circulation, most prominently worn by Brian Giles from 1999 to 2003 and by Pedro Alvarez from 2011 to 2015.\n\nNational Baseball Hall of Fame consideration\nIn his ten years of eligibility for the National Baseball Hall of Fame, Bonds fell short of the 75% of the votes from the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) needed for induction. His vote percentages from 2013 through 2022 were: 36.2%, 34.7%, 36.8%, 44.3%, 53.8%, 56.4%, 59.1%, 60.7%, 61.8% and 66%. He appeared on 260 of 394 ballots in his last year.\n\nDespite falling off the ballot, Bonds remained eligible through the Hall of Fame's Today's Game Committee, a committee \" 16 members of the National Baseball Hall of Fame, executives, and veteran media members\" (hence the nickname of \"veterans' committee\") who consider retired players who lost ballot eligibility while still having made notable contributions to baseball from 1986 to 2016. The vote was held in December 2022; twelve of the sixteen votes were required for induction, but Bonds received fewer than four.\n\nPublic persona\nDuring his playing career, Bonds was frequently described as a difficult person, surly, standoffish and ungrateful. In a 2016 interview with Terence Moore, he said he regretted the persona he had created. He attributed it to a response to the pressure he felt to perform as a young player with the Pirates. Remarked Bonds,\n\nBonds reports that for a short time during his playing days with the Giants he changed his demeanor at the behest of a group of teammates, smiling much more frequently and engaging more with others with a pleasant attitude. Shortly thereafter, Bonds says, in the midst of a slump, the same group of teammates pleaded that he revert, having seemingly lost his competitive edge, and causing the team to lose more. In spite of his protest that they would not appreciate the results, his teammates insisted. Bonds says he complied, maintaining that familiar standoffish edge the rest of his playing career.\n\nOn May 9, 1996, Bonds shoved USA Today journalist Rod Beaton in the team's clubhouse. As Beaton was waiting to interview Robby Thompson one hour before a game against the St. Louis Cardinals, Bonds told Beaton to leave. The reporter replied that Major League Baseball rules allowed him 15 minutes more to talk with players. Bonds waved a finger in Beaton's face and shoved him in the chest, after which members of the team's coaching staff and front office interceded. Bonds and Beaton spoke again after the game. Beaton later said, \"He accused me of having an attitude\" and \"I told him he went over the line by shoving me, but there was no apology\". Bonds felt that the incident was overblown and said that, \"We don't have a problem. We like each other. It was a big joke. He just got whacked out.\" Beaton filed no formal complaint about the incident, but USA Today filed a grievance with the team.\n\nControversies\n\nBALCO scandal\n\nSince 2003, Bonds has been a key figure in the Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative (BALCO) scandal. BALCO marketed tetrahydrogestrinone (\"the Clear\"), a performance-enhancing anabolic steroid that was undetectable by doping tests. He was under investigation by a federal grand jury regarding his testimony in the BALCO case, and was indicted on perjury and obstruction of justice charges on November 15, 2007. The indictment alleges that Bonds lied while under oath about his alleged use of steroids.\n\nIn 2003, BALCO's Greg Anderson, Bonds's trainer since 2000, was indicted by a federal grand jury in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California and charged with supplying anabolic steroids to athletes, including a number of baseball players. This led to speculation that Bonds had used performance-enhancing drugs during a time when there was no mandatory testing in Major League Baseball. Bonds declared his innocence, attributing his changed physique and increased power to a strict regimen of bodybuilding, diet, and legitimate supplements.\n\nDuring grand jury testimony on December 4, 2003, Bonds said that he used a clear substance and a cream that he received from his personal strength trainer, Greg Anderson, who told him they were the nutritional supplement flaxseed oil and a rubbing balm for arthritis. Later reports on Bonds's leaked grand-jury testimony contend that he admitted to unknowingly using \"the cream\" and \"the clear\".\n\nIn July 2005, all four defendants in the BALCO steroid scandal trial, including Anderson, struck deals with federal prosecutors that did not require them to reveal names of athletes who might have used banned drugs.\n\nPerjury case\n\nOn November 15, 2007, a federal grand jury indicted Bonds on four counts of perjury and one count of obstruction of justice as it relates to the government investigation of BALCO. He was tried in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California. On February 14, 2008, a typo in court papers filed by Federal prosecutors erroneously alleged that Bonds tested positive for steroids in November 2001, a month after hitting his record 73rd home run. The reference was meant instead to refer to a November 2000 test that had already been disclosed and previously reported. The typo sparked a brief media frenzy. His trial for obstruction of justice was to have begun on March 2, 2009, but jury selection was postponed by emergency appeals by the prosecution. The trial commenced on March 21, 2011, with Judge Susan Illston presiding. He was convicted on April 13, 2011, on the obstruction of justice charge, for giving an evasive answer to a question under oath. On December 15, 2011, Bonds was found guilty for an obstruction of justice conviction stemming from a grand jury appearance in 2003. However, U.S. District Judge Susan Illston then delayed the sentence pending his appeal. He was sentenced to 30 days of house arrest. He also received two years of probation and was ordered to perform 250 hours of community service.\n\nBonds appealed his conviction to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. In 2013, a three-judge panel of the Ninth Circuit affirmed his conviction, but in 2015 his appeal was reheard by the full court en banc, which voted 10–1 to overturn his conviction.\n\nPlayer's union licensing withdrawal \n\nIn 2003, Bonds withdrew from the MLB Players Association (MLBPA) licensing agreement because he felt independent marketing deals would be more lucrative for him. Bonds is the first player in the 30-year history of the licensing program not to sign. Because of this withdrawal, his name and likeness are not usable in any merchandise licensed by the MLBPA. In order to use his name or likeness, a company must deal directly with Bonds. For this reason, he does not appear in some baseball video games, forcing game-makers to create generic athletes as replacements. These generic video games replacements tended to be white and sometimes had different handedness which was done likely to avoid potential player likeness lawsuits from Bonds.\n\nGame of Shadows\n\nIn March 2006 the book Game of Shadows, written by Lance Williams and Mark Fainaru-Wada, was released amid a storm of media publicity including the cover of Sports Illustrated. Initially small excerpts of the book were released by the authors in the issue of Sports Illustrated. The book alleges Bonds used stanozolol and a host of other steroids, and is perhaps most responsible for the change in public opinion regarding Bonds's steroid use.\n\nThe book contained excerpts of grand jury testimony that is supposed to be sealed and confidential by law. The authors have been steadfast in their refusal to divulge their sources and at one point faced jail time. On February 14, 2007, Troy Ellerman, one of Victor Conte's lawyers, pleaded guilty to leaking grand jury testimony. Through the plea agreement, he will spend two and a half years in jail.\n\nLove Me, Hate Me\nIn May 2006, former Sports Illustrated writer Jeff Pearlman released a revealing biography of Bonds entitled Love Me, Hate Me: Barry Bonds and the Making of an Anti-Hero. The book also contained many allegations against Bonds. The book, which describes Bonds as a polarizing insufferable braggart with a legendary ego and staggering ability, relied on over five hundred interviews, none with Bonds himself.\n\nBonds on Bonds\n\nIn April 2006 and May 2006, ESPN aired a few episodes of a 10-part reality TV (unscripted, documentary-style) series starring Bonds. The show, titled Bonds on Bonds, focused on Bonds's chase of Babe Ruth's and Hank Aaron's home run records. Some felt the show should be put on hiatus until baseball investigated Bonds's steroid use allegations. The series was canceled in June 2006, ESPN and producer Tollin/Robbins Productions citing \"creative control\" issues with Bonds and his representatives.\n\nPersonal life\nBonds met Susann (\"Sun\") Margreth Branco, the mother of his first two children (Nikolai and Shikari), in Montreal, Quebec, in August 1987. They eloped to Las Vegas February 5, 1988. The couple separated in June 1994, divorced in December 1994, and had their marriage annulled in 1997 by the Catholic Church. The divorce was a media affair because Bonds had his Swedish spouse sign a prenuptial agreement in which she \"waived her right to a share of his present and future earnings\" and which was upheld. Bonds had been providing his wife $20,000/month in child support and $10,000 in spousal support at the time of the ruling. During the hearings to set permanent support levels, allegations of abuse came from both parties. The trial dragged on for months, but Bonds was awarded both houses and reduced support. On August 21, 2000, the Supreme Court of California, in an opinion signed by Chief Justice Ronald M. George, unanimously held that \"substantial evidence supports the determination of the trial court that the [prenuptial] agreement in the present case was entered into voluntarily.\" In reaction to the decision, significant changes in California law relating to the validity and enforceability of premarital agreements soon followed.\n\nIn 2010, Bonds's son Nikolai, who served as a Giants batboy during his father's years playing in San Francisco and always sat next to his dad in the dugout during games, was charged with five misdemeanors resulting from a confrontation with his mother, Sun Bonds, who was granted a restraining order against Nikolai.\n\nIn 1994, Bonds and Kimberly Bell, a graphic designer, started a relationship that lasted from 1994 through May 2003. Bonds purchased a home in Scottsdale, Arizona, for Kimberly.\n\nOn January 10, 1998, Bonds married his second wife, Liz Watson, at the San Francisco Ritz-Carlton Hotel in front of 240 guests. The couple lived in Los Altos Hills, California, with their daughter Aisha during their ten-and-a-half years of marriage before Watson filed for legal separation on June 9, 2009, citing irreconcilable differences. On July 21, 2009, just six weeks later, Watson announced that she was withdrawing her Legal Separation action. The couple were reconciled for seven months before Watson formally filed for divorce in Los Angeles on February 26, 2010. On June 6, 2011, Bonds and Watson filed a legal agreement not to take the divorce to trial and instead settle it in an \"uncontested manner\", agreeing to end the marriage privately at an unspecified later date without further court involvement.\n\nSeveral of Bonds's family and extended family members have been involved in athletics as either a career or a notable pastime. Bonds has a younger brother, Bobby Jr., who was also a professional baseball player. His paternal aunt, Rosie Bonds, is a former American record holder in the 80 meter hurdles, and competed in the 1964 Olympics. In addition, he is a distant cousin of Hall of Famer Reggie Jackson.\n\nAmong Bonds's many real estate properties is a home he owns in the exclusive gated community of Beverly Park in Beverly Hills, California.\n\nAn avid cyclist, Bonds chose the activity to be a primary means of keeping in shape and great passion since his playing career. Because knee surgeries, back surgeries, and hip surgeries made it much more difficult to run, cycling has allowed him to engage in sufficient cardiovascular activity to help keep in shape. As a result of the cycling, he has lost 25 pounds from his final playing weight of 240 pounds.\n\nBonds is an active practitioner of Brazilian jiu-jitsu and was promoted to blue belt in the martial art in 2023.\n\nLegacy\nDuring late 2007, Chicago rapper Kanye West recorded a song titled \"Barry Bonds\" named after the slugger for his album Graduation.\n\nCareer distinctions\n\nBesides holding Major League career records in home runs (762), walks (2,558), and intentional walks (688), at the time of his retirement, Bonds also led all active players in RBI (1,996), on-base percentage (.444), runs (2,227), games (2,986), extra-base hits (1,440), at-bats per home run (12.92), and total bases (5,976). He is 2nd in doubles (601), slugging percentage (.607), stolen bases (514), at-bats (9,847), and hits (2,935), 6th in triples (77), 8th in sacrifice flies (91), and 9th in strikeouts (1,539), through September 26, 2007.\n\nBonds is the lone member of the 500–500 club, which means he has hit at least 500 home runs (762) and stolen at least 500 bases (514); no other player has even 400 of both. He is also one of only five baseball players all-time to be in the 40–40 club (1996), which means he hit 40 home runs (42) and stole 40 bases (40) in the same season; the other members are José Canseco, Alex Rodriguez, Alfonso Soriano, and Ronald Acuña Jr.\n\nRecords held\n\n Home runs in a single season (73), 2001\n Home runs in a career (762)\n Home runs since turning 40 years old (74)\n Home runs in the year he turned 43 years old (28)\n Consecutive seasons with 30 or more home runs (13), 1992–2004\n Slugging percentage in a single season (.863), 2001\n Slugging percentage in a World Series (1.294), 2002\n Consecutive seasons with .600 slugging percentage or higher (8), 1998–2005\n On-base percentage in a single season (.609), 2004\n Walks in a single season (232), 2004\n Intentional walks in a single season (120), 2004\n Consecutive games with a walk (18)\n Consecutive games with an intentional walk (6)\nMVP awards (7—closest competitors trail with 3), 1990, 1992–93, 2001–2004\n Consecutive MVP awards (4), 2001–2004\n National League Player of the Month selections (13) (2nd place, either league, Frank Thomas, 8; 2nd place, N.L., George Foster, Pete Rose, and Dale Murphy, 6)\n Oldest player (age 38) to win the National League batting title (.370) for the first time, 2002\n Putouts as a left fielder (5,226)\n Career games with at least one home run and one stolen base (102)\n\nRecords shared\n Consecutive plate appearances with a walk (7)\n Consecutive plate appearances reaching base (15)\n Tied with his father, Bobby, for most seasons with 30 home runs and 30 stolen bases (5); they are the only father-son members of the 30–30 club\n Home runs in a single postseason (8), 2002\n\nOther accomplishments\n\nAwards and distinctions\n\n Five-time SF Giants Player of the Year (1998, 2001–2004)\n Three-time NL Hank Aaron Award winner (2001–02, 2004)\n Listed at #6 on The Sporting News list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, the highest-ranked active player, in 2005.\n Named a finalist to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team in 1999, but not elected to the team in the fan balloting.\n Rating of 340 on Baseball-Reference.com's Hall of Fame monitor (100 is a good HOF candidate); 10th among all hitters, highest among eligible hitters not in HOF yet.\n Only the second player to twice have a single-season slugging percentage over .800, with his record .863 in 2001 and .812 in 2004. Babe Ruth was the other, with .847 in 1920 and .846 in 1921.\n Became the first player in history with more times on base (376) than official at-bats (373) in 2004. This was due to the record number of walks, which count as a time on base and as a plate appearance, but not an at-bat. He had 135 hits, 232 walks, and 9 hit-by-pitches for the 376 number.\nTenth all-time in plate appearances with 12,606. He is the only player in the top ten of this category to not obtain 3,000 hits and just one of two players with as many as 12,000 plate appearances to not do so (the other being Omar Vizquel).\n With his father Bobby (332, 461), leads all father-son combinations in combined home runs (1,094) and stolen bases (975), respectively through September 26, 2007.\n Played minor league baseball in both Alaska and Hawaii. In 1983, he played for the Alaska Goldpanners of Fairbanks in the Alaska Baseball League, and in 1986, he played for the Hawaii Islanders in the Pacific Coast League.\nFeatured on the cover of Sports Illustrated. He has appeared as the main subject on the cover eight times in total; seven with the Giants and once with the Pirates. He has also appeared in an inset on the cover twice. He was the most recent Pirate player to appear on the cover, until Jason Grilli was featured in SIs edition of July 22, 2013.\n\nSee also\n\n List of Major League Baseball career at bat leaders\n List of Major League Baseball career bases on balls leaders\n List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders\n List of Major League Baseball career extra base hits leaders\n List of Major League Baseball career games played leaders\n List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders\n List of Major League Baseball career hit by pitch leaders\n List of Major League Baseball career on-base percentage leaders\n List of Major League Baseball career OPS leaders\n List of Major League Baseball career plate appearance leaders\n List of Major League Baseball career records\n List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders\n List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders\n List of Major League Baseball career slugging percentage leaders\n List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders\n List of Major League Baseball career strikeouts by batters leaders\n List of Major League Baseball career total bases leaders\n List of Major League Baseball doubles records\n List of Major League Baseball home run records\n List of Major League Baseball individual streaks\n List of Major League Baseball progressive career home runs leaders\n List of Major League Baseball progressive single-season home run leaders\n List of Major League Baseball record breakers by season\n List of Major League Baseball runs batted in records\n List of Major League Baseball runs records\n List of Major League Baseball single-season records\n List of milestone home runs by Barry Bonds\n List of second-generation Major League Baseball players\n List of Major League Baseball players named in the Mitchell Report\n Major League Baseball titles leaders\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nBarry Bonds at Baseball Almanac\nBarry Bonds at Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Professional Baseball League)\nBarry Bonds \n\nBonds archive at Los Angeles Times\n\n \n \n\n \n \n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n \n1964 births\nLiving people\nAfrican-American baseball coaches\nAfrican-American baseball players\nAmerican sportspeople in doping cases\nArizona State Sun Devils baseball players\nBaseball coaches from California\nBaseball players from Riverside, California\nDoping cases in baseball\nGold Glove Award winners\nHawaii Islanders players\nMajor League Baseball hitting coaches\nMajor League Baseball left fielders\nMajor League Baseball players with retired numbers\nMiami Marlins coaches\nNational League Most Valuable Player Award winners\nNational League All-Stars\nNational League batting champions\nNational League home run champions\nNational League RBI champions\nNavegantes del Magallanes players\nAmerican expatriate baseball players in Venezuela\nPeople from San Carlos, California\nBaseball players from San Mateo County, California\nPeople from Los Altos Hills, California\nBaseball players from Santa Clara County, California\nPittsburgh Pirates players\nPrince William Pirates players\nSan Francisco Giants players\nSilver Slugger Award winners\nJunípero Serra High School (San Mateo, California) alumni\nAlaska Goldpanners of Fairbanks players",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Ambrosius Aurelianus
|
Ambrosius Aurelianus (; Anglicised as Ambrose Aurelian and called Aurelius Ambrosius in the Historia Regum Britanniae and elsewhere) was a war leader of the Romano-British who won an important battle against the Anglo-Saxons in the 5th century, according to Gildas. He also appeared independently in the legends of the Britons, beginning with the 9th-century Historia Brittonum. Eventually, he was transformed by Geoffrey of Monmouth into the uncle of King Arthur, the brother of Arthur's father Uther Pendragon, as a ruler who precedes and predeceases them both. He also appears as a young prophet who meets the tyrant Vortigern; in this guise, he was later transformed into the wizard Merlin.
According to Gildas
Ambrosius Aurelianus is one of the few people whom Gildas identifies by name in his sermon De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae, and the only one named from the 5th century. De Excidio is considered the oldest extant British document about the so-called Arthurian period of Sub-Roman Britain. Following the destructive assault of the Saxons, the survivors gather together under the leadership of Ambrosius, who is described as:
Some basic information on Ambrosius can be deduced from the brief passage: Ambrosius was possibly of high birth and very likely a Christian (Gildas says that he won his battles "with God's help"). Ambrosius's parents were slain by the Saxons and he was among the few survivors of their initial invasion.
According to Gildas, Ambrosius organised the survivors into an armed force and achieved the first military victory over the Saxon invaders. However, this victory was not decisive: "Sometimes the Saxons and sometimes the citizens [meaning the Romano-British inhabitants] were victorious." Due to Gildas's description of him, Ambrosius is one of the figures called the Last of the Romans.
Scholarship questions
Two points in Gildas's description have attracted much scholarly commentary. The first is what Gildas meant by saying Ambrosius' family "had worn the purple". Roman emperors and male Patricians wore clothes with a purple band to denote their class so the reference to purple may be to an aristocratic heritage. Roman military tribunes (tribuni militum), senior officers in Roman legions, wore a similar purple band so the reference may be to a family background of military leadership. The tradition was old, as the togas and pallia of already ancient senators and tribunes were trimmed with the purple band. In the church, "the purple" is a euphemism for blood and therefore "wearing the purple" may be a reference to martyrdom or a bishop's robe. In addition, in the later Roman Empire both Roman consuls and governors of consular rank also wore clothes with a purple fringe. The Notitia Dignitatum, a Roman catalogue of official posts, lists four or five provincial governors in Roman Britain and two of them were of consular rank. One was the governor of Maxima Caesariensis and the other that of Valentia. The parent who wore the purple may well have been one of these governors, whose names were not recorded.
It has been suggested by historian Alex Woolf that Ambrosius may have been related to the 5th-century Romano-British usurpers Marcus or Gratian – Woolf expresses a preference based on nomenclature for Marcus. Frank D. Reno, an Arthurian scholar, has instead argued that the name "Aurelianus" indicates the descent of Ambrosius from the Illyrian Roman emperor Aurelian (reigned 270–275). Aurelian's military campaigns included the conquest of the Gallic Empire. N. J. Higham suggests that Ambrosius may have been distantly related to imperial families of the late Roman Empire, such as the Theodosian dynasty. Branches of this particular dynasty were known to be active in western Roman provinces like Hispania.
Mike Ashley instead focuses on the name "Ambrosius" and its possible connection to Saint Ambrosius, a fourth-century Bishop of Milan, who also served as consular governor in areas of Roman Italy. The father of the Bishop is sometimes claimed to be a fourth century Praetorian prefect of Gaul named Aurelius Ambrosius, whose areas included Britain, though some modern scholars doubt that Saint Ambrosius was related to this man (instead identifying his father with an official named Uranius mentioned in an extract from the Theodosian Code). Ashley suggests that Ambrosius Aurelianus was related to the two Aurelii Ambrosii. Tim Venning points out that the name "Aurelianus" could be the result of a Roman adoption. When a boy was adopted into a new gens (clan), he received the family names of his new family but was often additionally called by a cognomen indicating his descent from his original family. The additional cognomen often had the form "-anus". When Gaius Octavius from gens Octavia was adopted by his uncle Gaius Julius Caesar, he was often distinguished from his adoptive father by the addition "Octavianus". In this case, Ambrosius may have been a member of gens Aurelia who was adopted by another gens/family.
The second question is the meaning of the word avita: Gildas could have meant "ancestors", or intended it to mean more specifically "grandfather" – thus indicating Ambrosius lived about a generation before the Battle of Badon. Lack of information prevents sure answers to these questions.
Gildas's motives
N. J. Higham wrote a book on Gildas and the literary tropes that he used. He has suggested that Gildas may have had considerable motive for drawing attention to Ambrosius. He was not attempting to write a historical biography of the man, according to Higham, but setting him as an example to his contemporaries. It was essential to the philosophy of Gildas that Briton leaders who achieved victory over the barbarians were only able to do so because of divine aid. And only those who had superior Christian virtues were deserving of this aid. Ambrosius Aurelianus was apparently known for at least one such victory over the barbarians. To fit him into his worldview, Gildas was almost required to feature the former warrior as a man of exceptional virtues and obedience to God. He was made to fit Gildas's version of a model leader.
Higham also suggests that the Roman lineage of Ambrosius was highlighted for a reason. Gildas was apparently intentionally connecting him with the legitimate authority and military virtues of the Romans. He was also contrasting him with the subsequent Briton rulers whose reigns lacked in such legitimacy.
Identifying historical figures
Gildas is a primary source for the Battle of Badon, yet he never mentions the names of the combatants. Therefore, we cannot know if Ambrosius Aurelianus or his successors took part in the battle. The names of the Saxon leaders in the battle are also not recorded.
The identities of Ambrosius's descendants are unknown, since Gildas never identifies them by name. It is safe to assume that they were Gildas's contemporaries and known to the author. Higham suggests that they were prominent figures of the time. Their lineage and identities were probably sufficiently familiar to his intended audience that they did not have to be named. The work portrays Ambrosius's descendants as inferior to their ancestor as part of his criticism on rulers of his time, according to Higham. Those criticised were likely aware that the vitriol was intended for them, but probably would not challenge a work offering such a glowing report of their illustrious ancestor.
Mike Ashley suggests that the descendants of Ambrosius could include other people named by Gildas. He favours the inclusion in this category of one Aurelius Caninus ("Aurelius the dog-like"), whom Gildas accuses of parricide, fornication, adultery, and warmongering. His name "Aurelius" suggests Romano-British descent. The insulting nickname "Caninus" was probably invented by Gildas himself, who similarly insults other contemporary rulers. Due to the name used by Gildas, there are theories that this ruler was actually named Conan/Cynan/Kenan. Some identify him with Cynan Garwyn, a 6th-century King of Powys, though it is uncertain if he was a contemporary of Gildas or lived one or two generations following him. Another theory is that this ruler did not reign in Britain but in Brittany. Caninus, in this view, might be Conomor ("Great Dog"). Conomor is considered a likelier contemporary of Gildas. Conomor was likely from Domnonée, an area of Brittany controlled by British immigrants from Dumnonia. He might be remembered in British legend as Mark of Cornwall.
Gildas primarily features the Saxons as barbarian raiders; their invasions involved a slow and difficult process of military conquest. By AD 500, possibly the time described by Gildas, Anglo-Saxons controlled the Isle of Wight, Kent, Lincolnshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, and coastal areas of Northumberland and Yorkshire. The rest of the former Roman Britain was still under the control of the local Britons or remnants of the Roman provincial administration. Gildas also mentions depopulation of cities and this probably reflects historical facts. Londinium, once a major city, was completely abandoned during the 5th century.
According to Bede
Bede follows Gildas's account of Ambrosius in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People, but in his Chronica Majora he dates Ambrosius's victory to the reign of the Emperor Zeno (474–491).
Bede's treatment of the 5th century history of Great Britain is not particularly valuable as a source. Until about the year 418, Bede could choose between several historical sources and often followed the writings of Orosius. Following the end of Orosius's history, Bede apparently lacked other available sources and relied extensively on Gildas. Entries from this period tend to be close paraphrases of Gildas's account with mostly stylistic changes. Bede's account of Ambrosius Aurelianus has been translated as following:
Bede does not mention the descendants of Ambrosius Aurelianus, nor their supposed degeneracy.
According to Nennius
The Historia Brittonum, attributed to Nennius, preserves several snippets of lore about Ambrosius. Despite the traditional attribution, the authorship of the work and the period of its writing are open questions for modern historians. There are several extant manuscript versions of the work, varying in details. The most important ones have been dated to between the 9th and the 11th century. Some modern scholars think it unlikely that the work was composed by a single writer or compiler, suggesting that it may have taken centuries to reach its final form, though this theory is not conclusive.
In Chapter 31, we are told that Vortigern ruled in fear of Ambrosius. This is the first mention of Ambrosius in the work. According to Frank D. Reno, this would indicate that Ambrosius's influence was formidable, since Vortigern considered him more of a threat than northern invaders and attempts to restore Roman rule in Britain. The chapter relates events following the end of Roman rule in Britain and preceding Vortigern's alliance with the Saxons.
The most significant appearance of Ambrosius is the story about Ambrosius, Vortigern, and the two dragons beneath Dinas Emrys, "Fortress of Ambrosius" in Chapters 40–42. In this account, Ambrosius is still an adolescent but has supernatural powers. He intimidates Vortigern and the royal magicians. When it is revealed that Ambrosius is the son of a Roman consul, Vortigern is convinced to cede to the younger man the castle of Dinas Emrys and all the kingdoms in the western part of Britain. Vortigern then retreats to the north, in an area called Gwynessi. This story was later retold with more detail by Geoffrey of Monmouth in his fictionalised Historia Regum Britanniae, conflating the personage of Ambrosius with the Welsh tradition of Myrddin the visionary, known for oracular utterances that foretold the coming victories of the native Celtic inhabitants of Britain over the Saxons and the Normans. Geoffrey also introduces him into the Historia under the name Aurelius Ambrosius as one of three sons of Constantine III, along with Constans and Uther Pendragon.
In Chapter 48, Ambrosius Aurelianus is described as "king among all the kings of the British nation". The chapter records that Pascent, the son of Vortigern, was granted rule over the regions of Buellt and Gwrtheyrnion by Ambrosius. Finally, in Chapter 66, various events are dated from a Battle of Guoloph (often identified with Wallop, ESE of Amesbury near Salisbury), which is said to have been between Ambrosius and Vitolinus. The author dates this battle as taking place 12 years from the reign of Vortigern.
It is not clear how these various traditions about Ambrosius relate to each other, or whether they come from the same tradition; it is very possible that these references are to different men with the same name. Frank D. Reno points out that the works call all these men "Ambrosius"/"Emrys". The cognomen "Aurelianus" is never used. The Historia Brittonum dates the battle of Guoloph to "the twelfth year of Vortigern", by which the year 437 seems to be meant. This is perhaps a generation before the battle that Gildas may imply was commanded by Ambrosius Aurelianus.
The text never identifies who Ambrosius's father is, just gives his title as a Roman consul. When an adolescent Ambrosius speaks of his father, there is no suggestion that this father is deceased. The boy is not identified as an orphan. The exact age of Ambrosius is not given in his one encounter with Vortigern. Frank D. Reno suggests that he might be as young as 13 years old, barely a teenager.
It is impossible to know to what degree Ambrosius actually wielded political power, and over what area. Ambrosius and Vortigern are shown as being in conflict in the Historia Brittonum, and some historians have suspected that this preserves a historical core of the existence of two parties in opposition to one another, one headed by Ambrosius and the other by Vortigern. J. N. L. Myres built upon this suspicion and speculated that belief in Pelagianism reflected an actively provincial outlook in Britain and that Vortigern represented the Pelagian party, while Ambrosius led the Catholic one. Subsequent historians accepted Myres's speculation as fact, creating a narrative of events in 5th century Britain with various degrees of elaborate detail. Yet a simpler alternative interpretation of the conflict between these two figures is that the Historia Brittonum is preserving traditions hostile to the purported descendants of Vortigern, who at this time were a ruling house in Powys. This interpretation is supported by the negative character of all of the stories retold about Vortigern in the Historia Brittonum, which include his alleged practice of incest.
The identity of Ambrosius's last mentioned enemy, Vitalinus, is somewhat obscure. Various manuscripts of the Historia and translations also render his name as "Guitolin," "Guitolini," and "Guitholini." He is mentioned in chapter 49 as one of four sons of Gloiu and co-founder of the city of Gloucester. No other background information is given. There are theories that Gloiu is also the father of Vortigern, but the genealogy is obscure and no supporting primary text can be found. There have been further attempts to identify Vitalinus with a pro-Vortigern or anti-Roman faction in Britain, opposed to the rise of the Romano-British Ambrosius. However, this is rendered problematic since Vitalinus seems to also have a Romano-British name. The traditional view of pro-Roman and pro-Briton factions active in this period might oversimplify a more complex situation.
According to William of Malmesbury
Ambrosius appears briefly in the Gesta Regum Anglorum ("Deeds of the Kings of the English") by William of Malmesbury. Despite its name, the work attempted to reconstruct British history in general by drawing together the varying accounts of Gildas, Bede, Nennius, and various chroniclers. The work features Ambrosius as the apparent employer of Arthur. The relevant passage has been translated as follows:
William swiftly shifts attention from Ambrosius to Arthur, and proceeds to narrate Arthur's supposed victory in the Battle of Badon. The narrative is probably the first to connect Ambrosius and Arthur. William had to reconcile the accounts of Gildas and Bede who implied that Ambrosius was connected to the battle, and that of Nennius which clearly stated that it was Arthur who was connected to the battle. He solved the apparent discrepancy by connecting both of them to it. Ambrosius as the king of the Britons and Arthur as his most prominent general and true victor of the battle.
According to Geoffrey of Monmouth
Ambrosius Aurelianus appears in later pseudo-chronicle tradition beginning with Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae with the slightly garbled name Aurelius Ambrosius, now presented as son of a King Constantine. King Constantine's eldest son Constans is murdered at Vortigern's instigation, and the two remaining sons (Ambrosius and Uther, still very young) are quickly hustled into exile in Brittany. (This does not fit with Gildas' account, in which Ambrosius' family perished in the turmoil of the Saxon uprisings.) Later, the two brothers return from exile with a large army when Vortigern's power has faded. They destroy Vortigern and become friends with Merlin. They go on to defeat the Saxon leader Hengist in two battles at Maisbeli (probably Ballifield, near Sheffield) and Cunengeburg. Hengist is executed and Ambrosius becomes king of Britain. However, he is poisoned by his enemies, and Uther succeeds him. The text identifies the poisoner as Eopa.
Judgements vary wildly of the value of Geoffrey as both a historian and a literary storyteller. He has been praised for giving us detailed information about an otherwise obscure period and possibly preserving information from lost sources, and condemned for an excessive use of artistic licence and possibly inventing stories wholecloth.
According to Frank D. Reno, whenever Geoffrey uses extant sources, the details in the text tend to be accurate. Assuming that he was also using sources lost to us, it may be difficult to decide which details are truthful. Reno suggests that "individual judgements" have to be made about various elements of his narrative.
Geoffrey changed the word "Aurelianus" to "Aurelius", which is the name of a Roman gens. Geoffrey retains the story of Emrys and the dragons from Nennius, but identifies the figure with Merlin. Merlin is Geoffrey's version of a historical figure known as Myrddin Wyllt. Myrddin is only mentioned once in the Annales Cambriae, at an entry dated to 573. The name of Merlin is given in Latin as Ambrosius Merlinus. "Merlinus" may have been intended as the agnomen of a Roman or Romano-British individual like Ambrosius.
Elements of Ambrosius Aurelianus, the traditional warrior king, are used by Geoffrey for other characters. Ambrosius' supposed supernatural powers are passed to Merlin. Geoffrey's Aurelius Ambrosius rises to the throne but dies early, passing the throne to a previously unknown brother called Uther Pendragon. The role of warrior king is shared by Uther and his son Arthur.
Geoffrey also uses the character Gloiu, father of Vitalinus/Vitolinus, derived from Nennius. He names this character as a son of Claudius and appointed by his father as Duke of the Welsh. His predecessor as Duke is called Arvirargus. Assuming that Claudius and Arvirargus are supposed to be contemporaries, then this Claudius is the Roman emperor Claudius I (reigned 41–54). It seems unlikely that Claudius would have living grandsons in the 5th century, four centuries following his death. Reno suggests that Claudius II (reigned 268–270) would be a more likely "Claudius" to have living descendants in the 5th century.
Geoffrey for the first time gives a genealogy of Ambrosius. He is supposedly a paternal nephew of Aldroenus, King of Brittany, son of Constantine and an unnamed Briton noblewoman, adoptive grandson (on his mother's side) of Guthelinus/Vitalinus, Bishop of London, younger brother of Constans and older brother of Uther Pendragon. Ambrosius and Uther are supposedly raised by their adoptive maternal grandfather Guthelinus/Vitalinus. It is not explicitly covered in Geoffrey's narrative, but this genealogy makes Constantine and his children descendants of Conan Meriadoc, legendary founder of the line of Kings of Brittany. Conan is also featured in the Historia Regum Britanniae, where he is appointed king by Roman emperor Magnus Maximus (reigned 383–388).
Constantine's reign is placed by Geoffrey as following the Groans of the Britons mentioned by Gildas. Constantine is reported killed by a Pict and his reign is followed by a brief succession crisis. Candidates for the throne included all three sons of Constantine, but there were problems for their eventual rise to the throne. Constans was a monk, and Ambrosius and Uther were underage and still in their cradle. The crisis is resolved when Vortigern places Constans on the throne, and then serves as his chief adviser and power behind the throne. When Constans is killed by the Picts serving as bodyguards of Vortigern, Vortigern feigns anguish and has the killers executed. Ambrosius is still underage and Vortigern rises to the throne.
The chronology offered by Geoffrey for the early life of Ambrosius contradicts Gildas and Nennius, and is also internally inconsistent. The Groans of the Britons involves an appeal by the Britons to Roman consul "Agitius". This person has been identified with Flavius Aetius (d. 454), magister militum ("master of soldiers") of the Western Roman Empire and consul of the year 446. The Groans are generally dated to the 440s and 450s, preceding the death of Aetius. If Geoffrey's Constantine rose to the throne immediately following the Groans, this would place his reign in this period. Geoffrey gives a 10-year reign for Constantine and his marriage lasts just as long. However the eldest son Constans is clearly older than 10 years by the time his father dies. He is already an adult candidate of the throne and has had time to follow a monastic career. Even assuming there is a time gap between the death of Constantine and the adulthood of Constans, his younger brothers
have not aged at all in the narrative.
Geoffrey's narrative has an underage Ambrosius, if not a literal infant, in the 460s. Accounts deriving from Gildas and Nennius place Ambrosius in the prime of his life in the same decade. Most telling is that Geoffrey has Vortigern rising to the throne in the 460s. Nennius places the rise of Vortigern in the year 425, and Vortigern is entirely absent in chronologies of the 460s. Suggesting that he was deceased by that time.
Geoffrey's narrative includes as a major character Hengist, as leader of the Saxons. He is featured as the father of Queen Rowena and father-in-law of Vortigern. Other Saxon characters in the narrative tend to receive less attention by the writer, but their names tend to correspond to Anglo-Saxons known from other sources. Henginst's supposed son Octa is apparently Octa of Kent, a 6th-century ruler variously connected to Hengist as a son or descendant. The other son, Ebissa, is more difficult to identify. He might correspond to kinsmen of Hengist variously identified as "Ossa", "Oisc", and "Aesc". A minor Saxon character called "Cherdic" is probably Cerdic of Wessex, though elsewhere Geoffrey calls the same king "Cheldric". He actually may appear under three different names in the narrative, since Geoffrey elsewhere calls the interpreter of Hengist "Ceretic", a variant of the same name.
Geoffrey, in the last chapters featuring Vortigern, has the king served by magicians. This detail derives from Nennius, though Nennius was talking about Vortigern's "wise men". They may not have been magic users but advisers. Vortigern's encounter with Emrys/Merlin takes place in this part of the narrative. Merlin warns Vortigern that Ambrosius and Uther have already sailed for Britain and are soon to arrive, apparently to claim his throne. Ambrosius soon arrives at the head of the army and is crowned king. He besieges Vortigern at the castle of "Genoreu", which is identified with Nennius' Cair Guorthigirn ("Fort Vortigern") and the hillfort at Little Doward. Ambrosius burns the castle down and Vortigern dies with it.
Having killed Vortigern, Ambrosius next turns his attention to Hengist. Despite the fact that no earlier military actions of Ambrosius are recorded, the Saxons have already heard of his bravery and battle prowess. They immediately retreat beyond the Humber. Hengist soon amasses a massive army to face Ambrosius. His army counts 200,000 men and Ambrosius' only 10,000 men. He marches south and the first battle between the two armies takes place in Maisbeli, where Ambrosius emerges the victor. It is unclear what location Geoffrey had in mind. Maisbeli translates to "the field of Beli", and could be related to the Beli Mawr of Welsh legend and/or the Celtic god Belenus. Alternatively it could be a field where the Beltane festival was celebrated. Geoffrey could derive the name from a similar-sounding toponym. For example, Meicen of the Hen Ogledd ("Old North"), traditionally identified with Hatfield.
Following his defeat, Hengist retreats towards Cunungeburg. Geoffrey probably had in mind Conisbrough, not far from Hatfield. Ambrosius leads his army against the new position of the Saxons. The second battle is more evenly fought, and Hengist has a chance to achieve victory. However, Ambrosius receives reinforcements from Brittany and the tide of the battle turns in favour of the Britons. Hengist himself is captured by his old enemy Eldol, Consul of Gloucester and decapitated. Soon after the battle, the surviving Saxon leaders Octa and Eosa submit themselves to Ambrosius' rule. He pardons them and grants them an area near Scotland. The area is not named, but Geoffrey could be basing this on Bernicia, a real Anglo-Saxon kingdom covering areas in the modern borders of Scotland and England.
Geoffrey closely connects the deaths of Vortigern and Hengist, which are elsewhere poorly recorded. Vortigern historically died in the 450s, and various dates for the death of Hengist have been proposed, between the 450s and the 480s. Octa of Kent, the supposed son and heir of Hengist, was still alive in the 6th century and seems to belong to a later historical era than his father. The ruling family of the Kingdom of Kent were called the Oiscingas, a term identifying them as descendants of Oisc of Kent, not of Hengist. In effect, none of them was likely a literal son of Hengist and their relation to Hengist may have been a later invention. Geoffrey did not invent the connection, but his sources here were likely legendary in nature.
Following his victories and the end of the wars, Ambrosius organises the burial of killed nobles at Kaercaradduc. Geoffrey identifies this otherwise unknown location with Caer-Caradog (Salisbury). Ambrosius wants a permanent memorial for the slain and assigns the task to Merlin. The result is the so-called Giants' Ring. Its location in the vicinity of Salisbury has led to its identification with Stonehenge, though Geoffrey never uses that term. Stonehenge is closer to Amesbury than Salisbury. The ring formation of the monument could equally apply to Avebury, the largest stone circle in Europe.
In other texts
In Welsh legend and texts, Ambrosius appears as Emrys Wledig (Emperor Ambrose). The term "Wledig" is a title used by senior royal and military commanders who have achieved notable success. The term is mostly used for famous figures such as Cunedda, though a few obscure figures have been given the title. For example, the Roman emperor Magnus Maximus is known as "Macsen Wledig" when he appears in Welsh folklore.
In Robert de Boron's Merlin he is called simply Pendragon and his younger brother is named Uter, which he changes to Uterpendragon after the death of the elder sibling. This is probably a confusion that entered oral tradition from Wace's Roman de Brut. Wace usually only refers to li roi ("the king") without naming him, and someone has taken an early mention of Uther's epithet Pendragon as the name of his brother.
Richard Carew's Survey of Cornwall (1602) drew on an earlier French writer, Nicholas Gille, who mentions Moigne, brother of Aurelius and Uther, who was duke of Cornwall, and "gouerner of the Realme" under Emperor Honorius.
Possible identification with other figures
Riothamus
Léon Fleuriot has suggested Ambrosius is identical to Riothamus, a Brythonic leader who fought a major battle against the Goths in France around the year 470. Fleuriot argues that Ambrosius led the Britons in the battle, in which he was defeated and forced to retreat to Burgundy. Fleuriot proposed that he then returned to Britain to continue the war against the Saxons.
Place-name evidence
It has been suggested that the place-name Amesbury in Wiltshire might preserve the name of Ambrosius, and that perhaps Amesbury was the seat of his power base in the later fifth century. Scholars such as Shimon Applebaum have found a number of place names through the Midland dialect regions of Britain that incorporate the ambre- element; examples include Ombersley in Worcestershire, Ambrosden in Oxfordshire, Amberley in Herefordshire, Amberley in Gloucestershire, and Amberley in West Sussex. These scholars have claimed that this element represents an Old English word amor, the name of a woodland bird. However, Amesbury in Wiltshire is in a different dialect region and does not easily fit into the pattern of the Midland dialect place names.
Modern fictional treatments
The novel Coalescent by Stephen Baxter depicts Aurelianus as a general to Artorius, Briton and basis for the legend of King Arthur. In Baxter's novel, Aurelianus is a minor character who interacts with the book's main Roman-era protagonist, Regina, founder of a (literally) underground matriarchal society. In the text, he is credited with winning the battle of Mount Badon.
In Marion Zimmer Bradley's The Mists of Avalon, Aurelianus is depicted as the ageing High King of Britain, a "too-ambitious" son of a Western Roman Emperor. His sister's son is Uther Pendragon, but Uther is described as not having any Roman blood. Aurelianus is unable to gather the leadership of the native Celts, who refuse to follow any but their own race.
In Alfred Duggan's Conscience of the King, a historical novel about Cerdic, founder of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex, Ambrosius Aurelianus is a Romano-British general who rose independently to military power, forming alliances with various British kings and setting out to drive the invading Saxons from Britain. Cerdic, who is of both Germanic and British descent and raised as a Roman citizen, served in his army as a young man. In the novel Ambrosius is a separate character from Arthur, or Artorius, who appears much later as a foe of Cerdic.
In Stephen R. Lawhead's Pendragon Cycle, Aurelianus (most often referred to as "Aurelius") figures prominently, along with his brother Uther, in the second book of the series, Merlin. He is poisoned soon after becoming High King of Britain, and Uther succeeds him. Lawhead alters the standard Arthurian story somewhat, in that he has Aurelius marry Igraine and become the true father of King Arthur (Uther does marry his brother's widow, though).
In Valerio Massimo Manfredi's The Last Legion, Aurelianus (here called "Aurelianus Ambrosius Ventidius") is a major character and is shown as one of the last loyal Romans, going to enormous lengths for his boy emperor Romulus Augustus, whose power has been wrested by the barbarian Odoacer. In this story, Romulus Augustus marries Igraine, and King Arthur is their son, and the sword of Julius Caesar becomes the legendary Excalibur in Britain. In the 2007 film version of the novel, he is played by Colin Firth and his name becomes "Aurelianus Caius Antonius". In both he is called "Aurelius" for short.
Mary Stewart's The Crystal Cave follows Geoffrey of Monmouth in calling him Aurelius Ambrosius and portrays him as the father of Merlin, the elder brother of Uther (hence uncle of Arthur), an initiate of Mithras, and generally admired by everyone except the Saxons. Much of the book is set at his court in Brittany or during the campaign to retake his throne from Vortigern. Later books in the series show that Merlin's attitude toward Arthur is influenced by his belief that Arthur is a reincarnation of Ambrosius, who is seen through Merlin's eyes as a model of good kingship.
In Rosemary Sutcliff's The Lantern Bearers Prince Ambrosius Aurelianus of Arfon fights the Saxons by training his British army with Roman techniques and making effective use of cavalry. By the end of the novel, the elite cavalry wing is led by his nephew, a dashing young warrior prince named Artos, whom Sutcliff postulates to be the real Arthur. In the sequel Sword at Sunset, Artos eventually succeeds an ailing Ambrosius as High King after he deliberately gets himself killed while hunting.
In Parke Godwin's Firelord, Ambrosius is the elderly tribune of the diminished, dispirited and politically fractured Legio VI Victrix garrisoning Hadrian's Wall. Near his death, he names Artorius Pendragon (Arthur) as his successor, encourages him to convert the legion to alae (heavy cavalry) and allows the legionnaires to renounce their loyalty to Rome and take personal oaths of fealty to Artorius in order to help unify Brittania politically and to create a military force with the ability to quickly redeploy to meet differing threats.
In Jack Whyte's Camulod Chronicles, Ambrosius Aurelianus is the half-brother of Caius Merlyn Britannicus (Merlin) and helps him lead the people of Camulod (Camelot).
In Henry Treece's The Great Captains, Ambrosius is the aged and blind Count of Britain who is deposed by the Celt Artos the Bear after the latter takes his sword of command Caliburn and plunges it into a tree stump, daring him to pull it out.
In Stargate SG-1, Ambrosius and Arthur are one and the same. Merlin was an Ancient, fleeing from Atlantis and later Ascends, then comes back in order to build the Sangraal, or Holy Grail, to defeat the Ori. Daniel Jackson also comments that it would mean that Ambrosius was 74 at the Battle of Mount Badon.
Ambrosius (voiced by Owen Teale) is a major character in the 2020 Audible Original drama Albion: The Legend of Arthur, in which he is depicted as the uncle of Arthur and having a son named Cunan.
References
Sources
5th-century births
5th-century monarchs in Europe
5th-century Romans
Arthurian characters
Legendary British kings
Date of death unknown
Historical figures as candidates of King Arthur
Last of the Romans
Merlin
Mythological kings
Sub-Roman Britons
Sub-Roman monarchs
Welsh mythology
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Ambrosius Aurelianus",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Ambrosius Aurelianus (; Anglicised as Ambrose Aurelian and called Aurelius Ambrosius in the Historia Regum Britanniae and elsewhere) was a war leader of the Romano-British who won an important battle against the Anglo-Saxons in the 5th century, according to Gildas. He also appeared independently in the legends of the Britons, beginning with the 9th-century Historia Brittonum. Eventually, he was transformed by Geoffrey of Monmouth into the uncle of King Arthur, the brother of Arthur's father Uther Pendragon, as a ruler who precedes and predeceases them both. He also appears as a young prophet who meets the tyrant Vortigern; in this guise, he was later transformed into the wizard Merlin.\n\nAccording to Gildas\nAmbrosius Aurelianus is one of the few people whom Gildas identifies by name in his sermon De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae, and the only one named from the 5th century. De Excidio is considered the oldest extant British document about the so-called Arthurian period of Sub-Roman Britain. Following the destructive assault of the Saxons, the survivors gather together under the leadership of Ambrosius, who is described as:\n\nSome basic information on Ambrosius can be deduced from the brief passage: Ambrosius was possibly of high birth and very likely a Christian (Gildas says that he won his battles \"with God's help\"). Ambrosius's parents were slain by the Saxons and he was among the few survivors of their initial invasion.\n\nAccording to Gildas, Ambrosius organised the survivors into an armed force and achieved the first military victory over the Saxon invaders. However, this victory was not decisive: \"Sometimes the Saxons and sometimes the citizens [meaning the Romano-British inhabitants] were victorious.\" Due to Gildas's description of him, Ambrosius is one of the figures called the Last of the Romans.\n\nScholarship questions\nTwo points in Gildas's description have attracted much scholarly commentary. The first is what Gildas meant by saying Ambrosius' family \"had worn the purple\". Roman emperors and male Patricians wore clothes with a purple band to denote their class so the reference to purple may be to an aristocratic heritage. Roman military tribunes (tribuni militum), senior officers in Roman legions, wore a similar purple band so the reference may be to a family background of military leadership. The tradition was old, as the togas and pallia of already ancient senators and tribunes were trimmed with the purple band. In the church, \"the purple\" is a euphemism for blood and therefore \"wearing the purple\" may be a reference to martyrdom or a bishop's robe. In addition, in the later Roman Empire both Roman consuls and governors of consular rank also wore clothes with a purple fringe. The Notitia Dignitatum, a Roman catalogue of official posts, lists four or five provincial governors in Roman Britain and two of them were of consular rank. One was the governor of Maxima Caesariensis and the other that of Valentia. The parent who wore the purple may well have been one of these governors, whose names were not recorded.\n\nIt has been suggested by historian Alex Woolf that Ambrosius may have been related to the 5th-century Romano-British usurpers Marcus or Gratian – Woolf expresses a preference based on nomenclature for Marcus. Frank D. Reno, an Arthurian scholar, has instead argued that the name \"Aurelianus\" indicates the descent of Ambrosius from the Illyrian Roman emperor Aurelian (reigned 270–275). Aurelian's military campaigns included the conquest of the Gallic Empire. N. J. Higham suggests that Ambrosius may have been distantly related to imperial families of the late Roman Empire, such as the Theodosian dynasty. Branches of this particular dynasty were known to be active in western Roman provinces like Hispania.\n\nMike Ashley instead focuses on the name \"Ambrosius\" and its possible connection to Saint Ambrosius, a fourth-century Bishop of Milan, who also served as consular governor in areas of Roman Italy. The father of the Bishop is sometimes claimed to be a fourth century Praetorian prefect of Gaul named Aurelius Ambrosius, whose areas included Britain, though some modern scholars doubt that Saint Ambrosius was related to this man (instead identifying his father with an official named Uranius mentioned in an extract from the Theodosian Code). Ashley suggests that Ambrosius Aurelianus was related to the two Aurelii Ambrosii. Tim Venning points out that the name \"Aurelianus\" could be the result of a Roman adoption. When a boy was adopted into a new gens (clan), he received the family names of his new family but was often additionally called by a cognomen indicating his descent from his original family. The additional cognomen often had the form \"-anus\". When Gaius Octavius from gens Octavia was adopted by his uncle Gaius Julius Caesar, he was often distinguished from his adoptive father by the addition \"Octavianus\". In this case, Ambrosius may have been a member of gens Aurelia who was adopted by another gens/family.\n\nThe second question is the meaning of the word avita: Gildas could have meant \"ancestors\", or intended it to mean more specifically \"grandfather\" – thus indicating Ambrosius lived about a generation before the Battle of Badon. Lack of information prevents sure answers to these questions.\n\nGildas's motives\nN. J. Higham wrote a book on Gildas and the literary tropes that he used. He has suggested that Gildas may have had considerable motive for drawing attention to Ambrosius. He was not attempting to write a historical biography of the man, according to Higham, but setting him as an example to his contemporaries. It was essential to the philosophy of Gildas that Briton leaders who achieved victory over the barbarians were only able to do so because of divine aid. And only those who had superior Christian virtues were deserving of this aid. Ambrosius Aurelianus was apparently known for at least one such victory over the barbarians. To fit him into his worldview, Gildas was almost required to feature the former warrior as a man of exceptional virtues and obedience to God. He was made to fit Gildas's version of a model leader.\n\nHigham also suggests that the Roman lineage of Ambrosius was highlighted for a reason. Gildas was apparently intentionally connecting him with the legitimate authority and military virtues of the Romans. He was also contrasting him with the subsequent Briton rulers whose reigns lacked in such legitimacy.\n\nIdentifying historical figures\nGildas is a primary source for the Battle of Badon, yet he never mentions the names of the combatants. Therefore, we cannot know if Ambrosius Aurelianus or his successors took part in the battle. The names of the Saxon leaders in the battle are also not recorded.\n\nThe identities of Ambrosius's descendants are unknown, since Gildas never identifies them by name. It is safe to assume that they were Gildas's contemporaries and known to the author. Higham suggests that they were prominent figures of the time. Their lineage and identities were probably sufficiently familiar to his intended audience that they did not have to be named. The work portrays Ambrosius's descendants as inferior to their ancestor as part of his criticism on rulers of his time, according to Higham. Those criticised were likely aware that the vitriol was intended for them, but probably would not challenge a work offering such a glowing report of their illustrious ancestor.\n\nMike Ashley suggests that the descendants of Ambrosius could include other people named by Gildas. He favours the inclusion in this category of one Aurelius Caninus (\"Aurelius the dog-like\"), whom Gildas accuses of parricide, fornication, adultery, and warmongering. His name \"Aurelius\" suggests Romano-British descent. The insulting nickname \"Caninus\" was probably invented by Gildas himself, who similarly insults other contemporary rulers. Due to the name used by Gildas, there are theories that this ruler was actually named Conan/Cynan/Kenan. Some identify him with Cynan Garwyn, a 6th-century King of Powys, though it is uncertain if he was a contemporary of Gildas or lived one or two generations following him. Another theory is that this ruler did not reign in Britain but in Brittany. Caninus, in this view, might be Conomor (\"Great Dog\"). Conomor is considered a likelier contemporary of Gildas. Conomor was likely from Domnonée, an area of Brittany controlled by British immigrants from Dumnonia. He might be remembered in British legend as Mark of Cornwall.\n\nGildas primarily features the Saxons as barbarian raiders; their invasions involved a slow and difficult process of military conquest. By AD 500, possibly the time described by Gildas, Anglo-Saxons controlled the Isle of Wight, Kent, Lincolnshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, and coastal areas of Northumberland and Yorkshire. The rest of the former Roman Britain was still under the control of the local Britons or remnants of the Roman provincial administration. Gildas also mentions depopulation of cities and this probably reflects historical facts. Londinium, once a major city, was completely abandoned during the 5th century.\n\nAccording to Bede\nBede follows Gildas's account of Ambrosius in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People, but in his Chronica Majora he dates Ambrosius's victory to the reign of the Emperor Zeno (474–491).\n\nBede's treatment of the 5th century history of Great Britain is not particularly valuable as a source. Until about the year 418, Bede could choose between several historical sources and often followed the writings of Orosius. Following the end of Orosius's history, Bede apparently lacked other available sources and relied extensively on Gildas. Entries from this period tend to be close paraphrases of Gildas's account with mostly stylistic changes. Bede's account of Ambrosius Aurelianus has been translated as following:\n\nBede does not mention the descendants of Ambrosius Aurelianus, nor their supposed degeneracy.\n\nAccording to Nennius\nThe Historia Brittonum, attributed to Nennius, preserves several snippets of lore about Ambrosius. Despite the traditional attribution, the authorship of the work and the period of its writing are open questions for modern historians. There are several extant manuscript versions of the work, varying in details. The most important ones have been dated to between the 9th and the 11th century. Some modern scholars think it unlikely that the work was composed by a single writer or compiler, suggesting that it may have taken centuries to reach its final form, though this theory is not conclusive.\n\nIn Chapter 31, we are told that Vortigern ruled in fear of Ambrosius. This is the first mention of Ambrosius in the work. According to Frank D. Reno, this would indicate that Ambrosius's influence was formidable, since Vortigern considered him more of a threat than northern invaders and attempts to restore Roman rule in Britain. The chapter relates events following the end of Roman rule in Britain and preceding Vortigern's alliance with the Saxons.\n\nThe most significant appearance of Ambrosius is the story about Ambrosius, Vortigern, and the two dragons beneath Dinas Emrys, \"Fortress of Ambrosius\" in Chapters 40–42. In this account, Ambrosius is still an adolescent but has supernatural powers. He intimidates Vortigern and the royal magicians. When it is revealed that Ambrosius is the son of a Roman consul, Vortigern is convinced to cede to the younger man the castle of Dinas Emrys and all the kingdoms in the western part of Britain. Vortigern then retreats to the north, in an area called Gwynessi. This story was later retold with more detail by Geoffrey of Monmouth in his fictionalised Historia Regum Britanniae, conflating the personage of Ambrosius with the Welsh tradition of Myrddin the visionary, known for oracular utterances that foretold the coming victories of the native Celtic inhabitants of Britain over the Saxons and the Normans. Geoffrey also introduces him into the Historia under the name Aurelius Ambrosius as one of three sons of Constantine III, along with Constans and Uther Pendragon.\n\nIn Chapter 48, Ambrosius Aurelianus is described as \"king among all the kings of the British nation\". The chapter records that Pascent, the son of Vortigern, was granted rule over the regions of Buellt and Gwrtheyrnion by Ambrosius. Finally, in Chapter 66, various events are dated from a Battle of Guoloph (often identified with Wallop, ESE of Amesbury near Salisbury), which is said to have been between Ambrosius and Vitolinus. The author dates this battle as taking place 12 years from the reign of Vortigern.\n\nIt is not clear how these various traditions about Ambrosius relate to each other, or whether they come from the same tradition; it is very possible that these references are to different men with the same name. Frank D. Reno points out that the works call all these men \"Ambrosius\"/\"Emrys\". The cognomen \"Aurelianus\" is never used. The Historia Brittonum dates the battle of Guoloph to \"the twelfth year of Vortigern\", by which the year 437 seems to be meant. This is perhaps a generation before the battle that Gildas may imply was commanded by Ambrosius Aurelianus.\n\nThe text never identifies who Ambrosius's father is, just gives his title as a Roman consul. When an adolescent Ambrosius speaks of his father, there is no suggestion that this father is deceased. The boy is not identified as an orphan. The exact age of Ambrosius is not given in his one encounter with Vortigern. Frank D. Reno suggests that he might be as young as 13 years old, barely a teenager.\n\nIt is impossible to know to what degree Ambrosius actually wielded political power, and over what area. Ambrosius and Vortigern are shown as being in conflict in the Historia Brittonum, and some historians have suspected that this preserves a historical core of the existence of two parties in opposition to one another, one headed by Ambrosius and the other by Vortigern. J. N. L. Myres built upon this suspicion and speculated that belief in Pelagianism reflected an actively provincial outlook in Britain and that Vortigern represented the Pelagian party, while Ambrosius led the Catholic one. Subsequent historians accepted Myres's speculation as fact, creating a narrative of events in 5th century Britain with various degrees of elaborate detail. Yet a simpler alternative interpretation of the conflict between these two figures is that the Historia Brittonum is preserving traditions hostile to the purported descendants of Vortigern, who at this time were a ruling house in Powys. This interpretation is supported by the negative character of all of the stories retold about Vortigern in the Historia Brittonum, which include his alleged practice of incest.\n\nThe identity of Ambrosius's last mentioned enemy, Vitalinus, is somewhat obscure. Various manuscripts of the Historia and translations also render his name as \"Guitolin,\" \"Guitolini,\" and \"Guitholini.\" He is mentioned in chapter 49 as one of four sons of Gloiu and co-founder of the city of Gloucester. No other background information is given. There are theories that Gloiu is also the father of Vortigern, but the genealogy is obscure and no supporting primary text can be found. There have been further attempts to identify Vitalinus with a pro-Vortigern or anti-Roman faction in Britain, opposed to the rise of the Romano-British Ambrosius. However, this is rendered problematic since Vitalinus seems to also have a Romano-British name. The traditional view of pro-Roman and pro-Briton factions active in this period might oversimplify a more complex situation.\n\nAccording to William of Malmesbury\n\nAmbrosius appears briefly in the Gesta Regum Anglorum (\"Deeds of the Kings of the English\") by William of Malmesbury. Despite its name, the work attempted to reconstruct British history in general by drawing together the varying accounts of Gildas, Bede, Nennius, and various chroniclers. The work features Ambrosius as the apparent employer of Arthur. The relevant passage has been translated as follows:\n\nWilliam swiftly shifts attention from Ambrosius to Arthur, and proceeds to narrate Arthur's supposed victory in the Battle of Badon. The narrative is probably the first to connect Ambrosius and Arthur. William had to reconcile the accounts of Gildas and Bede who implied that Ambrosius was connected to the battle, and that of Nennius which clearly stated that it was Arthur who was connected to the battle. He solved the apparent discrepancy by connecting both of them to it. Ambrosius as the king of the Britons and Arthur as his most prominent general and true victor of the battle.\n\nAccording to Geoffrey of Monmouth\n\nAmbrosius Aurelianus appears in later pseudo-chronicle tradition beginning with Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae with the slightly garbled name Aurelius Ambrosius, now presented as son of a King Constantine. King Constantine's eldest son Constans is murdered at Vortigern's instigation, and the two remaining sons (Ambrosius and Uther, still very young) are quickly hustled into exile in Brittany. (This does not fit with Gildas' account, in which Ambrosius' family perished in the turmoil of the Saxon uprisings.) Later, the two brothers return from exile with a large army when Vortigern's power has faded. They destroy Vortigern and become friends with Merlin. They go on to defeat the Saxon leader Hengist in two battles at Maisbeli (probably Ballifield, near Sheffield) and Cunengeburg. Hengist is executed and Ambrosius becomes king of Britain. However, he is poisoned by his enemies, and Uther succeeds him. The text identifies the poisoner as Eopa.\n\nJudgements vary wildly of the value of Geoffrey as both a historian and a literary storyteller. He has been praised for giving us detailed information about an otherwise obscure period and possibly preserving information from lost sources, and condemned for an excessive use of artistic licence and possibly inventing stories wholecloth. \n According to Frank D. Reno, whenever Geoffrey uses extant sources, the details in the text tend to be accurate. Assuming that he was also using sources lost to us, it may be difficult to decide which details are truthful. Reno suggests that \"individual judgements\" have to be made about various elements of his narrative.\n\nGeoffrey changed the word \"Aurelianus\" to \"Aurelius\", which is the name of a Roman gens. Geoffrey retains the story of Emrys and the dragons from Nennius, but identifies the figure with Merlin. Merlin is Geoffrey's version of a historical figure known as Myrddin Wyllt. Myrddin is only mentioned once in the Annales Cambriae, at an entry dated to 573. The name of Merlin is given in Latin as Ambrosius Merlinus. \"Merlinus\" may have been intended as the agnomen of a Roman or Romano-British individual like Ambrosius.\n\nElements of Ambrosius Aurelianus, the traditional warrior king, are used by Geoffrey for other characters. Ambrosius' supposed supernatural powers are passed to Merlin. Geoffrey's Aurelius Ambrosius rises to the throne but dies early, passing the throne to a previously unknown brother called Uther Pendragon. The role of warrior king is shared by Uther and his son Arthur.\n\nGeoffrey also uses the character Gloiu, father of Vitalinus/Vitolinus, derived from Nennius. He names this character as a son of Claudius and appointed by his father as Duke of the Welsh. His predecessor as Duke is called Arvirargus. Assuming that Claudius and Arvirargus are supposed to be contemporaries, then this Claudius is the Roman emperor Claudius I (reigned 41–54). It seems unlikely that Claudius would have living grandsons in the 5th century, four centuries following his death. Reno suggests that Claudius II (reigned 268–270) would be a more likely \"Claudius\" to have living descendants in the 5th century.\n\nGeoffrey for the first time gives a genealogy of Ambrosius. He is supposedly a paternal nephew of Aldroenus, King of Brittany, son of Constantine and an unnamed Briton noblewoman, adoptive grandson (on his mother's side) of Guthelinus/Vitalinus, Bishop of London, younger brother of Constans and older brother of Uther Pendragon. Ambrosius and Uther are supposedly raised by their adoptive maternal grandfather Guthelinus/Vitalinus. It is not explicitly covered in Geoffrey's narrative, but this genealogy makes Constantine and his children descendants of Conan Meriadoc, legendary founder of the line of Kings of Brittany. Conan is also featured in the Historia Regum Britanniae, where he is appointed king by Roman emperor Magnus Maximus (reigned 383–388).\n\nConstantine's reign is placed by Geoffrey as following the Groans of the Britons mentioned by Gildas. Constantine is reported killed by a Pict and his reign is followed by a brief succession crisis. Candidates for the throne included all three sons of Constantine, but there were problems for their eventual rise to the throne. Constans was a monk, and Ambrosius and Uther were underage and still in their cradle. The crisis is resolved when Vortigern places Constans on the throne, and then serves as his chief adviser and power behind the throne. When Constans is killed by the Picts serving as bodyguards of Vortigern, Vortigern feigns anguish and has the killers executed. Ambrosius is still underage and Vortigern rises to the throne.\n\nThe chronology offered by Geoffrey for the early life of Ambrosius contradicts Gildas and Nennius, and is also internally inconsistent. The Groans of the Britons involves an appeal by the Britons to Roman consul \"Agitius\". This person has been identified with Flavius Aetius (d. 454), magister militum (\"master of soldiers\") of the Western Roman Empire and consul of the year 446. The Groans are generally dated to the 440s and 450s, preceding the death of Aetius. If Geoffrey's Constantine rose to the throne immediately following the Groans, this would place his reign in this period. Geoffrey gives a 10-year reign for Constantine and his marriage lasts just as long. However the eldest son Constans is clearly older than 10 years by the time his father dies. He is already an adult candidate of the throne and has had time to follow a monastic career. Even assuming there is a time gap between the death of Constantine and the adulthood of Constans, his younger brothers \nhave not aged at all in the narrative.\nGeoffrey's narrative has an underage Ambrosius, if not a literal infant, in the 460s. Accounts deriving from Gildas and Nennius place Ambrosius in the prime of his life in the same decade. Most telling is that Geoffrey has Vortigern rising to the throne in the 460s. Nennius places the rise of Vortigern in the year 425, and Vortigern is entirely absent in chronologies of the 460s. Suggesting that he was deceased by that time.\n\nGeoffrey's narrative includes as a major character Hengist, as leader of the Saxons. He is featured as the father of Queen Rowena and father-in-law of Vortigern. Other Saxon characters in the narrative tend to receive less attention by the writer, but their names tend to correspond to Anglo-Saxons known from other sources. Henginst's supposed son Octa is apparently Octa of Kent, a 6th-century ruler variously connected to Hengist as a son or descendant. The other son, Ebissa, is more difficult to identify. He might correspond to kinsmen of Hengist variously identified as \"Ossa\", \"Oisc\", and \"Aesc\". A minor Saxon character called \"Cherdic\" is probably Cerdic of Wessex, though elsewhere Geoffrey calls the same king \"Cheldric\". He actually may appear under three different names in the narrative, since Geoffrey elsewhere calls the interpreter of Hengist \"Ceretic\", a variant of the same name.\n\nGeoffrey, in the last chapters featuring Vortigern, has the king served by magicians. This detail derives from Nennius, though Nennius was talking about Vortigern's \"wise men\". They may not have been magic users but advisers. Vortigern's encounter with Emrys/Merlin takes place in this part of the narrative. Merlin warns Vortigern that Ambrosius and Uther have already sailed for Britain and are soon to arrive, apparently to claim his throne. Ambrosius soon arrives at the head of the army and is crowned king. He besieges Vortigern at the castle of \"Genoreu\", which is identified with Nennius' Cair Guorthigirn (\"Fort Vortigern\") and the hillfort at Little Doward. Ambrosius burns the castle down and Vortigern dies with it.\n\nHaving killed Vortigern, Ambrosius next turns his attention to Hengist. Despite the fact that no earlier military actions of Ambrosius are recorded, the Saxons have already heard of his bravery and battle prowess. They immediately retreat beyond the Humber. Hengist soon amasses a massive army to face Ambrosius. His army counts 200,000 men and Ambrosius' only 10,000 men. He marches south and the first battle between the two armies takes place in Maisbeli, where Ambrosius emerges the victor. It is unclear what location Geoffrey had in mind. Maisbeli translates to \"the field of Beli\", and could be related to the Beli Mawr of Welsh legend and/or the Celtic god Belenus. Alternatively it could be a field where the Beltane festival was celebrated. Geoffrey could derive the name from a similar-sounding toponym. For example, Meicen of the Hen Ogledd (\"Old North\"), traditionally identified with Hatfield.\n\nFollowing his defeat, Hengist retreats towards Cunungeburg. Geoffrey probably had in mind Conisbrough, not far from Hatfield. Ambrosius leads his army against the new position of the Saxons. The second battle is more evenly fought, and Hengist has a chance to achieve victory. However, Ambrosius receives reinforcements from Brittany and the tide of the battle turns in favour of the Britons. Hengist himself is captured by his old enemy Eldol, Consul of Gloucester and decapitated. Soon after the battle, the surviving Saxon leaders Octa and Eosa submit themselves to Ambrosius' rule. He pardons them and grants them an area near Scotland. The area is not named, but Geoffrey could be basing this on Bernicia, a real Anglo-Saxon kingdom covering areas in the modern borders of Scotland and England.\n\nGeoffrey closely connects the deaths of Vortigern and Hengist, which are elsewhere poorly recorded. Vortigern historically died in the 450s, and various dates for the death of Hengist have been proposed, between the 450s and the 480s. Octa of Kent, the supposed son and heir of Hengist, was still alive in the 6th century and seems to belong to a later historical era than his father. The ruling family of the Kingdom of Kent were called the Oiscingas, a term identifying them as descendants of Oisc of Kent, not of Hengist. In effect, none of them was likely a literal son of Hengist and their relation to Hengist may have been a later invention. Geoffrey did not invent the connection, but his sources here were likely legendary in nature.\n\nFollowing his victories and the end of the wars, Ambrosius organises the burial of killed nobles at Kaercaradduc. Geoffrey identifies this otherwise unknown location with Caer-Caradog (Salisbury). Ambrosius wants a permanent memorial for the slain and assigns the task to Merlin. The result is the so-called Giants' Ring. Its location in the vicinity of Salisbury has led to its identification with Stonehenge, though Geoffrey never uses that term. Stonehenge is closer to Amesbury than Salisbury. The ring formation of the monument could equally apply to Avebury, the largest stone circle in Europe.\n\nIn other texts\n\nIn Welsh legend and texts, Ambrosius appears as Emrys Wledig (Emperor Ambrose). The term \"Wledig\" is a title used by senior royal and military commanders who have achieved notable success. The term is mostly used for famous figures such as Cunedda, though a few obscure figures have been given the title. For example, the Roman emperor Magnus Maximus is known as \"Macsen Wledig\" when he appears in Welsh folklore.\n\nIn Robert de Boron's Merlin he is called simply Pendragon and his younger brother is named Uter, which he changes to Uterpendragon after the death of the elder sibling. This is probably a confusion that entered oral tradition from Wace's Roman de Brut. Wace usually only refers to li roi (\"the king\") without naming him, and someone has taken an early mention of Uther's epithet Pendragon as the name of his brother.\n\nRichard Carew's Survey of Cornwall (1602) drew on an earlier French writer, Nicholas Gille, who mentions Moigne, brother of Aurelius and Uther, who was duke of Cornwall, and \"gouerner of the Realme\" under Emperor Honorius.\n\nPossible identification with other figures\n\nRiothamus\nLéon Fleuriot has suggested Ambrosius is identical to Riothamus, a Brythonic leader who fought a major battle against the Goths in France around the year 470. Fleuriot argues that Ambrosius led the Britons in the battle, in which he was defeated and forced to retreat to Burgundy. Fleuriot proposed that he then returned to Britain to continue the war against the Saxons.\n\nPlace-name evidence\nIt has been suggested that the place-name Amesbury in Wiltshire might preserve the name of Ambrosius, and that perhaps Amesbury was the seat of his power base in the later fifth century. Scholars such as Shimon Applebaum have found a number of place names through the Midland dialect regions of Britain that incorporate the ambre- element; examples include Ombersley in Worcestershire, Ambrosden in Oxfordshire, Amberley in Herefordshire, Amberley in Gloucestershire, and Amberley in West Sussex. These scholars have claimed that this element represents an Old English word amor, the name of a woodland bird. However, Amesbury in Wiltshire is in a different dialect region and does not easily fit into the pattern of the Midland dialect place names.\n\nModern fictional treatments\nThe novel Coalescent by Stephen Baxter depicts Aurelianus as a general to Artorius, Briton and basis for the legend of King Arthur. In Baxter's novel, Aurelianus is a minor character who interacts with the book's main Roman-era protagonist, Regina, founder of a (literally) underground matriarchal society. In the text, he is credited with winning the battle of Mount Badon.\nIn Marion Zimmer Bradley's The Mists of Avalon, Aurelianus is depicted as the ageing High King of Britain, a \"too-ambitious\" son of a Western Roman Emperor. His sister's son is Uther Pendragon, but Uther is described as not having any Roman blood. Aurelianus is unable to gather the leadership of the native Celts, who refuse to follow any but their own race.\nIn Alfred Duggan's Conscience of the King, a historical novel about Cerdic, founder of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex, Ambrosius Aurelianus is a Romano-British general who rose independently to military power, forming alliances with various British kings and setting out to drive the invading Saxons from Britain. Cerdic, who is of both Germanic and British descent and raised as a Roman citizen, served in his army as a young man. In the novel Ambrosius is a separate character from Arthur, or Artorius, who appears much later as a foe of Cerdic.\nIn Stephen R. Lawhead's Pendragon Cycle, Aurelianus (most often referred to as \"Aurelius\") figures prominently, along with his brother Uther, in the second book of the series, Merlin. He is poisoned soon after becoming High King of Britain, and Uther succeeds him. Lawhead alters the standard Arthurian story somewhat, in that he has Aurelius marry Igraine and become the true father of King Arthur (Uther does marry his brother's widow, though).\nIn Valerio Massimo Manfredi's The Last Legion, Aurelianus (here called \"Aurelianus Ambrosius Ventidius\") is a major character and is shown as one of the last loyal Romans, going to enormous lengths for his boy emperor Romulus Augustus, whose power has been wrested by the barbarian Odoacer. In this story, Romulus Augustus marries Igraine, and King Arthur is their son, and the sword of Julius Caesar becomes the legendary Excalibur in Britain. In the 2007 film version of the novel, he is played by Colin Firth and his name becomes \"Aurelianus Caius Antonius\". In both he is called \"Aurelius\" for short.\nMary Stewart's The Crystal Cave follows Geoffrey of Monmouth in calling him Aurelius Ambrosius and portrays him as the father of Merlin, the elder brother of Uther (hence uncle of Arthur), an initiate of Mithras, and generally admired by everyone except the Saxons. Much of the book is set at his court in Brittany or during the campaign to retake his throne from Vortigern. Later books in the series show that Merlin's attitude toward Arthur is influenced by his belief that Arthur is a reincarnation of Ambrosius, who is seen through Merlin's eyes as a model of good kingship.\nIn Rosemary Sutcliff's The Lantern Bearers Prince Ambrosius Aurelianus of Arfon fights the Saxons by training his British army with Roman techniques and making effective use of cavalry. By the end of the novel, the elite cavalry wing is led by his nephew, a dashing young warrior prince named Artos, whom Sutcliff postulates to be the real Arthur. In the sequel Sword at Sunset, Artos eventually succeeds an ailing Ambrosius as High King after he deliberately gets himself killed while hunting.\nIn Parke Godwin's Firelord, Ambrosius is the elderly tribune of the diminished, dispirited and politically fractured Legio VI Victrix garrisoning Hadrian's Wall. Near his death, he names Artorius Pendragon (Arthur) as his successor, encourages him to convert the legion to alae (heavy cavalry) and allows the legionnaires to renounce their loyalty to Rome and take personal oaths of fealty to Artorius in order to help unify Brittania politically and to create a military force with the ability to quickly redeploy to meet differing threats.\nIn Jack Whyte's Camulod Chronicles, Ambrosius Aurelianus is the half-brother of Caius Merlyn Britannicus (Merlin) and helps him lead the people of Camulod (Camelot).\nIn Henry Treece's The Great Captains, Ambrosius is the aged and blind Count of Britain who is deposed by the Celt Artos the Bear after the latter takes his sword of command Caliburn and plunges it into a tree stump, daring him to pull it out.\nIn Stargate SG-1, Ambrosius and Arthur are one and the same. Merlin was an Ancient, fleeing from Atlantis and later Ascends, then comes back in order to build the Sangraal, or Holy Grail, to defeat the Ori. Daniel Jackson also comments that it would mean that Ambrosius was 74 at the Battle of Mount Badon.\nAmbrosius (voiced by Owen Teale) is a major character in the 2020 Audible Original drama Albion: The Legend of Arthur, in which he is depicted as the uncle of Arthur and having a son named Cunan.\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n5th-century births\n5th-century monarchs in Europe\n5th-century Romans\nArthurian characters\nLegendary British kings\nDate of death unknown\nHistorical figures as candidates of King Arthur\nLast of the Romans\nMerlin\nMythological kings\nSub-Roman Britons\nSub-Roman monarchs\nWelsh mythology",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steers%20%28restaurant%29
|
Steers is a South African quick-service restaurant brand, serving burgers and chips. Other menu items include chicken burgers, ribs as well as ice cream, milkshakes and chicken & salads among other things.
History
The history of the company revolves around the Halamandaris family, whose members are still part of the executive team today, with extensive experience in the food and franchising industries.
Steers founder, George Halamandress, created the original Milky Lane ice cream parlours, followed in quick succession by the first South African steakhouse (the Rosebank Golden Spur), the Seven Steers steakhouse in Highlands North and the Black Steer in Yeoville in the early 1960s. He was also one of the first entrepreneurs to bring the franchising concept to South Africa.
After Uncle George died in 1984, leadership of the chain passed to his nephews Peter, Theo, and their brother, Perry, as well as to Uncle George's youngest son, John. The three brothers had all been operating their own franchises and John was operating the manufacturing business, supplying Steers outlets and other retailers. Together, they re-engineered the brand and actively sought new franchisees. The early 1980s saw the opening of Steers in Sandton City, which attracted interest from would-be franchisees, and this encouraged the team behind Steers to launch their franchise programme.
There seemed to be no shortage of prospective franchisees wanting to buy into their franchise model, and more than 15 Steers outlets had opened within two years, with this number growing to 250 stores 10 years later.
By the end of the 1990s, Steers started expanding it's business beyond South Africa, and outlets opened in Swaziland (now Eswatini), Botswana, Zimbabwe, Kenya, Mauritius, Zambia, Tanzania and Ivory Coast. The name Steers evolved over the years too, starting with Golden Spur, then changing to Seven Steer, followed by Branded Steer and Longhorn Steer, before becoming Steers.
Steers Holdings listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange in November 1994, and in 2001 changed its name to Famous Brands Limited. This reflected the diversity of the Famous Brands group portfolio, although Steers remained the icon brand within the group.
The brand has continued to prosper and currently has over 600 Steers restaurants worldwide. By attracting new consumers as well as increasing the consumption frequency of existing customers, Steers succeeded in reaching their target of double-digit system-wide sales growth in 2012.
In the late 80s the Comitis family, who owned the Steers rights in the Western Cape, continued to grow the brand throughout Southern Africa. After decades of growth Steers became the most prominent fast food company in Southern Africa and the Comitis family sold the share equity back to the Famous Brands parent company.
Background
Franchise
In 1983, Steers launched a new franchise programmer. The owners placed a single advertisement in a local newspaper inviting franchisees to apply, and since then Steers has never had a shortage of prospective franchisees seeking to buy into the franchise. Within two years there were more than 15 outlets opened, and this number grew to 250 stores ten years later. By the end of the 90s Steers started expanding beyond South Africa’s borders, with outlets in Eswatini, Botswana, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Kenya, Mauritius, Zambia, Tanzania and Ivory Coast. There are over 500 franchises across Africa. A Steers restaurant opened on Lavender Hill, Battersea, London, UK in late July 2013. Although as of 2022, this has now been closed
Achievements
For 17 years in a row, Steers has been recognized by well-known Johannesburg listing magazine, Leisure Options, for serving the Best Hamburger in the QSR industry. Steers has also won ‘best chips’ for 13 years running.
Steers Holdings Limited was, later renamed Famous Brands Limited.
Slogans
Flame-Grilled, It Just Tastes Better (current)
Real Burgers
Real Food Made Real Good
Countries with Steers restaurants
See also
References
Fast-food hamburger restaurants
Fast-food franchises
Fast-food chains of South Africa
Restaurants in South Africa
Companies based in Johannesburg
South African brands
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steers%20%28restaurant%29",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Steers is a South African quick-service restaurant brand, serving burgers and chips. Other menu items include chicken burgers, ribs as well as ice cream, milkshakes and chicken & salads among other things.\n\nHistory\n\nThe history of the company revolves around the Halamandaris family, whose members are still part of the executive team today, with extensive experience in the food and franchising industries.\n\nSteers founder, George Halamandress, created the original Milky Lane ice cream parlours, followed in quick succession by the first South African steakhouse (the Rosebank Golden Spur), the Seven Steers steakhouse in Highlands North and the Black Steer in Yeoville in the early 1960s. He was also one of the first entrepreneurs to bring the franchising concept to South Africa.\n\nAfter Uncle George died in 1984, leadership of the chain passed to his nephews Peter, Theo, and their brother, Perry, as well as to Uncle George's youngest son, John. The three brothers had all been operating their own franchises and John was operating the manufacturing business, supplying Steers outlets and other retailers. Together, they re-engineered the brand and actively sought new franchisees. The early 1980s saw the opening of Steers in Sandton City, which attracted interest from would-be franchisees, and this encouraged the team behind Steers to launch their franchise programme.\n\nThere seemed to be no shortage of prospective franchisees wanting to buy into their franchise model, and more than 15 Steers outlets had opened within two years, with this number growing to 250 stores 10 years later.\n\nBy the end of the 1990s, Steers started expanding it's business beyond South Africa, and outlets opened in Swaziland (now Eswatini), Botswana, Zimbabwe, Kenya, Mauritius, Zambia, Tanzania and Ivory Coast. The name Steers evolved over the years too, starting with Golden Spur, then changing to Seven Steer, followed by Branded Steer and Longhorn Steer, before becoming Steers.\n\nSteers Holdings listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange in November 1994, and in 2001 changed its name to Famous Brands Limited. This reflected the diversity of the Famous Brands group portfolio, although Steers remained the icon brand within the group.\n\nThe brand has continued to prosper and currently has over 600 Steers restaurants worldwide. By attracting new consumers as well as increasing the consumption frequency of existing customers, Steers succeeded in reaching their target of double-digit system-wide sales growth in 2012.\n\nIn the late 80s the Comitis family, who owned the Steers rights in the Western Cape, continued to grow the brand throughout Southern Africa. After decades of growth Steers became the most prominent fast food company in Southern Africa and the Comitis family sold the share equity back to the Famous Brands parent company.\n\nBackground\n\nFranchise\nIn 1983, Steers launched a new franchise programmer. The owners placed a single advertisement in a local newspaper inviting franchisees to apply, and since then Steers has never had a shortage of prospective franchisees seeking to buy into the franchise. Within two years there were more than 15 outlets opened, and this number grew to 250 stores ten years later. By the end of the 90s Steers started expanding beyond South Africa’s borders, with outlets in Eswatini, Botswana, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Kenya, Mauritius, Zambia, Tanzania and Ivory Coast. There are over 500 franchises across Africa. A Steers restaurant opened on Lavender Hill, Battersea, London, UK in late July 2013. Although as of 2022, this has now been closed\n\nAchievements\nFor 17 years in a row, Steers has been recognized by well-known Johannesburg listing magazine, Leisure Options, for serving the Best Hamburger in the QSR industry. Steers has also won ‘best chips’ for 13 years running. \n\nSteers Holdings Limited was, later renamed Famous Brands Limited.\n\nSlogans\n Flame-Grilled, It Just Tastes Better (current)\n Real Burgers \n Real Food Made Real Good\n\nCountries with Steers restaurants\n\nSee also\n\nReferences\n\nFast-food hamburger restaurants\nFast-food franchises\nFast-food chains of South Africa\nRestaurants in South Africa\nCompanies based in Johannesburg\nSouth African brands",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Pump fake
|
A pump fake is a feigned attempt to pass or shoot the ball in football or basketball respectively.
Football
In gridiron football, a pump fake is a move by the quarterback to deceive the defense. It entails the movement of the arm so as to fool the defense into thinking the quarterback is throwing.
Basketball
In basketball, it is also known as a shot fake, and usually involves a jump shot, restrained before the feet leave the ground. The pump fake is a fundamental move in basketball, used to cause defenders to jump (known in basketball slang as "lifting" the defender) or be shifted off-balance. Its main applications are in the low post area, where a player is much more likely to have his or her shot blocked. On the perimeter, it is useful in creating open lanes to the basket by "showing" the ball enough to entice a defender to attempt to block or steal it, allowing the dribbler to penetrate easily.
See also
Basketball moves
References
American football terminology
Basketball terminology
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Pump fake",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "A pump fake is a feigned attempt to pass or shoot the ball in football or basketball respectively.\n\nFootball\nIn gridiron football, a pump fake is a move by the quarterback to deceive the defense. It entails the movement of the arm so as to fool the defense into thinking the quarterback is throwing.\n\nBasketball\nIn basketball, it is also known as a shot fake, and usually involves a jump shot, restrained before the feet leave the ground. The pump fake is a fundamental move in basketball, used to cause defenders to jump (known in basketball slang as \"lifting\" the defender) or be shifted off-balance. Its main applications are in the low post area, where a player is much more likely to have his or her shot blocked. On the perimeter, it is useful in creating open lanes to the basket by \"showing\" the ball enough to entice a defender to attempt to block or steal it, allowing the dribbler to penetrate easily.\n\nSee also\nBasketball moves\n\nReferences\n\nAmerican football terminology\nBasketball terminology",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Jacob Nielsen, Count of Halland
|
Jacob Nielsen (died about 1309) was count of Northern Halland and a great-grandson of Valdemar II of Denmark. His father (Niels Nielsen) and grandfather (Niels Valdemarsen) had both held Halland as a county before him. Jacob received Halland in 1283, but switched allegiance to the King of Norway two years later and was declared an outlaw in 1287 after the murder of Eric V of Denmark.
In Halland, Jacob built the fortresses of Hunehals and later Varberg Fortress. Jacob's position weakened after the Norwegian king started to lose interest in the conflict with Denmark, and in 1305, he was forced to relinquish Halland to Haakon V of Norway, who granted it to his own son-in-law, the Swedish duke Erik Magnusson.
Bibliography
Kr[istian] Erslev, "Jacob, Greve af Nørrehalland", Dansk biografisk leksikon, VIII. Bind. Holst - Juul, 1894, p 336 f.
13th-century births
14th-century deaths
Danish nobility
House of Estridsen
Halland
Regicides
13th-century Danish nobility
14th-century Danish nobility
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Jacob Nielsen, Count of Halland",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Jacob Nielsen (died about 1309) was count of Northern Halland and a great-grandson of Valdemar II of Denmark. His father (Niels Nielsen) and grandfather (Niels Valdemarsen) had both held Halland as a county before him. Jacob received Halland in 1283, but switched allegiance to the King of Norway two years later and was declared an outlaw in 1287 after the murder of Eric V of Denmark.\n\nIn Halland, Jacob built the fortresses of Hunehals and later Varberg Fortress. Jacob's position weakened after the Norwegian king started to lose interest in the conflict with Denmark, and in 1305, he was forced to relinquish Halland to Haakon V of Norway, who granted it to his own son-in-law, the Swedish duke Erik Magnusson.\n\nBibliography\nKr[istian] Erslev, \"Jacob, Greve af Nørrehalland\", Dansk biografisk leksikon, VIII. Bind. Holst - Juul, 1894, p 336 f.\n\n13th-century births\n14th-century deaths\nDanish nobility\nHouse of Estridsen\nHalland\nRegicides\n13th-century Danish nobility\n14th-century Danish nobility",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Lagoa Santa, Goiás
|
Lagoa Santa is a municipality in southeast Goiás state, Brazil. Lagoa Santa is one of the most recent municipalities in the state, having been installed on 1 January 2001. It has hot water springs and is being developed as a resort.
Location
Lagoa Santa is located on the border with the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, divided by the Aporé River, a tributary of the Paraná. It is 483 kilometers from the state capital, Goiânia and is connected by highways BR-153 and BR-060, leaving from São Paulo, and from Goiânia, by highways Br-060 and BR-164 and GO-206 and GO-302.
Connections with the state capital are made by BR-060 / Abadia de Goiás / Guapó / Indiara / Acreúna / Rio Verde / GO-174 / GO-422 / Caçu / GO-206 / Itarumã / GO-178 / Itajá / GO-302.
It has boundaries on the north, east, and west with Itajá, and on the south with the state of Mato Grosso do Sul.
Geography
The average elevation is 380 meters and the average annual temperature is approximately 20 °C to 24 °C, with the minimum of 17 °C and the maximum of 31 °C. It is not uncommon to have cold fronts in the region, which come from the south. The climate is very humid, with humidity around 70%.
The town is crossed by the Rio Aporé, on the border with Mato Grosso do Sul. In the tropical forest along the river there is a natural lake, Lagoa Santa, with water temperatures of around 31 °C. This lake gave the town its name and is visited by tourists from all over the country, who seek a cure in the warm and medicinal waters of the lake.
Demographics
Population density in 2007: 2.67 inhabitants/km2
Total population in 2007: 5,409
Urban population in 2007: 852
Rural population in 2007: 373
The economy
The economy is based on services, government jobs, modest agriculture and cattle raising, and income generated from tourism. The cattle herd was 48,000 (2006).
Economic Data (2007)
Industrial establishments: 0
Retail establishments in 2007: 22
Automobiles: 60 (2007)
Main agricultural products in ha.(2006)
rice: 100
corn: 200
Farm Data (2006)in ha.
Number of farms: 81
Total area: 42,940
Area of permanent crops: 33
Area of perennial crops: 166
Area of natural pasture: 31,372
Persons dependent on farming: 212
Farms with tractors: 37
Number of tractors: 66 IBGE
Education and Health
There were 02 schools in activity (2006) and no hospitals.
Literacy Rate: n/a
Infant mortality rate: n/a (in 1,000 live births)
Lagoa Santa was first created a district of Itajá in 1988 with the name Termas de Lagoa Santa. In 1998 it became a municipality with the present name.
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
Microregions of Goiás
References
Frigoletto
Sepin
Municipalities in Goiás
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Lagoa Santa, Goiás",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Lagoa Santa is a municipality in southeast Goiás state, Brazil. Lagoa Santa is one of the most recent municipalities in the state, having been installed on 1 January 2001. It has hot water springs and is being developed as a resort.\n\nLocation\nLagoa Santa is located on the border with the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, divided by the Aporé River, a tributary of the Paraná. It is 483 kilometers from the state capital, Goiânia and is connected by highways BR-153 and BR-060, leaving from São Paulo, and from Goiânia, by highways Br-060 and BR-164 and GO-206 and GO-302.\n\nConnections with the state capital are made by BR-060 / Abadia de Goiás / Guapó / Indiara / Acreúna / Rio Verde / GO-174 / GO-422 / Caçu / GO-206 / Itarumã / GO-178 / Itajá / GO-302.\n\nIt has boundaries on the north, east, and west with Itajá, and on the south with the state of Mato Grosso do Sul.\n\nGeography\nThe average elevation is 380 meters and the average annual temperature is approximately 20 °C to 24 °C, with the minimum of 17 °C and the maximum of 31 °C. It is not uncommon to have cold fronts in the region, which come from the south. The climate is very humid, with humidity around 70%.\n\nThe town is crossed by the Rio Aporé, on the border with Mato Grosso do Sul. In the tropical forest along the river there is a natural lake, Lagoa Santa, with water temperatures of around 31 °C. This lake gave the town its name and is visited by tourists from all over the country, who seek a cure in the warm and medicinal waters of the lake.\n\nDemographics\nPopulation density in 2007: 2.67 inhabitants/km2 \nTotal population in 2007: 5,409\nUrban population in 2007: 852\nRural population in 2007: 373\n\nThe economy\nThe economy is based on services, government jobs, modest agriculture and cattle raising, and income generated from tourism. The cattle herd was 48,000 (2006).\nEconomic Data (2007)\nIndustrial establishments: 0\nRetail establishments in 2007: 22\nAutomobiles: 60 (2007)\n\nMain agricultural products in ha.(2006)\nrice: 100 \ncorn: 200\n\nFarm Data (2006)in ha.\nNumber of farms: 81\nTotal area: 42,940 \nArea of permanent crops: 33\nArea of perennial crops: 166\nArea of natural pasture: 31,372 \nPersons dependent on farming: 212\nFarms with tractors: 37\nNumber of tractors: 66 IBGE\n\nEducation and Health\nThere were 02 schools in activity (2006) and no hospitals. \nLiteracy Rate: n/a\nInfant mortality rate: n/a (in 1,000 live births)\n\nLagoa Santa was first created a district of Itajá in 1988 with the name Termas de Lagoa Santa. In 1998 it became a municipality with the present name.\n\nSee also\nList of municipalities in Goiás\nMicroregions of Goiás\n\nReferences\n\nFrigoletto\n Sepin\n\nMunicipalities in Goiás",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minden%20High%20School
|
Minden High School may refer to:
Minden High School (Minden, Louisiana)
Minden High School (Minden, Nebraska)
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minden%20High%20School",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Minden High School may refer to:\n\nMinden High School (Minden, Louisiana)\nMinden High School (Minden, Nebraska)",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCBF%20%28FM%29
|
WCBF (96.1 MHz, "95-96-97 Bigfoot Country") is an FM radio station licensed to Elmira, New York. It is owned by Seven Mountains Media and airs a country music format.
History
The station signed on the air as WENY-FM in 1965 at 92.7 FM as a sister station to WENY. The call letters WENY-FM had previously been assigned to another station in Elmira. It was licensed to the Elmira Star-Gazette, Incorporated, and began broadcasting November 1, 1948, on 106.9 MHz. It was a sister station to WENY, an AM station.
In 1977, the station changed its call letters to WLEZ, and was playing adult contemporary music. Known as EZ-92, the station was automated for most of the broadcast day, but had a popular morning show through the 1980s hosted by Chris Faber.
The station reclaimed its WENY-FM call sign on November 4, 1991. It also switched to a satellite-delivered adult contemporary format as an affiliate of the Northeast Satellite Entertainment network.
Longtime owner Howard Green sold the station to White Broadcasting in 2000. Under a limited marketing agreement, the station was managed by Eolin Broadcasting Inc., which also owned talk radio station WCLI, WCBA-FM (adult contemporary), WCBA (adult standards) and WGMM (oldies). White sold the station to EBI in 2001
EBI moved the station to its headquarters in South Corning and began simulcasting airing WCBA-FM programming on WENY. The stations were known as the Crystal Radio Network. That nomenclature came from WCBA-FM, which had been known as "Crystal 98.7" for a few years.
In 2003, EBI sold all of the stations to Route 81 Radio, based in Hazleton, Pennsylvania. Route 81 switched WCBA-FM's frequency to 97.7 (which was WGMM's) and its calls to WENI. The stations still air the same adult contemporary programming, but now are known as Magic 92.7 and 97.7. Route 81 dissolved and the stations ended up in the hands of William and Paige Christian's Sound Communications.
In 2017, Sound Communications filed to swap the license for WENY-FM to Kevin Fitzgerald and George Hawras' Europa Communications in exchange for the license for WPHD, in a move speculated to allow the Christians the opportunity to acquire another station in the Elmira-Corning area (South Waverly, Pennsylvania, the community to which WPHD was licensed, is located just outside the designated market area). The swap was consummated on November 15, 2017, along with the formats. In addition, the stations swapped call signs on November 20, 2017. On December 8, 2017, WPHD moved from 92.7 FM to 96.1 FM. (info taken from stationintel.com) On June 25, 2020, the station changed its call sign to WCBF. On July 3, 2020, the station adopted a country music format branded "Bigfoot Country", and the WPHD call sign and classic hits format moved to 104.9 FM.
HD Radio
On May 24, 2018, WPHD launched two formats on their HD Radio subchannels—WPHD-HD2 was airing a rhythmic contemporary format, branded as "Hot 102.9" (simulcast on translator W275BA 102.9 FM Elmira) and WPHD-HD3 was airing an alternative rock format, branded as "93 The Drive" (simulcast on translator W226BA 93.1 FM Elmira).
On January 6, 2020, WPHD-HD3/W226BA changed their format from alternative rock to a simulcast of mainstream rock-formatted WNGZ 104.9 FM Montour Falls.
Translators
WCBF also broadcasts on the following FM translators:
W277DW relays WCBF-HD2; W269BK and W300DH relay WCBF-HD3; W226BA and W228DN relay WCBF-HD4.
References
External links
CBF (FM)
Radio stations established in 1965
1965 establishments in New York (state)
Country radio stations in the United States
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCBF%20%28FM%29",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "WCBF (96.1 MHz, \"95-96-97 Bigfoot Country\") is an FM radio station licensed to Elmira, New York. It is owned by Seven Mountains Media and airs a country music format.\n\nHistory\nThe station signed on the air as WENY-FM in 1965 at 92.7 FM as a sister station to WENY. The call letters WENY-FM had previously been assigned to another station in Elmira. It was licensed to the Elmira Star-Gazette, Incorporated, and began broadcasting November 1, 1948, on 106.9 MHz. It was a sister station to WENY, an AM station.\n\nIn 1977, the station changed its call letters to WLEZ, and was playing adult contemporary music. Known as EZ-92, the station was automated for most of the broadcast day, but had a popular morning show through the 1980s hosted by Chris Faber.\n\nThe station reclaimed its WENY-FM call sign on November 4, 1991. It also switched to a satellite-delivered adult contemporary format as an affiliate of the Northeast Satellite Entertainment network.\n\nLongtime owner Howard Green sold the station to White Broadcasting in 2000. Under a limited marketing agreement, the station was managed by Eolin Broadcasting Inc., which also owned talk radio station WCLI, WCBA-FM (adult contemporary), WCBA (adult standards) and WGMM (oldies). White sold the station to EBI in 2001\n\nEBI moved the station to its headquarters in South Corning and began simulcasting airing WCBA-FM programming on WENY. The stations were known as the Crystal Radio Network. That nomenclature came from WCBA-FM, which had been known as \"Crystal 98.7\" for a few years.\n\nIn 2003, EBI sold all of the stations to Route 81 Radio, based in Hazleton, Pennsylvania. Route 81 switched WCBA-FM's frequency to 97.7 (which was WGMM's) and its calls to WENI. The stations still air the same adult contemporary programming, but now are known as Magic 92.7 and 97.7. Route 81 dissolved and the stations ended up in the hands of William and Paige Christian's Sound Communications.\n\nIn 2017, Sound Communications filed to swap the license for WENY-FM to Kevin Fitzgerald and George Hawras' Europa Communications in exchange for the license for WPHD, in a move speculated to allow the Christians the opportunity to acquire another station in the Elmira-Corning area (South Waverly, Pennsylvania, the community to which WPHD was licensed, is located just outside the designated market area). The swap was consummated on November 15, 2017, along with the formats. In addition, the stations swapped call signs on November 20, 2017. On December 8, 2017, WPHD moved from 92.7 FM to 96.1 FM. (info taken from stationintel.com) On June 25, 2020, the station changed its call sign to WCBF. On July 3, 2020, the station adopted a country music format branded \"Bigfoot Country\", and the WPHD call sign and classic hits format moved to 104.9 FM.\n\nHD Radio\nOn May 24, 2018, WPHD launched two formats on their HD Radio subchannels—WPHD-HD2 was airing a rhythmic contemporary format, branded as \"Hot 102.9\" (simulcast on translator W275BA 102.9 FM Elmira) and WPHD-HD3 was airing an alternative rock format, branded as \"93 The Drive\" (simulcast on translator W226BA 93.1 FM Elmira).\n\nOn January 6, 2020, WPHD-HD3/W226BA changed their format from alternative rock to a simulcast of mainstream rock-formatted WNGZ 104.9 FM Montour Falls.\n\nTranslators\nWCBF also broadcasts on the following FM translators:\n\nW277DW relays WCBF-HD2; W269BK and W300DH relay WCBF-HD3; W226BA and W228DN relay WCBF-HD4.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCBF (FM)\nRadio stations established in 1965\n1965 establishments in New York (state)\nCountry radio stations in the United States",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Ouran High School Host Club
|
is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Bisco Hatori. It was serialized in Hakusensha's LaLa magazine between the September 2002 and November 2010 issues. The series follows Haruhi Fujioka, a scholarship student at Ouran Academy, and the other members of the popular host club. The romantic comedy focuses on the relationships within and outside the Club.
The manga has been adapted into a series of audio dramas, an animated television series directed by Takuya Igarashi and produced by Bones, a Japanese television drama series, a 2012 live-action film adaptation, and a visual novel by Idea Factory. Two musical adaptations opened in 2022, with the final one scheduled for 2023.
By December 2011, Ouran High School Host Club had over 13 million copies in circulation.
Plot
The comedic series revolves around the escapades of Haruhi Fujioka, a scholarship student at the prestigious Ouran Academy, an elite private school for rich kids located in Bunkyo, Tokyo. Looking for a quiet place to study, Haruhi stumbles upon the otherwise-abandoned Third Music Room, a place where the Host Club, a group of six male students, gathers to entertain female "clients" with food, themed parties, and flirtatious conversation and behavior. During their initial encounter, Haruhi accidentally destroys an antique vase valued at ¥8,000,000 (around US$60,000) and must work off the debt as the club's errand boy. Her short hair, slouching attire, and gender-ambiguous face cause her to be mistaken by the Hosts for a male student, though they soon realize her actual gender and the fact that she's a "natural" in entertaining girls. In response, they decide to "promote" her to a member of the Host Club so that she may work off her debt by procuring a certain number of clients by the time she graduates, all while concealing her gender from the rest of the student body as well as their growing feelings for her.
Media
Manga
The Ouran High School Host Club manga series was serialized between the September 2002 and November 2010 issues of LaLa magazine. The individual chapters were collected in eighteen tankōbon volumes between August 5, 2003 and April 5, 2011.
Hakusensha released a fanbook for the series on August 4, 2009 titled .
The series is licensed in English North America by Viz Media under its Shojo Beat imprint, and in Indonesia in the monthly manga magazine Hanalala. It is published in Singapore (in both simplified Chinese and English) by Chuang Yi, and in Poland by JPF.
Anime
A 26-episode anime television series aired between April 5 and September 26, 2006 on NTV, adapting the first eight volumes of the manga. The series was produced by Nippon Television, VAP, Bones and Hakusensha. It was directed by Takuya Igarashi, with Yōji Enokido handling series composition and writing the scripts, Kumiko Takahashi designing the characters and Yoshihisa Hirano composing the music. It features a different cast from the audio dramas, with Maaya Sakamoto as Haruhi Fujioka and Mamoru Miyano as Tamaki Suoh.
The series is licensed for distribution in North America by Funimation Entertainment. Caitlin Glass was the ADR director of the series, as well as voicing Haruhi. The first anime DVD set containing the first thirteen episodes was released on October 28, 2008 in North America. The second volume containing the last thirteen episodes was released on January 6, 2009. On April 27, 2009, the series made its North American television debut on the Funimation Channel. The series is also available for digital streaming on the Funimation app, but was moved over to the Crunchyroll streaming service in 2022 after the latter was acquired a year prior by Sony Pictures Television, Funimation's parent company who acquired in 2018. On September 1, 2022, Netflix began streaming the series in 190 countries.
Music and audio CDs
Three drama CDs were released in 2003, as well as two tracks included in LaLa magazine's 28th and 29th anniversary CDs. Three soundtracks were released by Video and Audio Project for the Ouran High School Host Club anime adaptation. The first, Ouran High School Host Club Soundtrack & Character Song Collection (Part 1), was released in Japan on July 26, 2006, and contained twenty tracks, including the anime opening theme song. The second, Ouran High School Host Club Soundtrack & Character Song Collection 2, included an additional nineteen tracks and was released on August 23, 2006. On September 20, 2007, a third soundtrack, the Ouran High School Host Club Soundtrack & Character Song Collection Special Edition was released containing eight songs from the previous two tracks, with four additional songs.
Visual novel
The Ouran Host Club visual novel was released for PlayStation 2 on April 19, 2007 by Idea Factory. Based on the television series, the player makes decisions as Haruhi that affect the other hosts' feelings toward her. The game features Jean-Pierre Léo, a longtime French friend of Tamaki, and Sayuri Himemiya, a childhood friend of Haruhi, designed by the series creator. There are two other original characters. The game has been released exclusively in Japan. A Nintendo DS port of the game, updated with a fully voiced cast and new character-specific scenarios, was released on March 19, 2009.
Live-action TV series and film
A live-action TV series of Ouran began airing in Japan on TBS on July 22, 2011. The live-action adaption features Yusuke Yamamoto as Tamaki Suou and Haruna Kawaguchi as Haruhi Fujioka.
A live-action film of Ouran was announced during a fan meeting on August 25, 2011 and continues off from the conclusion of the television series. All actors of the live-action television series reprised their roles. The film was released on March 17, 2012. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on October 10, 2012.
The series had a spin-off named Ouran High School Host Club: Haruhi no Happy Birthday Daisakusen with the same cast that was originally broadcast on January 6, 2012, by LISMO drama, a mobile drama provided by au. This LISMO drama tells an original story worked on by the author of the manga. The drama revolves around the host club members becoming flustered upon learning that it is Haruhi's birthday. Through their misunderstandings about celebrating her birthday, the members make Haruhi angry. Kawaguchi, who plays Haruhi Fujioka, commented, "You will see an explosion of this well-known bright and silly character! It was fun playing the role, and all the host club members enjoyed the filming." Each episode is approximately five minutes long, and there are four episodes.
Stage musical
A stage musical adaptation was announced in June 2021. Directed by Chobi Natsuki, with Muck Akazawa as screenwriter and music by Yu, it opened at the Tennozu Galaxy Theater, Tokyo, and Mielparque Hall Osaka in January 2022. A second adaptation titled Kageki Ouran High School Host Club ƒ, which was directed by Kazuhito Yoneyama, ran at the Tennozu Galaxy Theater and Sankei Hall Breeze, Osaka, in December 2022. In April 2023, the third and final performance, Kageki Ouran High School Host Club Fine, was announced for a December run in Tokyo, with returning casts from the previous musical.
Reception
By December 2011, the series had over 13 million copies in circulation. The series is a parody of otaku culture, especially cross-dressing. The club often dresses up in dazzling costumes, and Renge Hōshakuji is also identified as an otaku. Rose Bridges, writing for Anime News Network, regards Ouran as being the first example of a "fujoshi comedy" genre—loosely defined as humorous anime with predominantly male casts that cater to shipping-obsessed fangirls.
The manga artist of the series Bisco Hatori appeared at Anime Expo 2019 at the Los Angeles Convention Center in Los Angeles. During several interviews and panels, she indicated that she would welcome another project concerning the characters and topics covered in Ouran but could not produce an anime and advised fans to continue petitioning the studio. When asked about the Boy Love suggested in the series, she stated that Ouran has always been meant to be a parody of yaoi manga. As for Haruhi being a female, it was revealed that the character was originally meant to be a boy, but one of her editors suggested a gender swap. Thus, Hatori invented a female character that "doesn't need to dress up like a boy other than the fact that those are the clothing she wears and likes" without subtext. She expressed that she is not hung up on genre parameters or gender orientation because every person should be proud of being unique while remaining true to themselves. In summation, Hatori stressed Ouran being a story about family and friendship, without any intention of being a pioneer of "fujoshi comedy," though admits that it happened just the same.
Notes
References
External links
Official Ouran High School Host Club manga website
Official NTV Ouran High School Host Club anime website
Official IDeaf Ouran Host Club visual novel website
Official Ouran High School Host Club DS visual novel website
Official Shojo Beat Ouran High School Host Club manga website
Official Funimation Ouran website
Official TV drama website
2002 manga
2006 anime television series debuts
2011 Japanese television series debuts
2011 Japanese television series endings
Bones (studio)
Cross-dressing in anime and manga
Cross-dressing in video games
Funimation
Hakusensha franchises
Hakusensha manga
Japanese LGBT-related television shows
Japanese high school television series
LGBT in anime and manga
LGBT harem anime and manga
Male harem anime and manga
Manga adapted into films
Nippon TV original programming
Otaku in fiction
Parody anime and manga
Romantic comedy anime and manga
School life in anime and manga
Shōjo manga
TBS Television (Japan) dramas
Viz Media manga
Yomiuri Telecasting Corporation original programming
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Ouran High School Host Club",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Bisco Hatori. It was serialized in Hakusensha's LaLa magazine between the September 2002 and November 2010 issues. The series follows Haruhi Fujioka, a scholarship student at Ouran Academy, and the other members of the popular host club. The romantic comedy focuses on the relationships within and outside the Club.\n\nThe manga has been adapted into a series of audio dramas, an animated television series directed by Takuya Igarashi and produced by Bones, a Japanese television drama series, a 2012 live-action film adaptation, and a visual novel by Idea Factory. Two musical adaptations opened in 2022, with the final one scheduled for 2023.\n\nBy December 2011, Ouran High School Host Club had over 13 million copies in circulation.\n\nPlot \n\nThe comedic series revolves around the escapades of Haruhi Fujioka, a scholarship student at the prestigious Ouran Academy, an elite private school for rich kids located in Bunkyo, Tokyo. Looking for a quiet place to study, Haruhi stumbles upon the otherwise-abandoned Third Music Room, a place where the Host Club, a group of six male students, gathers to entertain female \"clients\" with food, themed parties, and flirtatious conversation and behavior. During their initial encounter, Haruhi accidentally destroys an antique vase valued at ¥8,000,000 (around US$60,000) and must work off the debt as the club's errand boy. Her short hair, slouching attire, and gender-ambiguous face cause her to be mistaken by the Hosts for a male student, though they soon realize her actual gender and the fact that she's a \"natural\" in entertaining girls. In response, they decide to \"promote\" her to a member of the Host Club so that she may work off her debt by procuring a certain number of clients by the time she graduates, all while concealing her gender from the rest of the student body as well as their growing feelings for her.\n\nMedia\n\nManga \n\nThe Ouran High School Host Club manga series was serialized between the September 2002 and November 2010 issues of LaLa magazine. The individual chapters were collected in eighteen tankōbon volumes between August 5, 2003 and April 5, 2011.\n\nHakusensha released a fanbook for the series on August 4, 2009 titled .\n\nThe series is licensed in English North America by Viz Media under its Shojo Beat imprint, and in Indonesia in the monthly manga magazine Hanalala. It is published in Singapore (in both simplified Chinese and English) by Chuang Yi, and in Poland by JPF.\n\nAnime \n\nA 26-episode anime television series aired between April 5 and September 26, 2006 on NTV, adapting the first eight volumes of the manga. The series was produced by Nippon Television, VAP, Bones and Hakusensha. It was directed by Takuya Igarashi, with Yōji Enokido handling series composition and writing the scripts, Kumiko Takahashi designing the characters and Yoshihisa Hirano composing the music. It features a different cast from the audio dramas, with Maaya Sakamoto as Haruhi Fujioka and Mamoru Miyano as Tamaki Suoh.\n\nThe series is licensed for distribution in North America by Funimation Entertainment. Caitlin Glass was the ADR director of the series, as well as voicing Haruhi. The first anime DVD set containing the first thirteen episodes was released on October 28, 2008 in North America. The second volume containing the last thirteen episodes was released on January 6, 2009. On April 27, 2009, the series made its North American television debut on the Funimation Channel. The series is also available for digital streaming on the Funimation app, but was moved over to the Crunchyroll streaming service in 2022 after the latter was acquired a year prior by Sony Pictures Television, Funimation's parent company who acquired in 2018. On September 1, 2022, Netflix began streaming the series in 190 countries.\n\nMusic and audio CDs \nThree drama CDs were released in 2003, as well as two tracks included in LaLa magazine's 28th and 29th anniversary CDs. Three soundtracks were released by Video and Audio Project for the Ouran High School Host Club anime adaptation. The first, Ouran High School Host Club Soundtrack & Character Song Collection (Part 1), was released in Japan on July 26, 2006, and contained twenty tracks, including the anime opening theme song. The second, Ouran High School Host Club Soundtrack & Character Song Collection 2, included an additional nineteen tracks and was released on August 23, 2006. On September 20, 2007, a third soundtrack, the Ouran High School Host Club Soundtrack & Character Song Collection Special Edition was released containing eight songs from the previous two tracks, with four additional songs.\n\nVisual novel \nThe Ouran Host Club visual novel was released for PlayStation 2 on April 19, 2007 by Idea Factory. Based on the television series, the player makes decisions as Haruhi that affect the other hosts' feelings toward her. The game features Jean-Pierre Léo, a longtime French friend of Tamaki, and Sayuri Himemiya, a childhood friend of Haruhi, designed by the series creator. There are two other original characters. The game has been released exclusively in Japan. A Nintendo DS port of the game, updated with a fully voiced cast and new character-specific scenarios, was released on March 19, 2009.\n\nLive-action TV series and film \n\nA live-action TV series of Ouran began airing in Japan on TBS on July 22, 2011. The live-action adaption features Yusuke Yamamoto as Tamaki Suou and Haruna Kawaguchi as Haruhi Fujioka.\n\nA live-action film of Ouran was announced during a fan meeting on August 25, 2011 and continues off from the conclusion of the television series. All actors of the live-action television series reprised their roles. The film was released on March 17, 2012. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on October 10, 2012.\n\nThe series had a spin-off named Ouran High School Host Club: Haruhi no Happy Birthday Daisakusen with the same cast that was originally broadcast on January 6, 2012, by LISMO drama, a mobile drama provided by au. This LISMO drama tells an original story worked on by the author of the manga. The drama revolves around the host club members becoming flustered upon learning that it is Haruhi's birthday. Through their misunderstandings about celebrating her birthday, the members make Haruhi angry. Kawaguchi, who plays Haruhi Fujioka, commented, \"You will see an explosion of this well-known bright and silly character! It was fun playing the role, and all the host club members enjoyed the filming.\" Each episode is approximately five minutes long, and there are four episodes.\n\nStage musical \nA stage musical adaptation was announced in June 2021. Directed by Chobi Natsuki, with Muck Akazawa as screenwriter and music by Yu, it opened at the Tennozu Galaxy Theater, Tokyo, and Mielparque Hall Osaka in January 2022. A second adaptation titled Kageki Ouran High School Host Club ƒ, which was directed by Kazuhito Yoneyama, ran at the Tennozu Galaxy Theater and Sankei Hall Breeze, Osaka, in December 2022. In April 2023, the third and final performance, Kageki Ouran High School Host Club Fine, was announced for a December run in Tokyo, with returning casts from the previous musical.\n\nReception \nBy December 2011, the series had over 13 million copies in circulation. The series is a parody of otaku culture, especially cross-dressing. The club often dresses up in dazzling costumes, and Renge Hōshakuji is also identified as an otaku. Rose Bridges, writing for Anime News Network, regards Ouran as being the first example of a \"fujoshi comedy\" genre—loosely defined as humorous anime with predominantly male casts that cater to shipping-obsessed fangirls.\n\nThe manga artist of the series Bisco Hatori appeared at Anime Expo 2019 at the Los Angeles Convention Center in Los Angeles. During several interviews and panels, she indicated that she would welcome another project concerning the characters and topics covered in Ouran but could not produce an anime and advised fans to continue petitioning the studio. When asked about the Boy Love suggested in the series, she stated that Ouran has always been meant to be a parody of yaoi manga. As for Haruhi being a female, it was revealed that the character was originally meant to be a boy, but one of her editors suggested a gender swap. Thus, Hatori invented a female character that \"doesn't need to dress up like a boy other than the fact that those are the clothing she wears and likes\" without subtext. She expressed that she is not hung up on genre parameters or gender orientation because every person should be proud of being unique while remaining true to themselves. In summation, Hatori stressed Ouran being a story about family and friendship, without any intention of being a pioneer of \"fujoshi comedy,\" though admits that it happened just the same.\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \nOfficial Ouran High School Host Club manga website \nOfficial NTV Ouran High School Host Club anime website \nOfficial IDeaf Ouran Host Club visual novel website \nOfficial Ouran High School Host Club DS visual novel website \nOfficial Shojo Beat Ouran High School Host Club manga website\nOfficial Funimation Ouran website\nOfficial TV drama website \n\n \n2002 manga\n2006 anime television series debuts\n2011 Japanese television series debuts\n2011 Japanese television series endings\nBones (studio)\nCross-dressing in anime and manga\nCross-dressing in video games\nFunimation\nHakusensha franchises\nHakusensha manga\nJapanese LGBT-related television shows\nJapanese high school television series\nLGBT in anime and manga\nLGBT harem anime and manga\nMale harem anime and manga\nManga adapted into films\nNippon TV original programming\nOtaku in fiction\nParody anime and manga\nRomantic comedy anime and manga\nSchool life in anime and manga\nShōjo manga\nTBS Television (Japan) dramas\nViz Media manga\nYomiuri Telecasting Corporation original programming",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper%20riddle
|
The newspaper riddle is a riddle joke or conundrum in English that begins with the question:
Q: What is black and white and red all over?
The traditional answer, which relies upon the identical pronunciation of the words "red" and "read", is:
A: A newspaper.
Barrick believes this riddle to be "perhaps the most common example of a folk riddle collected in the United States in the twentieth century", pointing out that between 1917 and 1939 it appeared in 15 collections of folk riddles, and in a further six between 1939 and 1974.
Alternative answers to the riddle exist, where red is used as a color, parodying the canonical form of the riddle. Examples include: "a chocolate sundae with ketchup on top", "a badger in a blender", "a crossword done in red ink", and "a penguin with a sunburn". Portnoy describes these answers as "adequate, but not clever", because they lack the homophonic pun.
A much darker version of the riddle exists with the answer "A Wounded Nun." This is also the answer to the similar riddle "What's black and white and crawls on all fours?"
Translations
In The Language of Jokes, Delia Chiaro notes that it is, technically, impossible to translate this joke into languages other than English, pointing out that, for example, in French, Italian, and German the words "rouge", "rosso", and "rot" have no meaning other than "red" and do not possess homophones.
She adds that it is possible to translate the intent of the joke, and to retain the invariant core of the colour red and the reference to a newspaper, by substituting a different riddle that relies upon metaphor, albeit that the homophonic play upon words is lost. She gives the following example in French, which relies upon the facts that L'Humanité is the newspaper of the French Communist Party, and that, as "red" has in English, "rouge" in French has political connotations of Communism:
Q: Qu'est-ce qui/Quel journal est tout rouge et noir et blanc?
A: L'Humanité
She also gives a similar example in Italian, this time using the newspaper of the Italian Communist Party (L'Unità), noting that in Italian the order of black and white is the reverse of that in English and "rosso" must come first:
Q: Quale giornale è rosso, bianco e nero?
A: L'Unità
For German, she gives this example, which again, like Italian, requires the colour adjectives to be in a different order:
Q: Was ist rot, schwarz und weiss?
A: Die Tageszeitung
Famous uses
In 2009, Jason Jones pitched this riddle to Bill Keller, the editor of The New York Times, giving the answer: "Your balance sheet".
Jimmy Kimmel at the 2012 White House Correspondent's Dinner did this joke and replied: "Nothing anymore", in an allusion to the death of print news.
See also
Elephant joke
References
Jokes
Newspapers
Riddles
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper%20riddle",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The newspaper riddle is a riddle joke or conundrum in English that begins with the question:\nQ: What is black and white and red all over?\nThe traditional answer, which relies upon the identical pronunciation of the words \"red\" and \"read\", is:\nA: A newspaper.\n\nBarrick believes this riddle to be \"perhaps the most common example of a folk riddle collected in the United States in the twentieth century\", pointing out that between 1917 and 1939 it appeared in 15 collections of folk riddles, and in a further six between 1939 and 1974.\n\nAlternative answers to the riddle exist, where red is used as a color, parodying the canonical form of the riddle. Examples include: \"a chocolate sundae with ketchup on top\", \"a badger in a blender\", \"a crossword done in red ink\", and \"a penguin with a sunburn\". Portnoy describes these answers as \"adequate, but not clever\", because they lack the homophonic pun.\n\nA much darker version of the riddle exists with the answer \"A Wounded Nun.\" This is also the answer to the similar riddle \"What's black and white and crawls on all fours?\"\n\nTranslations\n\nIn The Language of Jokes, Delia Chiaro notes that it is, technically, impossible to translate this joke into languages other than English, pointing out that, for example, in French, Italian, and German the words \"rouge\", \"rosso\", and \"rot\" have no meaning other than \"red\" and do not possess homophones.\n\nShe adds that it is possible to translate the intent of the joke, and to retain the invariant core of the colour red and the reference to a newspaper, by substituting a different riddle that relies upon metaphor, albeit that the homophonic play upon words is lost. She gives the following example in French, which relies upon the facts that L'Humanité is the newspaper of the French Communist Party, and that, as \"red\" has in English, \"rouge\" in French has political connotations of Communism:\nQ: Qu'est-ce qui/Quel journal est tout rouge et noir et blanc?\nA: L'Humanité\n\nShe also gives a similar example in Italian, this time using the newspaper of the Italian Communist Party (L'Unità), noting that in Italian the order of black and white is the reverse of that in English and \"rosso\" must come first:\nQ: Quale giornale è rosso, bianco e nero?\nA: L'Unità\n\nFor German, she gives this example, which again, like Italian, requires the colour adjectives to be in a different order:\nQ: Was ist rot, schwarz und weiss?\nA: Die Tageszeitung\n\nFamous uses\n\nIn 2009, Jason Jones pitched this riddle to Bill Keller, the editor of The New York Times, giving the answer: \"Your balance sheet\".\n \nJimmy Kimmel at the 2012 White House Correspondent's Dinner did this joke and replied: \"Nothing anymore\", in an allusion to the death of print news.\n\nSee also \n Elephant joke\n\nReferences \n\nJokes\nNewspapers\nRiddles",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangyuan
|
Jiangyuan may refer to:
Places in China
Jiangyuan District (江源区), Baishan, Jilin
Jiangyuan (江源镇), the name of a number of towns
Jiangyuan, Dunhua, Jilin
Jiangyuan, Chongzhou, Sichuan
Jiangyuan, Jianyang, Sichuan
People
Jiang Yuan, legendary ancestress of the dynastic rulers of the Zhou dynasty
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangyuan",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Jiangyuan may refer to:\n\nPlaces in China\nJiangyuan District (江源区), Baishan, Jilin\nJiangyuan (江源镇), the name of a number of towns\nJiangyuan, Dunhua, Jilin\nJiangyuan, Chongzhou, Sichuan\nJiangyuan, Jianyang, Sichuan\n\nPeople\nJiang Yuan, legendary ancestress of the dynastic rulers of the Zhou dynasty",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
160P/LINEAR
|
160P/LINEAR is a periodic comet in the Solar System. The comet came to perihelion on 18 September 2012, and reached about apparent magnitude 17.
References
External links
Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Horizons Ephemeris
160P on Seiichi Yoshida's comet list
Elements and Ephemeris for 160P/LINEAR – Minor Planet Center
Periodic comets
0160
Astronomical objects discovered in 2004
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "160P/LINEAR",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "160P/LINEAR is a periodic comet in the Solar System. The comet came to perihelion on 18 September 2012, and reached about apparent magnitude 17.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Horizons Ephemeris\n 160P on Seiichi Yoshida's comet list\n Elements and Ephemeris for 160P/LINEAR – Minor Planet Center\n\nPeriodic comets\n0160\n\nAstronomical objects discovered in 2004",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrynomedusa
|
Phrynomedusa is a genus of tree frogs from the Southeast and South regions in Brazil. They were formerly considered to be part of the genus Phyllomedusa, as the "Phyllomedusa fimbriata group". Common names colored leaf frogs and monkey frogs have been coined for them.
Ecology and conservation
Phrynomedusa occur in mountain streams and associated ponds in the Atlantic Forest. Egg clutches are laid outside of the water in rock crevices above the water; the tadpoles develop in the water.
Phrynomedusa are rare and poorly known frogs. Except for P. appendiculata and P. marginata, they are known from only a few specimens. Only two species are known with certainty to occur in protected areas.
Description
Phrynomedusa are small tree-frogs: adult males measure and females in snout–vent length. The iris is bicolored (a horizontal diffuse dark stripe in middle of eye separating dark yellow in upper and lower surfaces). The dorsum is smooth. Webbing between the fingers and toes is reduced. They lack the flash colors on flanks, preaxial, and postaxial margins of thighs present in the related phyllomedusid genera. Males have vocal sacs and vocal slits.
Species
There are six species, one of them probably extinct:
References
Phyllomedusinae
Amphibian genera
Amphibians of South America
Endemic fauna of Brazil
Taxa named by Alípio de Miranda-Ribeiro
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrynomedusa",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Phrynomedusa is a genus of tree frogs from the Southeast and South regions in Brazil. They were formerly considered to be part of the genus Phyllomedusa, as the \"Phyllomedusa fimbriata group\". Common names colored leaf frogs and monkey frogs have been coined for them.\n\nEcology and conservation\nPhrynomedusa occur in mountain streams and associated ponds in the Atlantic Forest. Egg clutches are laid outside of the water in rock crevices above the water; the tadpoles develop in the water.\n\nPhrynomedusa are rare and poorly known frogs. Except for P. appendiculata and P. marginata, they are known from only a few specimens. Only two species are known with certainty to occur in protected areas.\n\nDescription\nPhrynomedusa are small tree-frogs: adult males measure and females in snout–vent length. The iris is bicolored (a horizontal diffuse dark stripe in middle of eye separating dark yellow in upper and lower surfaces). The dorsum is smooth. Webbing between the fingers and toes is reduced. They lack the flash colors on flanks, preaxial, and postaxial margins of thighs present in the related phyllomedusid genera. Males have vocal sacs and vocal slits.\n\nSpecies\nThere are six species, one of them probably extinct:\n\nReferences\n\n \nPhyllomedusinae\nAmphibian genera\nAmphibians of South America\nEndemic fauna of Brazil\nTaxa named by Alípio de Miranda-Ribeiro",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Lorraine Bayly
|
Lorraine Daphne Bayly AM (born 16 January 1937) is an Australian actress of film, television and theatre, presenter, singer, dancer, pianist and theatre director, stage manager and writer
She is perhaps best known to small screen audiences for her soap opera roles, including numerous Crawford Productions series, but. especially in the World War II period piece drama The Sullivans as matriarch Grace Sullivan, as well as roles in legal drama Carson's Law and serial Neighbours as Faye Hudson the sister of patriarch Doug Willis played by Terence Donovan.
Early life
Bayly was born in Narrandera, New South Wales. Her first performance was at age 3, playing tambourine with the Salvation Army. At ages 5–9, she wrote, directed and starred in plays in the local jail; her father being a policeman, amateur magician and ventriloquist.
At age 9–10, she had her own ventriloquist act which 35 years later she performed on The Parkinson Show in 1983, using host Michael Parkinson as her dummy.
Classical piano
At age 11–12, she played classical piano Saturday afternoons live on Radio 2UE.
Actress
Theatre
Bayly was a founder of the Ensemble Theatre at Kirribilli. She has appeared in professional theatre since 1954, her roles including Chase Me Comrade with Stanley Baxter, playing Linda Loman in Death of a Salesman, Arthur Miller's The Last Yankee, Sheila in John Misto's Shoehorn Sonata, Mrs Patrick Campbell in Dear Liar, Margaret in Rough Justice, D H Lawrence's The Daughter-in-Law, David Williamson's Travelling North and Birthrights, Bella in Gaslight and The Male of The Species with Edward Woodward. In 2010 Bayly starred in the well known play Calendar Girls and more recently in David Williamson's When Dad Married Fury and The Sound of Music
Television
listed among Lorraine Bayly's many television credits: The miniseries 1915 (ABC), The Challenge playing Eileen Bond, in Grim Pickings (SAFC) as Betsy Tander and as Lindy Chamberlain's mother Avis Murchison in Through My Eyes: The Lindy Chamberlain Story. She was also a popular presenter and original cast member on the children's television show Play School from 1966 to 1978.
Bayly is perhaps best known to television audiences for her portrayal in the drama series The Sullivans (1976–1979), as the motherly Grace Sullivan dealing with life for an ordinary Australian family during the Second World War.
From 1982 to 1984, Bayly played the lead role of in another period television drama Carson's Law as progressive lawyer Jennifer Carson set in 1920s Melbourne. The episodes revolved around the cases taken on by Jennifer and the various personal intrigues of her family. The series also starred Kevin Miles as Jennifer's father-in-law Godfrey Carson and Gregg Caves, as Billy Carson. The series Carson's Law was written specifically for Bayly.
From 1991 to 1992, Bayly appeared in serial Neighbours as Faye Hudson. Faye was a "busybody" who moved in with her brother Doug Willis (Terence Donovan (actor)|Terence Donovan) and his family.
Film
Lorraine Bayly's film roles include Fatty Finn (AFI nominated), Ride a Wild Pony for Disney and The Man From Snowy River alongside acting legend Kirk Douglas.
Honours and awards (selected)
{|class="wikitable"
| Association
| Award
| Year
| Work
| Results
|-bgcolor=cream
| Australian Government
| Member of the Order of Australia
| 2001
|
|
|-bgcolor=cream
| Australian Variety
| Variety's 100 Entertainer of the Century
| 2006
| Lifetime honour
|
|-bgcolor=silver
| Logie Awards
| Silver Logie Award for Most Popular Actress
| 1978
| The Sullivans as Grace Sullivan
|
|-bgcolor=silver
| Logie Awards
| Silver Logie Award for Most Popular Actress
| 1979
| The Sullivans as Grace Sullivan
|
|- bgcolor=silver
| Logie Awards
| Silver Logie Award for Most Popular Actress
| 1983
| Carson's Law as Jennifer Carson
|
|}
She was made a Member of the Order of Australia by The Queen in the Australia Day Honours List 2001.
Bayly has won 10 awards from 14 nominations including three Silver Logies in 1978, 1979 and 1983 for Most Popular Actress in The Sullivans and Carson's Law'' respectively. She was also named in "Australian Variety's 100 Entertainers of the Century" in 2006.
Personal life
Bayly is a staunch advocate for organ donation and a supporter of the Australian Kidney Foundation. She is also a life member of the RSPCA. As of 2019 Lorraine Bayly announced she was to retire from the world of acting and performing in an over 50-year career in film, stage and theatre and will be missed by audiences around the country.
Filmography
FILM
TELEVISION
Selected theatre
source = AusStage
References
External links
Interview at stevedow.com.au
1937 births
Australian film actresses
Australian stage actresses
Australian television actresses
Members of the Order of Australia
Living people
Australian children's television presenters
Australian women television presenters
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Lorraine Bayly",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Lorraine Daphne Bayly AM (born 16 January 1937) is an Australian actress of film, television and theatre, presenter, singer, dancer, pianist and theatre director, stage manager and writer\n \nShe is perhaps best known to small screen audiences for her soap opera roles, including numerous Crawford Productions series, but. especially in the World War II period piece drama The Sullivans as matriarch Grace Sullivan, as well as roles in legal drama Carson's Law and serial Neighbours as Faye Hudson the sister of patriarch Doug Willis played by Terence Donovan.\n\nEarly life\n\nBayly was born in Narrandera, New South Wales. Her first performance was at age 3, playing tambourine with the Salvation Army. At ages 5–9, she wrote, directed and starred in plays in the local jail; her father being a policeman, amateur magician and ventriloquist.\n \nAt age 9–10, she had her own ventriloquist act which 35 years later she performed on The Parkinson Show in 1983, using host Michael Parkinson as her dummy.\n\nClassical piano\n\nAt age 11–12, she played classical piano Saturday afternoons live on Radio 2UE.\n\nActress\n\nTheatre\n\nBayly was a founder of the Ensemble Theatre at Kirribilli. She has appeared in professional theatre since 1954, her roles including Chase Me Comrade with Stanley Baxter, playing Linda Loman in Death of a Salesman, Arthur Miller's The Last Yankee, Sheila in John Misto's Shoehorn Sonata, Mrs Patrick Campbell in Dear Liar, Margaret in Rough Justice, D H Lawrence's The Daughter-in-Law, David Williamson's Travelling North and Birthrights, Bella in Gaslight and The Male of The Species with Edward Woodward. In 2010 Bayly starred in the well known play Calendar Girls and more recently in David Williamson's When Dad Married Fury and The Sound of Music\n\nTelevision\n\nlisted among Lorraine Bayly's many television credits: The miniseries 1915 (ABC), The Challenge playing Eileen Bond, in Grim Pickings (SAFC) as Betsy Tander and as Lindy Chamberlain's mother Avis Murchison in Through My Eyes: The Lindy Chamberlain Story. She was also a popular presenter and original cast member on the children's television show Play School from 1966 to 1978.\n\nBayly is perhaps best known to television audiences for her portrayal in the drama series The Sullivans (1976–1979), as the motherly Grace Sullivan dealing with life for an ordinary Australian family during the Second World War.\n\nFrom 1982 to 1984, Bayly played the lead role of in another period television drama Carson's Law as progressive lawyer Jennifer Carson set in 1920s Melbourne. The episodes revolved around the cases taken on by Jennifer and the various personal intrigues of her family. The series also starred Kevin Miles as Jennifer's father-in-law Godfrey Carson and Gregg Caves, as Billy Carson. The series Carson's Law was written specifically for Bayly.\n\nFrom 1991 to 1992, Bayly appeared in serial Neighbours as Faye Hudson. Faye was a \"busybody\" who moved in with her brother Doug Willis (Terence Donovan (actor)|Terence Donovan) and his family.\n\nFilm\n\nLorraine Bayly's film roles include Fatty Finn (AFI nominated), Ride a Wild Pony for Disney and The Man From Snowy River alongside acting legend Kirk Douglas.\n\nHonours and awards (selected)\n{|class=\"wikitable\"\n| Association\n| Award\n| Year \n| Work \n| Results\n|-bgcolor=cream\n| Australian Government\n| Member of the Order of Australia\n| 2001\n| \n| \n|-bgcolor=cream\n| Australian Variety\n| Variety's 100 Entertainer of the Century\n| 2006\n| Lifetime honour\n| \n|-bgcolor=silver\n| Logie Awards\n| Silver Logie Award for Most Popular Actress\n| 1978\n| The Sullivans as Grace Sullivan\n| \n|-bgcolor=silver\n| Logie Awards\n| Silver Logie Award for Most Popular Actress\n| 1979\n| The Sullivans as Grace Sullivan\n| \n|- bgcolor=silver\n| Logie Awards\n| Silver Logie Award for Most Popular Actress\n| 1983\n| Carson's Law as Jennifer Carson\n| \n|}\nShe was made a Member of the Order of Australia by The Queen in the Australia Day Honours List 2001.\n\nBayly has won 10 awards from 14 nominations including three Silver Logies in 1978, 1979 and 1983 for Most Popular Actress in The Sullivans and Carson's Law'' respectively. She was also named in \"Australian Variety's 100 Entertainers of the Century\" in 2006.\n\nPersonal life\n\nBayly is a staunch advocate for organ donation and a supporter of the Australian Kidney Foundation. She is also a life member of the RSPCA. As of 2019 Lorraine Bayly announced she was to retire from the world of acting and performing in an over 50-year career in film, stage and theatre and will be missed by audiences around the country.\n\nFilmography\n\nFILM\n\nTELEVISION\n\nSelected theatre\nsource = AusStage\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n Interview at stevedow.com.au\n\n1937 births\nAustralian film actresses\nAustralian stage actresses\nAustralian television actresses\nMembers of the Order of Australia\nLiving people\nAustralian children's television presenters\nAustralian women television presenters",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
George Talbot
|
George Talbot may refer to:
George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury (c. 1468–1538)
George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury (1528–1590), English statesman
George Talbot, 9th Earl of Shrewsbury (1566–1630), Roman Catholic priest
Sir George Talbot, 3rd Baronet (1761–1850), English cricketer
George F. Talbot (1819–1907), Maine attorney and Solicitor of the United States Treasury
George Frederick Talbot (1859–1938), Justice of the Supreme Court of Nevada
George Talbot (judge) (1861–1938), Judge of the High Court of Justice
George Talbot (entomologist) (1882–1952), English entomologist who specialised in butterflies
George S. Talbot (1875–1918), English composer and writer
George Talbot (New Zealand cricketer) (1907–1943), New Zealand cricketer
George H. Talbot (1911–1996), American businessman
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "George Talbot",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "George Talbot may refer to:\n\nGeorge Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury (c. 1468–1538)\nGeorge Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury (1528–1590), English statesman\nGeorge Talbot, 9th Earl of Shrewsbury (1566–1630), Roman Catholic priest\nSir George Talbot, 3rd Baronet (1761–1850), English cricketer\nGeorge F. Talbot (1819–1907), Maine attorney and Solicitor of the United States Treasury\nGeorge Frederick Talbot (1859–1938), Justice of the Supreme Court of Nevada\nGeorge Talbot (judge) (1861–1938), Judge of the High Court of Justice\nGeorge Talbot (entomologist) (1882–1952), English entomologist who specialised in butterflies\nGeorge S. Talbot (1875–1918), English composer and writer\nGeorge Talbot (New Zealand cricketer) (1907–1943), New Zealand cricketer\nGeorge H. Talbot (1911–1996), American businessman",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Sound%20Factory%20%28nightclub%29
|
The Sound Factory was a nightclub first located 532 West 27th Street and then 618 West 46th Street in New York City's Manhattan. The Sound Factory was an integral venue during a peak period of house music in New York. Prominent DJs, artists, and parties appeared at the club. It was in operation from 1989 to 1995. There were other reincarnations of the club until 2004.
History
In 1989, Christine Visca, Phil Smith and Richard Grant opened the Sound Factory in a converted warehouse at 530 West 27th Street in Manhattan's Chelsea neighborhood. DJ Junior Vasquez's association with vogue-ball houses the House of Xtravaganza and the House of Aviance helped bring the Harlem ballroom scene to the downtown club scene.
Smith became increasingly involved in The Sound Factory Bar, a smaller offshoot gay club. The owners of the Sound Factory were at risk of losing their cabaret license and decided to close the club in 1995.
In 1995, Smith converted the venue into the nightclub Twilo, which closed in 2001.
Grant reopened a new club called SoundFactory in a warehouse at 618 West 46th Street, but after facing legal issues in 2004, the club was closed.
The Sound Factory Bar
The Sound Factory Bar was an offshoot at 12 West 21st Street that was in operation from 1992 to 1997. The club was previously called Private Eyes which was a popular nightspot in the late 1980s and the early 1990s that for its time had an unusually advanced state-of-the-art video and sound system. In the mid 1990s Private Eyes was then purchased by 2 of the 3 owners of The Sound Factory, and, since the space was smaller, it was renamed the Sound Factory Bar.
When the Sound Factory closed in 1995, the Sound Factory Bar continued to operate. Wednesdays housed the recently resurrected Underground Network parties, hosted and promoted by recording artist Barbara Tucker and Don Welch, with Grammy Award winner Little Louie Vega as resident DJ. On Thursday nights, "Factoria 21," a tribal house gay night with DJ Merritt and Lord G, and on Friday nights, "Godfather of House" Frankie Knuckles helmed the decks. On Sunday afternoons, it was the host for "Body Positive Tea Dances," a social for HIV positive men and their friends. The DJs were Mark Cicero and Mark Thomas. Closing out the weekend on Sunday evenings, "Purgatory" a tribal and progressive house gay night with DJ Merritt and DJ Andrew Tonio. One of the most notorious events was a weekly party called MILK Mondays from DJ TPromix that after several years at this location went on to thrive for 9 years around the city. Also, (in the latter Cheetah years) Cafe con Leche, Cafe Futuro, and Asseteria were weekly Sunday parties.
In 1997, the Sound Factory Bar was reopened as Cheetah. The club was closed in 1999.
See also
Superclub
References
Music venues in Manhattan
Nightclubs in Manhattan
Electronic dance music venues
1989 establishments in New York (state)
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Sound%20Factory%20%28nightclub%29",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Sound Factory was a nightclub first located 532 West 27th Street and then 618 West 46th Street in New York City's Manhattan. The Sound Factory was an integral venue during a peak period of house music in New York. Prominent DJs, artists, and parties appeared at the club. It was in operation from 1989 to 1995. There were other reincarnations of the club until 2004.\n\nHistory \nIn 1989, Christine Visca, Phil Smith and Richard Grant opened the Sound Factory in a converted warehouse at 530 West 27th Street in Manhattan's Chelsea neighborhood. DJ Junior Vasquez's association with vogue-ball houses the House of Xtravaganza and the House of Aviance helped bring the Harlem ballroom scene to the downtown club scene.\n\nSmith became increasingly involved in The Sound Factory Bar, a smaller offshoot gay club. The owners of the Sound Factory were at risk of losing their cabaret license and decided to close the club in 1995.\n\nIn 1995, Smith converted the venue into the nightclub Twilo, which closed in 2001.\n\nGrant reopened a new club called SoundFactory in a warehouse at 618 West 46th Street, but after facing legal issues in 2004, the club was closed.\n\nThe Sound Factory Bar \nThe Sound Factory Bar was an offshoot at 12 West 21st Street that was in operation from 1992 to 1997. The club was previously called Private Eyes which was a popular nightspot in the late 1980s and the early 1990s that for its time had an unusually advanced state-of-the-art video and sound system. In the mid 1990s Private Eyes was then purchased by 2 of the 3 owners of The Sound Factory, and, since the space was smaller, it was renamed the Sound Factory Bar.\n\nWhen the Sound Factory closed in 1995, the Sound Factory Bar continued to operate. Wednesdays housed the recently resurrected Underground Network parties, hosted and promoted by recording artist Barbara Tucker and Don Welch, with Grammy Award winner Little Louie Vega as resident DJ. On Thursday nights, \"Factoria 21,\" a tribal house gay night with DJ Merritt and Lord G, and on Friday nights, \"Godfather of House\" Frankie Knuckles helmed the decks. On Sunday afternoons, it was the host for \"Body Positive Tea Dances,\" a social for HIV positive men and their friends. The DJs were Mark Cicero and Mark Thomas. Closing out the weekend on Sunday evenings, \"Purgatory\" a tribal and progressive house gay night with DJ Merritt and DJ Andrew Tonio. One of the most notorious events was a weekly party called MILK Mondays from DJ TPromix that after several years at this location went on to thrive for 9 years around the city. Also, (in the latter Cheetah years) Cafe con Leche, Cafe Futuro, and Asseteria were weekly Sunday parties.\n\nIn 1997, the Sound Factory Bar was reopened as Cheetah. The club was closed in 1999.\n\nSee also\n Superclub\n\nReferences\n\nMusic venues in Manhattan\nNightclubs in Manhattan\nElectronic dance music venues\n1989 establishments in New York (state)",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Braunau in Rohr Abbey
|
Braunau in Rohr Abbey (Kloster Braunau in Rohr) is a Benedictine monastery, formerly Rohr Abbey, a monastery of the Augustinian Canons, in Rohr in Niederbayern in the district of Kelheim in Bavaria, Germany.
Rohr Abbey: First foundation
The monastery, dedicated to the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, was founded in 1133 by Adalbert of Rohr. It was dissolved in the secularization of 1803 when the German princes substituted church lands for property they had lost through Napoleon. In the east wing the parish priest's offices and a school were accommodated, and in a part of the west wing, an inn. The remaining buildings were demolished.
Abbey church
The abbey church, dedicated, like the abbey, to the Assumption, contains a high altar, which represents the Assumption of the Virgin in fully three-dimensional sculpture: a "Theatrum sacrum". It was created by Egid Quirin Asam in 1722 and 1723.
Braunau in Rohr Abbey: Second foundation
After World War II the exiled German Benedictine monks from Braunau Abbey (Braunau is now Broumov in the Czech Republic) were lodged here in part of the east wing. They gradually re-established their community, acquiring little by little the remaining parts of the entire monastery complex. The monks have re-established a secondary school here.
The abbey has been part of the Bavarian Congregation of the Benedictine Confederation since 1984.
External links
Braunau-Rohr Website (also with good English text)
Klöster in Bayern
Benedictine monasteries in Germany
Monasteries in Bavaria
1130s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1133 establishments in Europe
1130s establishments in Germany
Religious organizations established in the 1130s
Christian monasteries established in the 12th century
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Braunau in Rohr Abbey",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Braunau in Rohr Abbey (Kloster Braunau in Rohr) is a Benedictine monastery, formerly Rohr Abbey, a monastery of the Augustinian Canons, in Rohr in Niederbayern in the district of Kelheim in Bavaria, Germany.\n\nRohr Abbey: First foundation\nThe monastery, dedicated to the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, was founded in 1133 by Adalbert of Rohr. It was dissolved in the secularization of 1803 when the German princes substituted church lands for property they had lost through Napoleon. In the east wing the parish priest's offices and a school were accommodated, and in a part of the west wing, an inn. The remaining buildings were demolished.\n\nAbbey church\nThe abbey church, dedicated, like the abbey, to the Assumption, contains a high altar, which represents the Assumption of the Virgin in fully three-dimensional sculpture: a \"Theatrum sacrum\". It was created by Egid Quirin Asam in 1722 and 1723.\n\nBraunau in Rohr Abbey: Second foundation\nAfter World War II the exiled German Benedictine monks from Braunau Abbey (Braunau is now Broumov in the Czech Republic) were lodged here in part of the east wing. They gradually re-established their community, acquiring little by little the remaining parts of the entire monastery complex. The monks have re-established a secondary school here.\n\nThe abbey has been part of the Bavarian Congregation of the Benedictine Confederation since 1984.\n\nExternal links\n Braunau-Rohr Website (also with good English text)\n Klöster in Bayern\n\nBenedictine monasteries in Germany\nMonasteries in Bavaria\n1130s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire\n1133 establishments in Europe\n1130s establishments in Germany\nReligious organizations established in the 1130s\nChristian monasteries established in the 12th century",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Dalek I Love You (disambiguation)
|
Dalek I Love You may refer to:
Dalek I Love You, music group
Dalek I Love You (album), the group's self-titled album
Dalek I Love You (radio), BBC Radio audio play
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Dalek I Love You (disambiguation)",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Dalek I Love You may refer to:\n\n Dalek I Love You, music group\n Dalek I Love You (album), the group's self-titled album\n Dalek I Love You (radio), BBC Radio audio play",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional%20Protestant%20Episcopal%20Church
|
The Traditional Protestant Episcopal Church (TPEC) was a jurisdiction of the Continuing Anglican movement in the Reformed Anglican tradition. It was founded in 1991 by Richard G. Melli, formerly a priest of the Anglican Catholic Church, Diocese of the South. This Christian church body saw itself as maintaining the original doctrine, discipline, and worship of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America and the evangelical, Protestant, and Reformed faith of historic Anglicanism.[citation needed]
The TPEC, which had one diocese that was named Diocese of the Advent, subscribed to the authority of Holy Scripture and the Thirty-nine Articles of Religion.[citation needed] The 1928 Book of Common Prayer was used and assent was given to the 1954 revision of the Constitution and Canons of the PECUSA. At its inception, the church consisted of twelve congregations, primarily low church "Morning Prayer" parishes, and as many clergy.[citation needed]
In September 2011, TPEC's Presiding Bishop, Charles E. Morley, and Canterbury Chapel in Fairhope, Alabama, were received by Presiding Bishop Jerry L. Ogles into the Anglican Orthodox Church.
References
External links
Church website - Archived
1986 establishments in the United States
2011 disestablishments in the United States
Anglican denominations in North America
Continuing Anglican denominations
Religious organizations disestablished in 2011
Christian organizations established in 1986
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional%20Protestant%20Episcopal%20Church",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Traditional Protestant Episcopal Church (TPEC) was a jurisdiction of the Continuing Anglican movement in the Reformed Anglican tradition. It was founded in 1991 by Richard G. Melli, formerly a priest of the Anglican Catholic Church, Diocese of the South. This Christian church body saw itself as maintaining the original doctrine, discipline, and worship of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America and the evangelical, Protestant, and Reformed faith of historic Anglicanism.[citation needed] \n\nThe TPEC, which had one diocese that was named Diocese of the Advent, subscribed to the authority of Holy Scripture and the Thirty-nine Articles of Religion.[citation needed] The 1928 Book of Common Prayer was used and assent was given to the 1954 revision of the Constitution and Canons of the PECUSA. At its inception, the church consisted of twelve congregations, primarily low church \"Morning Prayer\" parishes, and as many clergy.[citation needed]\n\nIn September 2011, TPEC's Presiding Bishop, Charles E. Morley, and Canterbury Chapel in Fairhope, Alabama, were received by Presiding Bishop Jerry L. Ogles into the Anglican Orthodox Church.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Church website - Archived\n\n1986 establishments in the United States\n2011 disestablishments in the United States\nAnglican denominations in North America\nContinuing Anglican denominations\nReligious organizations disestablished in 2011\nChristian organizations established in 1986",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaim%20ibn%20Attar
|
Chaim ibn Attar or Ḥayyim ben Moshe ibn Attar (, ; b. - 7 July 1743) also known as the Or ha-Ḥayyim after his popular commentary on the Torah, was a Talmudist and Kabbalist. He is arguably considered to be one of the most prominent Rabbis of Morocco, and is highly regarded in Hassidic Judaism.
Biography
Born in Salé, Morocco in 1696, Chaim was the son of Rabbi Moshe Ben-Attar and the grandson of Rabbi Chaim Ben-Attar (the Elder), whom he learnt with in his early years. When he was nine years old, his family fled to Meknes, Morocco, escaping the local antisemitic vizier. He soon married a relative of his, named Fatzunyah, whose father supported him, letting him study Torah without the burden of supporting a household; he did not end up having any children with her, so he later would marry a second wife named Esther Bibas, with whom he had only daughters. He studied with them every Friday night the Torah portion of the week with explanations that was later written down and developed into his famed commentary 'Or ha-Hayyim al ha-Torah.' When his father-in-law died in 1724, his financial situation worsened, although the burden of support shifted to his father. At this time, he also ran a yeshiva in Salé.
When a famine hit Morocco, he decided to leave his native country and settle in the Land of Israel, then part of the Ottoman Syria. En route, he was detained in Livorno by the rich members of the Jewish community who established a yeshiva for him. This was in 1739. Many of his pupils later became prominent and furnished him with funds to print his Or ha-Ḥayyim ().
Chaim was received with great honor wherever he traveled because of his extensive knowledge and keen intellect. Before permanently settling in the Land of Israel, he went to Algiers where he recruited students for a yeshiva he was planning on opening in the Land of Israel. He soon arrived at the Acre port in the Land of Israel with his two wives and thirty students. However he could not immediately proceed to Jerusalem, due to an epidemic. In the middle of 1742 he arrived in Jerusalem, where he founded Yeshivat Knesset Yisrael.
One of his disciples there was Chaim Yosef David Azulai, who wrote of his master's greatness: "Attar's heart pulsated with Talmud; he uprooted mountains like a resistless torrent; his holiness was that of an angel of the Lord,... having severed all connection with the affairs of this world."
On July 7, 1743, less than a year after his arrival in Jerusalem, Chaim died; it was on a Shabbat. It is said that that week in Europe, the Baal Shem Tov was sitting at Seudah shlishit, and before anyone in the area could have found out about Chaim's death, he exclaimed, “The light from the West has been extinguished!”
He is buried in the Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery in Jerusalem, Israel.
Works
Ḥefetz Hashem (God's Desire), Amsterdam, 1732—dissertations on the four Talmudic treatises Berakhot, Shabbat, Horayot, and Ḥullin.
Or ha-Ḥayyim (The Light of Life), Venice, 1742—a commentary on the Pentateuch after the four methods known collectively as Pardes; it was reprinted several times. His renown is based chiefly on this work, which became popular also with the Hasidim.
Peri Toar (Beautiful Fruit), novellae on the Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah, dealing especially with Hiskiah de Silva's commentary Peri Ḥadash, Amsterdam, 1742; Vienna and Lemberg, 1810.
Rishon le-Zion, Constantinople, 1750—consisting of novellae to several Talmudic treatises, on certain portions of the Shulḥan Arukh, on the terminology of Maimonides, on the five Megillot, on the Prophets and on Proverbs.
Under the same title were published at Polna, 1804, his notes on Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Isaiah.
See also
Chaim Joseph David Azulai
Ohr ha-Chaim Synagogue
Bibliography
Michael, Or ha-hayyim, No. 894;
Benjacob, Otzar ha-Sefarim, p. 541;
Luncz, in Jerusalem, i.122 (epitaphs);
Nacht, Mekor Chayyim, Hebrew biography of 'Attar, Drohobycz, 1898;
Azulai, Shem ha-Gedolim;
Franco, Histoire des Israélites d'Orient
References
External links
Or haHayyim: Creativity, Tradition, and Mysticism in the Torah Commentary of R. Hayyim ibn Attar
Ohr ha-Chaim book in text files in Hebrew.
1696 births
1743 deaths
Bible commentators
18th-century rabbis from the Ottoman Empire
Moroccan people of Spanish-Jewish descent
People from Salé
Kabbalists
18th-century Moroccan rabbis
Sephardi rabbis from Ottoman Palestine
Burials at the Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives
People from Meknes
Exponents of Jewish law
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaim%20ibn%20Attar",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Chaim ibn Attar or Ḥayyim ben Moshe ibn Attar (, ; b. - 7 July 1743) also known as the Or ha-Ḥayyim after his popular commentary on the Torah, was a Talmudist and Kabbalist. He is arguably considered to be one of the most prominent Rabbis of Morocco, and is highly regarded in Hassidic Judaism.\n\nBiography \nBorn in Salé, Morocco in 1696, Chaim was the son of Rabbi Moshe Ben-Attar and the grandson of Rabbi Chaim Ben-Attar (the Elder), whom he learnt with in his early years. When he was nine years old, his family fled to Meknes, Morocco, escaping the local antisemitic vizier. He soon married a relative of his, named Fatzunyah, whose father supported him, letting him study Torah without the burden of supporting a household; he did not end up having any children with her, so he later would marry a second wife named Esther Bibas, with whom he had only daughters. He studied with them every Friday night the Torah portion of the week with explanations that was later written down and developed into his famed commentary 'Or ha-Hayyim al ha-Torah.' When his father-in-law died in 1724, his financial situation worsened, although the burden of support shifted to his father. At this time, he also ran a yeshiva in Salé.\n\nWhen a famine hit Morocco, he decided to leave his native country and settle in the Land of Israel, then part of the Ottoman Syria. En route, he was detained in Livorno by the rich members of the Jewish community who established a yeshiva for him. This was in 1739. Many of his pupils later became prominent and furnished him with funds to print his Or ha-Ḥayyim ().\n\nChaim was received with great honor wherever he traveled because of his extensive knowledge and keen intellect. Before permanently settling in the Land of Israel, he went to Algiers where he recruited students for a yeshiva he was planning on opening in the Land of Israel. He soon arrived at the Acre port in the Land of Israel with his two wives and thirty students. However he could not immediately proceed to Jerusalem, due to an epidemic. In the middle of 1742 he arrived in Jerusalem, where he founded Yeshivat Knesset Yisrael.\n\nOne of his disciples there was Chaim Yosef David Azulai, who wrote of his master's greatness: \"Attar's heart pulsated with Talmud; he uprooted mountains like a resistless torrent; his holiness was that of an angel of the Lord,... having severed all connection with the affairs of this world.\"\n\nOn July 7, 1743, less than a year after his arrival in Jerusalem, Chaim died; it was on a Shabbat. It is said that that week in Europe, the Baal Shem Tov was sitting at Seudah shlishit, and before anyone in the area could have found out about Chaim's death, he exclaimed, “The light from the West has been extinguished!”\nHe is buried in the Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery in Jerusalem, Israel.\n\nWorks\nḤefetz Hashem (God's Desire), Amsterdam, 1732—dissertations on the four Talmudic treatises Berakhot, Shabbat, Horayot, and Ḥullin.\nOr ha-Ḥayyim (The Light of Life), Venice, 1742—a commentary on the Pentateuch after the four methods known collectively as Pardes; it was reprinted several times. His renown is based chiefly on this work, which became popular also with the Hasidim.\nPeri Toar (Beautiful Fruit), novellae on the Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah, dealing especially with Hiskiah de Silva's commentary Peri Ḥadash, Amsterdam, 1742; Vienna and Lemberg, 1810.\nRishon le-Zion, Constantinople, 1750—consisting of novellae to several Talmudic treatises, on certain portions of the Shulḥan Arukh, on the terminology of Maimonides, on the five Megillot, on the Prophets and on Proverbs.\nUnder the same title were published at Polna, 1804, his notes on Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Isaiah.\n\nSee also\n\n Chaim Joseph David Azulai\n Ohr ha-Chaim Synagogue\n\nBibliography\n Michael, Or ha-hayyim, No. 894;\n Benjacob, Otzar ha-Sefarim, p. 541;\n Luncz, in Jerusalem, i.122 (epitaphs);\n Nacht, Mekor Chayyim, Hebrew biography of 'Attar, Drohobycz, 1898;\n Azulai, Shem ha-Gedolim;\n Franco, Histoire des Israélites d'Orient\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Or haHayyim: Creativity, Tradition, and Mysticism in the Torah Commentary of R. Hayyim ibn Attar\n Ohr ha-Chaim book in text files in Hebrew.\n\n1696 births\n1743 deaths\nBible commentators\n18th-century rabbis from the Ottoman Empire\nMoroccan people of Spanish-Jewish descent\nPeople from Salé\nKabbalists\n18th-century Moroccan rabbis\nSephardi rabbis from Ottoman Palestine\nBurials at the Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives\nPeople from Meknes\nExponents of Jewish law",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufous%20fantail
|
The rufous fantail (Rhipidura rufifrons) is a small passerine bird, most commonly known also as the black-breasted rufous-fantail or rufous-fronted fantail, which can be found in Australia, Indonesia, Micronesia, New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. In these countries they inhabit rainforests, wet forests, swamp woodlands and mangroves.
Characteristic of species that have a large range, the rufous fantail has many subspecies. However the taxonomic treatment of its subspecies and other relatives is still debated. The rufous fantail is easily distinguished by their orange-reddish-brown back, rump and base of tail. They have a black and white breast that grades into a white colour on the chin and throat.
They are migratory, travelling to south-eastern Australia in the spring to breed, and then north in the autumn.
The rufous fantail tends to feed on small insects in the lower parts of the canopy. They are very active birds making short, frequent flights. They may also hop between foliage or on the ground, during foraging.
Although their population is thought to be declining, their relatively large range and abundance make them a species of least concern according to the IUCN.
Taxonomy
The rufous fantail has complex evolutionary relationships and sometimes this results in conflicting taxonomy. This is not uncommon since taxonomies are merely hypotheses of a species' evolutionary status. Debate is still currently ongoing about the taxonomic treatment of the rufous fantail's subspecies and its related species.
History of naming
The rufous fantail was first described by Latham in his 1801 work, Index Ornithologicus initially as Muscicapa rufifrons. It was later reclassified into the genus Rhipidura by Vigors and Horsfield. The rufous fantail's scientific name is consequently Rhipidura rufifrons. Rhipidura is derived from Greek: ρϊπός (pronounced rhipido), meaning fan-like and οὐρά (pronounced oura), meaning tail. Rufifrons comes from two Latin words: rufus meaning red and frons meaning the forehead.
Alternate names
The rufous fantail is also known by numerous other English names as well as several names in different languages. Some common English names include: rufous-fronted fantail, wood fantail, rufous-fronted flycatcher, wood flycatcher, red fantail, allied flycatcher, rufous flycatcher, rufous fan, red fan or redstart.
Related species
It is one of over 40 member species of the genus Rhipidura, commonly known as the fantails. Within the genus it belongs to a group of five closely related species: R. rufidorsa, R. brachyrhyncha, R. dahli, R. teysmanni and R. dryas. A molecular phylogeny study showed the Arafura fantail (Rhipidura dryas) to be its closest relative.
It forms a superspecies with R. dryas and R. semirubra, and all three are often considered conspecific. All are part of a larger species group that also includes R. teysmanni, R. superflua, R. dedemi, R. opistherythra, R. lepida, R. rufidorsa, R. dahli, R. matthiae and R. malaitae.
Evolution
The current spatial distribution suggests an ancestry originating in the Papuan region, most likely New Guinea.
The ancestral form may have had a white chin, white throat, and a light grey breast as well as a greyish-brown head and back. Indirect evidence suggests that ancestral species undertook two periods of aggressive range expansions (dispersal) separated by a period of inactivity.
During the former dispersal period, it is hypothesised by Mayr et al. (1946) that:
Dispersal north and westwards formed the superflua on Buru, teijsmanni on Celebes, and lepida on Palau.
Dispersal to Tenimber Islands in the Banda Sea formed the opistherythra.
Dispersal to Northern New Guinea formed the rufidorsa.
Dispersal to Bismarck Archipelago formed the dahli-antonii-matthiae series.
Dispersal to Southeastern New Guinea and nearby islands evolved into the true rufifrons subspecies.
During the latter dispersal period, the true rufifrons group underwent "explosive sub-speciation". This is in stark contrast to the other members whose evolution was stagnant. The true rufifrons further evolved into eighteen subgroups.
Subspecies
The rufous fantail is a superspecies comprising eighteen recognised subspecies. In alphabetical order, these are:
Description
Adults are medium-sized birds, generally ranging from 14.5 cm – 18.5 cm in length, averaging at around 15 cm; their wingspan is between 18 cm – 22.5 cm, averaging at around 21 cm. They weigh roughly 10 grams. The male and female of the species look identical.
However, females are generally smaller than the males.
The forehead is a richly reddish-brown colour across the eyes. The eyes have a white arc just below them. The top of the head, back of the neck and the upper back, transition from an olive to reddish-brown colour, which then blends into a blackish-brown, long, fan-shaped tail. This blackish-brown tail, contrasts with the base of the tail, which is tipped with a paler colour, often white.
It has black ear-coverts (feathers over the ears, just below and behind the eyes). The throat is white (in most subspecies), and there is a black bar across the upper breast. Below this, the lower breast is off-white with black scale-like spots which transitions into an off-white colour towards the centre of the abdomen. The eyes, bill and feet of the bird are all a brown colour.
The aforementioned colours do not change during different seasons. However, compared to the adults, the juveniles have generally duller coloured backs and marginally browner tails and underparts. On the other hand, the base of the bill and their legs are a paler brown relative to an adult's.
A physical description that may help distinguishing between the different subspecies can be found in the subspecies section of this article.
The plumage in the immature birds is similar to those of the adults and in both sexes. Adults moult annually prior to the breeding season, and this basic plumage does not vary.
Vocalisations
These have been not well characterised in the rufous fantail. Nevertheless, it has been observed to create several different types of sounds such as chips, buzzes, and scolds. Their "chip call" is often what first attracts an observer's attention. This call is high pitched, with two chip noises given in quick succession. It is produced during food searching, territory defence and can be used as an alarm call when a predator is identified. They sing after sunset from perches, one reason is to attract the opposite sex.
Similar species
Whilst it is similar in size and shape to grey fantails (Rhipidura albiscapa), it has a slightly larger fantail and creates higher pitched and softer songs.
Its diagnostic physical features: orange-reddish-brown back, rump and base of tail – easily differentiate it from other fantails. Moreover, it can be further distinguished from similar fantails as it tends to forage in shady and moist regions of habitats that are close to the ground.
Distribution and habitat
Distribution
The rufous fantail can be found in parts of Australia, southeast Asia, and in the Oceanic regions of Micronesia and Melanesia. They are residents of the Lesser Sunda Islands and the Maluku Islands of Indonesia, southern New Guinea and its associated islands, the Solomon Islands, the Marianas and the Carolinian island of Yap. In Australia, they are found in the northern and eastern coastal regions.
Certain subspecies tend to be restricted to some ranges. See the subspecies section of this article for more detailed information.
Habitat
The rufous fantail inhabits moist and moderately dense habitats. Within these areas, it has astonishingly large variations in habitat requirements. They can be found in eucalyptus forests, mangroves, rainforests and woodlands (usually near a river or swamp). Rarely, they have even been found in dry sclerophyll forests. Apart from open grasslands and open arid areas, there are not many major types of landscape in the Australo-Papuan region that cannot be inhabited by at least one subspecies of the rufous fantail.
Rufous fantails will generally occupy the lower levels of their habitat, the understorey or the subcanopy, straying no further than 6 m from the ground. Different subspecies may tend to prefer slightly different habitats which can be sometimes discrete or overlapping.
Behaviour and ecology
Studies on rufous fantail social behaviour are sparse. Some observers have anecdotally described them as curious and trustful, whilst others depict them as shy creatures. However, there is consensus in that they are almost always portrayed as hyperactive, constantly on the move, fidgeting and waving a fanned-out tail.
They are usually observed flitting about in the lower layers of their habitat, in close association with the shade, making short, frequent flights separated by brief moments of perching and sometimes hopping between foliage or onto the ground.
Breeding
When they are spotted, they are usually either on their own or in pairs. Although their social bonding is not well known, they nest in pairs and are thought to be monogamous. Males will produce vocal songs to both defend and advertise their territory. Sometimes this can result in intense, rapid and prolonged vocal "battles".
After pairing, both will search for a suitable breeding site. The female has the final say on nest location. Some males have been known to feed their paired females for up to 2–3 weeks before and during the selection of the nest site and building of the nest. Their breeding sites are mainly in rainforest regions or sheltered, humid gullies with an abundance of dense cover such as trees, saplings, shrubs and vines. The nest, will usually be built at the fork between two nearly horizontal tree branches in proximity to a water source, such as a stream. The structure of the nest is often compared to a wine glass with a broken bottom stand. The nest is built, usually in November, December and January, using thin strips of tree bark, grass, moss rootlets and decayed wood.
The eggs themselves are round or oval in shape and occasionally have a point at one end. Their colour is generally described as somewhere between a pale cream to yellowish white. These have light brown and purplish markings or spots. There are normally 3 or 4 eggs produced in a nest.
Both the males and the females give (frequently alternating) parental care, which includes: feeding their nestlings and removing their faecal sacs from the nest. Whilst only females have actually been observed to incubate (brood) laid eggs, it is assumed males can do this as well.
Four to five weeks after hatching, the young will leave the nest. However, they will remain near their nest (natal area) until they undertake their first migration.
Migration
Some subspecies have slightly differing migration patterns. However, the vast majority exhibit strong migratory behavior – they use the same route year after year and have regular departure and arrival times. They migrate to south-eastern Australia in the spring to breed, beginning in September, peaking in October, and then north in the autumn during March and April. This has been well characterised.
Food and feeding
They eat mostly small insects and will often join mixed species feeding flocks to do so. These usually comprise other small Passerine birds such as: the spectacled monarch, the little shrikethrush, the large-billed scrubwren and less occasionally, the green-backed honeyeater.
The rufous fantail is mostly an aerial forager, rarely perching during feeding. Prey are found during almost continuous movement in and between vegetation. They stop (perch) for very short periods of time, during which they fan their tails. Much more rarely, they perch for longer than five seconds to survey surroundings.
Once a prey is located, they will pursue it by exhibiting extremely agile and maneuverable flight within the canopy (by salling, flush-pursuit or flutter-chase).
However, they are versatile foragers, also capable of different foraging methods, occasionally hovering to glean prey from leaves and (very rarely) from the ground and other fallen debris. They have longer legs relative to other Rhipidura species, enabling them to have agile movement on the ground as well.
Threats/survival
Many eggs and young are lost to the suspected predator, the pied currawong (Strepera graculina).
Relationship to humans
The logging of forests has been shown to influence foraging preference, changing from the forest floor to the lower canopy. However, they prefer undisturbed forests. Logging decreases breeding habitat and increases the risk of fragmentation, particularly if these forests are in migration routes.
Status
The range of the rufous fantail is very extensive. On this basis it does not have a range small enough to be considered vulnerable (<20,000 km2). Although the population size has not been properly characterised, it is thought to be declining, but not rapidly enough to be placed into vulnerable status. Therefore, the species is of least concern as classified by the IUCN.
References
Cited texts
External links
Photos, videos and sounds – Internet Bird Collection
rufous fantail
Birds of Micronesia
Birds of the Maluku Islands
Birds of Papua New Guinea
Birds of New South Wales
Birds of Queensland
Birds of the Solomon Islands
Birds of Victoria (state)
rufous fantail
Articles containing video clips
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufous%20fantail",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The rufous fantail (Rhipidura rufifrons) is a small passerine bird, most commonly known also as the black-breasted rufous-fantail or rufous-fronted fantail, which can be found in Australia, Indonesia, Micronesia, New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. In these countries they inhabit rainforests, wet forests, swamp woodlands and mangroves.\n\nCharacteristic of species that have a large range, the rufous fantail has many subspecies. However the taxonomic treatment of its subspecies and other relatives is still debated. The rufous fantail is easily distinguished by their orange-reddish-brown back, rump and base of tail. They have a black and white breast that grades into a white colour on the chin and throat.\n\nThey are migratory, travelling to south-eastern Australia in the spring to breed, and then north in the autumn.\n\nThe rufous fantail tends to feed on small insects in the lower parts of the canopy. They are very active birds making short, frequent flights. They may also hop between foliage or on the ground, during foraging.\n\nAlthough their population is thought to be declining, their relatively large range and abundance make them a species of least concern according to the IUCN.\n\nTaxonomy\nThe rufous fantail has complex evolutionary relationships and sometimes this results in conflicting taxonomy. This is not uncommon since taxonomies are merely hypotheses of a species' evolutionary status. Debate is still currently ongoing about the taxonomic treatment of the rufous fantail's subspecies and its related species.\n\nHistory of naming\nThe rufous fantail was first described by Latham in his 1801 work, Index Ornithologicus initially as Muscicapa rufifrons. It was later reclassified into the genus Rhipidura by Vigors and Horsfield. The rufous fantail's scientific name is consequently Rhipidura rufifrons. Rhipidura is derived from Greek: ρϊπός (pronounced rhipido), meaning fan-like and οὐρά (pronounced oura), meaning tail. Rufifrons comes from two Latin words: rufus meaning red and frons meaning the forehead.\n\nAlternate names\nThe rufous fantail is also known by numerous other English names as well as several names in different languages. Some common English names include: rufous-fronted fantail, wood fantail, rufous-fronted flycatcher, wood flycatcher, red fantail, allied flycatcher, rufous flycatcher, rufous fan, red fan or redstart.\n\nRelated species\nIt is one of over 40 member species of the genus Rhipidura, commonly known as the fantails. Within the genus it belongs to a group of five closely related species: R. rufidorsa, R. brachyrhyncha, R. dahli, R. teysmanni and R. dryas. A molecular phylogeny study showed the Arafura fantail (Rhipidura dryas) to be its closest relative.\n\nIt forms a superspecies with R. dryas and R. semirubra, and all three are often considered conspecific. All are part of a larger species group that also includes R. teysmanni, R. superflua, R. dedemi, R. opistherythra, R. lepida, R. rufidorsa, R. dahli, R. matthiae and R. malaitae.\n\nEvolution\n \nThe current spatial distribution suggests an ancestry originating in the Papuan region, most likely New Guinea.\nThe ancestral form may have had a white chin, white throat, and a light grey breast as well as a greyish-brown head and back. Indirect evidence suggests that ancestral species undertook two periods of aggressive range expansions (dispersal) separated by a period of inactivity.\nDuring the former dispersal period, it is hypothesised by Mayr et al. (1946) that:\nDispersal north and westwards formed the superflua on Buru, teijsmanni on Celebes, and lepida on Palau.\nDispersal to Tenimber Islands in the Banda Sea formed the opistherythra.\nDispersal to Northern New Guinea formed the rufidorsa.\nDispersal to Bismarck Archipelago formed the dahli-antonii-matthiae series.\nDispersal to Southeastern New Guinea and nearby islands evolved into the true rufifrons subspecies.\n\nDuring the latter dispersal period, the true rufifrons group underwent \"explosive sub-speciation\". This is in stark contrast to the other members whose evolution was stagnant. The true rufifrons further evolved into eighteen subgroups.\n\nSubspecies\n\nThe rufous fantail is a superspecies comprising eighteen recognised subspecies. In alphabetical order, these are:\n\nDescription\n\nAdults are medium-sized birds, generally ranging from 14.5 cm – 18.5 cm in length, averaging at around 15 cm; their wingspan is between 18 cm – 22.5 cm, averaging at around 21 cm. They weigh roughly 10 grams. The male and female of the species look identical. \nHowever, females are generally smaller than the males.\n\nThe forehead is a richly reddish-brown colour across the eyes. The eyes have a white arc just below them. The top of the head, back of the neck and the upper back, transition from an olive to reddish-brown colour, which then blends into a blackish-brown, long, fan-shaped tail. This blackish-brown tail, contrasts with the base of the tail, which is tipped with a paler colour, often white.\n\nIt has black ear-coverts (feathers over the ears, just below and behind the eyes). The throat is white (in most subspecies), and there is a black bar across the upper breast. Below this, the lower breast is off-white with black scale-like spots which transitions into an off-white colour towards the centre of the abdomen. The eyes, bill and feet of the bird are all a brown colour.\n\nThe aforementioned colours do not change during different seasons. However, compared to the adults, the juveniles have generally duller coloured backs and marginally browner tails and underparts. On the other hand, the base of the bill and their legs are a paler brown relative to an adult's.\n\nA physical description that may help distinguishing between the different subspecies can be found in the subspecies section of this article.\n\nThe plumage in the immature birds is similar to those of the adults and in both sexes. Adults moult annually prior to the breeding season, and this basic plumage does not vary.\n\nVocalisations\nThese have been not well characterised in the rufous fantail. Nevertheless, it has been observed to create several different types of sounds such as chips, buzzes, and scolds. Their \"chip call\" is often what first attracts an observer's attention. This call is high pitched, with two chip noises given in quick succession. It is produced during food searching, territory defence and can be used as an alarm call when a predator is identified. They sing after sunset from perches, one reason is to attract the opposite sex.\n\nSimilar species\nWhilst it is similar in size and shape to grey fantails (Rhipidura albiscapa), it has a slightly larger fantail and creates higher pitched and softer songs.\n\nIts diagnostic physical features: orange-reddish-brown back, rump and base of tail – easily differentiate it from other fantails. Moreover, it can be further distinguished from similar fantails as it tends to forage in shady and moist regions of habitats that are close to the ground.\n\nDistribution and habitat\n\nDistribution\nThe rufous fantail can be found in parts of Australia, southeast Asia, and in the Oceanic regions of Micronesia and Melanesia. They are residents of the Lesser Sunda Islands and the Maluku Islands of Indonesia, southern New Guinea and its associated islands, the Solomon Islands, the Marianas and the Carolinian island of Yap. In Australia, they are found in the northern and eastern coastal regions.\n\nCertain subspecies tend to be restricted to some ranges. See the subspecies section of this article for more detailed information.\n\nHabitat\nThe rufous fantail inhabits moist and moderately dense habitats. Within these areas, it has astonishingly large variations in habitat requirements. They can be found in eucalyptus forests, mangroves, rainforests and woodlands (usually near a river or swamp). Rarely, they have even been found in dry sclerophyll forests. Apart from open grasslands and open arid areas, there are not many major types of landscape in the Australo-Papuan region that cannot be inhabited by at least one subspecies of the rufous fantail.\n\nRufous fantails will generally occupy the lower levels of their habitat, the understorey or the subcanopy, straying no further than 6 m from the ground. Different subspecies may tend to prefer slightly different habitats which can be sometimes discrete or overlapping.\n\nBehaviour and ecology\n\n Studies on rufous fantail social behaviour are sparse. Some observers have anecdotally described them as curious and trustful, whilst others depict them as shy creatures. However, there is consensus in that they are almost always portrayed as hyperactive, constantly on the move, fidgeting and waving a fanned-out tail.\n\nThey are usually observed flitting about in the lower layers of their habitat, in close association with the shade, making short, frequent flights separated by brief moments of perching and sometimes hopping between foliage or onto the ground.\n\nBreeding\n\nWhen they are spotted, they are usually either on their own or in pairs. Although their social bonding is not well known, they nest in pairs and are thought to be monogamous. Males will produce vocal songs to both defend and advertise their territory. Sometimes this can result in intense, rapid and prolonged vocal \"battles\".\n\nAfter pairing, both will search for a suitable breeding site. The female has the final say on nest location. Some males have been known to feed their paired females for up to 2–3 weeks before and during the selection of the nest site and building of the nest. Their breeding sites are mainly in rainforest regions or sheltered, humid gullies with an abundance of dense cover such as trees, saplings, shrubs and vines. The nest, will usually be built at the fork between two nearly horizontal tree branches in proximity to a water source, such as a stream. The structure of the nest is often compared to a wine glass with a broken bottom stand. The nest is built, usually in November, December and January, using thin strips of tree bark, grass, moss rootlets and decayed wood.\n\nThe eggs themselves are round or oval in shape and occasionally have a point at one end. Their colour is generally described as somewhere between a pale cream to yellowish white. These have light brown and purplish markings or spots. There are normally 3 or 4 eggs produced in a nest.\n\nBoth the males and the females give (frequently alternating) parental care, which includes: feeding their nestlings and removing their faecal sacs from the nest. Whilst only females have actually been observed to incubate (brood) laid eggs, it is assumed males can do this as well.\n\nFour to five weeks after hatching, the young will leave the nest. However, they will remain near their nest (natal area) until they undertake their first migration.\n\nMigration\nSome subspecies have slightly differing migration patterns. However, the vast majority exhibit strong migratory behavior – they use the same route year after year and have regular departure and arrival times. They migrate to south-eastern Australia in the spring to breed, beginning in September, peaking in October, and then north in the autumn during March and April. This has been well characterised.\n\nFood and feeding\n They eat mostly small insects and will often join mixed species feeding flocks to do so. These usually comprise other small Passerine birds such as: the spectacled monarch, the little shrikethrush, the large-billed scrubwren and less occasionally, the green-backed honeyeater.\n\nThe rufous fantail is mostly an aerial forager, rarely perching during feeding. Prey are found during almost continuous movement in and between vegetation. They stop (perch) for very short periods of time, during which they fan their tails. Much more rarely, they perch for longer than five seconds to survey surroundings.\n\nOnce a prey is located, they will pursue it by exhibiting extremely agile and maneuverable flight within the canopy (by salling, flush-pursuit or flutter-chase).\n\nHowever, they are versatile foragers, also capable of different foraging methods, occasionally hovering to glean prey from leaves and (very rarely) from the ground and other fallen debris. They have longer legs relative to other Rhipidura species, enabling them to have agile movement on the ground as well.\n\nThreats/survival\nMany eggs and young are lost to the suspected predator, the pied currawong (Strepera graculina).\n\nRelationship to humans\nThe logging of forests has been shown to influence foraging preference, changing from the forest floor to the lower canopy. However, they prefer undisturbed forests. Logging decreases breeding habitat and increases the risk of fragmentation, particularly if these forests are in migration routes.\n\nStatus\nThe range of the rufous fantail is very extensive. On this basis it does not have a range small enough to be considered vulnerable (<20,000 km2). Although the population size has not been properly characterised, it is thought to be declining, but not rapidly enough to be placed into vulnerable status. Therefore, the species is of least concern as classified by the IUCN.\n\nReferences\n\nCited texts\n\nExternal links\n\nPhotos, videos and sounds – Internet Bird Collection\n\nrufous fantail\nBirds of Micronesia\nBirds of the Maluku Islands\nBirds of Papua New Guinea\nBirds of New South Wales\nBirds of Queensland\nBirds of the Solomon Islands\nBirds of Victoria (state)\nrufous fantail\nArticles containing video clips",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder%20Force
|
is a series of free-roaming scrolling shooter type video games developed by the Japanese software company Technosoft and published by Sega. The franchise is recognized for its distinctive gameplay, graphics, and synthesizer-based chiptune music soundtracks.
There are six games in the series in total. The first appeared on the personal computers. The majority of installments in the series appeared on the Mega Drive console. The most recent entry was released on PlayStation 2.
History
The series' first game, Thunder Force, appeared in 1983 on a variety of Japanese computers, such as the X1, PC-8801 mkII, and FM-7. Since Thunder Force II, the majority of installments in the series appeared on the Mega Drive console, where the series gained much of its popularity. The most recent entry was released on PlayStation 2.
The original Thunder Force video game was created by Kotori Yoshimura in 1983. She later left Technosoft and founded Arsys Software in 1985, where herself and Osamu Nagano worked on notable titles such as Star Cruiser. In 1984, Technosoft released a level editor, or game creation system, titled Thunder Force Construction, created by Yoshimura for the FM-7 computer.
In September 2016, Sega announced at the Tokyo Game Show that they own the rights to the Thunder Force franchise and all other Technosoft intellectual properties.
Games
Thunder Force (X1) (1983)
Thunder Force II (X68000) (1988)
Thunder Force II MD (Mega Drive/Genesis) (1989) (port of Thunder Force II)
Thunder Force III (Mega Drive/Genesis) (1990)
Thunder Force AC (Arcade) (1990) (port of Thunder Force III retooled into an arcade game)
Thunder Spirits (Super NES) (1991) (port of Thunder Force AC)
Thunder Force IV (Mega Drive/Genesis) (1992) (a.k.a. Lightening Force: Quest for the Darkstar)
Thunder Force Gold Pack 1 (Sega Saturn) (1996), contains Thunder Force II and Thunder Force III).
Thunder Force Gold Pack 2 (Sega Saturn) (1996), contains Thunder Force IV and Thunder Force AC.
Thunder Force V (Sega Saturn) (1997)
Thunder Force V: Perfect System (PlayStation) (1998) (port of Thunder Force V)
Thunder Force VI (PlayStation 2) (2008)
References
horizontally scrolling shooters
Sega Games franchises
video game franchises introduced in 1983
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder%20Force",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "is a series of free-roaming scrolling shooter type video games developed by the Japanese software company Technosoft and published by Sega. The franchise is recognized for its distinctive gameplay, graphics, and synthesizer-based chiptune music soundtracks.\n\nThere are six games in the series in total. The first appeared on the personal computers. The majority of installments in the series appeared on the Mega Drive console. The most recent entry was released on PlayStation 2.\n\nHistory\nThe series' first game, Thunder Force, appeared in 1983 on a variety of Japanese computers, such as the X1, PC-8801 mkII, and FM-7. Since Thunder Force II, the majority of installments in the series appeared on the Mega Drive console, where the series gained much of its popularity. The most recent entry was released on PlayStation 2.\n\nThe original Thunder Force video game was created by Kotori Yoshimura in 1983. She later left Technosoft and founded Arsys Software in 1985, where herself and Osamu Nagano worked on notable titles such as Star Cruiser. In 1984, Technosoft released a level editor, or game creation system, titled Thunder Force Construction, created by Yoshimura for the FM-7 computer.\n\nIn September 2016, Sega announced at the Tokyo Game Show that they own the rights to the Thunder Force franchise and all other Technosoft intellectual properties.\n\nGames\nThunder Force (X1) (1983)\nThunder Force II (X68000) (1988)\nThunder Force II MD (Mega Drive/Genesis) (1989) (port of Thunder Force II)\nThunder Force III (Mega Drive/Genesis) (1990)\nThunder Force AC (Arcade) (1990) (port of Thunder Force III retooled into an arcade game)\nThunder Spirits (Super NES) (1991) (port of Thunder Force AC)\nThunder Force IV (Mega Drive/Genesis) (1992) (a.k.a. Lightening Force: Quest for the Darkstar)\nThunder Force Gold Pack 1 (Sega Saturn) (1996), contains Thunder Force II and Thunder Force III).\nThunder Force Gold Pack 2 (Sega Saturn) (1996), contains Thunder Force IV and Thunder Force AC.\n Thunder Force V (Sega Saturn) (1997)\nThunder Force V: Perfect System (PlayStation) (1998) (port of Thunder Force V)\n Thunder Force VI (PlayStation 2) (2008)\n\nReferences\n\n \nhorizontally scrolling shooters\nSega Games franchises\nvideo game franchises introduced in 1983",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz%20at%20Santa%20Monica%20Civic%20%2772
|
Jazz at Santa Monica '72 is a 1972 live album by the American jazz singer Ella Fitzgerald, recorded at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium accompanied by a jazz trio led by the pianist Tommy Flanagan, and the Count Basie Orchestra.
This concert recording was initially sold through mail order by the jazz producer and impresario, Norman Granz, as a three-LP set. The success of the album led to Granz founding Pablo Records, his first record label since Verve Records, which he had sold to MGM in 1960.
The concert was originally announced as featuring only the Count Basie Orchestra and Ella Fitzgerald, but Granz had invited some surprise "guests", the trumpeters Roy Eldridge and Harry "Sweets" Edison, the tenor saxophonists, Stan Getz and Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis, and the pianist Oscar Peterson and bassist Ray Brown.
Track listing
Introductions by Norman Granz – 1:00
"Basie Power" (Ernie Wilkins) – 3:07
"The Spirit Is Willing" (Sammy Nestico) – 4:37
"The Meetin' Time" (Oliver Nelson) – 4:50
"Blues in Hoss's Flat" (Count Basie, Frank Foster) – 5:08
"Good Time Blues" (Wilkins) – 7:34
"In a Mellow Tone" (Duke Ellington, Milt Gabler) – 15:00
"Loose Walk" (Johnny Richards, Sonny Stitt) – 10:48
"Makin' Whoopee" (Walter Donaldson, Gus Kahn) – 2:57
"If I Had You" (Jimmy Campbell, Reginald Connelly, Ted Shapiro) – 3:26
"She's Funny That Way" (Neil Moret, Richard Whiting) – 3:05
"Blue and Sentimental" (Basie, Mack David, Jerry Livingston) – 1:58
"I Surrender Dear" (Harry Barris, Gordon Clifford) – 3:11
"5400 North" (Roy Eldridge) – 13:34
"You Are My Sunshine" (Jimmie Davis, Charles Mitchell) – 8:41
"L.O.V.E." (Milt Gabler, Bert Kaempfert) – 3:16
"Begin the Beguine" (Cole Porter) – 4:27
"Indian Summer" (Al Dubin, Victor Herbert) – 4:34
"You've Got a Friend" (Carole King) – 5:12
"What's Going On" (Renaldo Benson, Al Cleveland, Marvin Gaye) – 4:06
"Night and Day" (Porter) – 5:17
"Spring Can Really Hang You Up the Most" (Fran Landesman, Tommy Wolf) – 4:13
"Little White Lies" (Walter Donaldson) – 3:24
"Madalena" (Ronaldo Monteiro de Souza, Ivan Lins) – 3:37
"Shiny Stockings" (Foster, Ella Fitzgerald) – 3:55
Cole Porter Medley: "Too Darn Hot"/"It's All Right With Me" (Porter) – 3:20
"Sanford and Son Theme" ("The Streetbeater") (Fitzgerald, Quincy Jones) – 2:58
"I Can't Stop Loving You" (Don Gibson) – 6:12
"C Jam Blues" (Barney Bigard, Ellington) – 11:05
Personnel
Recorded June 2, 1972, in Santa Monica, California:
Tracks 2-6
Count Basie Orchestra
Tracks 7-14
Jazz at the Philharmonic All Stars
Track 15
Oscar Peterson
Tracks 16-20
Ella Fitzgerald
Count Basie Orchestra
Tommy Flanagan - Piano
Frank DeLaRosa - Double Bass
Ed Thigpen - drums
Tracks 21-24
Ella Fitzgerald - Vocals
Tommy Flanagan - Piano
Frank DeLaRosa - Double Bass
Ed Thigpen - Drums
Tracks 25-28
Ella Fitzgerald
Count Basie Orchestra
Tommy Flanagan - Piano
Frank DeLaRosa - Double Bass
Ed Thigpen - Drums
Track 29
Ella Fitzgerald
Count Basie
Jazz at the Philharmonic All Stars
References
1972 live albums
Count Basie Orchestra live albums
Ella Fitzgerald live albums
Albums produced by Norman Granz
Albums recorded at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium
Pablo Records live albums
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz%20at%20Santa%20Monica%20Civic%20%2772",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Jazz at Santa Monica '72 is a 1972 live album by the American jazz singer Ella Fitzgerald, recorded at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium accompanied by a jazz trio led by the pianist Tommy Flanagan, and the Count Basie Orchestra.\n\nThis concert recording was initially sold through mail order by the jazz producer and impresario, Norman Granz, as a three-LP set. The success of the album led to Granz founding Pablo Records, his first record label since Verve Records, which he had sold to MGM in 1960.\n\nThe concert was originally announced as featuring only the Count Basie Orchestra and Ella Fitzgerald, but Granz had invited some surprise \"guests\", the trumpeters Roy Eldridge and Harry \"Sweets\" Edison, the tenor saxophonists, Stan Getz and Eddie \"Lockjaw\" Davis, and the pianist Oscar Peterson and bassist Ray Brown.\n\nTrack listing\nIntroductions by Norman Granz – 1:00\n\"Basie Power\" (Ernie Wilkins) – 3:07\n\"The Spirit Is Willing\" (Sammy Nestico) – 4:37\n\"The Meetin' Time\" (Oliver Nelson) – 4:50\n\"Blues in Hoss's Flat\" (Count Basie, Frank Foster) – 5:08\n\"Good Time Blues\" (Wilkins) – 7:34\n\"In a Mellow Tone\" (Duke Ellington, Milt Gabler) – 15:00\n\"Loose Walk\" (Johnny Richards, Sonny Stitt) – 10:48\n\"Makin' Whoopee\" (Walter Donaldson, Gus Kahn) – 2:57\n\"If I Had You\" (Jimmy Campbell, Reginald Connelly, Ted Shapiro) – 3:26\n\"She's Funny That Way\" (Neil Moret, Richard Whiting) – 3:05\n\"Blue and Sentimental\" (Basie, Mack David, Jerry Livingston) – 1:58\n\"I Surrender Dear\" (Harry Barris, Gordon Clifford) – 3:11\n\"5400 North\" (Roy Eldridge) – 13:34\n\"You Are My Sunshine\" (Jimmie Davis, Charles Mitchell) – 8:41\n\"L.O.V.E.\" (Milt Gabler, Bert Kaempfert) – 3:16\n\"Begin the Beguine\" (Cole Porter) – 4:27\n\"Indian Summer\" (Al Dubin, Victor Herbert) – 4:34\n\"You've Got a Friend\" (Carole King) – 5:12\n\"What's Going On\" (Renaldo Benson, Al Cleveland, Marvin Gaye) – 4:06\n\"Night and Day\" (Porter) – 5:17\n\"Spring Can Really Hang You Up the Most\" (Fran Landesman, Tommy Wolf) – 4:13\n\"Little White Lies\" (Walter Donaldson) – 3:24\n\"Madalena\" (Ronaldo Monteiro de Souza, Ivan Lins) – 3:37\n\"Shiny Stockings\" (Foster, Ella Fitzgerald) – 3:55\nCole Porter Medley: \"Too Darn Hot\"/\"It's All Right With Me\" (Porter) – 3:20\n\"Sanford and Son Theme\" (\"The Streetbeater\") (Fitzgerald, Quincy Jones) – 2:58\n\"I Can't Stop Loving You\" (Don Gibson) – 6:12\n\"C Jam Blues\" (Barney Bigard, Ellington) – 11:05\n\nPersonnel\nRecorded June 2, 1972, in Santa Monica, California:\n\nTracks 2-6\n Count Basie Orchestra\nTracks 7-14\n Jazz at the Philharmonic All Stars\nTrack 15\n Oscar Peterson\nTracks 16-20\n Ella Fitzgerald\n Count Basie Orchestra\n Tommy Flanagan - Piano\n Frank DeLaRosa - Double Bass\n Ed Thigpen - drums\nTracks 21-24\n Ella Fitzgerald - Vocals\n Tommy Flanagan - Piano\n Frank DeLaRosa - Double Bass\n Ed Thigpen - Drums\nTracks 25-28\n Ella Fitzgerald\n Count Basie Orchestra\n Tommy Flanagan - Piano\n Frank DeLaRosa - Double Bass\n Ed Thigpen - Drums\nTrack 29\n Ella Fitzgerald\n Count Basie\n Jazz at the Philharmonic All Stars\n\nReferences\n\n1972 live albums\nCount Basie Orchestra live albums\nElla Fitzgerald live albums\nAlbums produced by Norman Granz\nAlbums recorded at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium\nPablo Records live albums",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riki-Oh%3A%20The%20Story%20of%20Ricky
|
Riki-Oh: The Story of Ricky (), also known as Story of Ricky, is a 1991 Hong Kong martial arts splatter film written and directed by Lam Nai-Choi. The film is loosely based on the Japanese manga of the same name by Masahiko Takajo and Tetsuya Saruwatari. Saruwatari also co-wrote the film. The film stars Fan Siu-wong, Fan Mei-sheng (Siu-wong's real-life father), Ho Ka-kui, Gloria Yip, and Yukari Oshima.
Fan Siu-wong plays Ricky Ho Lik Wong, a young man who has super-human power and fighting abilities. Originally known in English as Story of Ricky, later releases were sold under the title Riki-Oh: The Story of Ricky. The film had a limited theatrical release in the United States in 1993. It is well known for its acting, story, extremely brutal and highly unrealistic violence, as well as its high camp factor and extremely poor English dubbing. The film is considered a cult film and has an approval rating of 89% on Rotten Tomatoes.
Plot
In 2001, when all prisons have been privatized, super-strong and durable Ricky Ho is sent to one for manslaughter after killing a crime boss responsible for his girlfriend's death. The prison is divided by cardinal directions, with each wing having a member of the "Gang of Four" ruling over it. Ricky is placed in the North wing, where he witnesses an inmate named Samuel disfigure an elderly inmate. Ricky partially blinds him, so he pays obese inmate Mad Dragon to kill Ricky, while the disfigured inmate commits suicide after Samuel stops his probation from clearing. Mad Dragon attacks him in the shower, but Ricky kills him and Samuel.
Fearing that Ricky may inspire the other prisoners to revolt, the one-eyed assistant warden "Cyclops" orders the North wing leader Hai to publicly execute him. Hai disembowels himself in shame when Ricky beats him and tries to strangle him with his intestines, forcing Ricky to kill him. The rest of the Gang murder Hai's godson when he refuses to take revenge on Ricky, so Ricky burns their opium farm. The Gang restrains Ricky, but before they can kill him, Cyclops learns that the warden is returning from vacation and forces everyone back to their cells. Cyclops floods Ricky's cell with cement, freezing him in place.
The warden and his spoiled son return and the former interrogates Ricky, but is interrupted when Tarzan, the East wing leader, bursts through a wall to fight Ricky. Ricky brutalizes him and the warden tries to crush them to death under the cell's hydraulic ceiling, though Ricky holds it off to try and save Tarzan rather than escape. The warden shocks him with a taser to make him stop, only for Tarzan to hold up the ceiling long enough for Ricky to escape before he dies. The warden orders Ricky buried alive for a full week and promises him freedom if he can survive, which he manages to, though the warden still denies him freedom and leaves him chained up in his cell.
An inmate sneaks Ricky his food, but a snitch informs Cyclops, who kills the man and taunts Ricky with his body. Enraged, Ricky breaks free, kills the snitch, and blinds Cyclops's other eye. The inmates riot and mutilate Cyclops, who the warden kills, annoyed with his incompetence. Ricky twists the West wing leader's limbs to neutralize him, while the South wing leader is killed by the warden when he flees in fear. Having gone too long without his medication, the warden transforms into a hulking creature that Ricky barely defeats by shoving him into a meat grinder. As the prisoners and guards fight, Ricky stops them by showing off the warden's decapitated head. He breaks the prison wall with his fist and declares "you're all free now" before walking away.
Cast
Production
Casting
Fan Siu-Wong was an upcoming martial artist slowing gaining attention in Mainland China and Hong Kong when he was approached by Golden Harvest after finishing filming "Stone Age Warrior." He claims he was picked up at the airport by Golden Harvest and immediately offered the main role in "Story of Ricky." Fan Siu-Wong signed up for the role before researching his parts, eventually finding out it was being adapted from an ultra violent Japanese anime, in which he was then shocked by the sheer violence and brutality of the anime. He initially was very nervous that nobody will like the film because of the blood and disgusting violence. Fan Siu-Wong eventually said the role of Ricky is still one of his most memorable and people in rural areas in China will often come up to him and talk to him about the movie and say stuff like "You were in "Story of Ricky" right?" He then says the violence is the ultimately the main reason why people still remembers the movie and why it is a cult hit among fans.
Style
The plot closely follows the events depicted in the original Japanese manga and its anime adaptation, with some minor modifications in certain instances.
The film is notorious for its excessive use of graphic violence and gore, primarily due to the fact that the lead character is practically invincible, has impossibly great strength and can virtually withstand all pain, which is partially explained by Ricky being a practitioner of a superhuman form of qigong. This leads to attempts by other characters to subdue him which end up being extremely gory and over-the-top.
Aside from the aforementioned head crushing and meat grinding scenes, most notable is a fight scene between Ricky and a knife-wielding prisoner named Oscar. During the fight, Oscar throws powdered glass in Ricky's eyes and then slashes Ricky's right arm. Ricky seemingly finished, smashes a water pipe and cleans his eyes, then uses his teeth and left hand to tie the veins and tendons in his arm back together. Oscar then charges at Ricky, but Ricky dodges and smacks him in the back of the head, popping one of his eyes out, leaving it to be eaten by crows. Seeing himself at a disadvantage, Oscar attempts suicide by seppuku. However, when Ricky approaches Oscar to try and stop the suicide, Oscar grabs his own intestines and wraps them around Ricky's neck in an attempt to strangle him, prompting the assistant warden to exclaim in the English dub: "You've got a lot of guts, Oscar!". Ricky then punches Oscar in the face, with an X-ray image showing the front of his skull shattering. The deceased Oscar crumples to the ground without so much as a visibly broken nose.
In another fight scene, Ricky punches and graphically breaks the Gang of Four member, Tarzan's arm, then lands an uppercut with such force that Tarzan's jaw is torn off. Finally, Ricky goes for the Coup de grâce and punches several of Tarzan's fingers off as he attempts to punch Ricky.
Another scene includes the warden's graphic death which depicts Ricky throwing him into an industrial meat grinder. Ricky pushes the struggling warden through the grinder, until his whole body is shredded and only his head remains. In that scene, so much fake blood was used that Fan Siu-wong could not wash the blood off his skin for three days.
The film's low budget shows in the scene where Ricky's girlfriend Keiko jumps to her death. For this scene, an obvious mannequin wearing her clothes is thrown off the top of the building, landing with a dull thud and a slight bounce. A dummy is also used in some scenes where there is a close up.
Reception
Box office
Riki-Oh received a Category III rating (viewers under 18 not allowed). It was one of the first Hong Kong movies to receive such a rating for non-erotic content. This rating greatly inhibited the film's ability to make money at the box office. The film grossed $2,147,778 HKD in Hong Kong. Despite the box office performance, Fan Siu Wong said that the movie was a major hit on rental since many kids who were not allowed to view it in theaters could now rent the film and watch it.
Critical response
On the aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, Riki-Oh has an approval rating of 89% by 9 reviews, and with an average rating of 7.1/10. Michael Atkinson of The Village Voice called it "a rather astonishing, starkly stylized blood flood set inside a privatized prison." Kurt Ramschissel of Film Threat gave the film 5 stars, saying that "the violence comes fast and furious and is just as outrageous and over-the-top as Sam Raimi or Peter Jackson ever were." J.R. Jones from the Chicago Reader said, "If you can handle the torrent of grisly violence, you'll find yourself royally entertained by this Hong Kong actioner."
Home media
In the U.S., Tokyo Shock released it on a bare bones DVD in 2000. In 2002, DVD was released by Hong Kong Legends in Region 2. In 2003, Fortune Star (formerly Mega Star), current holders of the Golden Harvest library from Media Asia, released a Remastered version of the film on a 3 disc set along with The Dragon from Russia and City Hunter.
The film was released on Blu-ray by Media Blasters in 2011. Riki-Oh: The Story of Ricky became available in its original Chinese with hard-coded English subtitles on Netflix's Instant Streaming service in mid-2012. The film aired on Turner Classic Movies on 2 November 2012 and 14 April 2013 as part of TCM Underground. In the UK, the film was first released on Blu-ray from a new HD restoration by Mediumrare Entertainment in 2015 before going out of print. In 2021, British distributors 88 Films released their own Blu-ray edition of the film with new remastered English subtitles and both Cantonese and English audio tracks.
Unofficial sequel
An unofficial sequel titled Dint King Inside King ( Story of Ricky 2 or Super Powerful Man) was released in Hong Kong in 2005. The film was never released in the United States or in Europe. Fan Siu-wong is again cast in the title role, and wears the camouflage poncho seen in flashbacks and in the manga.
References
External links
Riki-Oh 2 at Hong Kong Cinemagic
1991 films
1991 martial arts films
1991 black comedy films
1990s prison films
1990s science fiction films
1990s Cantonese-language films
1990s dystopian films
Films about giants
Films about miscarriage of justice
Films about suicide
Films about the illegal drug trade
Films set in 2001
Films set in the future
Golden Harvest films
Hong Kong films about revenge
Hong Kong martial arts films
Hong Kong prison films
Live-action films based on manga
Obscenity controversies in film
Hong Kong splatter films
Tokyo Shock
1990s Hong Kong films
ja:力王#力王 RIKI-OH STORY OF RICKY
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riki-Oh%3A%20The%20Story%20of%20Ricky",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Riki-Oh: The Story of Ricky (), also known as Story of Ricky, is a 1991 Hong Kong martial arts splatter film written and directed by Lam Nai-Choi. The film is loosely based on the Japanese manga of the same name by Masahiko Takajo and Tetsuya Saruwatari. Saruwatari also co-wrote the film. The film stars Fan Siu-wong, Fan Mei-sheng (Siu-wong's real-life father), Ho Ka-kui, Gloria Yip, and Yukari Oshima.\n\nFan Siu-wong plays Ricky Ho Lik Wong, a young man who has super-human power and fighting abilities. Originally known in English as Story of Ricky, later releases were sold under the title Riki-Oh: The Story of Ricky. The film had a limited theatrical release in the United States in 1993. It is well known for its acting, story, extremely brutal and highly unrealistic violence, as well as its high camp factor and extremely poor English dubbing. The film is considered a cult film and has an approval rating of 89% on Rotten Tomatoes.\n\nPlot \nIn 2001, when all prisons have been privatized, super-strong and durable Ricky Ho is sent to one for manslaughter after killing a crime boss responsible for his girlfriend's death. The prison is divided by cardinal directions, with each wing having a member of the \"Gang of Four\" ruling over it. Ricky is placed in the North wing, where he witnesses an inmate named Samuel disfigure an elderly inmate. Ricky partially blinds him, so he pays obese inmate Mad Dragon to kill Ricky, while the disfigured inmate commits suicide after Samuel stops his probation from clearing. Mad Dragon attacks him in the shower, but Ricky kills him and Samuel.\n\nFearing that Ricky may inspire the other prisoners to revolt, the one-eyed assistant warden \"Cyclops\" orders the North wing leader Hai to publicly execute him. Hai disembowels himself in shame when Ricky beats him and tries to strangle him with his intestines, forcing Ricky to kill him. The rest of the Gang murder Hai's godson when he refuses to take revenge on Ricky, so Ricky burns their opium farm. The Gang restrains Ricky, but before they can kill him, Cyclops learns that the warden is returning from vacation and forces everyone back to their cells. Cyclops floods Ricky's cell with cement, freezing him in place.\n\nThe warden and his spoiled son return and the former interrogates Ricky, but is interrupted when Tarzan, the East wing leader, bursts through a wall to fight Ricky. Ricky brutalizes him and the warden tries to crush them to death under the cell's hydraulic ceiling, though Ricky holds it off to try and save Tarzan rather than escape. The warden shocks him with a taser to make him stop, only for Tarzan to hold up the ceiling long enough for Ricky to escape before he dies. The warden orders Ricky buried alive for a full week and promises him freedom if he can survive, which he manages to, though the warden still denies him freedom and leaves him chained up in his cell.\n\nAn inmate sneaks Ricky his food, but a snitch informs Cyclops, who kills the man and taunts Ricky with his body. Enraged, Ricky breaks free, kills the snitch, and blinds Cyclops's other eye. The inmates riot and mutilate Cyclops, who the warden kills, annoyed with his incompetence. Ricky twists the West wing leader's limbs to neutralize him, while the South wing leader is killed by the warden when he flees in fear. Having gone too long without his medication, the warden transforms into a hulking creature that Ricky barely defeats by shoving him into a meat grinder. As the prisoners and guards fight, Ricky stops them by showing off the warden's decapitated head. He breaks the prison wall with his fist and declares \"you're all free now\" before walking away.\n\nCast\n\nProduction\n\nCasting\nFan Siu-Wong was an upcoming martial artist slowing gaining attention in Mainland China and Hong Kong when he was approached by Golden Harvest after finishing filming \"Stone Age Warrior.\" He claims he was picked up at the airport by Golden Harvest and immediately offered the main role in \"Story of Ricky.\" Fan Siu-Wong signed up for the role before researching his parts, eventually finding out it was being adapted from an ultra violent Japanese anime, in which he was then shocked by the sheer violence and brutality of the anime. He initially was very nervous that nobody will like the film because of the blood and disgusting violence. Fan Siu-Wong eventually said the role of Ricky is still one of his most memorable and people in rural areas in China will often come up to him and talk to him about the movie and say stuff like \"You were in \"Story of Ricky\" right?\" He then says the violence is the ultimately the main reason why people still remembers the movie and why it is a cult hit among fans.\n\nStyle\n\nThe plot closely follows the events depicted in the original Japanese manga and its anime adaptation, with some minor modifications in certain instances.\n\nThe film is notorious for its excessive use of graphic violence and gore, primarily due to the fact that the lead character is practically invincible, has impossibly great strength and can virtually withstand all pain, which is partially explained by Ricky being a practitioner of a superhuman form of qigong. This leads to attempts by other characters to subdue him which end up being extremely gory and over-the-top.\n\nAside from the aforementioned head crushing and meat grinding scenes, most notable is a fight scene between Ricky and a knife-wielding prisoner named Oscar. During the fight, Oscar throws powdered glass in Ricky's eyes and then slashes Ricky's right arm. Ricky seemingly finished, smashes a water pipe and cleans his eyes, then uses his teeth and left hand to tie the veins and tendons in his arm back together. Oscar then charges at Ricky, but Ricky dodges and smacks him in the back of the head, popping one of his eyes out, leaving it to be eaten by crows. Seeing himself at a disadvantage, Oscar attempts suicide by seppuku. However, when Ricky approaches Oscar to try and stop the suicide, Oscar grabs his own intestines and wraps them around Ricky's neck in an attempt to strangle him, prompting the assistant warden to exclaim in the English dub: \"You've got a lot of guts, Oscar!\". Ricky then punches Oscar in the face, with an X-ray image showing the front of his skull shattering. The deceased Oscar crumples to the ground without so much as a visibly broken nose.\n\nIn another fight scene, Ricky punches and graphically breaks the Gang of Four member, Tarzan's arm, then lands an uppercut with such force that Tarzan's jaw is torn off. Finally, Ricky goes for the Coup de grâce and punches several of Tarzan's fingers off as he attempts to punch Ricky.\n\nAnother scene includes the warden's graphic death which depicts Ricky throwing him into an industrial meat grinder. Ricky pushes the struggling warden through the grinder, until his whole body is shredded and only his head remains. In that scene, so much fake blood was used that Fan Siu-wong could not wash the blood off his skin for three days.\n\nThe film's low budget shows in the scene where Ricky's girlfriend Keiko jumps to her death. For this scene, an obvious mannequin wearing her clothes is thrown off the top of the building, landing with a dull thud and a slight bounce. A dummy is also used in some scenes where there is a close up.\n\nReception\n\nBox office\nRiki-Oh received a Category III rating (viewers under 18 not allowed). It was one of the first Hong Kong movies to receive such a rating for non-erotic content. This rating greatly inhibited the film's ability to make money at the box office. The film grossed $2,147,778 HKD in Hong Kong. Despite the box office performance, Fan Siu Wong said that the movie was a major hit on rental since many kids who were not allowed to view it in theaters could now rent the film and watch it.\n\nCritical response\nOn the aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, Riki-Oh has an approval rating of 89% by 9 reviews, and with an average rating of 7.1/10. Michael Atkinson of The Village Voice called it \"a rather astonishing, starkly stylized blood flood set inside a privatized prison.\" Kurt Ramschissel of Film Threat gave the film 5 stars, saying that \"the violence comes fast and furious and is just as outrageous and over-the-top as Sam Raimi or Peter Jackson ever were.\" J.R. Jones from the Chicago Reader said, \"If you can handle the torrent of grisly violence, you'll find yourself royally entertained by this Hong Kong actioner.\"\n\nHome media\nIn the U.S., Tokyo Shock released it on a bare bones DVD in 2000. In 2002, DVD was released by Hong Kong Legends in Region 2. In 2003, Fortune Star (formerly Mega Star), current holders of the Golden Harvest library from Media Asia, released a Remastered version of the film on a 3 disc set along with The Dragon from Russia and City Hunter.\n\nThe film was released on Blu-ray by Media Blasters in 2011. Riki-Oh: The Story of Ricky became available in its original Chinese with hard-coded English subtitles on Netflix's Instant Streaming service in mid-2012. The film aired on Turner Classic Movies on 2 November 2012 and 14 April 2013 as part of TCM Underground. In the UK, the film was first released on Blu-ray from a new HD restoration by Mediumrare Entertainment in 2015 before going out of print. In 2021, British distributors 88 Films released their own Blu-ray edition of the film with new remastered English subtitles and both Cantonese and English audio tracks.\n\nUnofficial sequel\nAn unofficial sequel titled Dint King Inside King ( Story of Ricky 2 or Super Powerful Man) was released in Hong Kong in 2005. The film was never released in the United States or in Europe. Fan Siu-wong is again cast in the title role, and wears the camouflage poncho seen in flashbacks and in the manga.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nRiki-Oh 2 at Hong Kong Cinemagic\n\n1991 films\n1991 martial arts films\n1991 black comedy films\n1990s prison films\n1990s science fiction films\n1990s Cantonese-language films\n1990s dystopian films\nFilms about giants\nFilms about miscarriage of justice\nFilms about suicide\nFilms about the illegal drug trade\nFilms set in 2001\nFilms set in the future\nGolden Harvest films\nHong Kong films about revenge\nHong Kong martial arts films\nHong Kong prison films\nLive-action films based on manga\nObscenity controversies in film\nHong Kong splatter films\nTokyo Shock\n1990s Hong Kong films\n\nja:力王#力王 RIKI-OH STORY OF RICKY",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Bedi Buval
|
Bedi Bastien Buval (born 16 June 1986) is a former professional footballer who played as a striker. Born in France, he made one appearance for the Martinique national team scoring once.
Club career
Born in Domont, Val-d'Oise, Buval joined Bolton Wanderers at the age of 16 from AS Nancy, but he never broke through to the first team as a senior, being limited to reserve football and also suffering from recurring knee problems. In November 2006, he returned to his country and signed for FC Red Star Saint-Ouen in the Championnat National.
In July 2007, Buval agreed to a two-year contract with Danish Superliga club Randers FC, joining after a trial period as a replacement for Djiby Fall who had left at the end of the previous season. He struggled initially to become a first-team regular and, with Søren Berg and Marc Nygaard (both former Danish internationals) joining the team during the winter break, he received additional competition; eventually, as Berg moved to right midfielder, the Frenchman begun appearing more, and finished the campaign with seven goals in 27 games.
Buval signed with Panthrakikos F.C. in Greece on 30 July 2009. On 13 January of the following year, he moved to fellow Superleague side Panionios FC, scoring only three goals combined during the season and suffering relegation with the former.
In the 2010 summer, Buval changed clubs – and countries – again, joining Lechia Gdańsk from Poland on a one-year deal. He was released on 3 July 2011.
On 16 September 2011, after a successful trial, Buval signed for two years with C.D. Feirense in Portugal. He was awarded the Primeira Liga's SJPF Player of the Month award for the month of December, after scoring against Vitória de Setúbal (1–1 away draw) and U.D. Leiria (two goals, 2–1 home success), and finished the season as team top scorer but they were eventually relegated just one year after promoting.
On 23 July 2012, Buval joined Göztepe S.K. in Turkey on a three-year contract. On 31 January of the following year, however, he changed teams and countries once again, signing for Denmark's Vejle Boldklub Kolding until the end of the campaign.
In the following years, in quick succession, Buval represented Académica de Coimbra, F.C. Paços de Ferreira, S.C. Olhanense and Flamurtari Vlorë, agreeing to a two-and-a-half-year contract with the latter on 28 January 2015 for a reported €11,000 per month. He left on 17 October, claiming he was not being paid by the club.
In February 2016, Buval joined FC Carl Zeiss Jena in the German Regionalliga Nordost.
International career
Buval chose to represent Martinique internationally. He scored in his debut on 16 November 2014, helping to a 2–0 group stage win over Antigua and Barbuda for that year's Caribbean Cup.
Career statistics
Scores and results list Martinique's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Buval goal.
References
External links
1986 births
Living people
People from Domont
Footballers from Val-d'Oise
French people of Martiniquais descent
French men's footballers
Martiniquais men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Red Star F.C. players
Danish Superliga players
Danish 1st Division players
Randers FC players
Vejle Boldklub Kolding players
Super League Greece players
Panthrakikos F.C. players
Panionios F.C. players
Ekstraklasa players
Lechia Gdańsk players
Primeira Liga players
Liga Portugal 2 players
C.D. Feirense players
Académica de Coimbra (football) players
F.C. Paços de Ferreira players
S.C. Olhanense players
TFF First League players
Göztepe S.K. footballers
Kategoria Superiore players
Flamurtari FC players
Regionalliga players
FC Carl Zeiss Jena players
FSV Wacker 90 Nordhausen players
Martinique men's international footballers
French expatriate men's footballers
French expatriate sportspeople in England
Expatriate men's footballers in England
French expatriate sportspeople in Denmark
Expatriate men's footballers in Denmark
French expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece
French expatriate sportspeople in Poland
Expatriate men's footballers in Poland
French expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal
French expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
French expatriate sportspeople in Albania
Expatriate men's footballers in Albania
French expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Bedi Buval",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Bedi Bastien Buval (born 16 June 1986) is a former professional footballer who played as a striker. Born in France, he made one appearance for the Martinique national team scoring once.\n\nClub career\nBorn in Domont, Val-d'Oise, Buval joined Bolton Wanderers at the age of 16 from AS Nancy, but he never broke through to the first team as a senior, being limited to reserve football and also suffering from recurring knee problems. In November 2006, he returned to his country and signed for FC Red Star Saint-Ouen in the Championnat National.\n\nIn July 2007, Buval agreed to a two-year contract with Danish Superliga club Randers FC, joining after a trial period as a replacement for Djiby Fall who had left at the end of the previous season. He struggled initially to become a first-team regular and, with Søren Berg and Marc Nygaard (both former Danish internationals) joining the team during the winter break, he received additional competition; eventually, as Berg moved to right midfielder, the Frenchman begun appearing more, and finished the campaign with seven goals in 27 games.\n\nBuval signed with Panthrakikos F.C. in Greece on 30 July 2009. On 13 January of the following year, he moved to fellow Superleague side Panionios FC, scoring only three goals combined during the season and suffering relegation with the former.\n\nIn the 2010 summer, Buval changed clubs – and countries – again, joining Lechia Gdańsk from Poland on a one-year deal. He was released on 3 July 2011.\n\nOn 16 September 2011, after a successful trial, Buval signed for two years with C.D. Feirense in Portugal. He was awarded the Primeira Liga's SJPF Player of the Month award for the month of December, after scoring against Vitória de Setúbal (1–1 away draw) and U.D. Leiria (two goals, 2–1 home success), and finished the season as team top scorer but they were eventually relegated just one year after promoting.\n\nOn 23 July 2012, Buval joined Göztepe S.K. in Turkey on a three-year contract. On 31 January of the following year, however, he changed teams and countries once again, signing for Denmark's Vejle Boldklub Kolding until the end of the campaign.\n\nIn the following years, in quick succession, Buval represented Académica de Coimbra, F.C. Paços de Ferreira, S.C. Olhanense and Flamurtari Vlorë, agreeing to a two-and-a-half-year contract with the latter on 28 January 2015 for a reported €11,000 per month. He left on 17 October, claiming he was not being paid by the club.\n\nIn February 2016, Buval joined FC Carl Zeiss Jena in the German Regionalliga Nordost.\n\nInternational career\nBuval chose to represent Martinique internationally. He scored in his debut on 16 November 2014, helping to a 2–0 group stage win over Antigua and Barbuda for that year's Caribbean Cup.\n\nCareer statistics\n\nScores and results list Martinique's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Buval goal.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1986 births\nLiving people\nPeople from Domont\nFootballers from Val-d'Oise\nFrench people of Martiniquais descent\nFrench men's footballers\nMartiniquais men's footballers\nMen's association football forwards\nBolton Wanderers F.C. players\nRed Star F.C. players\nDanish Superliga players\nDanish 1st Division players\nRanders FC players\nVejle Boldklub Kolding players\nSuper League Greece players\nPanthrakikos F.C. players\nPanionios F.C. players\nEkstraklasa players\nLechia Gdańsk players\nPrimeira Liga players\nLiga Portugal 2 players\nC.D. Feirense players\nAcadémica de Coimbra (football) players\nF.C. Paços de Ferreira players\nS.C. Olhanense players\nTFF First League players\nGöztepe S.K. footballers\nKategoria Superiore players\nFlamurtari FC players\nRegionalliga players\nFC Carl Zeiss Jena players\nFSV Wacker 90 Nordhausen players\nMartinique men's international footballers\nFrench expatriate men's footballers\nFrench expatriate sportspeople in England\nExpatriate men's footballers in England\nFrench expatriate sportspeople in Denmark\nExpatriate men's footballers in Denmark\nFrench expatriate sportspeople in Greece\nExpatriate men's footballers in Greece\nFrench expatriate sportspeople in Poland\nExpatriate men's footballers in Poland\nFrench expatriate sportspeople in Portugal\nExpatriate men's footballers in Portugal\nFrench expatriate sportspeople in Turkey\nExpatriate men's footballers in Turkey\nFrench expatriate sportspeople in Albania\nExpatriate men's footballers in Albania\nFrench expatriate sportspeople in Germany\nExpatriate men's footballers in Germany",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Edmundo Valenzuela
|
Archbishop Edmundo Ponziano Valenzuela Mellid SDB (born 19 November 1944) is a Roman Catholic missionary currently serving in Paraguay as the sixth Metropolitan Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Asunción. On February 13, 2006, he was appointed by Pope Benedict XVI as Apostolic Vicar to Chaco Paraguayo, an area with a population of 18,000 but only 5 ordained priests. As a result of this appointment, he was consecrated to the episcopate 22 April 2006. Prior to this appointment, Valenzuela served as a high-profile missionary in Angola. Valenzuela was ordained a priest of the Salesians of Don Bosco in 1977.
Upon the resignation of Metropolitan Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Asunción Pastor Cuquejo due to age, Valenzuela, as Coadjutor, became the new Metropolitan Archbishop of Asunción on 6 November 2014, as the 44th bishop of Asunción and the 6th metropolitan archbishop. He received the archiepiscopal pallium from Pope Francis on 29 June 2015 at St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City.
On 6 March 2022 he was succeeded by Adalberto Martínez Flores who became the VII Archbishop of Asunción and Valenzuela, after his resignation, became Archbishop Emeritus.
References
External links
1944 births
Living people
Paraguayan Roman Catholic archbishops
Roman Catholic missionaries in Paraguay
20th-century Roman Catholic priests
21st-century Roman Catholic priests
Salesian bishops
People from Villarrica, Paraguay
Roman Catholic missionaries in Angola
Roman Catholic archbishops of Asunción
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Edmundo Valenzuela",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Archbishop Edmundo Ponziano Valenzuela Mellid SDB (born 19 November 1944) is a Roman Catholic missionary currently serving in Paraguay as the sixth Metropolitan Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Asunción. On February 13, 2006, he was appointed by Pope Benedict XVI as Apostolic Vicar to Chaco Paraguayo, an area with a population of 18,000 but only 5 ordained priests. As a result of this appointment, he was consecrated to the episcopate 22 April 2006. Prior to this appointment, Valenzuela served as a high-profile missionary in Angola. Valenzuela was ordained a priest of the Salesians of Don Bosco in 1977.\n\nUpon the resignation of Metropolitan Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Asunción Pastor Cuquejo due to age, Valenzuela, as Coadjutor, became the new Metropolitan Archbishop of Asunción on 6 November 2014, as the 44th bishop of Asunción and the 6th metropolitan archbishop. He received the archiepiscopal pallium from Pope Francis on 29 June 2015 at St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City.\n\nOn 6 March 2022 he was succeeded by Adalberto Martínez Flores who became the VII Archbishop of Asunción and Valenzuela, after his resignation, became Archbishop Emeritus.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1944 births\nLiving people\nParaguayan Roman Catholic archbishops\nRoman Catholic missionaries in Paraguay\n20th-century Roman Catholic priests\n21st-century Roman Catholic priests\nSalesian bishops\nPeople from Villarrica, Paraguay\nRoman Catholic missionaries in Angola\nRoman Catholic archbishops of Asunción",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamborghini%20Bravo
|
The Lamborghini Bravo is a concept car designed by Marcello Gandini at Bertone for Lamborghini. It was first presented in 1974 at the Turin Auto Show.
The Bravo was designed to showcase ideas for a replacement to the Urraco. The completely working prototype was built on a Urraco chassis, with the wheelbase shortened by 175mm, and featured a 3.0L V8 that powered the rear wheels, undergoing nearly of testing before it was placed in the Bertone museum. It was never put into production, but many styling features were inspired by the Countach, including the angular features and the window arrangement.
The Bravo was sold at auction for €588,000 on 21 May 2011. The Bravo has had several different paints, first a pearlescent yellow, then green, followed by champagne and lastly white. These colour changes have led to incorrect speculation that multiple cars were produced, but official sources confirm only one was made.
References
Bravo
Bertone concept vehicles
Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicles
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamborghini%20Bravo",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Lamborghini Bravo is a concept car designed by Marcello Gandini at Bertone for Lamborghini. It was first presented in 1974 at the Turin Auto Show.\n\nThe Bravo was designed to showcase ideas for a replacement to the Urraco. The completely working prototype was built on a Urraco chassis, with the wheelbase shortened by 175mm, and featured a 3.0L V8 that powered the rear wheels, undergoing nearly of testing before it was placed in the Bertone museum. It was never put into production, but many styling features were inspired by the Countach, including the angular features and the window arrangement.\n\nThe Bravo was sold at auction for €588,000 on 21 May 2011. The Bravo has had several different paints, first a pearlescent yellow, then green, followed by champagne and lastly white. These colour changes have led to incorrect speculation that multiple cars were produced, but official sources confirm only one was made.\n\nReferences\n\nBravo\nBertone concept vehicles\n\nRear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicles",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percival%20Street
|
Percival Street is a street in the East Point and Happy Valley, Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong. The street spans from Gloucester Road in the north to Leighton Road in the south. Between Hennessy Road and Leighton Road, the street is with a branch of Hong Kong Tramways leading to Happy Valley. It is estimated that on average the annual rent per square feet for retailing here is US$2300 annually on average, second to US$2500 in Fifth Avenue, United States. It is also one of the major streets occupied during Occupy movement in 2014.
History
The road was named after Alexander Perceval, a 19th-century tai-pan of Jardine Matheson. The land of the present-day Times Square was a tram depot at Matheson Street. Trams returned to the depot via Perceval Street and Russell Street. Another historical building was the Lee Theatre. It was later demolished to build Lee Theatre Plaza shopping centre.
Shopping
Apart from Lee Theatre Plaza, two shopping centres Causeway Bay Plaza 1 and Causeway Bay Plaza 2 are also located along the road.
See also
List of streets and roads in Hong Kong
References
Causeway Bay
East Point, Hong Kong
Hong Kong Tramways
Roads on Hong Kong Island
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percival%20Street",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Percival Street is a street in the East Point and Happy Valley, Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong. The street spans from Gloucester Road in the north to Leighton Road in the south. Between Hennessy Road and Leighton Road, the street is with a branch of Hong Kong Tramways leading to Happy Valley. It is estimated that on average the annual rent per square feet for retailing here is US$2300 annually on average, second to US$2500 in Fifth Avenue, United States. It is also one of the major streets occupied during Occupy movement in 2014.\n\nHistory\nThe road was named after Alexander Perceval, a 19th-century tai-pan of Jardine Matheson. The land of the present-day Times Square was a tram depot at Matheson Street. Trams returned to the depot via Perceval Street and Russell Street. Another historical building was the Lee Theatre. It was later demolished to build Lee Theatre Plaza shopping centre.\n\nShopping\nApart from Lee Theatre Plaza, two shopping centres Causeway Bay Plaza 1 and Causeway Bay Plaza 2 are also located along the road.\n\nSee also\n List of streets and roads in Hong Kong\n\nReferences\n\nCauseway Bay\nEast Point, Hong Kong\nHong Kong Tramways\nRoads on Hong Kong Island",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konobo%20District
|
Konobo District is one of three districts located in Grand Gedeh County, Liberia. The administrative seat of the District is Ziah Town. As of 2008, the District had 50,161 people making it the second most populated in Grand Gedeh County next to Gbarzon District. In area, it is about 1,400 square miles.
There are several gold mines particularly in the eastern belt of which the CVI mining camps of New Creek, Solo Camp and Belleh Yallah are the most renowned areas of significant production. Mining, small scale farming and hunting are the main source of income for bulk of the population. Remittances especially from U.S. based families are reliable income for some residents. The District only has one high school in Ziah Town and few deports of the Liberia National Police.
In 2012, the Liberian government arrested and is still detaining several suspected men from the District and other parts of Grand Gedeh accused of cross border raids which left seven Niger UN peacekeepers and 8 Civilians dead in neighboring Coted'Ivoire. The men and vast number of the district residents continue to plead non involvement in such act and many of them have repeatedly accused Monrovia of discriminatory treatment against the Krahn ethnic group where former president Samuel Doe hailed from.
Infrastructure in the district is generally substandard and extremely bad especially for roads running in the tropical rainforest section of the District. Motorcycles are the popular and in some cases the only means of transport especially during the rainy season. Notable buildings are based mainly in Ziah Town, and they include the administrative building, a non-story building which houses the offices of the District superintendent and other officials, and the house of the mother of former president Samuel Doe. Road maintenance is carried out mainly by hand work particularly with cutlasses for side brushing and axe for removing logs thrown across by heavy storms or other features. The only well maintained road in the district is the Liberia national highway which runs through the District on its way to River Gee and Maryland counties.
The District is home to George Dweh Jr, former speaker of the National Transitional Legislative Assembly of Liberia(NTLA) between 2003 and early 2005, shortly before the 2005 general elections. The current Liberian lower house delegate from the District is Hon George Boley who succeeded Morais T. Waylee in the 2017 general elections. Like many parts of Grand Gedeh, majority of the people are supporters of the ruling Coalition for Democratic Change (formerly Congress for Democratic Change) (CDC) as shown in the past 3 general elections where the District helped Grand Gedeh produced the party highest presidential percentage of any County until 2017 before Grand Kru County took over. Grand Gedeh County current superintendent, Kai G.Farley, a former member of the Liberian House of representatives who represented the District in parliament from 2006 to 2012 is member of the ruling party since 2005.
In January, 2018 Roland B. Kai was appointed superintendent of the District.
Chiefdoms of Konobo district: Konobo and Putu
Clans of Konobo chiefdom: Gbilibo-Gbalu and Glio-Twabo
Clans of Putu chiefdom: Gbaegbo and Jibehgbo
Districts of Liberia
Grand Gedeh County
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konobo%20District",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Konobo District is one of three districts located in Grand Gedeh County, Liberia. The administrative seat of the District is Ziah Town. As of 2008, the District had 50,161 people making it the second most populated in Grand Gedeh County next to Gbarzon District. In area, it is about 1,400 square miles.\n\nThere are several gold mines particularly in the eastern belt of which the CVI mining camps of New Creek, Solo Camp and Belleh Yallah are the most renowned areas of significant production. Mining, small scale farming and hunting are the main source of income for bulk of the population. Remittances especially from U.S. based families are reliable income for some residents. The District only has one high school in Ziah Town and few deports of the Liberia National Police.\n\nIn 2012, the Liberian government arrested and is still detaining several suspected men from the District and other parts of Grand Gedeh accused of cross border raids which left seven Niger UN peacekeepers and 8 Civilians dead in neighboring Coted'Ivoire. The men and vast number of the district residents continue to plead non involvement in such act and many of them have repeatedly accused Monrovia of discriminatory treatment against the Krahn ethnic group where former president Samuel Doe hailed from. \n\nInfrastructure in the district is generally substandard and extremely bad especially for roads running in the tropical rainforest section of the District. Motorcycles are the popular and in some cases the only means of transport especially during the rainy season. Notable buildings are based mainly in Ziah Town, and they include the administrative building, a non-story building which houses the offices of the District superintendent and other officials, and the house of the mother of former president Samuel Doe. Road maintenance is carried out mainly by hand work particularly with cutlasses for side brushing and axe for removing logs thrown across by heavy storms or other features. The only well maintained road in the district is the Liberia national highway which runs through the District on its way to River Gee and Maryland counties. \n\nThe District is home to George Dweh Jr, former speaker of the National Transitional Legislative Assembly of Liberia(NTLA) between 2003 and early 2005, shortly before the 2005 general elections. The current Liberian lower house delegate from the District is Hon George Boley who succeeded Morais T. Waylee in the 2017 general elections. Like many parts of Grand Gedeh, majority of the people are supporters of the ruling Coalition for Democratic Change (formerly Congress for Democratic Change) (CDC) as shown in the past 3 general elections where the District helped Grand Gedeh produced the party highest presidential percentage of any County until 2017 before Grand Kru County took over. Grand Gedeh County current superintendent, Kai G.Farley, a former member of the Liberian House of representatives who represented the District in parliament from 2006 to 2012 is member of the ruling party since 2005.\n\nIn January, 2018 Roland B. Kai was appointed superintendent of the District.\n\nChiefdoms of Konobo district: Konobo and Putu\n\nClans of Konobo chiefdom: Gbilibo-Gbalu and Glio-Twabo\n\nClans of Putu chiefdom: Gbaegbo and Jibehgbo\n\nDistricts of Liberia\nGrand Gedeh County",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Allegheny West
|
Allegheny West is the name of two places in the United States:
Allegheny West, Philadelphia, a neighborhood in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Allegheny West (Pittsburgh), a neighborhood in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Allegheny West",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Allegheny West is the name of two places in the United States:\n\n Allegheny West, Philadelphia, a neighborhood in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\n Allegheny West (Pittsburgh), a neighborhood in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Lüdinghausen
|
Lüdinghausen (Westphalian: Lünkhusen or Lünksel) is a town in district of Coesfeld in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located on the Dortmund-Ems Canal, approx. 25 km south-west of Münster.
Town parts
The town of Lüdinghausen includes the village of Seppenrade, where the ammonite Parapuzosia seppenradensis was found in 1895.
History
Lüdinghausen was founded in the thirteenth century and received its first city charter around 1308.
Transportation
Lüdinghausen is situated at the Dortmund-Enschede railway, and has a train station (Lüdinghausen railway station).
Flugplatz Borkenberge (Borkenberge Airport) (ICAO code: EDLB) is located in the Ludinghausen area.
Sights
Lüdinghausen is known for its three castles, Castle Luedinghausen, Kakesbeck Castle and Vischering Castle.
Twin towns – sister cities
Lüdinghausen is twinned with:
Nysa, Poland
Taverny, France
Notable people
Holger Blume (born 1973), springer
Marc Blume (born 1973), sprinter
Marie Theres Fögen (1946–2008), jurist and historian
Franz Kamphaus (born 1932), Roman Catholic bishop
Johannes Kriege (1859–1937), jurist and politician (DVP)
Wiebke Muhsal (born 1986), politician (AfD)
Amos Pieper (born 1998), footballer
Bettina Schausten (born 1965), journalist
Karin Schnaase (born 1985), badminton player
Bernd Strasser (born 1936), water polo player
Heiner Thade (born 1942), modern penthalete
Wilm Weppelmann (born 1957), artist
Franz Wernekinck (1764–1839), physician and botanist
Jens Albert (born 1973), rapper
References
External links
(in German)
Deerfield, Illinois
Coesfeld (district)
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Lüdinghausen",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Lüdinghausen (Westphalian: Lünkhusen or Lünksel) is a town in district of Coesfeld in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located on the Dortmund-Ems Canal, approx. 25 km south-west of Münster.\n\nTown parts\nThe town of Lüdinghausen includes the village of Seppenrade, where the ammonite Parapuzosia seppenradensis was found in 1895.\n\nHistory\nLüdinghausen was founded in the thirteenth century and received its first city charter around 1308.\n\nTransportation\nLüdinghausen is situated at the Dortmund-Enschede railway, and has a train station (Lüdinghausen railway station).\nFlugplatz Borkenberge (Borkenberge Airport) (ICAO code: EDLB) is located in the Ludinghausen area.\n\nSights\nLüdinghausen is known for its three castles, Castle Luedinghausen, Kakesbeck Castle and Vischering Castle.\n\nTwin towns – sister cities\n\nLüdinghausen is twinned with:\n Nysa, Poland\n Taverny, France\n\nNotable people\nHolger Blume (born 1973), springer\nMarc Blume (born 1973), sprinter\nMarie Theres Fögen (1946–2008), jurist and historian\nFranz Kamphaus (born 1932), Roman Catholic bishop\nJohannes Kriege (1859–1937), jurist and politician (DVP)\nWiebke Muhsal (born 1986), politician (AfD)\nAmos Pieper (born 1998), footballer\nBettina Schausten (born 1965), journalist\nKarin Schnaase (born 1985), badminton player\nBernd Strasser (born 1936), water polo player\nHeiner Thade (born 1942), modern penthalete\nWilm Weppelmann (born 1957), artist\nFranz Wernekinck (1764–1839), physician and botanist\nJens Albert (born 1973), rapper\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n (in German)\n\n \nDeerfield, Illinois\nCoesfeld (district)",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Weather and Forecasting
|
Weather and Forecasting is a scientific journal published by the American Meteorological Society.
Articles on forecasting and analysis techniques, forecast verification studies, and case studies useful to forecasters. In addition, submissions that report on changes to the suite of operational numerical models and statistical post-processing techniques, and articles that demonstrate the transfer of research results to the forecasting community.
See also
List of scientific journals
List of scientific journals in earth and atmospheric sciences
External links
AMS publication site
Meteorology journals
Academic journals established in 1986
Bimonthly journals
English-language journals
American Meteorological Society academic journals
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Weather and Forecasting",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Weather and Forecasting is a scientific journal published by the American Meteorological Society.\nArticles on forecasting and analysis techniques, forecast verification studies, and case studies useful to forecasters. In addition, submissions that report on changes to the suite of operational numerical models and statistical post-processing techniques, and articles that demonstrate the transfer of research results to the forecasting community.\n\nSee also \n List of scientific journals\n List of scientific journals in earth and atmospheric sciences\n\nExternal links \n AMS publication site\n\nMeteorology journals\nAcademic journals established in 1986\nBimonthly journals\nEnglish-language journals\nAmerican Meteorological Society academic journals",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taita%20falcon
|
The Taita falcon (Falco fasciinucha) is a small falcon found in central and eastern Africa. It was first described from the Taita Hills of Kenya from which it derives its name.
Description
The Taita falcon is a small, rare raptor species. The biology and ecology of this falcon is not well-understood. It is robust, long winged with a short tail, and is adept at aerial hunting. This falcon bears some resemblance to the African hobby, with which it is often confused; however, the white throat and rufous patches on the nape offer a unique characteristic for identification. The wingspan of the males is , and that of females is . Males weigh and the females . The plumage of the males is more brightly coloured than the females.
Abundance, Distribution and Habitat
The Taita falcon is globally listed as Vulnerable (VU). This species is predicted to be represented by less than 1500 individuals of 500 breeding pairs in its distribution range and only 50 nest sites are known. However, because of their cryptic nature and occupancy of rather remote or inaccessible areas, it is difficult to achieve an accurate assessment of this falcon’s true conservation status. There may also be drastic fluctuations in populations, where breeding pairs decrease unevenly through the landscape.
The Taita falcon has a wide – yet fragmented distribution – from northern South Africa by the Mpumalanga/Limpopo Escarpment, up to Southern Ethiopia, which caps the northern extremity of this falcon’s distribution in Africa. Recently, a pair was observed near the JG Strijdom Tunnel in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. These typically cliff-dwelling falcons are closely associated with highlands and mountainous terrain, in areas of low rainfall. Small, isolated localities support a few breeding pairs where the habitat is suitable. These falcons seem to prefer closed, unfragmented woodlands.
Breeding and Nesting Behaviour
Breeding success is temporally and spatially variable (Jenkins et al, 2019). The Taita falcon typically nests in cliff holes, protected from direct sunlight (Hartley et al, 1993). Some falcons in Malawi and Zambia have also been found nesting on small granite inselbergs. In the Zimbabwean falcon populations, breeding is predicted to start after July and end around October. Incubation of the eggs is predicted to occur from late August to early September. However, there seems to be variation in breeding season among populations in different locations, where East African pairs are seen to start breeding around April to September. The nest is situated on bare rock and the clutch size is two to four eggs. The incubation period is 31–33 days, and the chicks fledge after approximately 42 days. Taita Falcons are very secretive about the positions of the nests and will readily – and viciously – attack other animals that pose as a threat, such as trumpeter hornbills. The breeding success of the Taita falcon is not well-understood.
Hunting Behaviour and Diet
The Taita falcon is a small, fast-flying raptor that catches its prey in the air. This falcon is active mostly from dawn till mid-morning and then again in the mid to late afternoon. It has very small wings relative to its robust build; therefore, this falcon can reach high speeds for hunting. However, owing to its build, flapping flight is costly.
Cliffs are predicted to be a suitable habitat for this species. They provide protection of their eggs because of their inaccessibility, Taita falcons can utilize the orographic lift that is associated with cliffs to reduce flight costs, and they provide naturally good vantage points for hunting prey.
Taita falcons are typically hunting small birds mostly caught in habitats close to the nest, such as red-billed queleas, swifts, hirundines and green-spotted doves. These falcons have been observed to use several different hunting methods, such as speculative hunting – quartering from a cliff top – and stooping from high position to directly pursue prey. They have even been observed as cooperative hunters in Zimbabwe.
Threats to Conservation
The Batoka Gorge along the Zambezi River by Victoria Falls was historically the core for Taita falcon distribution, where six breeding pairs were identified during surveys in the 1990’s. However, this habitat patch no longer supports these breeding pairs. These population reductions are particularly problematic because of the lack of biological and ecological information on these raptors. Therefore, one can only speculate the factors playing a role in these declines of the Taita falcon in Africa.
Tourism and increased air traffic is predicted to be a significant disturbance to raptors along the Batoka Gorge. Further, the decrease in the quality of the Zambezi River is associated with fluctuating insect abundance, which then impacts the insectivorous birds – such as the black swift – as well as the predators that feed on these birds, such as the Taita falcon. Organochlorine pesticide sprays also cause imbalances in invertebrate communities and the insectivorous species that eat them; thus, also the availability of prey for raptors that feed on these insect-eating birds.
Woodland cover decreases with increased rural human settlements and light intensity agriculture and subsistence farming on both sides of Batoka Gorge. These more open, disturbed habitats are better suited to other raptor species – particularly Lanner falcons – rather than the highly specialized Taita falcons. This increase in woodland fragmentation decreases the amount of suitable habitat available to these falcons, thus threatening their conservation status. Because the conservation of these birds depends on the availability of nesting sites and food, appropriate environmental conditions are essential. The threat of the construction of hydroelectric power about 50km below Victoria Falls may also pose as a serious and significant threat to the conservation of avifaunal communities in this area.
The scarcity of the Taita falcon in East Africa may be owing to the competition for food and nest sites with the larger and more dominant peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) and predation of young by the peregrine falcon, lanner falcon (Falco biarmicus), and owls.
References
Ferguson-Lees, James; Christie, David A. (2001). Raptors of the World. Illustrated by Kim Franklin, David Mead, and Philip Burton. Houghton Mifflin.
A.C. Kemp (1991), Sasol Birds of Prey of Africa, New Holland Publishers Ltd.
External links
Taita falcon - Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds.
Falco (genus)
Birds described in 1895
Taxa named by Oscar Neumann
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taita%20falcon",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Taita falcon (Falco fasciinucha) is a small falcon found in central and eastern Africa. It was first described from the Taita Hills of Kenya from which it derives its name.\n\nDescription \n\nThe Taita falcon is a small, rare raptor species. The biology and ecology of this falcon is not well-understood. It is robust, long winged with a short tail, and is adept at aerial hunting. This falcon bears some resemblance to the African hobby, with which it is often confused; however, the white throat and rufous patches on the nape offer a unique characteristic for identification. The wingspan of the males is , and that of females is . Males weigh and the females . The plumage of the males is more brightly coloured than the females.\n\nAbundance, Distribution and Habitat\nThe Taita falcon is globally listed as Vulnerable (VU). This species is predicted to be represented by less than 1500 individuals of 500 breeding pairs in its distribution range and only 50 nest sites are known. However, because of their cryptic nature and occupancy of rather remote or inaccessible areas, it is difficult to achieve an accurate assessment of this falcon’s true conservation status. There may also be drastic fluctuations in populations, where breeding pairs decrease unevenly through the landscape.\n\nThe Taita falcon has a wide – yet fragmented distribution – from northern South Africa by the Mpumalanga/Limpopo Escarpment, up to Southern Ethiopia, which caps the northern extremity of this falcon’s distribution in Africa. Recently, a pair was observed near the JG Strijdom Tunnel in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. These typically cliff-dwelling falcons are closely associated with highlands and mountainous terrain, in areas of low rainfall. Small, isolated localities support a few breeding pairs where the habitat is suitable. These falcons seem to prefer closed, unfragmented woodlands.\n\nBreeding and Nesting Behaviour\nBreeding success is temporally and spatially variable (Jenkins et al, 2019). The Taita falcon typically nests in cliff holes, protected from direct sunlight (Hartley et al, 1993). Some falcons in Malawi and Zambia have also been found nesting on small granite inselbergs. In the Zimbabwean falcon populations, breeding is predicted to start after July and end around October. Incubation of the eggs is predicted to occur from late August to early September. However, there seems to be variation in breeding season among populations in different locations, where East African pairs are seen to start breeding around April to September. The nest is situated on bare rock and the clutch size is two to four eggs. The incubation period is 31–33 days, and the chicks fledge after approximately 42 days. Taita Falcons are very secretive about the positions of the nests and will readily – and viciously – attack other animals that pose as a threat, such as trumpeter hornbills. The breeding success of the Taita falcon is not well-understood.\n\nHunting Behaviour and Diet \nThe Taita falcon is a small, fast-flying raptor that catches its prey in the air. This falcon is active mostly from dawn till mid-morning and then again in the mid to late afternoon. It has very small wings relative to its robust build; therefore, this falcon can reach high speeds for hunting. However, owing to its build, flapping flight is costly.\n\nCliffs are predicted to be a suitable habitat for this species. They provide protection of their eggs because of their inaccessibility, Taita falcons can utilize the orographic lift that is associated with cliffs to reduce flight costs, and they provide naturally good vantage points for hunting prey.\n\nTaita falcons are typically hunting small birds mostly caught in habitats close to the nest, such as red-billed queleas, swifts, hirundines and green-spotted doves. These falcons have been observed to use several different hunting methods, such as speculative hunting – quartering from a cliff top – and stooping from high position to directly pursue prey. They have even been observed as cooperative hunters in Zimbabwe.\n\nThreats to Conservation \nThe Batoka Gorge along the Zambezi River by Victoria Falls was historically the core for Taita falcon distribution, where six breeding pairs were identified during surveys in the 1990’s. However, this habitat patch no longer supports these breeding pairs. These population reductions are particularly problematic because of the lack of biological and ecological information on these raptors. Therefore, one can only speculate the factors playing a role in these declines of the Taita falcon in Africa.\n\nTourism and increased air traffic is predicted to be a significant disturbance to raptors along the Batoka Gorge. Further, the decrease in the quality of the Zambezi River is associated with fluctuating insect abundance, which then impacts the insectivorous birds – such as the black swift – as well as the predators that feed on these birds, such as the Taita falcon. Organochlorine pesticide sprays also cause imbalances in invertebrate communities and the insectivorous species that eat them; thus, also the availability of prey for raptors that feed on these insect-eating birds.\n\nWoodland cover decreases with increased rural human settlements and light intensity agriculture and subsistence farming on both sides of Batoka Gorge. These more open, disturbed habitats are better suited to other raptor species – particularly Lanner falcons – rather than the highly specialized Taita falcons. This increase in woodland fragmentation decreases the amount of suitable habitat available to these falcons, thus threatening their conservation status. Because the conservation of these birds depends on the availability of nesting sites and food, appropriate environmental conditions are essential. The threat of the construction of hydroelectric power about 50km below Victoria Falls may also pose as a serious and significant threat to the conservation of avifaunal communities in this area.\n\nThe scarcity of the Taita falcon in East Africa may be owing to the competition for food and nest sites with the larger and more dominant peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) and predation of young by the peregrine falcon, lanner falcon (Falco biarmicus), and owls.\n\nReferences\n\nFerguson-Lees, James; Christie, David A. (2001). Raptors of the World. Illustrated by Kim Franklin, David Mead, and Philip Burton. Houghton Mifflin. \nA.C. Kemp (1991), Sasol Birds of Prey of Africa, New Holland Publishers Ltd.\n\nExternal links\n Taita falcon - Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds.\n\nFalco (genus)\nBirds described in 1895\nTaxa named by Oscar Neumann",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlecchino%20%28opera%29
|
Arlecchino, oder Die Fenster (Harlequin, or The Windows, is a one-act opera with spoken dialog by Ferruccio Busoni, with a libretto in German, composed in 1913. He completed the music for the opera while living in Zurich in 1916. It is a number opera written in neo-classical style and includes ironic allusions to operatic conventions and situations typical of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It even includes a parody of a duel.
Performance history
The premiere performance was on 11 May 1917 at the Stadttheater, Zürich. Busoni's two-act opera Turandot was also performed on the program as part of a double-bill.
The first British staged performance of Arlecchino was in 1954 at Glyndebourne. However, Edward Clark had produced a concert version in London in 1939, using an English translation by Edward Dent. It was conducted by Hyam Greenbaum on 12 February 1939 and televised by the BBC.
Background
The opera is in four movements with a corresponding representation of Arlecchino in each of them:
I. ARLECCHINO als Schalk [Arlecchino as Rogue] (Allegro molto)
II. ARLECCHINO als Kriegsmann [Arlecchino as Warrior] (Allegro assai, ma marziale)
III. ARLECCHINO als Ehemann [Arlecchino as Husband] (Tempo di minuetto sostenuto)
IV. ARLECCHINO als Sieger [Arlecchino as Conqueror] (Allegretto sostenuto)
The roles in Arlecchino are derived from the Italian commedia dell'arte. It is unusual in that the title role of Arlecchino is primarily a speaking role. The composer has said that Arlecchino "has a tendency to ambiguity and hyperbole in order to place the listener momentarily in a position of slight doubt." Ronald Stevenson has described it as an "anti-opera," and an "anti-war satire."
Guido Gatti has commented that the opera itself illustrates Busoni's own particular ideas about opera as not depicting "realistic events," and also making use of music not continuously, but instead when it is needed and words are insufficient alone to convey the ideas of the text. Larry Sitsky describes the music as "tightly integrated" and "largely based on the 'row' [of tones] which appears as a fanfare at the commencement of the opera." And Henry Cowell has characterised this composition as "the only opera to betray knowledge of Schoenberg's early style before Wozzeck."
Because Arlecchino was too short in duration for a full evening's entertainment, Busoni composed his two-act opera Turandot to serve as an accompanying work.
Roles
Instrumentation
Orchestra: 2 flutes (both doubling piccolo), 2 oboes (2nd doubling English horn), 2 clarinets (2nd doubling bass clarinet in C), 2 bassoons (2nd doubling contrabassoon); 3 horns, 2 trumpets, 3 trombones; timpani, 3 percussion (glockenspiel, triangle, tambourine, military drum, bass drum, cymbals, tam-tam, celesta); strings (8 violins I, 8 violins II, 6 violas, 6 cellos, 6 double basses). Stage music: 2 trumpets, timpani.
Synopsis
The opera, which is in one act, consists of a prologue and four movements. It is set in Bergamo, Italy, around about the 18th century.
Prologue:
Arlecchino, in mask and motley costume, appears in front of the curtain to the sound of a fanfare and delivers a brief speech about the ensuing action.
The curtain rises to reveal a meandering and hilly street in the upper city. It is just before evening. The door to Matteo's house is front left; the entrance and sign of a wine pub are further along the street, upper right.
First movement: Arlecchino as Rogue
1. Introduction, Scene, and Arietta. Ser Matteo, the tailor, sits in front of his house sewing and silently reading. He becomes more animated and begins to read aloud in Italian the story of the illicit love of Paolo and Francesca from the Fifth Canto of Dante's Inferno. Ironically, through a window above, Arlecchino can be seen making love to Matteo's beautiful young wife, Annunziata. Matteo thinks of Don Juan as he contemplates the prospect of the two lovers being condemned to hell, and the orchestra softly quotes the "Champagne Aria" from Mozart's Don Giovanni. Finishing with Annunziata, Arlecchino leaps from the window, landing in front of Matteo, and recites the next line from Dante: Quel giorno più non vi leggemmo avanti ("We read no more that day"). He quickly tells the confused tailor, that war has broken out, and the barbarians are at the gate. Grabbing the tailor's scissors to hoist his coat as a banner, Arlecchino filches the house key from a pocket, and hustling Matteo inside, locks the door. Soon after he departs, from off-stage, we hear him singing an extended and defiant "la-la-le-ra!"
2. Duet. The abbot and doctor come strolling down the road in front of the house. They are deep in conversation on "professional" matters. To a series of outrageous pronouncements, the orchestra provides an accompaniment consisting of a set of variations on a pleasing Mozartian theme. Abbate Conspicuo, noticing they are in front of the lovely Annunziata's house, which is however all locked up, calls out several times to Matteo but receives no response. Finally Matteo cautiously opens the window partway to ascertain their identity.
3. Trio. Feeling reassured, Matteo reveals the sinister news of war and the imminent arrival of the barbarians. Panic ensues. The abbot recites the names of his ten daughters, fearful of their fate. Das gibt zu denken ("Something to consider"), says the doctor. Pausing for a moment's reflection, the doctor and the abbot offer to inform the mayor. Leaving on their errand, they soon stray into the neighboring inn to cogitate over a glass of Chianti.
Second movement: Arlecchino as Warrior.
4. March and Scene. In the company of two constables () Arlecchino returns in military attire and informs Matteo he has been called up and has three minutes in which to get his house in order. While away Arlecchino has made a copy of the key, and surreptitiously returns the original. The dumbfounded tailor appears in a ridiculous improvised uniform, requests and receives permission to carry along his beloved Dante, and sadly goes off, accompanied by the two constables. [This bit evokes a sad event in Italian history. In 1499 the French captured Milan and imprisoned the leader of the city, Ludovico Sforza (who was also a close friend of Leonardo da Vinci). He was allowed one book: Dante's La divina Commedia.]
Third movement: Arlecchino as Husband.
5a. Scene and Aria. To Arlecchino's consternation, his wife Colombina appears just as he is trying to use his new key to open up Matteo's house. Not recognizing him initially, she asks the presumed Captain to protect her as an abandoned wife. As he turns round to face her, she suddenly realizes that the "Captain" is actually Arlecchino and begins reproaching him for his faithlessness, only pausing to powder her face. In response Arlecchino delivers a short speech concerning his views on marriage and fidelity: Die Treue, Madame, ist ein Laster, das meiner Ehrsamkeit nicht ansteht. – "Fealty, madame, is a vice which does not apply to my respectability."
5b. Arietta. Arlecchino concludes by asking Colombina how she sleeps. Colombina changes her tune. Singing in alternating 3/4 and 2/4, she attempts to flatter Arlecchino, describing how other women envy her position as his wife. She then sings of her own virtues as a wife: she can dance and sing, and play the tambourine. As Colombina nestles up to him, Arlecchino, not taken in by her ploy, says: O Colombina, siehst du jenen Stern? - "Oh Colombina, dost thou see yonder star?" As Colombina gazes up at the night sky, he quickly makes his escape.
6. Scene for two, then three characters. The sweet tenor voice of the cavalier Leandro is heard singing a romanza: Mit dem Schwerte, mit der Laute, zieht des Wegs der Trovador ("With sword and lute the troubadour roams"). He soon appears, with his lute and sword and wearing a feather cap. Neither slim nor young, he is a typical Italian operatic tenor. Colombina resumes her role as the abandoned woman, and Leandro launches into a classic Italian vengeance aria (Contro l'empio traditore la vendetta compierò - "Against the impious traitor shall I exact revenge"). At its conclusion he turns and bows smiling to the audience.
Colombina, however, is skeptical and poses as Elsa of Brabant (Könnt' ich jemals einem Manne noch trauen! – "Could I ever again trust a man!") and Leandro assumes the role of Lohengrin. The orchestra accompanies with a Wagnerian parody: string tremolandi, dense woodwind chords, and pointless fanfare rhythms. A bel canto parody follows (Venus sieht auf uns hernieder – "Venus looks down upon us") complete with portamento and a stretta. According to Beaumont, the stretta's "prototype lies somewhere between Cimarosa, Mozart, or Rossini but its harmonic language, with abrupt changes of key and symmetrical chromaticisms, is pure Busoni."
Arlecchino, back in his motley costume, has been watching Colombina and Leandro through his lorgnette. He now springs forward, congratulating Colombina for educating herself in his school, and escorts her to the inn. Returning to Leandro, he challenges him to a duel, fells him, and disappears into Matteo's house.
Fourth movement: Arlecchino as Victor.
7. Scene, Quartet and Melodrama. Colombina, Abbate and Dottore emerge from the inn. The two men are stumbling about and bump into Leandro lying in the road. Dottore pronounces the body dead. Colombina wails and throws herself on the prostrate Leandro, but soon realizes he is alive. Dottore disputes her diagnosis, but Abbate declares a resurrection. Many faces had appeared in the windows of the neighboring houses after all the commotion, but when Abbate calls for aid, they disappear, and the windows close. A donkey cart and carter appear from around the corner, so they decide to put Leandro on the cart. As Abbate calls for prayer, Leandro revives and joins in making a quartet and a parody suggestive of Rigoletto.
Finally, as they load Leandro on the cart and the sad little group leaves the stage heading for the hospital, Arlecchino appears at the attic window of Matteo's house and bids them adieu. Climbing onto the roof he ecstatically declares:
He slides down a drain pipe, opens the door, embraces the waiting Annunziata, and the two of them leave the stage.
8. Monologue. Matteo returns and enters the house. He appears at a window with a lamp in one hand and a piece of paper in the other, which he reads aloud. It is a note from Annunziata claiming she has gone off to Vespers and will soon return. Matteo emerges from the house with the lamp and his Dante, and resumes sewing at his workplace, while waiting for her return. A drop-curtain is slowly lowered, and two trumpeters in traditional theater uniforms take positions left and right.
9. Procession and Dance. (Finale.) In procession the other characters, Leandro and Colombina, Dottore and Abbate, the donkey and the cart, the two constables, and finally Arlecchino and Annunziata, cross the stage and bow to the audience. Arlecchino removes his mask and addresses the audience, explaining the new disposition of the couples, which shall last "until something new happens?" He and Annunziata join in a dance as they leave the stage. The drop-curtain rises and Matteo can be seen, still reading and waiting.
Recordings
Note: Select the catalog number link for additional recording details.
Busoni: Arlecchino & Turandot - Chorus & Orchestra of the Opéra de Lyon
Conductor: Kent Nagano
Principal singers: Ernst Theo Richter (Arlecchino); Susanne Mentzer (Colombina); Thomas Mohr (Ser Matteo del Sarto); Wolfgang Holzmair (Abbate Cospicuo); Philippe Huttenlocher (Dottor Bombasto); Stefan Dahlberg (Leandro)
Label: Virgin Classics VCD7 59313-2 (2 CDs)
Busoni: Arlecchino - Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra
Conductor: Gerd Albrecht
Principal singers: Peter Matič (Arlecchino, spoken)/Robert Wörle (Arlecchino, sung); René Pape (Ser Matteo del Sarto); Siegfried Lorenz (Abbate Cospicuo); Peter Lika (Dottor Bombasto); Robert Wörle (Leandro); Marcia Bellamy (Colombina, sung)/Katharina Koschny (Colombina, spoken)
Label: Capriccio 60 038-1 (1 CD)
Downloadable score
References
Notes
Sources
Operas set in the 18th century
German-language operas
Operas by Ferruccio Busoni
Operas
One-act operas
1916 operas
Operas set in Italy
Harlequin
Commedia dell'arte
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlecchino%20%28opera%29",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Arlecchino, oder Die Fenster (Harlequin, or The Windows, is a one-act opera with spoken dialog by Ferruccio Busoni, with a libretto in German, composed in 1913. He completed the music for the opera while living in Zurich in 1916. It is a number opera written in neo-classical style and includes ironic allusions to operatic conventions and situations typical of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It even includes a parody of a duel.\n\nPerformance history\nThe premiere performance was on 11 May 1917 at the Stadttheater, Zürich. Busoni's two-act opera Turandot was also performed on the program as part of a double-bill.\n\nThe first British staged performance of Arlecchino was in 1954 at Glyndebourne. However, Edward Clark had produced a concert version in London in 1939, using an English translation by Edward Dent. It was conducted by Hyam Greenbaum on 12 February 1939 and televised by the BBC.\n\nBackground\nThe opera is in four movements with a corresponding representation of Arlecchino in each of them:\n\nI. ARLECCHINO als Schalk [Arlecchino as Rogue] (Allegro molto)\nII. ARLECCHINO als Kriegsmann [Arlecchino as Warrior] (Allegro assai, ma marziale)\nIII. ARLECCHINO als Ehemann [Arlecchino as Husband] (Tempo di minuetto sostenuto)\nIV. ARLECCHINO als Sieger [Arlecchino as Conqueror] (Allegretto sostenuto)\n\nThe roles in Arlecchino are derived from the Italian commedia dell'arte. It is unusual in that the title role of Arlecchino is primarily a speaking role. The composer has said that Arlecchino \"has a tendency to ambiguity and hyperbole in order to place the listener momentarily in a position of slight doubt.\" Ronald Stevenson has described it as an \"anti-opera,\" and an \"anti-war satire.\"\n\nGuido Gatti has commented that the opera itself illustrates Busoni's own particular ideas about opera as not depicting \"realistic events,\" and also making use of music not continuously, but instead when it is needed and words are insufficient alone to convey the ideas of the text. Larry Sitsky describes the music as \"tightly integrated\" and \"largely based on the 'row' [of tones] which appears as a fanfare at the commencement of the opera.\" And Henry Cowell has characterised this composition as \"the only opera to betray knowledge of Schoenberg's early style before Wozzeck.\"\n\nBecause Arlecchino was too short in duration for a full evening's entertainment, Busoni composed his two-act opera Turandot to serve as an accompanying work.\n\nRoles\n\nInstrumentation\nOrchestra: 2 flutes (both doubling piccolo), 2 oboes (2nd doubling English horn), 2 clarinets (2nd doubling bass clarinet in C), 2 bassoons (2nd doubling contrabassoon); 3 horns, 2 trumpets, 3 trombones; timpani, 3 percussion (glockenspiel, triangle, tambourine, military drum, bass drum, cymbals, tam-tam, celesta); strings (8 violins I, 8 violins II, 6 violas, 6 cellos, 6 double basses). Stage music: 2 trumpets, timpani.\n\nSynopsis\nThe opera, which is in one act, consists of a prologue and four movements. It is set in Bergamo, Italy, around about the 18th century.\n\nPrologue:\n\nArlecchino, in mask and motley costume, appears in front of the curtain to the sound of a fanfare and delivers a brief speech about the ensuing action.\n\nThe curtain rises to reveal a meandering and hilly street in the upper city. It is just before evening. The door to Matteo's house is front left; the entrance and sign of a wine pub are further along the street, upper right.\n\nFirst movement: Arlecchino as Rogue\n\n1. Introduction, Scene, and Arietta. Ser Matteo, the tailor, sits in front of his house sewing and silently reading. He becomes more animated and begins to read aloud in Italian the story of the illicit love of Paolo and Francesca from the Fifth Canto of Dante's Inferno. Ironically, through a window above, Arlecchino can be seen making love to Matteo's beautiful young wife, Annunziata. Matteo thinks of Don Juan as he contemplates the prospect of the two lovers being condemned to hell, and the orchestra softly quotes the \"Champagne Aria\" from Mozart's Don Giovanni. Finishing with Annunziata, Arlecchino leaps from the window, landing in front of Matteo, and recites the next line from Dante: Quel giorno più non vi leggemmo avanti (\"We read no more that day\"). He quickly tells the confused tailor, that war has broken out, and the barbarians are at the gate. Grabbing the tailor's scissors to hoist his coat as a banner, Arlecchino filches the house key from a pocket, and hustling Matteo inside, locks the door. Soon after he departs, from off-stage, we hear him singing an extended and defiant \"la-la-le-ra!\"\n\n2. Duet. The abbot and doctor come strolling down the road in front of the house. They are deep in conversation on \"professional\" matters. To a series of outrageous pronouncements, the orchestra provides an accompaniment consisting of a set of variations on a pleasing Mozartian theme. Abbate Conspicuo, noticing they are in front of the lovely Annunziata's house, which is however all locked up, calls out several times to Matteo but receives no response. Finally Matteo cautiously opens the window partway to ascertain their identity.\n\n3. Trio. Feeling reassured, Matteo reveals the sinister news of war and the imminent arrival of the barbarians. Panic ensues. The abbot recites the names of his ten daughters, fearful of their fate. Das gibt zu denken (\"Something to consider\"), says the doctor. Pausing for a moment's reflection, the doctor and the abbot offer to inform the mayor. Leaving on their errand, they soon stray into the neighboring inn to cogitate over a glass of Chianti.\n\nSecond movement: Arlecchino as Warrior.\n\n4. March and Scene. In the company of two constables () Arlecchino returns in military attire and informs Matteo he has been called up and has three minutes in which to get his house in order. While away Arlecchino has made a copy of the key, and surreptitiously returns the original. The dumbfounded tailor appears in a ridiculous improvised uniform, requests and receives permission to carry along his beloved Dante, and sadly goes off, accompanied by the two constables. [This bit evokes a sad event in Italian history. In 1499 the French captured Milan and imprisoned the leader of the city, Ludovico Sforza (who was also a close friend of Leonardo da Vinci). He was allowed one book: Dante's La divina Commedia.]\n\nThird movement: Arlecchino as Husband.\n\n5a. Scene and Aria. To Arlecchino's consternation, his wife Colombina appears just as he is trying to use his new key to open up Matteo's house. Not recognizing him initially, she asks the presumed Captain to protect her as an abandoned wife. As he turns round to face her, she suddenly realizes that the \"Captain\" is actually Arlecchino and begins reproaching him for his faithlessness, only pausing to powder her face. In response Arlecchino delivers a short speech concerning his views on marriage and fidelity: Die Treue, Madame, ist ein Laster, das meiner Ehrsamkeit nicht ansteht. – \"Fealty, madame, is a vice which does not apply to my respectability.\"\n\n5b. Arietta. Arlecchino concludes by asking Colombina how she sleeps. Colombina changes her tune. Singing in alternating 3/4 and 2/4, she attempts to flatter Arlecchino, describing how other women envy her position as his wife. She then sings of her own virtues as a wife: she can dance and sing, and play the tambourine. As Colombina nestles up to him, Arlecchino, not taken in by her ploy, says: O Colombina, siehst du jenen Stern? - \"Oh Colombina, dost thou see yonder star?\" As Colombina gazes up at the night sky, he quickly makes his escape.\n\n6. Scene for two, then three characters. The sweet tenor voice of the cavalier Leandro is heard singing a romanza: Mit dem Schwerte, mit der Laute, zieht des Wegs der Trovador (\"With sword and lute the troubadour roams\"). He soon appears, with his lute and sword and wearing a feather cap. Neither slim nor young, he is a typical Italian operatic tenor. Colombina resumes her role as the abandoned woman, and Leandro launches into a classic Italian vengeance aria (Contro l'empio traditore la vendetta compierò - \"Against the impious traitor shall I exact revenge\"). At its conclusion he turns and bows smiling to the audience.\n\nColombina, however, is skeptical and poses as Elsa of Brabant (Könnt' ich jemals einem Manne noch trauen! – \"Could I ever again trust a man!\") and Leandro assumes the role of Lohengrin. The orchestra accompanies with a Wagnerian parody: string tremolandi, dense woodwind chords, and pointless fanfare rhythms. A bel canto parody follows (Venus sieht auf uns hernieder – \"Venus looks down upon us\") complete with portamento and a stretta. According to Beaumont, the stretta's \"prototype lies somewhere between Cimarosa, Mozart, or Rossini but its harmonic language, with abrupt changes of key and symmetrical chromaticisms, is pure Busoni.\"\n\nArlecchino, back in his motley costume, has been watching Colombina and Leandro through his lorgnette. He now springs forward, congratulating Colombina for educating herself in his school, and escorts her to the inn. Returning to Leandro, he challenges him to a duel, fells him, and disappears into Matteo's house.\n\nFourth movement: Arlecchino as Victor.\n\n7. Scene, Quartet and Melodrama. Colombina, Abbate and Dottore emerge from the inn. The two men are stumbling about and bump into Leandro lying in the road. Dottore pronounces the body dead. Colombina wails and throws herself on the prostrate Leandro, but soon realizes he is alive. Dottore disputes her diagnosis, but Abbate declares a resurrection. Many faces had appeared in the windows of the neighboring houses after all the commotion, but when Abbate calls for aid, they disappear, and the windows close. A donkey cart and carter appear from around the corner, so they decide to put Leandro on the cart. As Abbate calls for prayer, Leandro revives and joins in making a quartet and a parody suggestive of Rigoletto.\n\nFinally, as they load Leandro on the cart and the sad little group leaves the stage heading for the hospital, Arlecchino appears at the attic window of Matteo's house and bids them adieu. Climbing onto the roof he ecstatically declares:\n\nHe slides down a drain pipe, opens the door, embraces the waiting Annunziata, and the two of them leave the stage.\n\n8. Monologue. Matteo returns and enters the house. He appears at a window with a lamp in one hand and a piece of paper in the other, which he reads aloud. It is a note from Annunziata claiming she has gone off to Vespers and will soon return. Matteo emerges from the house with the lamp and his Dante, and resumes sewing at his workplace, while waiting for her return. A drop-curtain is slowly lowered, and two trumpeters in traditional theater uniforms take positions left and right.\n\n9. Procession and Dance. (Finale.) In procession the other characters, Leandro and Colombina, Dottore and Abbate, the donkey and the cart, the two constables, and finally Arlecchino and Annunziata, cross the stage and bow to the audience. Arlecchino removes his mask and addresses the audience, explaining the new disposition of the couples, which shall last \"until something new happens?\" He and Annunziata join in a dance as they leave the stage. The drop-curtain rises and Matteo can be seen, still reading and waiting.\n\nRecordings\nNote: Select the catalog number link for additional recording details.\nBusoni: Arlecchino & Turandot - Chorus & Orchestra of the Opéra de Lyon\nConductor: Kent Nagano\nPrincipal singers: Ernst Theo Richter (Arlecchino); Susanne Mentzer (Colombina); Thomas Mohr (Ser Matteo del Sarto); Wolfgang Holzmair (Abbate Cospicuo); Philippe Huttenlocher (Dottor Bombasto); Stefan Dahlberg (Leandro)\nLabel: Virgin Classics VCD7 59313-2 (2 CDs)\n\nBusoni: Arlecchino - Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra\nConductor: Gerd Albrecht\nPrincipal singers: Peter Matič (Arlecchino, spoken)/Robert Wörle (Arlecchino, sung); René Pape (Ser Matteo del Sarto); Siegfried Lorenz (Abbate Cospicuo); Peter Lika (Dottor Bombasto); Robert Wörle (Leandro); Marcia Bellamy (Colombina, sung)/Katharina Koschny (Colombina, spoken)\nLabel: Capriccio 60 038-1 (1 CD)\n\nDownloadable score\n\nReferences\nNotes\n\nSources\n\nOperas set in the 18th century\nGerman-language operas\nOperas by Ferruccio Busoni\nOperas\nOne-act operas\n1916 operas\nOperas set in Italy\nHarlequin\nCommedia dell'arte",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Law of triviality
|
The law of triviality is C. Northcote Parkinson's 1957 argument that people within an organization commonly give disproportionate weight to trivial issues. Parkinson provides the example of a fictional committee whose job was to approve the plans for a nuclear power plant spending the majority of its time on discussions about relatively minor but easy-to-grasp issues, such as what materials to use for the staff bicycle shed, while neglecting the proposed design of the plant itself, which is far more important and a far more difficult and complex task.
The law has been applied to software development and other activities. The terms bicycle-shed effect, bike-shed effect, and bike-shedding were coined based on Parkinson's example; it was popularised in the Berkeley Software Distribution community by the Danish software developer Poul-Henning Kamp in 1999 and, due to that, has since become popular within the field of software development generally.
Argument
The concept was first presented as a corollary of his broader "Parkinson's law" spoof of management. He dramatizes this "law of triviality" with the example of a committee's deliberations on an atomic reactor, contrasting it to deliberations on a bicycle shed. As he put it: "The time spent on any item of the agenda will be in inverse proportion to the sum [of money] involved." A reactor is so vastly expensive and complicated that an average person cannot understand it (see ambiguity aversion), so one assumes that those who work on it understand it. However, everyone can visualize a cheap, simple bicycle shed, so planning one can result in endless discussions because everyone involved wants to implement their own proposal and demonstrate personal contribution.
After a suggestion of building something new for the community, like a bike shed, problems arise when everyone involved argues about the details. This is a metaphor indicating that it is not necessary to argue about every little feature based simply on having the knowledge to do so. Some people have commented that the amount of noise generated by a change is inversely proportional to the complexity of the change.
The law of triviality is supported by behavioural research. People tend to spend more time on small decisions than they should, and less time on big decisions than they should. A simple explanation is that during the process of making a decision, one has to assess whether enough information has been collected to make the decision. If people make mistakes about whether they have enough information, they will tend to stop too early for big decisions. The reason is that big decisions require collecting information for a long time. It leaves more time to make a mistake (and stop) before getting enough information. Conversely, for small decisions, where people should stop early, they may continue to ponder for too long by mistake.
Related principles and formulations
There are several other principles, well known in specific problem domains, which express a similar sentiment.
Wadler's law, named for computer scientist Philip Wadler, is a principle which asserts that the bulk of discussion on programming-language design centers on syntax (which, for purposes of the argument, is considered a solved problem), as opposed to semantics.
Sayre's law is a more general principle, which holds (among other formulations) that "In any dispute, the intensity of feeling is inversely proportional to the value of the issues at stake"; many formulations of the principle focus on academia.
See also
Analysis paralysis
Busy work
Dunning–Kruger effect
Fredkin's paradox
Hofstadter's law
How many angels can dance on the head of a pin?
Jevons paradox
List of eponymous laws
Omission bias
Peter principle
Procrastination
Narcissism of small differences
Sayre's Law
Scope neglect
Snackwell effect
Student syndrome
Time management
Time to completion
Tyranny of small decisions
Zero-risk bias
References
Further reading
Karl Fogel, Producing Open Source Software: How to Run a Successful Free Software Project, O'Reilly, 2005, , "Bikeshed Effect" pp. 135, 261–268 (also online)
Grace Budrys, Planning for the nation's health: a study of twentieth-century developments in the United States, Greenwood Press, 1986, , p. 81 (see extract at Internet Archive)
Bob Burton et al., Nuclear Power, Pollution and Politics, Routledge, 1990, , p. ix (see extract at Google Books)
Darren Chamberlain et al., Perl Template Toolkit, O'Reilly, 2004, , p. 412 (see extract at Google Books)
Donelson R. Forsyth, Group Dynamics, Brooks/Cole, 1990, , p. 289 (see extract at Internet Archive)
Henry Bosch, The Director at Risk: Accountability in the Boardroom, Allen & Unwin, 1995, , p. 92 (see extract at Google Books)
Brian Clegg, Crash Course in Personal Development, Kogan Page, 2002, , p. 3 (see extract at Google Books)
Richard M. Hodgetts, Management: Theory, Process, and Practice, Saunders, 1979, , p. 115 (see extract at Google Books)
Journal, v. 37–38 1975–1980, Chartered Institute of Transport, p. 187 (see extract at Google Books)
Russell D. Archibald, Managing High-Technology Programs and Projects, John Wiley and Sons, 2003, , p. 37 (see extract at Google Books)
Kishor Bhagwati, Managing Safety: A Guide for Executives, Wiley-VCH, 2007, , p. 54 (see extract at Google Books)
Jan Pen, Harmony and Conflict in Modern Society, (Trans. Trevor S. Preston) McGraw–Hill, 1966 p. 195 (see extract at Internet Archive)
Derek Salman Pugh et al., Great Writers on Organizations, Dartmouth, 1993, , p. 116 (see extract at Google Books)
The Federal Accountant v. 13 (September 1963 – June 1964), Association of Government Accountants, Federal Government Accountants Association, Cornell University Graduate School of Business and Public Administration, p. 16 (see extract at Google Books)
Al Kelly, How to Make Your Life Easier at Work, McGraw–Hill, 1988, , p. 127 (see extract at Google Books)
Henry Mintzberg, Power in and Around Organizations: Dynamic Techniques of Winning, Prentice–Hall, 1983, , p. 75 (see extract at Google Books)
The Building Services Engineer v.40 1972–1973, Institution of Heating and Ventilating Engineers (Great Britain), Chartered Institution of Building Services (see extract at Google Books)
Charles Hampden-Turner, Gentlemen and Tradesmen: The Values of Economic Catastrophe, Routledge, 1983, , p. 151 (see extract at Google Books)
External links
"Why Should I Care What Color the Bikeshed Is?" (FreeBSD FAQ)
Adages
1950s neologisms
Triviality
Organizational behavior
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Law of triviality",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The law of triviality is C. Northcote Parkinson's 1957 argument that people within an organization commonly give disproportionate weight to trivial issues. Parkinson provides the example of a fictional committee whose job was to approve the plans for a nuclear power plant spending the majority of its time on discussions about relatively minor but easy-to-grasp issues, such as what materials to use for the staff bicycle shed, while neglecting the proposed design of the plant itself, which is far more important and a far more difficult and complex task.\n\nThe law has been applied to software development and other activities. The terms bicycle-shed effect, bike-shed effect, and bike-shedding were coined based on Parkinson's example; it was popularised in the Berkeley Software Distribution community by the Danish software developer Poul-Henning Kamp in 1999 and, due to that, has since become popular within the field of software development generally.\n\nArgument\n\nThe concept was first presented as a corollary of his broader \"Parkinson's law\" spoof of management. He dramatizes this \"law of triviality\" with the example of a committee's deliberations on an atomic reactor, contrasting it to deliberations on a bicycle shed. As he put it: \"The time spent on any item of the agenda will be in inverse proportion to the sum [of money] involved.\" A reactor is so vastly expensive and complicated that an average person cannot understand it (see ambiguity aversion), so one assumes that those who work on it understand it. However, everyone can visualize a cheap, simple bicycle shed, so planning one can result in endless discussions because everyone involved wants to implement their own proposal and demonstrate personal contribution.\n\nAfter a suggestion of building something new for the community, like a bike shed, problems arise when everyone involved argues about the details. This is a metaphor indicating that it is not necessary to argue about every little feature based simply on having the knowledge to do so. Some people have commented that the amount of noise generated by a change is inversely proportional to the complexity of the change.\n\nThe law of triviality is supported by behavioural research. People tend to spend more time on small decisions than they should, and less time on big decisions than they should. A simple explanation is that during the process of making a decision, one has to assess whether enough information has been collected to make the decision. If people make mistakes about whether they have enough information, they will tend to stop too early for big decisions. The reason is that big decisions require collecting information for a long time. It leaves more time to make a mistake (and stop) before getting enough information. Conversely, for small decisions, where people should stop early, they may continue to ponder for too long by mistake.\n\nRelated principles and formulations \nThere are several other principles, well known in specific problem domains, which express a similar sentiment.\n\nWadler's law, named for computer scientist Philip Wadler, is a principle which asserts that the bulk of discussion on programming-language design centers on syntax (which, for purposes of the argument, is considered a solved problem), as opposed to semantics.\n\nSayre's law is a more general principle, which holds (among other formulations) that \"In any dispute, the intensity of feeling is inversely proportional to the value of the issues at stake\"; many formulations of the principle focus on academia.\n\nSee also\n\n Analysis paralysis\n Busy work\n Dunning–Kruger effect\n Fredkin's paradox\n Hofstadter's law\n How many angels can dance on the head of a pin?\n Jevons paradox\n List of eponymous laws\n Omission bias\n Peter principle\n Procrastination\n Narcissism of small differences\n Sayre's Law\n Scope neglect\n Snackwell effect\n Student syndrome\n Time management\n Time to completion\n Tyranny of small decisions\n Zero-risk bias\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\n Karl Fogel, Producing Open Source Software: How to Run a Successful Free Software Project, O'Reilly, 2005, , \"Bikeshed Effect\" pp. 135, 261–268 (also online)\n Grace Budrys, Planning for the nation's health: a study of twentieth-century developments in the United States, Greenwood Press, 1986, , p. 81 (see extract at Internet Archive)\n Bob Burton et al., Nuclear Power, Pollution and Politics, Routledge, 1990, , p. ix (see extract at Google Books)\n Darren Chamberlain et al., Perl Template Toolkit, O'Reilly, 2004, , p. 412 (see extract at Google Books)\n Donelson R. Forsyth, Group Dynamics, Brooks/Cole, 1990, , p. 289 (see extract at Internet Archive)\n Henry Bosch, The Director at Risk: Accountability in the Boardroom, Allen & Unwin, 1995, , p. 92 (see extract at Google Books)\n Brian Clegg, Crash Course in Personal Development, Kogan Page, 2002, , p. 3 (see extract at Google Books)\n Richard M. Hodgetts, Management: Theory, Process, and Practice, Saunders, 1979, , p. 115 (see extract at Google Books)\n Journal, v. 37–38 1975–1980, Chartered Institute of Transport, p. 187 (see extract at Google Books)\n Russell D. Archibald, Managing High-Technology Programs and Projects, John Wiley and Sons, 2003, , p. 37 (see extract at Google Books)\n Kishor Bhagwati, Managing Safety: A Guide for Executives, Wiley-VCH, 2007, , p. 54 (see extract at Google Books)\n Jan Pen, Harmony and Conflict in Modern Society, (Trans. Trevor S. Preston) McGraw–Hill, 1966 p. 195 (see extract at Internet Archive)\n Derek Salman Pugh et al., Great Writers on Organizations, Dartmouth, 1993, , p. 116 (see extract at Google Books)\n The Federal Accountant v. 13 (September 1963 – June 1964), Association of Government Accountants, Federal Government Accountants Association, Cornell University Graduate School of Business and Public Administration, p. 16 (see extract at Google Books)\n Al Kelly, How to Make Your Life Easier at Work, McGraw–Hill, 1988, , p. 127 (see extract at Google Books)\n Henry Mintzberg, Power in and Around Organizations: Dynamic Techniques of Winning, Prentice–Hall, 1983, , p. 75 (see extract at Google Books)\n The Building Services Engineer v.40 1972–1973, Institution of Heating and Ventilating Engineers (Great Britain), Chartered Institution of Building Services (see extract at Google Books)\n Charles Hampden-Turner, Gentlemen and Tradesmen: The Values of Economic Catastrophe, Routledge, 1983, , p. 151 (see extract at Google Books)\n\nExternal links\n\n \"Why Should I Care What Color the Bikeshed Is?\" (FreeBSD FAQ)\n \n\nAdages\n1950s neologisms\nTriviality\nOrganizational behavior",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Bedard Aspen Provincial Park
|
Bedard Aspen Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located in the Cornwall Hills to the west of Cache Creek-Ashcroft in that province's Thompson Country region. The valley of Hat Creek is to its west.
See also
Cornwall Hills Park
Blue Earth Lake Provincial Park
References
BC Parks infopage
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Thompson Country
Year of establishment missing
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Bedard Aspen Provincial Park",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Bedard Aspen Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located in the Cornwall Hills to the west of Cache Creek-Ashcroft in that province's Thompson Country region. The valley of Hat Creek is to its west.\n\nSee also\nCornwall Hills Park\nBlue Earth Lake Provincial Park\n\nReferences\n\nBC Parks infopage\n\nProvincial parks of British Columbia\nThompson Country\nYear of establishment missing",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximus%20%28comics%29
|
Maximus (otherwise known as Maximus the Mad) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character has been depicted both as a member of and antagonist to the Inhumans. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby, he first appeared in Fantastic Four #47 (February 1966).
Maximus was portrayed in 2017 Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) television series Inhumans by Iwan Rheon and Aidan Fiske.
Publication history
Maximus first appeared in Fantastic Four #47 (February 1966), and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby.
Fictional character biography
Maximus, an Inhuman, was the second son of two of Attilan's top geneticists, Agon, the head of the ruling Council of Geneticists, and Rynda, director of the Prenatal Care Center. Subjected to the DNA-altering Terrigen Mist when he was an infant, Maximus peculiarly showed no outward sign of any mutagenic change. As he matured, he hid his developing psionic powers from the community, but was less successful at disguising his antisocial tendencies.
When he was about sixteen, his elder brother Black Bolt was released from the protective chamber in which he had been confined since birth due to the destructive nature of his Terrigen mutation. One of Maximus's first responses to his brother's freedom was an unsuccessful attempt to make him release his power and prove Black Bolt could not control his sonic powers, and thus lose his freedom. A month later, Black Bolt witnesses Maximus making a treacherous pact with an emissary of the Kree, the alien race responsible for genetically accelerating the Inhumans eons before. In an attempt to stop the fleeing emissary so that he could be questioned by the ruling council, Black Bolt uses his forbidden power of the quasi-sonic scream and blasts the alien ship out of the sky. When the ship crashes to Earth, it landed on the parliament building, killing several key members of the Genetics Council, including the boys' parents. The reverberations of Black Bolt's voice also affects Maximus, addling his sanity and suppressing his nascent mental powers. When Black Bolt assumes the throne shortly thereafter, Maximus vows to oppose his brother and eventually usurp his rule.
Maximus stages his first successful coup a few years later. By performing an illegal experiment on the Alpha Primitives, the subhuman worker clones that once served the Inhumans, Maximus creates the Trikon, three bodiless energy beings of great destructive power. While the Trikon wreaks havoc in Attilan, Maximus is able to drive the Royal Family of Inhumans out of the city. Maximus later sends Gorgon in search of the amnesiac Medusa. In the several year interval before Black Bolt and his cousins locate her in America, Maximus rules Attilan in Black Bolt's stead. Secure in his position, Maximus has his servant, the Seeker, locate the Royal Family and bring them back to Attilan. Upon doing so, Black Bolt seizes the crown back, to Maximus' dismay. Maximus also encounters the Fantastic Four for the first time. Maximus, hoping to win back the public's affection, activates the Atmo-Gun device he has been working on, a machine he believes will kill the human race and leave all other living beings intact. Maximus miscalculates, however, and the device has no effect. Out of spite, Maximus uses the device to erect a "negative zone" barrier (not to be confused with the anti-matter dimension of that name) that encases Attilan in a dark force sphere, imprisoning the entire race inside. Black Bolt liberates his people by using his quasi-sonic voice to destroy the barrier, at the price of devastating Attilan's ancient architecture.
Maximus then allies himself with six Inhuman criminals, sentenced for their treachery and subversive acts by Black Bolt with his verdict being interpreted by Oracle. Freeing Falcona, Aireo, Stallior, Nebulo, Leonus, and Timberius from their place of imprisonment with the Hulk's aid, Maximus then tricks the Hulk into breaching the protective barrier guarding a forbidden chemical substance created by the Inhuman scientist Romnar centuries ago. This substance had certain highly unstable energy absorbing capacities and Maximus intends to use it to usurp the throne again, but Black Bolt overpowers him before he can do so.
Maximus succeeds in bringing about his second coup some months later. Drugging the Royal Family with will-deadening "hypno-potions", Maximus takes the crown from Black Bolt and has the Royal Family imprisoned. Before he can activate his Hypno-Gun, which he believes will make all mankind surrender to his will, the Royal Family escapes and subdues him. Escaping Attilan with his band of renegades in a rocket, Maximus lands in the South American country of Costa Salvador, and attempts to build a will-deadening device similar to his Hypno-Gun. His plans are opposed by the Hulk and the United States Army, however, and he and his allies are forced to flee again.
Maximus later foments a battle between the Royal Family and the Fantastic Four. Returning to Attilan, Maximus is welcomed back by his brother Black Bolt, who prefers Maximus to be somewhere he can be watched. Black Bolt detects that Maximus's psionic powers, suppressed since he was an adolescent, are beginning to return. Offering no explanation, Black Bolt has Maximus placed in a suspended animation capsule, inside which he cannot use his powers. Black Bolt's cousin Gorgon, however, objects to Black Bolt's inhumane treatment of Maximus and frees the latter. Maximus immediately uses his mental powers to subjugate the minds of the Inhuman populace and to give Black Bolt amnesia. Maximus then restores the dark force barrier around Attilan and begins negotiations with the alien Kree to sell certain Inhumans to the Kree to be used as soldiers. Eventually Black Bolt's memory returns, and alongside the Avengers, he returns to Attilan and once again destroys the barrier. The Avengers drive the Kree agent away before he can accomplish his mission and Black Bolt liberates the enslaved Inhumans.
With his mental powers traumatically submerged, Maximus escapes strict punishment for his treachery by feigning insanity. He then begins work on his next project to usurp the throne, the construction of the android Omega, whose power source is supposedly the collective guilt evinced by the Inhuman populace over their treatment of the subhuman Alpha Primitives. The Fantastic Four helps the Royal Family thwart the construct, and the damage it causes was slight. Maximus stages his fourth successful coup a short time later after the Royal Family briefly leaves Attilan on business. Taking Crystal and her husband Quicksilver captive, Maximus forces Black Bolt to give him the crown in order to spare their lives. Black Bolt does so, and allows himself to be placed in captivity. Maximus reestablishes contact with the Kree and negotiates a deal where the Kree would take all of the Inhumans with extraordinary abilities, leaving him the other half of the population to rule. Triton and Karnak rescue most of Maximus's captives and outwit the Kree agent Shatterstar. Unaware of that victory, Black Bolt lets loose with his quasi-sonic scream in agony, once again leveling the city. Angered by what had happened, Black Bolt strikes Maximus for the first time and has him imprisoned.
Maximus then allies himself with the Enclave, a band of human scientists who capture Medusa. The Enclave wants to conquer Attilan and dispatches an aerial strike force. When the Enclave threatens to execute Medusa, however, Maximus turns on them out of unrequited passion for his brother's betrothed. A weapon Maximus is manning overloads, leaving Maximus in a deathlike coma. Black Bolt has his brother's body placed in a special crypt, and when Attilan is transported from the Earth to the Moon, Maximus accompanies it. On the moon, Maximus's mind makes contact with an alien power crystal located there, and it reawakened his dormant mental powers. When Black Bolt next comes to pay his respects to his brother, Maximus is able to use his power to affect a transfer of consciousness between them. For several months Maximus rules Attilan in Black Bolt's body as Black Bolt lay imprisoned. Reestablishing contact with the Enclave, Maximus helps them implement meteoroid launchers with which they intend to bombard Earth. With the aid of the Avengers, Maximus' switch is discovered, and the Enclave's schemes are foiled. Maximus is forced to return to his rightful body and was once again placed in solitary confinement.
His next plot carried out from his prison cell involves the Inhuman Woz, and almost results in Attilan being conquered by Earth forces. It is foiled by Black Bolt and Medusa, who arrange for Attilan to be teleported away before its destruction.
Silent War
During the 2007 miniseries Silent War, Maximus again plots his revenge, taunting Black Bolt from his prison and trying to sway a distressed Medusa on his side. He manages to convince Medusa to try to have Luna help "cure" him, only for Luna to realize too late that the "cure" instead allows Maximus to gain control over all the other Inhumans. After the enhanced Marines managed to destroy Attilan, Maximus usurps the throne of the Inhumans from Black Bolt, taking Medusa as his queen, and announcing a new plan to conquer Earth.
"Secret Invasion"
During the 2008 "Secret Invasion" storyline, Maximus was initially indifferent to the threat of the Skrulls. When it was discovered that Ahura was a Skrull in disguise, however, Maximus defeated it.
"War of Kings"
In the 2009 "War of Kings", storyline Black Bolt has retaken the throne of the Inhumans. Maximus is still free and serves as Black Bolt's science advisor, devising war machines for the Kree to use against their adversaries, the Shi'ar. After Black Bolt's vanishing, during a time when the ruling of the various empires is up for dispute, Maximus is seen under the close supervision of Gorgon. His desires for something, anything to rule, are swiftly dismissed.
"Death of the Inhumans"
In the pages of "Death of the Inhumans," Maximus is at New Arctilan when the Kree begin their campaign to get the Inhumans to join them or die. The Super-Inhuman Vox and the Kree with him are on New Arctilan and began murdering every Inhuman they come across, old or new. Armed with all of the Inhumans’ abilities and no humanity, Vox easily cuts his prey down with his powers or his literal energy scythe. Even Maximus cannot defeat Vox as he quickly losing an arm for even making the attempt. Pretty soon, Lockjaw arrived and stood up with Maximus to attempt to stop Vox on their own but things did not go so well and Vox fired an enormous blast, ripping a hole in both of them. It was later revealed that the Kree took his body and placed it in a Vox costume where he was brainwashed to serve the Kree. When Beta Ray Bill took down Vox during his confrontation with Black Bolt, it broke the brainwashing on Maximus as something on Vox's costume teleported her away while also killing Maximus.
Powers and abilities
Maximus has a genius-level intellect and great inventiveness. His mental powers granted by the mutagenic effects from exposure to Terrigen Mist give him the ability to numb, override, and even wipe out a person's mind. He has the ability to induce short-term amnesia in others, and the ability to exchange his consciousness with another's. Maximus's mental powers have a limited range as well as variability - he can only affect minds in a certain radius and only create one effect at a time. His influence generally functions while Maximus concentrates, but he has left long-buried influence in his subjects as well, which he can trigger by voice command, causing a subject to carry out embedded commands, forget, or remember.
Maximus's mental instability often prevents him from making full use of his powers.
Maximus is superhumanly intelligent. He is an extraordinarily gifted inventor, with advanced knowledge of physics, mechanics, and biology. He has invented an Atmo-gun (able to create seismic shockwaves and "negative zone" force fields), and a Hypno-gun (able to control minds at a far distance).
Even without using the Terrigen Mist, the Kree modifications, combined with centuries of selective breeding, have given all Inhumans certain advantages. Their average lifespan is 150 years and an Inhuman in good physical condition possesses strength, reaction time, speed, and endurance greater than the finest of human athletes. Inhumans who are in excellent physical shape can lift one ton and are physically slightly superior to the peak of normal human physical achievement. Most Inhumans are used to living in a pollution-free, germ-free environment and have difficulty tolerating air and water pollution for any length of time.
Other versions
"Age of Apocalypse"
In the alternate timeline seen in the 1995–1996 "Age of Apocalypse" storyline, Maximus was a Horseman of Apocalypse, the Horseman of Death. He operates on the Blue Area of the Moon, aboard Ship, Apocalypse's Celestial starship, whose sentient artificial intelligence is known as Ship. Maximus is served by his personal strikeforce formed by clones of the Inhuman Royal Family, which he had murdered himself, altered into monstrous forms by the Terrigen Mists, which Death has offered Apocalypse in exchange for his position. Maximus also experiments on Sunfire, who has been captured by Holocaust after the destruction of Japan, leaving him unable to control his powers. When the X-Men appear on the Moon, believing Apocalypse to be hibernating on Ship, Maximus capture the X-Men and seeks to transform them into his servants, with which he will overthrow Apocalypse. However, Cyclops, who has been sent to ensure the transfer of the Mists, attacks the betrayer Death and liberate the X-Men with the aid of Blink. Maximus dies, alongside his servants, in the destruction of Ship caused by Sunfire, whose powers flare out of control after he was released.
Marvel Knights 2099
In an alternate take on Marvel 2099, called Marvel Knights 2099, the Inhumans are in a space station named Attilan, having left Earth decades ago. Here they await the cryogenic awakening of Black Bolt. The leader of the Council greets Black Bolt and has Lockjaw teleport them to the throne room for privacy. The leader announces that he killed the rest of the Inhumans Royal Family in cryogenic suspension, taking special pleasure in killing Medusa, and took over. The leader reveals himself as Maximus, to Black Bolt's shock and anger, saying that he has used implants to extend his life in order to see Black Bolt vulnerable, at his boiling point. Maximus pleads with Black Bolt to release his power and destroy everything - the station, the legacy, and Maximus himself. Black Bolt finally lets go and in one whisper, destroys everything. The one shot ends with Black Bolt crying and dying in space among the wreckage.
Ultimate Marvel
In the Ultimate Marvel reality, Maximus is introduced in Ultimate Fantastic Four Annual #1 along with the other Inhumans. He is the brother of Black Bolt and the fiancé of Crystal. She refuses to marry him referring to him as a "stunted little peacock" and calling him mad.
In other media
Television
Maximus appeared in the 1994 Fantastic Four series, voiced by Mark Hamill.
Maximus appears in the Inhumans motion comic, voiced by Brian Drummond.
Maximus appears in the Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. episode "Inhuman Nature", voiced by Nolan North. In secret, he builds a weapon that will end all humanity, yet would be ineffective against Inhumans. Only Crystal is aware of this weapon upon discovering her plan. For most episodes that the other Inhumans have, combat the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. He is finally discovered and defeated for his betrayal, even though he reactivates the barrier that protects the city Attilan, from the rest of the world, but is ultimately destroyed by Black Bolt.
Maximus appears in the Ultimate Spider-Man episode "Inhumanity", voiced again by Nolan North. He is behind the mind control of the royal family of Inhumans (when he was betrayed by what happened in Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H.), he escaped from his cell, seized Attilan and is crowned king, as part of his plan to have the Inhumans in declaring war on S.H.I.E.L.D. dropping Attilan in Manhattan. When trying Máximus on his mind control with Spider-Man, Triton uses the Gyro-Cube to delay Máximus so they can find Black Bolt. Being dug into the palace by Black Bolt, Spider-Man and Triton are confronted by Maximus and the brainwashing in the royal family as Maximus prepares to release Attilan in Manhattan. Máximus also claims that he plans to hunt down all of humanity in order to make Earth an inhuman world. Triton challenges Maximus to a battle with Spider-Man helping to fight Gorgon. As Maximus tries to use his mind control on Triton by claiming that humans are evil, Spider-Man attacks Maximus and destroys the crown, freeing the royal family of Inhumans from their mind control. As Maximus claims that Attilan will still crush Manhattan with humanity, Spider-Man uses his web to Maximus's mouth to shut him up.
Maximus appears in Guardians of the Galaxy, now voiced by Diedrich Bader. In "Crystal Blue Persuasion", while devising a cure for the Terrigena plague that had caused the Inhumans to grow crystals in their bodies, Maximus was working on mind control technology to control Black Bolt, as part of his plan to pledge allegiance to the Kree. It escaped Drax the Destroyer, Rocket Raccoon and Groot in the thought that he was the ruler of the Inhumans until Star-Lord, Gamora, Medusa, and Lockjaw arrived. Maximus then releases Black Bolt from his ecstasy capsule and has it attacked by the Guardians of the Galaxy alongside the crystallized Alpha Primitives. When Ronan the Accuser arrives in Attilan, Maximus swears allegiance to the Inhumans and the Kree due to the story of having created the Kree Inhumans. Ronan the Accuser goes back on his contract and steals Maximus' mind control helmet by having Black Bolt with him and Star-Lord teleports to the Terrigen Crystals caverns below Attilan. After the Terrigen plague was eliminated and Ronan the Accuser was repelled, Maximus was locked in the Attilan dungeon. In "Inhuman Touch", Star-Lord visits Maximus in his cell to see what he knows about the Cosmic Seed. Máximus tricks Star-Lord into giving him a pencil that allows him to escape from his prison. Maximus first begins by taking control of the Inhumans. Rocket and Groot disable the broadcast. So Maximus uses his Terrigena cannon in a plot to bombard the nearest planet. Star-Lord, Groot, Karnak, and Medusa take it to destroy it from within. When Máximus tries to escape at Milano, Star-Lord and Black Bolt follow him and sneak into Milano. Star-Lord tricks Maximus into hitting the play button on the cassette, claiming that it is a self-destruct button, which plays music that allows Black Bolt to knock Máximus out.
Maximus appears in the Avengers Assemble episode "Civil War, Part 1: The Fall of Attilan", voiced again by Diedrich Bader. He was seen with some armed shock groups wreaking havoc in Las Vegas, where he was planning to detonate a Terrigen bomb as a weapon only to be defeated by the Avengers and turned over to inhuman guards in New Attilan to be adopted for a New Attilan Processing Center. On his way to being taken to jail, Maximus brainwashed Inferno to wreak havoc on New Attilan, enough to blow up the explosives that Máximus clocked. He managed to escape while creating a force field to contain everyone in the city from exploding. After the Avengers and the royal family of Inhumans evacuate everyone, from New Attilan and Inferno surrendering himself by Truman Marsh's guards, the Hulk had apprehended Maximus, who had left the Inhumans exposed to the human race. As Maximus tries to run, Black Bolt carries it out with his voice speaking, "Brother."
Iwan Rheon portrays Maximus in the live-action Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) television series Inhumans, while his child self is portrayed by Aidan Fiske. It is revealed that Maximus' Terrigenesis made him human causing him much envy towards Black Bolt, especially since their father, Agon, has denied Maximus his desire to rule. He stages a coup with the help of Auran and the Inhuman Royal Guards that are on his side while the rest of the Royal Family flee to Hawaii through Lockjaw. Though Lockjaw is stunned by Pulsus and Crystal is placed under house arrest. He attempts to have Crystal support him, but she rebels and flees to Hawaii as well, leaving Maximus to convince the council of the Royal Family's incompetence. He further sends out dangerous Inhumans, such as Mordis, to hunt the Royal Family. Maximus further has the human Dr. Evan Declan working for him so that he can study Black Bolt and hopefully use his DNA to create a new Terrigenesis for him. Maximus learns of Auran's position with Declan, but informs her to not tell him of her association with him. Maximus believes that in order for "his" people to gain freedom they have to earn it, therefore he sends Inhumans to hunt his family. Unbeknownst to him, some of the people of Attilan are plotting against him. He later finds out through genetic council member Tibor and has him and his conspirators killed as an example while asking the prophetic Inhuman Bronaja to pick a side. Maximus is reunited with his family for a parley. However, he cheats his family by taking Declan and forces him to prepare a second Terrigenesis. When he is alerted of his family's next move, he tries to escape, but is captured by Triton. He is brought to Black Bolt and tells him that he installed a failsafe so that if he kills him, Attilan will be destroyed. Maximus refuses to give up the throne or stop the dome over the city from collapsing and learns through Bronaja that he will remain the King of Attilan and that Black Bolt was nowhere in sight. Soon, Auran leaves him as the whole city and the Royal Family, sans Black Bolt, escape to Earth. Maximus reveals to Black Bolt that he indirectly killed his parents when he forged a signature for Black Bolt to get lobotomized. Maximus is knocked out and trapped in Attilan's bunker. As he looks at the well stocked room, Maximus realizes that he is still the king of Attilan and that Black Bolt has in fact left him as its only population as Bronaja predicted.
Maximus appears in the anime series Marvel Future Avengers, voiced by Hiroki Takahashi in Japanese and Michael Sinterniklaas in English. He orchestrates the events of the show's second season, secretly manipulating the Avengers and the Inhumans into going to war as part of a plot to usurp the throne from Black Bolt.
Video games
Maximus appears in the Facebook game Marvel: Avengers Alliance. He is introduced in "Special Operations 23: Inhumans".
Maximus appears as both a boss level and playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2.
Maximus is a playable character in Marvel: Future Fight.
Maximus appears as a boss in Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3: The Black Order, voiced again by Diedrich Bader.
References
External links
Maximus at Marvel.com
Maximus at MarvelDirectory.com
The Inhumans at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016.
Characters created by Jack Kirby
Characters created by Stan Lee
Comics characters introduced in 1966
Fictional inventors
Fictional kings
Inhumans
Marvel Comics characters who have mental powers
Marvel Comics supervillains
Marvel Comics telepaths
Marvel Comics television characters
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximus%20%28comics%29",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Maximus (otherwise known as Maximus the Mad) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character has been depicted both as a member of and antagonist to the Inhumans. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby, he first appeared in Fantastic Four #47 (February 1966).\n\nMaximus was portrayed in 2017 Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) television series Inhumans by Iwan Rheon and Aidan Fiske.\n\nPublication history\n\nMaximus first appeared in Fantastic Four #47 (February 1966), and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby.\n\nFictional character biography\nMaximus, an Inhuman, was the second son of two of Attilan's top geneticists, Agon, the head of the ruling Council of Geneticists, and Rynda, director of the Prenatal Care Center. Subjected to the DNA-altering Terrigen Mist when he was an infant, Maximus peculiarly showed no outward sign of any mutagenic change. As he matured, he hid his developing psionic powers from the community, but was less successful at disguising his antisocial tendencies.\n\nWhen he was about sixteen, his elder brother Black Bolt was released from the protective chamber in which he had been confined since birth due to the destructive nature of his Terrigen mutation. One of Maximus's first responses to his brother's freedom was an unsuccessful attempt to make him release his power and prove Black Bolt could not control his sonic powers, and thus lose his freedom. A month later, Black Bolt witnesses Maximus making a treacherous pact with an emissary of the Kree, the alien race responsible for genetically accelerating the Inhumans eons before. In an attempt to stop the fleeing emissary so that he could be questioned by the ruling council, Black Bolt uses his forbidden power of the quasi-sonic scream and blasts the alien ship out of the sky. When the ship crashes to Earth, it landed on the parliament building, killing several key members of the Genetics Council, including the boys' parents. The reverberations of Black Bolt's voice also affects Maximus, addling his sanity and suppressing his nascent mental powers. When Black Bolt assumes the throne shortly thereafter, Maximus vows to oppose his brother and eventually usurp his rule.\n\nMaximus stages his first successful coup a few years later. By performing an illegal experiment on the Alpha Primitives, the subhuman worker clones that once served the Inhumans, Maximus creates the Trikon, three bodiless energy beings of great destructive power. While the Trikon wreaks havoc in Attilan, Maximus is able to drive the Royal Family of Inhumans out of the city. Maximus later sends Gorgon in search of the amnesiac Medusa. In the several year interval before Black Bolt and his cousins locate her in America, Maximus rules Attilan in Black Bolt's stead. Secure in his position, Maximus has his servant, the Seeker, locate the Royal Family and bring them back to Attilan. Upon doing so, Black Bolt seizes the crown back, to Maximus' dismay. Maximus also encounters the Fantastic Four for the first time. Maximus, hoping to win back the public's affection, activates the Atmo-Gun device he has been working on, a machine he believes will kill the human race and leave all other living beings intact. Maximus miscalculates, however, and the device has no effect. Out of spite, Maximus uses the device to erect a \"negative zone\" barrier (not to be confused with the anti-matter dimension of that name) that encases Attilan in a dark force sphere, imprisoning the entire race inside. Black Bolt liberates his people by using his quasi-sonic voice to destroy the barrier, at the price of devastating Attilan's ancient architecture.\n\nMaximus then allies himself with six Inhuman criminals, sentenced for their treachery and subversive acts by Black Bolt with his verdict being interpreted by Oracle. Freeing Falcona, Aireo, Stallior, Nebulo, Leonus, and Timberius from their place of imprisonment with the Hulk's aid, Maximus then tricks the Hulk into breaching the protective barrier guarding a forbidden chemical substance created by the Inhuman scientist Romnar centuries ago. This substance had certain highly unstable energy absorbing capacities and Maximus intends to use it to usurp the throne again, but Black Bolt overpowers him before he can do so.\n\nMaximus succeeds in bringing about his second coup some months later. Drugging the Royal Family with will-deadening \"hypno-potions\", Maximus takes the crown from Black Bolt and has the Royal Family imprisoned. Before he can activate his Hypno-Gun, which he believes will make all mankind surrender to his will, the Royal Family escapes and subdues him. Escaping Attilan with his band of renegades in a rocket, Maximus lands in the South American country of Costa Salvador, and attempts to build a will-deadening device similar to his Hypno-Gun. His plans are opposed by the Hulk and the United States Army, however, and he and his allies are forced to flee again.\n\nMaximus later foments a battle between the Royal Family and the Fantastic Four. Returning to Attilan, Maximus is welcomed back by his brother Black Bolt, who prefers Maximus to be somewhere he can be watched. Black Bolt detects that Maximus's psionic powers, suppressed since he was an adolescent, are beginning to return. Offering no explanation, Black Bolt has Maximus placed in a suspended animation capsule, inside which he cannot use his powers. Black Bolt's cousin Gorgon, however, objects to Black Bolt's inhumane treatment of Maximus and frees the latter. Maximus immediately uses his mental powers to subjugate the minds of the Inhuman populace and to give Black Bolt amnesia. Maximus then restores the dark force barrier around Attilan and begins negotiations with the alien Kree to sell certain Inhumans to the Kree to be used as soldiers. Eventually Black Bolt's memory returns, and alongside the Avengers, he returns to Attilan and once again destroys the barrier. The Avengers drive the Kree agent away before he can accomplish his mission and Black Bolt liberates the enslaved Inhumans.\n\nWith his mental powers traumatically submerged, Maximus escapes strict punishment for his treachery by feigning insanity. He then begins work on his next project to usurp the throne, the construction of the android Omega, whose power source is supposedly the collective guilt evinced by the Inhuman populace over their treatment of the subhuman Alpha Primitives. The Fantastic Four helps the Royal Family thwart the construct, and the damage it causes was slight. Maximus stages his fourth successful coup a short time later after the Royal Family briefly leaves Attilan on business. Taking Crystal and her husband Quicksilver captive, Maximus forces Black Bolt to give him the crown in order to spare their lives. Black Bolt does so, and allows himself to be placed in captivity. Maximus reestablishes contact with the Kree and negotiates a deal where the Kree would take all of the Inhumans with extraordinary abilities, leaving him the other half of the population to rule. Triton and Karnak rescue most of Maximus's captives and outwit the Kree agent Shatterstar. Unaware of that victory, Black Bolt lets loose with his quasi-sonic scream in agony, once again leveling the city. Angered by what had happened, Black Bolt strikes Maximus for the first time and has him imprisoned.\n\nMaximus then allies himself with the Enclave, a band of human scientists who capture Medusa. The Enclave wants to conquer Attilan and dispatches an aerial strike force. When the Enclave threatens to execute Medusa, however, Maximus turns on them out of unrequited passion for his brother's betrothed. A weapon Maximus is manning overloads, leaving Maximus in a deathlike coma. Black Bolt has his brother's body placed in a special crypt, and when Attilan is transported from the Earth to the Moon, Maximus accompanies it. On the moon, Maximus's mind makes contact with an alien power crystal located there, and it reawakened his dormant mental powers. When Black Bolt next comes to pay his respects to his brother, Maximus is able to use his power to affect a transfer of consciousness between them. For several months Maximus rules Attilan in Black Bolt's body as Black Bolt lay imprisoned. Reestablishing contact with the Enclave, Maximus helps them implement meteoroid launchers with which they intend to bombard Earth. With the aid of the Avengers, Maximus' switch is discovered, and the Enclave's schemes are foiled. Maximus is forced to return to his rightful body and was once again placed in solitary confinement.\n\nHis next plot carried out from his prison cell involves the Inhuman Woz, and almost results in Attilan being conquered by Earth forces. It is foiled by Black Bolt and Medusa, who arrange for Attilan to be teleported away before its destruction.\n\nSilent War\nDuring the 2007 miniseries Silent War, Maximus again plots his revenge, taunting Black Bolt from his prison and trying to sway a distressed Medusa on his side. He manages to convince Medusa to try to have Luna help \"cure\" him, only for Luna to realize too late that the \"cure\" instead allows Maximus to gain control over all the other Inhumans. After the enhanced Marines managed to destroy Attilan, Maximus usurps the throne of the Inhumans from Black Bolt, taking Medusa as his queen, and announcing a new plan to conquer Earth.\n\n\"Secret Invasion\"\nDuring the 2008 \"Secret Invasion\" storyline, Maximus was initially indifferent to the threat of the Skrulls. When it was discovered that Ahura was a Skrull in disguise, however, Maximus defeated it.\n\n\"War of Kings\"\nIn the 2009 \"War of Kings\", storyline Black Bolt has retaken the throne of the Inhumans. Maximus is still free and serves as Black Bolt's science advisor, devising war machines for the Kree to use against their adversaries, the Shi'ar. After Black Bolt's vanishing, during a time when the ruling of the various empires is up for dispute, Maximus is seen under the close supervision of Gorgon. His desires for something, anything to rule, are swiftly dismissed.\n\n\"Death of the Inhumans\"\nIn the pages of \"Death of the Inhumans,\" Maximus is at New Arctilan when the Kree begin their campaign to get the Inhumans to join them or die. The Super-Inhuman Vox and the Kree with him are on New Arctilan and began murdering every Inhuman they come across, old or new. Armed with all of the Inhumans’ abilities and no humanity, Vox easily cuts his prey down with his powers or his literal energy scythe. Even Maximus cannot defeat Vox as he quickly losing an arm for even making the attempt. Pretty soon, Lockjaw arrived and stood up with Maximus to attempt to stop Vox on their own but things did not go so well and Vox fired an enormous blast, ripping a hole in both of them. It was later revealed that the Kree took his body and placed it in a Vox costume where he was brainwashed to serve the Kree. When Beta Ray Bill took down Vox during his confrontation with Black Bolt, it broke the brainwashing on Maximus as something on Vox's costume teleported her away while also killing Maximus.\n\nPowers and abilities\nMaximus has a genius-level intellect and great inventiveness. His mental powers granted by the mutagenic effects from exposure to Terrigen Mist give him the ability to numb, override, and even wipe out a person's mind. He has the ability to induce short-term amnesia in others, and the ability to exchange his consciousness with another's. Maximus's mental powers have a limited range as well as variability - he can only affect minds in a certain radius and only create one effect at a time. His influence generally functions while Maximus concentrates, but he has left long-buried influence in his subjects as well, which he can trigger by voice command, causing a subject to carry out embedded commands, forget, or remember.\n\nMaximus's mental instability often prevents him from making full use of his powers.\n\nMaximus is superhumanly intelligent. He is an extraordinarily gifted inventor, with advanced knowledge of physics, mechanics, and biology. He has invented an Atmo-gun (able to create seismic shockwaves and \"negative zone\" force fields), and a Hypno-gun (able to control minds at a far distance).\n\nEven without using the Terrigen Mist, the Kree modifications, combined with centuries of selective breeding, have given all Inhumans certain advantages. Their average lifespan is 150 years and an Inhuman in good physical condition possesses strength, reaction time, speed, and endurance greater than the finest of human athletes. Inhumans who are in excellent physical shape can lift one ton and are physically slightly superior to the peak of normal human physical achievement. Most Inhumans are used to living in a pollution-free, germ-free environment and have difficulty tolerating air and water pollution for any length of time.\n\nOther versions\n\n\"Age of Apocalypse\"\nIn the alternate timeline seen in the 1995–1996 \"Age of Apocalypse\" storyline, Maximus was a Horseman of Apocalypse, the Horseman of Death. He operates on the Blue Area of the Moon, aboard Ship, Apocalypse's Celestial starship, whose sentient artificial intelligence is known as Ship. Maximus is served by his personal strikeforce formed by clones of the Inhuman Royal Family, which he had murdered himself, altered into monstrous forms by the Terrigen Mists, which Death has offered Apocalypse in exchange for his position. Maximus also experiments on Sunfire, who has been captured by Holocaust after the destruction of Japan, leaving him unable to control his powers. When the X-Men appear on the Moon, believing Apocalypse to be hibernating on Ship, Maximus capture the X-Men and seeks to transform them into his servants, with which he will overthrow Apocalypse. However, Cyclops, who has been sent to ensure the transfer of the Mists, attacks the betrayer Death and liberate the X-Men with the aid of Blink. Maximus dies, alongside his servants, in the destruction of Ship caused by Sunfire, whose powers flare out of control after he was released.\n\nMarvel Knights 2099\nIn an alternate take on Marvel 2099, called Marvel Knights 2099, the Inhumans are in a space station named Attilan, having left Earth decades ago. Here they await the cryogenic awakening of Black Bolt. The leader of the Council greets Black Bolt and has Lockjaw teleport them to the throne room for privacy. The leader announces that he killed the rest of the Inhumans Royal Family in cryogenic suspension, taking special pleasure in killing Medusa, and took over. The leader reveals himself as Maximus, to Black Bolt's shock and anger, saying that he has used implants to extend his life in order to see Black Bolt vulnerable, at his boiling point. Maximus pleads with Black Bolt to release his power and destroy everything - the station, the legacy, and Maximus himself. Black Bolt finally lets go and in one whisper, destroys everything. The one shot ends with Black Bolt crying and dying in space among the wreckage.\n\nUltimate Marvel\nIn the Ultimate Marvel reality, Maximus is introduced in Ultimate Fantastic Four Annual #1 along with the other Inhumans. He is the brother of Black Bolt and the fiancé of Crystal. She refuses to marry him referring to him as a \"stunted little peacock\" and calling him mad.\n\nIn other media\n\nTelevision\n Maximus appeared in the 1994 Fantastic Four series, voiced by Mark Hamill.\n Maximus appears in the Inhumans motion comic, voiced by Brian Drummond.\n Maximus appears in the Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. episode \"Inhuman Nature\", voiced by Nolan North. In secret, he builds a weapon that will end all humanity, yet would be ineffective against Inhumans. Only Crystal is aware of this weapon upon discovering her plan. For most episodes that the other Inhumans have, combat the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. He is finally discovered and defeated for his betrayal, even though he reactivates the barrier that protects the city Attilan, from the rest of the world, but is ultimately destroyed by Black Bolt.\n Maximus appears in the Ultimate Spider-Man episode \"Inhumanity\", voiced again by Nolan North. He is behind the mind control of the royal family of Inhumans (when he was betrayed by what happened in Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H.), he escaped from his cell, seized Attilan and is crowned king, as part of his plan to have the Inhumans in declaring war on S.H.I.E.L.D. dropping Attilan in Manhattan. When trying Máximus on his mind control with Spider-Man, Triton uses the Gyro-Cube to delay Máximus so they can find Black Bolt. Being dug into the palace by Black Bolt, Spider-Man and Triton are confronted by Maximus and the brainwashing in the royal family as Maximus prepares to release Attilan in Manhattan. Máximus also claims that he plans to hunt down all of humanity in order to make Earth an inhuman world. Triton challenges Maximus to a battle with Spider-Man helping to fight Gorgon. As Maximus tries to use his mind control on Triton by claiming that humans are evil, Spider-Man attacks Maximus and destroys the crown, freeing the royal family of Inhumans from their mind control. As Maximus claims that Attilan will still crush Manhattan with humanity, Spider-Man uses his web to Maximus's mouth to shut him up.\n Maximus appears in Guardians of the Galaxy, now voiced by Diedrich Bader. In \"Crystal Blue Persuasion\", while devising a cure for the Terrigena plague that had caused the Inhumans to grow crystals in their bodies, Maximus was working on mind control technology to control Black Bolt, as part of his plan to pledge allegiance to the Kree. It escaped Drax the Destroyer, Rocket Raccoon and Groot in the thought that he was the ruler of the Inhumans until Star-Lord, Gamora, Medusa, and Lockjaw arrived. Maximus then releases Black Bolt from his ecstasy capsule and has it attacked by the Guardians of the Galaxy alongside the crystallized Alpha Primitives. When Ronan the Accuser arrives in Attilan, Maximus swears allegiance to the Inhumans and the Kree due to the story of having created the Kree Inhumans. Ronan the Accuser goes back on his contract and steals Maximus' mind control helmet by having Black Bolt with him and Star-Lord teleports to the Terrigen Crystals caverns below Attilan. After the Terrigen plague was eliminated and Ronan the Accuser was repelled, Maximus was locked in the Attilan dungeon. In \"Inhuman Touch\", Star-Lord visits Maximus in his cell to see what he knows about the Cosmic Seed. Máximus tricks Star-Lord into giving him a pencil that allows him to escape from his prison. Maximus first begins by taking control of the Inhumans. Rocket and Groot disable the broadcast. So Maximus uses his Terrigena cannon in a plot to bombard the nearest planet. Star-Lord, Groot, Karnak, and Medusa take it to destroy it from within. When Máximus tries to escape at Milano, Star-Lord and Black Bolt follow him and sneak into Milano. Star-Lord tricks Maximus into hitting the play button on the cassette, claiming that it is a self-destruct button, which plays music that allows Black Bolt to knock Máximus out.\n Maximus appears in the Avengers Assemble episode \"Civil War, Part 1: The Fall of Attilan\", voiced again by Diedrich Bader. He was seen with some armed shock groups wreaking havoc in Las Vegas, where he was planning to detonate a Terrigen bomb as a weapon only to be defeated by the Avengers and turned over to inhuman guards in New Attilan to be adopted for a New Attilan Processing Center. On his way to being taken to jail, Maximus brainwashed Inferno to wreak havoc on New Attilan, enough to blow up the explosives that Máximus clocked. He managed to escape while creating a force field to contain everyone in the city from exploding. After the Avengers and the royal family of Inhumans evacuate everyone, from New Attilan and Inferno surrendering himself by Truman Marsh's guards, the Hulk had apprehended Maximus, who had left the Inhumans exposed to the human race. As Maximus tries to run, Black Bolt carries it out with his voice speaking, \"Brother.\"\n\nIwan Rheon portrays Maximus in the live-action Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) television series Inhumans, while his child self is portrayed by Aidan Fiske. It is revealed that Maximus' Terrigenesis made him human causing him much envy towards Black Bolt, especially since their father, Agon, has denied Maximus his desire to rule. He stages a coup with the help of Auran and the Inhuman Royal Guards that are on his side while the rest of the Royal Family flee to Hawaii through Lockjaw. Though Lockjaw is stunned by Pulsus and Crystal is placed under house arrest. He attempts to have Crystal support him, but she rebels and flees to Hawaii as well, leaving Maximus to convince the council of the Royal Family's incompetence. He further sends out dangerous Inhumans, such as Mordis, to hunt the Royal Family. Maximus further has the human Dr. Evan Declan working for him so that he can study Black Bolt and hopefully use his DNA to create a new Terrigenesis for him. Maximus learns of Auran's position with Declan, but informs her to not tell him of her association with him. Maximus believes that in order for \"his\" people to gain freedom they have to earn it, therefore he sends Inhumans to hunt his family. Unbeknownst to him, some of the people of Attilan are plotting against him. He later finds out through genetic council member Tibor and has him and his conspirators killed as an example while asking the prophetic Inhuman Bronaja to pick a side. Maximus is reunited with his family for a parley. However, he cheats his family by taking Declan and forces him to prepare a second Terrigenesis. When he is alerted of his family's next move, he tries to escape, but is captured by Triton. He is brought to Black Bolt and tells him that he installed a failsafe so that if he kills him, Attilan will be destroyed. Maximus refuses to give up the throne or stop the dome over the city from collapsing and learns through Bronaja that he will remain the King of Attilan and that Black Bolt was nowhere in sight. Soon, Auran leaves him as the whole city and the Royal Family, sans Black Bolt, escape to Earth. Maximus reveals to Black Bolt that he indirectly killed his parents when he forged a signature for Black Bolt to get lobotomized. Maximus is knocked out and trapped in Attilan's bunker. As he looks at the well stocked room, Maximus realizes that he is still the king of Attilan and that Black Bolt has in fact left him as its only population as Bronaja predicted.\nMaximus appears in the anime series Marvel Future Avengers, voiced by Hiroki Takahashi in Japanese and Michael Sinterniklaas in English. He orchestrates the events of the show's second season, secretly manipulating the Avengers and the Inhumans into going to war as part of a plot to usurp the throne from Black Bolt.\n\nVideo games\n Maximus appears in the Facebook game Marvel: Avengers Alliance. He is introduced in \"Special Operations 23: Inhumans\".\n Maximus appears as both a boss level and playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2.\n Maximus is a playable character in Marvel: Future Fight.\n Maximus appears as a boss in Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3: The Black Order, voiced again by Diedrich Bader.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Maximus at Marvel.com\n Maximus at MarvelDirectory.com\n The Inhumans at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016.\n\nCharacters created by Jack Kirby\nCharacters created by Stan Lee\nComics characters introduced in 1966\nFictional inventors\nFictional kings\nInhumans\nMarvel Comics characters who have mental powers\nMarvel Comics supervillains\nMarvel Comics telepaths\nMarvel Comics television characters",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Palais Augarten
|
Palais Augarten is a Baroque palace in the district of Leopoldstadt, Vienna, Austria. Constructed in the late seventeenth century by Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach on the site of a Jagdschloss and gardens, the palace and gardens were expanded in the nineteenth century under Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria. Despite extensive damage suffered during World War II, the palace has been maintained almost in its original appearance, and many of the original furnishings can still be found there. Today, Palais Augarten is the home and rehearsal space of the Vienna Boys' Choir, who also have their own school there. The palace is located in the 130-acre Augarten park, which is the oldest Baroque garden in Vienna.
History
Until the 18th century, the present-day Leopoldstadt district consisted of forestland used by the Emperor and his court as a hunting ground. In 1614, Emperor Matthias built a hunting château on the site. In 1649, Emperor Ferdinand III added a Dutch-style gardens. Under his successor, Emperor Leopold I, the Augarten area saw increased settlement by nobility and Carmelite monks and eventually became part of Vienna. In 1677, Leopold I, who gave his name to the district (Leopold's City), added an extensive Baroque garden to the hunting château of his predecessors. In 1683, during the Battle of Vienna, Turkish forces used the area as a military base, and by the end of the war, the Baroque gardens were completely destroyed.
In 1688, the Augarten hunting château was sold to businessman Zacharias Leeb, who hired Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach to construct a palace on the site. Augarten park remained the possession of the Emperor. Palais Augarten was completed in 1692, and was originally called "Palais Leeb". In the coming decades, the palace was expanded and remodeled several times, changing owners more than once. In 1712, Emperor Charles VI hired landscape gardener Jean Trehet to redesign the Baroque park in the French style.
In 1780 this palace came into the possession of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor. Until the beginning of the twentieth century it remained in the possession of the Habsburg family. During this period, and especially in the nineteenth century, many balls were held in the palace, and a salon was opened. Among the guests at that time were Richard Wagner, Franz Liszt, and Hans Makart.
The greatest ball in the Palais Augarten took place on the occasion of the Viennese World's Fair of 1873; among the guests were Emperor Francis Joseph I and Czar Alexander II of Russia. In 1897 the palace was significantly remodeled for the family of Archduke Otto, the nephew of Emperor Francis Joseph.
From 1934 to 1936 the palace was inhabited by the Austrian Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg. During the Second World War, the estate was badly damaged, but after the war it was completely restored. In 1948 it was given to the Vienna Boys' Choir. The porcelain manufactory Vienna Porcelain Manufactory Augarten is also located there. Today the palace, along with the rest of the Augarten, is in the possession of the state of Austria.
References
Citations
Bibliography
External links
Augarten Wien
Augarten
Augarten
Baroque architecture in Vienna
Imperial residences in Austria
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Palais Augarten",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Palais Augarten is a Baroque palace in the district of Leopoldstadt, Vienna, Austria. Constructed in the late seventeenth century by Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach on the site of a Jagdschloss and gardens, the palace and gardens were expanded in the nineteenth century under Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria. Despite extensive damage suffered during World War II, the palace has been maintained almost in its original appearance, and many of the original furnishings can still be found there. Today, Palais Augarten is the home and rehearsal space of the Vienna Boys' Choir, who also have their own school there. The palace is located in the 130-acre Augarten park, which is the oldest Baroque garden in Vienna.\n\nHistory\nUntil the 18th century, the present-day Leopoldstadt district consisted of forestland used by the Emperor and his court as a hunting ground. In 1614, Emperor Matthias built a hunting château on the site. In 1649, Emperor Ferdinand III added a Dutch-style gardens. Under his successor, Emperor Leopold I, the Augarten area saw increased settlement by nobility and Carmelite monks and eventually became part of Vienna. In 1677, Leopold I, who gave his name to the district (Leopold's City), added an extensive Baroque garden to the hunting château of his predecessors. In 1683, during the Battle of Vienna, Turkish forces used the area as a military base, and by the end of the war, the Baroque gardens were completely destroyed.\n\nIn 1688, the Augarten hunting château was sold to businessman Zacharias Leeb, who hired Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach to construct a palace on the site. Augarten park remained the possession of the Emperor. Palais Augarten was completed in 1692, and was originally called \"Palais Leeb\". In the coming decades, the palace was expanded and remodeled several times, changing owners more than once. In 1712, Emperor Charles VI hired landscape gardener Jean Trehet to redesign the Baroque park in the French style.\n\nIn 1780 this palace came into the possession of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor. Until the beginning of the twentieth century it remained in the possession of the Habsburg family. During this period, and especially in the nineteenth century, many balls were held in the palace, and a salon was opened. Among the guests at that time were Richard Wagner, Franz Liszt, and Hans Makart.\n\nThe greatest ball in the Palais Augarten took place on the occasion of the Viennese World's Fair of 1873; among the guests were Emperor Francis Joseph I and Czar Alexander II of Russia. In 1897 the palace was significantly remodeled for the family of Archduke Otto, the nephew of Emperor Francis Joseph.\n\nFrom 1934 to 1936 the palace was inhabited by the Austrian Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg. During the Second World War, the estate was badly damaged, but after the war it was completely restored. In 1948 it was given to the Vienna Boys' Choir. The porcelain manufactory Vienna Porcelain Manufactory Augarten is also located there. Today the palace, along with the rest of the Augarten, is in the possession of the state of Austria.\n\nReferences\n\nCitations\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\n\n Augarten Wien\n\nAugarten\nAugarten\nBaroque architecture in Vienna\n Imperial residences in Austria",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Aardwolf
|
The aardwolf (Proteles cristatus) is an insectivorous species of hyena, native to East and Southern Africa. Its name means "earth-wolf" in Afrikaans and Dutch. It is also called the maanhaar-jackal (Afrikaans for "mane-jackal"), termite-eating hyena and civet hyena, based on its habit of secreting substances from its anal gland, a characteristic shared with the African civet.
Unlike many of its relatives in the order Carnivora, the aardwolf does not hunt large animals. It eats insects and their larvae, mainly termites; one aardwolf can lap up as many as 300,000 termites during a single night using its long, sticky tongue. The aardwolf's tongue has adapted to be tough enough to withstand the strong bite of termites.
The aardwolf lives in the shrublands of eastern and southern Africa – open lands covered with stunted trees and shrubs. It is nocturnal, resting in burrows during the day and emerging at night to seek food.
Taxonomy
The aardwolf is generally classified with the hyena family Hyaenidae, though it was formerly placed in its own family Protelidae. Early on, scientists felt that it was merely mimicking the striped hyena, which subsequently led to the creation of Protelidae. Recent studies have suggested that the aardwolf probably diverged from other hyaenids early on; how early is still unclear, as the fossil record and genetic studies disagree by 10 million years.
The aardwolf is the only surviving species in the subfamily Protelinae. There is disagreement as to whether the species is monotypic, or can be divided into subspecies P. c. cristatus of Southern Africa and P. c. septentrionalis of East Africa.
A 2006 molecular analysis indicates that it is phylogenetically the most basal of the four extant hyaenidae species.
Etymology
The generic name proteles comes from two words both of Greek origin, protos and teleos which combined means "complete in front" based on the fact that they have five toes on their front feet and four on the rear. The specific name, cristatus, comes from Latin and means "provided with a comb", relating to their mane.
Description
The aardwolf resembles a very thin striped hyena, but with a more slender muzzle, black vertical stripes on a coat of yellowish fur, and a long, distinct mane down the midline of the neck and back. It also has one or two diagonal stripes down the fore- and hind-quarters, along with several stripes on its legs. The mane is raised during confrontations to make the aardwolf appear larger. It is missing the throat spot that others in the family have. Its lower leg (from the knee down) is all black, and its tail is bushy with a black tip.
The aardwolf is about long, excluding its bushy tail, which is about long, and stands about tall at the shoulders. An adult aardwolf weighs approximately , sometimes reaching . The aardwolves in the south of the continent tend to be smaller (about ) than the eastern version (around ). This makes the aardwolf, the smallest extant member of the Hyaenidae family. The front feet have five toes each, unlike the four-toed hyena. The skull is similar in shape to those of other hyenas, though much smaller, and its cheek teeth are specialised for eating insects. It does still have canines, but, unlike other hyenas, these teeth are used primarily for fighting and defense. Its ears, which are large, are very similar to those of the striped hyena.
As an aardwolf ages, it will normally lose some of its teeth, though this has little impact on its feeding habits due to the softness of the insects that it eats.
Distribution and habitat
Aardwolves live in open, dry plains and bushland, avoiding mountainous areas. Due to their specific food requirements, they are found only in regions where termites of the family Hodotermitidae occur. Termites of this family depend on dead and withered grass and are most populous in heavily grazed grasslands and savannahs, including farmland. For most of the year, aardwolves spend time in shared territories consisting of up to a dozen dens, which are occupied for six weeks at a time.
There are two distinct populations: one in Southern Africa, and another in East and Northeast Africa. The species does not occur in the intermediary miombo forests.
An adult pair, along with their most-recent offspring, occupies a territory of .
Behavior and ecology
Aardwolves are shy and nocturnal, sleeping in burrows by day. They will, on occasion during the winter, become diurnal feeders. This happens during the coldest periods as they then stay in at night to conserve heat.
They are primarily solitary animals, though during mating season they form monogamous pairs which occupy a territory with their young. If their territory is infringed upon, they will chase the intruder away for up to or to the border. If the intruder is caught, which rarely happens, a fight will occur, which is accompanied by soft clucking, hoarse barking, and a type of roar. The majority of incursions occur during mating season, when they can occur once or twice per week. When food is scarce, the stringent territorial system may be abandoned and as many as three pairs may occupy a single territory.
The territory is marked by both sexes, as they both have developed anal glands from which they extrude a black substance that is smeared on rocks or grass stalks in -long streaks. Aardwolves also have scent glands on the forefoot and penile pad. They often mark near termite mounds within their territory every 20 minutes or so. If they are patrolling their territorial boundaries, the marking frequency increases drastically, to once every . At this rate, an individual may mark 60 marks per hour, and upwards of 200 per night.
An aardwolf pair may have up to 10 dens, and numerous feces middens, within their territory. When they deposit excreta at their middens, they dig a small hole and cover it with sand. Their dens are usually abandoned aardvark, springhare, or porcupine dens, or on occasion they are crevices in rocks. They will also dig their own dens, or enlarge dens started by springhares. They typically will only use one or two dens at a time, rotating through all of their dens every six months. During the summer, they may rest outside their den during the night and sleep underground during the heat of the day.
Aardwolves are not fast runners nor are they particularly adept at fighting off predators. Therefore, when threatened, the aardwolf may attempt to mislead its foe by doubling back on its tracks. If confronted, it may raise its mane in an attempt to appear more menacing. It also emits a foul-smelling liquid from its anal glands.
Feeding
The aardwolf feeds primarily on termites and more specifically on Trinervitermes. This genus of termites has different species throughout the aardwolf's range. In East Africa, they eat Trinervitermes bettonianus, in central Africa, they eat Trinervitermes rhodesiensis, and in southern Africa, they eat T. trinervoides. Their technique consists of licking them off the ground as opposed to the aardvark, which digs into the mound. They locate their food by sound and also from the scent secreted by the soldier termites. An aardwolf may consume up to 250,000 termites per night using its long, sticky tongue.
They do not destroy the termite mound or consume the entire colony, thus ensuring that the termites can rebuild and provide a continuous supply of food. They often memorize the location of such nests and return to them every few months. During certain seasonal events, such as the onset of the rainy season and the cold of midwinter, the primary termites become scarce, so the need for other foods becomes pronounced. During these times, the southern aardwolf will seek out Hodotermes mossambicus, a type of harvester termite active in the afternoon, which explains some of their diurnal behavior in the winter. The eastern aardwolf, during the rainy season, subsists on termites from the genera Odontotermes and Macrotermes. They are also known to feed on other insects, larvae, eggs, and, some sources say, occasionally small mammals and birds, but these constitute a very small percentage of their total diet.
Unlike other hyenas, aardwolves do not scavenge or kill larger animals. Contrary to popular myths, aardwolves do not eat carrion, and if they are seen eating while hunched over a dead carcass, they are actually eating larvae and beetles. Also, contrary to some sources, they do not like meat, unless it is finely ground or cooked for them. The adult aardwolf was formerly assumed to forage in small groups, but more recent research has shown that they are primarily solitary foragers, necessary because of the scarcity of their insect prey. Their primary source, Trinervitermes, forages in small but dense patches of . While foraging, the aardwolf can cover about per hour, which translates to per summer night and per winter night.
Breeding
The breeding season varies depending on location, but normally takes place during autumn or spring. In South Africa, breeding occurs in early July. During the breeding season, unpaired male aardwolves search their own territory, as well as others, for a female to mate with. Dominant males also mate opportunistically with the females of less dominant neighboring aardwolves, which can result in conflict between rival males. Dominant males even go a step further and as the breeding season approaches, they make increasingly greater and greater incursions onto weaker males' territories. As the female comes into oestrus, they add pasting to their tricks inside of the other territories, sometimes doing so more in rivals' territories than their own. Females will also, when given the opportunity, mate with the dominant male, which increases the chances of the dominant male guarding "his" cubs with her. Copulation lasts between 1 and 4.5 hours.
Gestation lasts between 89 and 92 days, producing two to five cubs (most often two or three) during the rainy season (November–December), when termites are more active. They are born with their eyes open, but initially are helpless, and weigh around . The first six to eight weeks are spent in the den with their parents. The male may spend up to six hours a night watching over the cubs while the mother is out looking for food. After three months, they begin supervised foraging, and by four months are normally independent, though they often share a den with their mother until the next breeding season. By the time the next set of cubs is born, the older cubs have moved on. Aardwolves generally achieve sexual maturity at one and a half to two years of age.
Conservation
The aardwolf has not seen decreasing numbers and is relatively widespread throughout eastern Africa. They are not common throughout their range, as they maintain a density of no more than 1 per square kilometer, if food is abundant. Because of these factors, the IUCN has rated the aardwolf as least concern. In some areas, they are persecuted because of the mistaken belief that they prey on livestock; however, they are actually beneficial to the farmers because they eat termites that are detrimental. In other areas, the farmers have recognized this, but they are still killed, on occasion, for their fur. Dogs and insecticides are also common killers of the aardwolf.
In captivity
Frankfurt Zoo in Germany was home to the oldest recorded aardwolf in captivity at 18 years and 11 months.
Notes
References
References
Further reading
External links
Animal Diversity Web
IUCN Hyaenidae Specialist Group Aardwolf pages on hyaenidae.org
Cam footage from the Namib desert https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=lRevqS6Pxgg
Mammals described in 1783
Carnivorans of Africa
Hyenas
Mammals of Southern Africa
Fauna of East Africa
Myrmecophagous mammals
Taxa named by Anders Sparrman
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Aardwolf",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The aardwolf (Proteles cristatus) is an insectivorous species of hyena, native to East and Southern Africa. Its name means \"earth-wolf\" in Afrikaans and Dutch. It is also called the maanhaar-jackal (Afrikaans for \"mane-jackal\"), termite-eating hyena and civet hyena, based on its habit of secreting substances from its anal gland, a characteristic shared with the African civet.\n\nUnlike many of its relatives in the order Carnivora, the aardwolf does not hunt large animals. It eats insects and their larvae, mainly termites; one aardwolf can lap up as many as 300,000 termites during a single night using its long, sticky tongue. The aardwolf's tongue has adapted to be tough enough to withstand the strong bite of termites.\n\nThe aardwolf lives in the shrublands of eastern and southern Africa – open lands covered with stunted trees and shrubs. It is nocturnal, resting in burrows during the day and emerging at night to seek food.\n\nTaxonomy\nThe aardwolf is generally classified with the hyena family Hyaenidae, though it was formerly placed in its own family Protelidae. Early on, scientists felt that it was merely mimicking the striped hyena, which subsequently led to the creation of Protelidae. Recent studies have suggested that the aardwolf probably diverged from other hyaenids early on; how early is still unclear, as the fossil record and genetic studies disagree by 10 million years.\n\nThe aardwolf is the only surviving species in the subfamily Protelinae. There is disagreement as to whether the species is monotypic, or can be divided into subspecies P. c. cristatus of Southern Africa and P. c. septentrionalis of East Africa.\n\nA 2006 molecular analysis indicates that it is phylogenetically the most basal of the four extant hyaenidae species.\n\nEtymology\nThe generic name proteles comes from two words both of Greek origin, protos and teleos which combined means \"complete in front\" based on the fact that they have five toes on their front feet and four on the rear. The specific name, cristatus, comes from Latin and means \"provided with a comb\", relating to their mane.\n\nDescription\n\nThe aardwolf resembles a very thin striped hyena, but with a more slender muzzle, black vertical stripes on a coat of yellowish fur, and a long, distinct mane down the midline of the neck and back. It also has one or two diagonal stripes down the fore- and hind-quarters, along with several stripes on its legs. The mane is raised during confrontations to make the aardwolf appear larger. It is missing the throat spot that others in the family have. Its lower leg (from the knee down) is all black, and its tail is bushy with a black tip.\n\nThe aardwolf is about long, excluding its bushy tail, which is about long, and stands about tall at the shoulders. An adult aardwolf weighs approximately , sometimes reaching . The aardwolves in the south of the continent tend to be smaller (about ) than the eastern version (around ). This makes the aardwolf, the smallest extant member of the Hyaenidae family. The front feet have five toes each, unlike the four-toed hyena. The skull is similar in shape to those of other hyenas, though much smaller, and its cheek teeth are specialised for eating insects. It does still have canines, but, unlike other hyenas, these teeth are used primarily for fighting and defense. Its ears, which are large, are very similar to those of the striped hyena.\n\nAs an aardwolf ages, it will normally lose some of its teeth, though this has little impact on its feeding habits due to the softness of the insects that it eats.\n\nDistribution and habitat\nAardwolves live in open, dry plains and bushland, avoiding mountainous areas. Due to their specific food requirements, they are found only in regions where termites of the family Hodotermitidae occur. Termites of this family depend on dead and withered grass and are most populous in heavily grazed grasslands and savannahs, including farmland. For most of the year, aardwolves spend time in shared territories consisting of up to a dozen dens, which are occupied for six weeks at a time.\n\nThere are two distinct populations: one in Southern Africa, and another in East and Northeast Africa. The species does not occur in the intermediary miombo forests.\n\nAn adult pair, along with their most-recent offspring, occupies a territory of .\n\nBehavior and ecology\n\nAardwolves are shy and nocturnal, sleeping in burrows by day. They will, on occasion during the winter, become diurnal feeders. This happens during the coldest periods as they then stay in at night to conserve heat.\n\nThey are primarily solitary animals, though during mating season they form monogamous pairs which occupy a territory with their young. If their territory is infringed upon, they will chase the intruder away for up to or to the border. If the intruder is caught, which rarely happens, a fight will occur, which is accompanied by soft clucking, hoarse barking, and a type of roar. The majority of incursions occur during mating season, when they can occur once or twice per week. When food is scarce, the stringent territorial system may be abandoned and as many as three pairs may occupy a single territory.\n\nThe territory is marked by both sexes, as they both have developed anal glands from which they extrude a black substance that is smeared on rocks or grass stalks in -long streaks. Aardwolves also have scent glands on the forefoot and penile pad. They often mark near termite mounds within their territory every 20 minutes or so. If they are patrolling their territorial boundaries, the marking frequency increases drastically, to once every . At this rate, an individual may mark 60 marks per hour, and upwards of 200 per night.\n\nAn aardwolf pair may have up to 10 dens, and numerous feces middens, within their territory. When they deposit excreta at their middens, they dig a small hole and cover it with sand. Their dens are usually abandoned aardvark, springhare, or porcupine dens, or on occasion they are crevices in rocks. They will also dig their own dens, or enlarge dens started by springhares. They typically will only use one or two dens at a time, rotating through all of their dens every six months. During the summer, they may rest outside their den during the night and sleep underground during the heat of the day.\n\nAardwolves are not fast runners nor are they particularly adept at fighting off predators. Therefore, when threatened, the aardwolf may attempt to mislead its foe by doubling back on its tracks. If confronted, it may raise its mane in an attempt to appear more menacing. It also emits a foul-smelling liquid from its anal glands.\n\nFeeding\nThe aardwolf feeds primarily on termites and more specifically on Trinervitermes. This genus of termites has different species throughout the aardwolf's range. In East Africa, they eat Trinervitermes bettonianus, in central Africa, they eat Trinervitermes rhodesiensis, and in southern Africa, they eat T. trinervoides. Their technique consists of licking them off the ground as opposed to the aardvark, which digs into the mound. They locate their food by sound and also from the scent secreted by the soldier termites. An aardwolf may consume up to 250,000 termites per night using its long, sticky tongue.\n\nThey do not destroy the termite mound or consume the entire colony, thus ensuring that the termites can rebuild and provide a continuous supply of food. They often memorize the location of such nests and return to them every few months. During certain seasonal events, such as the onset of the rainy season and the cold of midwinter, the primary termites become scarce, so the need for other foods becomes pronounced. During these times, the southern aardwolf will seek out Hodotermes mossambicus, a type of harvester termite active in the afternoon, which explains some of their diurnal behavior in the winter. The eastern aardwolf, during the rainy season, subsists on termites from the genera Odontotermes and Macrotermes. They are also known to feed on other insects, larvae, eggs, and, some sources say, occasionally small mammals and birds, but these constitute a very small percentage of their total diet.\n\nUnlike other hyenas, aardwolves do not scavenge or kill larger animals. Contrary to popular myths, aardwolves do not eat carrion, and if they are seen eating while hunched over a dead carcass, they are actually eating larvae and beetles. Also, contrary to some sources, they do not like meat, unless it is finely ground or cooked for them. The adult aardwolf was formerly assumed to forage in small groups, but more recent research has shown that they are primarily solitary foragers, necessary because of the scarcity of their insect prey. Their primary source, Trinervitermes, forages in small but dense patches of . While foraging, the aardwolf can cover about per hour, which translates to per summer night and per winter night.\n\nBreeding\nThe breeding season varies depending on location, but normally takes place during autumn or spring. In South Africa, breeding occurs in early July. During the breeding season, unpaired male aardwolves search their own territory, as well as others, for a female to mate with. Dominant males also mate opportunistically with the females of less dominant neighboring aardwolves, which can result in conflict between rival males. Dominant males even go a step further and as the breeding season approaches, they make increasingly greater and greater incursions onto weaker males' territories. As the female comes into oestrus, they add pasting to their tricks inside of the other territories, sometimes doing so more in rivals' territories than their own. Females will also, when given the opportunity, mate with the dominant male, which increases the chances of the dominant male guarding \"his\" cubs with her. Copulation lasts between 1 and 4.5 hours.\n\nGestation lasts between 89 and 92 days, producing two to five cubs (most often two or three) during the rainy season (November–December), when termites are more active. They are born with their eyes open, but initially are helpless, and weigh around . The first six to eight weeks are spent in the den with their parents. The male may spend up to six hours a night watching over the cubs while the mother is out looking for food. After three months, they begin supervised foraging, and by four months are normally independent, though they often share a den with their mother until the next breeding season. By the time the next set of cubs is born, the older cubs have moved on. Aardwolves generally achieve sexual maturity at one and a half to two years of age.\n\nConservation\nThe aardwolf has not seen decreasing numbers and is relatively widespread throughout eastern Africa. They are not common throughout their range, as they maintain a density of no more than 1 per square kilometer, if food is abundant. Because of these factors, the IUCN has rated the aardwolf as least concern. In some areas, they are persecuted because of the mistaken belief that they prey on livestock; however, they are actually beneficial to the farmers because they eat termites that are detrimental. In other areas, the farmers have recognized this, but they are still killed, on occasion, for their fur. Dogs and insecticides are also common killers of the aardwolf.\n\nIn captivity\n\nFrankfurt Zoo in Germany was home to the oldest recorded aardwolf in captivity at 18 years and 11 months.\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n\n Animal Diversity Web\n IUCN Hyaenidae Specialist Group Aardwolf pages on hyaenidae.org\n Cam footage from the Namib desert https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=lRevqS6Pxgg \n \n\nMammals described in 1783\nCarnivorans of Africa\nHyenas\nMammals of Southern Africa\nFauna of East Africa\nMyrmecophagous mammals\nTaxa named by Anders Sparrman",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph%20Willard
|
Ralph Daniel Willard (born March 28, 1946) is an American former basketball coach. He served as the head men's basketball coach at Western Kentucky University from 1990 to 1994, the University of Pittsburgh from 1994 to 1999, and the College of the Holy Cross from 1999 to 2009, compiling a career college basketball coaching record of 336–241. Willard was also an assistant athletic director at Holy Cross.
Career
After graduating from Holy Cross, Willard was drafted to the United States Army. Willard finished basic training when negotiations began for the Paris Peace Accords, so Willard was reassigned to Fort Benning instead of being sent overseas to Vietnam. At Fort Benning, Willard assisted soldiers receiving treatment for wartime injuries with paperwork.
After serving in the Army, Willard returned to his alma mater, St. Dominic High School in Oyster Bay, New York, to be a physical education teacher. His first coaching job was as an assistant coach at the Merchant Marine Academy during the 1971–72 season. From 1972 to 1984, Willard was a coach at St. Dominic High. During his tenure there he led his team to the 1980 state championship, posted a 162–89 record, and earned five conference coach of the year honors.
After leaving St. Dominic, Willard became the assistant coach at Hofstra University. When Willard left Hofstra, he became a member of the Syracuse University staff that appeared in the NCAA national championship game in 1987.
Willard briefly joined Rick Pitino as a member of the staff of the National Basketball Association's New York Knicks. When Pitino left to become the head coach of the University of Kentucky, Willard joined him as the associate head coach in 1989.
In 1990 Willard was given his first college head coaching job at Western Kentucky University where he stayed until 1994. Within three years Willard led Western Kentucky to a Top 25 national ranking and an appearance in the NCAA Sweet 16.
In 1994 Willard became the head coach of the University of Pittsburgh Panthers men's basketball team. He held this position until 1999 when he returned to his college alma mater at Holy Cross where he had been a member of the class of 1967 and the captain of the 1966-1967 men's basketball team.
Holy Cross
Willard began his tenure at Holy Cross with the goal of turning around a struggling program. The school had only won 22 games in its three previous seasons combined. In only his second season, Willard managed to lead the Crusaders to both the regular season and tournament titles. As a result, he was named the Coach of the Year for the Patriot League. Willard's success at Holy Cross continued as he led the school to two more conference titles and subsequent trips to the NCAA tournament in 2002 and 2003.
In 2005, Holy Cross was invited to the National Invitation Tournament where Willard led the team to the second round with a victory over the University of Notre Dame. Willard was honored for the second time as the Patriot League coach of the year. He also received national recognition when he was named as a finalist for the Jim Phelan National Coach of the Year award.
In 2007, Willard led Holy Cross back to the NCAA Tournament with another Patriot League conference title. This once again earned him coach of the year honors for the Patriot League. During his tenure as the school's head coach, the Crusaders averaged more than 19 victories per season and advanced to the conference tournament championship game six times.
After Holy Cross
On June 10, 2009, Willard became an associate head coach with the University of Louisville to team once again with longtime personal friend Rick Pitino. The following season, Willard became director of operations at Louisville.
From 2011 to 2013, Willard was a consultant back at Holy Cross. In the 2013–14 season, Willard scouted for the Oklahoma City Thunder.
Prior to the 2015–16 season, Willard signed a one-year contract but took a leave of absence in October 2015 for health reasons.
Personal life
Willard is married to the former Dorothy Schreiber and has three children, including college basketball coach Kevin Willard, who was head coach at Seton Hall from 2010 to 2022 and is now the head coach at Maryland. The Willards have lived in Bonita Springs, Florida since around 2012.
In 2005, Willard was diagnosed with prostate cancer. In 2008, he underwent robot-assisted open heart surgery to repair a leaking mitral valve. He has successfully recovered from both and continues to coach today.
Head coaching record
College
References
1946 births
Living people
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from New York (state)
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Guards (basketball)
High school basketball coaches in the United States
Hofstra Pride men's basketball coaches
Holy Cross Crusaders men's basketball coaches
Holy Cross Crusaders men's basketball players
Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball coaches
Louisville Cardinals men's basketball coaches
Merchant Marine Mariners men's basketball coaches
New York Knicks assistant coaches
Oklahoma City Thunder scouts
Pittsburgh Panthers men's basketball coaches
Sportspeople from Brooklyn
Basketball players from New York City
Syracuse Orange men's basketball coaches
Western Kentucky Hilltoppers basketball coaches
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph%20Willard",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Ralph Daniel Willard (born March 28, 1946) is an American former basketball coach. He served as the head men's basketball coach at Western Kentucky University from 1990 to 1994, the University of Pittsburgh from 1994 to 1999, and the College of the Holy Cross from 1999 to 2009, compiling a career college basketball coaching record of 336–241. Willard was also an assistant athletic director at Holy Cross.\n\nCareer\nAfter graduating from Holy Cross, Willard was drafted to the United States Army. Willard finished basic training when negotiations began for the Paris Peace Accords, so Willard was reassigned to Fort Benning instead of being sent overseas to Vietnam. At Fort Benning, Willard assisted soldiers receiving treatment for wartime injuries with paperwork.\n\nAfter serving in the Army, Willard returned to his alma mater, St. Dominic High School in Oyster Bay, New York, to be a physical education teacher. His first coaching job was as an assistant coach at the Merchant Marine Academy during the 1971–72 season. From 1972 to 1984, Willard was a coach at St. Dominic High. During his tenure there he led his team to the 1980 state championship, posted a 162–89 record, and earned five conference coach of the year honors.\n\nAfter leaving St. Dominic, Willard became the assistant coach at Hofstra University. When Willard left Hofstra, he became a member of the Syracuse University staff that appeared in the NCAA national championship game in 1987.\n\nWillard briefly joined Rick Pitino as a member of the staff of the National Basketball Association's New York Knicks. When Pitino left to become the head coach of the University of Kentucky, Willard joined him as the associate head coach in 1989.\n\nIn 1990 Willard was given his first college head coaching job at Western Kentucky University where he stayed until 1994. Within three years Willard led Western Kentucky to a Top 25 national ranking and an appearance in the NCAA Sweet 16.\n\nIn 1994 Willard became the head coach of the University of Pittsburgh Panthers men's basketball team. He held this position until 1999 when he returned to his college alma mater at Holy Cross where he had been a member of the class of 1967 and the captain of the 1966-1967 men's basketball team.\n\nHoly Cross\n\nWillard began his tenure at Holy Cross with the goal of turning around a struggling program. The school had only won 22 games in its three previous seasons combined. In only his second season, Willard managed to lead the Crusaders to both the regular season and tournament titles. As a result, he was named the Coach of the Year for the Patriot League. Willard's success at Holy Cross continued as he led the school to two more conference titles and subsequent trips to the NCAA tournament in 2002 and 2003.\n\nIn 2005, Holy Cross was invited to the National Invitation Tournament where Willard led the team to the second round with a victory over the University of Notre Dame. Willard was honored for the second time as the Patriot League coach of the year. He also received national recognition when he was named as a finalist for the Jim Phelan National Coach of the Year award.\n\nIn 2007, Willard led Holy Cross back to the NCAA Tournament with another Patriot League conference title. This once again earned him coach of the year honors for the Patriot League. During his tenure as the school's head coach, the Crusaders averaged more than 19 victories per season and advanced to the conference tournament championship game six times.\n\nAfter Holy Cross\nOn June 10, 2009, Willard became an associate head coach with the University of Louisville to team once again with longtime personal friend Rick Pitino. The following season, Willard became director of operations at Louisville.\n\nFrom 2011 to 2013, Willard was a consultant back at Holy Cross. In the 2013–14 season, Willard scouted for the Oklahoma City Thunder.\n\nPrior to the 2015–16 season, Willard signed a one-year contract but took a leave of absence in October 2015 for health reasons.\n\nPersonal life\nWillard is married to the former Dorothy Schreiber and has three children, including college basketball coach Kevin Willard, who was head coach at Seton Hall from 2010 to 2022 and is now the head coach at Maryland. The Willards have lived in Bonita Springs, Florida since around 2012.\n\nIn 2005, Willard was diagnosed with prostate cancer. In 2008, he underwent robot-assisted open heart surgery to repair a leaking mitral valve. He has successfully recovered from both and continues to coach today.\n\nHead coaching record\n\nCollege\n\nReferences\n\n1946 births\nLiving people\nAmerican men's basketball players\nBasketball coaches from New York (state)\nCollege men's basketball head coaches in the United States\nGuards (basketball)\nHigh school basketball coaches in the United States\nHofstra Pride men's basketball coaches\nHoly Cross Crusaders men's basketball coaches\nHoly Cross Crusaders men's basketball players\nKentucky Wildcats men's basketball coaches\nLouisville Cardinals men's basketball coaches\nMerchant Marine Mariners men's basketball coaches\nNew York Knicks assistant coaches\nOklahoma City Thunder scouts\nPittsburgh Panthers men's basketball coaches\nSportspeople from Brooklyn\nBasketball players from New York City\nSyracuse Orange men's basketball coaches\nWestern Kentucky Hilltoppers basketball coaches",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
West Bengal Board of Secondary Education
|
The West Bengal Board of Secondary Education is the West Bengal state government administered autonomous examining authority for the Standard 10 examination (or secondary school level examination) of West Bengal, India. It has come into force by the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education Act-1963.
See also
West Bengal Board of Madrasah Education
West Bengal Board of Primary Education
West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education
School Education Department, West Bengal
References
External links
Education in West Bengal
State secondary education boards of India
1951 establishments in West Bengal
Government agencies established in 1951
State agencies of West Bengal
Educational boards based in Kolkata
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "West Bengal Board of Secondary Education",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The West Bengal Board of Secondary Education is the West Bengal state government administered autonomous examining authority for the Standard 10 examination (or secondary school level examination) of West Bengal, India. It has come into force by the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education Act-1963.\n\nSee also\n West Bengal Board of Madrasah Education\n West Bengal Board of Primary Education\n West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education\n School Education Department, West Bengal\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nEducation in West Bengal\nState secondary education boards of India\n1951 establishments in West Bengal\nGovernment agencies established in 1951\nState agencies of West Bengal\nEducational boards based in Kolkata",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Asami Jō
|
, also spelled Asami Joh, is a Japanese actress and former AV Idol from Tokyo. Fans of tokusatsu TV shows also know her as the villain Shibolena in the Super Sentai series Denji Sentai Megaranger.
Life and career
Adult video actress
Jō was born in Tokyo on September 15, 1975, and was a TV commercial model before starting a career in the adult entertainment industry. She was appearing on the late-night TV show Gilgamesh Night when she made her debut in adult videos (AV) at age twenty for the Alice Japan studio with A Bare Skin Jennu in October 1995.
While many Japanese AVs involve some form of documentary style, Asami Jō's videos are mainly in the fictional style of the pink film and early AV. Her February 1996 release for Alice Japan, Love Potion, told the story of a woman who supports her boyfriend financially while he is studying to become a lawyer. She employs sex as a means to make cosmetic sales. Thrilling Club: A Scandalous Night With You (April 1996), had Jō as a married woman who meets an old classmate, with whom she and her husband engage in a menage-a-trois.
In The Beautiful Slave (May 1996), she played the role of a young woman who is unhappy with the marriage her parents have arranged for her. Obscene Model (June 1996) had Jō in the role of a woman who acts like a cat in heat and when she is taken to a veterinarian engages in wild sex with him.
In Top Secret Is Full Nude, released in July 1996, she played a woman who is raped by a man who is later hired by her husband, for whose company she also works. Almost Broken was an organized crime melodrama with Jō escaping from a gang and becoming involved in telephone sex. Like the previously-described videos, this August 1996 release was an Alice Japan production.
Mainstream actress
Jō was a regular cast member on the erotic-themed nighttime TV show Gilgamesh Night from 1995 to 1998. In April 1996 she played the character "Kaoru" in the theatrical film , part of a long running series of "Female Ninja" (Kunoichi) movies. Beginning in February 1996, she also starred in a number of direct-to-video V-cinema productions including La Blue Girl Live 2: Live Birth of the Demon Child and La Blue Girl Live 3: Lady Ninja.
Also in 1996, she starred in the fantasy comedy TV series HEN Vol. 2 broadcast by TV Asahi from May to June 1996. Later in 1996, she starred in another TV show, Shiyou yo 2: Onna kyōshi Nazuna no baai, a comedy broadcast on TV Asahi from November to December 1996.
Jō landed a more extensive TV role in Denji Sentai Megaranger playing the character of Shibolena, an android from the Evil Electric Kingdom Nezirejia who was modeled after the long dead daughter of the leader of Nejirejia invasion party. She also appeared in the series as her younger android sibling Hizumina. This TV Asahi series ran in 51 installments from February 1997 to February 1998. She reprised the character of Shibolena for the V-cinema production originally released in March 1998.
Appearances
Adult Videos
Image video
Gilgame Angel: Asami Jo (1995)
V-Cinema
La Blue Girl Live 2: Live Birth of the Demon Child (February 24, 1996)
La Blue Girl Live 3: Lady Ninja (February 24, 1996)
Lady Ninja: Reflections of Darkness (April 13, 1996)
Nippon Bicycle Race Academy - It's Youth! (May 3, 1997)
Denji Sentai Megaranger vs Carranger (March 13, 1998)
Tokyo Night Wars (May 1, 1998)
Underage Sex Offender Report (July 1, 1998)
Seiju Sentai Gingaman vs Megaranger (March 12, 1999)
Movies
(April 1996)
Break Heat バクの胃袋を開け! (February 14, 1998) as Ginko Ishida
TV shows
Gilgamesh Night (April, 1995 - March 28, 1998)
HEN (1996)
(1996)
(1997)
Denji Sentai Megaranger (1997–1998)
Pictorial Books
"Asami Jo Pictorial" (Scholar, September 1995)
"Hinano" (Eichi Press, June 1996)
"Sora" (Eichi Press, March 1997)
References
External links
1975 births
Japanese female adult models
Japanese pornographic film actresses
Living people
Actresses from Tokyo
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Asami Jō",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": ", also spelled Asami Joh, is a Japanese actress and former AV Idol from Tokyo. Fans of tokusatsu TV shows also know her as the villain Shibolena in the Super Sentai series Denji Sentai Megaranger.\n\nLife and career\n\nAdult video actress\nJō was born in Tokyo on September 15, 1975, and was a TV commercial model before starting a career in the adult entertainment industry. She was appearing on the late-night TV show Gilgamesh Night when she made her debut in adult videos (AV) at age twenty for the Alice Japan studio with A Bare Skin Jennu in October 1995.\n\nWhile many Japanese AVs involve some form of documentary style, Asami Jō's videos are mainly in the fictional style of the pink film and early AV. Her February 1996 release for Alice Japan, Love Potion, told the story of a woman who supports her boyfriend financially while he is studying to become a lawyer. She employs sex as a means to make cosmetic sales. Thrilling Club: A Scandalous Night With You (April 1996), had Jō as a married woman who meets an old classmate, with whom she and her husband engage in a menage-a-trois.\n\nIn The Beautiful Slave (May 1996), she played the role of a young woman who is unhappy with the marriage her parents have arranged for her. Obscene Model (June 1996) had Jō in the role of a woman who acts like a cat in heat and when she is taken to a veterinarian engages in wild sex with him. \nIn Top Secret Is Full Nude, released in July 1996, she played a woman who is raped by a man who is later hired by her husband, for whose company she also works. Almost Broken was an organized crime melodrama with Jō escaping from a gang and becoming involved in telephone sex. Like the previously-described videos, this August 1996 release was an Alice Japan production.\n\nMainstream actress\nJō was a regular cast member on the erotic-themed nighttime TV show Gilgamesh Night from 1995 to 1998. In April 1996 she played the character \"Kaoru\" in the theatrical film , part of a long running series of \"Female Ninja\" (Kunoichi) movies. Beginning in February 1996, she also starred in a number of direct-to-video V-cinema productions including La Blue Girl Live 2: Live Birth of the Demon Child and La Blue Girl Live 3: Lady Ninja.\n\nAlso in 1996, she starred in the fantasy comedy TV series HEN Vol. 2 broadcast by TV Asahi from May to June 1996. Later in 1996, she starred in another TV show, Shiyou yo 2: Onna kyōshi Nazuna no baai, a comedy broadcast on TV Asahi from November to December 1996.\n\nJō landed a more extensive TV role in Denji Sentai Megaranger playing the character of Shibolena, an android from the Evil Electric Kingdom Nezirejia who was modeled after the long dead daughter of the leader of Nejirejia invasion party. She also appeared in the series as her younger android sibling Hizumina. This TV Asahi series ran in 51 installments from February 1997 to February 1998. She reprised the character of Shibolena for the V-cinema production originally released in March 1998.\n\nAppearances\n\nAdult Videos\n\nImage video \n Gilgame Angel: Asami Jo (1995)\n\nV-Cinema \n La Blue Girl Live 2: Live Birth of the Demon Child (February 24, 1996)\n La Blue Girl Live 3: Lady Ninja (February 24, 1996)\n Lady Ninja: Reflections of Darkness (April 13, 1996)\n Nippon Bicycle Race Academy - It's Youth! (May 3, 1997)\n Denji Sentai Megaranger vs Carranger (March 13, 1998)\n Tokyo Night Wars (May 1, 1998)\n Underage Sex Offender Report (July 1, 1998)\n Seiju Sentai Gingaman vs Megaranger (March 12, 1999)\n\nMovies \n (April 1996)\n Break Heat バクの胃袋を開け! (February 14, 1998) as Ginko Ishida\n\nTV shows \n Gilgamesh Night (April, 1995 - March 28, 1998)\n HEN (1996)\n (1996)\n (1997)\n Denji Sentai Megaranger (1997–1998)\n\nPictorial Books \n \"Asami Jo Pictorial\" (Scholar, September 1995) \n \"Hinano\" (Eichi Press, June 1996) \n \"Sora\" (Eichi Press, March 1997)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n \n\n1975 births\nJapanese female adult models\nJapanese pornographic film actresses\nLiving people\nActresses from Tokyo",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf%20Coast%20High%20School
|
Gulf Coast High School is a public high school located in North Naples, Florida about from Naples, Florida. The school opened in August 1998 and is part of the District School Board of Collier County.
Athletics
Gulf Coast High School is one of the seven members of the Collier County Athletic Conference and also belongs to the Florida High School Athletic Association (FHSAA). The school offers the following athletic programs.
Fall sports
Boys & Girls Cross Country
American football (Freshmen, JV, Varsity)
Boys & Girls Golf
Boys & Girls Swimming & Diving
Girls Volleyball (Freshmen, JV, Varsity)
Girls Cheerleading
Winter sports
Boys & Girls Soccer (JV, Varsity)
Wrestling
Boys & Girls Basketball (Freshmen, JV, Varsity)
Spring sports
Baseball
Softball
Boys & Girls Tennis
Boys & Girls Track and field
Boys & Girls Lacrosse (JV, Varsity)
The boys soccer team have won the state championship 3 times: in 2013, 2018, and 2021.
Career academies
Gulf Coast High School is home to three different Career Academies. The goal of these programs is to help students that are interested in a certain career.
Sports and Entertainment Academy
This academy focuses on the promotion of sports, sports teams, and sports events.
Medical Academy
The Medical Academy's goal is to prepare students to pursue a career in any medical field they may be interested in.
Engineering Academy
For prospective students looking into the engineering field.
Courses offered at Gulf Coast include Introduction to Engineering Design (IED), Digital Engineering (DE), Principles of Engineering (POE), Aerospace Engineering (AE), Engineering Design and Development (EDD).
Extracurricular activities
Gulf Coast High School is home to many different extracurricular clubs. An accurate, up-to-date list is difficult to keep, as clubs are added and dropped as students graduate or lose interest. However, some of the notable clubs are:
Key Club
National Honor Society
Student Government
Drama Club
Glee Club
DECA
Fellowship of Christian Athletes
FBLA
Spanish & French Honor Societies
Model United Nations
Gay/Straight Alliance
Band
Orchestra
Color guard
Scholar Bowl
Theatre
Gulf Coast High School is part of District Six thespians and is International Thespian Society Troupe number 5876. Each year the theatre troupe puts on four main events. First there is a main-stage, full length production. There is also either a musical or dinner theatre, and then there are two shows featuring events scheduled to appear in District competition including Evening Extraordinaire: A One Act affair, and A Dramatic Showcase (featuring Individual Events). Occasionally there are shows that are produced every few years.
Pieces are rated in the following fashion: Superior, Excellent, Good, Fair, Poor. In 2006, for the first time in troupe history, one theatre student received the award for Best Overall Technical Theatre Piece for their Costume design in the District 6 Competition. This piece was chosen by the judges as the best technical theatre entry out of all the high schools participating, and out of all sub-categories in Technical Theatre. In 2007, three students were chosen to represent District 6 in State Competition. One received the award for Best Overall Technical Theatre Piece for a scenic design in the District 6 Competition, and a duo received the award for the Best Overall Pantomime in the District 6 Competition. In 2010, Gulf Coast High School received further acclaim after receiving straight superiors on their one-act play, and on three individual student's monologues. The students also participated at the Florida State Thespian Competition in Tampa, Florida back in April 2010.
Inventeam
In 2004, Gulf Coast High School was one of thirteen schools nationwide that received a $10,000 grant from the Lemelson-MIT Inventeams Program. The program is part of the Lemelson-MIT program which endeavors to foster a spirit of research and invention in high schools nationwide through grants. The GCHS Inventeam's invention was a hybrid between an air ionizing system similar to the Ionic Breeze and a typical ceiling fan. The idea was that the ceiling fan would circulate the air around the room, and as the air flowed over the ionizing system it would be cleaned as well, providing multipurpose from an appliance standard in many households.
Model United Nations
The GCHS Model United Nations team is one of the premier activities in Gulf Coast High School. Recently expanding its program in 2010, the team has since won delegation awards at Georgia Tech, Columbia, UCLA, Pennsylvania, Stanford, Miami, FGCU, among many more delegate awards at other conferences. In Fall 2011, the team was ranked 10th in the nation, hardly a year after the expansion of its program. In 2018, the team was ranked number one in the nation for public schools, and 6th overall.
Band
The GCHS band is the largest band in Florida, with about 350 members. Every year, the band participates in either the Universal or Disney parades. In 2015, the band participated in the nationally televised Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City.
Demographics
These are the school's demographics as of May 2021:
White: 63%
Hispanic: 25%
Black: 5%
Asian: 3%
Multi-racial: 2%
Native American: 0.5%
Campus
Gulf Coast High School consists of 8 main buildings which enclose a courtyard that is in size. Most of the building is on a single level, however Building 5, being the largest building, has classrooms on a second floor and the 1,200-seat auditorium has a balcony on a second level. The school includes computer labs, a gymnasium, a 3,000-seat capacity football stadium, cafeteria, media center, TV Production Studio, and darkrooms for photography.
Building 1: Administrative Offices
Building 2: Gymnasium
Building 3: P.E. Dept.
Building 4: Classrooms
Building 5: Classrooms
Building 6: Classrooms
Building 7: Cafeteria
Building 8: Auditorium; Music Classrooms
Accolades
In 2015, the school was included in U.S. News & World Report's Best High Schools Ranking, and was one of six Collier County schools to earn a medal. The school was given a silver medal.
Notable Alumni
Jake O'Connell, former professional NFL player
Marcel Rodriguez, Filmmaker/Actor
Luke Masterson, current NFL linebacker for the Las Vegas Raiders
External link
Official School Web Site
References
High schools in Collier County, Florida
Public high schools in Florida
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf%20Coast%20High%20School",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Gulf Coast High School is a public high school located in North Naples, Florida about from Naples, Florida. The school opened in August 1998 and is part of the District School Board of Collier County.\n\nAthletics\nGulf Coast High School is one of the seven members of the Collier County Athletic Conference and also belongs to the Florida High School Athletic Association (FHSAA). The school offers the following athletic programs.\n\nFall sports\nBoys & Girls Cross Country\nAmerican football (Freshmen, JV, Varsity)\nBoys & Girls Golf\nBoys & Girls Swimming & Diving\nGirls Volleyball (Freshmen, JV, Varsity)\nGirls Cheerleading\n\nWinter sports\nBoys & Girls Soccer (JV, Varsity)\nWrestling\nBoys & Girls Basketball (Freshmen, JV, Varsity)\n\nSpring sports\nBaseball\nSoftball\nBoys & Girls Tennis\nBoys & Girls Track and field\nBoys & Girls Lacrosse (JV, Varsity)\nThe boys soccer team have won the state championship 3 times: in 2013, 2018, and 2021.\n\nCareer academies\nGulf Coast High School is home to three different Career Academies. The goal of these programs is to help students that are interested in a certain career.\n\nSports and Entertainment Academy\nThis academy focuses on the promotion of sports, sports teams, and sports events.\n\nMedical Academy\nThe Medical Academy's goal is to prepare students to pursue a career in any medical field they may be interested in.\n\nEngineering Academy\nFor prospective students looking into the engineering field.\n\nCourses offered at Gulf Coast include Introduction to Engineering Design (IED), Digital Engineering (DE), Principles of Engineering (POE), Aerospace Engineering (AE), Engineering Design and Development (EDD).\n\nExtracurricular activities\nGulf Coast High School is home to many different extracurricular clubs. An accurate, up-to-date list is difficult to keep, as clubs are added and dropped as students graduate or lose interest. However, some of the notable clubs are:\n\nKey Club\nNational Honor Society\nStudent Government\nDrama Club\nGlee Club\nDECA\nFellowship of Christian Athletes\nFBLA\nSpanish & French Honor Societies\nModel United Nations\nGay/Straight Alliance\nBand\nOrchestra\nColor guard\nScholar Bowl\n\nTheatre\nGulf Coast High School is part of District Six thespians and is International Thespian Society Troupe number 5876. Each year the theatre troupe puts on four main events. First there is a main-stage, full length production. There is also either a musical or dinner theatre, and then there are two shows featuring events scheduled to appear in District competition including Evening Extraordinaire: A One Act affair, and A Dramatic Showcase (featuring Individual Events). Occasionally there are shows that are produced every few years.\n\nPieces are rated in the following fashion: Superior, Excellent, Good, Fair, Poor. In 2006, for the first time in troupe history, one theatre student received the award for Best Overall Technical Theatre Piece for their Costume design in the District 6 Competition. This piece was chosen by the judges as the best technical theatre entry out of all the high schools participating, and out of all sub-categories in Technical Theatre. In 2007, three students were chosen to represent District 6 in State Competition. One received the award for Best Overall Technical Theatre Piece for a scenic design in the District 6 Competition, and a duo received the award for the Best Overall Pantomime in the District 6 Competition. In 2010, Gulf Coast High School received further acclaim after receiving straight superiors on their one-act play, and on three individual student's monologues. The students also participated at the Florida State Thespian Competition in Tampa, Florida back in April 2010.\n\nInventeam\nIn 2004, Gulf Coast High School was one of thirteen schools nationwide that received a $10,000 grant from the Lemelson-MIT Inventeams Program. The program is part of the Lemelson-MIT program which endeavors to foster a spirit of research and invention in high schools nationwide through grants. The GCHS Inventeam's invention was a hybrid between an air ionizing system similar to the Ionic Breeze and a typical ceiling fan. The idea was that the ceiling fan would circulate the air around the room, and as the air flowed over the ionizing system it would be cleaned as well, providing multipurpose from an appliance standard in many households.\n\nModel United Nations\nThe GCHS Model United Nations team is one of the premier activities in Gulf Coast High School. Recently expanding its program in 2010, the team has since won delegation awards at Georgia Tech, Columbia, UCLA, Pennsylvania, Stanford, Miami, FGCU, among many more delegate awards at other conferences. In Fall 2011, the team was ranked 10th in the nation, hardly a year after the expansion of its program. In 2018, the team was ranked number one in the nation for public schools, and 6th overall.\n\nBand \nThe GCHS band is the largest band in Florida, with about 350 members. Every year, the band participates in either the Universal or Disney parades. In 2015, the band participated in the nationally televised Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City.\n\nDemographics \nThese are the school's demographics as of May 2021:\n\n White: 63%\n Hispanic: 25%\n Black: 5%\n Asian: 3%\n Multi-racial: 2%\n Native American: 0.5%\n\nCampus\nGulf Coast High School consists of 8 main buildings which enclose a courtyard that is in size. Most of the building is on a single level, however Building 5, being the largest building, has classrooms on a second floor and the 1,200-seat auditorium has a balcony on a second level. The school includes computer labs, a gymnasium, a 3,000-seat capacity football stadium, cafeteria, media center, TV Production Studio, and darkrooms for photography.\n\nBuilding 1: Administrative Offices\nBuilding 2: Gymnasium\nBuilding 3: P.E. Dept.\nBuilding 4: Classrooms\nBuilding 5: Classrooms\nBuilding 6: Classrooms\nBuilding 7: Cafeteria\nBuilding 8: Auditorium; Music Classrooms\n\nAccolades\nIn 2015, the school was included in U.S. News & World Report's Best High Schools Ranking, and was one of six Collier County schools to earn a medal. The school was given a silver medal.\n\nNotable Alumni\nJake O'Connell, former professional NFL player\nMarcel Rodriguez, Filmmaker/Actor\nLuke Masterson, current NFL linebacker for the Las Vegas Raiders\n\nExternal link\nOfficial School Web Site\n\nReferences\n\nHigh schools in Collier County, Florida\nPublic high schools in Florida",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset%20Beach%20%28Oahu%29
|
Sunset Beach is on the North Shore of Oahu in Hawaii and known for big wave surfing during the winter season. The original Hawaiian name for this place is Paumalū. It is a two-mile (3.3 km) stretch of mostly beige sand located at 59-104 Kamehameha Highway in Pupukea, 39 miles (63 km) driving distance from Waikiki. Lifeguards are usually present.
Like many beaches on Oahu's North Shore, Sunset Beach is considered dangerous for inexperienced surfers, due to extensive coral formations near the surface that present the risk of serious injury. Trade winds will be an advantage and a disadvantage, at the same, as the offshore breeze will make paddling for a wave a difficult task. Conditions for swimming change depending on the particular location and season. Generally speaking, the water is flat as a lake in the summers and has waves in the winters. All the surfing contests take place in the winter around December and January, that being the time of the largest and best waves for surfing. Swimming conditions change from spot to spot along the beach. There is usually a place to swim somewhere, except during stormy weather.
Severe erosion of the sand at Sunset occasionally occurs during sets of extremely large surf episodes. During December in 2017 following several long lasting episodes with at least 30' to 40' waves for several days, severe sand erosion, which formed a more than 20' cliff along the edge of bicycle trail, closed the beach the week before Christmas. This catastrophic erosion caused the bike path to be rerouted closer to Kamehameha Highway when large concrete portions of the bike path fell off the cliff into the shore break area, forced the lifeguard tower to be relocated more inland, and required the city of Honolulu to demolish and remove the 11-by-11-foot lifeguard storage shed. During extremely large surf in October 2013 and in December 2013 to January 2014, backyards, staircases, and swimming pools were swept out to sea.
Surfing competitions
Sunset Beach will pump perfect waves with West-to-Northeast swells coming from the North Pacific. The spot is located two miles (3.3 km) east of Banzai Pipeline. It was home to the Duke Kahanamoku Invitational Surfing Championship until 1985. The Quiksilver Big Wave Invitational in honor of Eddie Aikau started at Sunset Beach in 1984. Today Sunset Beach is home to the prestigious Triple Crown of Surfing, which is part of the World Cup of Surfing. It also holds contests such as the Pipe Masters and a stop on the WSL Championship Tour
Gallery
See also
Big wave surfing
References
Surfing locations in Hawaii
Big wave surfing
Beaches of Oahu
Tourist attractions in Honolulu County, Hawaii
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset%20Beach%20%28Oahu%29",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Sunset Beach is on the North Shore of Oahu in Hawaii and known for big wave surfing during the winter season. The original Hawaiian name for this place is Paumalū. It is a two-mile (3.3 km) stretch of mostly beige sand located at 59-104 Kamehameha Highway in Pupukea, 39 miles (63 km) driving distance from Waikiki. Lifeguards are usually present. \n\nLike many beaches on Oahu's North Shore, Sunset Beach is considered dangerous for inexperienced surfers, due to extensive coral formations near the surface that present the risk of serious injury. Trade winds will be an advantage and a disadvantage, at the same, as the offshore breeze will make paddling for a wave a difficult task. Conditions for swimming change depending on the particular location and season. Generally speaking, the water is flat as a lake in the summers and has waves in the winters. All the surfing contests take place in the winter around December and January, that being the time of the largest and best waves for surfing. Swimming conditions change from spot to spot along the beach. There is usually a place to swim somewhere, except during stormy weather.\n\nSevere erosion of the sand at Sunset occasionally occurs during sets of extremely large surf episodes. During December in 2017 following several long lasting episodes with at least 30' to 40' waves for several days, severe sand erosion, which formed a more than 20' cliff along the edge of bicycle trail, closed the beach the week before Christmas. This catastrophic erosion caused the bike path to be rerouted closer to Kamehameha Highway when large concrete portions of the bike path fell off the cliff into the shore break area, forced the lifeguard tower to be relocated more inland, and required the city of Honolulu to demolish and remove the 11-by-11-foot lifeguard storage shed. During extremely large surf in October 2013 and in December 2013 to January 2014, backyards, staircases, and swimming pools were swept out to sea.\n\nSurfing competitions\n\nSunset Beach will pump perfect waves with West-to-Northeast swells coming from the North Pacific. The spot is located two miles (3.3 km) east of Banzai Pipeline. It was home to the Duke Kahanamoku Invitational Surfing Championship until 1985. The Quiksilver Big Wave Invitational in honor of Eddie Aikau started at Sunset Beach in 1984. Today Sunset Beach is home to the prestigious Triple Crown of Surfing, which is part of the World Cup of Surfing. It also holds contests such as the Pipe Masters and a stop on the WSL Championship Tour\n\nGallery\n\nSee also\n\nBig wave surfing\n\nReferences\n\nSurfing locations in Hawaii\nBig wave surfing\nBeaches of Oahu\nTourist attractions in Honolulu County, Hawaii",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
The Real
|
In continental philosophy, the Real refers to the remainder of reality that cannot be expressed, and which surpasses reasoning. In Lacanianism, it is an "impossible" category because of its opposition to expression and inconceivability. The Real Order is a topological ring (lalangue) and ex-ists as an infinite homonym.
In human geography and depth psychology
The Real is the intelligible form of the horizon of truth of the field-of-objects that has been disclosed. As the Real Order of the Borromean knot in Lacanianism, it is opposed in the unconscious to the Symbolic, which encompasses fantasy, dreams and hallucinations. In depth psychology and human geography, the Real can be described as a "negative space", analogous to a "black hole", a philosophical void of sociality and subjectivity, a traumatic consensus of intersubjectivity, or as an absolute noumenalness between signifiers. Lewis states that the Real can be a presence or is a substance and cites Derrida's claim that the real is authenticity.
Jacques Lacan defines the Real as a plenum, a nature beyond culture that is contradistinct from the ontic. The Lacanian real is a section of the triadic, Borromean knot: the Imaginary, the Symbolic, and the Real; the center of the knot is the sinthome (monad-soul).
Thing-ness
Felluga states that Bill Brown's Thing is conceptually close to the Real, as it is a type of unreliableness of the relation between subject and object that is neither subject nor object.
Discourse of the subject
A master signifier (S1) organizes narrative (S2): a defensive form of discourse that is an ideological reaction to the Real: i.e., mythic explanation, hero's journey, storytelling, theme, pathos, ethos, plot, conflict, closure. The real subject (as id) is repressed (via aphanisis) by the imaginary-signified ego's ideologizing overtop of the real instincts. Narrative speech (parole) is an attempt to resolve the Real-Imaginary aporia (langue) concerning events.
Psychotic discourse
Felluga states that Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe's term antagonism, as a societal limit that sits outside of society's articulation, functions similarly to the Real.
Hurst states that, in principle, self-analysis (analyst's discourse) might prevent an analyst from retrogressing to the ideological position of the master's discourse (i.e., King in The Purloined Letter).
The phallic signifier and castration
The ineffable, unary signifier of lack (phallus) stitches the unconscious drives to jouissance, dialectically bridging language and desire (logos and eros, the Apollonian and the Dionysian).
Drives
Barthes reflects that the inner voice of the subject is structured in a triad of "Presence" (frustration) created by the maternal Other, "Intermittence" (castration anxiety) over the loss of the phallus as an imaginary object taken by the real father, and "Absence" (privation) that occurs from losing the phallus from the imaginary father; (symbolic desire separates from real need and becomes imaginary demand) (q.v., Lacan's graph of desire).
In neurosis
Hurst argues that the Lacanian Real parallels Derrida's concept of différance. Lewis states that lalangue is the arche-writing repetition that reveals the real subject through différance. Guattari states that temporal différance is secreted from obsessional neurosis.
Hysteric's discourse
The hysteric's discourse is driven by the Real, where object (a) is at an impossible-to-find truth. Neither individuation nor differentiation can happen in the stagnancy of the Real.
The three categories of hysteria — conversion hysteria, anxiety hysteria, and traumatic hysteria — have a basis in alienation, with an identification to those-without-the-phallus, and a self-sacrifice through displacement. Hurst states that masculine libidinal hysteria breaches the paranoid-schizoid position of masculine fanaticism by attempting to make the Real appear, whereas feminine libidinal hysteria breaches the Nietzschean radical nihilism of Hegel's "eternal irony" by resisting the Symbolic Order.
Artistic discourse
Artistic discourse is a pneuma of neurosis-psychosis hallucinatory hysteria, a poetic-real microcosm of the True-Real.
Signs of the real
Tuché is an Aristotelian-borrowed term to describe the traumatic encounter-kernel of the Real and automaton to describe the repetitive transference process of symbolizing the Real.
The Symbolic introduces "a cut in the Real" in the process of signification: "it is the world of words that creates the world of things." Thus the Real emerges as that which is outside language, making it "that which resists symbolization absolutely". The logos of the Symbolic creates the Order of the Real; the Real and kairos divide the logos, resist symbolization, and anticipate being symbolized.
Signifiers of this experience are Lacan's jouissance, Marx's theory of alienation, the numinous, psychological trauma, transcendence, the sublime or a fractured ideology; particularly, it can be a narrative that separates signifiers from conscious desire-quest (i.e., narcissistic injury).
Jouissance
Julia Kristeva, particularly in her 1980 essay Powers of Horror, posits that the super-ego's abjection facilitates a subjective traumatic limit between subject and objects, with the Real, through ego-object loss and castration of surplus jouissance. Hurst references Žižek: for any event that converges on a collapsed Symbolic Order, is a where Antigone becomes the Thing. Lacanian Being-for-death is a death drive for its telos (i.e., sublimity).
Unreal vs real(2)
The unreal-unnameable organ called a lamella (or libido as a symbiotic, pre-Oedipal, pre-symbolic Real(1) before-signified-who-ness) is distinct from the Real(2) after-signifier-what-ness, which a subject experiences at the limits of the Imaginary and Symbolic. Real(1) is a continuous, "whole" reality that is undivided by language, while Real(2) is the space of the possibility of abjection being raised wherever there is interference in the path of the object of the ego, including the experience of surplus jouissance which threatens to surpass a subject's boundaries; Kristeva remarks that this experience "takes the ego back to its source", i.e., the id.
Somatization
Malcolm Bowie interprets the Lacanian real as ineffable (i.e., uncanny).
Historical materialism
Fredric Jameson interprets Lacan's real through a Marxist-Hegelian lens as meaning "History itself", a narrative symptom of the event.
In afro-pessimism
Marriott examines Fanon: white people's gaze and dehumanization of black people through objectification, creating a desire for the absent object-of-identity in marginalized individuals that is destroyed through racist signification. George states that race is an objet a confrontation with jouissance and lack. George posits that the history of slavery in the United States and racism are within the Real (e.g., Beloved). Crockett references W. E. B. Du Bois in relation to a Real critique of the Symbolic through a point of view from the angle of double consciousness.
Sinthome
In practice, Lacanian psychoanalysis derives the event by gazing at the resistance and transference to identify the automaton mechanisms of the Thing (viz., foreclosure, repression, and disavowal) that are utilized to anamorphosically read where the signifiers are hiding the symptomatic objet petit (a), rendering the real subject.
Subject-as-metaphor
The void is what the subject finds through interrogation of oneself. The subject existentially navigates an inward, metaphorical and vacuous desert or ocean, unguided by the psychoanalytic metaphor of God's "Original Presence". Premodern philosophers also thought up a formless chora, a pre-universal "chaos", and the experience of horror vacui; these conceptions of an unguided ego confronting the void informed psychoanalysis. It prefigured Lacan's outline of how the subject-as-metaphor, later the analysand, encounters the Real and how this experience is slated in analysis to give rise to pathologies, particularly anxieties and traumas. In psychoanalysis, the subject appears either as transference, repression or as the barrier separating the signifier over the signified. Subjective experience is a paradoxical extension inseparable from the experience of place, landscape, and body, which can be conveyed as utopia, dystopia, or pantheon.
Philosophers reveal the Real engulfing the ego in a comparatively unfamiliar and defamiliarizing space, and the subject's dystonic feelings of confrontation. The geographical self as described in human geography, or alternatively the "makanthropos" as described by Schopenhauer, feels Cartesian anxiety, a confusion of certainty in reason, from the experience of this formless void.
Resistance
An impasse is the resistance between the real and the imaginary that affects the therapeutic alliance, wherein the client is at odds with the Transcendent Function of the therapist's mind as mediation to the Symbolic Order by way of the Signifier-as-God (i.e., discrepancy). Analysis reveals the kernel at the core of the Real through resistance. The finite ego resists the unconscious's infinite lattice of signifiers.
Passe
Lacan gave the name passe to the analysand's dualistic experience of uncertainty, becoming eclipsed and challenged by a subjective confrontation, that gives way to a feeling of certainty with the Real, e.g. in the temptation of Christ or the desolation of saints; it is "the moment of crisis in a speaking cure in which all subjectivity, the last imaginary residue [of the ego], all self-love falls away" and is replaced by acceptance from the analyst.
Michael Eigen states that a paradox of faith comes from subject-attacking-object (such as in Jung's Answer to Job). The Real, as analogized as an aporia in experience or an encompassing black hole of reality, relates to the Jungian archetype of the Death Mother, the shadow of the Mother archetype, articulated in Neumann's The Great Mother.
The becoming produced under therapy sessions can lead to an ineffable and oceanic experience of the Thing (White interpreting Bion, Eigen, Ogden); the analyst in the Bion school seeks to be an empty container, or empty subject of the void, of the client's projections.
God as the real
Lerner states that Spinoza's God may be interpreted as the real, with the attribute of Thought as the symbolic.
Interpretations of the real
With Muller, psychosis has no word-thing symbolic mediation: figurative communications function as reified Real objects (e.g., projective identification and bizarre objects). Marriott states that foreclosure is directly connected to ressentiment. Brenner cites Laurent, claiming autistic foreclosure leads to Real castration through manifesting a synthetic mOther (The Death of the Author or barring the subject), as opposed to Symbolic castration within an organic nomos; this existential crisis could theoretically lead to the emergence of a schizoid personality style (dissociation, isolation, and intellectualization); q.v., enantiodromia. Under autistic foreclosure, the autistic subject is un-barred, wherein the signifier feels Real (q.v., synesthesia).
Leeb conjectures that Theodor W. Adorno's concept of the non-identical and Lacan's Real fall under immanent critique.
In schizoanalysis
In critical overviews of the work of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, the Real has been identified, particularly in readings of A Thousand Plateaus, as the plane of defamiliarized and deterritorialized empty signifiers that approach the uncanny valley, destroyed signs of an imploding gaze, and a-temporal semiotic black holes of faciality. In both the construction and destruction of the "face", a system that "brings together a despotic wall of interconnected signifiers and passional black holes of subjective absorption", there is a split in subjectivity and a confrontation with the Real. The uncanny, the plane of empty signifiers, is found in relations between intersections of the interior-self and exterior-Other, a "return of the repressed" as an eternal return of the path of the objet petit a that disturbs familiarity and further deterritorializes the subject.
Guattari, who throughout the development of his philosophy was critical of Lacan, wrote in the 1979 essay "Logos or Abstract Machines?" that:
When the monad-soul finds inner stability, the autopoietic objet petit a does not lead to introjection (oral stage) nor projection (anal stage): this state is the body without organs, a virtuality of becoming within the plane of immanence. The real is a diagrammatic virtuality of reality (or Nature), onticly surpassing all regimes of signs by the merging of content and expression in the body without organs.
Modalities of the real in Žižek
Slavoj Žižek divides the gist of the Lacanian Real into "three modalities":<ref>{{cite journal
| last1 = Luque
| first1 = Juan Luis Pérez de
| date = August 2013
| title = Lovecraft, Reality, and the Real: A Žižekian Approach
| url = A Žižekian Approach
| journal = Lovecraft Annual
| issue = 7
| pages = 187–203
| jstor = 26868476
| access-date = 2022-01-16
| quote = Žižek...divides the Real into three different categories, which coincide with the imaginary/real/symbolic division: 'There are thus THREE modalities[...]the 'real Real'[...]'symbolic Real'[...]'imaginary Real'[...]On Belief 82’’}}</ref>
The "symbolic Real" (Phallus): signifier of signification, Lacan's impossible "Other of the Other"
symbolic historicity (Clotho) perpetually quilting the chain of signifiers (Lachesis) with a new master signifier (Atropos); i.e., dialectically ideological narrative-punctuation (hermeneutic circle/monad): when kairos castrates the logos with the Real.
The "imaginary Real" (Objet petit a): Lewis states that real-traces of each signifier are rendered intelligible through the no-image signified
a parallax-ic ego-split, deriving an ego-ideal object (a '), creating a poetic-real mental image of horror and terror, deriving the uncanny: méconnaissance.
The "real Real" (Event): a semiotic negative-image object (e.g., woodblock printing), neither symbolic signifier nor imaginary signified
a fissure of the Symbolic; an absence-of-absence (~~p); a reified psychological projection, sublimated as a Thing (viz., transference-object, analysand, identification, and nondualism).
Lewis states that the real-of-the-symbolic is the letter (referenced in Lacan's schemas), and the real-of-the-imaginary is objet petit a.
Žižek cites, as literary examples of the Real which he identifies as "the primordial abyss which swallows everything, dissolving all identities", the eldritch experience of Pip in the ocean in Herman Melville's Moby-Dick, regression and the repetition compulsion of characterological desire in death drive within Poe's Maelström, and the climax of Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness where Kurtz is in the throes of death. Meanwhile, in his use of film analysis, Žižek states that the real Real can be found in The Full Monty and surreptitiously in The Sound of Music''.
Glyn Daly also provided a further elaboration of Žižek's three modalities through his pre-established examples from pop culture:
The real Real is the hard limit that functions as the horrifying Thing (the Alien, Medusa's head, maelstrom and so on) - a shattering force of negation. The symbolic Real refers to the anonymous symbols and codes (scientific formulae, digitalisation, empty signifiers...) that function in an indifferent manner as the abstract "texture" onto which, or out of which, reality is constituted. In The Matrix, for example, the symbolic Real is given expression at the point where Neo perceives "reality" in terms of the abstract streams of digital output. In the contemporary world, Žižek argues that it is capital itself that provides this essential backdrop to our reality and as such represents the symbolic Real of our age. With the "imaginary real" we have precisely the (unsustainable) dimension of fantasmatic excess-negation that is explored in Flatliners. This is why cyberspace is such an ambiguous imaginary realm.
Notable figures
See also
Notes
Further reading
External links
Chronology of Jacques Lacan
The Seminars of Jacques Lacan
An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis - Dylan Evans
Psychoanalytic terminology
Jacques Lacan
Post-structuralism
Structuralism
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "The Real",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "In continental philosophy, the Real refers to the remainder of reality that cannot be expressed, and which surpasses reasoning. In Lacanianism, it is an \"impossible\" category because of its opposition to expression and inconceivability. The Real Order is a topological ring (lalangue) and ex-ists as an infinite homonym.\n\nIn human geography and depth psychology\n\nThe Real is the intelligible form of the horizon of truth of the field-of-objects that has been disclosed. As the Real Order of the Borromean knot in Lacanianism, it is opposed in the unconscious to the Symbolic, which encompasses fantasy, dreams and hallucinations. In depth psychology and human geography, the Real can be described as a \"negative space\", analogous to a \"black hole\", a philosophical void of sociality and subjectivity, a traumatic consensus of intersubjectivity, or as an absolute noumenalness between signifiers. Lewis states that the Real can be a presence or is a substance and cites Derrida's claim that the real is authenticity.\n\nJacques Lacan defines the Real as a plenum, a nature beyond culture that is contradistinct from the ontic. The Lacanian real is a section of the triadic, Borromean knot: the Imaginary, the Symbolic, and the Real; the center of the knot is the sinthome (monad-soul).\n\nThing-ness\n\nFelluga states that Bill Brown's Thing is conceptually close to the Real, as it is a type of unreliableness of the relation between subject and object that is neither subject nor object.\n\nDiscourse of the subject\n\nA master signifier (S1) organizes narrative (S2): a defensive form of discourse that is an ideological reaction to the Real: i.e., mythic explanation, hero's journey, storytelling, theme, pathos, ethos, plot, conflict, closure. The real subject (as id) is repressed (via aphanisis) by the imaginary-signified ego's ideologizing overtop of the real instincts. Narrative speech (parole) is an attempt to resolve the Real-Imaginary aporia (langue) concerning events.\n\nPsychotic discourse\n\nFelluga states that Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe's term antagonism, as a societal limit that sits outside of society's articulation, functions similarly to the Real.\n\nHurst states that, in principle, self-analysis (analyst's discourse) might prevent an analyst from retrogressing to the ideological position of the master's discourse (i.e., King in The Purloined Letter).\n\nThe phallic signifier and castration\n\nThe ineffable, unary signifier of lack (phallus) stitches the unconscious drives to jouissance, dialectically bridging language and desire (logos and eros, the Apollonian and the Dionysian).\n\nDrives\n\nBarthes reflects that the inner voice of the subject is structured in a triad of \"Presence\" (frustration) created by the maternal Other, \"Intermittence\" (castration anxiety) over the loss of the phallus as an imaginary object taken by the real father, and \"Absence\" (privation) that occurs from losing the phallus from the imaginary father; (symbolic desire separates from real need and becomes imaginary demand) (q.v., Lacan's graph of desire).\n\nIn neurosis\n\nHurst argues that the Lacanian Real parallels Derrida's concept of différance. Lewis states that lalangue is the arche-writing repetition that reveals the real subject through différance. Guattari states that temporal différance is secreted from obsessional neurosis.\n\nHysteric's discourse\n\nThe hysteric's discourse is driven by the Real, where object (a) is at an impossible-to-find truth. Neither individuation nor differentiation can happen in the stagnancy of the Real.\n\nThe three categories of hysteria — conversion hysteria, anxiety hysteria, and traumatic hysteria — have a basis in alienation, with an identification to those-without-the-phallus, and a self-sacrifice through displacement. Hurst states that masculine libidinal hysteria breaches the paranoid-schizoid position of masculine fanaticism by attempting to make the Real appear, whereas feminine libidinal hysteria breaches the Nietzschean radical nihilism of Hegel's \"eternal irony\" by resisting the Symbolic Order.\n\nArtistic discourse\n\nArtistic discourse is a pneuma of neurosis-psychosis hallucinatory hysteria, a poetic-real microcosm of the True-Real.\n\nSigns of the real\n\nTuché is an Aristotelian-borrowed term to describe the traumatic encounter-kernel of the Real and automaton to describe the repetitive transference process of symbolizing the Real.\n\nThe Symbolic introduces \"a cut in the Real\" in the process of signification: \"it is the world of words that creates the world of things.\" Thus the Real emerges as that which is outside language, making it \"that which resists symbolization absolutely\". The logos of the Symbolic creates the Order of the Real; the Real and kairos divide the logos, resist symbolization, and anticipate being symbolized.\n\nSignifiers of this experience are Lacan's jouissance, Marx's theory of alienation, the numinous, psychological trauma, transcendence, the sublime or a fractured ideology; particularly, it can be a narrative that separates signifiers from conscious desire-quest (i.e., narcissistic injury).\n\nJouissance\n\nJulia Kristeva, particularly in her 1980 essay Powers of Horror, posits that the super-ego's abjection facilitates a subjective traumatic limit between subject and objects, with the Real, through ego-object loss and castration of surplus jouissance. Hurst references Žižek: for any event that converges on a collapsed Symbolic Order, is a where Antigone becomes the Thing. Lacanian Being-for-death is a death drive for its telos (i.e., sublimity).\n\nUnreal vs real(2)\n\nThe unreal-unnameable organ called a lamella (or libido as a symbiotic, pre-Oedipal, pre-symbolic Real(1) before-signified-who-ness) is distinct from the Real(2) after-signifier-what-ness, which a subject experiences at the limits of the Imaginary and Symbolic. Real(1) is a continuous, \"whole\" reality that is undivided by language, while Real(2) is the space of the possibility of abjection being raised wherever there is interference in the path of the object of the ego, including the experience of surplus jouissance which threatens to surpass a subject's boundaries; Kristeva remarks that this experience \"takes the ego back to its source\", i.e., the id.\n\nSomatization\n\nMalcolm Bowie interprets the Lacanian real as ineffable (i.e., uncanny).\n\nHistorical materialism\n\nFredric Jameson interprets Lacan's real through a Marxist-Hegelian lens as meaning \"History itself\", a narrative symptom of the event.\n\nIn afro-pessimism\n\nMarriott examines Fanon: white people's gaze and dehumanization of black people through objectification, creating a desire for the absent object-of-identity in marginalized individuals that is destroyed through racist signification. George states that race is an objet a confrontation with jouissance and lack. George posits that the history of slavery in the United States and racism are within the Real (e.g., Beloved). Crockett references W. E. B. Du Bois in relation to a Real critique of the Symbolic through a point of view from the angle of double consciousness.\n\nSinthome\n\nIn practice, Lacanian psychoanalysis derives the event by gazing at the resistance and transference to identify the automaton mechanisms of the Thing (viz., foreclosure, repression, and disavowal) that are utilized to anamorphosically read where the signifiers are hiding the symptomatic objet petit (a), rendering the real subject.\n\nSubject-as-metaphor\n\nThe void is what the subject finds through interrogation of oneself. The subject existentially navigates an inward, metaphorical and vacuous desert or ocean, unguided by the psychoanalytic metaphor of God's \"Original Presence\". Premodern philosophers also thought up a formless chora, a pre-universal \"chaos\", and the experience of horror vacui; these conceptions of an unguided ego confronting the void informed psychoanalysis. It prefigured Lacan's outline of how the subject-as-metaphor, later the analysand, encounters the Real and how this experience is slated in analysis to give rise to pathologies, particularly anxieties and traumas. In psychoanalysis, the subject appears either as transference, repression or as the barrier separating the signifier over the signified. Subjective experience is a paradoxical extension inseparable from the experience of place, landscape, and body, which can be conveyed as utopia, dystopia, or pantheon.\n\nPhilosophers reveal the Real engulfing the ego in a comparatively unfamiliar and defamiliarizing space, and the subject's dystonic feelings of confrontation. The geographical self as described in human geography, or alternatively the \"makanthropos\" as described by Schopenhauer, feels Cartesian anxiety, a confusion of certainty in reason, from the experience of this formless void.\n\nResistance\n\nAn impasse is the resistance between the real and the imaginary that affects the therapeutic alliance, wherein the client is at odds with the Transcendent Function of the therapist's mind as mediation to the Symbolic Order by way of the Signifier-as-God (i.e., discrepancy). Analysis reveals the kernel at the core of the Real through resistance. The finite ego resists the unconscious's infinite lattice of signifiers.\n\nPasse\n\nLacan gave the name passe to the analysand's dualistic experience of uncertainty, becoming eclipsed and challenged by a subjective confrontation, that gives way to a feeling of certainty with the Real, e.g. in the temptation of Christ or the desolation of saints; it is \"the moment of crisis in a speaking cure in which all subjectivity, the last imaginary residue [of the ego], all self-love falls away\" and is replaced by acceptance from the analyst.\n\nMichael Eigen states that a paradox of faith comes from subject-attacking-object (such as in Jung's Answer to Job). The Real, as analogized as an aporia in experience or an encompassing black hole of reality, relates to the Jungian archetype of the Death Mother, the shadow of the Mother archetype, articulated in Neumann's The Great Mother.\n\nThe becoming produced under therapy sessions can lead to an ineffable and oceanic experience of the Thing (White interpreting Bion, Eigen, Ogden); the analyst in the Bion school seeks to be an empty container, or empty subject of the void, of the client's projections.\n\nGod as the real\n\nLerner states that Spinoza's God may be interpreted as the real, with the attribute of Thought as the symbolic.\n\nInterpretations of the real\n\nWith Muller, psychosis has no word-thing symbolic mediation: figurative communications function as reified Real objects (e.g., projective identification and bizarre objects). Marriott states that foreclosure is directly connected to ressentiment. Brenner cites Laurent, claiming autistic foreclosure leads to Real castration through manifesting a synthetic mOther (The Death of the Author or barring the subject), as opposed to Symbolic castration within an organic nomos; this existential crisis could theoretically lead to the emergence of a schizoid personality style (dissociation, isolation, and intellectualization); q.v., enantiodromia. Under autistic foreclosure, the autistic subject is un-barred, wherein the signifier feels Real (q.v., synesthesia).\n\nLeeb conjectures that Theodor W. Adorno's concept of the non-identical and Lacan's Real fall under immanent critique.\n\nIn schizoanalysis\n\nIn critical overviews of the work of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, the Real has been identified, particularly in readings of A Thousand Plateaus, as the plane of defamiliarized and deterritorialized empty signifiers that approach the uncanny valley, destroyed signs of an imploding gaze, and a-temporal semiotic black holes of faciality. In both the construction and destruction of the \"face\", a system that \"brings together a despotic wall of interconnected signifiers and passional black holes of subjective absorption\", there is a split in subjectivity and a confrontation with the Real. The uncanny, the plane of empty signifiers, is found in relations between intersections of the interior-self and exterior-Other, a \"return of the repressed\" as an eternal return of the path of the objet petit a that disturbs familiarity and further deterritorializes the subject.\n\nGuattari, who throughout the development of his philosophy was critical of Lacan, wrote in the 1979 essay \"Logos or Abstract Machines?\" that:\n\nWhen the monad-soul finds inner stability, the autopoietic objet petit a does not lead to introjection (oral stage) nor projection (anal stage): this state is the body without organs, a virtuality of becoming within the plane of immanence. The real is a diagrammatic virtuality of reality (or Nature), onticly surpassing all regimes of signs by the merging of content and expression in the body without organs.\n\nModalities of the real in Žižek\n\nSlavoj Žižek divides the gist of the Lacanian Real into \"three modalities\":<ref>{{cite journal\n| last1 = Luque\n| first1 = Juan Luis Pérez de\n| date = August 2013\n| title = Lovecraft, Reality, and the Real: A Žižekian Approach\n| url = A Žižekian Approach\n| journal = Lovecraft Annual\n| issue = 7\n| pages = 187–203\n| jstor = 26868476\n| access-date = 2022-01-16\n| quote = Žižek...divides the Real into three different categories, which coincide with the imaginary/real/symbolic division: 'There are thus THREE modalities[...]the 'real Real'[...]'symbolic Real'[...]'imaginary Real'[...]On Belief 82’’}}</ref>\n\n The \"symbolic Real\" (Phallus): signifier of signification, Lacan's impossible \"Other of the Other\"\n symbolic historicity (Clotho) perpetually quilting the chain of signifiers (Lachesis) with a new master signifier (Atropos); i.e., dialectically ideological narrative-punctuation (hermeneutic circle/monad): when kairos castrates the logos with the Real.\n\n The \"imaginary Real\" (Objet petit a): Lewis states that real-traces of each signifier are rendered intelligible through the no-image signified\n a parallax-ic ego-split, deriving an ego-ideal object (a '), creating a poetic-real mental image of horror and terror, deriving the uncanny: méconnaissance.\n\n The \"real Real\" (Event): a semiotic negative-image object (e.g., woodblock printing), neither symbolic signifier nor imaginary signified\n a fissure of the Symbolic; an absence-of-absence (~~p); a reified psychological projection, sublimated as a Thing (viz., transference-object, analysand, identification, and nondualism).\n\nLewis states that the real-of-the-symbolic is the letter (referenced in Lacan's schemas), and the real-of-the-imaginary is objet petit a.\n\nŽižek cites, as literary examples of the Real which he identifies as \"the primordial abyss which swallows everything, dissolving all identities\", the eldritch experience of Pip in the ocean in Herman Melville's Moby-Dick, regression and the repetition compulsion of characterological desire in death drive within Poe's Maelström, and the climax of Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness where Kurtz is in the throes of death. Meanwhile, in his use of film analysis, Žižek states that the real Real can be found in The Full Monty and surreptitiously in The Sound of Music''.\n\nGlyn Daly also provided a further elaboration of Žižek's three modalities through his pre-established examples from pop culture:\nThe real Real is the hard limit that functions as the horrifying Thing (the Alien, Medusa's head, maelstrom and so on) - a shattering force of negation. The symbolic Real refers to the anonymous symbols and codes (scientific formulae, digitalisation, empty signifiers...) that function in an indifferent manner as the abstract \"texture\" onto which, or out of which, reality is constituted. In The Matrix, for example, the symbolic Real is given expression at the point where Neo perceives \"reality\" in terms of the abstract streams of digital output. In the contemporary world, Žižek argues that it is capital itself that provides this essential backdrop to our reality and as such represents the symbolic Real of our age. With the \"imaginary real\" we have precisely the (unsustainable) dimension of fantasmatic excess-negation that is explored in Flatliners. This is why cyberspace is such an ambiguous imaginary realm.\n\nNotable figures\n\nSee also\n\nNotes\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\nChronology of Jacques Lacan\nThe Seminars of Jacques Lacan\nAn Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis - Dylan Evans\n\nPsychoanalytic terminology\nJacques Lacan\nPost-structuralism\nStructuralism",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual%20plant
|
An annual plant is a plant that completes its life cycle, from germination to the production of seeds, within one growing season, and then dies. The length of growing seasons and period in which they take place vary according to geographical location, and may not correspond to the four traditional seasonal divisions of the year.
Description
With respect to the traditional seasons, annual plants are generally categorized into summer annuals and winter annuals. Summer annuals germinate during spring or early summer and mature by autumn of the same year. Winter annuals germinate during the autumn and mature during the spring or summer of the following calendar year.
One seed-to-seed life cycle for an annual plant can occur in as little as a month in some species, though most last several months. Oilseed rapa can go from seed-to-seed in about five weeks under a bank of fluorescent lamps. This style of growing is often used in classrooms for education. Many desert annuals are therophytes, because their seed-to-seed life cycle is only weeks and they spend most of the year as seeds to survive dry conditions.
Cultivation
In cultivation, many food plants are, or are grown as, annuals, including virtually all domesticated grains. Some perennials and biennials are grown in gardens as annuals for convenience, particularly if they are not considered cold hardy for the local climate. Carrot, celery and parsley are true biennials that are usually grown as annual crops for their edible roots, petioles and leaves, respectively. Tomato, sweet potato and bell pepper are tender perennials usually grown as annuals. Ornamental perennials commonly grown as annuals are impatiens, mirabilis, wax begonia, snapdragon, pelargonium, coleus and petunia. Examples of true annuals include corn, wheat, rice, lettuce, peas, watermelon, beans, zinnia and marigold.
Summer
Summer annuals sprout, flower, produce seed, and die, during the warmer months of the year.
The lawn weed crabgrass is a summer annual.
Winter
Winter annuals germinate in autumn or winter, live through the winter, and then bloom in winter or spring.
The plants grow and bloom during the cool season when most other plants are dormant or other annuals are in seed form waiting for warmer weather to germinate. Winter annuals die after flowering and setting seed. The seeds germinate in the autumn or winter when the soil temperature is cool.
Winter annuals typically grow low to the ground, where they are usually sheltered from the coldest nights by snow cover, and make use of warm periods in winter for growth when the snow melts. Some common winter annuals include henbit, deadnettle, chickweed, and winter cress.
Winter annuals are important ecologically, as they provide vegetative cover that prevents soil erosion during winter and early spring when no other cover exists and they provide fresh vegetation for animals and birds that feed on them. Although they are often considered to be weeds in gardens, this viewpoint is not always necessary, as most of them die when the soil temperature warms up again in early to late spring when other plants are still dormant and have not yet leafed out.
Even though they do not compete directly with cultivated plants, sometimes winter annuals are considered a pest in commercial agriculture, because they can be hosts for insect pests or fungal diseases (such as ovary smut, Microbotryum sp.) which attack crops being cultivated. The property that prevents the soil from drying out can also be problematic for commercial agriculture.
Molecular genetics
In 2008, it was discovered that the inactivation of only two genes in one species of annual plant leads to its conversion into a perennial plant. Researchers deactivated the SOC1 and FUL genes (which control flowering time) of Arabidopsis thaliana. This switch established phenotypes common in perennial plants, such as wood formation.
See also
- Plant that flowers & sets seeds once, then dies.
Ephemeral plant
References
External links
Garden plants
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual%20plant",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "An annual plant is a plant that completes its life cycle, from germination to the production of seeds, within one growing season, and then dies. The length of growing seasons and period in which they take place vary according to geographical location, and may not correspond to the four traditional seasonal divisions of the year.\n\nDescription\nWith respect to the traditional seasons, annual plants are generally categorized into summer annuals and winter annuals. Summer annuals germinate during spring or early summer and mature by autumn of the same year. Winter annuals germinate during the autumn and mature during the spring or summer of the following calendar year.\n\nOne seed-to-seed life cycle for an annual plant can occur in as little as a month in some species, though most last several months. Oilseed rapa can go from seed-to-seed in about five weeks under a bank of fluorescent lamps. This style of growing is often used in classrooms for education. Many desert annuals are therophytes, because their seed-to-seed life cycle is only weeks and they spend most of the year as seeds to survive dry conditions.\n\n\nCultivation\nIn cultivation, many food plants are, or are grown as, annuals, including virtually all domesticated grains. Some perennials and biennials are grown in gardens as annuals for convenience, particularly if they are not considered cold hardy for the local climate. Carrot, celery and parsley are true biennials that are usually grown as annual crops for their edible roots, petioles and leaves, respectively. Tomato, sweet potato and bell pepper are tender perennials usually grown as annuals. Ornamental perennials commonly grown as annuals are impatiens, mirabilis, wax begonia, snapdragon, pelargonium, coleus and petunia. Examples of true annuals include corn, wheat, rice, lettuce, peas, watermelon, beans, zinnia and marigold.\n\nSummer\n\nSummer annuals sprout, flower, produce seed, and die, during the warmer months of the year.\n\nThe lawn weed crabgrass is a summer annual.\n\nWinter\nWinter annuals germinate in autumn or winter, live through the winter, and then bloom in winter or spring.\n\nThe plants grow and bloom during the cool season when most other plants are dormant or other annuals are in seed form waiting for warmer weather to germinate. Winter annuals die after flowering and setting seed. The seeds germinate in the autumn or winter when the soil temperature is cool.\n\nWinter annuals typically grow low to the ground, where they are usually sheltered from the coldest nights by snow cover, and make use of warm periods in winter for growth when the snow melts. Some common winter annuals include henbit, deadnettle, chickweed, and winter cress.\n\nWinter annuals are important ecologically, as they provide vegetative cover that prevents soil erosion during winter and early spring when no other cover exists and they provide fresh vegetation for animals and birds that feed on them. Although they are often considered to be weeds in gardens, this viewpoint is not always necessary, as most of them die when the soil temperature warms up again in early to late spring when other plants are still dormant and have not yet leafed out.\n\nEven though they do not compete directly with cultivated plants, sometimes winter annuals are considered a pest in commercial agriculture, because they can be hosts for insect pests or fungal diseases (such as ovary smut, Microbotryum sp.) which attack crops being cultivated. The property that prevents the soil from drying out can also be problematic for commercial agriculture.\n\nMolecular genetics\nIn 2008, it was discovered that the inactivation of only two genes in one species of annual plant leads to its conversion into a perennial plant. Researchers deactivated the SOC1 and FUL genes (which control flowering time) of Arabidopsis thaliana. This switch established phenotypes common in perennial plants, such as wood formation.\n\nSee also\n\n - Plant that flowers & sets seeds once, then dies.\nEphemeral plant\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \nGarden plants",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book%20of%20Amos
|
The Book of Amos is the third of the Twelve Minor Prophets in the Old Testament (Tanakh) and the second in the Greek Septuagint tradition. Amos, an older contemporary of Hosea and Isaiah, was active c. 750 BC during the reign of Jeroboam II (788–747 BC) of Samaria (aka. Northern Israel), making Amos the first prophetic book of the Bible to be written. Amos lived in the kingdom of Judah but preached in the northern kingdom of Israel. His major themes of social justice, God's omnipotence, and divine judgment became staples of prophecy.
Structure
According to Michael D. Coogan, the structure of Amos is as follows:
Oracles against the nations (1:3–2:6)
Oracle concerning prophecy (3:3–8)
Addresses to groups in Israel
Women of Samaria (4:1–3)
Rich people in Samaria (6:1–7)
Rich people in Jerusalem (8:4–8)
Five visions of God's judgment on Israel, interrupted by a confrontation between Amos and his listeners at Bethel (7:10–17):
Locusts (7:1–3)
Fire (7:4–6)
A plumb line (7:7–9)
A basket of fruit (8:1–3)
God besides the altar (9:1–8a)
Epilogue (9:8b–15)
Summary
The book opens with a historical note about the prophet, then a short oracle announcing Yahweh's judgment (repeated in the Book of Joel). The prophet denounces the crimes committed by the gentile (non-Jewish) nations, and tells Israel that even they have sinned and are guilty of the same crimes, and reports five symbolic visions prophesying the destruction of Israel. Included in this, with no apparent order, are an oracle on the nature of prophecy, snippets of hymns, oracles of woe, a third-person prose narrative concerning the prophet, and an oracle promising restoration of the House of David, which had not yet fallen in the lifetime of Amos.
Composition
Amos prophesied during the reign of Jeroboam II of Israel, and of Uzziah of Judah, which places him in the first half of the 8th century BC. According to the book's superscription (Amos 1:1) he was from Tekoa, a town in Judah south of Jerusalem, but his prophetic mission was in the northern kingdom. He is called a "shepherd" and a "dresser of sycamore trees", but the book's literary qualities suggest a man of education rather than a poor farmer.
Scholars have long recognized that Amos utilized an ancient hymn within his prophecy, verses of which are found at 4:13, 5:8–9, 8:8, and 9:5–6. This hymn is best understood as praising Yahweh for his judgment, demonstrated in his destructive power, rather than praise for creation. Scholarship has also identified 'Sumerian City Lament' (SCL) motifs within Amos and particularly the hymn, offering the possibility that Amos used SCL as a literary template for his prophecy of Jerusalem's destruction. The Amos hymn has also been discussed in terms of a 'covenant curse' which was used to warn Israel of the consequences of breaking the covenant, and in particular a 'Flood covenant-curse' motif, first identified by D.R. Hillers. Recent scholarship has shown Amos's hymn is an ancient narrative text, has identified a new verse at 7.4; and has compared the hymn to the Genesis Flood account and Job 9:5–10.
Themes
The central idea of the book of Amos is that God puts his people on the same level as the surrounding nations – God expects the same purity of them all. As it is with all nations that rise up against the kingdom of God, even Israel and Judah will not be exempt from the judgment of God because of their idolatry and unjust ways. The nation that represents Yahweh must be made pure of anything or anyone that profanes the name of God; his name must be exalted.
Amos is the first prophet to use the term "the Day of the Lord." This phrase becomes important within future prophetic and apocalyptic literature. For the people of Israel "The Day of the Lord" is the day when God will fight against his and their enemies, and it will be a day of victory for Israel. However, Amos and other prophets include Israel as an enemy of God, as Israel is guilty of injustice toward the innocent, poor, and young women. To Amos "The Day of the Lord" will be a day of doom.
Other major ideas proposed in the book of Amos include: justice and concern for the disadvantaged, and that Yahweh is God of all nations (not just Israel), and is likewise the judge of all nations, and is also a God of moral righteousness. Also that Yahweh created all people, and the idea that Israel's covenant with God did not exempt them from accountability for sin; as well as that God elected and liberated Israel so that he would be known throughout the world. And that if God destroys the unjust, a remnant will remain, and that God is free to judge whether to redeem Israel.
References
Bibliography
External links
Online translations of Book of Amos:
Jewish translations:
Amos (Judaica Press) translation [with Rashi's commentary] at Chabad.org
Christian translations:
Online Bible at GospelHall.org (English Standard Version)
Amos at Wikisource (Authorised King James Version)
Nicholas Whyte on Amos
New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia, Amos
Forward Movement, Amos an Introduction
(American Standard Version, Young's Literal Translation)
8th-century BC books
Twelve Minor Prophets
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book%20of%20Amos",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Book of Amos is the third of the Twelve Minor Prophets in the Old Testament (Tanakh) and the second in the Greek Septuagint tradition. Amos, an older contemporary of Hosea and Isaiah, was active c. 750 BC during the reign of Jeroboam II (788–747 BC) of Samaria (aka. Northern Israel), making Amos the first prophetic book of the Bible to be written. Amos lived in the kingdom of Judah but preached in the northern kingdom of Israel. His major themes of social justice, God's omnipotence, and divine judgment became staples of prophecy.\n\nStructure\n\nAccording to Michael D. Coogan, the structure of Amos is as follows:\nOracles against the nations (1:3–2:6)\nOracle concerning prophecy (3:3–8)\nAddresses to groups in Israel\nWomen of Samaria (4:1–3)\nRich people in Samaria (6:1–7)\nRich people in Jerusalem (8:4–8)\nFive visions of God's judgment on Israel, interrupted by a confrontation between Amos and his listeners at Bethel (7:10–17):\nLocusts (7:1–3)\nFire (7:4–6)\nA plumb line (7:7–9)\nA basket of fruit (8:1–3)\nGod besides the altar (9:1–8a)\nEpilogue (9:8b–15)\n\nSummary\nThe book opens with a historical note about the prophet, then a short oracle announcing Yahweh's judgment (repeated in the Book of Joel). The prophet denounces the crimes committed by the gentile (non-Jewish) nations, and tells Israel that even they have sinned and are guilty of the same crimes, and reports five symbolic visions prophesying the destruction of Israel. Included in this, with no apparent order, are an oracle on the nature of prophecy, snippets of hymns, oracles of woe, a third-person prose narrative concerning the prophet, and an oracle promising restoration of the House of David, which had not yet fallen in the lifetime of Amos.\n\nComposition\nAmos prophesied during the reign of Jeroboam II of Israel, and of Uzziah of Judah, which places him in the first half of the 8th century BC. According to the book's superscription (Amos 1:1) he was from Tekoa, a town in Judah south of Jerusalem, but his prophetic mission was in the northern kingdom. He is called a \"shepherd\" and a \"dresser of sycamore trees\", but the book's literary qualities suggest a man of education rather than a poor farmer.\n\nScholars have long recognized that Amos utilized an ancient hymn within his prophecy, verses of which are found at 4:13, 5:8–9, 8:8, and 9:5–6. This hymn is best understood as praising Yahweh for his judgment, demonstrated in his destructive power, rather than praise for creation. Scholarship has also identified 'Sumerian City Lament' (SCL) motifs within Amos and particularly the hymn, offering the possibility that Amos used SCL as a literary template for his prophecy of Jerusalem's destruction. The Amos hymn has also been discussed in terms of a 'covenant curse' which was used to warn Israel of the consequences of breaking the covenant, and in particular a 'Flood covenant-curse' motif, first identified by D.R. Hillers. Recent scholarship has shown Amos's hymn is an ancient narrative text, has identified a new verse at 7.4; and has compared the hymn to the Genesis Flood account and Job 9:5–10.\n\nThemes \nThe central idea of the book of Amos is that God puts his people on the same level as the surrounding nations – God expects the same purity of them all. As it is with all nations that rise up against the kingdom of God, even Israel and Judah will not be exempt from the judgment of God because of their idolatry and unjust ways. The nation that represents Yahweh must be made pure of anything or anyone that profanes the name of God; his name must be exalted.\n\nAmos is the first prophet to use the term \"the Day of the Lord.\" This phrase becomes important within future prophetic and apocalyptic literature. For the people of Israel \"The Day of the Lord\" is the day when God will fight against his and their enemies, and it will be a day of victory for Israel. However, Amos and other prophets include Israel as an enemy of God, as Israel is guilty of injustice toward the innocent, poor, and young women. To Amos \"The Day of the Lord\" will be a day of doom.\n\nOther major ideas proposed in the book of Amos include: justice and concern for the disadvantaged, and that Yahweh is God of all nations (not just Israel), and is likewise the judge of all nations, and is also a God of moral righteousness. Also that Yahweh created all people, and the idea that Israel's covenant with God did not exempt them from accountability for sin; as well as that God elected and liberated Israel so that he would be known throughout the world. And that if God destroys the unjust, a remnant will remain, and that God is free to judge whether to redeem Israel.\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links \n\nOnline translations of Book of Amos:\n\nJewish translations:\nAmos (Judaica Press) translation [with Rashi's commentary] at Chabad.org\nChristian translations:\nOnline Bible at GospelHall.org (English Standard Version)\nAmos at Wikisource (Authorised King James Version)\n Nicholas Whyte on Amos\n New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia, Amos\n Forward Movement, Amos an Introduction\n (American Standard Version, Young's Literal Translation)\n\n \n8th-century BC books\nTwelve Minor Prophets",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.%20V.%20Narayanaswamy
|
Palghat Kollengode Viswanathan Narayanaswamy (15 November 1923 – 1 April 2002), often referred to as K. V. Narayanaswamy was an Indian musician, widely considered to be among the finest Carnatic music vocalists of the 20th century. He was awarded the Madras Music Academy's Sangeetha Kalanidhi in 1986. He was described as the "Perfect Knight" of Carnatic music, a phrase from Geoffrey Chaucer, by V. K. Narayana Menon, art critic of India and recipient of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship.
Early life and background
Narayanaswamy was born to Kollengode Viswanathayyar and Muthulakshmi Ammal in Palghat, Kerala, to a Palakkad Iyer family, a district renowned for its cultural and musical traditions, on 15 November 1923. Narayanaswamy was born into a family of illustrious musicians and artists. His great-grandfather Viswam Bhagavatar was renowned for his evocative Ashtapadis and rendered services for Maharaja Ayilyam Thirunal, ruler of the princely state of Travancore from 1860 to 1880. In return Viswam Bhagavatar was bestowed with government aid and hereditary royal privileges. Viswam Bhagavatar's son, Narayana Bhagavatar continued his father's legacy. His son was violin maestro, Viswanathayyar (soon came to be known as 'Fiddle' Viswanathayyar), His father. K.V. Narayanaswamy learned basic music lessons under his father and grandfather. After studying in Palghat till the fifth form, he moved to Coimbatore, where he briefly dabbled in theatre. Narayanaswamy even managed a role as the young Kanappan in the movie Kannappa Nayanar. The movie bombed at the box office.
Narayanaswamy began extensive training under Mridangam maestro, Padma Bhushan, Palghat Mani Iyer. Mani Iyer proceeded to place Narayanaswamy under the tutelage of Sangeetakalacharya C.S. Krishna Iyer, a highly competent vocalist, musicologist and composer in Palghat, and then under violinist and Sangeetha Kalanidhi Papa Venkataramaiah. Viswanatha Bhagavatar was however very keen that Narayanaswamy should train under Sangeetha Kalanidhi
Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavatar or Sangeetha Kalanidhi Padma Bhushan Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar, who were two of the four most dominant musicians of the first half of the twentieth century along with the likes of Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer and G. N. Balasubramaniam. Mani Iyer soon judged Narayanaswamy to be ready for gurukulavasam under Ariyakudi and in 1942, Narayanaswamy took the giant step. He entered the home of Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar and remained an ardent disciple until the latter's death in 1967.
Performing career
Narayanaswamy's major break came at a Madras Music Academy concert in 1951, when he was unexpectedly forced to substitute for his guru, Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar who was not in a position to attend the conference under unforeseen circumstances. Accompanied by doyens Palghat Mani Iyer and Papa Venkataramayya, this concert proved to be a milestone in Narayanaswamy's career. The training under Palghat Mani Iyer allowed Narayanaswamy to develop a solid knowledge of rhythmic nuances. This in turn would enable him to be at ease in the company of such legends of percussion as Palani Subramaniam Pillai, Palghat R. Raghu, Mavelikkara Velukkutty Nair, and Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman to name a few. Narayanaswamy, Palghat R. Raghu, and violin maestro T.N.Krishnan soon became a frequent and much admired combination on stage.
K.V.Narayanaswamy was intimately connected to the Travancore royal family following his skilful rendition of Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma's Navaratri compositions. Another landmark in Narayanaswamy's life came in 1964 when he participated in the East-West Encounter concerts in New Delhi. This was followed by a widely acclaimed concert at the Edinburgh Festival in Scotland in 1965.
On being made professor of music at Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, between 1965 and 1967, he went on a coast-to-coast concert tour of US. He was one of four artists including Bismillah Khan, Ali Akbar Khan, and Ravi Shankar who participated in the hugely popular Hollywood Bowl music festival in Los Angeles in the summer of 1967.In 1974, Narayanaswamy went to teach in Berkeley, California for a year, in the company of dancer Balasaraswati and sitarist Nikhil Banerjee. Invited by the American Society of Eastern Arts, he travelled to North America, Europe (Berlin Music Festival in 1976) and Australia (Adelaide Arts Festival in 1988) multiple times thereafter on various concert tours. He also joined the Music College in Madras as a lecturer in 1962 when Musiri Subramania Iyer was its principal, and retired as Professor of Music in 1982.In 1984, Narayanaswamy was to become the first Indian musician to be awarded the Fulbright Scholarship and went to San Diego State University in California as an artist-in-residence under the scholarship. For nine months he taught at the university and gave performances all over North America.
Musical style and song repertoire
Though Narayanaswamy's singing bore his master Ariyakudi's Bani, over the years he evolved a unique style of his own. Strict classicism and blemish-less singing are some of the obvious facets of his music. His vast repertoire included songs that encompassed every genre, a number of languages and composers belonging to different ages. Endaro Mahanubhavulu in Sri Ragam, Sri Subrahmanya Namaste in Kambhoji, Bala gopala in Bhairavi, Satatam Tavaka in Kharaharapriya, Pahi Janani in Natakuranji, Enneramum in rāga Devagandhari, Pirava varam tarum in Latangi and Kanavendamo in Sriranjani are some of the songs that have come to bear his distinct signature. "The depth of emotion and the pathos he invested in singing certain compositions of Gopalakrishna Bharathi, especially VarugalAmo ayya and his incomparable and unique presentation of Krishna nee beganey in the style of Jayammal and Balasaraswati, in which he caressed the words and phrases exquisitely and had the audience in a trance as if he were a pied piper" are noteworthy. Strict adherence to Shruthi (musical pitch), lyrical purity and a poignant rendition were distinctive features of Narayanaswamy's music.
Leading disciples
Some of Narayanaswamy's leading disciples were Padma Narayanaswamy (whom he married), vocalist K.V.Ananthan, violinist and vocalist Hemmige V. Srivatsan, renowned flautist Shashank Subramanyam, Padma Sandilyan, Padmasri Veeraraghavan, Hemmige S. Prashanth, Pattabhirama Pandit, Sathish Rao, M.R.Subramaniam, T. S. Ranganathan, Manipallavam K.Sarangan, Balaji Prasad Krishnamurthy, Ravi Srinivasan, B. Raman and Ramanujan. Also French Algerian Toufiq Touzene AKA Tulsi Ram.
Personal life
In 1948 Narayanaswamy married Palghat Mani Iyer's cousin Annapoorni. They had three daughters and a son: Muktha, Lalitha, Viswanathan and violinist Ramaa Raghunathan. She died in 1962. In 1965 Narayanaswamy married Padma, a talented musician and disciple who continues to train her husband's students in his style. Their daughter Anuradha Krishnamurthy is a trained vocalist and television actor.
Recognition
Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award, 1971
President of India's Padma Shri, 1976
Central Sangeet Natak Academi Award, 1976
Fulbright Scholar and visiting professor at University of California, San Diego, 1984–85
Madras Music Academy's Sangita Kalanidhi Award, 1986.
The Fine Arts Society's Sangeetha Kalasikhamani award (1989)
See also
Carnatic music
References
External links
K. V. Narayanaswamy Home Page
1923 births
2002 deaths
Male Carnatic singers
Carnatic singers
Indian Tamil people
Tamil musicians
Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award
Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts
Sangeetha Kalanidhi recipients
Wesleyan University faculty
20th-century Indian male classical singers
Musicians from Palakkad
Singers from Kerala
Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.%20V.%20Narayanaswamy",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Palghat Kollengode Viswanathan Narayanaswamy (15 November 1923 – 1 April 2002), often referred to as K. V. Narayanaswamy was an Indian musician, widely considered to be among the finest Carnatic music vocalists of the 20th century. He was awarded the Madras Music Academy's Sangeetha Kalanidhi in 1986. He was described as the \"Perfect Knight\" of Carnatic music, a phrase from Geoffrey Chaucer, by V. K. Narayana Menon, art critic of India and recipient of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship.\n\nEarly life and background\nNarayanaswamy was born to Kollengode Viswanathayyar and Muthulakshmi Ammal in Palghat, Kerala, to a Palakkad Iyer family, a district renowned for its cultural and musical traditions, on 15 November 1923. Narayanaswamy was born into a family of illustrious musicians and artists. His great-grandfather Viswam Bhagavatar was renowned for his evocative Ashtapadis and rendered services for Maharaja Ayilyam Thirunal, ruler of the princely state of Travancore from 1860 to 1880. In return Viswam Bhagavatar was bestowed with government aid and hereditary royal privileges. Viswam Bhagavatar's son, Narayana Bhagavatar continued his father's legacy. His son was violin maestro, Viswanathayyar (soon came to be known as 'Fiddle' Viswanathayyar), His father. K.V. Narayanaswamy learned basic music lessons under his father and grandfather. After studying in Palghat till the fifth form, he moved to Coimbatore, where he briefly dabbled in theatre. Narayanaswamy even managed a role as the young Kanappan in the movie Kannappa Nayanar. The movie bombed at the box office.\n\nNarayanaswamy began extensive training under Mridangam maestro, Padma Bhushan, Palghat Mani Iyer. Mani Iyer proceeded to place Narayanaswamy under the tutelage of Sangeetakalacharya C.S. Krishna Iyer, a highly competent vocalist, musicologist and composer in Palghat, and then under violinist and Sangeetha Kalanidhi Papa Venkataramaiah. Viswanatha Bhagavatar was however very keen that Narayanaswamy should train under Sangeetha Kalanidhi\nChembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavatar or Sangeetha Kalanidhi Padma Bhushan Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar, who were two of the four most dominant musicians of the first half of the twentieth century along with the likes of Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer and G. N. Balasubramaniam. Mani Iyer soon judged Narayanaswamy to be ready for gurukulavasam under Ariyakudi and in 1942, Narayanaswamy took the giant step. He entered the home of Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar and remained an ardent disciple until the latter's death in 1967.\n\nPerforming career\nNarayanaswamy's major break came at a Madras Music Academy concert in 1951, when he was unexpectedly forced to substitute for his guru, Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar who was not in a position to attend the conference under unforeseen circumstances. Accompanied by doyens Palghat Mani Iyer and Papa Venkataramayya, this concert proved to be a milestone in Narayanaswamy's career. The training under Palghat Mani Iyer allowed Narayanaswamy to develop a solid knowledge of rhythmic nuances. This in turn would enable him to be at ease in the company of such legends of percussion as Palani Subramaniam Pillai, Palghat R. Raghu, Mavelikkara Velukkutty Nair, and Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman to name a few. Narayanaswamy, Palghat R. Raghu, and violin maestro T.N.Krishnan soon became a frequent and much admired combination on stage.\n\nK.V.Narayanaswamy was intimately connected to the Travancore royal family following his skilful rendition of Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma's Navaratri compositions. Another landmark in Narayanaswamy's life came in 1964 when he participated in the East-West Encounter concerts in New Delhi. This was followed by a widely acclaimed concert at the Edinburgh Festival in Scotland in 1965.\n\nOn being made professor of music at Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, between 1965 and 1967, he went on a coast-to-coast concert tour of US. He was one of four artists including Bismillah Khan, Ali Akbar Khan, and Ravi Shankar who participated in the hugely popular Hollywood Bowl music festival in Los Angeles in the summer of 1967.In 1974, Narayanaswamy went to teach in Berkeley, California for a year, in the company of dancer Balasaraswati and sitarist Nikhil Banerjee. Invited by the American Society of Eastern Arts, he travelled to North America, Europe (Berlin Music Festival in 1976) and Australia (Adelaide Arts Festival in 1988) multiple times thereafter on various concert tours. He also joined the Music College in Madras as a lecturer in 1962 when Musiri Subramania Iyer was its principal, and retired as Professor of Music in 1982.In 1984, Narayanaswamy was to become the first Indian musician to be awarded the Fulbright Scholarship and went to San Diego State University in California as an artist-in-residence under the scholarship. For nine months he taught at the university and gave performances all over North America.\n\nMusical style and song repertoire\nThough Narayanaswamy's singing bore his master Ariyakudi's Bani, over the years he evolved a unique style of his own. Strict classicism and blemish-less singing are some of the obvious facets of his music. His vast repertoire included songs that encompassed every genre, a number of languages and composers belonging to different ages. Endaro Mahanubhavulu in Sri Ragam, Sri Subrahmanya Namaste in Kambhoji, Bala gopala in Bhairavi, Satatam Tavaka in Kharaharapriya, Pahi Janani in Natakuranji, Enneramum in rāga Devagandhari, Pirava varam tarum in Latangi and Kanavendamo in Sriranjani are some of the songs that have come to bear his distinct signature. \"The depth of emotion and the pathos he invested in singing certain compositions of Gopalakrishna Bharathi, especially VarugalAmo ayya and his incomparable and unique presentation of Krishna nee beganey in the style of Jayammal and Balasaraswati, in which he caressed the words and phrases exquisitely and had the audience in a trance as if he were a pied piper\" are noteworthy. Strict adherence to Shruthi (musical pitch), lyrical purity and a poignant rendition were distinctive features of Narayanaswamy's music.\n\nLeading disciples\n\nSome of Narayanaswamy's leading disciples were Padma Narayanaswamy (whom he married), vocalist K.V.Ananthan, violinist and vocalist Hemmige V. Srivatsan, renowned flautist Shashank Subramanyam, Padma Sandilyan, Padmasri Veeraraghavan, Hemmige S. Prashanth, Pattabhirama Pandit, Sathish Rao, M.R.Subramaniam, T. S. Ranganathan, Manipallavam K.Sarangan, Balaji Prasad Krishnamurthy, Ravi Srinivasan, B. Raman and Ramanujan. Also French Algerian Toufiq Touzene AKA Tulsi Ram.\n\nPersonal life\n\nIn 1948 Narayanaswamy married Palghat Mani Iyer's cousin Annapoorni. They had three daughters and a son: Muktha, Lalitha, Viswanathan and violinist Ramaa Raghunathan. She died in 1962. In 1965 Narayanaswamy married Padma, a talented musician and disciple who continues to train her husband's students in his style. Their daughter Anuradha Krishnamurthy is a trained vocalist and television actor.\n\nRecognition\n Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award, 1971\n President of India's Padma Shri, 1976\n Central Sangeet Natak Academi Award, 1976\n Fulbright Scholar and visiting professor at University of California, San Diego, 1984–85\n Madras Music Academy's Sangita Kalanidhi Award, 1986.\n The Fine Arts Society's Sangeetha Kalasikhamani award (1989)\n\nSee also\n Carnatic music\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n K. V. Narayanaswamy Home Page\n\n1923 births\n2002 deaths\nMale Carnatic singers\nCarnatic singers\nIndian Tamil people\nTamil musicians\nRecipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award\nRecipients of the Padma Shri in arts\nSangeetha Kalanidhi recipients\nWesleyan University faculty\n20th-century Indian male classical singers\nMusicians from Palakkad\nSingers from Kerala\nRecipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Ulmen
|
Ulmen is a town in the Cochem-Zell district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is the seat of the like-named Verbandsgemeinde – a kind of collective municipality – to which it also belongs.
Geography
Location
The town lies in the Eifel some 11 km northwest of Cochem.
Constituent communities
To Ulmen belong the outlying centres – Stadtteile – of Meiserich, Vorpochten and Furth.
Geology
The Ulmener Maar, only about 11,000 years old, is not only a maar but also Continental Europe’s newest volcano north of the Alps. It is 37 m deep. Volcanic activity can be observed at depths of more than 4 m in the form of rising gas bubbles. The Ulmener Maar has no natural water inflow or outflow. The two tunnels that hold the water at a constant level today were dug in the 19th century.
Another maar in town is the 118,000-year-old Jungferweiher, which is considerably bigger than the Ulmener Maar. Formerly used as a fishpond for the lords of the castle, it dried up over the centuries until in the 1930s, it had become a peat bog. In 1942, however, the maar was flooded once again to regulate the water level in the nearby maar.
History
In 1074, Ulmen had its first documentary mention, though Merovingian graves south of the castle bear witness to earlier habitation within town limits. There have also been suspected Roman finds, but these have not yet been verified.
Sir Heinrich von Ulmen, a knight, went on the Fourth Crusade to Constantinople, whence he brought valuable treasures back, among others the famous Limburger Staurothek (“Limburg Reliquary of the True Cross”), which can still be seen in the cathedral in Limburg an der Lahn. His successors were in the 15th century subject to the Trier Archiepiscopal Foundation's public peace (Landfrieden). The “Sun King” Louis XIV of France conquered Ulmen twice and burnt it down. Both times, the castle and the town were built up again. Beginning in 1794, Ulmen lay under French rule. In 1815 it was assigned to the Kingdom of Prussia at the Congress of Vienna. Since 1946, it has been part of the then newly founded state of Rhineland-Palatinate.
Many old buildings bear witness even today to Ulmen's historical past. In the 19th century, when buildings confiscated by Napoleon were transferred to Prussian ownership, a Cochem townsman bought the castle and used it as a quarry. When Ulmen all but burnt down in a fire in 1831, the houses were rebuilt using stones from the castle. Since then, it has been a ruin.
In the forest that abuts the town is an old spring near which some Roman and Celtic figures were found. This spring is called Dietzjes Bärechje, a reference to children; for centuries, women prayed here for a good birth and healthy children.
In 1376, Ulmen was granted town rights by Emperor Karl IV. These rights were, however, lost as the Prussians took over the Rhineland in 1815. By decision of the Rhineland-Palatinate Cabinet on 1 September 2009, Ulmen was once again allowed to bear the designation Stadt (“town”) with effect from 2 October 2009.
Politics
Town council
The council is made up of 20 council members, who were elected by proportional representation at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman.
The municipal election held on 7 June 2009 yielded the following results:
Mayor
Ulmen's mayor is Thomas Kerpen (CDU).
Coat of arms
The town's arms might be described thus: Per pale Or issuant from base a poleaxe sable and gules issuant from base a gatehouse with flanking towers embattled, the dexter taller than the sinister argent, on a chief of the fourth eight lozenges conjoined in fess throughout of the third.
Town partnerships
Ulmen fosters partnerships with the following places:
Lormes, Nièvre, France
In 1994, Ulmen and Lormes initiated the first contacts for a partnership. Both places contain an element meaning “elm” in their respective languages (Ulme, pl. Ulmen in German; orme in French). The partnership documents were signed in Lormes on 23 June 1996.
Culture and sightseeing
Museums
School museum with a reconstructed classroom from the Volksschule.
Buildings
The following are listed buildings or sites in Rhineland-Palatinate’s Directory of Cultural Monuments:
Ulmen (main centre)
Ulmen Castle (Burg Ulmen, monumental zone) – castle complex consisting of Niederburg (“Lower Castle”), from before 1292, and Oberburg (“Upper Castle”), 1679 partly destroyed; dungeonlike gateway, of the Niederburg only sparse wall remnants left; in the Oberburg the girding wall of the Electoral-Trier Amtshaus, an essentially late mediaeval building, completed in 1682–1683, parts of the girding wall, fountain reconstructed; includes castle hill as well as the buildings from the 18th and 19th century at Bachstraße 2 and Burgfrieden 4, 5, 8 and 12
Saint Matthias’s Catholic Parish Church (Pfarrkirche St. Matthias), Am Maar – two-naved hall church, 1905, with the use of parts of the former Late Gothic church; transept on the site of the quire, 1966/1967; graveyard: Bonsig tomb, 19th century; warriors’ memorial, 1920s; whole complex of church and graveyard
Antoniusstraße 2 – former Electoral-Trier tithe house; building with mansard roof, marked 1727
Cochemer Straße/corner of Burgfrieden – sandstone wayside cross, first third of the 18th century
At In der Lay 1 – basalt wayside cross, marked 1817
In der Lay 2 – timber-frame house, commercial building, about 1840
At In der Lay 3 – coat of arms, 18th century
At In der Lay 3 – timber-frame house, balloon frame, early 16th century, remodelled in the 19th century
In der Lay 4 – timber-frame house, partly solid, first third of the 19th century
Winkelstraße 22 – former school; plastered building on quarrystone pedestal, partly timber-frame, Swiss chalet style, marked 1910–1911
At Winkelstraße 36 – Bildstock, 19th century
Antoniuskapelle – open chapel, marked 1659; cross, marked 1659, Electoral-Trier Amtsmann Georg von Metzenhausen's coat of arms
Waterworks – two basalt quarrystone buildings, marked 1940; whole complex
Furth
Further Mühle (mill) – L-shaped complex, 19th century, plastered building, barn, millraces, girding wall, bridge
Meiserich
Saint Anne’s Catholic Branch Chapel (Filialkapelle St. Anna) – aisleless church, essentially Late Gothic (1521), extension around tower marked 1793
Ulmener Straße 3 – L-shaped complex, 19th century
Before Ulmener Straße 4 – hand pump, with vase, marked 1909
Castle Ulmen, nowadays only a ruin, was built sometime about the year 1000, apparently on the remnants of a Roman building, although this has never been established through archaeological findings. Its current state is marked by somewhat less than successful restoration measures which have hidden much of the building’s original substance.
Saint Matthias’s Parish Church was built in Romanesque Revival-Gothic Revival style.
Music
The Spielmannszug Blau-Weiss 1952 Ulmen e.V. (band) under Rainer Pias’s direction.
The Musikverein Ulmen e.V. (music club), under Klaus Mohr’s direction for almost 30 years now, was founded on 24 January 1969 and today has 50 active members and a further 66 inactive ones.
Sport
The Sportverein Fortuna Ulmen e.V. (sport club) was founded on 21 September 1921 and offers active sport in the departments of aerobics, men’s and women’s artistic gymnastics, football, “seniors’” football, track and field, skipping, table tennis, gymnastics and volleyball.
Regular events
The Castle Festival (Burgfest) is held yearly in July at the Ulmen castle ruins.
Every three years on 3 October, the Appelfest is held at the Alter Postplatz by the Eifel Club.
Sightseeing gallery
Economy and infrastructure
Education
Kindergarten Ulmen
Grundschule Ulmen (primary school)
Realschule plus Vulkaneifel Ulmen/Lutzerath
Bundeswehr presence
The Schule für Diensthundewesen der Bundeswehr – a training school for dogs used in the German military – was moved in April 2005 from Koblenz-Bubenheim to the former munitions depot in the Hochpochtener Wald (forest) near Ulmen. Both the dogs themselves and their trainers are trained here. In the framework of the festivities for the school's 50th anniversary on 8 August 2008, the until now nameless installation in the Hochpochtener Wald was given the name Gräfin von Maltzan-Kaserne (Kaserne means “barracks”), after the veterinarian Maria von Maltzan, who was a member of the German Resistance in the time of the Third Reich; she helped those who were subject to Adolf Hitler’s repression and persecution, even hiding her future husband, a Jew, inside a couch. The then Ortsgemeinde of Ulmen took over sponsorship of this Bundeswehr facility, which was unique in Germany, on 30 January 2009.
References
External links
Town’s official webpage
Verbandsgemeindeof Ulmen
Ulmen, Vulkaneifel, sightseeing in the area
Eifel
Cochem-Zell
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Ulmen",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Ulmen is a town in the Cochem-Zell district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is the seat of the like-named Verbandsgemeinde – a kind of collective municipality – to which it also belongs.\n\nGeography\n\nLocation\nThe town lies in the Eifel some 11 km northwest of Cochem.\n\nConstituent communities\nTo Ulmen belong the outlying centres – Stadtteile – of Meiserich, Vorpochten and Furth.\n\nGeology \nThe Ulmener Maar, only about 11,000 years old, is not only a maar but also Continental Europe’s newest volcano north of the Alps. It is 37 m deep. Volcanic activity can be observed at depths of more than 4 m in the form of rising gas bubbles. The Ulmener Maar has no natural water inflow or outflow. The two tunnels that hold the water at a constant level today were dug in the 19th century.\n\nAnother maar in town is the 118,000-year-old Jungferweiher, which is considerably bigger than the Ulmener Maar. Formerly used as a fishpond for the lords of the castle, it dried up over the centuries until in the 1930s, it had become a peat bog. In 1942, however, the maar was flooded once again to regulate the water level in the nearby maar.\n\nHistory\nIn 1074, Ulmen had its first documentary mention, though Merovingian graves south of the castle bear witness to earlier habitation within town limits. There have also been suspected Roman finds, but these have not yet been verified.\n\nSir Heinrich von Ulmen, a knight, went on the Fourth Crusade to Constantinople, whence he brought valuable treasures back, among others the famous Limburger Staurothek (“Limburg Reliquary of the True Cross”), which can still be seen in the cathedral in Limburg an der Lahn. His successors were in the 15th century subject to the Trier Archiepiscopal Foundation's public peace (Landfrieden). The “Sun King” Louis XIV of France conquered Ulmen twice and burnt it down. Both times, the castle and the town were built up again. Beginning in 1794, Ulmen lay under French rule. In 1815 it was assigned to the Kingdom of Prussia at the Congress of Vienna. Since 1946, it has been part of the then newly founded state of Rhineland-Palatinate.\n\nMany old buildings bear witness even today to Ulmen's historical past. In the 19th century, when buildings confiscated by Napoleon were transferred to Prussian ownership, a Cochem townsman bought the castle and used it as a quarry. When Ulmen all but burnt down in a fire in 1831, the houses were rebuilt using stones from the castle. Since then, it has been a ruin.\n\nIn the forest that abuts the town is an old spring near which some Roman and Celtic figures were found. This spring is called Dietzjes Bärechje, a reference to children; for centuries, women prayed here for a good birth and healthy children.\n\nIn 1376, Ulmen was granted town rights by Emperor Karl IV. These rights were, however, lost as the Prussians took over the Rhineland in 1815. By decision of the Rhineland-Palatinate Cabinet on 1 September 2009, Ulmen was once again allowed to bear the designation Stadt (“town”) with effect from 2 October 2009.\n\nPolitics\n\nTown council\nThe council is made up of 20 council members, who were elected by proportional representation at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman.\n\nThe municipal election held on 7 June 2009 yielded the following results:\n\nMayor\nUlmen's mayor is Thomas Kerpen (CDU).\n\nCoat of arms\nThe town's arms might be described thus: Per pale Or issuant from base a poleaxe sable and gules issuant from base a gatehouse with flanking towers embattled, the dexter taller than the sinister argent, on a chief of the fourth eight lozenges conjoined in fess throughout of the third.\n\nTown partnerships\nUlmen fosters partnerships with the following places:\n Lormes, Nièvre, France\nIn 1994, Ulmen and Lormes initiated the first contacts for a partnership. Both places contain an element meaning “elm” in their respective languages (Ulme, pl. Ulmen in German; orme in French). The partnership documents were signed in Lormes on 23 June 1996.\n\nCulture and sightseeing\n\nMuseums\n School museum with a reconstructed classroom from the Volksschule.\n\nBuildings\nThe following are listed buildings or sites in Rhineland-Palatinate’s Directory of Cultural Monuments:\n\nUlmen (main centre)\n\n Ulmen Castle (Burg Ulmen, monumental zone) – castle complex consisting of Niederburg (“Lower Castle”), from before 1292, and Oberburg (“Upper Castle”), 1679 partly destroyed; dungeonlike gateway, of the Niederburg only sparse wall remnants left; in the Oberburg the girding wall of the Electoral-Trier Amtshaus, an essentially late mediaeval building, completed in 1682–1683, parts of the girding wall, fountain reconstructed; includes castle hill as well as the buildings from the 18th and 19th century at Bachstraße 2 and Burgfrieden 4, 5, 8 and 12\n Saint Matthias’s Catholic Parish Church (Pfarrkirche St. Matthias), Am Maar – two-naved hall church, 1905, with the use of parts of the former Late Gothic church; transept on the site of the quire, 1966/1967; graveyard: Bonsig tomb, 19th century; warriors’ memorial, 1920s; whole complex of church and graveyard\n Antoniusstraße 2 – former Electoral-Trier tithe house; building with mansard roof, marked 1727\n Cochemer Straße/corner of Burgfrieden – sandstone wayside cross, first third of the 18th century\n At In der Lay 1 – basalt wayside cross, marked 1817\n In der Lay 2 – timber-frame house, commercial building, about 1840\n At In der Lay 3 – coat of arms, 18th century\n At In der Lay 3 – timber-frame house, balloon frame, early 16th century, remodelled in the 19th century\n In der Lay 4 – timber-frame house, partly solid, first third of the 19th century\n Winkelstraße 22 – former school; plastered building on quarrystone pedestal, partly timber-frame, Swiss chalet style, marked 1910–1911\n At Winkelstraße 36 – Bildstock, 19th century\n Antoniuskapelle – open chapel, marked 1659; cross, marked 1659, Electoral-Trier Amtsmann Georg von Metzenhausen's coat of arms\n Waterworks – two basalt quarrystone buildings, marked 1940; whole complex\n\nFurth\n Further Mühle (mill) – L-shaped complex, 19th century, plastered building, barn, millraces, girding wall, bridge\n\nMeiserich\n Saint Anne’s Catholic Branch Chapel (Filialkapelle St. Anna) – aisleless church, essentially Late Gothic (1521), extension around tower marked 1793\n Ulmener Straße 3 – L-shaped complex, 19th century\n Before Ulmener Straße 4 – hand pump, with vase, marked 1909\n\nCastle Ulmen, nowadays only a ruin, was built sometime about the year 1000, apparently on the remnants of a Roman building, although this has never been established through archaeological findings. Its current state is marked by somewhat less than successful restoration measures which have hidden much of the building’s original substance.\n\nSaint Matthias’s Parish Church was built in Romanesque Revival-Gothic Revival style.\n\nMusic\n The Spielmannszug Blau-Weiss 1952 Ulmen e.V. (band) under Rainer Pias’s direction.\n The Musikverein Ulmen e.V. (music club), under Klaus Mohr’s direction for almost 30 years now, was founded on 24 January 1969 and today has 50 active members and a further 66 inactive ones.\n\nSport\nThe Sportverein Fortuna Ulmen e.V. (sport club) was founded on 21 September 1921 and offers active sport in the departments of aerobics, men’s and women’s artistic gymnastics, football, “seniors’” football, track and field, skipping, table tennis, gymnastics and volleyball.\n\nRegular events\n The Castle Festival (Burgfest) is held yearly in July at the Ulmen castle ruins.\n Every three years on 3 October, the Appelfest is held at the Alter Postplatz by the Eifel Club.\n\nSightseeing gallery\n\nEconomy and infrastructure\n\nEducation\n Kindergarten Ulmen\n Grundschule Ulmen (primary school)\n Realschule plus Vulkaneifel Ulmen/Lutzerath\n\nBundeswehr presence\nThe Schule für Diensthundewesen der Bundeswehr – a training school for dogs used in the German military – was moved in April 2005 from Koblenz-Bubenheim to the former munitions depot in the Hochpochtener Wald (forest) near Ulmen. Both the dogs themselves and their trainers are trained here. In the framework of the festivities for the school's 50th anniversary on 8 August 2008, the until now nameless installation in the Hochpochtener Wald was given the name Gräfin von Maltzan-Kaserne (Kaserne means “barracks”), after the veterinarian Maria von Maltzan, who was a member of the German Resistance in the time of the Third Reich; she helped those who were subject to Adolf Hitler’s repression and persecution, even hiding her future husband, a Jew, inside a couch. The then Ortsgemeinde of Ulmen took over sponsorship of this Bundeswehr facility, which was unique in Germany, on 30 January 2009.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n Town’s official webpage \n Verbandsgemeindeof Ulmen \n Ulmen, Vulkaneifel, sightseeing in the area \n\nEifel\nCochem-Zell",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Henryk Wieniawski Violin Competition
|
The International Henryk Wieniawski Violin Competition (Polish: Międzynarodowy Konkurs Skrzypcowy im. Henryka Wieniawskiego) is a competition for violinists up to age 30 that takes place every five years in Poznań, Poland, in honor of the virtuoso and composer Henryk Wieniawski (1835–1880). The first competition took place in 1935 in Warsaw, 100 years after the birth of its patron, and consisted of two stages. The second, after a gap of 17 years in 1952, and subsequent events were held in Poznań in three stages. In 2001 it was decided that the competition would henceforth be held in four stages.
Candidates shall be qualified for the competition subject to preliminary selection auditions run by Maxim Vengerov and another member of the jury.
The following three statutory prizes shall be awarded in the competition:
First prize: 30,000 Euro and gold medal;
Second prize: 20,000 Euro and silver medal;
Third prize: 12,000 Euro and bronze medal.
Additional prizes include three honorary distinctions of 5,000 Euro and the special extra-statutory prize funded by Maxim Vengerov: 12 individual lessons for one of the competition participants. The first edition of the competition took place in 1935 in Warsaw and drew 160 contestants from 23 countries. The inaugural winner of the competition was France's Ginette Neveu. One of the participants was also Grażyna Bacewicz who received an honorary diploma and was to become a future juror of the competition. The two first prizes were funded by renowned Polish luthier Tomasz Panufnik.
Prizewinners
2022
I. Hina Maeda
II. Meruert Karmenova
III. Qingzhu Weng
Distinction. // Hana Chang & Jane Hyeonjin Cho & Dayoon You
2016
I. / Veriko Tchumburidze
II. Bomsori Kim & Seiji Okamoto
III. Not awarded
IV. Luke Hsu
V. / Richard Lin
VI. Maria Włoszczowska
VII. Ryosuke Suho
2011
I. Soyoung Yoon
II. Miki Kobayashi
III. Stefan Tarara
Distinction. Erzhan Kulibaev & Aylen Pritchin & Arata Yumi
2006
I. Agata Szymczewska
II. Airi Suzuki
III. Anna Maria Staśkiewicz
IV. Lev Solodovnikow
V. Maria Machowska
V. Jarosław Nadrzycki
VI. Wojciech Pławner
Distinction. Simeon Klimashevskiy
2001
I. Alena Baeva
II. Soojin Han & Roman Simowic
III. Gaik Kazazian & Bracha Malkin & Hiroko Takahashi
IV. Mayuko Kamio
V. Jaroslaw Nadrzycki
VI. Alexandra Wood
1996
I. Not awarded
II. Reiko Otani
III. Akkiko Tanaka
IV. Łukasz Błaszczyk & Asuka Sezaki
V. Anna Reszniak
VI. Maria M. Nowak
1991
I. Bartłomiej Nizioł & Piotr Pławner
II. Chie Abiko
III. Reiko Shiraishi
IV. Monika Jarecka
V. Tomoko Yoshimura
1986
I. Ewgenij Buszkow
III. Nobu Wakabayashi & Robert Kabara
IV. Wiktor Kuzniecow
V. Alexander Romanul
VI. Hiroko Suzuki
1981
I. Keiko Urushihara
II. Elisa Kawaguti
III. Aureli Błaszczok
IV. Seiji Kageyama
V. Iwao Furusawa
VI. Megumi Shimane
1977
I. Vadim Brodsky
II. Piotr Milewski & Michał Wajman
III. Zachar Bron & Peter A. Zazofsky
IV. Charles A. Linale
V. Hiro Kurosaki & Anna A. Wódka
VI. Kazuhiko Sawa
Awards. Asa Konishi & Keiko Mizuno
1972
I. Tatiana Grindienko
II. Shizuka Ishikawa
III. Barbara Górzyńska
V. Tadeusz Gadzina & Graczija Arutunian
VI. Stefan Czermak
VII. Edward Z. Zienkowski
1967
I. Piotr Janowski
II. Michał Bezwierchnyj
III. Kaja Danczowska
IV. Eduard Tatewosjan
V. Anatolij Mielnkow
VI. Michał Grabarczyk & Mincho Minchev
1962
I. Charles Treger
II. Oleh Krysa
III. Krzysztof Jakowicz
IV. Izabella Petrosjan
V. Mirosław Rusin & Henryk Jarzynski & Priscilla A. Ambrose
VI. Tomasz Michalak
1957
I. Roza Fajn
II. Sidney Harth
III. Mark Komissarow
IV. Augustin Leon-Ara
V. Ayla Erduran
VI. Władimir Malinin
1952
I. Igor Oistrakh
II. Julian Sitkovetsky & Wanda Wiłkomirska
III. Blanche Tarjus & Marina Jaszwili & Olga Parchomlenko
IV. Emil Kamilarov & Edward Statkiewicz & Igor Iwanow & Henryk Palulis
V. Csaba Bokay
1935
I. Ginette Neveu
II. David Oistrakh
III. Henri Temianka
IV. Boris Goldstein
V. Ljerko Spiller
VI. Mary Luisa Sardo
VII. Ida Haendel
VIII. Hubert Anton
IX. Bronislav Gimpel
Laureates by country
See also
List of classical music competitions
Grzegorz Fitelberg International Competition for Conductors
Chopin International Piano Competition
World Federation of International Music Competitions
References
External links
Henryk Wieniawski Society – organizer of the competition
Poznań
Music competitions in Poland
Polish awards
Recurring events established in 1935
1935 establishments in Poland
Violin competitions
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Henryk Wieniawski Violin Competition",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The International Henryk Wieniawski Violin Competition (Polish: Międzynarodowy Konkurs Skrzypcowy im. Henryka Wieniawskiego) is a competition for violinists up to age 30 that takes place every five years in Poznań, Poland, in honor of the virtuoso and composer Henryk Wieniawski (1835–1880). The first competition took place in 1935 in Warsaw, 100 years after the birth of its patron, and consisted of two stages. The second, after a gap of 17 years in 1952, and subsequent events were held in Poznań in three stages. In 2001 it was decided that the competition would henceforth be held in four stages.\n\nCandidates shall be qualified for the competition subject to preliminary selection auditions run by Maxim Vengerov and another member of the jury.\n\nThe following three statutory prizes shall be awarded in the competition:\nFirst prize: 30,000 Euro and gold medal;\nSecond prize: 20,000 Euro and silver medal;\nThird prize: 12,000 Euro and bronze medal.\n\nAdditional prizes include three honorary distinctions of 5,000 Euro and the special extra-statutory prize funded by Maxim Vengerov: 12 individual lessons for one of the competition participants. The first edition of the competition took place in 1935 in Warsaw and drew 160 contestants from 23 countries. The inaugural winner of the competition was France's Ginette Neveu. One of the participants was also Grażyna Bacewicz who received an honorary diploma and was to become a future juror of the competition. The two first prizes were funded by renowned Polish luthier Tomasz Panufnik.\n\nPrizewinners\n\n2022\n I. Hina Maeda\n II. Meruert Karmenova \n III. Qingzhu Weng \n Distinction. // Hana Chang & Jane Hyeonjin Cho & Dayoon You\n\n2016\n I. / Veriko Tchumburidze\n II. Bomsori Kim & Seiji Okamoto \n III. Not awarded\n IV. Luke Hsu \n V. / Richard Lin \n VI. Maria Włoszczowska \n VII. Ryosuke Suho\n\n2011\n I. Soyoung Yoon \n II. Miki Kobayashi\n III. Stefan Tarara \n Distinction. Erzhan Kulibaev & Aylen Pritchin & Arata Yumi\n\n2006\n I. Agata Szymczewska \n II. Airi Suzuki \n III. Anna Maria Staśkiewicz \n IV. Lev Solodovnikow \n V. Maria Machowska \n V. Jarosław Nadrzycki \n VI. Wojciech Pławner \n Distinction. Simeon Klimashevskiy\n\n2001\n I. Alena Baeva \n II. Soojin Han & Roman Simowic \n III. Gaik Kazazian & Bracha Malkin & Hiroko Takahashi \n IV. Mayuko Kamio \n V. Jaroslaw Nadrzycki \n VI. Alexandra Wood\n\n1996\n I. Not awarded \n II. Reiko Otani \n III. Akkiko Tanaka \n IV. Łukasz Błaszczyk & Asuka Sezaki \n V. Anna Reszniak \n VI. Maria M. Nowak\n\n1991\n I. Bartłomiej Nizioł & Piotr Pławner \n II. Chie Abiko \n III. Reiko Shiraishi \n IV. Monika Jarecka \n V. Tomoko Yoshimura\n\n1986\n I. Ewgenij Buszkow \n III. Nobu Wakabayashi & Robert Kabara \n IV. Wiktor Kuzniecow \n V. Alexander Romanul\n VI. Hiroko Suzuki\n\n1981\n I. Keiko Urushihara \n II. Elisa Kawaguti \n III. Aureli Błaszczok \n IV. Seiji Kageyama \n V. Iwao Furusawa \n VI. Megumi Shimane\n\n1977\n I. Vadim Brodsky \n II. Piotr Milewski & Michał Wajman \n III. Zachar Bron & Peter A. Zazofsky \n IV. Charles A. Linale \n V. Hiro Kurosaki & Anna A. Wódka \n VI. Kazuhiko Sawa \n Awards. Asa Konishi & Keiko Mizuno\n\n1972\n I. Tatiana Grindienko \n II. Shizuka Ishikawa \n III. Barbara Górzyńska \n V. Tadeusz Gadzina & Graczija Arutunian \n VI. Stefan Czermak \n VII. Edward Z. Zienkowski\n\n1967\n I. Piotr Janowski \n II. Michał Bezwierchnyj \n III. Kaja Danczowska \n IV. Eduard Tatewosjan \n V. Anatolij Mielnkow \n VI. Michał Grabarczyk & Mincho Minchev\n\n1962\n I. Charles Treger \n II. Oleh Krysa \n III. Krzysztof Jakowicz \n IV. Izabella Petrosjan \n V. Mirosław Rusin & Henryk Jarzynski & Priscilla A. Ambrose \n VI. Tomasz Michalak\n\n1957\n I. Roza Fajn \n II. Sidney Harth \n III. Mark Komissarow \n IV. Augustin Leon-Ara \n V. Ayla Erduran \n VI. Władimir Malinin\n\n1952\n I. Igor Oistrakh \n II. Julian Sitkovetsky & Wanda Wiłkomirska \n III. Blanche Tarjus & Marina Jaszwili & Olga Parchomlenko \n IV. Emil Kamilarov & Edward Statkiewicz & Igor Iwanow & Henryk Palulis \n V. Csaba Bokay\n\n1935\n I. Ginette Neveu \n II. David Oistrakh \n III. Henri Temianka \n IV. Boris Goldstein \n V. Ljerko Spiller \n VI. Mary Luisa Sardo \n VII. Ida Haendel \n VIII. Hubert Anton \n IX. Bronislav Gimpel\n\nLaureates by country\n\nSee also\n List of classical music competitions\n Grzegorz Fitelberg International Competition for Conductors\n Chopin International Piano Competition\n World Federation of International Music Competitions\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Henryk Wieniawski Society – organizer of the competition\n\nPoznań\nMusic competitions in Poland\nPolish awards\nRecurring events established in 1935\n1935 establishments in Poland\nViolin competitions",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenealy%2C%20Hong%20Kong
|
Glenealy is one of the few roads or streets without a suffix in Hong Kong. Located in the Mid-Levels on the Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong, it starts from Ice House Street and goes uphill to Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens, across Robinson Road and ends at Hornsey Road and Conduit Road.
Name
Glenealy was the short form of a valley called Glenealy Ravine (). The valley separates the Government Hill in the east and Pedder's Hill in the west.
Alternatively, the valley was known as Elliot's Vale (), after Charles Elliot, at the beginning and a road from Robinson Road leading to the house named Glenealy on the site of present Roman Catholic Cathedral is known as Elliot Crescent.
Vale in Elliot's Vale means river valley and a river runs from Victoria Peak down to Central. The Elliot Vale name seems, however, to have been as short-lived as Elliot's administration. The name Glenealy was quickly restored after Elliott's administration ended, with a new suffix of "ravine", a fitting name in view of its steepness.
Features
Glenealy was also the name of a mansion in the Victorian era. It belonged to an American opium trader, Warren Delano Jr., grandfather of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the 32nd President of the United States of America. The mansion later gave way to the Catholic Cathedral of Hong Kong, whose construction commenced in 1883. The present address of the cathedral is 16 Caine Road.
Another Glenealy landmark is the 100-year-old Anglican Sheng Kung Hui , whose gates actually open to Wyndham Street. St. Paul's College was founded here too, in 1851, as a school for boys. It was closed in 1941 due to the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong. After the war it was briefly amalgamated with St. Paul's Girls' School to become St. Paul's Co-educational College, and a new campus was built away from Glenealy on Bonham Road when it resumed as its own institution.
It is one of the steepest roads in Hong Kong with public transport. It has a gradient of 1:5 in the Robinson Road to Conduit Road section, with Route 2*, 3, 3A and 45A (minibus) passing this road, which is often congested. The other 1:5 roads used by public transport in Hong Kong are Aberdeen Reservoir Road, Breezy Path and Castle Road.
The present Glenealy "street" is very short, running from number 1 to 10 only. The nearest point to reach Glenealy 1 is to walk uphill from the Hong Kong Fringe Club, while the nearest point to reach Glenealy 10 is to walk downhill from Caine Road near the Caritas House, through the very short pedestrian subway.
A total of 3 Glenealy street signs can be found - one is tucked away at the far end at the bottom of the hill where it can hardly be seen, one is hoisted at Sheng Kung Hui St Paul's Church near the Hong Kong Fringe Club yet no street number is mentioned. The 3rd sign, hoisted at the top of the Caritas House, is the only street sign showing the street number.
External links
A section about Glenealy
Map: Glenealy, Hong Kong
Valleys of Hong Kong
Central, Hong Kong
Government Hill
Roads on Hong Kong Island
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenealy%2C%20Hong%20Kong",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Glenealy is one of the few roads or streets without a suffix in Hong Kong. Located in the Mid-Levels on the Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong, it starts from Ice House Street and goes uphill to Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens, across Robinson Road and ends at Hornsey Road and Conduit Road.\n\nName\nGlenealy was the short form of a valley called Glenealy Ravine (). The valley separates the Government Hill in the east and Pedder's Hill in the west.\n\nAlternatively, the valley was known as Elliot's Vale (), after Charles Elliot, at the beginning and a road from Robinson Road leading to the house named Glenealy on the site of present Roman Catholic Cathedral is known as Elliot Crescent.\n\nVale in Elliot's Vale means river valley and a river runs from Victoria Peak down to Central. The Elliot Vale name seems, however, to have been as short-lived as Elliot's administration. The name Glenealy was quickly restored after Elliott's administration ended, with a new suffix of \"ravine\", a fitting name in view of its steepness.\n\nFeatures\nGlenealy was also the name of a mansion in the Victorian era. It belonged to an American opium trader, Warren Delano Jr., grandfather of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the 32nd President of the United States of America. The mansion later gave way to the Catholic Cathedral of Hong Kong, whose construction commenced in 1883. The present address of the cathedral is 16 Caine Road.\n\nAnother Glenealy landmark is the 100-year-old Anglican Sheng Kung Hui , whose gates actually open to Wyndham Street. St. Paul's College was founded here too, in 1851, as a school for boys. It was closed in 1941 due to the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong. After the war it was briefly amalgamated with St. Paul's Girls' School to become St. Paul's Co-educational College, and a new campus was built away from Glenealy on Bonham Road when it resumed as its own institution.\n\nIt is one of the steepest roads in Hong Kong with public transport. It has a gradient of 1:5 in the Robinson Road to Conduit Road section, with Route 2*, 3, 3A and 45A (minibus) passing this road, which is often congested. The other 1:5 roads used by public transport in Hong Kong are Aberdeen Reservoir Road, Breezy Path and Castle Road.\n\nThe present Glenealy \"street\" is very short, running from number 1 to 10 only. The nearest point to reach Glenealy 1 is to walk uphill from the Hong Kong Fringe Club, while the nearest point to reach Glenealy 10 is to walk downhill from Caine Road near the Caritas House, through the very short pedestrian subway.\n\nA total of 3 Glenealy street signs can be found - one is tucked away at the far end at the bottom of the hill where it can hardly be seen, one is hoisted at Sheng Kung Hui St Paul's Church near the Hong Kong Fringe Club yet no street number is mentioned. The 3rd sign, hoisted at the top of the Caritas House, is the only street sign showing the street number.\n\nExternal links\n\nA section about Glenealy \nMap: Glenealy, Hong Kong\n\nValleys of Hong Kong\nCentral, Hong Kong\nGovernment Hill\nRoads on Hong Kong Island",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Tom Wright (1930s rugby league)
|
Tom Wright was an Australian rugby league footballer who played for North Sydney in the New South Wales Rugby League premiership competition. Wright was captain-coach for Norths during the 1931 season.
References
Footnotes
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Australian rugby league coaches
Australian rugby league players
City New South Wales rugby league team players
North Sydney Bears captains
North Sydney Bears coaches
North Sydney Bears players
Rugby league players from Sydney
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Tom Wright (1930s rugby league)",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Tom Wright was an Australian rugby league footballer who played for North Sydney in the New South Wales Rugby League premiership competition. Wright was captain-coach for Norths during the 1931 season.\n\nReferences\n\nFootnotes\n \n\nYear of birth missing\nYear of death missing\nAustralian rugby league coaches\nAustralian rugby league players\nCity New South Wales rugby league team players\nNorth Sydney Bears captains\nNorth Sydney Bears coaches\nNorth Sydney Bears players\nRugby league players from Sydney",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Stagecoach South East
|
Stagecoach South East is the trading name of East Kent Road Car Company Limited, a bus operator based in Canterbury providing services in Kent and East Sussex in the south east of England. It is a subsidiary of Stagecoach Group.
History
Stagecoach have been operating in the Hastings area since their takeover of Hastings & District Transport in 1989. Stagecoach have made a vast amount of improvements to the Hastings bus network. All the improvements are in partnership with Hastings Borough Council and East Sussex County Council.
Acquisitions
East Kent Road Car Company
Stagecoach acquired the East Kent Road Car Company in 1993 and operates many routes with different route branding.
Eastbourne
In early November 2008, local press reported that Eastbourne Buses was to be sold by the end of the year to either the Go-Ahead Group or Stagecoach Group. The employees' trade union, Unite, wrote to Eastbourne Borough Council to ask the Council to sell to the Go-Ahead Group, because of work conditions and a superior fleet. On 25 November 2008, it was announced that Stagecoach was the preferred bidder to purchase. A few days later, it was announced in local press that the takeover had cost £4 million. Stagecoach had run services in the town until late in 2000 before they were withdrawn, and at the time of the announcement operated services to Hastings and Bexhill from Eastbourne.
The sale caused a lot of controversy, with MPs criticising the secrecy surrounding the sale and blaming each other's parties for the state the Eastbourne Buses got into, the Liberal Democrats claiming the Conservatives "failed to support Eastbourne Buses". There has also been criticism of the low price the company was sold at - revealed at £3.7 million, lower than the original report of 4 - and criticism against Stagecoach, one MP saying that the company has effectively been "given away for nothing". However, it was revealed that Go-Ahead had bid much lower at £2.85 million, so the council had to sell to Stagecoach to serve the taxpayer due to the £1.2 million difference in bids, despite the union's calls.
Cavendish Motor
In January 2009, Cavendish Motor Services were bought by Stagecoach Group. Stagecoach announced redundancies for Cavendish staff. The company was then merged with Eastbourne Buses and rebranded as Stagecoach.
On 13 May 2009, the Office of Fair Trading announced that it was referring the purchase of Eastbourne Buses and Cavendish Motor Services by Stagecoach to the Competition Commission. Although the provisional decision found that the acquisitions had substantially lessened competition, the Competition Commission cleared the purchase in October 2009 after deciding that Cavendish would have chosen either to reduce its services substantially or even to close its operations altogether following Stagecoach's acquisition of Eastbourne Buses.
Eastonways
Eastonways was an independent bus and coach operator providing regular bus services in and around Thanet, Kent in England. The company's services, either fully or partly funded by Kent County Council, regularly operated in Margate, Westgate, Broadstairs, St Peters, Ramsgate and surrounding villages, Birchington, Acol, Manston, Minster & Monkton. In March 2012, six of their buses were set alight at the company's depot in Ramsgate in an act of arson. In October 2013, the company was placed in liquidation and most routes were taken over by Stagecoach on behalf of Kent County Council.
Until July 2017, Stagecoach operated National Express coach routes 007, 021, and 022, which were then taken over by The Kings Ferry. East Kent had operated services from Kent to Victoria Coach Station since 1932.
Fleet and Vehicles
Current fleet
As of 2022, the Stagecoach South East fleet consists of 442 buses.
The fleet consists of a mixture of Alexander Dennis Enviro400 (both integral and Scania N230UD versions), Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC (both integral and Scania N250UD versions), Scania OmniCity, Dennis Trident 2 Alexander ALX400, Alexander Dennis Enviro200, Alexander Dennis Enviro200 MMC, Alexander Dennis Enviro300, Dennis Dart Plaxton Pointer and Optare Solo buses.
Vehicle History
On 22 January 2012, 11 new Alexander Dennis Enviro400 bodied Scania N230UDs were introduced on The Wave 99 that runs between Hastings and Eastbourne via Bexhill and Pevensey Bay.
On 19 April 2012, 23 new Alexander Dennis Enviro200 Darts were introduced on the local Hastings Arrow routes.
On 31 October 2014, a fleet of 10 new Scania N230UD Alexander Dennis Enviro400 buses were introduced to upgrade route 16 between Canterbury and Hythe to Stagecoach Gold operation.
In April and May 2016, a large fleet of new Scania N250UD Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC buses were introduced onto routes 8, 8A and 8X between Canterbury and Westwood Cross and onto the Triangle service between Canterbury and Herne Bay.
On 23 July 2016, Stagecoach South East introduced new open-top route 69 in Thanet, operating between Ramsgate and Broadstairs. Two TransBus Trident Alexander ALX400 buses were converted to open-top to operate the service.
On 5 December 2016, a fleet of 25 new Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC buses were introduced onto "Wave" routes 100, 101 and 102 between Hastings, Rye and Dover. A further fleet of 12 new Scania N250UD Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC buses entered service on "Wave" route 99 between Eastbourne and Hastings in January 2018.
In June 2019, a new fleet of 24 Alexander Dennis Enviro200 MMC buses were introduced onto the Thanet Loop service which operates in a circular route on the Isle of Thanet.
Routes
Local and Interurban Services
Stagecoach South East operate a mixture of local and interurban services across Kent and East Sussex. Bus services are centred in the towns of Canterbury, Ashford, Ramsgate, Folkestone, Hastings and Eastbourne.
The company also operates a number of high profile branded interurban services.
The Wave
"The Wave" is the brand given to services along the south east coast. The network is currently formed of four routes, which form a coastal corridor between Eastbourne and Dover:
Route 99 runs between Eastbourne and Hastings via Bexhill-on-Sea
Routes 100/101 runs between Hastings and Rye via either Icklesham or Fairlight
Route 102 runs between Rye and Dover via Camber, Lydd, Littlestone-on-Sea, New Romney, Hythe and Folkestone
Services are generally operated using "Wave" branded Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC buses, although a number of these are currently being repainted into the new Stagecoach local livery.
Stagecoach Gold 16
Route 16 which operates between Canterbury and Hythe via Denton, Hawkinge and Folkestone is part of the premium Stagecoach Gold brand. Services are operated using Scania N230UD Alexander Dennis Enviro400 with free WiFi and leather seats. A number of these buses are currently being repainted into the new Stagecoach local livery.
The Breeze
Routes 8, 8A and 8X which operate between Canterbury and Westwood Cross via Birchington-on-Sea and Margate are branded as "The Breeze".
Services are operated using "Breeze" branded Scania N250UD Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC buses although a number of these are currently being repainted into the new Stagecoach local livery.
Canterbury Park & Ride
Stagecoach South East also operate the Canterbury Park & Ride service on behalf of Canterbury City Council.
Buses operate frequently from Canterbury City Centre to two park & ride sites, one at Wincheap and one at New Dover Road. Services from a third park & ride site at Sturry Road are currently suspended.
UniBus
Stagecoach South East operate the UniBus service, in partnership with The University of Kent. The network is formed of two routes, the Uni1 and Uni2 which connect Canterbury City Centre with the university campuses.
Depots
Stagecoach South East currently operate services from seven bus depots (and one outstation) across Kent and East Sussex:
Herne Bay
Ashford
Westwood
Folkestone
Dover
Hastings
Eastbourne
Old Romney (Outstation)
See also
List of bus operators of the United Kingdom
References
External links
Stagecoach South East Website
Stagecoach Group bus operators in England
Companies based in Kent
Eastbourne
Bus operators in East Sussex
Bus operators in Kent
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Stagecoach South East",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Stagecoach South East is the trading name of East Kent Road Car Company Limited, a bus operator based in Canterbury providing services in Kent and East Sussex in the south east of England. It is a subsidiary of Stagecoach Group.\n\nHistory\nStagecoach have been operating in the Hastings area since their takeover of Hastings & District Transport in 1989. Stagecoach have made a vast amount of improvements to the Hastings bus network. All the improvements are in partnership with Hastings Borough Council and East Sussex County Council.\n\nAcquisitions\nEast Kent Road Car Company\nStagecoach acquired the East Kent Road Car Company in 1993 and operates many routes with different route branding.\n\nEastbourne\nIn early November 2008, local press reported that Eastbourne Buses was to be sold by the end of the year to either the Go-Ahead Group or Stagecoach Group. The employees' trade union, Unite, wrote to Eastbourne Borough Council to ask the Council to sell to the Go-Ahead Group, because of work conditions and a superior fleet. On 25 November 2008, it was announced that Stagecoach was the preferred bidder to purchase. A few days later, it was announced in local press that the takeover had cost £4 million. Stagecoach had run services in the town until late in 2000 before they were withdrawn, and at the time of the announcement operated services to Hastings and Bexhill from Eastbourne.\n\nThe sale caused a lot of controversy, with MPs criticising the secrecy surrounding the sale and blaming each other's parties for the state the Eastbourne Buses got into, the Liberal Democrats claiming the Conservatives \"failed to support Eastbourne Buses\". There has also been criticism of the low price the company was sold at - revealed at £3.7 million, lower than the original report of 4 - and criticism against Stagecoach, one MP saying that the company has effectively been \"given away for nothing\". However, it was revealed that Go-Ahead had bid much lower at £2.85 million, so the council had to sell to Stagecoach to serve the taxpayer due to the £1.2 million difference in bids, despite the union's calls.\n\nCavendish Motor\nIn January 2009, Cavendish Motor Services were bought by Stagecoach Group. Stagecoach announced redundancies for Cavendish staff. The company was then merged with Eastbourne Buses and rebranded as Stagecoach.\n\nOn 13 May 2009, the Office of Fair Trading announced that it was referring the purchase of Eastbourne Buses and Cavendish Motor Services by Stagecoach to the Competition Commission. Although the provisional decision found that the acquisitions had substantially lessened competition, the Competition Commission cleared the purchase in October 2009 after deciding that Cavendish would have chosen either to reduce its services substantially or even to close its operations altogether following Stagecoach's acquisition of Eastbourne Buses.\n\nEastonways\n\nEastonways was an independent bus and coach operator providing regular bus services in and around Thanet, Kent in England. The company's services, either fully or partly funded by Kent County Council, regularly operated in Margate, Westgate, Broadstairs, St Peters, Ramsgate and surrounding villages, Birchington, Acol, Manston, Minster & Monkton. In March 2012, six of their buses were set alight at the company's depot in Ramsgate in an act of arson. In October 2013, the company was placed in liquidation and most routes were taken over by Stagecoach on behalf of Kent County Council.\n\nUntil July 2017, Stagecoach operated National Express coach routes 007, 021, and 022, which were then taken over by The Kings Ferry. East Kent had operated services from Kent to Victoria Coach Station since 1932.\n\nFleet and Vehicles\n\nCurrent fleet\nAs of 2022, the Stagecoach South East fleet consists of 442 buses.\n\nThe fleet consists of a mixture of Alexander Dennis Enviro400 (both integral and Scania N230UD versions), Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC (both integral and Scania N250UD versions), Scania OmniCity, Dennis Trident 2 Alexander ALX400, Alexander Dennis Enviro200, Alexander Dennis Enviro200 MMC, Alexander Dennis Enviro300, Dennis Dart Plaxton Pointer and Optare Solo buses.\n\nVehicle History\nOn 22 January 2012, 11 new Alexander Dennis Enviro400 bodied Scania N230UDs were introduced on The Wave 99 that runs between Hastings and Eastbourne via Bexhill and Pevensey Bay.\n\nOn 19 April 2012, 23 new Alexander Dennis Enviro200 Darts were introduced on the local Hastings Arrow routes.\n\nOn 31 October 2014, a fleet of 10 new Scania N230UD Alexander Dennis Enviro400 buses were introduced to upgrade route 16 between Canterbury and Hythe to Stagecoach Gold operation.\n\nIn April and May 2016, a large fleet of new Scania N250UD Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC buses were introduced onto routes 8, 8A and 8X between Canterbury and Westwood Cross and onto the Triangle service between Canterbury and Herne Bay.\n\nOn 23 July 2016, Stagecoach South East introduced new open-top route 69 in Thanet, operating between Ramsgate and Broadstairs. Two TransBus Trident Alexander ALX400 buses were converted to open-top to operate the service.\n\nOn 5 December 2016, a fleet of 25 new Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC buses were introduced onto \"Wave\" routes 100, 101 and 102 between Hastings, Rye and Dover. A further fleet of 12 new Scania N250UD Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC buses entered service on \"Wave\" route 99 between Eastbourne and Hastings in January 2018.\n\nIn June 2019, a new fleet of 24 Alexander Dennis Enviro200 MMC buses were introduced onto the Thanet Loop service which operates in a circular route on the Isle of Thanet.\n\nRoutes\n\nLocal and Interurban Services\nStagecoach South East operate a mixture of local and interurban services across Kent and East Sussex. Bus services are centred in the towns of Canterbury, Ashford, Ramsgate, Folkestone, Hastings and Eastbourne.\n\nThe company also operates a number of high profile branded interurban services.\n\nThe Wave\n\n\"The Wave\" is the brand given to services along the south east coast. The network is currently formed of four routes, which form a coastal corridor between Eastbourne and Dover:\n Route 99 runs between Eastbourne and Hastings via Bexhill-on-Sea\n Routes 100/101 runs between Hastings and Rye via either Icklesham or Fairlight\n Route 102 runs between Rye and Dover via Camber, Lydd, Littlestone-on-Sea, New Romney, Hythe and Folkestone\n\nServices are generally operated using \"Wave\" branded Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC buses, although a number of these are currently being repainted into the new Stagecoach local livery.\n\nStagecoach Gold 16\n\nRoute 16 which operates between Canterbury and Hythe via Denton, Hawkinge and Folkestone is part of the premium Stagecoach Gold brand. Services are operated using Scania N230UD Alexander Dennis Enviro400 with free WiFi and leather seats. A number of these buses are currently being repainted into the new Stagecoach local livery.\n\nThe Breeze\n\nRoutes 8, 8A and 8X which operate between Canterbury and Westwood Cross via Birchington-on-Sea and Margate are branded as \"The Breeze\". \n\nServices are operated using \"Breeze\" branded Scania N250UD Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC buses although a number of these are currently being repainted into the new Stagecoach local livery.\n\nCanterbury Park & Ride\n\nStagecoach South East also operate the Canterbury Park & Ride service on behalf of Canterbury City Council. \n\nBuses operate frequently from Canterbury City Centre to two park & ride sites, one at Wincheap and one at New Dover Road. Services from a third park & ride site at Sturry Road are currently suspended.\n\nUniBus\n\nStagecoach South East operate the UniBus service, in partnership with The University of Kent. The network is formed of two routes, the Uni1 and Uni2 which connect Canterbury City Centre with the university campuses.\n\nDepots\nStagecoach South East currently operate services from seven bus depots (and one outstation) across Kent and East Sussex:\n Herne Bay\n Ashford\n Westwood\n Folkestone\n Dover\n Hastings\n Eastbourne\n Old Romney (Outstation)\n\nSee also\n List of bus operators of the United Kingdom\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nStagecoach South East Website\n\nStagecoach Group bus operators in England\nCompanies based in Kent\nEastbourne\nBus operators in East Sussex\nBus operators in Kent",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head%20tie
|
A head tie, also known as a headwrap, is a women's cloth head scarf that is commonly worn in many parts of West Africa and Southern Africa. The head tie is used as an ornamental head covering or fashion accessory, or for functionality in different settings. Its use or meaning can vary depending on the country and/or religion of those who wear it. Among Jewish women, the Biblical source for covering hair comes from the Torah in the book of Bamidbar Parshas Nasso which contains the source for the obligation of a married woman to cover her hair. An eesha sotah is a woman whose husband suspects her of having acted immorally. The Torah commands the Kohein to take various steps to demonstrate that the sotah has deviated from the modest and loyal path of most married Jewish women (Rashi 5:15-27). Among the procedures, the pasuk clearly states: "ufora es rosh haisha..." and he shall uncover the hair of the head of the woman (5:18). One can only uncover something that has previously been covered; in this case the Torah is referring to the married woman's hair. Among Christian women in certain parts of the world, such as Africa and the Caribbean, the head tie is worn as a headcovering in obedience to .
There are varying traditional names for headties in different countries, which include: gele (Nigeria), duku (Malawi, Ghana), dhuku (Zimbabwe), tukwi (Botswana), doek (South Africa, Namibia) and tignon (United States) Jewish women refer to their head ties as a tichel or mitpachat.
West Africa
In Nigeria, the head-ties are known as gele (a Yoruba-language word and attire), and can be rather large and elaborate. Although the gele can be worn for day-to-day activities, the elaborate ceremonial ones are worn to weddings, special events, and church activities. It is usually made of a material that is firmer than regular cloth. When worn, especially for more elaborate events, the gele typically covers a woman's entire hair as well as her ears. The only part exposed is her face and earrings on the lower part of her earlobes. The gele is accompanied by traditional local attire that may or may not have the same pattern as the headtie itself.
In Ghana, opportunity to wear a duku usually falls on a religious day of Friday, Saturday or Sunday. This depends on whether the wearers are Muslim, Seventh-Day Adventists or Sunday church-going Christians.
Southern Africa
In South Africa and Namibia, the Afrikaans word doek (meaning "cloth") is used for the traditional head covering used among most elderly local women in rural areas. Malawian head-ties are usually small and conservative compared to the Nigerian style. Women wear duku at special events like funerals. Urban women with plaited hair also wear a duku when visiting rural areas out of cultural respect. In addition, women may wear duku during sleep to protect the hair.
In South African church services women may wear white "dukus" to cover their heads. At the International Pentecostal churches in South Africa, married women wear white 'dukus'.
The Shangaan women in Zimbabwe and South Africa wear 'dukus' as fashion accessories. At other social gatherings in Zimbabwe women may wear a dhuku.
According to Professor Hlonipha Mokoena of the Witwatersrand Institute for Social and Economic Research, historically the doek or headscarf was imposed on black women in many colonies by convention or by law as a way to control the sensuality and exoticism that "confused" white men. 2016 saw a resurgence of wearing doeks through the #FeesMustFall movement among students around South Africa.
See also
Headscarf
Hijab
Tignon
References
External links
Headgear
Islamic female clothing
Scarves
Turbans
Nigerian clothing
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head%20tie",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "A head tie, also known as a headwrap, is a women's cloth head scarf that is commonly worn in many parts of West Africa and Southern Africa. The head tie is used as an ornamental head covering or fashion accessory, or for functionality in different settings. Its use or meaning can vary depending on the country and/or religion of those who wear it. Among Jewish women, the Biblical source for covering hair comes from the Torah in the book of Bamidbar Parshas Nasso which contains the source for the obligation of a married woman to cover her hair. An eesha sotah is a woman whose husband suspects her of having acted immorally. The Torah commands the Kohein to take various steps to demonstrate that the sotah has deviated from the modest and loyal path of most married Jewish women (Rashi 5:15-27). Among the procedures, the pasuk clearly states: \"ufora es rosh haisha...\" and he shall uncover the hair of the head of the woman (5:18). One can only uncover something that has previously been covered; in this case the Torah is referring to the married woman's hair. Among Christian women in certain parts of the world, such as Africa and the Caribbean, the head tie is worn as a headcovering in obedience to .\n\nThere are varying traditional names for headties in different countries, which include: gele (Nigeria), duku (Malawi, Ghana), dhuku (Zimbabwe), tukwi (Botswana), doek (South Africa, Namibia) and tignon (United States) Jewish women refer to their head ties as a tichel or mitpachat.\n\nWest Africa\nIn Nigeria, the head-ties are known as gele (a Yoruba-language word and attire), and can be rather large and elaborate. Although the gele can be worn for day-to-day activities, the elaborate ceremonial ones are worn to weddings, special events, and church activities. It is usually made of a material that is firmer than regular cloth. When worn, especially for more elaborate events, the gele typically covers a woman's entire hair as well as her ears. The only part exposed is her face and earrings on the lower part of her earlobes. The gele is accompanied by traditional local attire that may or may not have the same pattern as the headtie itself.\n\nIn Ghana, opportunity to wear a duku usually falls on a religious day of Friday, Saturday or Sunday. This depends on whether the wearers are Muslim, Seventh-Day Adventists or Sunday church-going Christians.\n\nSouthern Africa\nIn South Africa and Namibia, the Afrikaans word doek (meaning \"cloth\") is used for the traditional head covering used among most elderly local women in rural areas. Malawian head-ties are usually small and conservative compared to the Nigerian style. Women wear duku at special events like funerals. Urban women with plaited hair also wear a duku when visiting rural areas out of cultural respect. In addition, women may wear duku during sleep to protect the hair.\n\nIn South African church services women may wear white \"dukus\" to cover their heads. At the International Pentecostal churches in South Africa, married women wear white 'dukus'.\n\nThe Shangaan women in Zimbabwe and South Africa wear 'dukus' as fashion accessories. At other social gatherings in Zimbabwe women may wear a dhuku.\n\nAccording to Professor Hlonipha Mokoena of the Witwatersrand Institute for Social and Economic Research, historically the doek or headscarf was imposed on black women in many colonies by convention or by law as a way to control the sensuality and exoticism that \"confused\" white men. 2016 saw a resurgence of wearing doeks through the #FeesMustFall movement among students around South Africa.\n\nSee also\nHeadscarf\nHijab\nTignon\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nHeadgear\nIslamic female clothing\nScarves\nTurbans\nNigerian clothing",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Marchmore%20Shaw
|
Henry Marchmore Shaw (November 20, 1819 – February 1, 1864) was a Congressional Representative from North Carolina, as well as an officer in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He was killed in action, one of a handful of former U.S. Congressmen to perish during the conflict.
Early life
Henry M. Shaw was born in Newport, Rhode Island, November 20, 1819. His parents were John Allen and Elizabeth Marchmore Shaw of Newport. His father was a silversmith with interests in the West Indies trade out of Newport. The family moved to North Carolina after his father lost ships and a good portion of his livelihood to the British in the War of 1812. It's said that his brother, Silas Gardner Shaw, took the lighthouse keeper position at Beavertail Lighthouse (1858–1862, 1863–1869) to avoid fighting against his brother in the war. Their mother died in 1829, Silas at 6 years old was sent back to Newport to live with relatives; Henry stayed in North Carolina with his father. Henry completed preparatory studies and graduated from the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania at Philadelphia in 1838. He began his medical practice in Indiantown, North Carolina.
Congress
He was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-third Congress (March 4, 1853–March 3, 1855). Shaw was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the Thirty-fourth Congress. He was elected to the Thirty-fifth Congress (March 4, 1857–March 3, 1859) and was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the Thirty-sixth Congress.
Henry debated "The Kansas Question" in April 1858; his brother Silas would take the government job at Beavertail Lighthouse in December of that same year. He was a vocal secessionist who called for North Carolina's secession from the Union even prior to Lincoln's election in 1860. He signed the North Carolina Ordinance of Secession on May 21, 1861 with a quill pen he made especially for that purpose. The pen is on display at the North Carolina Museum of History located in Raleigh. The North Carolinians had convened the day before, marking the 86th anniversary of the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence.
Civil War
With the outbreak of the Civil War, Shaw enlisted in the Confederate army and was appointed as a colonel. He was in command of the Confederate forces at the Battle of Roanoke Island. In January 1862, General Ambrose E. Burnside leading New England Federal forces (including many Rhode Islanders) with about sixty ships and over 13,000 men began to enter Hatteras inlet, and assembled in Pamlico Sound. On February 6, 1862 Burnside's forces entered Roanoke Harbor. On the morning of February 8 Burnside's forces landed on the south end of Roanoke Island and advanced towards the north. From the Fort Raleigh National Historic Site website "Coming around the turn in the road, the Union forces saw their first view of the island's main defense – the three-gun battery. This battery, sitting astride the road, was thirty-five yards wide with a water-filled ditch eight feet wide and three feet deep guarding the front. Supporting the three guns were about 1,000 poorly armed soldiers from various regiments."
Colonel Shaw and his men put up a valiant struggle, but were eventually overwhelmed by the Federal forces which had five times the number of men. Colonel Shaw surrendered to avoid a massacre of his men. Although Roanoke was considered a small battle in the larger picture of the Civil War, it was a pivotal turning point in Northern support for the war; prior to that the North had not had much success and public support of the war was waning.
Shaw was paroled and the North Carolina Eighth reorganized in the fall of 1862. Colonel Shaw took command once again leading forces in Charleston, Wilmington, and the trenches of Petersburg, Virginia.
On February 1, 1864, in the early morning hours, at Batchelder's Creek, while assembling on the road for the expedition to New Bern, he was shot from his horse. The bullet entered his cheek and traversed his head killing him instantly. His body was recovered and interred in the cemetery at Shawboro, North Carolina; the town of Shawboro was named in his honor.
External links
Notes
1819 births
1864 deaths
American planters
Northern-born Confederates
People of North Carolina in the American Civil War
Confederate States Army officers
Confederate States of America military personnel killed in the American Civil War
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina
Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania alumni
19th-century American politicians
Members of the United States House of Representatives who owned slaves
United States politicians killed during the Civil War
Slave owners killed in the American Civil War
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Marchmore%20Shaw",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Henry Marchmore Shaw (November 20, 1819 – February 1, 1864) was a Congressional Representative from North Carolina, as well as an officer in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He was killed in action, one of a handful of former U.S. Congressmen to perish during the conflict.\n\nEarly life\nHenry M. Shaw was born in Newport, Rhode Island, November 20, 1819. His parents were John Allen and Elizabeth Marchmore Shaw of Newport. His father was a silversmith with interests in the West Indies trade out of Newport. The family moved to North Carolina after his father lost ships and a good portion of his livelihood to the British in the War of 1812. It's said that his brother, Silas Gardner Shaw, took the lighthouse keeper position at Beavertail Lighthouse (1858–1862, 1863–1869) to avoid fighting against his brother in the war. Their mother died in 1829, Silas at 6 years old was sent back to Newport to live with relatives; Henry stayed in North Carolina with his father. Henry completed preparatory studies and graduated from the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania at Philadelphia in 1838. He began his medical practice in Indiantown, North Carolina.\n\nCongress\nHe was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-third Congress (March 4, 1853–March 3, 1855). Shaw was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the Thirty-fourth Congress. He was elected to the Thirty-fifth Congress (March 4, 1857–March 3, 1859) and was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the Thirty-sixth Congress.\n\nHenry debated \"The Kansas Question\" in April 1858; his brother Silas would take the government job at Beavertail Lighthouse in December of that same year. He was a vocal secessionist who called for North Carolina's secession from the Union even prior to Lincoln's election in 1860. He signed the North Carolina Ordinance of Secession on May 21, 1861 with a quill pen he made especially for that purpose. The pen is on display at the North Carolina Museum of History located in Raleigh. The North Carolinians had convened the day before, marking the 86th anniversary of the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence.\n\nCivil War\nWith the outbreak of the Civil War, Shaw enlisted in the Confederate army and was appointed as a colonel. He was in command of the Confederate forces at the Battle of Roanoke Island. In January 1862, General Ambrose E. Burnside leading New England Federal forces (including many Rhode Islanders) with about sixty ships and over 13,000 men began to enter Hatteras inlet, and assembled in Pamlico Sound. On February 6, 1862 Burnside's forces entered Roanoke Harbor. On the morning of February 8 Burnside's forces landed on the south end of Roanoke Island and advanced towards the north. From the Fort Raleigh National Historic Site website \"Coming around the turn in the road, the Union forces saw their first view of the island's main defense – the three-gun battery. This battery, sitting astride the road, was thirty-five yards wide with a water-filled ditch eight feet wide and three feet deep guarding the front. Supporting the three guns were about 1,000 poorly armed soldiers from various regiments.\"\n\nColonel Shaw and his men put up a valiant struggle, but were eventually overwhelmed by the Federal forces which had five times the number of men. Colonel Shaw surrendered to avoid a massacre of his men. Although Roanoke was considered a small battle in the larger picture of the Civil War, it was a pivotal turning point in Northern support for the war; prior to that the North had not had much success and public support of the war was waning.\n\nShaw was paroled and the North Carolina Eighth reorganized in the fall of 1862. Colonel Shaw took command once again leading forces in Charleston, Wilmington, and the trenches of Petersburg, Virginia.\n\nOn February 1, 1864, in the early morning hours, at Batchelder's Creek, while assembling on the road for the expedition to New Bern, he was shot from his horse. The bullet entered his cheek and traversed his head killing him instantly. His body was recovered and interred in the cemetery at Shawboro, North Carolina; the town of Shawboro was named in his honor.\n\nExternal links\n\nNotes\n\n1819 births\n1864 deaths\nAmerican planters\nNorthern-born Confederates\nPeople of North Carolina in the American Civil War\nConfederate States Army officers\nConfederate States of America military personnel killed in the American Civil War\nDemocratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina\nPerelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania alumni\n19th-century American politicians\nMembers of the United States House of Representatives who owned slaves\nUnited States politicians killed during the Civil War\nSlave owners killed in the American Civil War",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Pamukova
|
Pamukova is a municipality and district of Sakarya Province, Turkey. Its area is 289 km2, and its population is 30,482 (2022). The mayor is İbrahim Güven Övün (SP). The town has been identified as the Byzantine assembly place of Malagina.
Composition
There are 33 neighbourhoods in Pamukova District:
Ağaççılar
Ahılar
Akçakaya
Bacıköy
Bakacak
Bayırakçaşehir
Çardak
Cihadiye
Çilekli
Cumhuriyet
Eğriçay
Elperek
Eskiyayla
Fevziye
Gökgöz
Gonca
Hayrettin
Hüseyinli
İsabalı
Kadıköy
Karapınar
Kazımiye
Kemaliye
Mekece
Oruçlu
Özbek
Paşalar
Pınarlı
Şahmelek
Şeyhvarmaz
Teşvikiye
Turgutlu
Yenice
References
Populated places in Sakarya Province
Districts of Sakarya Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Pamukova",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Pamukova is a municipality and district of Sakarya Province, Turkey. Its area is 289 km2, and its population is 30,482 (2022). The mayor is İbrahim Güven Övün (SP). The town has been identified as the Byzantine assembly place of Malagina.\n\nComposition\nThere are 33 neighbourhoods in Pamukova District:\n\n Ağaççılar\n Ahılar\n Akçakaya\n Bacıköy\n Bakacak\n Bayırakçaşehir\n Çardak\n Cihadiye\n Çilekli\n Cumhuriyet\n Eğriçay\n Elperek\n Eskiyayla\n Fevziye\n Gökgöz\n Gonca\n Hayrettin\n Hüseyinli\n İsabalı\n Kadıköy\n Karapınar\n Kazımiye\n Kemaliye\n Mekece\n Oruçlu\n Özbek\n Paşalar\n Pınarlı\n Şahmelek\n Şeyhvarmaz\n Teşvikiye\n Turgutlu\n Yenice\n\nReferences\n\n \nPopulated places in Sakarya Province\nDistricts of Sakarya Province\nMetropolitan district municipalities in Turkey",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%20Burns%20%28footballer%29
|
Scott Burns (born 23 December 1974) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for and captained the Collingwood Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). Burns currently serves as the Senior Assistant Coach of the Adelaide Football Club.
Playing career
Originally from Norwood Football Club in the South Australian National Football League, Burns was drafted by the Collingwood Football Club with the 90th selection in the 1992 National draft. He made his début in 1995, two years after being drafted, after moving from South Australia and played every game except one for the season. In 1996 he was second in Collingwood's best and fairest award and also represented South Australia in State of Origin. In 1997 a groin injury restricted him to fourteen games and in 1998 he missed most of the first half of the season due to a broken arm.
He was appointed vice captain in 1999. In 2001 he was again forced out with recurrent hamstring injuries and was limited to eight games. Collingwood made the Grand Final in 2002 and Burns played a magnificent season, coming runner-up in the best and fairest once again. As a veteran of the club, he was only experiencing his first final when he played against . He had 505 disposals for the season and was a dominant midfielder and forward, kicking twenty eight goals in the season. In 2003 he came third in the best and fairest. Injuries once again got hold of Burns in 2004 but he still managed to play nineteen games. He played every game in the 2005 season.
In March 2008, Scott Burns was appointed Collingwood captain for the 2008 season, replacing Nathan Buckley.
On 22 September 2008 Burns announced his retirement from AFL due to injury problems. He played a total of 265 games kicking 149 goals in his 14-year career.
Coaching career
He was an assistant coach of the West Coast Eagles from 2008 to 2013. On 8 October 2013, after missing out on the West Coast Eagles head coach job to Adam Simpson he accepted an offer to return to Collingwood as an assistant coach under head coach Nathan Buckley. After four years as Collingwood's midfield coach, Burns accepted an assistant coach position at . After serving as Hawthorn's midfield coach for the 2018 AFL season, Burns served as Hawthorn's forwards coach for the 2019 AFL season. On 23 September 2020 It was announced that Burns would take on the role of Senior Assistant Coach for the Adelaide Football Club.
Statistics
|- style="background:#eaeaea;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1995
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 17 || 21 || 2 || 2 || 149 || 130 || 279 || 59 || 42 || 0.1 || 0.1 || 7.1 || 6.2 || 13.3 || 2.8 || 2.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1996
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 17 || 22 || 8 || 7 || 243 || 147 || 390 || 107 || 49 || 0.4 || 0.3 || 11.0 || 6.7 || 17.7 || 4.9 || 2.2
|- style="background:#eaeaea;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1997
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 17 || 14 || 6 || 1 || 153 || 84 || 237 || 70 || 27 || 0.4 || 0.1 || 10.9 || 6.0 || 16.9 || 5.0 || 1.9
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1998
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 17 || 14 || 9 || 4 || 185 || 122 || 307 || 63 || 32 || 0.6 || 0.3 || 13.2 || 8.7 || 21.9 || 4.5 || 2.3
|- style="background:#eaeaea;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1999
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 17 || 15 || 10 || 5 || 199 || 128 || 327 || 83 || 29 || 0.7 || 0.3 || 13.3 || 8.5 || 21.8 || 5.5 || 1.9
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2000
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 17 || 20 || 10 || 7 || 220 || 135 || 355 || 123 || 33 || 0.5 || 0.4 || 11.0 || 6.8 || 17.8 || 6.2 || 1.7
|- style="background:#eaeaea;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2001
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 17 || 8 || 4 || 1 || 53 || 74 || 127 || 31 || 11 || 0.5 || 0.1 || 6.6 || 9.3 || 15.9 || 3.9 || 1.4
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2002
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 17 || 25 || 13 || 5 || 250 || 211 || 461 || 115 || 95 || 0.5 || 0.2 || 10.0 || 8.4 || 18.4 || 4.6 || 3.8
|- style="background:#eaeaea;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2003
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 17 || 23 || 28 || 19 || 266 || 239 || 505 || 126 || 82 || 1.2 || 0.8 || 11.6 || 10.4 || 22.0 || 5.5 || 3.6
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2004
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 17 || 19 || 17 || 10 || 163 || 145 || 308 || 83 || 41 || 0.9 || 0.5 || 8.6 || 7.6 || 16.2 || 4.4 || 2.2
|- style="background:#eaeaea;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2005
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 17 || 22 || 14 || 9 || 200 || 192 || 392 || 110 || 45 || 0.6 || 0.4 || 9.1 || 8.7 || 17.8 || 5.0 || 2.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2006
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 17 || 20 || 11 || 5 || 213 || 216 || 429 || 123 || 47 || 0.6 || 0.3 || 10.7 || 10.8 || 21.5 || 6.2 || 2.4
|- style="background:#eaeaea;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2007
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 17 || 25 || 12 || 11 || 243 || 229 || 472 || 109 || 102 || 0.5 || 0.4 || 9.7 || 9.2 || 18.9 || 4.4 || 4.1
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2008
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 17 || 17 || 5 || 4 || 179 || 164 || 343 || 81 || 71 || 0.3 || 0.2 || 10.5 || 9.6 || 20.2 || 4.8 || 4.2
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 265
! 149
! 90
! 2716
! 2216
! 4932
! 1283
! 706
! 0.6
! 0.3
! 10.2
! 8.4
! 18.6
! 4.8
! 2.7
|}
References
External links
1974 births
Living people
Australian rules footballers from South Australia
Collingwood Football Club players
Norwood Football Club players
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%20Burns%20%28footballer%29",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Scott Burns (born 23 December 1974) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for and captained the Collingwood Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). Burns currently serves as the Senior Assistant Coach of the Adelaide Football Club.\n\nPlaying career\nOriginally from Norwood Football Club in the South Australian National Football League, Burns was drafted by the Collingwood Football Club with the 90th selection in the 1992 National draft. He made his début in 1995, two years after being drafted, after moving from South Australia and played every game except one for the season. In 1996 he was second in Collingwood's best and fairest award and also represented South Australia in State of Origin. In 1997 a groin injury restricted him to fourteen games and in 1998 he missed most of the first half of the season due to a broken arm.\n\nHe was appointed vice captain in 1999. In 2001 he was again forced out with recurrent hamstring injuries and was limited to eight games. Collingwood made the Grand Final in 2002 and Burns played a magnificent season, coming runner-up in the best and fairest once again. As a veteran of the club, he was only experiencing his first final when he played against . He had 505 disposals for the season and was a dominant midfielder and forward, kicking twenty eight goals in the season. In 2003 he came third in the best and fairest. Injuries once again got hold of Burns in 2004 but he still managed to play nineteen games. He played every game in the 2005 season.\n\nIn March 2008, Scott Burns was appointed Collingwood captain for the 2008 season, replacing Nathan Buckley.\n\nOn 22 September 2008 Burns announced his retirement from AFL due to injury problems. He played a total of 265 games kicking 149 goals in his 14-year career.\n\nCoaching career\nHe was an assistant coach of the West Coast Eagles from 2008 to 2013. On 8 October 2013, after missing out on the West Coast Eagles head coach job to Adam Simpson he accepted an offer to return to Collingwood as an assistant coach under head coach Nathan Buckley. After four years as Collingwood's midfield coach, Burns accepted an assistant coach position at . After serving as Hawthorn's midfield coach for the 2018 AFL season, Burns served as Hawthorn's forwards coach for the 2019 AFL season. On 23 September 2020 It was announced that Burns would take on the role of Senior Assistant Coach for the Adelaide Football Club.\n\nStatistics\n\n|- style=\"background:#eaeaea;\"\n! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1995\n|style=\"text-align:center;\"|\n| 17 || 21 || 2 || 2 || 149 || 130 || 279 || 59 || 42 || 0.1 || 0.1 || 7.1 || 6.2 || 13.3 || 2.8 || 2.0\n|- \n! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1996\n|style=\"text-align:center;\"|\n| 17 || 22 || 8 || 7 || 243 || 147 || 390 || 107 || 49 || 0.4 || 0.3 || 11.0 || 6.7 || 17.7 || 4.9 || 2.2\n|- style=\"background:#eaeaea;\"\n! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1997\n|style=\"text-align:center;\"|\n| 17 || 14 || 6 || 1 || 153 || 84 || 237 || 70 || 27 || 0.4 || 0.1 || 10.9 || 6.0 || 16.9 || 5.0 || 1.9\n|- \n! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1998\n|style=\"text-align:center;\"|\n| 17 || 14 || 9 || 4 || 185 || 122 || 307 || 63 || 32 || 0.6 || 0.3 || 13.2 || 8.7 || 21.9 || 4.5 || 2.3\n|- style=\"background:#eaeaea;\"\n! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1999\n|style=\"text-align:center;\"|\n| 17 || 15 || 10 || 5 || 199 || 128 || 327 || 83 || 29 || 0.7 || 0.3 || 13.3 || 8.5 || 21.8 || 5.5 || 1.9\n|- \n! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2000\n|style=\"text-align:center;\"|\n| 17 || 20 || 10 || 7 || 220 || 135 || 355 || 123 || 33 || 0.5 || 0.4 || 11.0 || 6.8 || 17.8 || 6.2 || 1.7\n|- style=\"background:#eaeaea;\"\n! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2001\n|style=\"text-align:center;\"|\n| 17 || 8 || 4 || 1 || 53 || 74 || 127 || 31 || 11 || 0.5 || 0.1 || 6.6 || 9.3 || 15.9 || 3.9 || 1.4\n|- \n! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2002\n|style=\"text-align:center;\"|\n| 17 || 25 || 13 || 5 || 250 || 211 || 461 || 115 || 95 || 0.5 || 0.2 || 10.0 || 8.4 || 18.4 || 4.6 || 3.8\n|- style=\"background:#eaeaea;\"\n! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2003\n|style=\"text-align:center;\"|\n| 17 || 23 || 28 || 19 || 266 || 239 || 505 || 126 || 82 || 1.2 || 0.8 || 11.6 || 10.4 || 22.0 || 5.5 || 3.6\n|- \n! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2004\n|style=\"text-align:center;\"|\n| 17 || 19 || 17 || 10 || 163 || 145 || 308 || 83 || 41 || 0.9 || 0.5 || 8.6 || 7.6 || 16.2 || 4.4 || 2.2\n|- style=\"background:#eaeaea;\"\n! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2005\n|style=\"text-align:center;\"|\n| 17 || 22 || 14 || 9 || 200 || 192 || 392 || 110 || 45 || 0.6 || 0.4 || 9.1 || 8.7 || 17.8 || 5.0 || 2.0\n|- \n! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2006\n|style=\"text-align:center;\"|\n| 17 || 20 || 11 || 5 || 213 || 216 || 429 || 123 || 47 || 0.6 || 0.3 || 10.7 || 10.8 || 21.5 || 6.2 || 2.4\n|- style=\"background:#eaeaea;\"\n! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2007\n|style=\"text-align:center;\"|\n| 17 || 25 || 12 || 11 || 243 || 229 || 472 || 109 || 102 || 0.5 || 0.4 || 9.7 || 9.2 || 18.9 || 4.4 || 4.1\n|- \n! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2008\n|style=\"text-align:center;\"|\n| 17 || 17 || 5 || 4 || 179 || 164 || 343 || 81 || 71 || 0.3 || 0.2 || 10.5 || 9.6 || 20.2 || 4.8 || 4.2\n|- class=\"sortbottom\"\n! colspan=3| Career\n! 265\n! 149\n! 90\n! 2716\n! 2216\n! 4932\n! 1283\n! 706\n! 0.6\n! 0.3\n! 10.2\n! 8.4\n! 18.6\n! 4.8\n! 2.7\n|}\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n\n1974 births\nLiving people\nAustralian rules footballers from South Australia\nCollingwood Football Club players\nNorwood Football Club players",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Blues
|
Blues is a music genre and musical form that originated in the Deep South of the United States around the 1860s. Blues incorporated spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts, chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads from the African-American culture. The blues form is ubiquitous in jazz, rhythm and blues, and rock and roll, and is characterized by the call-and-response pattern, the blues scale, and specific chord progressions, of which the twelve-bar blues is the most common. Blue notes (or "worried notes"), usually thirds, fifths or sevenths flattened in pitch, are also an essential part of the sound. Blues shuffles or walking bass reinforce the trance-like rhythm and form a repetitive effect known as the groove.
Blues, as a genre, is also characterized by its lyrics, bass lines, and instrumentation. Early traditional blues verses consisted of a single line repeated four times. It was only in the first decades of the 20th century that the most common current structure became standard: the AAB pattern, consisting of a line sung over the four first bars, its repetition over the next four, and then a longer concluding line over the last bars. Early blues frequently took the form of a loose narrative, often relating the racial discrimination and other challenges experienced by African-Americans.
Many elements, such as the call-and-response format and the use of blue notes, can be traced back to the music of Africa. The origins of the blues are also closely related to the religious music of the Afro-American community, the spirituals. The first appearance of the blues is often dated to after the ending of slavery and, later, the development of juke joints. It is associated with the newly acquired freedom of the former slaves. Chroniclers began to report about blues music at the dawn of the 20th century. The first publication of blues sheet music was in 1908. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a wide variety of styles and subgenres. Blues subgenres include country blues, Delta blues and Piedmont blues, as well as urban blues styles such as Chicago blues and West Coast blues. World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a hybrid form called blues rock developed, which blended blues styles with rock music.
Etymology
The term Blues may have originated from "blue devils", meaning melancholy and sadness. An early use of the term in this sense is in George Colman's one-act farce Blue Devils (1798). The phrase blue devils may also have been derived from a British usage of the 1600s referring to the "intense visual hallucinations that can accompany severe alcohol withdrawal." As time went on, the phrase lost the reference to devils and came to mean a state of agitation or depression. By the 1800s in the United States, the term "blues" was associated with drinking alcohol, a meaning which survives in the phrase blue law, which prohibits the sale of alcohol on Sunday.
In 1827, it was in the sense of a sad state of mind that John James Audubon wrote to his wife that he "had the blues." The phrase "the blues" was written by Charlotte Forten, then aged 25, in her diary on December 14, 1862. She was a free-born black woman from Pennsylvania who was working as a schoolteacher in South Carolina, instructing both slaves and freedmen, and wrote that she "came home with the blues" because she felt lonesome and pitied herself. She overcame her depression and later noted a number of songs, such as "Poor Rosy", that were popular among the slaves. Although she admitted being unable to describe the manner of singing she heard, Forten wrote that the songs "can't be sung without a full heart and a troubled spirit," conditions that have inspired countless blues songs.
Though the use of the phrase in African-American music may be older, it has been attested to in print since 1912, when Hart Wand's "Dallas Blues" became the first copyrighted blues composition. In lyrics, the phrase is often used to describe a depressed mood.
Lyrics
Early traditional blues verses often consisted of a single line repeated four times. However, the most common structure of blues lyrics today was established in the first few decades of the 20th century, known as the "AAB" pattern. This structure consists of a line sung over the first four bars, its repetition over the next four, and a longer concluding line over the last bars. This pattern can be heard in some of the first published blues songs, such as "Dallas Blues" (1912) and "Saint Louis Blues" (1914). According to W.C. Handy, the "AAB" pattern was adopted to avoid the monotony of lines repeated three times. The lyrics are often sung in a rhythmic talk style rather than a melody, resembling a form of talking blues.
Early blues frequently took the form of a loose narrative. African-American singers voiced their "personal woes in a world of harsh reality: a lost love, the cruelty of police officers, oppression at the hands of white folk, [and] hard times". This melancholy has led to the suggestion of an Igbo origin for blues because of the reputation the Igbo had throughout plantations in the Americas for their melancholic music and outlook on life when they were enslaved. Other historians have argued that there is little evidence of Sub-Sahelian influence in the blues as "elaborate polyrhythm, percussion on African drums (as opposed to European drums), [and] collective participation" which are characteristic of West-Central African music below the savannah, are conspicuously absent. According to the historian Paul Oliver, "the roots of the blues were not to be found in the coastal and forest regions of Africa. Rather...the blues was rooted in … the savanna hinterland, from Senegambia through Mali, Burkina Faso, Northern Ghana, Niger, and northern Nigeria." Additionally, ethnomusicologist John Storm Roberts has argued that "The parallels between African savanna-belt string-playing and the techniques of many blues guitarists are remarkable. The big kora of Senegal and Guinea are played in a rhythmic-melodic style that uses constantly changing rhythms, often providing a ground bass overlaid with complex treble patterns, while vocal supplies a third rhythmic layer. Similar techniques can be found in hundreds of blues records."
The lyrics often relate troubles experienced within African American society. For instance Blind Lemon Jefferson's "Rising High Water Blues" (1927) tells of the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927:
Although the blues gained an association with misery and oppression, the lyrics could also be humorous and raunchy:
Hokum blues celebrated both comedic lyrical content and a boisterous, farcical performance style. Tampa Red and Georgia Tom's "It's Tight Like That" (1928) is a sly wordplay with the double meaning of being "tight" with someone, coupled with a more salacious physical familiarity. Blues songs with sexually explicit lyrics were known as dirty blues. The lyrical content became slightly simpler in postwar blues, which tended to focus on relationship woes or sexual worries. Lyrical themes that frequently appeared in prewar blues, such as economic depression, farming, devils, gambling, magic, floods and drought, were less common in postwar blues.
The writer Ed Morales claimed that Yoruba mythology played a part in early blues, citing Robert Johnson's "Cross Road Blues" as a "thinly veiled reference to Eleggua, the orisha in charge of the crossroads". However, the Christian influence was far more obvious. The repertoires of many seminal blues artists, such as Charley Patton and Skip James, included religious songs or spirituals. Reverend Gary Davis and Blind Willie Johnson are examples of artists often categorized as blues musicians for their music, although their lyrics clearly belong to spirituals.
Form
The blues form is a cyclic musical form in which a repeating progression of chords mirrors the call and response scheme commonly found in African and African-American music. During the first decades of the 20th century blues music was not clearly defined in terms of a particular chord progression. With the popularity of early performers, such as Bessie Smith, use of the twelve-bar blues spread across the music industry during the 1920s and 30s. Other chord progressions, such as 8-bar forms, are still considered blues; examples include "How Long Blues", "Trouble in Mind", and Big Bill Broonzy's "Key to the Highway". There are also 16-bar blues, such as Ray Charles's instrumental "Sweet 16 Bars" and Herbie Hancock's "Watermelon Man". Idiosyncratic numbers of bars are occasionally used, such as the 9-bar progression in "Sitting on Top of the World", by Walter Vinson.
The basic 12-bar lyric framework of many blues compositions is reflected by a standard harmonic progression of 12 bars in a 4/4 time signature. The blues chords associated to a twelve-bar blues are typically a set of three different chords played over a 12-bar scheme. They are labeled by Roman numbers referring to the degrees of the progression. For instance, for a blues in the key of C, C is the tonic chord (I) and F is the subdominant (IV).
The last chord is the dominant (V) turnaround, marking the transition to the beginning of the next progression. The lyrics generally end on the last beat of the tenth bar or the first beat of the 11th bar, and the final two bars are given to the instrumentalist as a break; the harmony of this two-bar break, the turnaround, can be extremely complex, sometimes consisting of single notes that defy analysis in terms of chords.
Much of the time, some or all of these chords are played in the harmonic seventh (7th) form. The use of the harmonic seventh interval is characteristic of blues and is popularly called the "blues seven". Blues seven chords add to the harmonic chord a note with a frequency in a 7:4 ratio to the fundamental note. At a 7:4 ratio, it is not close to any interval on the conventional Western diatonic scale. For convenience or by necessity it is often approximated by a minor seventh interval or a dominant seventh chord.
In melody, blues is distinguished by the use of the flattened third, fifth and seventh of the associated major scale.
Blues shuffles or walking bass reinforce the trance-like rhythm and call-and-response, and they form a repetitive effect called a groove. Characteristic of the blues since its Afro-American origins, the shuffles played a central role in swing music. The simplest shuffles, which were the clearest signature of the R&B wave that started in the mid-1940s, were a three-note riff on the bass strings of the guitar. When this riff was played over the bass and the drums, the groove "feel" was created. Shuffle rhythm is often vocalized as "dow, da dow, da dow, da" or "dump, da dump, da dump, da": it consists of uneven, or "swung", eighth notes. On a guitar this may be played as a simple steady bass or it may add to that stepwise quarter note motion from the fifth to the sixth of the chord and back.
History
Origins
Hart Wand's "Dallas Blues" was published in 1912; W.C. Handy's "The Memphis Blues" followed in the same year. The first recording by an African American singer was Mamie Smith's 1920 rendition of Perry Bradford's "Crazy Blues". But the origins of the blues were some decades earlier, probably around 1890. This music is poorly documented, partly because of racial discrimination in U.S. society, including academic circles, and partly because of the low rate of literacy among rural African Americans at the time.
Reports of blues music in southern Texas and the Deep South were written at the dawn of the 20th century. Charles Peabody mentioned the appearance of blues music at Clarksdale, Mississippi, and Gate Thomas reported similar songs in southern Texas around 1901–1902. These observations coincide more or less with the recollections of Jelly Roll Morton, who said he first heard blues music in New Orleans in 1902; Ma Rainey, who remembered first hearing the blues in the same year in Missouri; and W.C. Handy, who first heard the blues in Tutwiler, Mississippi, in 1903. The first extensive research in the field was performed by Howard W. Odum, who published an anthology of folk songs from Lafayette County, Mississippi, and Newton County, Georgia, between 1905 and 1908. The first noncommercial recordings of blues music, termed proto-blues by Paul Oliver, were made by Odum for research purposes at the very beginning of the 20th century. They are now lost.
Other recordings that are still available were made in 1924 by Lawrence Gellert. Later, several recordings were made by Robert W. Gordon, who became head of the Archive of American Folk Songs of the Library of Congress. Gordon's successor at the library was John Lomax. In the 1930s, Lomax and his son Alan made a large number of non-commercial blues recordings that testify to the huge variety of proto-blues styles, such as field hollers and ring shouts. A record of blues music as it existed before 1920 can also be found in the recordings of artists such as Lead Belly and Henry Thomas. All these sources show the existence of many different structures distinct from twelve-, eight-, or sixteen-bar.
The social and economic reasons for the appearance of the blues are not fully known. The first appearance of the blues is usually dated after the Emancipation Act of 1863, between 1860s and 1890s, a period that coincides with post-emancipation and later, the establishment of juke joints as places where African-Americans went to listen to music, dance, or gamble after a hard day's work. This period corresponds to the transition from slavery to sharecropping, small-scale agricultural production, and the expansion of railroads in the southern United States. Several scholars characterize the development of blues music in the early 1900s as a move from group performance to individualized performance. They argue that the development of the blues is associated with the newly acquired freedom of the enslaved people.
According to Lawrence Levine, "there was a direct relationship between the national ideological emphasis upon the individual, the popularity of Booker T. Washington's teachings, and the rise of the blues." Levine stated that "psychologically, socially, and economically, African-Americans were being acculturated in a way that would have been impossible during slavery, and it is hardly surprising that their secular music reflected this as much as their religious music did."
There are few characteristics common to all blues music, because the genre took its shape from the idiosyncrasies of individual performers. However, there are some characteristics that were present long before the creation of the modern blues. Call-and-response shouts were an early form of blues-like music; they were a "functional expression ... style without accompaniment or harmony and unbounded by the formality of any particular musical structure". A form of this pre-blues was heard in slave ring shouts and field hollers, expanded into "simple solo songs laden with emotional content".
Blues has evolved from the unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves imported from West Africa and rural blacks into a wide variety of styles and subgenres, with regional variations across the United States. Although blues (as it is now known) can be seen as a musical style based on both European harmonic structure and the African call-and-response tradition that transformed into an interplay of voice and guitar, the blues form itself bears no resemblance to the melodic styles of the West African griots. Additionally, there are theories that the four-beats-per-measure structure of the blues might have its origins in the Native American tradition of pow wow drumming. Some scholars identify strong influences on the blues from the melodic structures of certain West African musical styles of the savanna and sahel. Lucy Durran finds similarities with the melodies of the Bambara people, and to a lesser degree, the Soninke people and Wolof people, but not as much of the Mandinka people. Gerard Kubik finds similarities to the melodic styles of both the west African savanna and central Africa, both of which were sources of enslaved people.
No specific African musical form can be identified as the single direct ancestor of the blues. However the call-and-response format can be traced back to the music of Africa. That blue notes predate their use in blues and have an African origin is attested to by "A Negro Love Song", by the English composer Samuel Coleridge-Taylor, from his African Suite for Piano, written in 1898, which contains blue third and seventh notes.
The Diddley bow (a homemade one-stringed instrument found in parts of the American South sometimes referred to as a jitterbug or a one-string in the early twentieth century) and the banjo are African-derived instruments that may have helped in the transfer of African performance techniques into the early blues instrumental vocabulary. The banjo seems to be directly imported from West African music. It is similar to the musical instrument that griots and other Africans such as the Igbo played (called halam or akonting by African peoples such as the Wolof, Fula and Mandinka). However, in the 1920s, when country blues began to be recorded, the use of the banjo in blues music was quite marginal and limited to individuals such as Papa Charlie Jackson and later Gus Cannon.
Blues music also adopted elements from the "Ethiopian airs", minstrel shows and Negro spirituals, including instrumental and harmonic accompaniment. The style also was closely related to ragtime, which developed at about the same time, though the blues better preserved "the original melodic patterns of African music".
The musical forms and styles that are now considered the blues as well as modern country music arose in the same regions of the southern United States during the 19th century. Recorded blues and country music can be found as far back as the 1920s, when the record industry created the marketing categories "race music" and "hillbilly music" to sell music by blacks for blacks and by whites for whites, respectively. At the time, there was no clear musical division between "blues" and "country", except for the ethnicity of the performer, and even that was sometimes documented incorrectly by record companies.
Though musicologists can now attempt to define the blues narrowly in terms of certain chord structures and lyric forms thought to have originated in West Africa, audiences originally heard the music in a far more general way: it was simply the music of the rural south, notably the Mississippi Delta. Black and white musicians shared the same repertoire and thought of themselves as "songsters" rather than blues musicians. The notion of blues as a separate genre arose during the black migration from the countryside to urban areas in the 1920s and the simultaneous development of the recording industry. Blues became a code word for a record designed to sell to black listeners.
The origins of the blues are closely related to the religious music of Afro-American community, the spirituals. The origins of spirituals go back much further than the blues, usually dating back to the middle of the 18th century, when the slaves were Christianized and began to sing and play Christian hymns, in particular those of Isaac Watts, which were very popular. Before the blues gained its formal definition in terms of chord progressions, it was defined as the secular counterpart of spirituals. It was the low-down music played by rural blacks.
Depending on the religious community a musician belonged to, it was more or less considered a sin to play this low-down music: blues was the devil's music. Musicians were therefore segregated into two categories: gospel singers and blues singers, guitar preachers and songsters. However, when rural black music began to be recorded in the 1920s, both categories of musicians used similar techniques: call-and-response patterns, blue notes, and slide guitars. Gospel music was nevertheless using musical forms that were compatible with Christian hymns and therefore less marked by the blues form than its secular counterpart.
Pre-war blues
The American sheet music publishing industry produced a great deal of ragtime music. By 1912, the sheet music industry had published three popular blues-like compositions, precipitating the Tin Pan Alley adoption of blues elements: "Baby Seals' Blues", by "Baby" Franklin Seals (arranged by Artie Matthews); "Dallas Blues", by Hart Wand; and "The Memphis Blues", by W.C. Handy.
Handy was a formally trained musician, composer and arranger who helped to popularize the blues by transcribing and orchestrating blues in an almost symphonic style, with bands and singers. He became a popular and prolific composer, and billed himself as the "Father of the Blues"; however, his compositions can be described as a fusion of blues with ragtime and jazz, a merger facilitated using the Cuban habanera rhythm that had long been a part of ragtime; Handy's signature work was the "Saint Louis Blues".
In the 1920s, the blues became a major element of African American and American popular music, also reaching white audiences via Handy's arrangements and the classic female blues performers. These female performers became perhaps the first African American "superstars", and their recording sales demonstrated "a huge appetite for records made by and for black people." The blues evolved from informal performances in bars to entertainment in theaters. Blues performances were organized by the Theater Owners Booking Association in nightclubs such as the Cotton Club and juke joints such as the bars along Beale Street in Memphis. Several record companies, such as the American Record Corporation, Okeh Records, and Paramount Records, began to record African-American music.
As the recording industry grew, country blues performers like Bo Carter, Jimmie Rodgers, Blind Lemon Jefferson, Lonnie Johnson, Tampa Red and Blind Blake became more popular in the African American community. Kentucky-born Sylvester Weaver was in 1923 the first to record the slide guitar style, in which a guitar is fretted with a knife blade or the sawed-off neck of a bottle. The slide guitar became an important part of the Delta blues. The first blues recordings from the 1920s are categorized as a traditional, rural country blues and a more polished city or urban blues.
Country blues performers often improvised, either without accompaniment or with only a banjo or guitar. Regional styles of country blues varied widely in the early 20th century. The (Mississippi) Delta blues was a rootsy sparse style with passionate vocals accompanied by slide guitar. The little-recorded Robert Johnson combined elements of urban and rural blues. In addition to Robert Johnson, influential performers of this style included his predecessors Charley Patton and Son House. Singers such as Blind Willie McTell and Blind Boy Fuller performed in the southeastern "delicate and lyrical" Piedmont blues tradition, which used an elaborate ragtime-based fingerpicking guitar technique. Georgia also had an early slide tradition, with Curley Weaver, Tampa Red, "Barbecue Bob" Hicks and James "Kokomo" Arnold as representatives of this style.
The lively Memphis blues style, which developed in the 1920s and 1930s near Memphis, Tennessee, was influenced by jug bands such as the Memphis Jug Band or the Gus Cannon's Jug Stompers. Performers such as Frank Stokes, Sleepy John Estes, Robert Wilkins, Joe McCoy, Casey Bill Weldon and Memphis Minnie used a variety of unusual instruments such as washboard, fiddle, kazoo or mandolin. Memphis Minnie was famous for her virtuoso guitar style. Pianist Memphis Slim began his career in Memphis, but his distinct style was smoother and had some swing elements. Many blues musicians based in Memphis moved to Chicago in the late 1930s or early 1940s and became part of the urban blues movement.
Urban blues
City or urban blues styles were more codified and elaborate, as a performer was no longer within their local, immediate community, and had to adapt to a larger, more varied audience's aesthetic. Classic female urban and vaudeville blues singers were popular in the 1920s, among them "the big three"—Gertrude "Ma" Rainey, Bessie Smith, and Lucille Bogan. Mamie Smith, more a vaudeville performer than a blues artist, was the first African American to record a blues song, in 1920; her second record, "Crazy Blues", sold 75,000 copies in its first month. Ma Rainey, the "Mother of Blues", and Bessie Smith each "[sang] around center tones, perhaps in order to project her voice more easily to the back of a room". Smith would "sing a song in an unusual key, and her artistry in bending and stretching notes with her beautiful, powerful contralto to accommodate her own interpretation was unsurpassed".
In 1920, the vaudeville singer Lucille Hegamin became the second black woman to record blues when she recorded "The Jazz Me Blues", and Victoria Spivey, sometimes called Queen Victoria or Za Zu Girl, had a recording career that began in 1926 and spanned forty years. These recordings were typically labeled "race records" to distinguish them from records sold to white audiences. Nonetheless, the recordings of some of the classic female blues singers were purchased by white buyers as well. These blueswomen's contributions to the genre included "increased improvisation on melodic lines, unusual phrasing which altered the emphasis and impact of the lyrics, and vocal dramatics using shouts, groans, moans, and wails. The blues women thus effected changes in other types of popular singing that had spin-offs in jazz, Broadway musicals, torch songs of the 1930s and 1940s, gospel, rhythm and blues, and eventually rock and roll."
Urban male performers included popular black musicians of the era, such as Tampa Red, Big Bill Broonzy and Leroy Carr. An important label of this era was the Chicago-based Bluebird Records. Before World War II, Tampa Red was sometimes referred to as "the Guitar Wizard". Carr accompanied himself on the piano with Scrapper Blackwell on guitar, a format that continued well into the 1950s with artists such as Charles Brown and even Nat "King" Cole.
Boogie-woogie was another important style of 1930s and early 1940s urban blues. While the style is often associated with solo piano, boogie-woogie was also used to accompany singers and, as a solo part, in bands and small combos. Boogie-woogie style was characterized by a regular bass figure, an ostinato or riff and shifts of level in the left hand, elaborating each chord and trills and decorations in the right hand. Boogie-woogie was pioneered by the Chicago-based Jimmy Yancey and the Boogie-Woogie Trio (Albert Ammons, Pete Johnson and Meade Lux Lewis). Chicago boogie-woogie performers included Clarence "Pine Top" Smith and Earl Hines, who "linked the propulsive left-hand rhythms of the ragtime pianists with melodic figures similar to those of Armstrong's trumpet in the right hand". The smooth Louisiana style of Professor Longhair and, more recently, Dr. John blends classic rhythm and blues with blues styles.
Another development in this period was big band blues. The "territory bands" operating out of Kansas City, the Bennie Moten orchestra, Jay McShann, and the Count Basie Orchestra were also concentrating on the blues, with 12-bar blues instrumentals such as Basie's "One O'Clock Jump" and "Jumpin' at the Woodside" and boisterous "blues shouting" by Jimmy Rushing on songs such as "Going to Chicago" and "Sent for You Yesterday". A well-known big band blues tune is Glenn Miller's "In the Mood". In the 1940s, the jump blues style developed. Jump blues grew up from the boogie-woogie wave and was strongly influenced by big band music. It uses saxophone or other brass instruments and the guitar in the rhythm section to create a jazzy, up-tempo sound with declamatory vocals. Jump blues tunes by Louis Jordan and Big Joe Turner, based in Kansas City, Missouri, influenced the development of later styles such as rock and roll and rhythm and blues. Dallas-born T-Bone Walker, who is often associated with the California blues style, performed a successful transition from the early urban blues à la Lonnie Johnson and Leroy Carr to the jump blues style and dominated the blues-jazz scene at Los Angeles during the 1940s.
1950s
The transition from country blues to urban blues that began in the 1920s was driven by the successive waves of economic crisis and booms that led many rural blacks to move to urban areas, in a movement known as the Great Migration. The long boom following World War II induced another massive migration of the African-American population, the Second Great Migration, which was accompanied by a significant increase of the real income of the urban blacks. The new migrants constituted a new market for the music industry. The term race record, initially used by the music industry for African-American music, was replaced by the term rhythm and blues. This rapidly evolving market was mirrored by Billboard magazine's Rhythm & Blues chart. This marketing strategy reinforced trends in urban blues music such as the use of electric instruments and amplification and the generalization of the blues beat, the blues shuffle, which became ubiquitous in rhythm and blues (R&B). This commercial stream had important consequences for blues music, which, together with jazz and gospel music, became a component of R&B.
After World War II, new styles of electric blues became popular in cities such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit and St. Louis. Electric blues used electric guitars, double bass (gradually replaced by bass guitar), drums, and harmonica (or "blues harp") played through a microphone and a PA system or an overdriven guitar amplifier. Chicago became a center for electric blues from 1948 on, when Muddy Waters recorded his first success, "I Can't Be Satisfied". Chicago blues is influenced to a large extent by Delta blues, because many performers had migrated from the Mississippi region.
Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, Willie Dixon and Jimmy Reed were all born in Mississippi and moved to Chicago during the Great Migration. Their style is characterized by the use of electric guitar, sometimes slide guitar, harmonica, and a rhythm section of bass and drums. The saxophonist J. T. Brown played in bands led by Elmore James and by J. B. Lenoir, but the saxophone was used as a backing instrument for rhythmic support more than as a lead instrument.
Little Walter, Sonny Boy Williamson (Rice Miller) and Sonny Terry are well known harmonica (called "harp" by blues musicians) players of the early Chicago blues scene. Other harp players such as Big Walter Horton were also influential. Muddy Waters and Elmore James were known for their innovative use of slide electric guitar. Howlin' Wolf and Muddy Waters were known for their deep, "gravelly" voices.
The bassist and prolific songwriter and composer Willie Dixon played a major role on the Chicago blues scene. He composed and wrote many standard blues songs of the period, such as "Hoochie Coochie Man", "I Just Want to Make Love to You" (both penned for Muddy Waters) and, "Wang Dang Doodle" and "Back Door Man" for Howlin' Wolf. Most artists of the Chicago blues style recorded for the Chicago-based Chess Records and Checker Records labels. Smaller blues labels of this era included Vee-Jay Records and J.O.B. Records. During the early 1950s, the dominating Chicago labels were challenged by Sam Phillips' Sun Records company in Memphis, which recorded B. B. King and Howlin' Wolf before he moved to Chicago in 1960. After Phillips discovered Elvis Presley in 1954, the Sun label turned to the rapidly expanding white audience and started recording mostly rock 'n' roll.
In the 1950s, blues had a huge influence on mainstream American popular music. While popular musicians like Bo Diddley and Chuck Berry, both recording for Chess, were influenced by the Chicago blues, their enthusiastic playing styles departed from the melancholy aspects of blues. Chicago blues also influenced Louisiana's zydeco music, with Clifton Chenier using blues accents. Zydeco musicians used electric solo guitar and cajun arrangements of blues standards.
In England, electric blues took root there during a much acclaimed Muddy Waters tour in 1958. Waters, unsuspecting of his audience's tendency towards skiffle, an acoustic, softer brand of blues, turned up his amp and started to play his Chicago brand of electric blues. Although the audience was largely jolted by the performance, the performance influenced local musicians such as Alexis Korner and Cyril Davies to emulate this louder style, inspiring the British Invasion of the Rolling Stones and the Yardbirds.
In the late 1950s, a new blues style emerged on Chicago's West Side pioneered by Magic Sam, Buddy Guy and Otis Rush on Cobra Records. The "West Side sound" had strong rhythmic support from a rhythm guitar, bass guitar and drums and as perfected by Guy, Freddie King, Magic Slim and Luther Allison was dominated by amplified electric lead guitar. Expressive guitar solos were a key feature of this music.
Other blues artists, such as John Lee Hooker, had influences not directly related to the Chicago style. John Lee Hooker's blues is more "personal", based on Hooker's deep rough voice accompanied by a single electric guitar. Though not directly influenced by boogie-woogie, his "groovy" style is sometimes called "guitar boogie". His first hit, "Boogie Chillen", reached number 1 on the R&B charts in 1949.
By the late 1950s, the swamp blues genre developed near Baton Rouge, with performers such as Lightnin' Slim, Slim Harpo, Sam Myers and Jerry McCain around the producer J. D. "Jay" Miller and the Excello label. Strongly influenced by Jimmy Reed, swamp blues has a slower pace and a simpler use of the harmonica than the Chicago blues style performers such as Little Walter or Muddy Waters. Songs from this genre include "Scratch my Back", "She's Tough" and "I'm a King Bee". Alan Lomax's recordings of Mississippi Fred McDowell would eventually bring him wider attention on both the blues and folk circuit, with McDowell's droning style influencing North Mississippi hill country blues musicians.
1960s and 1970s
By the beginning of the 1960s, genres influenced by African American music such as rock and roll and soul were part of mainstream popular music. White performers such as the Rolling Stones and the Beatles had brought African-American music to new audiences, within the U.S. and abroad. However, the blues wave that brought artists such as Muddy Waters to the foreground had stopped. Bluesmen such as Big Bill Broonzy and Willie Dixon started looking for new markets in Europe. Dick Waterman and the blues festivals he organized in Europe played a major role in propagating blues music abroad. In the UK, bands emulated U.S. blues legends, and UK blues rock-based bands had an influential role throughout the 1960s.
Blues performers such as John Lee Hooker and Muddy Waters continued to perform to enthusiastic audiences, inspiring new artists steeped in traditional blues, such as New York–born Taj Mahal. John Lee Hooker blended his blues style with rock elements and playing with younger white musicians, creating a musical style that can be heard on the 1971 album Endless Boogie. B. B. King's singing and virtuoso guitar technique earned him the eponymous title "king of the blues". King introduced a sophisticated style of guitar soloing based on fluid string bending and shimmering vibrato that influenced many later electric blues guitarists. In contrast to the Chicago style, King's band used strong brass support from a saxophone, trumpet, and trombone, instead of using slide guitar or harp. Tennessee-born Bobby "Blue" Bland, like B. B. King, also straddled the blues and R&B genres. During this period, Freddie King and Albert King often played with rock and soul musicians (Eric Clapton and Booker T & the MGs) and had a major influence on those styles of music.
The music of the civil rights movement and Free Speech Movement in the U.S. prompted a resurgence of interest in American roots music and early African American music. As well festivals such as the Newport Folk Festival brought traditional blues to a new audience, which helped to revive interest in prewar acoustic blues and performers such as Son House, Mississippi John Hurt, Skip James, and Reverend Gary Davis. Many compilations of classic prewar blues were republished by the Yazoo Records. J. B. Lenoir from the Chicago blues movement in the 1950s recorded several LPs using acoustic guitar, sometimes accompanied by Willie Dixon on the acoustic bass or drums. His songs, originally distributed only in Europe, commented on political issues such as racism or Vietnam War issues, which was unusual for this period. His album Alabama Blues contained a song with the following lyric:
White audiences' interest in the blues during the 1960s increased due to the Chicago-based Paul Butterfield Blues Band featuring guitarist Michael Bloomfield and singer/songwriter Nick Gravenites, and the British blues movement. The style of British blues developed in the UK, when musicians such as Cyril Davies, Alexis Korner's Blues Incorporated, Fleetwood Mac, John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers, the Rolling Stones, Animals, the Yardbirds, Aynsley Dunbar Retaliation, Chicken Shack, early Jethro Tull, Cream and the Irish musician Rory Gallagher performed classic blues songs from the Delta or Chicago blues traditions.
In 1963, Amiri Baraka, then known as LeRoi Jones, was the first to write a book on the social history of the blues in Blues People: The Negro Music in White America. The British and blues musicians of the early 1960s inspired a number of American blues rock performers, including Canned Heat, Janis Joplin, Johnny Winter, the J. Geils Band, Ry Cooder, and the Allman Brothers Band. One blues rock performer, Jimi Hendrix, was a rarity in his field at the time: a Black man who played psychedelic rock. Hendrix was a skilled guitarist, and a pioneer in the innovative use of distortion and audio feedback in his music. Through these artists and others, blues music influenced the development of rock music. Later in the 1960s, British singer Jo Ann Kelly started her recording career. In the US, from the 1970s, female singers Bonnie Raitt and Phoebe Snow performed blues.
In the early 1970s, the Texas rock-blues style emerged, which used guitars in both solo and rhythm roles. In contrast with the West Side blues, the Texas style is strongly influenced by the British rock-blues movement. Major artists of the Texas style are Johnny Winter, Stevie Ray Vaughan, the Fabulous Thunderbirds (led by harmonica player and singer-songwriter Kim Wilson), and ZZ Top. These artists all began their musical careers in the 1970s but they did not achieve international success until the next decade.
1980s to the present
Since the 1980s there has been a resurgence of interest in the blues among a certain part of the African-American population, particularly around Jackson, Mississippi and other deep South regions. Often termed "soul blues" or "Southern soul", the music at the heart of this movement was given new life by the unexpected success of two particular recordings on the Jackson-based Malaco label: Z. Z. Hill's Down Home Blues (1982) and Little Milton's The Blues is Alright (1984). Contemporary African-American performers who work in this style of the blues include Bobby Rush, Denise LaSalle, Sir Charles Jones, Bettye LaVette, Marvin Sease, Peggy Scott-Adams, Mel Waiters, Clarence Carter, Dr. "Feelgood" Potts, O.B. Buchana, Ms. Jody, Shirley Brown, and dozens of others.
During the 1980s blues also continued in both traditional and new forms. In 1986 the album Strong Persuader announced Robert Cray as a major blues artist. The first Stevie Ray Vaughan recording Texas Flood was released in 1983, and the Texas-based guitarist exploded onto the international stage. John Lee Hooker's popularity was revived with the album The Healer in 1989. Eric Clapton, known for his performances with the Blues Breakers and Cream, made a comeback in the 1990s with his album Unplugged, in which he played some standard blues numbers on acoustic guitar.
However, beginning in the 1990s, digital multitrack recording and other technological advances and new marketing strategies including video clip production increased costs, challenging the spontaneity and improvisation that are an important component of blues music. In the 1980s and 1990s, blues publications such as Living Blues and Blues Revue were launched, major cities began forming blues societies, outdoor blues festivals became more common, and more nightclubs and venues for blues emerged. Tedeschi Trucks Band and Gov't Mule released blues rock albums. Female blues singers such as Bonnie Raitt, Susan Tedeschi, Sue Foley and Shannon Curfman also recorded albums.
In the 1990s, the largely ignored hill country blues gained minor recognition in both blues and alternative rock music circles with northern Mississippi artists R. L. Burnside and Junior Kimbrough. Blues performers explored a range of musical genres, as can be seen, for example, from the broad array of nominees of the yearly Blues Music Awards, previously named W.C. Handy Awards or of the Grammy Awards for Best Contemporary and Traditional Blues Album. The Billboard Blues Album chart provides an overview of current blues hits. Contemporary blues music is nurtured by several blues labels such as: Alligator Records, Ruf Records, Severn Records, Chess Records (MCA), Delmark Records, NorthernBlues Music, Fat Possum Records and Vanguard Records (Artemis Records). Some labels are famous for rediscovering and remastering blues rarities, including Arhoolie Records, Smithsonian Folkways Recordings (heir of Folkways Records), and Yazoo Records (Shanachie Records).
Musical impact
Blues musical styles, forms (12-bar blues), melodies, and the blues scale have influenced many other genres of music, such as rock and roll, jazz, and popular music. Prominent jazz, folk or rock performers, such as Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Miles Davis, and Bob Dylan have performed significant blues recordings. The blues scale is often used in popular songs like Harold Arlen's "Blues in the Night", blues ballads like "Since I Fell for You" and "Please Send Me Someone to Love", and even in orchestral works such as George Gershwin's "Rhapsody in Blue" and "Concerto in F". Gershwin's second "Prelude" for solo piano is an interesting example of a classical blues, maintaining the form with academic strictness. The blues scale is ubiquitous in modern popular music and informs many modal frames, especially the ladder of thirds used in rock music (for example, in "A Hard Day's Night"). Blues forms are used in the theme to the televised Batman, teen idol Fabian Forte's hit, "Turn Me Loose", country music star Jimmie Rodgers' music, and guitarist/vocalist Tracy Chapman's hit "Give Me One Reason".
Early country bluesmen such as Skip James, Charley Patton, Georgia Tom Dorsey played country and urban blues and had influences from spiritual singing. Dorsey helped to popularize Gospel music. Gospel music developed in the 1930s, with the Golden Gate Quartet. In the 1950s, soul music by Sam Cooke, Ray Charles and James Brown used gospel and blues music elements. In the 1960s and 1970s, gospel and blues were merged in soul blues music. Funk music of the 1970s was influenced by soul; funk can be seen as an antecedent of hip-hop and contemporary R&B.
R&B music can be traced back to spirituals and blues. Musically, spirituals were a descendant of New England choral traditions, and in particular of Isaac Watts's hymns, mixed with African rhythms and call-and-response forms. Spirituals or religious chants in the African-American community are much better documented than the "low-down" blues. Spiritual singing developed because African-American communities could gather for mass or worship gatherings, which were called camp meetings.
Edward P. Comentale has noted how the blues was often used as a medium for art or self-expression, stating: "As heard from Delta shacks to Chicago tenements to Harlem cabarets, the blues proved—despite its pained origins—a remarkably flexible medium and a new arena for the shaping of identity and community."
Before World War II, the boundaries between blues and jazz were less clear. Usually, jazz had harmonic structures stemming from brass bands, whereas blues had blues forms such as the 12-bar blues. However, the jump blues of the 1940s mixed both styles. After WWII, blues had a substantial influence on jazz. Bebop classics, such as Charlie Parker's "Now's the Time", used the blues form with the pentatonic scale and blue notes.
Bebop marked a major shift in the role of jazz, from a popular style of music for dancing to a "high-art", less-accessible, cerebral "musician's music". The audience for both blues and jazz split, and the border between blues and jazz became more defined.
The blues' 12-bar structure and the blues scale was a major influence on rock and roll music. Rock and roll has been called "blues with a backbeat"; Carl Perkins called rockabilly "blues with a country beat". Rockabillies were also said to be 12-bar blues played with a bluegrass beat. "Hound Dog", with its unmodified 12-bar structure (in both harmony and lyrics) and a melody centered on flatted third of the tonic (and flatted seventh of the subdominant), is a blues song transformed into a rock and roll song. Jerry Lee Lewis's style of rock and roll was heavily influenced by the blues and its derivative boogie-woogie. His style of music was not exactly rockabilly but it has been often called real rock and roll (this is a label he shares with several African American rock and roll performers).
Many early rock and roll songs are based on blues: "That's All Right Mama", "Johnny B. Goode", "Blue Suede Shoes", "Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin On", "Shake, Rattle, and Roll", and "Long Tall Sally". The early African American rock musicians retained the sexual themes and innuendos of blues music: "Got a gal named Sue, knows just what to do" ("Tutti Frutti", Little Richard) or "See the girl with the red dress on, She can do the Birdland all night long" ("What'd I Say", Ray Charles). The 12-bar blues structure can be found even in novelty pop songs, such as Bob Dylan's "Obviously Five Believers" and Esther and Abi Ofarim's "Cinderella Rockefella".
Early country music was infused with the blues. Jimmie Rodgers, Moon Mullican, Bob Wills, Bill Monroe and Hank Williams have all described themselves as blues singers and their music has a blues feel that is different, at first glance at least, from the later country-pop of artists like Eddy Arnold. Yet, if one looks back further, Arnold also started out singing bluesy songs like 'I'll Hold You in My Heart'. A lot of the 1970s-era "outlaw" country music by Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings also borrowed from the blues. When Jerry Lee Lewis returned to country music after the decline of 1950s style rock and roll, he sang with a blues feel and often included blues standards on his albums.
In popular culture
Like jazz, rock and roll, heavy metal music, hip hop music, reggae, country music, Latin music, funk, and pop music, blues has been accused of being the "devil's music" and of inciting violence and other poor behavior. In the early 20th century, the blues was considered disreputable, especially as white audiences began listening to the blues during the 1920s. In the early twentieth century, W.C. Handy was the first to popularize blues-influenced music among non-Black Americans.
During the blues revival of the 1960s and 1970s, acoustic blues artist Taj Mahal and Texas bluesman Lightnin' Hopkins wrote and performed music that figured prominently in the critically acclaimed film Sounder (1972). The film earned Mahal a Grammy nomination for Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture and a BAFTA nomination. Almost 30 years later, Mahal wrote blues for, and performed a banjo composition, claw-hammer style, in the 2001 movie release Songcatcher, which focused on the story of the preservation of the roots music of Appalachia.
Perhaps the most visible example of the blues style of music in the late 20th century came in 1980, when Dan Aykroyd and John Belushi released the film The Blues Brothers. The film drew many of the biggest living influencers of the rhythm and blues genre together, such as Ray Charles, James Brown, Cab Calloway, Aretha Franklin, and John Lee Hooker. The band formed also began a successful tour under the Blues Brothers marquee. 1998 brought a sequel, Blues Brothers 2000 that, while not holding as great a critical and financial success, featured a much larger number of blues artists, such as B.B. King, Bo Diddley, Erykah Badu, Eric Clapton, Steve Winwood, Charlie Musselwhite, Blues Traveler, Jimmie Vaughan, and Jeff Baxter.
In 2003, Martin Scorsese made significant efforts to promote the blues to a larger audience. He asked several famous directors such as Clint Eastwood and Wim Wenders to participate in a series of documentary films for PBS called The Blues. He also participated in the rendition of compilations of major blues artists in a series of high-quality CDs. Blues guitarist and vocalist Keb' Mo' performed his blues rendition of "America, the Beautiful" in 2006 to close out the final season of the television series The West Wing.
The blues was highlighted in season 2012, episode 1 of In Performance at the White House, entitled "Red, White and Blues". Hosted by Barack and Michelle Obama, the show featured performances by B.B. King, Buddy Guy, Gary Clark Jr., Jeff Beck, Derek Trucks, Keb Mo, and others.
See also
List of blues festivals
List of blues musicians
List of blues standards
References
Bibliography
Bransford, Steve (2004). "Blues in the Lower Chattahoochee Valley" Southern Spaces.
Further reading
Abbott, Lynn; Doug Seroff. The Original Blues: The Emergence of the Blues in African-American Vaudeville, 1889–1926. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2019. .
Brown, Luther. "Inside Poor Monkey's", Southern Spaces, June 22, 2006.
Dixon, Robert M.W.; Godrich, John (1970). Recording the Blues. London: Studio Vista. 85 pp. SBN 289-79829-9.
Welding, Peter; Brown, Toby, eds. (1991). Bluesland: Portraits of Twelve Major American Blues Masters. New York: Penguin Group. 253 + [2] pp. .
External links
The American Folklife Center's Online Collections and Presentations
The Blue Shoe Project – Nationwide (U.S.) Blues Education Programming
"The Blues", documentary series by Martin Scorsese, aired on PBS
The Blues Foundation
The Delta Blues Museum (archived 12 June 1998)
The Music in Poetry – Smithsonian Institution lesson plan on the blues, for teachers
American Music: Archive of artist and record label discographies
African-American music
Radio formats
Jazz terminology
African-American cultural history
American styles of music
19th-century music genres
20th-century music genres
Musical improvisation
Popular music
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Blues",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Blues is a music genre and musical form that originated in the Deep South of the United States around the 1860s. Blues incorporated spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts, chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads from the African-American culture. The blues form is ubiquitous in jazz, rhythm and blues, and rock and roll, and is characterized by the call-and-response pattern, the blues scale, and specific chord progressions, of which the twelve-bar blues is the most common. Blue notes (or \"worried notes\"), usually thirds, fifths or sevenths flattened in pitch, are also an essential part of the sound. Blues shuffles or walking bass reinforce the trance-like rhythm and form a repetitive effect known as the groove.\n\nBlues, as a genre, is also characterized by its lyrics, bass lines, and instrumentation. Early traditional blues verses consisted of a single line repeated four times. It was only in the first decades of the 20th century that the most common current structure became standard: the AAB pattern, consisting of a line sung over the four first bars, its repetition over the next four, and then a longer concluding line over the last bars. Early blues frequently took the form of a loose narrative, often relating the racial discrimination and other challenges experienced by African-Americans.\n\nMany elements, such as the call-and-response format and the use of blue notes, can be traced back to the music of Africa. The origins of the blues are also closely related to the religious music of the Afro-American community, the spirituals. The first appearance of the blues is often dated to after the ending of slavery and, later, the development of juke joints. It is associated with the newly acquired freedom of the former slaves. Chroniclers began to report about blues music at the dawn of the 20th century. The first publication of blues sheet music was in 1908. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a wide variety of styles and subgenres. Blues subgenres include country blues, Delta blues and Piedmont blues, as well as urban blues styles such as Chicago blues and West Coast blues. World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a hybrid form called blues rock developed, which blended blues styles with rock music.\n\nEtymology\n\nThe term Blues may have originated from \"blue devils\", meaning melancholy and sadness. An early use of the term in this sense is in George Colman's one-act farce Blue Devils (1798). The phrase blue devils may also have been derived from a British usage of the 1600s referring to the \"intense visual hallucinations that can accompany severe alcohol withdrawal.\" As time went on, the phrase lost the reference to devils and came to mean a state of agitation or depression. By the 1800s in the United States, the term \"blues\" was associated with drinking alcohol, a meaning which survives in the phrase blue law, which prohibits the sale of alcohol on Sunday.\n\nIn 1827, it was in the sense of a sad state of mind that John James Audubon wrote to his wife that he \"had the blues.\" The phrase \"the blues\" was written by Charlotte Forten, then aged 25, in her diary on December 14, 1862. She was a free-born black woman from Pennsylvania who was working as a schoolteacher in South Carolina, instructing both slaves and freedmen, and wrote that she \"came home with the blues\" because she felt lonesome and pitied herself. She overcame her depression and later noted a number of songs, such as \"Poor Rosy\", that were popular among the slaves. Although she admitted being unable to describe the manner of singing she heard, Forten wrote that the songs \"can't be sung without a full heart and a troubled spirit,\" conditions that have inspired countless blues songs.\n\nThough the use of the phrase in African-American music may be older, it has been attested to in print since 1912, when Hart Wand's \"Dallas Blues\" became the first copyrighted blues composition. In lyrics, the phrase is often used to describe a depressed mood.\n\nLyrics\n\nEarly traditional blues verses often consisted of a single line repeated four times. However, the most common structure of blues lyrics today was established in the first few decades of the 20th century, known as the \"AAB\" pattern. This structure consists of a line sung over the first four bars, its repetition over the next four, and a longer concluding line over the last bars. This pattern can be heard in some of the first published blues songs, such as \"Dallas Blues\" (1912) and \"Saint Louis Blues\" (1914). According to W.C. Handy, the \"AAB\" pattern was adopted to avoid the monotony of lines repeated three times. The lyrics are often sung in a rhythmic talk style rather than a melody, resembling a form of talking blues.\n\nEarly blues frequently took the form of a loose narrative. African-American singers voiced their \"personal woes in a world of harsh reality: a lost love, the cruelty of police officers, oppression at the hands of white folk, [and] hard times\". This melancholy has led to the suggestion of an Igbo origin for blues because of the reputation the Igbo had throughout plantations in the Americas for their melancholic music and outlook on life when they were enslaved. Other historians have argued that there is little evidence of Sub-Sahelian influence in the blues as \"elaborate polyrhythm, percussion on African drums (as opposed to European drums), [and] collective participation\" which are characteristic of West-Central African music below the savannah, are conspicuously absent. According to the historian Paul Oliver, \"the roots of the blues were not to be found in the coastal and forest regions of Africa. Rather...the blues was rooted in … the savanna hinterland, from Senegambia through Mali, Burkina Faso, Northern Ghana, Niger, and northern Nigeria.\" Additionally, ethnomusicologist John Storm Roberts has argued that \"The parallels between African savanna-belt string-playing and the techniques of many blues guitarists are remarkable. The big kora of Senegal and Guinea are played in a rhythmic-melodic style that uses constantly changing rhythms, often providing a ground bass overlaid with complex treble patterns, while vocal supplies a third rhythmic layer. Similar techniques can be found in hundreds of blues records.\"\n\nThe lyrics often relate troubles experienced within African American society. For instance Blind Lemon Jefferson's \"Rising High Water Blues\" (1927) tells of the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927:\n\nAlthough the blues gained an association with misery and oppression, the lyrics could also be humorous and raunchy:\n\nHokum blues celebrated both comedic lyrical content and a boisterous, farcical performance style. Tampa Red and Georgia Tom's \"It's Tight Like That\" (1928) is a sly wordplay with the double meaning of being \"tight\" with someone, coupled with a more salacious physical familiarity. Blues songs with sexually explicit lyrics were known as dirty blues. The lyrical content became slightly simpler in postwar blues, which tended to focus on relationship woes or sexual worries. Lyrical themes that frequently appeared in prewar blues, such as economic depression, farming, devils, gambling, magic, floods and drought, were less common in postwar blues.\n\nThe writer Ed Morales claimed that Yoruba mythology played a part in early blues, citing Robert Johnson's \"Cross Road Blues\" as a \"thinly veiled reference to Eleggua, the orisha in charge of the crossroads\". However, the Christian influence was far more obvious. The repertoires of many seminal blues artists, such as Charley Patton and Skip James, included religious songs or spirituals. Reverend Gary Davis and Blind Willie Johnson are examples of artists often categorized as blues musicians for their music, although their lyrics clearly belong to spirituals.\n\nForm\nThe blues form is a cyclic musical form in which a repeating progression of chords mirrors the call and response scheme commonly found in African and African-American music. During the first decades of the 20th century blues music was not clearly defined in terms of a particular chord progression. With the popularity of early performers, such as Bessie Smith, use of the twelve-bar blues spread across the music industry during the 1920s and 30s. Other chord progressions, such as 8-bar forms, are still considered blues; examples include \"How Long Blues\", \"Trouble in Mind\", and Big Bill Broonzy's \"Key to the Highway\". There are also 16-bar blues, such as Ray Charles's instrumental \"Sweet 16 Bars\" and Herbie Hancock's \"Watermelon Man\". Idiosyncratic numbers of bars are occasionally used, such as the 9-bar progression in \"Sitting on Top of the World\", by Walter Vinson.\n\nThe basic 12-bar lyric framework of many blues compositions is reflected by a standard harmonic progression of 12 bars in a 4/4 time signature. The blues chords associated to a twelve-bar blues are typically a set of three different chords played over a 12-bar scheme. They are labeled by Roman numbers referring to the degrees of the progression. For instance, for a blues in the key of C, C is the tonic chord (I) and F is the subdominant (IV).\n\nThe last chord is the dominant (V) turnaround, marking the transition to the beginning of the next progression. The lyrics generally end on the last beat of the tenth bar or the first beat of the 11th bar, and the final two bars are given to the instrumentalist as a break; the harmony of this two-bar break, the turnaround, can be extremely complex, sometimes consisting of single notes that defy analysis in terms of chords.\n\nMuch of the time, some or all of these chords are played in the harmonic seventh (7th) form. The use of the harmonic seventh interval is characteristic of blues and is popularly called the \"blues seven\". Blues seven chords add to the harmonic chord a note with a frequency in a 7:4 ratio to the fundamental note. At a 7:4 ratio, it is not close to any interval on the conventional Western diatonic scale. For convenience or by necessity it is often approximated by a minor seventh interval or a dominant seventh chord.\n\nIn melody, blues is distinguished by the use of the flattened third, fifth and seventh of the associated major scale.\n\nBlues shuffles or walking bass reinforce the trance-like rhythm and call-and-response, and they form a repetitive effect called a groove. Characteristic of the blues since its Afro-American origins, the shuffles played a central role in swing music. The simplest shuffles, which were the clearest signature of the R&B wave that started in the mid-1940s, were a three-note riff on the bass strings of the guitar. When this riff was played over the bass and the drums, the groove \"feel\" was created. Shuffle rhythm is often vocalized as \"dow, da dow, da dow, da\" or \"dump, da dump, da dump, da\": it consists of uneven, or \"swung\", eighth notes. On a guitar this may be played as a simple steady bass or it may add to that stepwise quarter note motion from the fifth to the sixth of the chord and back.\n\nHistory\n\nOrigins\n\nHart Wand's \"Dallas Blues\" was published in 1912; W.C. Handy's \"The Memphis Blues\" followed in the same year. The first recording by an African American singer was Mamie Smith's 1920 rendition of Perry Bradford's \"Crazy Blues\". But the origins of the blues were some decades earlier, probably around 1890. This music is poorly documented, partly because of racial discrimination in U.S. society, including academic circles, and partly because of the low rate of literacy among rural African Americans at the time.\n\nReports of blues music in southern Texas and the Deep South were written at the dawn of the 20th century. Charles Peabody mentioned the appearance of blues music at Clarksdale, Mississippi, and Gate Thomas reported similar songs in southern Texas around 1901–1902. These observations coincide more or less with the recollections of Jelly Roll Morton, who said he first heard blues music in New Orleans in 1902; Ma Rainey, who remembered first hearing the blues in the same year in Missouri; and W.C. Handy, who first heard the blues in Tutwiler, Mississippi, in 1903. The first extensive research in the field was performed by Howard W. Odum, who published an anthology of folk songs from Lafayette County, Mississippi, and Newton County, Georgia, between 1905 and 1908. The first noncommercial recordings of blues music, termed proto-blues by Paul Oliver, were made by Odum for research purposes at the very beginning of the 20th century. They are now lost.\n\nOther recordings that are still available were made in 1924 by Lawrence Gellert. Later, several recordings were made by Robert W. Gordon, who became head of the Archive of American Folk Songs of the Library of Congress. Gordon's successor at the library was John Lomax. In the 1930s, Lomax and his son Alan made a large number of non-commercial blues recordings that testify to the huge variety of proto-blues styles, such as field hollers and ring shouts. A record of blues music as it existed before 1920 can also be found in the recordings of artists such as Lead Belly and Henry Thomas. All these sources show the existence of many different structures distinct from twelve-, eight-, or sixteen-bar.\nThe social and economic reasons for the appearance of the blues are not fully known. The first appearance of the blues is usually dated after the Emancipation Act of 1863, between 1860s and 1890s, a period that coincides with post-emancipation and later, the establishment of juke joints as places where African-Americans went to listen to music, dance, or gamble after a hard day's work. This period corresponds to the transition from slavery to sharecropping, small-scale agricultural production, and the expansion of railroads in the southern United States. Several scholars characterize the development of blues music in the early 1900s as a move from group performance to individualized performance. They argue that the development of the blues is associated with the newly acquired freedom of the enslaved people.\n\nAccording to Lawrence Levine, \"there was a direct relationship between the national ideological emphasis upon the individual, the popularity of Booker T. Washington's teachings, and the rise of the blues.\" Levine stated that \"psychologically, socially, and economically, African-Americans were being acculturated in a way that would have been impossible during slavery, and it is hardly surprising that their secular music reflected this as much as their religious music did.\"\n\nThere are few characteristics common to all blues music, because the genre took its shape from the idiosyncrasies of individual performers. However, there are some characteristics that were present long before the creation of the modern blues. Call-and-response shouts were an early form of blues-like music; they were a \"functional expression ... style without accompaniment or harmony and unbounded by the formality of any particular musical structure\". A form of this pre-blues was heard in slave ring shouts and field hollers, expanded into \"simple solo songs laden with emotional content\".\n\nBlues has evolved from the unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves imported from West Africa and rural blacks into a wide variety of styles and subgenres, with regional variations across the United States. Although blues (as it is now known) can be seen as a musical style based on both European harmonic structure and the African call-and-response tradition that transformed into an interplay of voice and guitar, the blues form itself bears no resemblance to the melodic styles of the West African griots. Additionally, there are theories that the four-beats-per-measure structure of the blues might have its origins in the Native American tradition of pow wow drumming. Some scholars identify strong influences on the blues from the melodic structures of certain West African musical styles of the savanna and sahel. Lucy Durran finds similarities with the melodies of the Bambara people, and to a lesser degree, the Soninke people and Wolof people, but not as much of the Mandinka people. Gerard Kubik finds similarities to the melodic styles of both the west African savanna and central Africa, both of which were sources of enslaved people.\n\nNo specific African musical form can be identified as the single direct ancestor of the blues. However the call-and-response format can be traced back to the music of Africa. That blue notes predate their use in blues and have an African origin is attested to by \"A Negro Love Song\", by the English composer Samuel Coleridge-Taylor, from his African Suite for Piano, written in 1898, which contains blue third and seventh notes.\n\nThe Diddley bow (a homemade one-stringed instrument found in parts of the American South sometimes referred to as a jitterbug or a one-string in the early twentieth century) and the banjo are African-derived instruments that may have helped in the transfer of African performance techniques into the early blues instrumental vocabulary. The banjo seems to be directly imported from West African music. It is similar to the musical instrument that griots and other Africans such as the Igbo played (called halam or akonting by African peoples such as the Wolof, Fula and Mandinka). However, in the 1920s, when country blues began to be recorded, the use of the banjo in blues music was quite marginal and limited to individuals such as Papa Charlie Jackson and later Gus Cannon.\n\nBlues music also adopted elements from the \"Ethiopian airs\", minstrel shows and Negro spirituals, including instrumental and harmonic accompaniment. The style also was closely related to ragtime, which developed at about the same time, though the blues better preserved \"the original melodic patterns of African music\".\n\nThe musical forms and styles that are now considered the blues as well as modern country music arose in the same regions of the southern United States during the 19th century. Recorded blues and country music can be found as far back as the 1920s, when the record industry created the marketing categories \"race music\" and \"hillbilly music\" to sell music by blacks for blacks and by whites for whites, respectively. At the time, there was no clear musical division between \"blues\" and \"country\", except for the ethnicity of the performer, and even that was sometimes documented incorrectly by record companies.\n\nThough musicologists can now attempt to define the blues narrowly in terms of certain chord structures and lyric forms thought to have originated in West Africa, audiences originally heard the music in a far more general way: it was simply the music of the rural south, notably the Mississippi Delta. Black and white musicians shared the same repertoire and thought of themselves as \"songsters\" rather than blues musicians. The notion of blues as a separate genre arose during the black migration from the countryside to urban areas in the 1920s and the simultaneous development of the recording industry. Blues became a code word for a record designed to sell to black listeners.\n\nThe origins of the blues are closely related to the religious music of Afro-American community, the spirituals. The origins of spirituals go back much further than the blues, usually dating back to the middle of the 18th century, when the slaves were Christianized and began to sing and play Christian hymns, in particular those of Isaac Watts, which were very popular. Before the blues gained its formal definition in terms of chord progressions, it was defined as the secular counterpart of spirituals. It was the low-down music played by rural blacks.\n\nDepending on the religious community a musician belonged to, it was more or less considered a sin to play this low-down music: blues was the devil's music. Musicians were therefore segregated into two categories: gospel singers and blues singers, guitar preachers and songsters. However, when rural black music began to be recorded in the 1920s, both categories of musicians used similar techniques: call-and-response patterns, blue notes, and slide guitars. Gospel music was nevertheless using musical forms that were compatible with Christian hymns and therefore less marked by the blues form than its secular counterpart.\n\nPre-war blues\nThe American sheet music publishing industry produced a great deal of ragtime music. By 1912, the sheet music industry had published three popular blues-like compositions, precipitating the Tin Pan Alley adoption of blues elements: \"Baby Seals' Blues\", by \"Baby\" Franklin Seals (arranged by Artie Matthews); \"Dallas Blues\", by Hart Wand; and \"The Memphis Blues\", by W.C. Handy.\n\nHandy was a formally trained musician, composer and arranger who helped to popularize the blues by transcribing and orchestrating blues in an almost symphonic style, with bands and singers. He became a popular and prolific composer, and billed himself as the \"Father of the Blues\"; however, his compositions can be described as a fusion of blues with ragtime and jazz, a merger facilitated using the Cuban habanera rhythm that had long been a part of ragtime; Handy's signature work was the \"Saint Louis Blues\".\n\nIn the 1920s, the blues became a major element of African American and American popular music, also reaching white audiences via Handy's arrangements and the classic female blues performers. These female performers became perhaps the first African American \"superstars\", and their recording sales demonstrated \"a huge appetite for records made by and for black people.\" The blues evolved from informal performances in bars to entertainment in theaters. Blues performances were organized by the Theater Owners Booking Association in nightclubs such as the Cotton Club and juke joints such as the bars along Beale Street in Memphis. Several record companies, such as the American Record Corporation, Okeh Records, and Paramount Records, began to record African-American music.\n\nAs the recording industry grew, country blues performers like Bo Carter, Jimmie Rodgers, Blind Lemon Jefferson, Lonnie Johnson, Tampa Red and Blind Blake became more popular in the African American community. Kentucky-born Sylvester Weaver was in 1923 the first to record the slide guitar style, in which a guitar is fretted with a knife blade or the sawed-off neck of a bottle. The slide guitar became an important part of the Delta blues. The first blues recordings from the 1920s are categorized as a traditional, rural country blues and a more polished city or urban blues.\n\nCountry blues performers often improvised, either without accompaniment or with only a banjo or guitar. Regional styles of country blues varied widely in the early 20th century. The (Mississippi) Delta blues was a rootsy sparse style with passionate vocals accompanied by slide guitar. The little-recorded Robert Johnson combined elements of urban and rural blues. In addition to Robert Johnson, influential performers of this style included his predecessors Charley Patton and Son House. Singers such as Blind Willie McTell and Blind Boy Fuller performed in the southeastern \"delicate and lyrical\" Piedmont blues tradition, which used an elaborate ragtime-based fingerpicking guitar technique. Georgia also had an early slide tradition, with Curley Weaver, Tampa Red, \"Barbecue Bob\" Hicks and James \"Kokomo\" Arnold as representatives of this style.\n\nThe lively Memphis blues style, which developed in the 1920s and 1930s near Memphis, Tennessee, was influenced by jug bands such as the Memphis Jug Band or the Gus Cannon's Jug Stompers. Performers such as Frank Stokes, Sleepy John Estes, Robert Wilkins, Joe McCoy, Casey Bill Weldon and Memphis Minnie used a variety of unusual instruments such as washboard, fiddle, kazoo or mandolin. Memphis Minnie was famous for her virtuoso guitar style. Pianist Memphis Slim began his career in Memphis, but his distinct style was smoother and had some swing elements. Many blues musicians based in Memphis moved to Chicago in the late 1930s or early 1940s and became part of the urban blues movement.\n\nUrban blues\nCity or urban blues styles were more codified and elaborate, as a performer was no longer within their local, immediate community, and had to adapt to a larger, more varied audience's aesthetic. Classic female urban and vaudeville blues singers were popular in the 1920s, among them \"the big three\"—Gertrude \"Ma\" Rainey, Bessie Smith, and Lucille Bogan. Mamie Smith, more a vaudeville performer than a blues artist, was the first African American to record a blues song, in 1920; her second record, \"Crazy Blues\", sold 75,000 copies in its first month. Ma Rainey, the \"Mother of Blues\", and Bessie Smith each \"[sang] around center tones, perhaps in order to project her voice more easily to the back of a room\". Smith would \"sing a song in an unusual key, and her artistry in bending and stretching notes with her beautiful, powerful contralto to accommodate her own interpretation was unsurpassed\".\n\nIn 1920, the vaudeville singer Lucille Hegamin became the second black woman to record blues when she recorded \"The Jazz Me Blues\", and Victoria Spivey, sometimes called Queen Victoria or Za Zu Girl, had a recording career that began in 1926 and spanned forty years. These recordings were typically labeled \"race records\" to distinguish them from records sold to white audiences. Nonetheless, the recordings of some of the classic female blues singers were purchased by white buyers as well. These blueswomen's contributions to the genre included \"increased improvisation on melodic lines, unusual phrasing which altered the emphasis and impact of the lyrics, and vocal dramatics using shouts, groans, moans, and wails. The blues women thus effected changes in other types of popular singing that had spin-offs in jazz, Broadway musicals, torch songs of the 1930s and 1940s, gospel, rhythm and blues, and eventually rock and roll.\"\n\nUrban male performers included popular black musicians of the era, such as Tampa Red, Big Bill Broonzy and Leroy Carr. An important label of this era was the Chicago-based Bluebird Records. Before World War II, Tampa Red was sometimes referred to as \"the Guitar Wizard\". Carr accompanied himself on the piano with Scrapper Blackwell on guitar, a format that continued well into the 1950s with artists such as Charles Brown and even Nat \"King\" Cole.\n\nBoogie-woogie was another important style of 1930s and early 1940s urban blues. While the style is often associated with solo piano, boogie-woogie was also used to accompany singers and, as a solo part, in bands and small combos. Boogie-woogie style was characterized by a regular bass figure, an ostinato or riff and shifts of level in the left hand, elaborating each chord and trills and decorations in the right hand. Boogie-woogie was pioneered by the Chicago-based Jimmy Yancey and the Boogie-Woogie Trio (Albert Ammons, Pete Johnson and Meade Lux Lewis). Chicago boogie-woogie performers included Clarence \"Pine Top\" Smith and Earl Hines, who \"linked the propulsive left-hand rhythms of the ragtime pianists with melodic figures similar to those of Armstrong's trumpet in the right hand\". The smooth Louisiana style of Professor Longhair and, more recently, Dr. John blends classic rhythm and blues with blues styles.\n\nAnother development in this period was big band blues. The \"territory bands\" operating out of Kansas City, the Bennie Moten orchestra, Jay McShann, and the Count Basie Orchestra were also concentrating on the blues, with 12-bar blues instrumentals such as Basie's \"One O'Clock Jump\" and \"Jumpin' at the Woodside\" and boisterous \"blues shouting\" by Jimmy Rushing on songs such as \"Going to Chicago\" and \"Sent for You Yesterday\". A well-known big band blues tune is Glenn Miller's \"In the Mood\". In the 1940s, the jump blues style developed. Jump blues grew up from the boogie-woogie wave and was strongly influenced by big band music. It uses saxophone or other brass instruments and the guitar in the rhythm section to create a jazzy, up-tempo sound with declamatory vocals. Jump blues tunes by Louis Jordan and Big Joe Turner, based in Kansas City, Missouri, influenced the development of later styles such as rock and roll and rhythm and blues. Dallas-born T-Bone Walker, who is often associated with the California blues style, performed a successful transition from the early urban blues à la Lonnie Johnson and Leroy Carr to the jump blues style and dominated the blues-jazz scene at Los Angeles during the 1940s.\n\n1950s\nThe transition from country blues to urban blues that began in the 1920s was driven by the successive waves of economic crisis and booms that led many rural blacks to move to urban areas, in a movement known as the Great Migration. The long boom following World War II induced another massive migration of the African-American population, the Second Great Migration, which was accompanied by a significant increase of the real income of the urban blacks. The new migrants constituted a new market for the music industry. The term race record, initially used by the music industry for African-American music, was replaced by the term rhythm and blues. This rapidly evolving market was mirrored by Billboard magazine's Rhythm & Blues chart. This marketing strategy reinforced trends in urban blues music such as the use of electric instruments and amplification and the generalization of the blues beat, the blues shuffle, which became ubiquitous in rhythm and blues (R&B). This commercial stream had important consequences for blues music, which, together with jazz and gospel music, became a component of R&B.\n\nAfter World War II, new styles of electric blues became popular in cities such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit and St. Louis. Electric blues used electric guitars, double bass (gradually replaced by bass guitar), drums, and harmonica (or \"blues harp\") played through a microphone and a PA system or an overdriven guitar amplifier. Chicago became a center for electric blues from 1948 on, when Muddy Waters recorded his first success, \"I Can't Be Satisfied\". Chicago blues is influenced to a large extent by Delta blues, because many performers had migrated from the Mississippi region.\n\nHowlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, Willie Dixon and Jimmy Reed were all born in Mississippi and moved to Chicago during the Great Migration. Their style is characterized by the use of electric guitar, sometimes slide guitar, harmonica, and a rhythm section of bass and drums. The saxophonist J. T. Brown played in bands led by Elmore James and by J. B. Lenoir, but the saxophone was used as a backing instrument for rhythmic support more than as a lead instrument.\n\nLittle Walter, Sonny Boy Williamson (Rice Miller) and Sonny Terry are well known harmonica (called \"harp\" by blues musicians) players of the early Chicago blues scene. Other harp players such as Big Walter Horton were also influential. Muddy Waters and Elmore James were known for their innovative use of slide electric guitar. Howlin' Wolf and Muddy Waters were known for their deep, \"gravelly\" voices.\n\nThe bassist and prolific songwriter and composer Willie Dixon played a major role on the Chicago blues scene. He composed and wrote many standard blues songs of the period, such as \"Hoochie Coochie Man\", \"I Just Want to Make Love to You\" (both penned for Muddy Waters) and, \"Wang Dang Doodle\" and \"Back Door Man\" for Howlin' Wolf. Most artists of the Chicago blues style recorded for the Chicago-based Chess Records and Checker Records labels. Smaller blues labels of this era included Vee-Jay Records and J.O.B. Records. During the early 1950s, the dominating Chicago labels were challenged by Sam Phillips' Sun Records company in Memphis, which recorded B. B. King and Howlin' Wolf before he moved to Chicago in 1960. After Phillips discovered Elvis Presley in 1954, the Sun label turned to the rapidly expanding white audience and started recording mostly rock 'n' roll.\n\nIn the 1950s, blues had a huge influence on mainstream American popular music. While popular musicians like Bo Diddley and Chuck Berry, both recording for Chess, were influenced by the Chicago blues, their enthusiastic playing styles departed from the melancholy aspects of blues. Chicago blues also influenced Louisiana's zydeco music, with Clifton Chenier using blues accents. Zydeco musicians used electric solo guitar and cajun arrangements of blues standards.\n\nIn England, electric blues took root there during a much acclaimed Muddy Waters tour in 1958. Waters, unsuspecting of his audience's tendency towards skiffle, an acoustic, softer brand of blues, turned up his amp and started to play his Chicago brand of electric blues. Although the audience was largely jolted by the performance, the performance influenced local musicians such as Alexis Korner and Cyril Davies to emulate this louder style, inspiring the British Invasion of the Rolling Stones and the Yardbirds.\n\nIn the late 1950s, a new blues style emerged on Chicago's West Side pioneered by Magic Sam, Buddy Guy and Otis Rush on Cobra Records. The \"West Side sound\" had strong rhythmic support from a rhythm guitar, bass guitar and drums and as perfected by Guy, Freddie King, Magic Slim and Luther Allison was dominated by amplified electric lead guitar. Expressive guitar solos were a key feature of this music.\n\nOther blues artists, such as John Lee Hooker, had influences not directly related to the Chicago style. John Lee Hooker's blues is more \"personal\", based on Hooker's deep rough voice accompanied by a single electric guitar. Though not directly influenced by boogie-woogie, his \"groovy\" style is sometimes called \"guitar boogie\". His first hit, \"Boogie Chillen\", reached number 1 on the R&B charts in 1949.\n\nBy the late 1950s, the swamp blues genre developed near Baton Rouge, with performers such as Lightnin' Slim, Slim Harpo, Sam Myers and Jerry McCain around the producer J. D. \"Jay\" Miller and the Excello label. Strongly influenced by Jimmy Reed, swamp blues has a slower pace and a simpler use of the harmonica than the Chicago blues style performers such as Little Walter or Muddy Waters. Songs from this genre include \"Scratch my Back\", \"She's Tough\" and \"I'm a King Bee\". Alan Lomax's recordings of Mississippi Fred McDowell would eventually bring him wider attention on both the blues and folk circuit, with McDowell's droning style influencing North Mississippi hill country blues musicians.\n\n1960s and 1970s\n\nBy the beginning of the 1960s, genres influenced by African American music such as rock and roll and soul were part of mainstream popular music. White performers such as the Rolling Stones and the Beatles had brought African-American music to new audiences, within the U.S. and abroad. However, the blues wave that brought artists such as Muddy Waters to the foreground had stopped. Bluesmen such as Big Bill Broonzy and Willie Dixon started looking for new markets in Europe. Dick Waterman and the blues festivals he organized in Europe played a major role in propagating blues music abroad. In the UK, bands emulated U.S. blues legends, and UK blues rock-based bands had an influential role throughout the 1960s.\n\nBlues performers such as John Lee Hooker and Muddy Waters continued to perform to enthusiastic audiences, inspiring new artists steeped in traditional blues, such as New York–born Taj Mahal. John Lee Hooker blended his blues style with rock elements and playing with younger white musicians, creating a musical style that can be heard on the 1971 album Endless Boogie. B. B. King's singing and virtuoso guitar technique earned him the eponymous title \"king of the blues\". King introduced a sophisticated style of guitar soloing based on fluid string bending and shimmering vibrato that influenced many later electric blues guitarists. In contrast to the Chicago style, King's band used strong brass support from a saxophone, trumpet, and trombone, instead of using slide guitar or harp. Tennessee-born Bobby \"Blue\" Bland, like B. B. King, also straddled the blues and R&B genres. During this period, Freddie King and Albert King often played with rock and soul musicians (Eric Clapton and Booker T & the MGs) and had a major influence on those styles of music.\n\nThe music of the civil rights movement and Free Speech Movement in the U.S. prompted a resurgence of interest in American roots music and early African American music. As well festivals such as the Newport Folk Festival brought traditional blues to a new audience, which helped to revive interest in prewar acoustic blues and performers such as Son House, Mississippi John Hurt, Skip James, and Reverend Gary Davis. Many compilations of classic prewar blues were republished by the Yazoo Records. J. B. Lenoir from the Chicago blues movement in the 1950s recorded several LPs using acoustic guitar, sometimes accompanied by Willie Dixon on the acoustic bass or drums. His songs, originally distributed only in Europe, commented on political issues such as racism or Vietnam War issues, which was unusual for this period. His album Alabama Blues contained a song with the following lyric:\n\nWhite audiences' interest in the blues during the 1960s increased due to the Chicago-based Paul Butterfield Blues Band featuring guitarist Michael Bloomfield and singer/songwriter Nick Gravenites, and the British blues movement. The style of British blues developed in the UK, when musicians such as Cyril Davies, Alexis Korner's Blues Incorporated, Fleetwood Mac, John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers, the Rolling Stones, Animals, the Yardbirds, Aynsley Dunbar Retaliation, Chicken Shack, early Jethro Tull, Cream and the Irish musician Rory Gallagher performed classic blues songs from the Delta or Chicago blues traditions.\n\nIn 1963, Amiri Baraka, then known as LeRoi Jones, was the first to write a book on the social history of the blues in Blues People: The Negro Music in White America. The British and blues musicians of the early 1960s inspired a number of American blues rock performers, including Canned Heat, Janis Joplin, Johnny Winter, the J. Geils Band, Ry Cooder, and the Allman Brothers Band. One blues rock performer, Jimi Hendrix, was a rarity in his field at the time: a Black man who played psychedelic rock. Hendrix was a skilled guitarist, and a pioneer in the innovative use of distortion and audio feedback in his music. Through these artists and others, blues music influenced the development of rock music. Later in the 1960s, British singer Jo Ann Kelly started her recording career. In the US, from the 1970s, female singers Bonnie Raitt and Phoebe Snow performed blues.\n\nIn the early 1970s, the Texas rock-blues style emerged, which used guitars in both solo and rhythm roles. In contrast with the West Side blues, the Texas style is strongly influenced by the British rock-blues movement. Major artists of the Texas style are Johnny Winter, Stevie Ray Vaughan, the Fabulous Thunderbirds (led by harmonica player and singer-songwriter Kim Wilson), and ZZ Top. These artists all began their musical careers in the 1970s but they did not achieve international success until the next decade.\n\n1980s to the present\n\nSince the 1980s there has been a resurgence of interest in the blues among a certain part of the African-American population, particularly around Jackson, Mississippi and other deep South regions. Often termed \"soul blues\" or \"Southern soul\", the music at the heart of this movement was given new life by the unexpected success of two particular recordings on the Jackson-based Malaco label: Z. Z. Hill's Down Home Blues (1982) and Little Milton's The Blues is Alright (1984). Contemporary African-American performers who work in this style of the blues include Bobby Rush, Denise LaSalle, Sir Charles Jones, Bettye LaVette, Marvin Sease, Peggy Scott-Adams, Mel Waiters, Clarence Carter, Dr. \"Feelgood\" Potts, O.B. Buchana, Ms. Jody, Shirley Brown, and dozens of others.\n\nDuring the 1980s blues also continued in both traditional and new forms. In 1986 the album Strong Persuader announced Robert Cray as a major blues artist. The first Stevie Ray Vaughan recording Texas Flood was released in 1983, and the Texas-based guitarist exploded onto the international stage. John Lee Hooker's popularity was revived with the album The Healer in 1989. Eric Clapton, known for his performances with the Blues Breakers and Cream, made a comeback in the 1990s with his album Unplugged, in which he played some standard blues numbers on acoustic guitar.\n\nHowever, beginning in the 1990s, digital multitrack recording and other technological advances and new marketing strategies including video clip production increased costs, challenging the spontaneity and improvisation that are an important component of blues music. In the 1980s and 1990s, blues publications such as Living Blues and Blues Revue were launched, major cities began forming blues societies, outdoor blues festivals became more common, and more nightclubs and venues for blues emerged. Tedeschi Trucks Band and Gov't Mule released blues rock albums. Female blues singers such as Bonnie Raitt, Susan Tedeschi, Sue Foley and Shannon Curfman also recorded albums.\n\nIn the 1990s, the largely ignored hill country blues gained minor recognition in both blues and alternative rock music circles with northern Mississippi artists R. L. Burnside and Junior Kimbrough. Blues performers explored a range of musical genres, as can be seen, for example, from the broad array of nominees of the yearly Blues Music Awards, previously named W.C. Handy Awards or of the Grammy Awards for Best Contemporary and Traditional Blues Album. The Billboard Blues Album chart provides an overview of current blues hits. Contemporary blues music is nurtured by several blues labels such as: Alligator Records, Ruf Records, Severn Records, Chess Records (MCA), Delmark Records, NorthernBlues Music, Fat Possum Records and Vanguard Records (Artemis Records). Some labels are famous for rediscovering and remastering blues rarities, including Arhoolie Records, Smithsonian Folkways Recordings (heir of Folkways Records), and Yazoo Records (Shanachie Records).\n\nMusical impact\nBlues musical styles, forms (12-bar blues), melodies, and the blues scale have influenced many other genres of music, such as rock and roll, jazz, and popular music. Prominent jazz, folk or rock performers, such as Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Miles Davis, and Bob Dylan have performed significant blues recordings. The blues scale is often used in popular songs like Harold Arlen's \"Blues in the Night\", blues ballads like \"Since I Fell for You\" and \"Please Send Me Someone to Love\", and even in orchestral works such as George Gershwin's \"Rhapsody in Blue\" and \"Concerto in F\". Gershwin's second \"Prelude\" for solo piano is an interesting example of a classical blues, maintaining the form with academic strictness. The blues scale is ubiquitous in modern popular music and informs many modal frames, especially the ladder of thirds used in rock music (for example, in \"A Hard Day's Night\"). Blues forms are used in the theme to the televised Batman, teen idol Fabian Forte's hit, \"Turn Me Loose\", country music star Jimmie Rodgers' music, and guitarist/vocalist Tracy Chapman's hit \"Give Me One Reason\".\n\nEarly country bluesmen such as Skip James, Charley Patton, Georgia Tom Dorsey played country and urban blues and had influences from spiritual singing. Dorsey helped to popularize Gospel music. Gospel music developed in the 1930s, with the Golden Gate Quartet. In the 1950s, soul music by Sam Cooke, Ray Charles and James Brown used gospel and blues music elements. In the 1960s and 1970s, gospel and blues were merged in soul blues music. Funk music of the 1970s was influenced by soul; funk can be seen as an antecedent of hip-hop and contemporary R&B.\n\nR&B music can be traced back to spirituals and blues. Musically, spirituals were a descendant of New England choral traditions, and in particular of Isaac Watts's hymns, mixed with African rhythms and call-and-response forms. Spirituals or religious chants in the African-American community are much better documented than the \"low-down\" blues. Spiritual singing developed because African-American communities could gather for mass or worship gatherings, which were called camp meetings.\n\nEdward P. Comentale has noted how the blues was often used as a medium for art or self-expression, stating: \"As heard from Delta shacks to Chicago tenements to Harlem cabarets, the blues proved—despite its pained origins—a remarkably flexible medium and a new arena for the shaping of identity and community.\"\n\nBefore World War II, the boundaries between blues and jazz were less clear. Usually, jazz had harmonic structures stemming from brass bands, whereas blues had blues forms such as the 12-bar blues. However, the jump blues of the 1940s mixed both styles. After WWII, blues had a substantial influence on jazz. Bebop classics, such as Charlie Parker's \"Now's the Time\", used the blues form with the pentatonic scale and blue notes.\n\nBebop marked a major shift in the role of jazz, from a popular style of music for dancing to a \"high-art\", less-accessible, cerebral \"musician's music\". The audience for both blues and jazz split, and the border between blues and jazz became more defined.\n\nThe blues' 12-bar structure and the blues scale was a major influence on rock and roll music. Rock and roll has been called \"blues with a backbeat\"; Carl Perkins called rockabilly \"blues with a country beat\". Rockabillies were also said to be 12-bar blues played with a bluegrass beat. \"Hound Dog\", with its unmodified 12-bar structure (in both harmony and lyrics) and a melody centered on flatted third of the tonic (and flatted seventh of the subdominant), is a blues song transformed into a rock and roll song. Jerry Lee Lewis's style of rock and roll was heavily influenced by the blues and its derivative boogie-woogie. His style of music was not exactly rockabilly but it has been often called real rock and roll (this is a label he shares with several African American rock and roll performers).\n\nMany early rock and roll songs are based on blues: \"That's All Right Mama\", \"Johnny B. Goode\", \"Blue Suede Shoes\", \"Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin On\", \"Shake, Rattle, and Roll\", and \"Long Tall Sally\". The early African American rock musicians retained the sexual themes and innuendos of blues music: \"Got a gal named Sue, knows just what to do\" (\"Tutti Frutti\", Little Richard) or \"See the girl with the red dress on, She can do the Birdland all night long\" (\"What'd I Say\", Ray Charles). The 12-bar blues structure can be found even in novelty pop songs, such as Bob Dylan's \"Obviously Five Believers\" and Esther and Abi Ofarim's \"Cinderella Rockefella\".\n\nEarly country music was infused with the blues. Jimmie Rodgers, Moon Mullican, Bob Wills, Bill Monroe and Hank Williams have all described themselves as blues singers and their music has a blues feel that is different, at first glance at least, from the later country-pop of artists like Eddy Arnold. Yet, if one looks back further, Arnold also started out singing bluesy songs like 'I'll Hold You in My Heart'. A lot of the 1970s-era \"outlaw\" country music by Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings also borrowed from the blues. When Jerry Lee Lewis returned to country music after the decline of 1950s style rock and roll, he sang with a blues feel and often included blues standards on his albums.\n\nIn popular culture\n\nLike jazz, rock and roll, heavy metal music, hip hop music, reggae, country music, Latin music, funk, and pop music, blues has been accused of being the \"devil's music\" and of inciting violence and other poor behavior. In the early 20th century, the blues was considered disreputable, especially as white audiences began listening to the blues during the 1920s. In the early twentieth century, W.C. Handy was the first to popularize blues-influenced music among non-Black Americans.\n\nDuring the blues revival of the 1960s and 1970s, acoustic blues artist Taj Mahal and Texas bluesman Lightnin' Hopkins wrote and performed music that figured prominently in the critically acclaimed film Sounder (1972). The film earned Mahal a Grammy nomination for Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture and a BAFTA nomination. Almost 30 years later, Mahal wrote blues for, and performed a banjo composition, claw-hammer style, in the 2001 movie release Songcatcher, which focused on the story of the preservation of the roots music of Appalachia.\n\nPerhaps the most visible example of the blues style of music in the late 20th century came in 1980, when Dan Aykroyd and John Belushi released the film The Blues Brothers. The film drew many of the biggest living influencers of the rhythm and blues genre together, such as Ray Charles, James Brown, Cab Calloway, Aretha Franklin, and John Lee Hooker. The band formed also began a successful tour under the Blues Brothers marquee. 1998 brought a sequel, Blues Brothers 2000 that, while not holding as great a critical and financial success, featured a much larger number of blues artists, such as B.B. King, Bo Diddley, Erykah Badu, Eric Clapton, Steve Winwood, Charlie Musselwhite, Blues Traveler, Jimmie Vaughan, and Jeff Baxter.\n\nIn 2003, Martin Scorsese made significant efforts to promote the blues to a larger audience. He asked several famous directors such as Clint Eastwood and Wim Wenders to participate in a series of documentary films for PBS called The Blues. He also participated in the rendition of compilations of major blues artists in a series of high-quality CDs. Blues guitarist and vocalist Keb' Mo' performed his blues rendition of \"America, the Beautiful\" in 2006 to close out the final season of the television series The West Wing.\n\nThe blues was highlighted in season 2012, episode 1 of In Performance at the White House, entitled \"Red, White and Blues\". Hosted by Barack and Michelle Obama, the show featured performances by B.B. King, Buddy Guy, Gary Clark Jr., Jeff Beck, Derek Trucks, Keb Mo, and others.\n\nSee also\n\n List of blues festivals\n List of blues musicians\n List of blues standards\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n \n Bransford, Steve (2004). \"Blues in the Lower Chattahoochee Valley\" Southern Spaces.\n\nFurther reading\n\n Abbott, Lynn; Doug Seroff. The Original Blues: The Emergence of the Blues in African-American Vaudeville, 1889–1926. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2019. .\n Brown, Luther. \"Inside Poor Monkey's\", Southern Spaces, June 22, 2006.\n Dixon, Robert M.W.; Godrich, John (1970). Recording the Blues. London: Studio Vista. 85 pp. SBN 289-79829-9.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Welding, Peter; Brown, Toby, eds. (1991). Bluesland: Portraits of Twelve Major American Blues Masters. New York: Penguin Group. 253 + [2] pp. .\n\nExternal links\n\n \n The American Folklife Center's Online Collections and Presentations\n The Blue Shoe Project – Nationwide (U.S.) Blues Education Programming\n \"The Blues\", documentary series by Martin Scorsese, aired on PBS\n The Blues Foundation\n The Delta Blues Museum (archived 12 June 1998)\n The Music in Poetry – Smithsonian Institution lesson plan on the blues, for teachers\n American Music: Archive of artist and record label discographies\n\n \nAfrican-American music\nRadio formats\nJazz terminology\nAfrican-American cultural history\nAmerican styles of music\n19th-century music genres\n20th-century music genres\nMusical improvisation\nPopular music",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darling%20Heights%2C%20Queensland
|
Darling Heights is a rural residential locality in the Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Darling Heights had a population of 5,157 people.
Geography
Darling Heights lies on the southern edge of the city, on the west ridge. The land falls away steeply to the west toward Drayton, the slope being occupied by detached bungalow housing with an admixture of larger homes, duplexes and small blocks of units. Most of these dwellings are less than 10 years old, the area having previously been mostly horse paddocks, of which few remain. The homes and businesses in the western part of Darling Heights are considered part of Drayton. To the east, the upper valley of West Creek forms the suburb of Kearneys Spring, the western part of which is considered part of Darling Heights by many people. The southern part of the suburb is an area of acreage blocks and small farms. To the north lies the suburb of Harristown.
History
Darling Heights was named by Queensland Place Names Board on 1 January 1966 with boundaries confirmed on 1 June 1981. The name was originally proposed to be College Heights to reflect the new university college that was being planned for the area, but, when it was expected that the college would be called the Darling Downs Institute of Technology, the name Darling Heights was preferred. In 1992, the institute it was renamed the University of Southern Queensland.
Darling Heights State School opened on 29 January 1980.
Demographics
In the , Darling Heights had a population of 5,192 people. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 3.9% of the population. 62.9% of people were born in Australia. The most common countries of birth were India 6.8% and Iraq 4.0%. 65.8% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Arabic 5.4%, Telugu 2.7% and Mandarin 2.1%. The most common responses for religion were Catholic 20.2%, No Religion 18.6%, Anglican 11.8% and Islam 9.2%.
In the , Darling Heights had a population of 5,157 people.
Education
Darling Heights State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at Wuth Street (). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 690 students with 57 teachers (53 full-time equivalent) and 49 non-teaching staff (33 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program and an intensive English language program.
There are no secondary schools in Darling Heights. The nearest government secondary school is Harristown State High School in neighbouring Harristown to the north.
The University of Southern Queensland is a campus in Darling Heights; it was the first campus developed for the university.
Public transport
Darling Heights is served by the Number 901 Toowoomba City Bus route, which winds through the suburb.
Additionally, the University of Southern Queensland acts as a major terminus, with services to the City, KMart Plaza and Clifford Gardens regularly 9:00am to 5:00pm Monday to Friday.
Despite the Queensland Rail line from Toowoomba to Drayton and southwards forming the western boundary of the suburb, there are no passenger rail services in this area.
Attractions
Ju Raku En Japanese Garden, a 4.5 hectare traditionally designed, Japanese stroll garden.
Darling Heights Post Office (at the USQ Campus on the ground floor of W Block)
Uni Plaza, a strip mall with a variety of specialist retailers, eateries and services. (Officially in Kearneys Spring as it is on the east side of West Street)
References
External links
Suburbs of Toowoomba
Localities in Queensland
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darling%20Heights%2C%20Queensland",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Darling Heights is a rural residential locality in the Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Darling Heights had a population of 5,157 people.\n\nGeography\n\nDarling Heights lies on the southern edge of the city, on the west ridge. The land falls away steeply to the west toward Drayton, the slope being occupied by detached bungalow housing with an admixture of larger homes, duplexes and small blocks of units. Most of these dwellings are less than 10 years old, the area having previously been mostly horse paddocks, of which few remain. The homes and businesses in the western part of Darling Heights are considered part of Drayton. To the east, the upper valley of West Creek forms the suburb of Kearneys Spring, the western part of which is considered part of Darling Heights by many people. The southern part of the suburb is an area of acreage blocks and small farms. To the north lies the suburb of Harristown.\n\nHistory \nDarling Heights was named by Queensland Place Names Board on 1 January 1966 with boundaries confirmed on 1 June 1981. The name was originally proposed to be College Heights to reflect the new university college that was being planned for the area, but, when it was expected that the college would be called the Darling Downs Institute of Technology, the name Darling Heights was preferred. In 1992, the institute it was renamed the University of Southern Queensland.\n\nDarling Heights State School opened on 29 January 1980.\n\nDemographics\nIn the , Darling Heights had a population of 5,192 people. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 3.9% of the population. 62.9% of people were born in Australia. The most common countries of birth were India 6.8% and Iraq 4.0%. 65.8% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Arabic 5.4%, Telugu 2.7% and Mandarin 2.1%. The most common responses for religion were Catholic 20.2%, No Religion 18.6%, Anglican 11.8% and Islam 9.2%.\n\nIn the , Darling Heights had a population of 5,157 people.\n\nEducation\nDarling Heights State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at Wuth Street (). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 690 students with 57 teachers (53 full-time equivalent) and 49 non-teaching staff (33 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program and an intensive English language program.\n\nThere are no secondary schools in Darling Heights. The nearest government secondary school is Harristown State High School in neighbouring Harristown to the north.\n\nThe University of Southern Queensland is a campus in Darling Heights; it was the first campus developed for the university.\n\nPublic transport\n\nDarling Heights is served by the Number 901 Toowoomba City Bus route, which winds through the suburb.\n\nAdditionally, the University of Southern Queensland acts as a major terminus, with services to the City, KMart Plaza and Clifford Gardens regularly 9:00am to 5:00pm Monday to Friday.\n\nDespite the Queensland Rail line from Toowoomba to Drayton and southwards forming the western boundary of the suburb, there are no passenger rail services in this area.\n\nAttractions\n Ju Raku En Japanese Garden, a 4.5 hectare traditionally designed, Japanese stroll garden. \n Darling Heights Post Office (at the USQ Campus on the ground floor of W Block)\n Uni Plaza, a strip mall with a variety of specialist retailers, eateries and services. (Officially in Kearneys Spring as it is on the east side of West Street)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n\nSuburbs of Toowoomba\nLocalities in Queensland",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington%20station%20%28CTA%20Red%20Line%29
|
Washington is a closed "L" station on the CTA's Red Line. It was a subway station in the State Street Subway located at 128 North State Street in the Loop.
History
Structure
The platform at Washington is part of a long continuous platform beneath State Street which runs from the Jackson station to the Lake station, making it the United States' longest continuous passenger platform. There are two mezzanines for the station, a northern at Randolph shared with the Lake station and a southern at Madison. There are stairs and escalators along State Street between Randolph and Madison to access both mezzanines. Additionally, Washington is equipped with an elevator to the Randolph mezzanine and was therefore accessible to people with disabilities. There is another elevator between that mezzanine and State Street, which is still in use for access to the Lake station.
There were two stairways on the platform to a lower level pedestrian tunnel that connected the Washington station to the Washington station in the Milwaukee–Dearborn subway, to allow transfers between the Red and Blue Lines. Lake station to the north of Washington and Washington were originally a single station, but they were separated on June 2, 1996 due to the renovation project of the Randolph-Washington mezzanine and Lake became an independent station on November 18, 1997 in order to better facilitate transfers between the Red Line subway and the elevated State/Lake station.
Closure for superstation
As part of the development of 108 North State Street (known as Block 37), The City of Chicago planned to construct a superstation located under the Block 37 mall. Washington station, and the lower level transfer tunnel to the Blue Line closed at midnight on October 23, 2006 for work related to the construction of this new station.
Following cost overruns of $100 million, the superstation was indefinitely mothballed in June 2008. The Block 37 superstation which had already been partially built, was left abandoned. The transfer tunnel and Washington-Madison mezzanine were both closed, and the station's platform reopened in February 2010. However the station remained closed and trains never resumed stopping at the station.
Post closure
When the CTA closed the Washington station, most of it was left intact. Originally, no work was performed to improve the Washington-Madison mezzanine, so that if a reopening was considered. The platform changed little except for the removal of its signage. However, the signs that say Escalator: Washington-Madison and To Madison or Monroe St, were not removed for unknown reasons. Until February 2015, the Washington: To Howard and Washington: To 95/Dan Ryan signs also remained on the walls of the southern half of the Lake station. The Washington station signs on the walls remained until late 2009 when the CTA removed the station signs from the walls to indicate it was no longer a station and Washington/State was removed from CTA rail maps in January 2009. With the permanent closure of Washington, the turnstiles and fare vending machines were removed from the Washington-Madison mezzanine. , power has been cut to the Washington-Madison mezzanine.
Due to its location, the Washington station is still easily accessible for pedestrian access via the Lake and Monroe stations.
As of October 2019, the CTA does not consider the station to have closed permanently, but there are currently no plans to reopen the station.
References
External links
Washington/State Station Page at Chicago-L.org
CTA Red Line stations
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1943
Railway stations closed in 2006
1943 establishments in Illinois
2006 disestablishments in Illinois
Defunct Chicago "L" stations
Railway stations in the United States closed in the 2000s
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington%20station%20%28CTA%20Red%20Line%29",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Washington is a closed \"L\" station on the CTA's Red Line. It was a subway station in the State Street Subway located at 128 North State Street in the Loop.\n\nHistory\n\nStructure\n\nThe platform at Washington is part of a long continuous platform beneath State Street which runs from the Jackson station to the Lake station, making it the United States' longest continuous passenger platform. There are two mezzanines for the station, a northern at Randolph shared with the Lake station and a southern at Madison. There are stairs and escalators along State Street between Randolph and Madison to access both mezzanines. Additionally, Washington is equipped with an elevator to the Randolph mezzanine and was therefore accessible to people with disabilities. There is another elevator between that mezzanine and State Street, which is still in use for access to the Lake station.\n\nThere were two stairways on the platform to a lower level pedestrian tunnel that connected the Washington station to the Washington station in the Milwaukee–Dearborn subway, to allow transfers between the Red and Blue Lines. Lake station to the north of Washington and Washington were originally a single station, but they were separated on June 2, 1996 due to the renovation project of the Randolph-Washington mezzanine and Lake became an independent station on November 18, 1997 in order to better facilitate transfers between the Red Line subway and the elevated State/Lake station.\n\nClosure for superstation\nAs part of the development of 108 North State Street (known as Block 37), The City of Chicago planned to construct a superstation located under the Block 37 mall. Washington station, and the lower level transfer tunnel to the Blue Line closed at midnight on October 23, 2006 for work related to the construction of this new station. \n\nFollowing cost overruns of $100 million, the superstation was indefinitely mothballed in June 2008. The Block 37 superstation which had already been partially built, was left abandoned. The transfer tunnel and Washington-Madison mezzanine were both closed, and the station's platform reopened in February 2010. However the station remained closed and trains never resumed stopping at the station.\n\nPost closure\n\nWhen the CTA closed the Washington station, most of it was left intact. Originally, no work was performed to improve the Washington-Madison mezzanine, so that if a reopening was considered. The platform changed little except for the removal of its signage. However, the signs that say Escalator: Washington-Madison and To Madison or Monroe St, were not removed for unknown reasons. Until February 2015, the Washington: To Howard and Washington: To 95/Dan Ryan signs also remained on the walls of the southern half of the Lake station. The Washington station signs on the walls remained until late 2009 when the CTA removed the station signs from the walls to indicate it was no longer a station and Washington/State was removed from CTA rail maps in January 2009. With the permanent closure of Washington, the turnstiles and fare vending machines were removed from the Washington-Madison mezzanine. , power has been cut to the Washington-Madison mezzanine.\n\nDue to its location, the Washington station is still easily accessible for pedestrian access via the Lake and Monroe stations.\n\nAs of October 2019, the CTA does not consider the station to have closed permanently, but there are currently no plans to reopen the station.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Washington/State Station Page at Chicago-L.org\n\nCTA Red Line stations\nRailway stations in the United States opened in 1943\nRailway stations closed in 2006\n1943 establishments in Illinois\n2006 disestablishments in Illinois\nDefunct Chicago \"L\" stations\nRailway stations in the United States closed in the 2000s",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callaghan%20Lake%20Provincial%20Park
|
Callaghan Lake Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located in the upper Callaghan Valley to the west of the resort town of Whistler. The dormant volcano Mount Callaghan overlooks the lake on its north side, while just to the south of the park is the sliding events facility for the 2010 Olympics.
Callaghan Lake was to be the site of the base village for a proposed ski resort, Powder Mountain Resort, but the project never went through due to alleged interference by William Vander Zalm and others in the then-Social Credit government.
The park was established in 1997 and expanded in 2000, currently totalling approximately 2,691 hectares.
References
External links
Callaghan Lake Provincial Park
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Sea-to-Sky Corridor
Pacific Ranges
Protected areas established in 1997
1997 establishments in British Columbia
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callaghan%20Lake%20Provincial%20Park",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Callaghan Lake Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located in the upper Callaghan Valley to the west of the resort town of Whistler. The dormant volcano Mount Callaghan overlooks the lake on its north side, while just to the south of the park is the sliding events facility for the 2010 Olympics.\n\nCallaghan Lake was to be the site of the base village for a proposed ski resort, Powder Mountain Resort, but the project never went through due to alleged interference by William Vander Zalm and others in the then-Social Credit government.\n\nThe park was established in 1997 and expanded in 2000, currently totalling approximately 2,691 hectares.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n Callaghan Lake Provincial Park\n\nProvincial parks of British Columbia\nSea-to-Sky Corridor\nPacific Ranges\nProtected areas established in 1997\n1997 establishments in British Columbia",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNoMS%20Ellida%20%281849%29
|
HNoMS Ellida was a Royal Norwegian Navy corvette first commissioned 16 May 1849.
Cordt Holtermann Valeur was her first commander. The ship was used as a cadet-ship until 1864 and sold in 1866.
Sources
Norwegian Navy history page
Corvettes of the Royal Norwegian Navy
Ships built in Horten
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNoMS%20Ellida%20%281849%29",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "HNoMS Ellida was a Royal Norwegian Navy corvette first commissioned 16 May 1849. \nCordt Holtermann Valeur was her first commander. The ship was used as a cadet-ship until 1864 and sold in 1866.\n\nSources\nNorwegian Navy history page\n\nCorvettes of the Royal Norwegian Navy\nShips built in Horten",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
SRM Institute of Science and Technology
|
SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST), formerly SRM University, is a private deemed university, located in Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu (near Chennai), Tamil Nadu, India. Founded in 1985 as SRM Engineering College in Kattankulathur, it gained the deemed status in 2002. SRM Institute of Science and Technology includes six campuses, four in Tamil Nadu — Kattankulathur, Ramapuram and Vadapalani, and Tiruchirappalli, one in Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh and one in NCR Delhi.
History
The first college of what is now SRMIST, SRM (Sri Ramaswamy Memorial) Engineering College, was established in 1985, followed by the other SRM colleges from 1992 to 1997. The institute gained deemed status in 2002 as SRM Institute of Science and Technology and renamed SRM University in 2006. In 2017, its name was reverted to SRM Institute of Science and Technology following UGC's request to drop "University" from the name.
Campuses
Located about away from the city of Chennai, this campus is situated on a 250 acre site overlooking Grand Southern Trunk Road (GST Road), NH-32. The main campus at Kattankulathur consists of a College of Engineering and Technology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, College of Science and Humanities, School of Management and School of Law. It is also one of the few schools in India that offers a Degree in Telecom studies.
Vadapalani campus
Vadapalani Campus is located at Vadapalani, Chennai. This campus houses the Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Management Sciences, Faculty of MCA. The SRM Institute for Medical Sciences is also located within the campus.
Tiruchirappalli campus
The campus at Trichy on the Trichy-Chennai highway houses the faculties of Engineering & Technology, Science & Humanities, Allied Medical Science and Management.
NCR campus
The campus at Modinagar on Delhi-Meerut highway houses the faculties of Engineering & Technology, Management and Teacher Education.
Academics
Rankings
The QS World University Rankings ranked SRM Institute of Science and Technology 301–350 in Asia in 2023.
SRM Institute of Science and Technology ranked 29th among engineering colleges in India by India Today in 2020. The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) ranked it 28th in the engineering ranking, 15th in the pharmacy ranking, 18th among universities and 32nd overall in NIRF 2023.
Notable alumni
Nivetha Thomas, actress
Murali Vijay, cricketer
Vishnu Vishal, actor
Iswarya Menon, film actress
Neeraj Madhav, actor
Varun Chakravarthy, cricketer
Abhay Jodhpurkar, singer
Shebin Benson, actor
Vishnu Prasanna, chess Grandmaster and coach of Gukesh D
Shrutika, Actress
See also
SRM University, Andhra Pradesh
References
External links
Engineering colleges in Chennai
Universities and colleges in Kanchipuram district
All India Council for Technical Education
Deemed universities in Tamil Nadu
Academic institutions formerly affiliated with the University of Madras
Educational institutions established in 1985
1985 establishments in Tamil Nadu
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "SRM Institute of Science and Technology",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST), formerly SRM University, is a private deemed university, located in Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu (near Chennai), Tamil Nadu, India. Founded in 1985 as SRM Engineering College in Kattankulathur, it gained the deemed status in 2002. SRM Institute of Science and Technology includes six campuses, four in Tamil Nadu — Kattankulathur, Ramapuram and Vadapalani, and Tiruchirappalli, one in Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh and one in NCR Delhi.\n\nHistory \nThe first college of what is now SRMIST, SRM (Sri Ramaswamy Memorial) Engineering College, was established in 1985, followed by the other SRM colleges from 1992 to 1997. The institute gained deemed status in 2002 as SRM Institute of Science and Technology and renamed SRM University in 2006. In 2017, its name was reverted to SRM Institute of Science and Technology following UGC's request to drop \"University\" from the name.\n\nCampuses\nLocated about away from the city of Chennai, this campus is situated on a 250 acre site overlooking Grand Southern Trunk Road (GST Road), NH-32. The main campus at Kattankulathur consists of a College of Engineering and Technology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, College of Science and Humanities, School of Management and School of Law. It is also one of the few schools in India that offers a Degree in Telecom studies.\n\nVadapalani campus\nVadapalani Campus is located at Vadapalani, Chennai. This campus houses the Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Management Sciences, Faculty of MCA. The SRM Institute for Medical Sciences is also located within the campus.\n\nTiruchirappalli campus \nThe campus at Trichy on the Trichy-Chennai highway houses the faculties of Engineering & Technology, Science & Humanities, Allied Medical Science and Management.\n\nNCR campus \nThe campus at Modinagar on Delhi-Meerut highway houses the faculties of Engineering & Technology, Management and Teacher Education.\n\nAcademics\n\nRankings \n\nThe QS World University Rankings ranked SRM Institute of Science and Technology 301–350 in Asia in 2023.\n\nSRM Institute of Science and Technology ranked 29th among engineering colleges in India by India Today in 2020. The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) ranked it 28th in the engineering ranking, 15th in the pharmacy ranking, 18th among universities and 32nd overall in NIRF 2023.\n\nNotable alumni\n\n Nivetha Thomas, actress\n Murali Vijay, cricketer\n Vishnu Vishal, actor\n Iswarya Menon, film actress\n Neeraj Madhav, actor\n Varun Chakravarthy, cricketer\n Abhay Jodhpurkar, singer\n Shebin Benson, actor\n Vishnu Prasanna, chess Grandmaster and coach of Gukesh D\n Shrutika, Actress\n\nSee also \n SRM University, Andhra Pradesh\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n\nEngineering colleges in Chennai\nUniversities and colleges in Kanchipuram district\nAll India Council for Technical Education\nDeemed universities in Tamil Nadu\nAcademic institutions formerly affiliated with the University of Madras\nEducational institutions established in 1985\n1985 establishments in Tamil Nadu",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
St Blazey engine shed
|
St Blazey engine shed is located in Par, Cornwall, United Kingdom, although it is named after the adjacent village of St Blazey. It was built in 1874 as the headquarters of the Cornwall Minerals Railway but for many years was a depot of the Great Western Railway. The current depot operator (in 2016) is DB Cargo and the depot TOPS code is BZ.
History
St Blazey engine shed dates from the opening of the Cornwall Minerals Railway on 1 June 1874. This line linked Fowey and Newquay via Par in Cornwall. The engineer was Sir Morton Peto and he built workshops for the railway on the north side of Par, close to the adjoining town of St Blazey. The workshops included a distinctive roundhouse engine shed of nine 70 feet long roads around a turntable. Each shed road had a 58 feet long pit between the rails for servicing engines. The area also boasted an erecting and repair shop, a fitting shop, a smithy, boiler house and a 2,500 gallon water tower.
Because of their location, the engine shed was initially known as Par. On 1 January 1879 a loop line was built to the Cornwall Railway station at Par after which the Cornwall Minerals Railway engine shed and adjacent station were known as St Blazey to avoid the confusion of two stations with the same name.
The Cornwall Minerals Railway was operated by the Great Western Railway from October 1877, the GWR shed code being SBZ. A new, elevated coaling road and 45,000 gallon water tank was provided before 1908.
The Great Western Railway was nationalised into British Railways from 1 January 1948 and given the shed code 83E. The first diesel locomotive was allocated to St Blazey in November 1960. The last steam locomotive workings from the shed were on 28 April 1962 and the shed officially closed to steam that month.
The roundhouse has since been converted into industrial units but since April 1987 the adjacent wagon repair shed has been used to service diesel locomotives, local passenger trains, and wagons used for china clay traffic. British Rail was privatised in the 1990s, the goods traffic and workshops at St Blazey becoming the responsibility of freight operator English Welsh & Scottish Railway (now DB Schenker Rail (UK)).
The turntable has been retained to turn the preserved steam locomotives that still visit Cornwall on special main line workings. It as given listed building status in 1974, and at one time it was listed in Historic England's 'Heritage at Risk Register' as it was deteriorating through lack of maintenance. but it was renovated in 2016 and was used for a special train on 7 August that year.
Goods traffic is still sometimes loaded at St Blazey in the sidings adjacent to the depot.
Allocation and operation
Lines operated by locomotives shedded at St Blazey are mainly the branches from Par to Newquay and associated freight lines and the two lines to Fowey. This resulted in an allocation of locomotives designed for hauling freight trains, and with the tight curves encountered on some of the branches, types with a short wheelbase suitable for such lines were usual. The smallest engine allocated to St Blazey in later years was the tank used for the Lostwithiel to Fowey branch, which was usually four-coupled. Under the GWR a Metro tank was usual but under British Rail an ex-GW 1400 class was used. In 1960, a County class 4-6-0 locomotive was shedded at St Blazey as a trial but was moved away later that year.
Following the change from steam to diesel the allocation of locomotives at St Blazey was only shunters. There were five shunters allocated to St Blazey by the late 1970s There were three turns for shunters allocated at St Blazey in 1981. One loco was used to shunt St Blazey yard, and a second locomotive was used as trip pilot travelling to Wenfordbridge clay dries Monday/Wednesday/Friday. The third locomotive was a spare used to provide cover for the shunters at both St Blazey and Penzance sheds. This was a dual-braked example to work both the vacuum-braked 'clay hood' wagons commonly used on china clay trains in the St Blazey area and the passenger stock that would be shunted at Penzance. In 1995 there were still three Class 08s, although by now all of these were fitted with air brakes.
Larger locomotives were never based here but visited from other depots to haul freight trains. Many of these only operated during the week so that at weekends half a dozen locomotives could be at the depot awaiting active duty. Types that have been in regular use from the depot since the 1970s have been followed by and now . Other classes have also been used for local freight trains. In 1990, a trial was carried out of a as a possible replacement for heavy freights requiring double-headed Class 37s originating from the area. The trial was not successful. One passenger train in the late 1970s was booked for haulage by locomotives normally operating freight trains from St Blazey, this being the summer Saturday service between and ; a pair of Class 25s taking it to .
Since the demise of British Rail the depot has been operated by English, Welsh & Scottish Railway (EWS, now DB Cargo). There have been no locomotives formally based at St Blazey as all shunters in the EWS Great Western Lines pool were officially allocated to Cardiff Canton depot, although locomotives still used the shed.
The yard was used to store several DMUs overnight for British Rail and later Wessex Trains then Great Western Railway. This meant that several morning services started at Par railway station and evening ones terminated there.
References
Sources
Railway depots in England
Rail transport in Cornwall
Great Western Railway
St Blazey
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "St Blazey engine shed",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "St Blazey engine shed is located in Par, Cornwall, United Kingdom, although it is named after the adjacent village of St Blazey. It was built in 1874 as the headquarters of the Cornwall Minerals Railway but for many years was a depot of the Great Western Railway. The current depot operator (in 2016) is DB Cargo and the depot TOPS code is BZ.\n\nHistory\n\nSt Blazey engine shed dates from the opening of the Cornwall Minerals Railway on 1 June 1874. This line linked Fowey and Newquay via Par in Cornwall. The engineer was Sir Morton Peto and he built workshops for the railway on the north side of Par, close to the adjoining town of St Blazey. The workshops included a distinctive roundhouse engine shed of nine 70 feet long roads around a turntable. Each shed road had a 58 feet long pit between the rails for servicing engines. The area also boasted an erecting and repair shop, a fitting shop, a smithy, boiler house and a 2,500 gallon water tower.\n\nBecause of their location, the engine shed was initially known as Par. On 1 January 1879 a loop line was built to the Cornwall Railway station at Par after which the Cornwall Minerals Railway engine shed and adjacent station were known as St Blazey to avoid the confusion of two stations with the same name.\n\nThe Cornwall Minerals Railway was operated by the Great Western Railway from October 1877, the GWR shed code being SBZ. A new, elevated coaling road and 45,000 gallon water tank was provided before 1908.\n\nThe Great Western Railway was nationalised into British Railways from 1 January 1948 and given the shed code 83E. The first diesel locomotive was allocated to St Blazey in November 1960. The last steam locomotive workings from the shed were on 28 April 1962 and the shed officially closed to steam that month.\n\nThe roundhouse has since been converted into industrial units but since April 1987 the adjacent wagon repair shed has been used to service diesel locomotives, local passenger trains, and wagons used for china clay traffic. British Rail was privatised in the 1990s, the goods traffic and workshops at St Blazey becoming the responsibility of freight operator English Welsh & Scottish Railway (now DB Schenker Rail (UK)).\n\nThe turntable has been retained to turn the preserved steam locomotives that still visit Cornwall on special main line workings. It as given listed building status in 1974, and at one time it was listed in Historic England's 'Heritage at Risk Register' as it was deteriorating through lack of maintenance. but it was renovated in 2016 and was used for a special train on 7 August that year.\n\nGoods traffic is still sometimes loaded at St Blazey in the sidings adjacent to the depot.\n\nAllocation and operation\n\nLines operated by locomotives shedded at St Blazey are mainly the branches from Par to Newquay and associated freight lines and the two lines to Fowey. This resulted in an allocation of locomotives designed for hauling freight trains, and with the tight curves encountered on some of the branches, types with a short wheelbase suitable for such lines were usual. The smallest engine allocated to St Blazey in later years was the tank used for the Lostwithiel to Fowey branch, which was usually four-coupled. Under the GWR a Metro tank was usual but under British Rail an ex-GW 1400 class was used. In 1960, a County class 4-6-0 locomotive was shedded at St Blazey as a trial but was moved away later that year.\n\nFollowing the change from steam to diesel the allocation of locomotives at St Blazey was only shunters. There were five shunters allocated to St Blazey by the late 1970s There were three turns for shunters allocated at St Blazey in 1981. One loco was used to shunt St Blazey yard, and a second locomotive was used as trip pilot travelling to Wenfordbridge clay dries Monday/Wednesday/Friday. The third locomotive was a spare used to provide cover for the shunters at both St Blazey and Penzance sheds. This was a dual-braked example to work both the vacuum-braked 'clay hood' wagons commonly used on china clay trains in the St Blazey area and the passenger stock that would be shunted at Penzance. In 1995 there were still three Class 08s, although by now all of these were fitted with air brakes. \n\nLarger locomotives were never based here but visited from other depots to haul freight trains. Many of these only operated during the week so that at weekends half a dozen locomotives could be at the depot awaiting active duty. Types that have been in regular use from the depot since the 1970s have been followed by and now . Other classes have also been used for local freight trains. In 1990, a trial was carried out of a as a possible replacement for heavy freights requiring double-headed Class 37s originating from the area. The trial was not successful. One passenger train in the late 1970s was booked for haulage by locomotives normally operating freight trains from St Blazey, this being the summer Saturday service between and ; a pair of Class 25s taking it to .\n\nSince the demise of British Rail the depot has been operated by English, Welsh & Scottish Railway (EWS, now DB Cargo). There have been no locomotives formally based at St Blazey as all shunters in the EWS Great Western Lines pool were officially allocated to Cardiff Canton depot, although locomotives still used the shed.\n\nThe yard was used to store several DMUs overnight for British Rail and later Wessex Trains then Great Western Railway. This meant that several morning services started at Par railway station and evening ones terminated there.\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\nRailway depots in England\nRail transport in Cornwall\nGreat Western Railway\nSt Blazey",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
The Southern Cross (Argentina)
|
The Southern Cross is an Argentine newspaper founded on January 16, 1875, by Patrick Joseph Dillon (1842–1889), a Roman Catholic priest, editor and politician, born in Tuam, east County Galway, Ireland. Fr. Dillon was appointed a deputy for Buenos Aires Province and president of the Presidential Affairs Commission amongst other positions. He was one of the legislators who proposed Buenos Aires as the federal capital.
The Southern Cross was the first entirely Roman Catholic English language publication in Buenos Aires, and continues in print to this day on a monthly basis. A downloadable version can be obtained at The Southern Cross website.
Published by Editorial Irlandesa S.A., the paper provides readers with a beginners' guide to the Irish language, helping Irish Argentines keep in touch with their cultural heritage.
External links
The Southern Cross
References
Newspapers published in Argentina
Newspapers established in 1875
Mass media in Buenos Aires
Monthly newspapers
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "The Southern Cross (Argentina)",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Southern Cross is an Argentine newspaper founded on January 16, 1875, by Patrick Joseph Dillon (1842–1889), a Roman Catholic priest, editor and politician, born in Tuam, east County Galway, Ireland. Fr. Dillon was appointed a deputy for Buenos Aires Province and president of the Presidential Affairs Commission amongst other positions. He was one of the legislators who proposed Buenos Aires as the federal capital.\n\nThe Southern Cross was the first entirely Roman Catholic English language publication in Buenos Aires, and continues in print to this day on a monthly basis. A downloadable version can be obtained at The Southern Cross website.\n\nPublished by Editorial Irlandesa S.A., the paper provides readers with a beginners' guide to the Irish language, helping Irish Argentines keep in touch with their cultural heritage.\n\nExternal links\n The Southern Cross\n\nReferences\n\nNewspapers published in Argentina\nNewspapers established in 1875\nMass media in Buenos Aires\nMonthly newspapers",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallie-Anne%20Huckstepp
|
Sallie-Anne Huckstepp (nee Krivoshow, 12 December 1954 – 6 February 1986) was an Australian writer, sex worker and whistleblower, who was the victim of a homicide. She came to attention in 1981 for speaking out about police corruption in Sydney, Australia. Huckstepp's murder remains unsolved.
Life
Huckstepp was born as Sallie-Anne Krivoshow into a middle-class Jewish family and attended Dover Heights High School and Moriah College in Sydney. She left school at the age of 17 and married Bryan Huckstepp. After travelling to Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, her husband trafficked her into prostitution to help support his heroin addiction. They later returned to Sydney, where Huckstepp continued to be prostituted, eventually developing a heroin habit of her own.
In 1981, Huckstepp met and began a relationship with Warren Lanfranchi. Lanfranchi was a heroin dealer and standover man who worked with Neddy Smith. In June 1981, Lanfranchi allegedly robbed a Sydney heroin dealer and later fired shots at a young policeman. In Neddy: the Life and Crimes of Arthur Stanley Smith, Smith claims that Lanfranchi asked him to negotiate a payment with then-Detective Sergeant Roger Rogerson to escape being charged with the shooting.
Smith claims that Rogerson had instructed him to drive Lanfranchi to a meeting with him and to disarm him in the car. Rogerson took 18 police officers with him to the meeting. He claims that he was attempting to arrest Lanfranchi on suspicion of five bank robberies. At the meeting in Dangar Place, Chippendale, Rogerson shot and killed Lanfranchi. During the inquest into Lanfranchi's death, Rogerson claimed self defence. He was supported at the inquest by Smith and other police officers who were called as witnesses.
The inquest found that on the balance of probabilities, Rogerson had been trying to arrest Lanfranchi, but refused to find he had acted in self defence. The matter went to the Supreme Court and was the subject of investigations by the New South Wales Ombudsman and Internal Affairs. No action was brought against Rogerson, and he was exonerated and commended for bravery.
On 15 July 1981, Huckstepp, accompanied by her father, Jack Krivoshow, and a legal-aid solicitor, went to the New South Wales Police Headquarters in College Street, Darlinghurst, where she met with Detective Inspector Ralph and Detective Reith of the New South Wales Police Internal Affairs Branch. She made the following statement which eventually helped lead to the Independent Commission Against Corruption and the Wood Royal Commission:
"I will tell you everything... I have the following criminal record: I have 31 convictions for prostitution. I have a conspiracy to defraud conviction which occurred shortly after I left Harry Bailey's tender care at "Chelmsford". I then had two further marijuana convictions. A heroin conviction when I was loaded up by Detectives Peter and Tomich at the Lido bar. I have a further "use" charge in which Detectives Peter George and Jungblut were involved. In both the latter offences, significant sums of money were paid to the police to affect the outcome... While operating as a prostitute, I made regular payments to members of the vice squad over 10 years. I have been involved in a number of transactions which I referred to in my statement which have involved substantial payment to members of the drug squad and other detectives relating to drug matters. I believe that the New South Wales Drug Squad and the Armed Hold-Up Squad are both totally corrupt and that they feed on the very activities which they are supposed to stop."
Huckstepp also went to the media and gave extensive interviews, claiming that Rogerson had murdered Lanfranchi and stolen $10,000 Lanfranchi was carrying to bribe Rogerson. She also claimed that Neddy Smith had lied to the inquest and was involved in a conspiracy with Rogerson. Rogerson maintained his innocence. In Neddy: The Life and Crimes of Arthur Stanley Smith, Smith wrote that Lanfranchi was "attempting to bribe Rogerson. I was the person [who] took Warren to this fatal meeting. There was an inquest and both sides threw plenty of shit at one another. I was right in the middle of it all. I could do nothing to bring Warren back to life, so I did the best thing I could. I know Warren’s family suffered deeply, but I cannot do anything about it." He goes on to claim that as a result of his testimony at the inquest, Rogerson and other corrupt police officers gave him a "green light" to commit crime without fear of prosecution.
Huckstepp continued lobbying the media. A documentary about her life was made and she began writing articles for a monthly magazine. However, she continued using heroin, and in 1985, her then-partner David Kelleher was arrested on charges of importing heroin worth more than $2 million. With Kelleher remanded into custody, Huckstepp began a relationship with a federal police officer, Constable Peter Parker Smith. Huckstepp visited Kelleher regularly in prison, telling him she was attempting to get information from Constable Smith which could be useful in his trial. In Catch and Kill Your Own, Neddy Smith claims that Huckstepp was trying to help Kelleher by making tape recordings of her conversations with Constable Smith.
Death and inquest
On the evening of 6 February 1986, Huckstepp received a phone call in her Edgecliff apartment. She rushed out, telling Gwen Beecroft - an acquaintance with whom she stayed at the time - that she would be back shortly. The following morning, a man walking his dog found her body in Busby Pond, a lake in Centennial Park, New South Wales.
Huckstepp's murder resulted in one of the longest-running inquests of its kind in Australia. It began in 1987 and lasted until 1991, though it only sat for a total of 19 days in that time. It was alleged at the inquest that Huckstepp had gone to meet an unknown drug dealer to obtain a fresh supply of heroin and was then lured to Busby's Pond, a remote area of the park. She was then strangled and drowned. Peter Smith, the federal policeman with whom she was having an affair, testified that she had told him she was frightened that Neddy Smith and Roger Rogerson or David Kelleher (who was in prison at the time) may try to murder her. He later told the Administrative Appeals Tribunal that Huckstepp's death was a "traumatic event for (him)". The coroner found that the evidence was insufficient to recommend charges and made a finding that Huckstepp had been murdered by a person or persons unknown.
Prior to the inquest, Neddy Smith was interviewed four times by four separate teams of detectives. He claims that he was at home with his wife the night Huckstepp was murdered. However, he was secretly recorded confessing to a cellmate at Long Bay Correctional Centre. He was recorded saying he had attacked Huckstepp from behind, punched her, grabbed her by the throat, lifted her off the ground, and then strangled her for about six minutes. Smith then claimed he dragged her into the pond and stood on her back to keep her head submerged for a few more minutes. He was also recorded saying, "strangling somebody is the hardest thing in the world...(but) the most satisfying thing I ever did in my life".
Smith later dismissed his confession as lies, saying he knew he was being taped and wanted the publicity for his new book, Catch and Kill Your Own. He is also alleged to have confessed to his publisher. Smith was subsequently charged in September 1996 with Huckstepp's murder, and was committed to stand trial, but was acquitted in 1999. In an interview with writer John Dale, Smith claimed that Huckstepp was murdered because she kept "bugging Roger, ringing him up and leaving messages that he was a dog...The reason they didn't bury her or dispose of the body was Roger wanted her left floating in the pond as a message. The bloke who killed her has never been arrested and is not in jail".
Huckstepp is survived by a daughter, Sascha Huckstepp, who was born in 1973, and is an actress and casting agent in Sydney. Sascha had a minor role as a nurse in the Australian miniseries Blue Murder, which featured a character (played by Loene Carmen) based on her mother. In 1991 and 1992, she appeared as Jade Williams in the British soap opera Families. Huckstepp was also the half-sister of Australian screenwriter and actor Matt Kay.
In popular culture
Huckstepp inspired the song "Sallie-Anne" by Sydney band Spy vs. Spy.
An episode of the documentary series Crime Investigation Australia depicted her murder.
The 1995 Australian television miniseries Blue Murder featured the story of Huckstepp's homicide.
See also
Juanita Nielsen
Shirley Brifman
Shirley Finn
References
Further reading
Bacon, W., The Law & The Stitch, Australian Centre for Independent Journalism,
Dale, J., Huckstepp: A Dangerous Life, Allen & Unwin, Australia, 2004, New edition Xoum, Australia, 2014,
Dale, J. Visiting Ned in Long Bay, newmatilda.com, 2005
Goodsir, D. Line of Fire: The inside story of the controversial shooting of undercover policeman Michael Drury, Allen & Unwin, Crows Nest, 1995
Dapin, M. "Jolly Rogerson", Sydney Morning Herald, November 2003
Lennane, J., [http://journalism.uts.edu.au/subjects/ppc1_2000/transcript9.html Professional Dissent: Whistleblowing], University of Technology Sydney
Reidenbach, S., Time is relative for those obsessed with truth, University of Technology Sydney, 2005
Smith, A.S. Catch and Kill Your Own: Behind the Killings the Police Don't Want to Solve, Pan Macmillan Australia, Sydney, 1997
Smith, A.S., Noble, T. Neddy: The Life and Crimes of Arthur Stanley Smith, Noble House, Sydney, 1993,
The Whistle, University of Wollongong, May 1998
Australian female prostitutes
Australian people convicted of drug offences
Australian Jews
Australian murder victims
Australian whistleblowers
People murdered in Sydney
People from Sydney
1954 births
1986 deaths
Burials at Rookwood Cemetery
Australian female criminals
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallie-Anne%20Huckstepp",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Sallie-Anne Huckstepp (nee Krivoshow, 12 December 1954 – 6 February 1986) was an Australian writer, sex worker and whistleblower, who was the victim of a homicide. She came to attention in 1981 for speaking out about police corruption in Sydney, Australia. Huckstepp's murder remains unsolved.\n\nLife\nHuckstepp was born as Sallie-Anne Krivoshow into a middle-class Jewish family and attended Dover Heights High School and Moriah College in Sydney. She left school at the age of 17 and married Bryan Huckstepp. After travelling to Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, her husband trafficked her into prostitution to help support his heroin addiction. They later returned to Sydney, where Huckstepp continued to be prostituted, eventually developing a heroin habit of her own.\n\nIn 1981, Huckstepp met and began a relationship with Warren Lanfranchi. Lanfranchi was a heroin dealer and standover man who worked with Neddy Smith. In June 1981, Lanfranchi allegedly robbed a Sydney heroin dealer and later fired shots at a young policeman. In Neddy: the Life and Crimes of Arthur Stanley Smith, Smith claims that Lanfranchi asked him to negotiate a payment with then-Detective Sergeant Roger Rogerson to escape being charged with the shooting.\n\nSmith claims that Rogerson had instructed him to drive Lanfranchi to a meeting with him and to disarm him in the car. Rogerson took 18 police officers with him to the meeting. He claims that he was attempting to arrest Lanfranchi on suspicion of five bank robberies. At the meeting in Dangar Place, Chippendale, Rogerson shot and killed Lanfranchi. During the inquest into Lanfranchi's death, Rogerson claimed self defence. He was supported at the inquest by Smith and other police officers who were called as witnesses.\n\nThe inquest found that on the balance of probabilities, Rogerson had been trying to arrest Lanfranchi, but refused to find he had acted in self defence. The matter went to the Supreme Court and was the subject of investigations by the New South Wales Ombudsman and Internal Affairs. No action was brought against Rogerson, and he was exonerated and commended for bravery.\n\nOn 15 July 1981, Huckstepp, accompanied by her father, Jack Krivoshow, and a legal-aid solicitor, went to the New South Wales Police Headquarters in College Street, Darlinghurst, where she met with Detective Inspector Ralph and Detective Reith of the New South Wales Police Internal Affairs Branch. She made the following statement which eventually helped lead to the Independent Commission Against Corruption and the Wood Royal Commission:\n \"I will tell you everything... I have the following criminal record: I have 31 convictions for prostitution. I have a conspiracy to defraud conviction which occurred shortly after I left Harry Bailey's tender care at \"Chelmsford\". I then had two further marijuana convictions. A heroin conviction when I was loaded up by Detectives Peter and Tomich at the Lido bar. I have a further \"use\" charge in which Detectives Peter George and Jungblut were involved. In both the latter offences, significant sums of money were paid to the police to affect the outcome... While operating as a prostitute, I made regular payments to members of the vice squad over 10 years. I have been involved in a number of transactions which I referred to in my statement which have involved substantial payment to members of the drug squad and other detectives relating to drug matters. I believe that the New South Wales Drug Squad and the Armed Hold-Up Squad are both totally corrupt and that they feed on the very activities which they are supposed to stop.\"\n\nHuckstepp also went to the media and gave extensive interviews, claiming that Rogerson had murdered Lanfranchi and stolen $10,000 Lanfranchi was carrying to bribe Rogerson. She also claimed that Neddy Smith had lied to the inquest and was involved in a conspiracy with Rogerson. Rogerson maintained his innocence. In Neddy: The Life and Crimes of Arthur Stanley Smith, Smith wrote that Lanfranchi was \"attempting to bribe Rogerson. I was the person [who] took Warren to this fatal meeting. There was an inquest and both sides threw plenty of shit at one another. I was right in the middle of it all. I could do nothing to bring Warren back to life, so I did the best thing I could. I know Warren’s family suffered deeply, but I cannot do anything about it.\" He goes on to claim that as a result of his testimony at the inquest, Rogerson and other corrupt police officers gave him a \"green light\" to commit crime without fear of prosecution.\n\nHuckstepp continued lobbying the media. A documentary about her life was made and she began writing articles for a monthly magazine. However, she continued using heroin, and in 1985, her then-partner David Kelleher was arrested on charges of importing heroin worth more than $2 million. With Kelleher remanded into custody, Huckstepp began a relationship with a federal police officer, Constable Peter Parker Smith. Huckstepp visited Kelleher regularly in prison, telling him she was attempting to get information from Constable Smith which could be useful in his trial. In Catch and Kill Your Own, Neddy Smith claims that Huckstepp was trying to help Kelleher by making tape recordings of her conversations with Constable Smith.\n\nDeath and inquest\nOn the evening of 6 February 1986, Huckstepp received a phone call in her Edgecliff apartment. She rushed out, telling Gwen Beecroft - an acquaintance with whom she stayed at the time - that she would be back shortly. The following morning, a man walking his dog found her body in Busby Pond, a lake in Centennial Park, New South Wales.\n\nHuckstepp's murder resulted in one of the longest-running inquests of its kind in Australia. It began in 1987 and lasted until 1991, though it only sat for a total of 19 days in that time. It was alleged at the inquest that Huckstepp had gone to meet an unknown drug dealer to obtain a fresh supply of heroin and was then lured to Busby's Pond, a remote area of the park. She was then strangled and drowned. Peter Smith, the federal policeman with whom she was having an affair, testified that she had told him she was frightened that Neddy Smith and Roger Rogerson or David Kelleher (who was in prison at the time) may try to murder her. He later told the Administrative Appeals Tribunal that Huckstepp's death was a \"traumatic event for (him)\". The coroner found that the evidence was insufficient to recommend charges and made a finding that Huckstepp had been murdered by a person or persons unknown.\n\nPrior to the inquest, Neddy Smith was interviewed four times by four separate teams of detectives. He claims that he was at home with his wife the night Huckstepp was murdered. However, he was secretly recorded confessing to a cellmate at Long Bay Correctional Centre. He was recorded saying he had attacked Huckstepp from behind, punched her, grabbed her by the throat, lifted her off the ground, and then strangled her for about six minutes. Smith then claimed he dragged her into the pond and stood on her back to keep her head submerged for a few more minutes. He was also recorded saying, \"strangling somebody is the hardest thing in the world...(but) the most satisfying thing I ever did in my life\".\n\nSmith later dismissed his confession as lies, saying he knew he was being taped and wanted the publicity for his new book, Catch and Kill Your Own. He is also alleged to have confessed to his publisher. Smith was subsequently charged in September 1996 with Huckstepp's murder, and was committed to stand trial, but was acquitted in 1999. In an interview with writer John Dale, Smith claimed that Huckstepp was murdered because she kept \"bugging Roger, ringing him up and leaving messages that he was a dog...The reason they didn't bury her or dispose of the body was Roger wanted her left floating in the pond as a message. The bloke who killed her has never been arrested and is not in jail\".\n\nHuckstepp is survived by a daughter, Sascha Huckstepp, who was born in 1973, and is an actress and casting agent in Sydney. Sascha had a minor role as a nurse in the Australian miniseries Blue Murder, which featured a character (played by Loene Carmen) based on her mother. In 1991 and 1992, she appeared as Jade Williams in the British soap opera Families. Huckstepp was also the half-sister of Australian screenwriter and actor Matt Kay.\n\nIn popular culture\nHuckstepp inspired the song \"Sallie-Anne\" by Sydney band Spy vs. Spy.\n\nAn episode of the documentary series Crime Investigation Australia depicted her murder.\n\nThe 1995 Australian television miniseries Blue Murder featured the story of Huckstepp's homicide.\n\nSee also\nJuanita Nielsen\nShirley Brifman\nShirley Finn\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n Bacon, W., The Law & The Stitch, Australian Centre for Independent Journalism,\n Dale, J., Huckstepp: A Dangerous Life, Allen & Unwin, Australia, 2004, New edition Xoum, Australia, 2014, \n Dale, J. Visiting Ned in Long Bay, newmatilda.com, 2005\n Goodsir, D. Line of Fire: The inside story of the controversial shooting of undercover policeman Michael Drury, Allen & Unwin, Crows Nest, 1995 \n Dapin, M. \"Jolly Rogerson\", Sydney Morning Herald, November 2003\n Lennane, J., [http://journalism.uts.edu.au/subjects/ppc1_2000/transcript9.html Professional Dissent: Whistleblowing], University of Technology Sydney\n Reidenbach, S., Time is relative for those obsessed with truth, University of Technology Sydney, 2005\n Smith, A.S. Catch and Kill Your Own: Behind the Killings the Police Don't Want to Solve, Pan Macmillan Australia, Sydney, 1997 \n Smith, A.S., Noble, T. Neddy: The Life and Crimes of Arthur Stanley Smith, Noble House, Sydney, 1993, \n The Whistle, University of Wollongong, May 1998\n\nAustralian female prostitutes\nAustralian people convicted of drug offences\nAustralian Jews\nAustralian murder victims\nAustralian whistleblowers\nPeople murdered in Sydney\nPeople from Sydney\n1954 births\n1986 deaths\nBurials at Rookwood Cemetery\nAustralian female criminals",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Ayumi Hamasaki Concert Tour 2000 Vol. 2
|
Ayumi Hamasaki Concert Tour 2000 Vol. 2 is the second session DVD of the live tour of the Japanese singer Ayumi Hamasaki that was released on September 27, 2000.
Similar to Ayumi Hamasaki Concert Tour 2000 Vol. 1, there is also a multi-angle function in the DVD. However, unlike the other concert, there is no backstage view in this concert. The second angle showcases the video effects on the giant video screen in the concert.
Track listing
A Song for ××
vogue
Trauma
SEASONS
Far away
End roll
LOVE 〜Destiny〜
appears
ever free
WHATEVER
Depend on you
Fly high
Encore
Boys & Girls
Trauma
Who…
Ayumi Hamasaki video albums
2000 video albums
Live video albums
2000 live albums
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Ayumi Hamasaki Concert Tour 2000 Vol. 2",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Ayumi Hamasaki Concert Tour 2000 Vol. 2 is the second session DVD of the live tour of the Japanese singer Ayumi Hamasaki that was released on September 27, 2000.\n\nSimilar to Ayumi Hamasaki Concert Tour 2000 Vol. 1, there is also a multi-angle function in the DVD. However, unlike the other concert, there is no backstage view in this concert. The second angle showcases the video effects on the giant video screen in the concert.\n\nTrack listing\n A Song for ××\n vogue\n Trauma\n SEASONS\n Far away\n End roll\n LOVE 〜Destiny〜\n appears\n ever free\n WHATEVER\n Depend on you\n Fly high\n\nEncore\n Boys & Girls\n Trauma\n Who…\n\nAyumi Hamasaki video albums\n2000 video albums\nLive video albums\n2000 live albums",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid%20prayers
|
Eid prayers, also referred to as Salat al-Eid (), are holy holiday prayers in the Islamic tradition. The literal translation of the word "Eid" in Arabic is "festival" or "feast" and is a time when Muslims congregate with family and the larger Muslim community to celebrate.
There are generally two central Eids that take place in accordance with the Islamic lunar calendar (hence the additional name Șālat al-’Īdayn ( "Prayer of the Two Eids"):
Eid al-Fitr (), also known as the "Smaller Eid" is a celebration marking the end Ramadan, the Islamic holy month of fasting, welcoming the new month of Shawwal and lasts for a period of three days. Mandatory charity, or Zakat, specifically Zakat al-Fitr (Zakat of Eid Al-Fitr) is offered to the poor by every financially-able Muslim (preferably prior to the offering of the prayer) to ensure that those who are less fortunate may also participate in the joyous holiday.
Eid al-Adha (), the "Greater Eid" or "Eid of Sacrifice", is celebration on the 10th day of Dhu al-Hijjah (last month of the Islamic lunar calendar in which the Islamic pillar of Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca is performed). This Eid follows what is considered to be the holiest day in Islam, Day of Arafah and serves as a commemoration of Ibrahim's obedience and faith when tested by Allah. Able Muslims sacrifice an animal (Qurbani) whose provisions are to be distributed between friends, family, and the poor, equally as charity. Those who are unable to offer Qurbani but meet the requirements for it may offer a donation of Zakat in its place. These obligations apply to every of-age Muslim regardless of gender, so long as they meet the requirements of giving. Its duration is 4 days.
There is no set date for the Eid holidays, as it changes from year to year. This is due to the nature of the lunar calendar that calculates months based on the phases of the moon, unlike the solar Gregorian calendar that is used most widely today. The lunar calendar is about 11 days shorter than that of the Gregorian, and so the equivalent date shifts back about 11 days every year. This is true for other holidays, such as the Chinese New Year or Rosh Hashanah, that are also based on the lunar calendar. The date normally varies in locations across the world, but many communities choose to follow the sighting reports of the crescent moon in Mecca for the sake of consistency.
Name variations
Eid greetings
The customary greeting on the days of Eid Festivals is "Eid Mubarak", meaning "Have a Blessed Eid" and is often accompanied by other forms of cultural greetings and customs.
Location and timing
Eid prayers are traditionally offered in an open space (such as a Musalla or Eidgah) or field available for prayer if weather permits. The technical appointed time of Salat Al-Eid, as specified by the Quran and Sunnah (sayings, teachings, and actions of Muhammad), begins when the sun reaches approximately three meters above the horizon - above the height of a spear, until it reaches its meridian - approaching its zenith. Generally speaking, it is recommended that the prayer is offered in the morning, anytime after sunrise and before noon.
The time for Eid al-Fitr prayer may be delayed while the prayer of Eid al-Adha is hastened. This is to ensure enough time to facilitate the distribution of the Zakat before the prayer or offer sacrifice after, respectively. This has been a proved Sunnah and has been well recorded in Hadith books.
Specified times of the prayer vary according to local Masjids and larger communities may offer two prayers to allow as many people as possible the chance to make the prayer.
Degree of importance
The degree of importance of the Eid prayer vary between different Madhhab, or schools of Islamic thought. According to Hanafi scholars, Salat al-Eid is Wajib (obligatory). To Hanbali jurisprudence, it is Fard (necessary; often synonymous with Wajib) and according to Maliki and Shafiʽi schools, it is considered to be Sunnah Al-Mu'akkadah ("confirmed Sunnah, "continuously performed and never abandoned") but not mandatory.
Procedure and ritual
In addition to the actual praying of the Salah, another component of the Eid Prayers is the delivering of a Khutbah or Islamic sermon, like that given weekly on Fridays at Jumu'ah (obligatory Friday prayers). While the sermon is delivered prior to the Salah for Jumu'ah, it is delivered after the Salah for Eid. This is in accordance with the narration by Abdullah ibn Umar that Muhammad performed Eid Prayers in this order.
The Eid prayers also take place without the customary calling of the Adhan or Iqama (arabic call to prayer), which is normally called before every Salah. This is per the traditional narration by Jabir sin Samurah, who had prayed Eid Salah behind Muhammad, and noted that the calls were not made.
Another specific characteristic of the Eid prayer is the number of Takbir, or calling of the phrase "Allahu Akbar" ("God is Great") performed in each Rakat (unit of prayer) of Salah. The Takbir for regular Salah (as well as most sunnah and special Salah) is called only once at the start with repetitions between steps of the prayer. According to Hadith narrated by 'Amr bin Shuaib over certified generations, Muhammad completed 7 takbirs in the first rakah of the Eid prayer and 5 in the second, then began with the recitation of the Quran. The Hanafis complete 3 takbirs before reciting Quran in the first rak'ah and 3 takbirs after reciting Quran before prostrating.
Additional sunnah
To reap further rewards from praying the Eid, there are additional recommended steps that Muhammad did in his time according to his Sunnah that Muslims may perform. These include bathing or Ghusl prior to attending the festival, dressing in one's best clothes, eating before the Eid al-Fitr prayer and waiting until after Eid al-Adha prayer to eat, saying the Takbir to and from the place of Eid and after every prayer for the remaining days of the festival, as well as taking an alternative route home from the one taken to the prayer.
Women and the Eid Salah
Eid festivals are meant to be an event for all members of the Muslim community, including women and children. According to the Hadith narrated by the Nusaybah Bint Al-Harith (Umm 'Atiyah), women, young and old, were called to come out and participate in the joy of Eid and reap its blessings.
See also
References
Salah
Eid (Islam)
Salah terminology
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid%20prayers",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Eid prayers, also referred to as Salat al-Eid (), are holy holiday prayers in the Islamic tradition. The literal translation of the word \"Eid\" in Arabic is \"festival\" or \"feast\" and is a time when Muslims congregate with family and the larger Muslim community to celebrate.\n\nThere are generally two central Eids that take place in accordance with the Islamic lunar calendar (hence the additional name Șālat al-’Īdayn ( \"Prayer of the Two Eids\"):\n\n Eid al-Fitr (), also known as the \"Smaller Eid\" is a celebration marking the end Ramadan, the Islamic holy month of fasting, welcoming the new month of Shawwal and lasts for a period of three days. Mandatory charity, or Zakat, specifically Zakat al-Fitr (Zakat of Eid Al-Fitr) is offered to the poor by every financially-able Muslim (preferably prior to the offering of the prayer) to ensure that those who are less fortunate may also participate in the joyous holiday.\n Eid al-Adha (), the \"Greater Eid\" or \"Eid of Sacrifice\", is celebration on the 10th day of Dhu al-Hijjah (last month of the Islamic lunar calendar in which the Islamic pillar of Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca is performed). This Eid follows what is considered to be the holiest day in Islam, Day of Arafah and serves as a commemoration of Ibrahim's obedience and faith when tested by Allah. Able Muslims sacrifice an animal (Qurbani) whose provisions are to be distributed between friends, family, and the poor, equally as charity. Those who are unable to offer Qurbani but meet the requirements for it may offer a donation of Zakat in its place. These obligations apply to every of-age Muslim regardless of gender, so long as they meet the requirements of giving. Its duration is 4 days.\n\nThere is no set date for the Eid holidays, as it changes from year to year. This is due to the nature of the lunar calendar that calculates months based on the phases of the moon, unlike the solar Gregorian calendar that is used most widely today. The lunar calendar is about 11 days shorter than that of the Gregorian, and so the equivalent date shifts back about 11 days every year. This is true for other holidays, such as the Chinese New Year or Rosh Hashanah, that are also based on the lunar calendar. The date normally varies in locations across the world, but many communities choose to follow the sighting reports of the crescent moon in Mecca for the sake of consistency.\n\nName variations\n\nEid greetings \nThe customary greeting on the days of Eid Festivals is \"Eid Mubarak\", meaning \"Have a Blessed Eid\" and is often accompanied by other forms of cultural greetings and customs.\n\nLocation and timing \nEid prayers are traditionally offered in an open space (such as a Musalla or Eidgah) or field available for prayer if weather permits. The technical appointed time of Salat Al-Eid, as specified by the Quran and Sunnah (sayings, teachings, and actions of Muhammad), begins when the sun reaches approximately three meters above the horizon - above the height of a spear, until it reaches its meridian - approaching its zenith. Generally speaking, it is recommended that the prayer is offered in the morning, anytime after sunrise and before noon.\n\nThe time for Eid al-Fitr prayer may be delayed while the prayer of Eid al-Adha is hastened. This is to ensure enough time to facilitate the distribution of the Zakat before the prayer or offer sacrifice after, respectively. This has been a proved Sunnah and has been well recorded in Hadith books.\n\nSpecified times of the prayer vary according to local Masjids and larger communities may offer two prayers to allow as many people as possible the chance to make the prayer.\n\nDegree of importance \nThe degree of importance of the Eid prayer vary between different Madhhab, or schools of Islamic thought. According to Hanafi scholars, Salat al-Eid is Wajib (obligatory). To Hanbali jurisprudence, it is Fard (necessary; often synonymous with Wajib) and according to Maliki and Shafiʽi schools, it is considered to be Sunnah Al-Mu'akkadah (\"confirmed Sunnah, \"continuously performed and never abandoned\") but not mandatory.\n\nProcedure and ritual \nIn addition to the actual praying of the Salah, another component of the Eid Prayers is the delivering of a Khutbah or Islamic sermon, like that given weekly on Fridays at Jumu'ah (obligatory Friday prayers). While the sermon is delivered prior to the Salah for Jumu'ah, it is delivered after the Salah for Eid. This is in accordance with the narration by Abdullah ibn Umar that Muhammad performed Eid Prayers in this order.\n\nThe Eid prayers also take place without the customary calling of the Adhan or Iqama (arabic call to prayer), which is normally called before every Salah. This is per the traditional narration by Jabir sin Samurah, who had prayed Eid Salah behind Muhammad, and noted that the calls were not made.\n\nAnother specific characteristic of the Eid prayer is the number of Takbir, or calling of the phrase \"Allahu Akbar\" (\"God is Great\") performed in each Rakat (unit of prayer) of Salah. The Takbir for regular Salah (as well as most sunnah and special Salah) is called only once at the start with repetitions between steps of the prayer. According to Hadith narrated by 'Amr bin Shuaib over certified generations, Muhammad completed 7 takbirs in the first rakah of the Eid prayer and 5 in the second, then began with the recitation of the Quran. The Hanafis complete 3 takbirs before reciting Quran in the first rak'ah and 3 takbirs after reciting Quran before prostrating.\n\nAdditional sunnah \nTo reap further rewards from praying the Eid, there are additional recommended steps that Muhammad did in his time according to his Sunnah that Muslims may perform. These include bathing or Ghusl prior to attending the festival, dressing in one's best clothes, eating before the Eid al-Fitr prayer and waiting until after Eid al-Adha prayer to eat, saying the Takbir to and from the place of Eid and after every prayer for the remaining days of the festival, as well as taking an alternative route home from the one taken to the prayer.\n\nWomen and the Eid Salah \nEid festivals are meant to be an event for all members of the Muslim community, including women and children. According to the Hadith narrated by the Nusaybah Bint Al-Harith (Umm 'Atiyah), women, young and old, were called to come out and participate in the joy of Eid and reap its blessings.\n\nSee also\n\nReferences\n\nSalah\nEid (Islam)\nSalah terminology",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Prolactin receptor
|
The prolactin receptor (PRLR) is a type I cytokine receptor encoded in humans by the PRLR gene on chromosome 5p13-14. It is the receptor for prolactin (PRL). The PRLR can also bind to and be activated by growth hormone (GH) and human placental lactogen (hPL). The PRLR is expressed in the mammary glands, pituitary gland, and other tissues. It plays an important role in lobuloalveolar development of the mammary glands during pregnancy and in lactation.
Structure
The prolactin receptor (PRLR) is a membrane-bound protein of the cytokine receptor superfamily. In humans, it is encoded by a single gene which contains 11 exons and is located on chromosome 5. PRLR expression can be found in several tissues such as the gonads, breast, uterus, heart, liver, kidney, brain, immune cells, as well as adrenal and pituitary glands.
Several PRLR isoforms have been described in different tissues. These have varying lengths and cytoplasmic domain composition, but share identical extracellular domains, which are the regions binding to PRLR.
Diversity of PRLR is a result of transcription initiation in different sites of the PRLR promoter region. Additionally, post-translational modifications, like alternative splicing are the events that result in the different isoforms that allow for all the different actions of prolactin in the body.
Signaling
The PRLR is a class 1 cytokine receptor that uses messenger pathways to control cell proliferation, migration, intracellular ion concentration and inhibit programmed cell death (apoptosis). PRLRs also have functions in the second messenger cascades, including:
JAK-STAT pathway – the STAT protein family has been shown to have a key transduction role in cytokine receptor signalling; this pathway is initiated following the activation of PRLRs. Although there have been 4 STAT proteins identified as transducer molecules of PRLR, STAT5 is recognised as the most important transducer of PRLR isoforms, with a role in inhibiting regulation of gene transcription.
Ras-Raf-MAPK – initiated by PRLR activation. Phosphotyrosine residues on PRLR act as binding sites for adapter proteins – these connect PRLR to the Ras/Raf/MAP kinase cascade
JAK-RUSH pathway
PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway
Function
Expression of the PRLR protein is found within cells of the mammary glands in accordance with its role in lactation, but also is the subject of attention for its diverse and emerging roles by its expression in adipose tissue, pancreatic islet cell proliferation, and immune responses. The PRLR has been found to be essential for lobuloalveolar maturation of the mammary glands during pregnancy, as evidenced by the fact that PRLR knockout mice show severely impaired development of lobuloalveolar structures. Disruption of PRLR signaling pathways have been linked to tumorigenesis and breast cancer development.
Ligands
Agonists
Prolactin
Growth hormone
Human placental lactogen
Placental growth hormone
S179D-hPRL
Antagonists
Prolactin receptor antagonists such as Del1-9-G129R-hPRL have been developed.
Dopamine agonists are currently the most common methods used for treating hyperprolactinemia. However, since dopamine agonists only negatively regulate prolactin production from the pituitary gland, a few studies have tried to develop prolactin receptor antagonists for potentially treating the dopamine-resistant local hyperprolactinemia. Δ1–9-G129R-hPRL is one of the prolactin receptor antagonists been studied. Δ1–9-G129R-hPRL as a mutant (inactivated) form of prolactin which exerts its antagonist effect by competing with prolactin to bind with prolactin receptors; thereby, inhibiting the agonist effects of prolactin on prolactin receptors. Besides molecular antagonists, antibodies can also potentially be used to inhibit prolactin receptor signaling. LFA102 is a monoclonal antibody that has been studied and tested for disrupting prolactin receptor's signaling in breast cancers and prostate cancers. Although LFA102 has been proved sufficient to reduce prolactin receptor signaling based on in vitro and in vivo (mouse) studies, LFA102 likely has low effects on limiting tumor growth (breast and prostate cancer) as shown in phase I clinical trials.
Prolactin receptor dysfunction
PRLR dysfunction has been seen to positively regulate the proliferation of malignant cells in breast cancer. Defects on prolactin receptor signalling can trigger tumour activity, rather than suppress. Signal control is monitored by a variety of genes, and the PRLR gene has been identified in the tissue of metastatic primary breast cancer cells. The defect in the gene is thought to have built a resistance to chemotherapy, and has lost the ability to regulate the apoptosis of cells with mutated DNA. This signalling defect then fails to promote the cellular differentiation, and promotes the upstream survival of the cancerous cells. In breast cancer, the survival of the breast epithelial cells resemble the malignant cells, characteristically known to have an increased proliferative rate.
See also
Prolactin modulator
Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis
References
External links
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Prolactin receptor",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The prolactin receptor (PRLR) is a type I cytokine receptor encoded in humans by the PRLR gene on chromosome 5p13-14. It is the receptor for prolactin (PRL). The PRLR can also bind to and be activated by growth hormone (GH) and human placental lactogen (hPL). The PRLR is expressed in the mammary glands, pituitary gland, and other tissues. It plays an important role in lobuloalveolar development of the mammary glands during pregnancy and in lactation.\n\nStructure \nThe prolactin receptor (PRLR) is a membrane-bound protein of the cytokine receptor superfamily. In humans, it is encoded by a single gene which contains 11 exons and is located on chromosome 5. PRLR expression can be found in several tissues such as the gonads, breast, uterus, heart, liver, kidney, brain, immune cells, as well as adrenal and pituitary glands.\n\nSeveral PRLR isoforms have been described in different tissues. These have varying lengths and cytoplasmic domain composition, but share identical extracellular domains, which are the regions binding to PRLR.\n\nDiversity of PRLR is a result of transcription initiation in different sites of the PRLR promoter region. Additionally, post-translational modifications, like alternative splicing are the events that result in the different isoforms that allow for all the different actions of prolactin in the body.\n\nSignaling\nThe PRLR is a class 1 cytokine receptor that uses messenger pathways to control cell proliferation, migration, intracellular ion concentration and inhibit programmed cell death (apoptosis). PRLRs also have functions in the second messenger cascades, including:\n\n JAK-STAT pathway – the STAT protein family has been shown to have a key transduction role in cytokine receptor signalling; this pathway is initiated following the activation of PRLRs. Although there have been 4 STAT proteins identified as transducer molecules of PRLR, STAT5 is recognised as the most important transducer of PRLR isoforms, with a role in inhibiting regulation of gene transcription.\n Ras-Raf-MAPK – initiated by PRLR activation. Phosphotyrosine residues on PRLR act as binding sites for adapter proteins – these connect PRLR to the Ras/Raf/MAP kinase cascade\n JAK-RUSH pathway \n PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway\n\nFunction \nExpression of the PRLR protein is found within cells of the mammary glands in accordance with its role in lactation, but also is the subject of attention for its diverse and emerging roles by its expression in adipose tissue, pancreatic islet cell proliferation, and immune responses. The PRLR has been found to be essential for lobuloalveolar maturation of the mammary glands during pregnancy, as evidenced by the fact that PRLR knockout mice show severely impaired development of lobuloalveolar structures. Disruption of PRLR signaling pathways have been linked to tumorigenesis and breast cancer development.\n\nLigands\n\nAgonists\n Prolactin\n Growth hormone\n Human placental lactogen\n Placental growth hormone\n S179D-hPRL\n\nAntagonists\nProlactin receptor antagonists such as Del1-9-G129R-hPRL have been developed.\n\nDopamine agonists are currently the most common methods used for treating hyperprolactinemia. However, since dopamine agonists only negatively regulate prolactin production from the pituitary gland, a few studies have tried to develop prolactin receptor antagonists for potentially treating the dopamine-resistant local hyperprolactinemia. Δ1–9-G129R-hPRL is one of the prolactin receptor antagonists been studied. Δ1–9-G129R-hPRL as a mutant (inactivated) form of prolactin which exerts its antagonist effect by competing with prolactin to bind with prolactin receptors; thereby, inhibiting the agonist effects of prolactin on prolactin receptors. Besides molecular antagonists, antibodies can also potentially be used to inhibit prolactin receptor signaling. LFA102 is a monoclonal antibody that has been studied and tested for disrupting prolactin receptor's signaling in breast cancers and prostate cancers. Although LFA102 has been proved sufficient to reduce prolactin receptor signaling based on in vitro and in vivo (mouse) studies, LFA102 likely has low effects on limiting tumor growth (breast and prostate cancer) as shown in phase I clinical trials.\n\nProlactin receptor dysfunction \nPRLR dysfunction has been seen to positively regulate the proliferation of malignant cells in breast cancer. Defects on prolactin receptor signalling can trigger tumour activity, rather than suppress. Signal control is monitored by a variety of genes, and the PRLR gene has been identified in the tissue of metastatic primary breast cancer cells. The defect in the gene is thought to have built a resistance to chemotherapy, and has lost the ability to regulate the apoptosis of cells with mutated DNA. This signalling defect then fails to promote the cellular differentiation, and promotes the upstream survival of the cancerous cells. In breast cancer, the survival of the breast epithelial cells resemble the malignant cells, characteristically known to have an increased proliferative rate.\n\nSee also \n Prolactin modulator\n Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306%20FC%20Steaua%20Bucure%C8%99ti%20season
|
The 2005–06 season was the 58th season in the existence of FC Steaua București and the club's 58th consecutive season in the top flight of Romanian football. In addition to the domestic league, Steaua București participated in this season's edition of the Cupa României, the Supercupa României, the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Cup.
Players
First-team squad
Squad at end of season
Transfers
In:
Cornel Cernea - from Oțelul Galați
Daniel Bălan - returned from the loan from FC Vaslui
Andrei Enescu - from Building Vânju Mare
Victoraș Iacob - from Oțelul Galați
Carlos Fernandes - from Boavista F.C.
Vasilică Cristocea - from Farul Constanța
Out:
Martin Tudor - to CFR Cluj
Dorinel Munteanu - to CFR Cluj
Vasil Khamutowski - to Tom Tomsk
Tiberiu Curt - to Dinamo București
Competitions
Overall record
Supercupa României
Results
Divizia A
League table
Results summary
Results by round
Matches
Cupa României
Results
UEFA Champions League
Qualifying rounds
Second qualifying round
Third qualifying round
UEFA Cup
First round
Group stage
Results
Knockout phase
Round of 32
Round of 16
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
References
FC Steaua București seasons
Steaua Bucuresti
Romanian football championship-winning seasons
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306%20FC%20Steaua%20Bucure%C8%99ti%20season",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The 2005–06 season was the 58th season in the existence of FC Steaua București and the club's 58th consecutive season in the top flight of Romanian football. In addition to the domestic league, Steaua București participated in this season's edition of the Cupa României, the Supercupa României, the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Cup.\n\nPlayers\n\nFirst-team squad\n\nSquad at end of season\n\nTransfers\n\nIn:\n Cornel Cernea - from Oțelul Galați\n Daniel Bălan - returned from the loan from FC Vaslui\n Andrei Enescu - from Building Vânju Mare\n Victoraș Iacob - from Oțelul Galați\n Carlos Fernandes - from Boavista F.C.\n Vasilică Cristocea - from Farul Constanța\n\nOut:\n Martin Tudor - to CFR Cluj\n Dorinel Munteanu - to CFR Cluj\n Vasil Khamutowski - to Tom Tomsk\n Tiberiu Curt - to Dinamo București\n\nCompetitions\n\nOverall record\n\nSupercupa României\n\nResults\n\nDivizia A\n\nLeague table\n\nResults summary\n\nResults by round\n\nMatches\n\nCupa României\n\nResults\n\nUEFA Champions League\n\nQualifying rounds\n\nSecond qualifying round\n\nThird qualifying round\n\nUEFA Cup\n\nFirst round\n\nGroup stage\n\nResults\n\nKnockout phase\n\nRound of 32\n\nRound of 16\n\nQuarter-finals\n\nSemi-finals\n\nReferences\n\nFC Steaua București seasons\nSteaua Bucuresti\nRomanian football championship-winning seasons",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Jindřich Šimon Baar
|
Jindřich Šimon Baar (7 February 1869, Klenčí pod Čerchovem – 24 October 1925, Klenčí pod Čerchovem) was a Czech Catholic priest and writer, realist, author of the so-called country prose. He joined the Czech Catholic modern style, but later severed the ties with that movement. As writer, he emphasized traditional moral values of the countryside.
Born into a peasant family, he did religious studies and was ordained as a Catholic priest in 1892. As a priest, he strived, unsuccessfully, for reforms in the church.
Works
Among his novels are:
Cestou křížovou (1900) – the first fruit, autobiographic description of the uneasy life as a reform priest
Pro kravičku (1905)
Farská panička (1906)
Farské historky (1908)
Jan Cimbura (1908) – highly idealized depiction of peasant life
historical trilogy: Paní komisarka (1923), Osmačtyřicátníci (1924) and Lůsy (1925)
He also published several short stories and collections of fairy tales.
See also
List of Czech writers
References
External links
Biography
Museum of Jindřich Šimon Baar in Klenčí pod Čerchovem
English translation of Jan Cimbura by Blanch Zelmer
1869 births
1925 deaths
People from Domažlice District
20th-century Czech Roman Catholic priests
Czech novelists
Male novelists
Czech male writers
19th-century Czech Roman Catholic priests
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Jindřich Šimon Baar",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Jindřich Šimon Baar (7 February 1869, Klenčí pod Čerchovem – 24 October 1925, Klenčí pod Čerchovem) was a Czech Catholic priest and writer, realist, author of the so-called country prose. He joined the Czech Catholic modern style, but later severed the ties with that movement. As writer, he emphasized traditional moral values of the countryside.\n\nBorn into a peasant family, he did religious studies and was ordained as a Catholic priest in 1892. As a priest, he strived, unsuccessfully, for reforms in the church.\n\nWorks\nAmong his novels are:\n Cestou křížovou (1900) – the first fruit, autobiographic description of the uneasy life as a reform priest\n Pro kravičku (1905)\n Farská panička (1906)\n Farské historky (1908)\n Jan Cimbura (1908) – highly idealized depiction of peasant life\n historical trilogy: Paní komisarka (1923), Osmačtyřicátníci (1924) and Lůsy (1925)\n\nHe also published several short stories and collections of fairy tales.\n\nSee also\n List of Czech writers\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Biography\n Museum of Jindřich Šimon Baar in Klenčí pod Čerchovem\n English translation of Jan Cimbura by Blanch Zelmer\n\n1869 births\n1925 deaths\nPeople from Domažlice District\n20th-century Czech Roman Catholic priests\nCzech novelists\nMale novelists\nCzech male writers\n19th-century Czech Roman Catholic priests",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stardust%20Award%20for%20Actor%20of%20the%20Year%20%E2%80%93%20Male
|
The Stardust Star of the Year Award – Male is chosen by the readers of the annual Stardust magazine. The award honours a star that has made an impact with their acting in a film. The first actor to receive this award was Ajay Devgan in 2003. Amitabh Bachchan has won 4 awards, Akshay Kumar has won 3 awards, while Salman Khan, Shahrukh Khan & Sanjay Dutt have 2 awards each.
Multiple wins
Awards
See also
Stardust Awards
Bollywood
Cinema of India
References
Stardust Awards
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stardust%20Award%20for%20Actor%20of%20the%20Year%20%E2%80%93%20Male",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Stardust Star of the Year Award – Male is chosen by the readers of the annual Stardust magazine. The award honours a star that has made an impact with their acting in a film. The first actor to receive this award was Ajay Devgan in 2003. Amitabh Bachchan has won 4 awards, Akshay Kumar has won 3 awards, while Salman Khan, Shahrukh Khan & Sanjay Dutt have 2 awards each.\n\nMultiple wins\n\nAwards\n\nSee also \n Stardust Awards\n Bollywood\n Cinema of India\n\nReferences \n\nStardust Awards",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna%20Lewis
|
Edna Regina Lewis (April 13, 1916 – February 13, 2006) was a renowned American chef, teacher, and author who helped refine the American view of Southern cooking. She championed the use of fresh, in season ingredients and characterized Southern food as fried chicken (pan-, not deep-fried), pork, and fresh vegetables – most especially greens. She wrote and co-wrote four books which covered Southern cooking and life in a small community of freed slaves and their descendants.
Early life and career
Lewis was born in the small farming settlement of Freetown (near Lahore) in Orange County, Virginia, the granddaughter of an emancipated slave who helped start the community. She was one of eight children. Lewis's father died in 1928 when she was 12, and at 16 she left Freetown on her own and joined the Great Migration north. When Lewis left Freetown she moved to Washington, D.C., and eventually to New York City in her early 30s. While in D.C. Lewis worked for Franklin D. Roosevelt's 2nd presidential campaign in 1936. At some point, between D.C. and New York City, Edna Lewis married Steven Kingston, a retired Merchant Marine cook and a Communist.
When she arrived in New York, an acquaintance found her a job in a Brooklyn laundry, where she was assigned to an ironing board. She had never ironed and lasted three hours before she was dismissed. She had experience in sewing and soon found work as a seamstress. As a seamstress she copied Christian Dior dresses for Dorcas Avedon, then the wife of Richard Avedon, amongst others (including a dress for Marilyn Monroe); she also created African-inspired dresses – for which she was well-known. While in New York, she also worked for the communist newspaper The Daily Worker and was involved in political demonstrations.
Café Nicholson and The Taste of Country Cooking
While in New York City, Lewis began throwing dinner parties for her friends and acquaintances and John Nicholson, an antiques dealer – was one of those friends. In 1948 on 58th Street, in East Side Manhattan, Nicholson opened Café Nicholson with Lewis as cook, which became an instant success among bohemians and artists. The restaurant was frequented by William Faulkner, Marlon Brando, Tennessee Williams, Truman Capote, Richard Avedon, Gloria Vanderbilt, Marlene Dietrich, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Diana Vreeland. At the Café, Lewis served a neat menu of simple, Southern inspired dishes, including a chocolate soufflé, for which she was known.
After five years there, Lewis left Café Nicholson and from there she spent time as a pheasant farmer in New Jersey until the entire flock died one evening from an unidentified disease. She opened and closed her own restaurant, catered for friends and acquaintances, taught cooking lessons, and even became a docent in the Hall of African Peoples in the American Museum of Natural History. In the late 1960s, she broke her leg and was temporarily forced to stop cooking professionally. With encouragement from Judith Jones, the cookbook editor at Knopf who also edited Julia Child, Evangeline Peterson and Lewis worked together to write The Edna Lewis Cookbook (1972). However, Jones found the cookbook "fashionable but tasteless" and in turn worked with Lewis on her own to write The Taste of Country Cooking in 1976. The Taste of Country Cooking contained as many recipes as it did information about Southern and African-American food – successfully capturing the spirit and stories Lewis had to share – which was Jones' intention with the book. In 1979, Craig Claiborne of The New York Times said the book "may well be the most entertaining regional cookbook in America".
In 2017, nearly forty years after its publication, The Taste of Country Cooking saw an abrupt and newsworthy spike in US sales, ranking #5 overall and #3 in the cookbook category on Amazon's bestseller list – this spike followed its thematic inclusion in an episode of the cooking competition show Top Chef.
Later career
After Lewis' husband died, she returned to the restaurant business, working at such places as Fearrington House in Pittsboro, North Carolina; Middleton Place in Charleston, South Carolina; U.S. Steak House in New York City; and the historic Gage and Tollner in Brooklyn, New York, where she worked for five years before retiring in 1995. In the late 1980s she founded the Society for the Revival and Preservation of Southern Food – which was a precursor to the Southern Foodways Alliance (SFA). In a 1989 interview with The New York Times, Lewis said: "As a child in Virginia, I thought all food tasted delicious. After growing up, I didn't think food tasted the same, so it has been my lifelong effort to try and recapture those good flavors of the past."
The Society for the Revival and Preservation of Southern Food was dedicated in part, to seeing that people did not forget how to cook with lard. Prior to its creation she wrote In Pursuit of Flavor in 1988. In 1986 Lewis adopted a young adult, Dr. Afeworki Paulos (a lecturer at the University of Michigan), after he arrived from Eritrea to study in the United States. Throughout the 1990s, she won several awards (see below) and befriended a chef named Scott Peacock, after meeting him while he was a cook in the Georgia Governor's Mansion in 1990. The two formed a deep friendship, with Lewis moving to Atlanta to be near Peacock in 1992, and they eventually collaborated on the book The Gift of Southern Cooking (2003). Their long standing friendship – and seemingly at odds personas (he – a younger, gay European American man and she – an older, widowed African American woman) resulted in them being referred to as "The Odd Couple of Southern Cooking". For the rest of her life, Lewis and Peacock would work together to try and ensure that classic Southern dishes and details would not be forgotten – as they were both deeply dedicated to the preservation of Southern cooking. As Lewis aged, Peacock would go on to become her caretaker up until her death in 2006.
Awards and honors
1986 – Named Who's Who in American Cooking by Cook’s Magazine
1990 – Lifetime Achievement Award, International Association of Culinary Professionals
1995 – James Beard Living Legend Award (their first such award)
1999 – Named Grande Dame by Les Dames d’Escoffier, an international organization of female culinary professionals.
1999 – Lifetime Achievement Award from Southern Foodways Alliance (SFA) (their first such award)
2002 – Barbara Tropp President's Award, Women Chefs & Restaurateurs
2003 – Inducted into the KitchenAid Cookbook Hall of Fame (James Beard)
2004 – The Gift of Southern Cooking nominated for James Beard Award and IACP Award
2009 – African American Trailblazers in Virginia honoree at the Library of Virginia (in Richmond)
2014 – Honored by creation of United States postal stamp with her image
Published works
The Edna Lewis Cookbook (1972) 4th edition
The Taste of Country Cooking (1976) 4th edition
In Pursuit of Flavor (1988) 4th edition
The Gift of Southern Cooking (2003), co-authored with Scott Peacock
See also
Flora Mae Hunter
References
External links
New York University archives
The Independent obituary
1916 births
2006 deaths
African-American non-fiction writers
People from DeKalb County, Georgia
People from Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Writers from Charleston, South Carolina
People from Orange County, Virginia
American women chefs
James Beard Foundation Award winners
American women non-fiction writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American women writers
20th-century African-American women writers
20th-century African-American writers
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
Chefs from New York City
Chefs from Virginia
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna%20Lewis",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Edna Regina Lewis (April 13, 1916 – February 13, 2006) was a renowned American chef, teacher, and author who helped refine the American view of Southern cooking. She championed the use of fresh, in season ingredients and characterized Southern food as fried chicken (pan-, not deep-fried), pork, and fresh vegetables – most especially greens. She wrote and co-wrote four books which covered Southern cooking and life in a small community of freed slaves and their descendants.\n\nEarly life and career\nLewis was born in the small farming settlement of Freetown (near Lahore) in Orange County, Virginia, the granddaughter of an emancipated slave who helped start the community. She was one of eight children. Lewis's father died in 1928 when she was 12, and at 16 she left Freetown on her own and joined the Great Migration north. When Lewis left Freetown she moved to Washington, D.C., and eventually to New York City in her early 30s. While in D.C. Lewis worked for Franklin D. Roosevelt's 2nd presidential campaign in 1936. At some point, between D.C. and New York City, Edna Lewis married Steven Kingston, a retired Merchant Marine cook and a Communist.\n\nWhen she arrived in New York, an acquaintance found her a job in a Brooklyn laundry, where she was assigned to an ironing board. She had never ironed and lasted three hours before she was dismissed. She had experience in sewing and soon found work as a seamstress. As a seamstress she copied Christian Dior dresses for Dorcas Avedon, then the wife of Richard Avedon, amongst others (including a dress for Marilyn Monroe); she also created African-inspired dresses – for which she was well-known. While in New York, she also worked for the communist newspaper The Daily Worker and was involved in political demonstrations.\n\nCafé Nicholson and The Taste of Country Cooking\nWhile in New York City, Lewis began throwing dinner parties for her friends and acquaintances and John Nicholson, an antiques dealer – was one of those friends. In 1948 on 58th Street, in East Side Manhattan, Nicholson opened Café Nicholson with Lewis as cook, which became an instant success among bohemians and artists. The restaurant was frequented by William Faulkner, Marlon Brando, Tennessee Williams, Truman Capote, Richard Avedon, Gloria Vanderbilt, Marlene Dietrich, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Diana Vreeland. At the Café, Lewis served a neat menu of simple, Southern inspired dishes, including a chocolate soufflé, for which she was known.\n\nAfter five years there, Lewis left Café Nicholson and from there she spent time as a pheasant farmer in New Jersey until the entire flock died one evening from an unidentified disease. She opened and closed her own restaurant, catered for friends and acquaintances, taught cooking lessons, and even became a docent in the Hall of African Peoples in the American Museum of Natural History. In the late 1960s, she broke her leg and was temporarily forced to stop cooking professionally. With encouragement from Judith Jones, the cookbook editor at Knopf who also edited Julia Child, Evangeline Peterson and Lewis worked together to write The Edna Lewis Cookbook (1972). However, Jones found the cookbook \"fashionable but tasteless\" and in turn worked with Lewis on her own to write The Taste of Country Cooking in 1976. The Taste of Country Cooking contained as many recipes as it did information about Southern and African-American food – successfully capturing the spirit and stories Lewis had to share – which was Jones' intention with the book. In 1979, Craig Claiborne of The New York Times said the book \"may well be the most entertaining regional cookbook in America\".\n\nIn 2017, nearly forty years after its publication, The Taste of Country Cooking saw an abrupt and newsworthy spike in US sales, ranking #5 overall and #3 in the cookbook category on Amazon's bestseller list – this spike followed its thematic inclusion in an episode of the cooking competition show Top Chef.\n\nLater career\nAfter Lewis' husband died, she returned to the restaurant business, working at such places as Fearrington House in Pittsboro, North Carolina; Middleton Place in Charleston, South Carolina; U.S. Steak House in New York City; and the historic Gage and Tollner in Brooklyn, New York, where she worked for five years before retiring in 1995. In the late 1980s she founded the Society for the Revival and Preservation of Southern Food – which was a precursor to the Southern Foodways Alliance (SFA). In a 1989 interview with The New York Times, Lewis said: \"As a child in Virginia, I thought all food tasted delicious. After growing up, I didn't think food tasted the same, so it has been my lifelong effort to try and recapture those good flavors of the past.\"\n\nThe Society for the Revival and Preservation of Southern Food was dedicated in part, to seeing that people did not forget how to cook with lard. Prior to its creation she wrote In Pursuit of Flavor in 1988. In 1986 Lewis adopted a young adult, Dr. Afeworki Paulos (a lecturer at the University of Michigan), after he arrived from Eritrea to study in the United States. Throughout the 1990s, she won several awards (see below) and befriended a chef named Scott Peacock, after meeting him while he was a cook in the Georgia Governor's Mansion in 1990. The two formed a deep friendship, with Lewis moving to Atlanta to be near Peacock in 1992, and they eventually collaborated on the book The Gift of Southern Cooking (2003). Their long standing friendship – and seemingly at odds personas (he – a younger, gay European American man and she – an older, widowed African American woman) resulted in them being referred to as \"The Odd Couple of Southern Cooking\". For the rest of her life, Lewis and Peacock would work together to try and ensure that classic Southern dishes and details would not be forgotten – as they were both deeply dedicated to the preservation of Southern cooking. As Lewis aged, Peacock would go on to become her caretaker up until her death in 2006.\n\nAwards and honors\n 1986 – Named Who's Who in American Cooking by Cook’s Magazine\n 1990 – Lifetime Achievement Award, International Association of Culinary Professionals\n 1995 – James Beard Living Legend Award (their first such award)\n 1999 – Named Grande Dame by Les Dames d’Escoffier, an international organization of female culinary professionals.\n 1999 – Lifetime Achievement Award from Southern Foodways Alliance (SFA) (their first such award)\n 2002 – Barbara Tropp President's Award, Women Chefs & Restaurateurs\n 2003 – Inducted into the KitchenAid Cookbook Hall of Fame (James Beard)\n 2004 – The Gift of Southern Cooking nominated for James Beard Award and IACP Award\n 2009 – African American Trailblazers in Virginia honoree at the Library of Virginia (in Richmond)\n 2014 – Honored by creation of United States postal stamp with her image\n\nPublished works\n\n The Edna Lewis Cookbook (1972) 4th edition \n The Taste of Country Cooking (1976) 4th edition \n In Pursuit of Flavor (1988) 4th edition \n The Gift of Southern Cooking (2003), co-authored with Scott Peacock\n\nSee also\n Flora Mae Hunter\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n New York University archives\nThe Independent obituary\n\n1916 births\n2006 deaths\nAfrican-American non-fiction writers\nPeople from DeKalb County, Georgia\nPeople from Chapel Hill, North Carolina\nWriters from Charleston, South Carolina\nPeople from Orange County, Virginia\nAmerican women chefs\nJames Beard Foundation Award winners\nAmerican women non-fiction writers\n20th-century American non-fiction writers\n20th-century American women writers\n20th-century African-American women writers\n20th-century African-American writers\n21st-century African-American people\n21st-century African-American women\nChefs from New York City\nChefs from Virginia",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Register%20of%20Historic%20Places%20listings%20in%20Tuscola%20County%2C%20Michigan
|
The following is a list of Registered Historic Places in Tuscola County, Michigan.
|}
See also
List of Michigan State Historic Sites in Tuscola County, Michigan
List of National Historic Landmarks in Michigan
National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan
Listings in neighboring counties: Bay, Genesee, Huron, Lapeer, Saginaw, Sanilac
References
Tuscola County
Buildings and structures in Tuscola County, Michigan
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Register%20of%20Historic%20Places%20listings%20in%20Tuscola%20County%2C%20Michigan",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The following is a list of Registered Historic Places in Tuscola County, Michigan.\n\n\n\n|}\n\nSee also\n\n List of Michigan State Historic Sites in Tuscola County, Michigan\n List of National Historic Landmarks in Michigan\n National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan\n Listings in neighboring counties: Bay, Genesee, Huron, Lapeer, Saginaw, Sanilac\n\nReferences\n\nTuscola County\nBuildings and structures in Tuscola County, Michigan",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Single barrel whiskey
|
Single barrel whiskey (or single cask whiskey) is a premium class of whiskey in which each bottle comes from an individual aging barrel, instead of coming from blending together the contents of various barrels to provide uniformity of color and taste. By contrast, some other whiskeys, even ones that are not blends, may be combined from more than one batch, or even from differing years to achieve consistency. The whiskey from each barrel is bottled separately, with each bottle bearing the barrel number and in most cases the dates for the beginning and end of aging. Each barrel is believed to contribute unique characteristics to the finished whiskey.
There has been some recent controversy over whether single cask whiskeys are indeed all from single casks. Whiskeys sold by Scottish distilleries such as Ben Nevis and GlenDronach as "single casks" have been revealed to be vattings of multiple barrels, which may have been of different kinds, with the "single cask" designation referring only to the final cask for maturation. In the absence of specific regulation regarding this language, it is not clear to what extent this practice is prevalent in the industry as a whole.
Single barrels may further be at cask strength or non-chill-filtered to further avoid adulterating the taste of a cask.
Brands
The following is a list of some single barrel whiskeys:
Scotch
Balvenie (has released several single cask bottlings of single malt Scotch whisky)
Glenfarclas (The Family Casks series)
Many independent bottlers of single malt Scotch whisky produce single cask offerings
Berry Brothers & Rudd
Scotch Malt Whisky Society
North American
Buffalo Trace Distillery (a Sazerac Company distillery)
Blanton's (a single barrel Bourbon)
Eagle Rare (a Bourbon brand which has 10- and 17-year single barrel expressions)
Rock Hill Farms (a single barrel bourbon)
Heaven Hill
Elijah Craig (a bourbon brand which has multiple single barrel expressions)
Evan Williams (a single barrel vintage bourbon)
Henry McKenna (10-year bonded single barrel)
Jack Daniel's Distillery (a Brown-Forman Corporation distillery)
Jack Daniel's Single Barrel (a single barrel Tennessee whiskey)
Jack Daniel's Silver Select (available at duty-free shops)
Jim Beam (has released a single barrel bourbon)
Kentucky Bourbon Distillers (an independent bottling company)
Michter's (a brand which has single barrel bourbon and rye expressions)
Willett Pot Still Reserve (a single barrel bourbon)
Willett Family Estate (single barrel bourbon and rye)
Knob Creek Distillery (a Beam Inc. distillery)
Knob Creek Single Barrel Reserve (a bourbon aged 9 years)
Four Roses Distillery (offers single barrel bourbon)
See also
Bottled in bond
Single malt whisky
Small batch whiskey
Outline of whisky
References
External links
"Single Barrel and Small Batch Bourbon"
Bourbon whiskey
Whisky
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Single barrel whiskey",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Single barrel whiskey (or single cask whiskey) is a premium class of whiskey in which each bottle comes from an individual aging barrel, instead of coming from blending together the contents of various barrels to provide uniformity of color and taste. By contrast, some other whiskeys, even ones that are not blends, may be combined from more than one batch, or even from differing years to achieve consistency. The whiskey from each barrel is bottled separately, with each bottle bearing the barrel number and in most cases the dates for the beginning and end of aging. Each barrel is believed to contribute unique characteristics to the finished whiskey.\n\nThere has been some recent controversy over whether single cask whiskeys are indeed all from single casks. Whiskeys sold by Scottish distilleries such as Ben Nevis and GlenDronach as \"single casks\" have been revealed to be vattings of multiple barrels, which may have been of different kinds, with the \"single cask\" designation referring only to the final cask for maturation. In the absence of specific regulation regarding this language, it is not clear to what extent this practice is prevalent in the industry as a whole.\n\nSingle barrels may further be at cask strength or non-chill-filtered to further avoid adulterating the taste of a cask.\n\nBrands \n\nThe following is a list of some single barrel whiskeys:\n\nScotch \n Balvenie (has released several single cask bottlings of single malt Scotch whisky)\n Glenfarclas (The Family Casks series)\n Many independent bottlers of single malt Scotch whisky produce single cask offerings\n Berry Brothers & Rudd\n Scotch Malt Whisky Society\n\nNorth American \n\n Buffalo Trace Distillery (a Sazerac Company distillery)\nBlanton's (a single barrel Bourbon)\n Eagle Rare (a Bourbon brand which has 10- and 17-year single barrel expressions)\n Rock Hill Farms (a single barrel bourbon)\n Heaven Hill\nElijah Craig (a bourbon brand which has multiple single barrel expressions)\n Evan Williams (a single barrel vintage bourbon)\n Henry McKenna (10-year bonded single barrel)\n Jack Daniel's Distillery (a Brown-Forman Corporation distillery)\n Jack Daniel's Single Barrel (a single barrel Tennessee whiskey)\n Jack Daniel's Silver Select (available at duty-free shops)\n Jim Beam (has released a single barrel bourbon)\n Kentucky Bourbon Distillers (an independent bottling company)\nMichter's (a brand which has single barrel bourbon and rye expressions)\n Willett Pot Still Reserve (a single barrel bourbon)\n Willett Family Estate (single barrel bourbon and rye)\n Knob Creek Distillery (a Beam Inc. distillery)\n Knob Creek Single Barrel Reserve (a bourbon aged 9 years)\n Four Roses Distillery (offers single barrel bourbon)\n\nSee also \n\n Bottled in bond\n Single malt whisky\n Small batch whiskey\n Outline of whisky\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\"Single Barrel and Small Batch Bourbon\"\n\nBourbon whiskey\nWhisky",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedor%20Andreev
|
Fedor Vladimirovich Andreev (, born March 2, 1982) is a former figure skater with dual Russian and Canadian citizenship. In single skating, he is the 2003 Canadian bronze medalist and the 1999 junior national champion. In 2010, he switched to ice dancing and competed for Russia with partner Jana Khokhlova for one season.
Personal life
Andreev was born in Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union. His family emigrated to Canada when he was seven. He is the son of ice dance coach/choreographer Marina Zueva, and was formerly coached by his stepfather, Alexei Tchetverukhin. In addition to skating, Andreev also took part in SCCA autocross and drag races. He enjoys drifting and has worked as a model for Abercrombie & Fitch, runway shows, as well as commercials. As of February 2017, he was working at Boston Consulting Group. He became engaged to American ice dancer Meryl Davis on July 13, 2017, and they married in Provence, France in June 2019.
Single skating
Early in his career, Andreev skated at the Minto Skating Club in Ottawa, Ontario. He was the 1999 Canadian junior national champion and won several medals on the junior grand prix circuit the following season. In 2000, he moved with his mother to Michigan. He moved up to the senior ranks in 2001-2; his best results were a bronze medal at the Nebelhorn Trophy in 2002 and a 3rd-place finish at the 2003 Canadian nationals. He was coached for a time by Richard Callaghan.
In 2003, Andreev briefly considered switching to pair skating with Jennifer Kirk, but the partnership never fully formed. Recurring injuries kept Andreev from competing for several years. He injured his back while training quads which forced him to leave skating in 2005. He did not compete in the 2005-2006 and 2006-2007 seasons.
Andreev returned to competition in the 2007-2008 season and was coached in Detroit by Callaghan. He placed 8th at the 2008 Canadian Championships.
In the 2008-2009 season, he placed 9th at the 2009 Canadian Championships. Later that season, Andreev changed his country affiliation to Azerbaijan in an attempt to represent that country at the 2009 World Championships. He was prevented from doing so because his paperwork was not completed in time. Andreev hoped to qualify for the 2010 Olympics, but was unable to compete at the qualifying event, again due to problems with his paperwork. His goals for the 2009-10 season were to compete at the European Championships and at Worlds, but he was again unsuccessful.
Ice dancing
In May 2010, it was reported that Andreev planned to switch disciplines and compete in ice dancing with Jana Khokhlova, representing Russia. Andreev stated about the switch, "Igor had always wanted to get me into ice dancing. In the last two years I coached ice dancing a lot and helped out when Igor and Marina were away at competitions, so I gained a lot of knowledge of the rules. I showed elements and steps for other couples sometimes, so ice dance is no longer new to me." Khokhlova and Andreev began training together in the second week of July, working on the ice 5–6 hours a day. They trained in Canton, Michigan with his mother Marina Zueva and Igor Shpilband.
Khokhlova and Andreev made their debut at the Golden Spin of Zagreb in December 2010 and went on to compete at 2011 Russian Nationals, where they finished fifth in the short dance and third in the free dance for fourth place overall. In June 2011, Andreev injured his knee in a bad fall. On September 27, 2011, it was reported that Andreev had decided to retire because of the injury, and that the Khokhlova-Andreev partnership had therefore ended.
Programs
Ice dancing
Single skating
Competitive highlights
GP: Grand Prix; JGP: Junior Grand Prix
Ice dancing with Khokhlova for Russia
Singles career for Canada
References
External links
Canadian male single skaters
Russian male ice dancers
Living people
Russian emigrants to Canada
Figure skaters from Moscow
1982 births
Naturalized citizens of Canada
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedor%20Andreev",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Fedor Vladimirovich Andreev (, born March 2, 1982) is a former figure skater with dual Russian and Canadian citizenship. In single skating, he is the 2003 Canadian bronze medalist and the 1999 junior national champion. In 2010, he switched to ice dancing and competed for Russia with partner Jana Khokhlova for one season.\n\nPersonal life \nAndreev was born in Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union. His family emigrated to Canada when he was seven. He is the son of ice dance coach/choreographer Marina Zueva, and was formerly coached by his stepfather, Alexei Tchetverukhin. In addition to skating, Andreev also took part in SCCA autocross and drag races. He enjoys drifting and has worked as a model for Abercrombie & Fitch, runway shows, as well as commercials. As of February 2017, he was working at Boston Consulting Group. He became engaged to American ice dancer Meryl Davis on July 13, 2017, and they married in Provence, France in June 2019.\n\nSingle skating \nEarly in his career, Andreev skated at the Minto Skating Club in Ottawa, Ontario. He was the 1999 Canadian junior national champion and won several medals on the junior grand prix circuit the following season. In 2000, he moved with his mother to Michigan. He moved up to the senior ranks in 2001-2; his best results were a bronze medal at the Nebelhorn Trophy in 2002 and a 3rd-place finish at the 2003 Canadian nationals. He was coached for a time by Richard Callaghan.\n\nIn 2003, Andreev briefly considered switching to pair skating with Jennifer Kirk, but the partnership never fully formed. Recurring injuries kept Andreev from competing for several years. He injured his back while training quads which forced him to leave skating in 2005. He did not compete in the 2005-2006 and 2006-2007 seasons.\n\nAndreev returned to competition in the 2007-2008 season and was coached in Detroit by Callaghan. He placed 8th at the 2008 Canadian Championships.\n\nIn the 2008-2009 season, he placed 9th at the 2009 Canadian Championships. Later that season, Andreev changed his country affiliation to Azerbaijan in an attempt to represent that country at the 2009 World Championships. He was prevented from doing so because his paperwork was not completed in time. Andreev hoped to qualify for the 2010 Olympics, but was unable to compete at the qualifying event, again due to problems with his paperwork. His goals for the 2009-10 season were to compete at the European Championships and at Worlds, but he was again unsuccessful.\n\nIce dancing \nIn May 2010, it was reported that Andreev planned to switch disciplines and compete in ice dancing with Jana Khokhlova, representing Russia. Andreev stated about the switch, \"Igor had always wanted to get me into ice dancing. In the last two years I coached ice dancing a lot and helped out when Igor and Marina were away at competitions, so I gained a lot of knowledge of the rules. I showed elements and steps for other couples sometimes, so ice dance is no longer new to me.\" Khokhlova and Andreev began training together in the second week of July, working on the ice 5–6 hours a day. They trained in Canton, Michigan with his mother Marina Zueva and Igor Shpilband.\n\nKhokhlova and Andreev made their debut at the Golden Spin of Zagreb in December 2010 and went on to compete at 2011 Russian Nationals, where they finished fifth in the short dance and third in the free dance for fourth place overall. In June 2011, Andreev injured his knee in a bad fall. On September 27, 2011, it was reported that Andreev had decided to retire because of the injury, and that the Khokhlova-Andreev partnership had therefore ended.\n\nPrograms\n\nIce dancing\n\nSingle skating\n\nCompetitive highlights \nGP: Grand Prix; JGP: Junior Grand Prix\n\nIce dancing with Khokhlova for Russia\n\nSingles career for Canada\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n \n \n \n\nCanadian male single skaters\nRussian male ice dancers\nLiving people\nRussian emigrants to Canada\nFigure skaters from Moscow\n1982 births\nNaturalized citizens of Canada",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20De%20Palma
|
Brian Russell De Palma (born September 11, 1940) is an American film director and screenwriter. With a career spanning over 50 years, he is best known for work in the suspense, crime and psychological thriller genres. His films include mainstream box office hits such as Carrie (1976), Dressed to Kill (1980), Scarface (1983), The Untouchables (1987), and Mission: Impossible (1996), as well as cult favorites such as Sisters (1972), Phantom of the Paradise (1974), Blow Out (1981), Casualties of War (1989), and Carlito's Way (1993).
De Palma was a leading member of the New Hollywood generation of film directors. His direction often makes use of quotations from other films or cinematic styles, and bears the influence of filmmakers such as Alfred Hitchcock and Michelangelo Antonioni. His work has been criticized for its violence and sexual content but has also been championed by American critics such as Roger Ebert and Pauline Kael.
Early life and education
De Palma was born on September 11, 1940, in Newark, New Jersey, the youngest of three boys. His Italian-American parents were Vivienne DePalma (née Muti), and Anthony DePalma, an orthopedic surgeon who was the son of immigrants from Alberona, Province of Foggia. He was raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and New Hampshire, and attended various Protestant and Quaker schools, eventually graduating from Friends' Central School. He had a poor relationship with his father, and would secretly follow him to record his adulterous behavior; this would eventually inspire the teenage character played by Keith Gordon in De Palma's 1980 film Dressed to Kill. When he was in high school, he built computers. He won a regional science-fair prize for a project titled "An Analog Computer to Solve Differential Equations".
Enrolled at Columbia University as a physics student, De Palma became enraptured with the filmmaking process after viewing Citizen Kane and Vertigo. After receiving his undergraduate degree in 1962, De Palma enrolled at the newly coed Sarah Lawrence College as a graduate student in their theater department, earning an M.A. in the discipline in 1964 and becoming one of the first male students among a female population. Once there, influences as various as drama teacher Wilford Leach, the Maysles brothers, Michelangelo Antonioni, Jean-Luc Godard, Andy Warhol, and Alfred Hitchcock impressed upon De Palma the many styles and themes that would shape his own cinema in the coming decades.
Career
1963–1976: Rise to prominence
An early association with a young Robert De Niro resulted in The Wedding Party. The film, which was co-directed with Leach and producer Cynthia Munroe, had been shot in 1963 but remained unreleased until 1969, when De Palma's star had risen sufficiently within the Greenwich Village filmmaking scene. De Niro was unknown at the time; the credits mistakenly display his name as "Robert ". The film is noteworthy for its invocation of silent film techniques and an insistence on the jump-cut for effect. De Palma followed this style with various small films for the NAACP and the Treasury Department.
During the 1960s, De Palma began making a living producing documentary films, notably The Responsive Eye, a 1966 movie about The Responsive Eye op-art exhibit curated by William Seitz for MOMA in 1965. In an interview with Joseph Gelmis from 1969, De Palma described the film as "very good and very successful. It's distributed by Pathe Contemporary and makes lots of money. I shot it in four hours, with synched sound. I had two other guys shooting people's reactions to the paintings, and the paintings themselves."
Dionysus in '69 (1969) was De Palma's other major documentary from this period. The film records the Performance Group's performance of Euripides' The Bacchae, starring, amongst others, De Palma regular William Finley. The play is noted for breaking traditional barriers between performers and audience. The film's most striking quality is its extensive use of the split-screen. De Palma recalls that he was "floored" by this performance upon first sight, and in 1973 recounts how he "began to try and figure out a way to capture it on film. I came up with the idea of split-screen, to be able to show the actual audience involvement, to trace the life of the audience and that of the play as they merge in and out of each other."
De Palma's most significant features from this decade are Greetings (1968) and Hi, Mom! (1970). Both films star Robert De Niro and espouse a leftist revolutionary viewpoint common to the era in which they were released. Greetings was entered into the 19th Berlin International Film Festival, where it won a Silver Bear award. His other major film from this period is the slasher comedy Murder a la Mod. Each of these films experiments with narrative and intertextuality, reflecting De Palma's stated intention to become the "American Godard" while integrating several of the themes which permeated Hitchcock's work.
In 1970, De Palma left New York for Hollywood at age thirty to make Get to Know Your Rabbit (1972), starring Orson Welles and Tommy Smothers. Making the film was a crushing experience for De Palma, as Smothers did not like many of De Palma's ideas. Here he made several small, studio and independently-released films that included stand-outs Sisters (1972), Phantom of the Paradise (1974), and Obsession (1976).
1976–1979: Breakthrough
In November 1976, De Palma released a film adaptation of the 1974 novel Carrie by Stephen King. Though some see the psychic thriller as De Palma's bid for a blockbuster, the project was in fact small, underfunded by United Artists, and well under the cultural radar during the early months of production, as the source novel had yet to climb the bestseller list. De Palma gravitated toward the project and changed crucial plot elements based upon his own predilections, not the saleability of the novel. The cast was young and relatively new, though Sissy Spacek and John Travolta had gained attention for previous work in, respectively, film and episodic sitcoms. Carrie became De Palma's first genuine box-office success, garnering Spacek and Piper Laurie Oscar nominations for their performances. Pre-production for the film had coincided with the casting process for George Lucas's Star Wars, and many of the actors cast in De Palma's film had been earmarked as contenders for Lucas's movie, and vice versa. The "shock ending" finale is effective even while it upholds horror-film convention, its suspense sequences are buttressed by teen comedy tropes, and its use of split-screen, split-diopter and slow motion shots tell the story visually rather than through dialogue. As for Lucas' project, De Palma complained in an early viewing of Star Wars that the opening text crawl was poorly written and volunteered to help edit the text to a more concise and engaging form.
The financial and critical success of Carrie allowed De Palma to pursue more personal material. The Demolished Man was a novel that had fascinated De Palma since the late 1950s and appealed to his background in mathematics and avant-garde storytelling. Its unconventional unfolding of plot (exemplified in its mathematical layout of dialogue) and its stress on perception have analogs in De Palma's filmmaking. He sought to adapt it numerous times, though the project would carry a substantial price tag, and has yet to appear on-screen (Steven Spielberg's 2002 adaptation of Philip K. Dick's Minority Report bears striking similarities to De Palma's visual style and some of the themes of The Demolished Man). The result of his experience with adapting The Demolished Man was the 1978 science fiction psychic thriller film The Fury, starring Kirk Douglas, Carrie Snodgress, John Cassavetes and Amy Irving. The film was admired by Jean-Luc Godard, who featured a clip in his mammoth Histoire(s) du cinéma, and Pauline Kael, who championed both The Fury and De Palma. The film boasted a larger budget than Carrie, though the consensus view at the time was that De Palma was repeating himself, with diminishing returns. As a film, it retains De Palma's considerable visual flair, but points more toward his work in mainstream entertainments such as Mission: Impossible, the thematic complex thriller for which he is now better known.
1980–1996: Established career
The 1980s were marked by some of De Palma's best known films including the erotic psychological thriller Dressed to Kill (1980) starring Michael Caine, and Angie Dickinson. Although the film received critical admiration, it also received criticism and controversy for its negative depiction of the transgender community. The following year he directed the neo-noir mystery thriller Blow Out (1981) starring John Travolta, Nancy Allen, and John Lithgow. The film received critical acclaim. The New Yorker film critic Pauline Kael praised the director writing, "De Palma has sprung to the place that Robert Altman achieved with films such as McCabe & Mrs. Miller and Nashville and that Francis Ford Coppola reached with The Godfather films—that is, to the place where genre is transcended and what we're moved by is an artist's vision...it's a great movie. Travolta and Allen are radiant performers". De Palma then directed crime film Scarface (1983) starring Al Pacino and Michelle Pfeiffer with a screenplay by Oliver Stone. The film received mixed reviews with its negative depictions of ethnic stereotypes, as well as its violence and profanity. It has since been re-evaluated and became a cult classic. The following year he made another neo-noir erotic thriller, Body Double (1984), starring Craig Wasson and Melanie Griffith. The film also received mixed reviews but has since had a reassessment and found acclaim. De palma directed the music video for Bruce Springsteen's single "Dancing in the Dark" the same year.
In 1987, De Palma directed the crime film The Untouchables loosely based off the book of the same name, adapted by David Mamet. The film stars Kevin Costner, Andy Garcia, Robert De Niro, and Sean Connery, the later of whom won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the film. It received critical acclaim and box-office success. De Palma's Vietnam War film
Casualties of War (1989) won critical praise but performed poorly in theatres and The Bonfire of the Vanities (1990) was a notorious failure with both critics and audiences. De Palma then had subsequent successes with Raising Cain (1992) and Carlito's Way (1993) with Mission: Impossible (1996) becoming his highest grossing film and starting a successful franchise.
1998–present: Career slump
De Palma's work after Mission: Impossible has been less well received. His ensuing films Snake Eyes (1998), Mission to Mars (2000), and Femme Fatale (2002) all failed at the box office and received generally poor reviews, though Femme Fatale has since been revived in the eyes of many film critics and became a cult classic. His 2006 adaptation of The Black Dahlia was also unsuccessful and is currently the last movie De Palma has directed with backing from Hollywood.
A political controversy erupted over the portrayal of US soldiers in De Palma's 2007 film Redacted. Loosely based on the 2006 Mahmudiyah killings by American soldiers in Iraq, the film echoes themes that appeared in Casualties of War. Redacted received a limited release in the United States and grossed less than $1 million against a $5 million budget.
De Palma's output has slowed since the release of Redacted, with subsequent projects often falling into development hell, due mostly to creative differences. In 2012, his film Passion starring Rachel McAdams and Noomi Rapace was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 69th Venice International Film Festival but received mixed reviews and was financially unsuccessful.
De Palma's next project was the thriller Domino (2019), released two years after the film began production. It received generally negative reviews and was released direct-to-VOD in the United States, grossing less than half a million dollars internationally. De Palma has also expressed dissatisfaction with both the production of the film and the final result; "I never experienced such a horrible movie set."
In 2018, De Palma published his debut novel in France, Les serpents sont-ils nécessaires? (English translation: Are Snakes Necessary?), co-written with Susan Lehman. It was published in the U.S. in 2020. De Palma and Lehman also wrote a second book, currently unpublished, called Terry, based on one of De Palma's passion projects about a French film production making an adaptation of Thérèse Raquin.
Trademarks and style
Themes
De Palma's films can fall into two categories, his psychological thrillers (Sisters, Body Double, Obsession, Dressed to Kill, Blow Out, Raising Cain) and his mainly commercial films (Scarface, The Untouchables, Carlito's Way, and Mission: Impossible). He has often produced "De Palma" films one after the other before going on to direct a different genre, but would always return to his familiar territory. Because of the subject matter and graphic violence of some of De Palma's films, such as Dressed to Kill, Scarface and Body Double, they are often at the center of controversy with the Motion Picture Association of America, film critics and the viewing public.
De Palma frequently quotes and references other directors' work. Michelangelo Antonioni's Blowup and Francis Ford Coppola's The Conversation plots were used for the basis of Blow Out. The Untouchables finale shoot out in the train station is a clear borrowing from the Odessa Steps sequence in Sergei Eisenstein's The Battleship Potemkin. The main plot from Rear Window was used for Body Double, while it also used elements of Vertigo. Vertigo was also the basis for Obsession. Dressed to Kill was a note-for-note homage to Hitchcock's Psycho, including such moments as the surprise death of the lead actress and the exposition scene by the psychiatrist at the end.
Camera shots
Film critics have often noted De Palma's penchant for unusual camera angles and compositions. He often frames characters against the background using a canted angle shot. Split-screen techniques have been used to show two separate events happening simultaneously. To emphasize the dramatic impact of a certain scene De Palma has employed a 360-degree camera pan. Slow sweeping, panning and tracking shots are often used throughout his films, often through precisely-choreographed long takes lasting for minutes without cutting. Split focus shots, often referred to as "di-opt", are used by De Palma to emphasize the foreground person/object while simultaneously keeping a background person/object in focus. Slow-motion is frequently used in his films to increase suspense.
Personal life
De Palma has been married and divorced three times, to actress Nancy Allen (1979–1983), producer Gale Anne Hurd (1991–1993), and Darnell Gregorio (1995–1997). He has one daughter from his marriage to Hurd, Lolita de Palma, born in 1991, and one daughter from his marriage to Gregorio, Piper De Palma, born in 1996. He resides in Manhattan, New York.
Reception and legacy
De Palma is often cited as a leading member of the New Hollywood generation of film directors, a distinct pedigree who either emerged from film schools or are overtly cine-literate. His contemporaries include Martin Scorsese, Paul Schrader, John Milius, George Lucas, Francis Ford Coppola, Steven Spielberg, John Carpenter, and Ridley Scott. His artistry in directing and use of cinematography and suspense in several of his films has often been compared to the work of Alfred Hitchcock. Psychologists have been intrigued by De Palma's fascination with pathology, by the aberrant behavior aroused in characters who find themselves manipulated by others.
De Palma has encouraged and fostered the filmmaking careers of directors such as Mark Romanek and Keith Gordon, the latter of whom collaborated with him twice as an actor, both in 1980's Home Movies and Dressed to Kill. Filmmakers influenced by De Palma include Terrence Malick, Quentin Tarantino, Ronny Yu, Don Mancini, Nacho Vigalondo, and Jack Thomas Smith. During an interview with De Palma, Quentin Tarantino said that Blow Out is one of his all-time favorite films, and that after watching Scarface he knew how to make his own film. John Travolta's performance as Jack Terry in Blow Out even resulted in Tarantino casting him as Vincent Vega in his 1994 film Pulp Fiction, which would go on to reinvigorate Travolta's then-declining career. Tarantino also placed Carrie at number eight in a list of his favorite films.
Critics who frequently admire De Palma's work include Pauline Kael and Roger Ebert. Kael wrote in her review of Blow Out, "At forty, Brian De Palma has more than twenty years of moviemaking behind him, and he has been growing better and better. Each time a new film of his opens, everything he has done before seems to have been preparation for it." In his review of Femme Fatale, Roger Ebert wrote about the director: "De Palma deserves more honor as a director. Consider also these titles: Sisters, Blow Out, The Fury, Dressed to Kill, Carrie, Scarface, Wise Guys, Casualties of War, Carlito's Way, Mission: Impossible. Yes, there are a few failures along the way (Snake Eyes, Mission to Mars, The Bonfire of the Vanities), but look at the range here, and reflect that these movies contain treasure for those who admire the craft as well as the story, who sense the glee with which De Palma manipulates images and characters for the simple joy of being good at it. It's not just that he sometimes works in the style of Hitchcock, but that he has the nerve to."
The influential French film magazine Cahiers du Cinéma has placed five of De Palma's films (Carlito's Way, Mission: Impossible, Snake Eyes, Mission to Mars, and Redacted) on their annual top ten list, with Redacted placing first on the 2008 list. The magazine also listed Carlito's Way as the greatest film of the 1990s.
Julie Salamon has written that critics have accused De Palma of being "a perverse misogynist", to which De Palma has responded with, "I'm always attacked for having an erotic, sexist approach chopping up women, putting women in peril. I'm making suspense movies! What else is going to happen to them?"
His films have also been interpreted as feminist and examined for their perceived queer affinities. In Film Comment "Queer and Now and Then" column on Femme Fatale, film critic Michael Koresky writes that "De Palma's films radiate an undeniable queer energy" and notes the "intense appeal" De Palma's films have for gay critics. In her book The Erotic Thriller in Contemporary Cinema, Linda Ruth Williams writes that "De Palma understood the cinematic potency of dangerous fucking, perhaps earlier than his feminist detractors".
Robin Wood considered Sisters an overtly feminist film, writing that "one can define the monster of Sisters as women's liberation; adding only that the film follows the time-honored horror film tradition of making the monster emerge as the most sympathetic character and its emotional center." Pauline Kael's review of Casualties of War, "A Wounded Apparition", describes the film as "feminist" and notes that "De Palma was always involved in examining (and sometimes satirizing) victimization, but he was often accused of being a victimizer". Helen Grace, in a piece for Lola, writes that upon seeing Dressed to Kill amidst calls for a boycott from feminist groups Women Against Violence Against Women and Women Against Pornography, that the film "seemed to say more about masculine anxiety than about the fears that women were expressing in relation to the film".
David Thomson wrote in his entry for De Palma, "There is a self-conscious cunning in De Palma's work, ready to control everything except his own cruelty and indifference." Matt Zoller Seitz objected to this characterisation, writing that there are films from the director which can be seen as "straightforwardly empathetic and/or moralistic".
His life and career in his own words was the subject of the 2015 documentary De Palma, directed by Noah Baumbach and Jake Paltrow.
Filmography
Awards and nominations
Bibliography
References
Citations
General and cited sources
Thomson, David (October 26, 2010). The New Biographical Dictionary of Film: Fifth Edition, Completely Updated and Expanded (hardcover ed.). Knopf. .
Salamon, Julie (1991). Devil's Candy: The Bonfire of the Vanities Goes to Hollywood (hardcover ed.). Houghton. .
Further reading
Bliss, Michael (1986). Brian De Palma. Scarecrow.
Blumenfeld, Samuel; Vachaud, Laurent (2001). Brian De Palma. Calmann-Levy.
Dworkin, Susan (1984). Double De Palma: A Film Study with Brian De Palma. Newmarket.
External links
Senses of Cinema: Great Directors Critical Database
Photos and discussion around the director
Literature on Brian De Palma
Brian De Palma bibliography (via UC Berkeley)
1940 births
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American screenwriters
Action film directors
American film producers
American male screenwriters
American writers of Italian descent
Columbia University alumni
English-language film directors
Film directors from New Jersey
Film producers from New Jersey
Friends' Central School alumni
Giallo film directors
Horror film directors
Living people
People of Apulian descent
Postmodernist filmmakers
Sarah Lawrence College alumni
Screenwriters from New Jersey
Venice Best Director Silver Lion winners
Writers from Newark, New Jersey
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20De%20Palma",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Brian Russell De Palma (born September 11, 1940) is an American film director and screenwriter. With a career spanning over 50 years, he is best known for work in the suspense, crime and psychological thriller genres. His films include mainstream box office hits such as Carrie (1976), Dressed to Kill (1980), Scarface (1983), The Untouchables (1987), and Mission: Impossible (1996), as well as cult favorites such as Sisters (1972), Phantom of the Paradise (1974), Blow Out (1981), Casualties of War (1989), and Carlito's Way (1993).\n\nDe Palma was a leading member of the New Hollywood generation of film directors. His direction often makes use of quotations from other films or cinematic styles, and bears the influence of filmmakers such as Alfred Hitchcock and Michelangelo Antonioni. His work has been criticized for its violence and sexual content but has also been championed by American critics such as Roger Ebert and Pauline Kael.\n\nEarly life and education \nDe Palma was born on September 11, 1940, in Newark, New Jersey, the youngest of three boys. His Italian-American parents were Vivienne DePalma (née Muti), and Anthony DePalma, an orthopedic surgeon who was the son of immigrants from Alberona, Province of Foggia. He was raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and New Hampshire, and attended various Protestant and Quaker schools, eventually graduating from Friends' Central School. He had a poor relationship with his father, and would secretly follow him to record his adulterous behavior; this would eventually inspire the teenage character played by Keith Gordon in De Palma's 1980 film Dressed to Kill. When he was in high school, he built computers. He won a regional science-fair prize for a project titled \"An Analog Computer to Solve Differential Equations\".\n\nEnrolled at Columbia University as a physics student, De Palma became enraptured with the filmmaking process after viewing Citizen Kane and Vertigo. After receiving his undergraduate degree in 1962, De Palma enrolled at the newly coed Sarah Lawrence College as a graduate student in their theater department, earning an M.A. in the discipline in 1964 and becoming one of the first male students among a female population. Once there, influences as various as drama teacher Wilford Leach, the Maysles brothers, Michelangelo Antonioni, Jean-Luc Godard, Andy Warhol, and Alfred Hitchcock impressed upon De Palma the many styles and themes that would shape his own cinema in the coming decades.\n\nCareer\n\n1963–1976: Rise to prominence \nAn early association with a young Robert De Niro resulted in The Wedding Party. The film, which was co-directed with Leach and producer Cynthia Munroe, had been shot in 1963 but remained unreleased until 1969, when De Palma's star had risen sufficiently within the Greenwich Village filmmaking scene. De Niro was unknown at the time; the credits mistakenly display his name as \"Robert \". The film is noteworthy for its invocation of silent film techniques and an insistence on the jump-cut for effect. De Palma followed this style with various small films for the NAACP and the Treasury Department.\n\nDuring the 1960s, De Palma began making a living producing documentary films, notably The Responsive Eye, a 1966 movie about The Responsive Eye op-art exhibit curated by William Seitz for MOMA in 1965. In an interview with Joseph Gelmis from 1969, De Palma described the film as \"very good and very successful. It's distributed by Pathe Contemporary and makes lots of money. I shot it in four hours, with synched sound. I had two other guys shooting people's reactions to the paintings, and the paintings themselves.\"\n\nDionysus in '69 (1969) was De Palma's other major documentary from this period. The film records the Performance Group's performance of Euripides' The Bacchae, starring, amongst others, De Palma regular William Finley. The play is noted for breaking traditional barriers between performers and audience. The film's most striking quality is its extensive use of the split-screen. De Palma recalls that he was \"floored\" by this performance upon first sight, and in 1973 recounts how he \"began to try and figure out a way to capture it on film. I came up with the idea of split-screen, to be able to show the actual audience involvement, to trace the life of the audience and that of the play as they merge in and out of each other.\"\n\nDe Palma's most significant features from this decade are Greetings (1968) and Hi, Mom! (1970). Both films star Robert De Niro and espouse a leftist revolutionary viewpoint common to the era in which they were released. Greetings was entered into the 19th Berlin International Film Festival, where it won a Silver Bear award. His other major film from this period is the slasher comedy Murder a la Mod. Each of these films experiments with narrative and intertextuality, reflecting De Palma's stated intention to become the \"American Godard\" while integrating several of the themes which permeated Hitchcock's work.\n\nIn 1970, De Palma left New York for Hollywood at age thirty to make Get to Know Your Rabbit (1972), starring Orson Welles and Tommy Smothers. Making the film was a crushing experience for De Palma, as Smothers did not like many of De Palma's ideas. Here he made several small, studio and independently-released films that included stand-outs Sisters (1972), Phantom of the Paradise (1974), and Obsession (1976).\n\n1976–1979: Breakthrough \nIn November 1976, De Palma released a film adaptation of the 1974 novel Carrie by Stephen King. Though some see the psychic thriller as De Palma's bid for a blockbuster, the project was in fact small, underfunded by United Artists, and well under the cultural radar during the early months of production, as the source novel had yet to climb the bestseller list. De Palma gravitated toward the project and changed crucial plot elements based upon his own predilections, not the saleability of the novel. The cast was young and relatively new, though Sissy Spacek and John Travolta had gained attention for previous work in, respectively, film and episodic sitcoms. Carrie became De Palma's first genuine box-office success, garnering Spacek and Piper Laurie Oscar nominations for their performances. Pre-production for the film had coincided with the casting process for George Lucas's Star Wars, and many of the actors cast in De Palma's film had been earmarked as contenders for Lucas's movie, and vice versa. The \"shock ending\" finale is effective even while it upholds horror-film convention, its suspense sequences are buttressed by teen comedy tropes, and its use of split-screen, split-diopter and slow motion shots tell the story visually rather than through dialogue. As for Lucas' project, De Palma complained in an early viewing of Star Wars that the opening text crawl was poorly written and volunteered to help edit the text to a more concise and engaging form.\n\nThe financial and critical success of Carrie allowed De Palma to pursue more personal material. The Demolished Man was a novel that had fascinated De Palma since the late 1950s and appealed to his background in mathematics and avant-garde storytelling. Its unconventional unfolding of plot (exemplified in its mathematical layout of dialogue) and its stress on perception have analogs in De Palma's filmmaking. He sought to adapt it numerous times, though the project would carry a substantial price tag, and has yet to appear on-screen (Steven Spielberg's 2002 adaptation of Philip K. Dick's Minority Report bears striking similarities to De Palma's visual style and some of the themes of The Demolished Man). The result of his experience with adapting The Demolished Man was the 1978 science fiction psychic thriller film The Fury, starring Kirk Douglas, Carrie Snodgress, John Cassavetes and Amy Irving. The film was admired by Jean-Luc Godard, who featured a clip in his mammoth Histoire(s) du cinéma, and Pauline Kael, who championed both The Fury and De Palma. The film boasted a larger budget than Carrie, though the consensus view at the time was that De Palma was repeating himself, with diminishing returns. As a film, it retains De Palma's considerable visual flair, but points more toward his work in mainstream entertainments such as Mission: Impossible, the thematic complex thriller for which he is now better known.\n\n1980–1996: Established career \nThe 1980s were marked by some of De Palma's best known films including the erotic psychological thriller Dressed to Kill (1980) starring Michael Caine, and Angie Dickinson. Although the film received critical admiration, it also received criticism and controversy for its negative depiction of the transgender community. The following year he directed the neo-noir mystery thriller Blow Out (1981) starring John Travolta, Nancy Allen, and John Lithgow. The film received critical acclaim. The New Yorker film critic Pauline Kael praised the director writing, \"De Palma has sprung to the place that Robert Altman achieved with films such as McCabe & Mrs. Miller and Nashville and that Francis Ford Coppola reached with The Godfather films—that is, to the place where genre is transcended and what we're moved by is an artist's vision...it's a great movie. Travolta and Allen are radiant performers\". De Palma then directed crime film Scarface (1983) starring Al Pacino and Michelle Pfeiffer with a screenplay by Oliver Stone. The film received mixed reviews with its negative depictions of ethnic stereotypes, as well as its violence and profanity. It has since been re-evaluated and became a cult classic. The following year he made another neo-noir erotic thriller, Body Double (1984), starring Craig Wasson and Melanie Griffith. The film also received mixed reviews but has since had a reassessment and found acclaim. De palma directed the music video for Bruce Springsteen's single \"Dancing in the Dark\" the same year.\n\nIn 1987, De Palma directed the crime film The Untouchables loosely based off the book of the same name, adapted by David Mamet. The film stars Kevin Costner, Andy Garcia, Robert De Niro, and Sean Connery, the later of whom won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the film. It received critical acclaim and box-office success. De Palma's Vietnam War film\nCasualties of War (1989) won critical praise but performed poorly in theatres and The Bonfire of the Vanities (1990) was a notorious failure with both critics and audiences. De Palma then had subsequent successes with Raising Cain (1992) and Carlito's Way (1993) with Mission: Impossible (1996) becoming his highest grossing film and starting a successful franchise.\n\n1998–present: Career slump \nDe Palma's work after Mission: Impossible has been less well received. His ensuing films Snake Eyes (1998), Mission to Mars (2000), and Femme Fatale (2002) all failed at the box office and received generally poor reviews, though Femme Fatale has since been revived in the eyes of many film critics and became a cult classic. His 2006 adaptation of The Black Dahlia was also unsuccessful and is currently the last movie De Palma has directed with backing from Hollywood.\n\nA political controversy erupted over the portrayal of US soldiers in De Palma's 2007 film Redacted. Loosely based on the 2006 Mahmudiyah killings by American soldiers in Iraq, the film echoes themes that appeared in Casualties of War. Redacted received a limited release in the United States and grossed less than $1 million against a $5 million budget.\n\nDe Palma's output has slowed since the release of Redacted, with subsequent projects often falling into development hell, due mostly to creative differences. In 2012, his film Passion starring Rachel McAdams and Noomi Rapace was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 69th Venice International Film Festival but received mixed reviews and was financially unsuccessful.\n\nDe Palma's next project was the thriller Domino (2019), released two years after the film began production. It received generally negative reviews and was released direct-to-VOD in the United States, grossing less than half a million dollars internationally. De Palma has also expressed dissatisfaction with both the production of the film and the final result; \"I never experienced such a horrible movie set.\"\n\nIn 2018, De Palma published his debut novel in France, Les serpents sont-ils nécessaires? (English translation: Are Snakes Necessary?), co-written with Susan Lehman. It was published in the U.S. in 2020. De Palma and Lehman also wrote a second book, currently unpublished, called Terry, based on one of De Palma's passion projects about a French film production making an adaptation of Thérèse Raquin.\n\nTrademarks and style\n\nThemes\nDe Palma's films can fall into two categories, his psychological thrillers (Sisters, Body Double, Obsession, Dressed to Kill, Blow Out, Raising Cain) and his mainly commercial films (Scarface, The Untouchables, Carlito's Way, and Mission: Impossible). He has often produced \"De Palma\" films one after the other before going on to direct a different genre, but would always return to his familiar territory. Because of the subject matter and graphic violence of some of De Palma's films, such as Dressed to Kill, Scarface and Body Double, they are often at the center of controversy with the Motion Picture Association of America, film critics and the viewing public.\n\nDe Palma frequently quotes and references other directors' work. Michelangelo Antonioni's Blowup and Francis Ford Coppola's The Conversation plots were used for the basis of Blow Out. The Untouchables finale shoot out in the train station is a clear borrowing from the Odessa Steps sequence in Sergei Eisenstein's The Battleship Potemkin. The main plot from Rear Window was used for Body Double, while it also used elements of Vertigo. Vertigo was also the basis for Obsession. Dressed to Kill was a note-for-note homage to Hitchcock's Psycho, including such moments as the surprise death of the lead actress and the exposition scene by the psychiatrist at the end.\n\nCamera shots\nFilm critics have often noted De Palma's penchant for unusual camera angles and compositions. He often frames characters against the background using a canted angle shot. Split-screen techniques have been used to show two separate events happening simultaneously. To emphasize the dramatic impact of a certain scene De Palma has employed a 360-degree camera pan. Slow sweeping, panning and tracking shots are often used throughout his films, often through precisely-choreographed long takes lasting for minutes without cutting. Split focus shots, often referred to as \"di-opt\", are used by De Palma to emphasize the foreground person/object while simultaneously keeping a background person/object in focus. Slow-motion is frequently used in his films to increase suspense.\n\nPersonal life\nDe Palma has been married and divorced three times, to actress Nancy Allen (1979–1983), producer Gale Anne Hurd (1991–1993), and Darnell Gregorio (1995–1997). He has one daughter from his marriage to Hurd, Lolita de Palma, born in 1991, and one daughter from his marriage to Gregorio, Piper De Palma, born in 1996. He resides in Manhattan, New York.\n\nReception and legacy\nDe Palma is often cited as a leading member of the New Hollywood generation of film directors, a distinct pedigree who either emerged from film schools or are overtly cine-literate. His contemporaries include Martin Scorsese, Paul Schrader, John Milius, George Lucas, Francis Ford Coppola, Steven Spielberg, John Carpenter, and Ridley Scott. His artistry in directing and use of cinematography and suspense in several of his films has often been compared to the work of Alfred Hitchcock. Psychologists have been intrigued by De Palma's fascination with pathology, by the aberrant behavior aroused in characters who find themselves manipulated by others.\n\nDe Palma has encouraged and fostered the filmmaking careers of directors such as Mark Romanek and Keith Gordon, the latter of whom collaborated with him twice as an actor, both in 1980's Home Movies and Dressed to Kill. Filmmakers influenced by De Palma include Terrence Malick, Quentin Tarantino, Ronny Yu, Don Mancini, Nacho Vigalondo, and Jack Thomas Smith. During an interview with De Palma, Quentin Tarantino said that Blow Out is one of his all-time favorite films, and that after watching Scarface he knew how to make his own film. John Travolta's performance as Jack Terry in Blow Out even resulted in Tarantino casting him as Vincent Vega in his 1994 film Pulp Fiction, which would go on to reinvigorate Travolta's then-declining career. Tarantino also placed Carrie at number eight in a list of his favorite films.\n\nCritics who frequently admire De Palma's work include Pauline Kael and Roger Ebert. Kael wrote in her review of Blow Out, \"At forty, Brian De Palma has more than twenty years of moviemaking behind him, and he has been growing better and better. Each time a new film of his opens, everything he has done before seems to have been preparation for it.\" In his review of Femme Fatale, Roger Ebert wrote about the director: \"De Palma deserves more honor as a director. Consider also these titles: Sisters, Blow Out, The Fury, Dressed to Kill, Carrie, Scarface, Wise Guys, Casualties of War, Carlito's Way, Mission: Impossible. Yes, there are a few failures along the way (Snake Eyes, Mission to Mars, The Bonfire of the Vanities), but look at the range here, and reflect that these movies contain treasure for those who admire the craft as well as the story, who sense the glee with which De Palma manipulates images and characters for the simple joy of being good at it. It's not just that he sometimes works in the style of Hitchcock, but that he has the nerve to.\"\n\nThe influential French film magazine Cahiers du Cinéma has placed five of De Palma's films (Carlito's Way, Mission: Impossible, Snake Eyes, Mission to Mars, and Redacted) on their annual top ten list, with Redacted placing first on the 2008 list. The magazine also listed Carlito's Way as the greatest film of the 1990s.\n\nJulie Salamon has written that critics have accused De Palma of being \"a perverse misogynist\", to which De Palma has responded with, \"I'm always attacked for having an erotic, sexist approach chopping up women, putting women in peril. I'm making suspense movies! What else is going to happen to them?\"\n\nHis films have also been interpreted as feminist and examined for their perceived queer affinities. In Film Comment \"Queer and Now and Then\" column on Femme Fatale, film critic Michael Koresky writes that \"De Palma's films radiate an undeniable queer energy\" and notes the \"intense appeal\" De Palma's films have for gay critics. In her book The Erotic Thriller in Contemporary Cinema, Linda Ruth Williams writes that \"De Palma understood the cinematic potency of dangerous fucking, perhaps earlier than his feminist detractors\".\n\nRobin Wood considered Sisters an overtly feminist film, writing that \"one can define the monster of Sisters as women's liberation; adding only that the film follows the time-honored horror film tradition of making the monster emerge as the most sympathetic character and its emotional center.\" Pauline Kael's review of Casualties of War, \"A Wounded Apparition\", describes the film as \"feminist\" and notes that \"De Palma was always involved in examining (and sometimes satirizing) victimization, but he was often accused of being a victimizer\". Helen Grace, in a piece for Lola, writes that upon seeing Dressed to Kill amidst calls for a boycott from feminist groups Women Against Violence Against Women and Women Against Pornography, that the film \"seemed to say more about masculine anxiety than about the fears that women were expressing in relation to the film\".\n\nDavid Thomson wrote in his entry for De Palma, \"There is a self-conscious cunning in De Palma's work, ready to control everything except his own cruelty and indifference.\" Matt Zoller Seitz objected to this characterisation, writing that there are films from the director which can be seen as \"straightforwardly empathetic and/or moralistic\".\n\nHis life and career in his own words was the subject of the 2015 documentary De Palma, directed by Noah Baumbach and Jake Paltrow.\n\nFilmography\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nBibliography\n\nReferences \n Citations \n\n General and cited sources \n Thomson, David (October 26, 2010). The New Biographical Dictionary of Film: Fifth Edition, Completely Updated and Expanded (hardcover ed.). Knopf. .\n Salamon, Julie (1991). Devil's Candy: The Bonfire of the Vanities Goes to Hollywood (hardcover ed.). Houghton. .\n\n Further reading \n Bliss, Michael (1986). Brian De Palma. Scarecrow.\n Blumenfeld, Samuel; Vachaud, Laurent (2001). Brian De Palma. Calmann-Levy.\n Dworkin, Susan (1984). Double De Palma: A Film Study with Brian De Palma. Newmarket.\n\nExternal links\n\n \n Senses of Cinema: Great Directors Critical Database\n Photos and discussion around the director\n Literature on Brian De Palma\n Brian De Palma bibliography (via UC Berkeley)\n\n1940 births\n20th-century American male writers\n20th-century American screenwriters\n21st-century American male writers\n21st-century American screenwriters\nAction film directors\nAmerican film producers\nAmerican male screenwriters\nAmerican writers of Italian descent\nColumbia University alumni\nEnglish-language film directors\nFilm directors from New Jersey\nFilm producers from New Jersey\nFriends' Central School alumni\nGiallo film directors\nHorror film directors\nLiving people\nPeople of Apulian descent\nPostmodernist filmmakers\nSarah Lawrence College alumni\nScreenwriters from New Jersey\nVenice Best Director Silver Lion winners\nWriters from Newark, New Jersey",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Amati
|
Amati (, ) is the last name of a family of Italian violin makers who lived at Cremona from about 1538 to 1740. Their importance is considered equal to those of the Bergonzi, Guarneri, and Stradivari families. Today, violins created by Nicolò Amati are valued at around $600,000. Because of their age and rarity, Amati instruments are mostly kept in museum or private collections and are seldom played in public.
Family members
Andrea Amati
Andrea Amati (20 December 1577) designed and created the violin, viola and cello known as the "violin family". Based in Cremona, Italy, he standardized the basic form, shape, size, materials and method of construction. Makers from nearby Brescia experimented, such as Gasparo da Salò, Micheli, Zanetto and Pellegrino, but it was Andrea Amati who gave the modern violin family their definitive profile.
A claim that Andrea Amati received the first order for a violin from Lorenzo de' Medici in 1555 is invalid as Lorenzo de' Medici died in 1492. A number of Andrea Amati's instruments survived for some time, dating between 1538 (Amati made the first Cello called "The King" in 1538) and 1574. The largest number of these are from 1560, a set for an entire orchestra of 38 ordered by Catherine de Médicis the regent queen of France and bore hand painted royal French decorations in gold including the motto and coat of arms of her son Charles IX of France. Of these 38 instruments ordered, Amati created violins of two sizes, violas of two sizes and large-sized cellos. They were in use until the French revolution of 1789 and only 14 of these instruments survived. His work is marked by selection of the finest materials, great elegance in execution, soft clear amber, soft translucent varnish, and an in depth use of acoustic and geometrical principles in design.
Antonio and Girolamo Amati
Andrea Amati was succeeded by his sons Antonio Amati (–1607) and Girolamo Amati (–1630). "The Brothers Amati", as they were known, implemented far-reaching innovations in design, including the perfection of the shape of the f-holes. They are also thought to have pioneered the modern alto format of viola, in contrast to older tenor violas, but the widespread belief that they were the first ones to do so
Nicolò Amati
Nicolò Amati (3 December 159612 April 1684) was the son of Girolamo Amati. He was the most eminent of the family. He improved the model adopted by the rest of the Amatis and produced instruments capable of yielding greater power of tone. His pattern was unusually small, but he also made a wider model now known as the "Grand Amati", which have become his most sought-after violins.
Of his pupils, the most famous were Antonio Stradivari and Andrea Guarneri, the first of the Guarneri family of violin makers. (There is much controversy regarding the apprenticeship of Antonio Stradivari. While the label on Stradivari's first known violin states that he was a pupil of Amati, the validity of his statement is questioned.
Girolamo Amati (Hieronymus II)
The last maker of the family was Nicolò's son, Girolamo Amati, known as Hieronymus II (26 February 164921 February 1740). He improved the arching of his father's instruments.
Extant Amati instruments
Amati instruments include some of the oldest extant examples of the violin family, dating to as far back as the mid-16th century. , they are only occasionally played in public.
United Kingdom
Instruments in the UK include Andrea Amati violins from the set delivered to Charles IX of France in 1564.
Amati instruments at the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.
Andrea Amati
Violin, 1564 (ex–French royal collection)
Viola
Amati instruments at the Royal Academy of Music Museum, London
Amati instrument at the Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery, Carlisle
Andrea Amati
Violin, 1564 (ex French royal collection)
Nicolò Amati
Double bass of 1631 played by Chi-chi Nwanoku
United States
Amati instruments at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York)
Andrea Amati:
Violin,
Nicolò Amati:
Violin, 1669
Amati instruments at the National Music Museum (University of South Dakota):
Andrea Amati:
"The King", circa 1545, the world's oldest extant cello
Viola, 1560
Violin, 1560
Violin, 1574
Girolamo Amati:
Double bass, 1680
Violin, 1604
Violin, 7/8-size, 1609
Violino piccolo, 1613
Nicolò Amati:
Violin, 1628
Violas
The Stanley Solomon Tenore ca 1536
Andrea Amati ca 1536
Originally a tenor viola, the front is of pine of slightly wavy grain of medium width. The back is one-piece of maple, slab-cut, slightly flamed but with evident circular decorations. The little scroll is later, but it matches the instrument. The varnish is golden brown.
Archivio della Liuteria Cremonese
Tarisio
The Witten, The IX Charles, The ex Collis ca 1560
Andrea Amati ca 1560
This rare viola is one of the best preserved of Andrea Amati's decorated instruments. It features gilt paintings of fleurs-de-lis and trefoils on its back, surrounding the monogram identified by Italian scholar Renato Meucci to be that of Marguerite de Valois-Angoulême. The Latin motto painted in gilt around the monogram, as well as around the ribs, is identical to that found on the Museum's Amati violin made at about the same time and may relate to the court of King Philip II of Spain. The loss of some of the mottoes' text, as well as other decorative elements painted on the back, clearly reveals that this instrument was reduced in both length and width from its original, large tenor dimensions.
Fine Strings
National Music Museum, The University of South Dakota
National Music Museum, The University of South Dakota
Tarisio
From the Charles IX Set ca 1564
Andrea Amati ca 1564
Large tenor viola with Charles IX decoration. Two-piece back of small-figured maple, bearing the royal insignia and motto. Top of pine of varying grain. Original scroll. Golden-brown varnish. Label not original: "Andrea Amadi in Cremona M. D. L. xxiiij." (1574).
Tarisio
Tarisio
Held at the Ashmolean Museum Oxford
Andrea Amati ca 1564
Ashmolean Museum Oxford
The ex Wahl ca 1568
Andrea Amati ca 1568
Two-piece back with an ebony inlay of "Chinese-knot" design. Scroll not original. Label not original, dated 1568.
Strings Magazine
Tarisio
The ex Herrmann ca 1620
Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1620
Northern Italian viola attributed to Andrea Amati. Made, in our opinion, circa 1620 by a member of the Amati school. The head by another maker. The back is from one piece of slab cut maple with faint irregular flames. The sides are from slab cut maple similar to the back. The scroll is from quarter cut maple with faint narrow flames. The top is from two pieces of spruce with medium and narrow grain. The dimensions are somewhat reduced. The varnish has a golden brown color. Labelled "ANDREAS AMATIUS CREMONA 1567".
Christie's
Featured in .
The Violetta ca 1570
Andrea Amati ca 1570
Two-piece back. The painted decoration is the coat of arms of the Spanish crown. Top with two small wings in the lower bouts. Scroll not original. Labeled "Niccolaus & Antonius Fratres Amati, Cremonem Fes...1649."
Tarisio
The Trampler ca 1580
Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1580–90
This instrument was cut down in size around 1800 from an original length of about 47 cm. The ribs are painted with the inscription: "Non AEtesin Homine sed Virtus Consideramus".
Although the instrument comes with a certificate from Simone F. Sacconi attributing it to the Brothers Amati circa 1620, both Charles Beare and Jacques Francais believe it to be a work of Andrea Amati, possibly completed by the Brothers Amati, in which case its date would be closer to 1580.
Tarisio
Featured in .
The Henry IV ca 1590
Girolamo Amati ca 1590
One-piece back, covered with a painting of the armorial bearings of Henry IV supported on each side by an angel. Top of spruce with an open and well-defined grain. Scroll: of faint narrow curl. Ribs of wood similar to back, inscribed in gilt letters "Dvo Proteci Tvnvs". Red-brown varnish.
Tarisio
Featured in .
The Crocfisso, The Medecia ca 1594
Antonio & Girolamo Amati, ca 1594
Commissioned for the Medici family, known as the 'Viola Medicea' or the 'Viola del Crocifisso' after the crucifix decoration on its back.
The Strad
The Stauffer ca 1615
Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1615
One-piece back of medium curl sloping from left to right. Top of distinct grain, broadening slightly towards the flanks. Scroll of wood similar to back. Ribs of wood similar to back. Golden-brown varnish. Labeled "Antonius & Hieronymus Fr. Amati Cremonen. Andreæ fil. F 1615."
Tarisio
The Zukerman, The Kashkashian ca 1617
Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1617
Two-piece back. Dendrochronology report by Peter Ratcliff dates the youngest ring of bass and treble sides as 1613.
Tarisio
Held by the Cincinnati Art Museum ca 1619
Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1619
Cincinnati Art Museum
The Medici, The Hamma ca 1619
Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1619
Two-piece back.
Tarizio
Held by the Royal Academy of Music London ca 1620
Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1620
One of the few surviving tenors which has not been reduced in size for modern playing. The head is particularly beautiful and well proportioned. The cheeks are flat, in the style of a cello head, although not so wide as to obstruct the player's left hand. The long and elegant pegbox tapers to a wide throat beneath the perfectly carved scroll. The volutes are hollowed and gather depth from the second through to the narrow final turn. The figured quarter-sawn maple used for the back and sides of the instrument is of a type commonly used by the Amatis. The continuous slope of the flame across the centre joint (achieved by reversing one half of the back before jointing), rather than the mirror-image pattern most commonly seen, is also a feature of their work. The front is of straight and even close-grained spruce.
Royal Academy of Music London
Tarisio
The ex Wittgenstein ca 1620
Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1620
Two-piece back; the wax seal below the button depicts a woman's head. Top of narrow grain, widening towards the flanks. Scroll of wood similar to back. Ribs of wood similar to back. Golden-brown varnish. Labeled "Antonio & Hieronimus Fr. Amati / Cremonen Andrea F 1620."
Tarisio
Ingles & Hayday
Held in the Galleria Estense Modena ca 1625
Girolamo Amati ca 1625
Labelled "Antonius, & Hieronymus, Fr. Amati Cremonen. Andrae fil. F.1620" (not original).
Back of maple. Top of spruce with a pronounced, rather wide grain. Ribs of the same maple as the back.
The subject of the book The Girolamo Amati viola in the Galleria Estense, Treasures of Italian Violin Making Vol I, 2014
The ex Vieuxtemps
Nicolò Amati, date unknown
Tarisio
Nicolo Amati ca 1663
Two-piece spruce top of medium width grain widening to the edges, two-piece back of quarter sawn maple with faint flame of narrow width mostly horizontal, ribs and scroll of similar maple, and varnish of an orange-brown color over a golden ground. There is an original printed label inside the instrument reads "Nicolaus Amatus Cremonen. Hieronymi Fil. ac Antonij Nepos Fecit. 1663"
National Museum of American History
The Berkitz, The Romanov ca 1677
Nicolò Amati ca 1677
Tariso
The Strad Shop
The Strad Shop
The ex Waters ca 1703
Nicolò Amati ca 1703
Toronto Symphony Orchestra
Toronto Symphony Orchestra
The ex Francais 1708
Girolamo Amati II ca 1708
Two-piece back of small curl. Top of pine of well-defined and rather open grain. Scroll of less pronounced curl. Ribs of less pronounced curl. Golden-brown varnish. Labeled "Hieronymus Amatus Cremonen Nicolai figlius fecit 1708."
Tarisio
Other Amati violas in the Tarisio archive
Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1592
Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1607
Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1611
Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1616
Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1619
Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1619
Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1619
Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1620
Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1620
Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1628
In popular culture
Patrick O'Brian's fictional British sea captain Jack Aubrey is described as owning a "fiddle far above his station, an Amati no less", in The Surgeon's Mate. In the Wine-Dark Sea, book fifteen of the series, Stephen Maturin now has a Girolamo Amati and Aubrey a Guarneri.
In Satyajit Ray's short story Bosepukure Khoonkharapi, the fictional detective Feluda deduces that a character was murdered because he owned an Amati violin.
In the manga and anime series Gunslinger Girl, Henrietta carries an Amati violin case. It contains a Fabrique Nationale P90 when on a mission, otherwise it contains a real violin.
On the radio show, Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar, the January 1956 episode "The Ricardo Amerigo Matter" centered on a stolen Amati violin.
In the 2022 Cormac McCarthy novels, The Passenger and Stella Maris, Alicia Western purchases an Amati violin for more than $200,000 while she is in her mid- to late teens, paying in cash from money she inherited. In Stella Maris, she relates this to her psychiatrist while in a psychiatric hospital, describing the details of the purchase and some history of the Amati instruments. McCarthy, C., The Passenger and Stella Maris, New York: Knopf (2022).
See also
Antonio Stradivari
Amati Quartet
Dom Nicolò Amati (1662–1752), Italian luthier not part of this family but who adopted this surname
Luthier
San Maurizio, Venice
Notes
References
Dilworth, John (1992), "The Violin and Bow-Origins and Development" in: The Cambridge Companion to the Violin, ed. Robin Stowell. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–29.
External links
Andrea Amati: Violin, Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Instruments of the Amati family on the online database MIMO, website mimo-international.com.
Amati instruments
Luthiers from Cremona
Italian families
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Amati",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Amati (, ) is the last name of a family of Italian violin makers who lived at Cremona from about 1538 to 1740. Their importance is considered equal to those of the Bergonzi, Guarneri, and Stradivari families. Today, violins created by Nicolò Amati are valued at around $600,000. Because of their age and rarity, Amati instruments are mostly kept in museum or private collections and are seldom played in public.\n\nFamily members\n\nAndrea Amati\n\nAndrea Amati (20 December 1577) designed and created the violin, viola and cello known as the \"violin family\". Based in Cremona, Italy, he standardized the basic form, shape, size, materials and method of construction. Makers from nearby Brescia experimented, such as Gasparo da Salò, Micheli, Zanetto and Pellegrino, but it was Andrea Amati who gave the modern violin family their definitive profile.\n\nA claim that Andrea Amati received the first order for a violin from Lorenzo de' Medici in 1555 is invalid as Lorenzo de' Medici died in 1492. A number of Andrea Amati's instruments survived for some time, dating between 1538 (Amati made the first Cello called \"The King\" in 1538) and 1574. The largest number of these are from 1560, a set for an entire orchestra of 38 ordered by Catherine de Médicis the regent queen of France and bore hand painted royal French decorations in gold including the motto and coat of arms of her son Charles IX of France. Of these 38 instruments ordered, Amati created violins of two sizes, violas of two sizes and large-sized cellos. They were in use until the French revolution of 1789 and only 14 of these instruments survived. His work is marked by selection of the finest materials, great elegance in execution, soft clear amber, soft translucent varnish, and an in depth use of acoustic and geometrical principles in design.\n\nAntonio and Girolamo Amati \nAndrea Amati was succeeded by his sons Antonio Amati (–1607) and Girolamo Amati (–1630). \"The Brothers Amati\", as they were known, implemented far-reaching innovations in design, including the perfection of the shape of the f-holes. They are also thought to have pioneered the modern alto format of viola, in contrast to older tenor violas, but the widespread belief that they were the first ones to do so\n\nNicolò Amati\n\nNicolò Amati (3 December 159612 April 1684) was the son of Girolamo Amati. He was the most eminent of the family. He improved the model adopted by the rest of the Amatis and produced instruments capable of yielding greater power of tone. His pattern was unusually small, but he also made a wider model now known as the \"Grand Amati\", which have become his most sought-after violins.\n\nOf his pupils, the most famous were Antonio Stradivari and Andrea Guarneri, the first of the Guarneri family of violin makers. (There is much controversy regarding the apprenticeship of Antonio Stradivari. While the label on Stradivari's first known violin states that he was a pupil of Amati, the validity of his statement is questioned.\n\nGirolamo Amati (Hieronymus II) \nThe last maker of the family was Nicolò's son, Girolamo Amati, known as Hieronymus II (26 February 164921 February 1740). He improved the arching of his father's instruments.\n\nExtant Amati instruments\n\nAmati instruments include some of the oldest extant examples of the violin family, dating to as far back as the mid-16th century. , they are only occasionally played in public.\n\nUnited Kingdom\nInstruments in the UK include Andrea Amati violins from the set delivered to Charles IX of France in 1564.\n Amati instruments at the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.\n Andrea Amati\n Violin, 1564 (ex–French royal collection) \n Viola\n Amati instruments at the Royal Academy of Music Museum, London\n Amati instrument at the Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery, Carlisle\n Andrea Amati\n Violin, 1564 (ex French royal collection) \n Nicolò Amati\n Double bass of 1631 played by Chi-chi Nwanoku\n\nUnited States\nAmati instruments at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York)\nAndrea Amati:\n Violin, \n Nicolò Amati:\n Violin, 1669\n\n Amati instruments at the National Music Museum (University of South Dakota):\n Andrea Amati:\n \"The King\", circa 1545, the world's oldest extant cello\n Viola, 1560\n Violin, 1560\n Violin, 1574\n Girolamo Amati:\n Double bass, 1680\n Violin, 1604\n Violin, 7/8-size, 1609\n Violino piccolo, 1613\n Nicolò Amati:\n Violin, 1628\n\nViolas\n\nThe Stanley Solomon Tenore ca 1536\n\nAndrea Amati ca 1536\n\nOriginally a tenor viola, the front is of pine of slightly wavy grain of medium width. The back is one-piece of maple, slab-cut, slightly flamed but with evident circular decorations. The little scroll is later, but it matches the instrument. The varnish is golden brown.\n\nArchivio della Liuteria Cremonese\n\nTarisio\n\nThe Witten, The IX Charles, The ex Collis ca 1560\n\nAndrea Amati ca 1560\n\nThis rare viola is one of the best preserved of Andrea Amati's decorated instruments. It features gilt paintings of fleurs-de-lis and trefoils on its back, surrounding the monogram identified by Italian scholar Renato Meucci to be that of Marguerite de Valois-Angoulême. The Latin motto painted in gilt around the monogram, as well as around the ribs, is identical to that found on the Museum's Amati violin made at about the same time and may relate to the court of King Philip II of Spain. The loss of some of the mottoes' text, as well as other decorative elements painted on the back, clearly reveals that this instrument was reduced in both length and width from its original, large tenor dimensions.\n\nFine Strings\n\nNational Music Museum, The University of South Dakota\n\nNational Music Museum, The University of South Dakota\n\nTarisio\n\nFrom the Charles IX Set ca 1564\n\nAndrea Amati ca 1564\n\nLarge tenor viola with Charles IX decoration. Two-piece back of small-figured maple, bearing the royal insignia and motto. Top of pine of varying grain. Original scroll. Golden-brown varnish. Label not original: \"Andrea Amadi in Cremona M. D. L. xxiiij.\" (1574).\n\nTarisio\n\nTarisio\n\nHeld at the Ashmolean Museum Oxford\n\nAndrea Amati ca 1564\n\nAshmolean Museum Oxford\n\nThe ex Wahl ca 1568\n\nAndrea Amati ca 1568\n\nTwo-piece back with an ebony inlay of \"Chinese-knot\" design. Scroll not original. Label not original, dated 1568.\n\nStrings Magazine\n\nTarisio\n\nThe ex Herrmann ca 1620\n\nAntonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1620\n\nNorthern Italian viola attributed to Andrea Amati. Made, in our opinion, circa 1620 by a member of the Amati school. The head by another maker. The back is from one piece of slab cut maple with faint irregular flames. The sides are from slab cut maple similar to the back. The scroll is from quarter cut maple with faint narrow flames. The top is from two pieces of spruce with medium and narrow grain. The dimensions are somewhat reduced. The varnish has a golden brown color. Labelled \"ANDREAS AMATIUS CREMONA 1567\".\n\nChristie's\n\nFeatured in .\n\nThe Violetta ca 1570\n\nAndrea Amati ca 1570\n\nTwo-piece back. The painted decoration is the coat of arms of the Spanish crown. Top with two small wings in the lower bouts. Scroll not original. Labeled \"Niccolaus & Antonius Fratres Amati, Cremonem Fes...1649.\"\n\nTarisio\n\nThe Trampler ca 1580\n\nAntonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1580–90\n\nThis instrument was cut down in size around 1800 from an original length of about 47 cm. The ribs are painted with the inscription: \"Non AEtesin Homine sed Virtus Consideramus\".\n\nAlthough the instrument comes with a certificate from Simone F. Sacconi attributing it to the Brothers Amati circa 1620, both Charles Beare and Jacques Francais believe it to be a work of Andrea Amati, possibly completed by the Brothers Amati, in which case its date would be closer to 1580.\n\nTarisio\n\nFeatured in .\n\nThe Henry IV ca 1590\n\nGirolamo Amati ca 1590\n\nOne-piece back, covered with a painting of the armorial bearings of Henry IV supported on each side by an angel. Top of spruce with an open and well-defined grain. Scroll: of faint narrow curl. Ribs of wood similar to back, inscribed in gilt letters \"Dvo Proteci Tvnvs\". Red-brown varnish.\n\nTarisio\n\nFeatured in .\n\nThe Crocfisso, The Medecia ca 1594\n\nAntonio & Girolamo Amati, ca 1594\n\nCommissioned for the Medici family, known as the 'Viola Medicea' or the 'Viola del Crocifisso' after the crucifix decoration on its back.\n\nThe Strad\n\nThe Stauffer ca 1615\n\nAntonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1615\n\nOne-piece back of medium curl sloping from left to right. Top of distinct grain, broadening slightly towards the flanks. Scroll of wood similar to back. Ribs of wood similar to back. Golden-brown varnish. Labeled \"Antonius & Hieronymus Fr. Amati Cremonen. Andreæ fil. F 1615.\"\n\nTarisio\n\nThe Zukerman, The Kashkashian ca 1617\n\nAntonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1617\n\nTwo-piece back. Dendrochronology report by Peter Ratcliff dates the youngest ring of bass and treble sides as 1613.\n\nTarisio\n\nHeld by the Cincinnati Art Museum ca 1619\n\nAntonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1619\n\nCincinnati Art Museum\n\nThe Medici, The Hamma ca 1619\n\nAntonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1619\n\nTwo-piece back.\n\nTarizio\n\nHeld by the Royal Academy of Music London ca 1620\n\nAntonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1620\n\nOne of the few surviving tenors which has not been reduced in size for modern playing. The head is particularly beautiful and well proportioned. The cheeks are flat, in the style of a cello head, although not so wide as to obstruct the player's left hand. The long and elegant pegbox tapers to a wide throat beneath the perfectly carved scroll. The volutes are hollowed and gather depth from the second through to the narrow final turn. The figured quarter-sawn maple used for the back and sides of the instrument is of a type commonly used by the Amatis. The continuous slope of the flame across the centre joint (achieved by reversing one half of the back before jointing), rather than the mirror-image pattern most commonly seen, is also a feature of their work. The front is of straight and even close-grained spruce.\n\nRoyal Academy of Music London\n\nTarisio\n\nThe ex Wittgenstein ca 1620\n\nAntonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1620\n\nTwo-piece back; the wax seal below the button depicts a woman's head. Top of narrow grain, widening towards the flanks. Scroll of wood similar to back. Ribs of wood similar to back. Golden-brown varnish. Labeled \"Antonio & Hieronimus Fr. Amati / Cremonen Andrea F 1620.\"\n\nTarisio\n\nIngles & Hayday\n\nHeld in the Galleria Estense Modena ca 1625\n\nGirolamo Amati ca 1625\n\nLabelled \"Antonius, & Hieronymus, Fr. Amati Cremonen. Andrae fil. F.1620\" (not original).\n\nBack of maple. Top of spruce with a pronounced, rather wide grain. Ribs of the same maple as the back.\n\nThe subject of the book The Girolamo Amati viola in the Galleria Estense, Treasures of Italian Violin Making Vol I, 2014\n\nThe ex Vieuxtemps\n\nNicolò Amati, date unknown\n\nTarisio\n\nNicolo Amati ca 1663\n\nTwo-piece spruce top of medium width grain widening to the edges, two-piece back of quarter sawn maple with faint flame of narrow width mostly horizontal, ribs and scroll of similar maple, and varnish of an orange-brown color over a golden ground. There is an original printed label inside the instrument reads \"Nicolaus Amatus Cremonen. Hieronymi Fil. ac Antonij Nepos Fecit. 1663\"\n\nNational Museum of American History\n\nThe Berkitz, The Romanov ca 1677\n\nNicolò Amati ca 1677\n\nTariso\n\nThe Strad Shop\n\nThe Strad Shop\n\nThe ex Waters ca 1703\n\nNicolò Amati ca 1703\n\nToronto Symphony Orchestra\n\nToronto Symphony Orchestra\n\nThe ex Francais 1708\n\nGirolamo Amati II ca 1708\n\nTwo-piece back of small curl. Top of pine of well-defined and rather open grain. Scroll of less pronounced curl. Ribs of less pronounced curl. Golden-brown varnish. Labeled \"Hieronymus Amatus Cremonen Nicolai figlius fecit 1708.\"\n\nTarisio\n\nOther Amati violas in the Tarisio archive\n\n Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1592\n Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1607\n Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1611\n Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1616\n Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1619\n Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1619\n Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1619\n Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1620\n Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1620\n Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1628\n\nIn popular culture\n Patrick O'Brian's fictional British sea captain Jack Aubrey is described as owning a \"fiddle far above his station, an Amati no less\", in The Surgeon's Mate. In the Wine-Dark Sea, book fifteen of the series, Stephen Maturin now has a Girolamo Amati and Aubrey a Guarneri.\n In Satyajit Ray's short story Bosepukure Khoonkharapi, the fictional detective Feluda deduces that a character was murdered because he owned an Amati violin.\n In the manga and anime series Gunslinger Girl, Henrietta carries an Amati violin case. It contains a Fabrique Nationale P90 when on a mission, otherwise it contains a real violin.\n On the radio show, Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar, the January 1956 episode \"The Ricardo Amerigo Matter\" centered on a stolen Amati violin.\n In the 2022 Cormac McCarthy novels, The Passenger and Stella Maris, Alicia Western purchases an Amati violin for more than $200,000 while she is in her mid- to late teens, paying in cash from money she inherited. In Stella Maris, she relates this to her psychiatrist while in a psychiatric hospital, describing the details of the purchase and some history of the Amati instruments. McCarthy, C., The Passenger and Stella Maris, New York: Knopf (2022).\n\nSee also\n Antonio Stradivari\n Amati Quartet\n Dom Nicolò Amati (1662–1752), Italian luthier not part of this family but who adopted this surname\n Luthier\n San Maurizio, Venice\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n Dilworth, John (1992), \"The Violin and Bow-Origins and Development\" in: The Cambridge Companion to the Violin, ed. Robin Stowell. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–29.\n\nExternal links\n Andrea Amati: Violin, Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, The Metropolitan Museum of Art\nInstruments of the Amati family on the online database MIMO, website mimo-international.com.\n\nAmati instruments\nLuthiers from Cremona\nItalian families",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No.%20312%20%28Czechoslovak%29%20Squadron%20RAF
|
No. 312 Squadron RAF was a Czechoslovak-manned fighter squadron of the Royal Air Force in the Second World War.
History
The squadron was formed at Duxford on 29 August 1940. It was crewed mostly by escaped Czechoslovak pilots, but its first commander was the British Squadron Leader Frank Tyson. On 12 September a Slovak fighter pilot, Ján Ambruš, was appointed as joint commander of the squadron. The plan was for responsibility to be transferred gradually from Tyson to Ambruš.
Initially the squadron was equipped with Hawker Hurricane Mk I fighters. On 26 September the squadron moved to RAF Speke to join the air defence of Merseyside. Its first victory was on 8 October 1940, when its Yellow Flight (Denys Gillam, Alois Vašátko and Josef Stehlík) shot down a Junkers Ju 88 medium bomber over Liverpool.
On 13 October Ambruš led a flight of three Hurricane Mk I fighters on patrol. Over the Irish Sea Ambruš mistakenly led the flight to attack two Bristol Blenheim Mk IF light bombers of No. 29 Squadron RAF. One Blenheim, L6637, code letters RO-S, crashed into the sea off Point of Ayre on the Isle of Man and not far from the Morecambe Bay light ship. All three of its crew were killed. The other Blenheim, L7135, code letters RO-S, survived with minor damage and returned safely to RAF Ternhill in Shropshire with its crew unharmed. Ambruš was relieved of his command, and on 12 December Sqn Ldr Evžen Čižek was appointed to succeed him. On 17 December Ambruš was transferred to the Inspectorate-General of the Czechoslovak Air Force in London.
On 3 March 1941 the squadron moved to RAF Valley on Anglesey and began flying convoy patrols over the Irish Sea. On 24 April the squadron moved to RAF Jurby, Isle of Man. In May 1941 the squadron was re-equipped with the Hurricane Mk II. On 27 May Sqn Ldr Jan Klán succeeded Čižek as commanding officer, and two days later the squadron moved to RAF Kenley in Surrey. Klán's tenure was brief, as he was replaced on 5 June with Sqn Ldr Alois Vašátko. On 20 July the squadron moved to RAF Martlesham Heath in Suffolk. On 19 August it moved again to RAF Heathfield in Ayrshire, Scotland.
The squadron was re-equipped with the Supermarine Spitfire Mk IIA in October 1941 and again with the Spitfire Mk VB/C in December. The squadron spent the first part of 1942 in Wales. It moved to RAF Fairwood Common in Glamorgan on 1 January, then to RAF Angle in Pembrokeshire on 20 February, and then returned to Fairwood Common on 10 April. The squadron's duties included coastal patrols and shipping reconnaissance flights.
On 23 June 1942 Sqn Ldr Vašátko was killed in action and Sqn Ldr Jan Čermák was appointed to succeed him. On 3 July 1942 the squadron moved to RAF Harrowbeer in Devon. On 19 August the squadron provided air cover for the Operation Jubilee raid on Dieppe. During the raid shot down a Dornier Do 217 bomber and 312 Squadron lost one of its own aircraft.
On 10 October 1942 the squadron moved to RAF Church Stanton in Somerset. On 1 January 1943 Sqn Ldr Tomáš Vybíral succeeded Čermák as squadron commander. On 24 June the squadron moved to RAF Skaebrae on Orkney. On 7 September the squadron moved to RAF Ibsley in Hampshire and joined the 2nd Tactical Air Force as a fighter-bomber unit. The squadron operated over France softening up targets in preparation for the invasion and then supporting the landings. On 1 November Sqn Ldr František Vancl succeeded Vybíral as squadron commander.
In January 1944 the squadron was re-equipped with the Spitfire Mk IX. From 20 February it spent a few days at RAF Mendlesham in Suffolk, before moving on 23 February to RAF Rochford in Essex.
On 3 April 1944 the squadron moved to RAF Appledram in West Sussex. From here its operations included intercepting V-1 flying bombs, escorting bombers and attacking rail and road targets in German-occupied Europe. On 15 May Sqn Ldr Jaroslav Hlad'o succeeded Vancl as squadron commander. On 22 June the squadron moved to nearby RAF Tangmere, also in West Sussex.
From 4 July 1944 the squadron spent a week at RAF Lympne in Kent. On 11 July it moved again to RAF Coltishall in Norfolk and operated daytime bomber escort flights over continental Europe. However, on 27 August its duties were switched to the Air Defence of Great Britain (ADGB), for which it was moved on RAF North Weald in Essex. On 3 October it moved again to RAF Bradwell Bay, also in Essex.
On 15 November 1944 Sqn Ldr Václav Šlouf succeeded Hlad'o as squadron commander. From 27 February to 8 June 1945 the squadron was based at RAF Manston in Kent.
On 3 August members of all of the RAF's Czechoslovak squadrons held a farewell parade at RAF Manston. Air Marshal John Slessor inspected the parade, accompanied by Air Marshal Karel Janoušek. On 24 August 312 squadron moved to Ruzyně Airport in Prague. It became a squadron of the new Czechoslovak Air Force, and on 15 February 1946 was officially disbanded as an RAF squadron.
Seven Spitfire F Mk IXs survive today that flew with the squadron in 1944–45. This is by far the largest number of surviving aircraft associated with a single squadron.
Notable members
Ján Ambruš
František Peřina
Otto Smik
Miroslav Štandera
Josef Stehlík
(last surviving member of the squadron)
Aircraft operated
Aircraft of this squadron used a unit code letters DU.
Loch Doon Spitfire
On 25 October 1941, when 312 Squadron was based at RAF Heathfield, F/O František Hekl crashed a Spitfire Mk IIA into a reservoir in Ayrshire on a solo training flight. The Spitfire was serial number P7540, carrying the marking DU-W.
An eyewitness the Spitfire flying low over the surface of Loch Doon when Hekl banked the aircraft to starboard and its starboard wingtip caught the water surface. Hekl lost control and the aircraft broke up and sank, leaving only a patch of oil on the water. An RAF salvage crew brought a boat and spent several days trawling parts of the bed of the loch, but failed to find either the aircraft or Hekl's body.
In 1977 the Dumfries branch of the Scottish Sub Aqua Club began a systematic search of the bed of the loch in the area where an eyewitness thought the aircraft had crashed. In 1979 several clubs from the Northern Federation of British Sub-Aqua Clubs joined the search, and Blackpool Sub-Aqua Club took over organisation of the project.
The search was unsuccessful so in 1982 it was moved to a different area of the loch, where divers quickly found the Spitfire's tail and rear part of the fuselage. In subsequent dives other parts of the aircraft were found, scattered over a distance of 200 metres. Both wings were badly damaged, magnesium parts such as the undercarriage wheels had corroded away, but the Merlin Mk XII engine was recovered in good condition. Hekl's body was not found.
The wreckage was moved to Dumfries and Galloway Aviation Museum, where the aircraft was slowly restored and a pair of replica wings fitted. Restoration to non-flying condition was completed in 2017.
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
– movement and equipment history
312
Military units and formations disestablished in 1946
Military units and formations established in 1940
312 Squadron
RAF squadrons involved in the Battle of Britain
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No.%20312%20%28Czechoslovak%29%20Squadron%20RAF",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "No. 312 Squadron RAF was a Czechoslovak-manned fighter squadron of the Royal Air Force in the Second World War.\n\nHistory\nThe squadron was formed at Duxford on 29 August 1940. It was crewed mostly by escaped Czechoslovak pilots, but its first commander was the British Squadron Leader Frank Tyson. On 12 September a Slovak fighter pilot, Ján Ambruš, was appointed as joint commander of the squadron. The plan was for responsibility to be transferred gradually from Tyson to Ambruš.\n\nInitially the squadron was equipped with Hawker Hurricane Mk I fighters. On 26 September the squadron moved to RAF Speke to join the air defence of Merseyside. Its first victory was on 8 October 1940, when its Yellow Flight (Denys Gillam, Alois Vašátko and Josef Stehlík) shot down a Junkers Ju 88 medium bomber over Liverpool.\n\nOn 13 October Ambruš led a flight of three Hurricane Mk I fighters on patrol. Over the Irish Sea Ambruš mistakenly led the flight to attack two Bristol Blenheim Mk IF light bombers of No. 29 Squadron RAF. One Blenheim, L6637, code letters RO-S, crashed into the sea off Point of Ayre on the Isle of Man and not far from the Morecambe Bay light ship. All three of its crew were killed. The other Blenheim, L7135, code letters RO-S, survived with minor damage and returned safely to RAF Ternhill in Shropshire with its crew unharmed. Ambruš was relieved of his command, and on 12 December Sqn Ldr Evžen Čižek was appointed to succeed him. On 17 December Ambruš was transferred to the Inspectorate-General of the Czechoslovak Air Force in London.\n\nOn 3 March 1941 the squadron moved to RAF Valley on Anglesey and began flying convoy patrols over the Irish Sea. On 24 April the squadron moved to RAF Jurby, Isle of Man. In May 1941 the squadron was re-equipped with the Hurricane Mk II. On 27 May Sqn Ldr Jan Klán succeeded Čižek as commanding officer, and two days later the squadron moved to RAF Kenley in Surrey. Klán's tenure was brief, as he was replaced on 5 June with Sqn Ldr Alois Vašátko. On 20 July the squadron moved to RAF Martlesham Heath in Suffolk. On 19 August it moved again to RAF Heathfield in Ayrshire, Scotland.\n\nThe squadron was re-equipped with the Supermarine Spitfire Mk IIA in October 1941 and again with the Spitfire Mk VB/C in December. The squadron spent the first part of 1942 in Wales. It moved to RAF Fairwood Common in Glamorgan on 1 January, then to RAF Angle in Pembrokeshire on 20 February, and then returned to Fairwood Common on 10 April. The squadron's duties included coastal patrols and shipping reconnaissance flights.\n\nOn 23 June 1942 Sqn Ldr Vašátko was killed in action and Sqn Ldr Jan Čermák was appointed to succeed him. On 3 July 1942 the squadron moved to RAF Harrowbeer in Devon. On 19 August the squadron provided air cover for the Operation Jubilee raid on Dieppe. During the raid shot down a Dornier Do 217 bomber and 312 Squadron lost one of its own aircraft.\n\nOn 10 October 1942 the squadron moved to RAF Church Stanton in Somerset. On 1 January 1943 Sqn Ldr Tomáš Vybíral succeeded Čermák as squadron commander. On 24 June the squadron moved to RAF Skaebrae on Orkney. On 7 September the squadron moved to RAF Ibsley in Hampshire and joined the 2nd Tactical Air Force as a fighter-bomber unit. The squadron operated over France softening up targets in preparation for the invasion and then supporting the landings. On 1 November Sqn Ldr František Vancl succeeded Vybíral as squadron commander.\n\nIn January 1944 the squadron was re-equipped with the Spitfire Mk IX. From 20 February it spent a few days at RAF Mendlesham in Suffolk, before moving on 23 February to RAF Rochford in Essex.\n\nOn 3 April 1944 the squadron moved to RAF Appledram in West Sussex. From here its operations included intercepting V-1 flying bombs, escorting bombers and attacking rail and road targets in German-occupied Europe. On 15 May Sqn Ldr Jaroslav Hlad'o succeeded Vancl as squadron commander. On 22 June the squadron moved to nearby RAF Tangmere, also in West Sussex.\n\nFrom 4 July 1944 the squadron spent a week at RAF Lympne in Kent. On 11 July it moved again to RAF Coltishall in Norfolk and operated daytime bomber escort flights over continental Europe. However, on 27 August its duties were switched to the Air Defence of Great Britain (ADGB), for which it was moved on RAF North Weald in Essex. On 3 October it moved again to RAF Bradwell Bay, also in Essex.\n\nOn 15 November 1944 Sqn Ldr Václav Šlouf succeeded Hlad'o as squadron commander. From 27 February to 8 June 1945 the squadron was based at RAF Manston in Kent.\n\nOn 3 August members of all of the RAF's Czechoslovak squadrons held a farewell parade at RAF Manston. Air Marshal John Slessor inspected the parade, accompanied by Air Marshal Karel Janoušek. On 24 August 312 squadron moved to Ruzyně Airport in Prague. It became a squadron of the new Czechoslovak Air Force, and on 15 February 1946 was officially disbanded as an RAF squadron.\n\nSeven Spitfire F Mk IXs survive today that flew with the squadron in 1944–45. This is by far the largest number of surviving aircraft associated with a single squadron.\n\nNotable members\n Ján Ambruš\n \n František Peřina\n Otto Smik\n Miroslav Štandera\n Josef Stehlík\n (last surviving member of the squadron)\n\nAircraft operated\n\nAircraft of this squadron used a unit code letters DU.\n\nLoch Doon Spitfire\n\nOn 25 October 1941, when 312 Squadron was based at RAF Heathfield, F/O František Hekl crashed a Spitfire Mk IIA into a reservoir in Ayrshire on a solo training flight. The Spitfire was serial number P7540, carrying the marking DU-W.\n\nAn eyewitness the Spitfire flying low over the surface of Loch Doon when Hekl banked the aircraft to starboard and its starboard wingtip caught the water surface. Hekl lost control and the aircraft broke up and sank, leaving only a patch of oil on the water. An RAF salvage crew brought a boat and spent several days trawling parts of the bed of the loch, but failed to find either the aircraft or Hekl's body.\n\nIn 1977 the Dumfries branch of the Scottish Sub Aqua Club began a systematic search of the bed of the loch in the area where an eyewitness thought the aircraft had crashed. In 1979 several clubs from the Northern Federation of British Sub-Aqua Clubs joined the search, and Blackpool Sub-Aqua Club took over organisation of the project.\n\nThe search was unsuccessful so in 1982 it was moved to a different area of the loch, where divers quickly found the Spitfire's tail and rear part of the fuselage. In subsequent dives other parts of the aircraft were found, scattered over a distance of 200 metres. Both wings were badly damaged, magnesium parts such as the undercarriage wheels had corroded away, but the Merlin Mk XII engine was recovered in good condition. Hekl's body was not found.\n\nThe wreckage was moved to Dumfries and Galloway Aviation Museum, where the aircraft was slowly restored and a pair of replica wings fitted. Restoration to non-flying condition was completed in 2017.\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\n\n – movement and equipment history\n\n312\nMilitary units and formations disestablished in 1946\nMilitary units and formations established in 1940\n312 Squadron\nRAF squadrons involved in the Battle of Britain",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Limes Arabicus
|
The Limes Arabicus was a desert frontier of the Roman Empire, running north from its start in the province of Arabia Petraea. It ran northeast from the Gulf of Aqaba for about at its greatest extent, reaching northern Syria and forming part of the wider Roman limes system. It had several forts and watchtowers.
The reason of this defensive limes was to protect the Roman province of Arabia from attacks of the nomadic tribes of the Arabian desert. The main purpose of the Limes Arabicus is disputed; it may have been used both to defend from Arab raids and to protect the commercial trade routes from robbers.
Next to the Limes Arabicus Emperor Trajan built a major road, the Via Nova Traiana, from Bosra to Aila on the Red Sea, a distance of . Built between 111 and 114 AD, its primary purpose may have been to provide efficient transportation for troop movements and government officials as well as facilitating and protecting trade caravans emerging from the Arabian Peninsula. It was completed under Emperor Hadrian.
Fortification
During the Severan dynasty (AD 193–235), the Romans strengthened their defences on the Arabian frontier. They constructed several castra (forts) at the northwest end of the Wadi Sirhan, and improved the roads. One important fort was Qasr Azraq, another was at Humeima (Latin: Auara), from the late 2nd century AD, on the Via Traiana Nova from Petra to Aila, where up to 500 auxiliary troops could have resided. It was probably abandoned in the fourth century.
Emperor Diocletian partitioned the old province of Arabia by transferring the southern region to the province of Palaestina. Later in the 4th century, Palaestina was made into three provinces, and the southern one was eventually called Palaestina Tertia. Each province was administered by a praeses with civil authority and a dux with military authority.
Diocletian engaged in a major military expansion in the region, building a number of castella, watchtowers, and fortresses along the fringe of the desert just east of the Via Nova. This line of defence extended from south of Damascus to Wadi al-Hasa. The region from Wadi Mujib to Wadi al-Hasa contained four castella and a legionary camp. The frontier south of Wadi al-Hasa, which extended to the Red Sea at Aila (Aqaba), may have been called the Limes Palaestina. In this region, ten castella and a legionary camp have been identified. The term may have referred to a series of fortifications and roads in the northern Negev, running from Rafah on the Mediterranean to the Dead Sea, or to the region under the military control of the dux Palaestinae, the military governor of the Palaestinian provinces.
Personnel
There were castra every with the purpose to create a line of protection and control: in the south there was the legionary fortress at Adrou (Udruh), just east of Petra. It probably housed the Legio VI Ferrata, which was moved from Lajjun (in modern-day Israel) by Diocletian. It is similar to Betthorus (al-Lajjun in modern-day Jordan) in size () and design, and is in the plain of Moab, south of Wadi Mujib . Alistair Killick, who excavated the site, dates it to the early 2nd century, but Parker suggests a date in the late 3rd or early 4th century.
A legionary camp may have also existed at Aila (modern Aqaba), which has been excavated by Parker since 1994. The city was located at the north end of the Gulf of Aqaba where it was a centre of sea traffic. Several land routes also intersected here. Legio X Fretensis, originally stationed in Jerusalem, was transferred here to the terminus of the Via Nova. So far, a stone curtain wall and projecting tower have been identified, but it is uncertain whether they were part of the city wall of Aila or the fortress. The evidence suggests the fort was constructed in the late 4th or early 5th century.
Troops were progressively withdrawn from the Limes Arabicus in the first half of the 6th century and replaced with native Arab foederati, chiefly the Ghassanids. After the Muslim Arab conquest, the Limes Arabicus was largely left to disappear, though some fortifications were used and reinforced in the following centuries.
History
The limes was overrun in 611 during the war with the Sasanians.
See also
Strata Diocletiana
Roman Arabia
Via Traiana Nova
Sassanian defense lines#Wall of the Arabs
Walls-of-the-Ruler
References
Bibliography
Graf, D. The Via Militaris and the Limes Arabicus in "Roman Frontier Studies 1995": Proceedings of the XVIth International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies, ed. W. Groenman-van Waateringe, B. L. van Beek, W. J. H. Willems, and S. L. Wynia. Oxbow Monograph 91. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Gregory, Shelagh, Kennedy, David and Stein, Aurel, Sir Aurel Stein's Limes Report: Part 1 & 2 (British Archaeological Reports (BAR), 1985)
Gregory, S. Was There an Eastern Origin for the Design of Late Roman Fortifications?: Some Problems for Research on Forts of Rome's Eastern Frontier in "The Roman Army in the East", ed. D. L. Kennedy. Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series, 18. Ann Arbor, MI: Journal of Roman Archaeology.
Isaac, B. The Limits of Empire: The Roman Army in the East Clarendon Press. Oxford, 1990.
Parker, S. The Roman Frontier in Central Jordan Interim Report on the Limes Arabicus Project, 1980–1985. BAR International Series, 340. British Archaeological Reports. Oxford, 1987
Young, Gary K. Rome's Eastern Trade: International commerce and imperial policy, 31 BC – AD 305 Routledge. London, 2001
Welsby, D. Qasr al-Uwainid and Da'ajaniya: Two Roman Military Sites in Jordan Levant 30: 195–8. Oxford, 1990
External links
Forts of the Limes Arabicus, from Virtual Karak Resources Project
Qasr Bsshir (Roman castrum)
Roman frontiers
Roman fortifications in Roman Syria
Roman fortifications in Syria
Roman fortifications in Arabia Petraea
Wadi Sirhan
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Limes Arabicus",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Limes Arabicus was a desert frontier of the Roman Empire, running north from its start in the province of Arabia Petraea. It ran northeast from the Gulf of Aqaba for about at its greatest extent, reaching northern Syria and forming part of the wider Roman limes system. It had several forts and watchtowers.\n\nThe reason of this defensive limes was to protect the Roman province of Arabia from attacks of the nomadic tribes of the Arabian desert. The main purpose of the Limes Arabicus is disputed; it may have been used both to defend from Arab raids and to protect the commercial trade routes from robbers.\n\nNext to the Limes Arabicus Emperor Trajan built a major road, the Via Nova Traiana, from Bosra to Aila on the Red Sea, a distance of . Built between 111 and 114 AD, its primary purpose may have been to provide efficient transportation for troop movements and government officials as well as facilitating and protecting trade caravans emerging from the Arabian Peninsula. It was completed under Emperor Hadrian.\n\nFortification\nDuring the Severan dynasty (AD 193–235), the Romans strengthened their defences on the Arabian frontier. They constructed several castra (forts) at the northwest end of the Wadi Sirhan, and improved the roads. One important fort was Qasr Azraq, another was at Humeima (Latin: Auara), from the late 2nd century AD, on the Via Traiana Nova from Petra to Aila, where up to 500 auxiliary troops could have resided. It was probably abandoned in the fourth century.\n\nEmperor Diocletian partitioned the old province of Arabia by transferring the southern region to the province of Palaestina. Later in the 4th century, Palaestina was made into three provinces, and the southern one was eventually called Palaestina Tertia. Each province was administered by a praeses with civil authority and a dux with military authority.\n\nDiocletian engaged in a major military expansion in the region, building a number of castella, watchtowers, and fortresses along the fringe of the desert just east of the Via Nova. This line of defence extended from south of Damascus to Wadi al-Hasa. The region from Wadi Mujib to Wadi al-Hasa contained four castella and a legionary camp. The frontier south of Wadi al-Hasa, which extended to the Red Sea at Aila (Aqaba), may have been called the Limes Palaestina. In this region, ten castella and a legionary camp have been identified. The term may have referred to a series of fortifications and roads in the northern Negev, running from Rafah on the Mediterranean to the Dead Sea, or to the region under the military control of the dux Palaestinae, the military governor of the Palaestinian provinces.\n\nPersonnel\nThere were castra every with the purpose to create a line of protection and control: in the south there was the legionary fortress at Adrou (Udruh), just east of Petra. It probably housed the Legio VI Ferrata, which was moved from Lajjun (in modern-day Israel) by Diocletian. It is similar to Betthorus (al-Lajjun in modern-day Jordan) in size () and design, and is in the plain of Moab, south of Wadi Mujib . Alistair Killick, who excavated the site, dates it to the early 2nd century, but Parker suggests a date in the late 3rd or early 4th century.\n\nA legionary camp may have also existed at Aila (modern Aqaba), which has been excavated by Parker since 1994. The city was located at the north end of the Gulf of Aqaba where it was a centre of sea traffic. Several land routes also intersected here. Legio X Fretensis, originally stationed in Jerusalem, was transferred here to the terminus of the Via Nova. So far, a stone curtain wall and projecting tower have been identified, but it is uncertain whether they were part of the city wall of Aila or the fortress. The evidence suggests the fort was constructed in the late 4th or early 5th century.\n\nTroops were progressively withdrawn from the Limes Arabicus in the first half of the 6th century and replaced with native Arab foederati, chiefly the Ghassanids. After the Muslim Arab conquest, the Limes Arabicus was largely left to disappear, though some fortifications were used and reinforced in the following centuries.\n\nHistory\nThe limes was overrun in 611 during the war with the Sasanians.\n\nSee also\n Strata Diocletiana\n Roman Arabia\n Via Traiana Nova\n Sassanian defense lines#Wall of the Arabs\n Walls-of-the-Ruler\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n \n Graf, D. The Via Militaris and the Limes Arabicus in \"Roman Frontier Studies 1995\": Proceedings of the XVIth International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies, ed. W. Groenman-van Waateringe, B. L. van Beek, W. J. H. Willems, and S. L. Wynia. Oxbow Monograph 91. Oxford: Oxbow Books.\n Gregory, Shelagh, Kennedy, David and Stein, Aurel, Sir Aurel Stein's Limes Report: Part 1 & 2 (British Archaeological Reports (BAR), 1985)\n Gregory, S. Was There an Eastern Origin for the Design of Late Roman Fortifications?: Some Problems for Research on Forts of Rome's Eastern Frontier in \"The Roman Army in the East\", ed. D. L. Kennedy. Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series, 18. Ann Arbor, MI: Journal of Roman Archaeology.\n Isaac, B. The Limits of Empire: The Roman Army in the East Clarendon Press. Oxford, 1990.\n \n Parker, S. The Roman Frontier in Central Jordan Interim Report on the Limes Arabicus Project, 1980–1985. BAR International Series, 340. British Archaeological Reports. Oxford, 1987\n Young, Gary K. Rome's Eastern Trade: International commerce and imperial policy, 31 BC – AD 305 Routledge. London, 2001\n Welsby, D. Qasr al-Uwainid and Da'ajaniya: Two Roman Military Sites in Jordan Levant 30: 195–8. Oxford, 1990\n\nExternal links\n Forts of the Limes Arabicus, from Virtual Karak Resources Project\n Qasr Bsshir (Roman castrum)\n\nRoman frontiers\nRoman fortifications in Roman Syria\nRoman fortifications in Syria\nRoman fortifications in Arabia Petraea\nWadi Sirhan",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Abstract (law)
|
In law, an abstract is a brief statement that contains the most important points of a long legal document or of several related legal papers.
Types of legislation
The abstract of title, used in real estate transactions, is the more common form of abstract. An abstract of title lists all the owners of a piece of land, a house, or a building before it came into possession of the present owner. The abstract also records all deeds, wills, mortgages, and other documents that affect ownership of the property. An abstract describes a chain of transfers from owner to owner and any agreements by former owners that are binding on later owners.
Patent law
In the context of patent law and specifically in prior art searches, searching through abstracts is a common way to find relevant prior art document to question to novelty or inventive step (or non-obviousness in United States patent law) of an invention. Under United States patent law, the abstract may be called "Abstract of the Disclosure".
References
External links
, defining the requirements regarding the abstract in an international application filed under Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)
and (previously ), defining the abstract-related requirements in a European patent application
Legal research
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Abstract (law)",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "In law, an abstract is a brief statement that contains the most important points of a long legal document or of several related legal papers.\n\nTypes of legislation \n\nThe abstract of title, used in real estate transactions, is the more common form of abstract. An abstract of title lists all the owners of a piece of land, a house, or a building before it came into possession of the present owner. The abstract also records all deeds, wills, mortgages, and other documents that affect ownership of the property. An abstract describes a chain of transfers from owner to owner and any agreements by former owners that are binding on later owners.\n\nPatent law\nIn the context of patent law and specifically in prior art searches, searching through abstracts is a common way to find relevant prior art document to question to novelty or inventive step (or non-obviousness in United States patent law) of an invention. Under United States patent law, the abstract may be called \"Abstract of the Disclosure\".\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n , defining the requirements regarding the abstract in an international application filed under Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)\n and (previously ), defining the abstract-related requirements in a European patent application\n\nLegal research",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport%20in%20Pakistan
|
Sport in Pakistan is a significant part of Pakistani culture. Cricket is the most popular sport in Pakistan, while field hockey, polo, and squash are also popular. Traditional sports like kabaddi and other well-known games are also played.
The Pakistan Sports Board was created in 1962 by the Ministry of Education as a corporate body for the purposes of promoting and developing uniform standards of competition in sports in Pakistan comparable to the standards prevailing internationally, and regulating and controlling sports in Pakistan on a national basis. The Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism, now has control over the Pakistan Sports Board. The PSB controls all 39 sporting federations. The Pakistan Sports Board is supported by the Pakistan Sports Trust, which assists hard up players and associations so they can continue participating in sports.
Over recent years there has been an increase in sporting activity in Pakistan, with Pakistani sportsmen and women participating at many national and international events. Also, more international tournaments now take place in Pakistan. The size of the teams Pakistan sends, and the number of events they participate in, such as the Olympic Games, Asian Games, World Games, and Commonwealth Games has increased since the turn of the century.
National participation
Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, had a great love for sport and fully realised the vital role it played in the development of nations and inculcation of discipline among the masses. In a meeting with the Organizing Committee of the First Pakistan Olympic Games held at Karachi, Jinnah told the first President of the Pakistan Olympic Association, Ahmed E.H.:
The first National Games were held at Polo Ground, Karachi from 23 to 25 April 1948. Sportsmen and officials from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and all the integrated Provincial units of West Pakistan took part in these games. The total number of athletes was 140. No competitors were, however, invited from any foreign country. Competitions were held in basketball, boxing, cycling, track and field, volleyball, weightlifting, and wrestling.
Over the years, Pakistan has been held back due to the lack of funds placed in sports. Many facilities are substandard, causing Pakistan to fall behind other nations. In its early years the young state had been able to compete with much success, but during the late 1970s, with the government no longer investing in athletics, the country could no longer compete.
However, since the late 1990s, this trend has changed. Money is now being placed into sports, and many of the federations are now managed by people who are trying to push Pakistani sportsmen and -women forward. International tournaments are now hosted in the country, and the nation sends athletes to compete abroad. There has also been restructuring of national tournaments, and new facilities and equipment are being provided. This has seen overall results improve.
On March 3, 2009, 12 militants with guns, grenades, and rocket launchers attacked a bus carrying the Sri Lanka national cricket team to a match at Lahore's Gaddafi Stadium in Pakistan. Six Pakistani policemen escorting the team and two civilians were killed while seven Sri Lankan players and an assistant coach were injured. Since the terrorist attacks, no foreign cricket teams toured Pakistan until 2015 when Zimbabwe toured for an away series. A month after the attack on the Sri Lankan team, the International Cricket Council relieved Pakistan of co-hosting duty for any 2011 Cricket World Cup games. Pakistan has tried to make the best of the situation by offering to host its "home" matches on neutral territory in the United Arab Emirates. However, due to a decrease in terrorism in Pakistan over the past few years, as well as an increase in security, many teams have toured Pakistan since 2015. These teams include Zimbabwe, Sri Lanka, West Indies, Bangladesh, South Africa, Australia and an ICC World XI team. In addition, the Pakistan Super League has seen games hosted in Pakistan.
The Pakistan Sports Board is a government institution whereas the Pakistan Olympic Association is working under the shelter of the International Olympic Committee. Due to government interference, the Pakistan Olympic Association is very close to getting a ban from participation in Olympic Games. Due to cold war, Pakistani sport is also suffering but, there is no hope to resolve this problem due to government level dictatorship.
Team sports
Cricket
Cricket is the most popular sport in Pakistan. Almost all districts and neighbourhoods in Pakistan have a cricket team and people start playing from a young age. Pakistan has won international cricket events, which include the 1992 Cricket World Cup, the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 and the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy besides finishing as runner-up in the 1999 Cricket World Cup, 2007 ICC World Twenty20 and the 2022 T20 World Cup. Pakistan also won the ACC Asia cup in 2000 and 2012 and all three versions of the Austral-Asia Cup.
Pakistan's cricket teams take part in domestic competitions such as the Quaid-e-Azam Trophy, the Patron's Trophy, ABN-AMRO Twenty-20 Cup, and the ABN-AMRO Champions Trophy. Pakistan Cricket Board also organize a franchise based T20 cricket league known as the Pakistan Super League.
International Test and one-day matches are played between the Pakistan national cricket team and foreign opponents regularly. Women's cricket is also very popular, with Kiran Baluch holding the current record of the highest score in a women's test match with her innings of 242. The Pakistan Cricket Board controls both the men's and women's games. The 2020 Pakistan Super League events was hosted entirely by Pakistan.
Notable cricketers from Pakistan include Aaqib Javed, Ramiz Raja, Shoaib Akhtar, Younis Khan, Saqlain Mushtaq, Mushtaq Ahmed, Abdul Qadir, Wasim Akram, Zaheer Abbas, Javed Miandad, Saeed Anwar, Muhammad Yousaf, Inzamam-ul-Haq, Waqar Younis, Shahid Afridi, the Mohammad brothers (Hanif, Mushtaq, Sadiq and Wazir) and Imran Khan. Hanif Mohammad, Imran Khan, Javed Miandad, Wasim Akram, Waqar Younis, Zaheer Abbas and Abdul Qadir have been named in the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame. Saeed Anwar's 194 runs against India in 1997 remained the record for most runs by a batsman in an ODI for 13 years which was equalled by Zimbabwe's Charles Coventry against Bangladesh in 2009 and then broken by India's Sachin Tendulkar who hit 200* against South Africa in 2010. Shoaib Akhtar holds the record of delivering the fastest delivery in the history of cricket, bowling at a speed of 163km/h (100.2mph) to Nick Knight agianst England at the 2003 World Cup. Shahid Afridi holds numerous records i.e. the 3rd fastest century in ODIs, the highest number of sixes in international cricket. Wasim Akram at the time of his retirement had taken the most wickets in ODIs. Muhammad Yousuf has scored the most Test runs in a calendar year.
Field hockey
The Pakistan Hockey Federation (PHF) is the national governing body of field hockey in Pakistan. The Pakistan Hockey Federation Women Wing (PHFWW) is the official organisation of women's field hockey in Pakistan.
The Pakistan national field hockey team has won 3 gold medals at the Olympic Games, and lifted the Hockey World Cup 4 times, being the country with most World Cups till the present. It has also won the most Asian gold medals, and is the only Asian team to have won the prestigious Champions Trophy with 3 titles. It used to be consistently ranked among the top teams in the world. However, lately there has been a decline in results, with the national team failing to qualify for both the 2016 and 2020 Olympics. The hockey team also failed to qualify for 2023 World cup. Also, because of the PHF's poor economy, there was a span of two years without any international matches netween 2019 and 2021. PHF secretary lamented over lack of funding could even ban Pakistan hockey team. As of December 2022 the team is ranked 16th in the world. Notable players include World-Record holder Waseem Ahmad, Mohammed Saqlain, and Sohail Abbas.
Football
Pakistan is known as the manufacturer of the official FIFA World Cup ball. Yet, as in most parts of South Asia, football is not especially popular in Pakistan. As on 31 March 2023 Pakistan Men's team is ranked 195 as per FIFA ranking. The Pakistan Football Federation (PFF) is the governing body in Pakistan.
The origin of football in Pakistan can be traced back to mid-nineteenth century when the game was introduced during the British Raj. Initially, games were played between army teams. However, clubs were soon set up around the country. One of the regional federations to organise football on what is now Pakistan Territory was the North-West India Football Association, in which clubs from the city of Lahore and the surrounding region were active. Kohat FC was the first club to be established in 1930, it became the first outstation team to win the North-West India Football Championship 1937 in 1937 defeating Government College Lahore 1–0 in the finals. The first female club to be established was Diya W.F.C. in 2002.
Shortly after the creation of Pakistan in 1947, the Pakistan Football Federation (PFF) was created, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah became its first Patron-in-Chief. PFF received recognition from FIFA in early 1948. The annual National Championship was organized shortly after. In 1950, the national team gained their first international experience in Iran and Iraq.
The Pakistan Football Federation Women Organizing Committee (PFFWOC) is responsible for women's football in Pakistan. In 2004, the Pakistan Premier League was established; it is the first division of Pakistani football. The Pakistan National Football Challenge Cup is the national "knockout" cup competition in Pakistani football, run by the Pakistan Football Federation. The Pakistan National Women's Football Championship is the annual women's championship.
Australian Rules Football
Australian rules football was established in Pakistan in 2014 with support from the Australian High Commission. The governing body is the Australian Rules Football Federation of Pakistan.
Teams were established in Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Multan and Gujranwala. It is currently strongest in the Swat Valley, where a large competition operates and draws large enthusiastic crowds. A women's team was formed in 2017. A major national tournament was organised in 2018. Australia sent a coach to assist Pakistan in 2019 however the sport's rapid growth in popularity was greatly outpacing local officials ability to support it. 10 of Pakistan's more than 15 clubs contested the 2021 AFL Pakistan National Championships in Islamabad.
Pakistan sent a team to the Asian Championship in 2022, however met some roadblocks to participation due to funding. Despite challenges sending a team, it won the Division 3 title. In 2022 AFL Asia reported that Pakistan was the largest and fastest growing nation for the sport in Asia with over 5,000 players with a 45% annual increase in participation. The Pakistan national side are known as the Dragoons.
Ball hockey
The Pakistan national ball hockey team is primarily composed of Canadian Pakistanis, born in Canada or with links to that nation. The sport is growing in the South Asian community there. Pakistan competed for the first time at the World Championships in 2009. They finished 3rd out of 4 in Group B behind only Bermuda and ice hockey giants Finland, and ahead of Cayman Islands. In the next world championships, they also participated and were champions of their group after defeating France in extra time. The Pakistan national ball hockey team is developing and improving, and in 2013 were awarded Pool A status, competing for gold in St. John's, Newfoundland.
Baseball
In 2006, Pakistan Federation Baseball hosted the 7th Asian Baseball Championship, and again from 2010 through 2017, with the national team winning the tournament from 2010 through 2015.
Basketball
Basketball was introduced to Pakistan around 1900 and is especially popular in Lahore and Karachi. The Pakistan Basketball Federation has been part of FIBA since 1958. Six teams play in the Pakistan first division. The National Women Basketball Championship is the Women's Basketball tournament.
Handball
Handball was first played in 1984 in an exhibition event, and was taken up by the Pakistan Olympic Association. The Pakistan Handball Federation is a member of the Asia Handball Federation. In beach handball, Pakistan is ranked first in Asia.3rd World Beach Handball Championship held from 9 to 13 July 2008 in Cadiz, Spain. Pakistan obtained 5th position and qualified for the World Games. Pakistan Handball team won one Gold medal in the 11th South Asian Games 2010, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Pakistan obtained one silver medal during IHF Challenge Trophy 2010 held in Dhaka. Pakistan also participated in the Beach Handball World Cup in 2008. Pakistan won the gold medal at the first Beach Asian Games in Bali, Indonesia.
Ice hockey
Pakistan has an ice hockey team but it is not part of the IIHF. Pakistan applied for a membership but the congress postponed it until it had a better structure. However, Pakistan has deep roots in ice hockey in the northern parts of Gilgit-Baltistan province.
The first hockey game in Pakistan took place in December 2018 in Naltar between the Pakistan Air Force and Gilgit Scouts. Baltistan Ice Hockey Championship 2022 was held in Skardu on January 25-26, with teams named after glaciers, to raise awareness about climate change.
Rugby union
The Pakistan Rugby Union was formally established in 2000 and gained memberships with the Asian Rugby Football Union in 2000. In 2003, Pakistan fielded a national team for the first time, participating in the Provincial Tournament in Sri Lanka. In November 2004, it participated in the 19th Asian championship in Hong Kong. The Pakistan Rugby Union then became an associate member of the International Rugby Board (IRB).
There are three major clubs in Pakistan, which include Islamabad Rugby Football Club (IRFC) also known as the "JINNS", Lahore Rugby Football Club (LRFC), and Karachi Rugby Football Club (KRFC).
The latest landmark for Pakistan rugby is that universities like Lahore University of Management and Sciences (LUMS) and Bahria University Islamabad have formed teams as well.
Volleyball
Volleyball is a popular sport in the Pakistan Armed Forces. Inter-services games are played regularly, and most players of the Pakistani volleyball team are from the armed forces. This game is also gaining popularity among private school students in Karachi and Islamabad.
Pakistan Volleyball Federation is the governing body of Volleyball in Pakistan.
Equestrian sports
Equestrianism had traditionally been limited to the upper-echelon of Pakistani society up until the end of the 20th century. This resulted in private sponsorship and government funding (PST) for the sport. Pakistan Eventing was launched in July 2005 in partnership with The Equestrian & Tent Pegging Federation of Pakistan with an attempt to qualify Pakistan to its first Olympic equestrian qualification.
Polo
Polo is believed to have originated in Persia, and continues to be an important sport within the country with several large annual competitions.
The annual Shandur Polo Festival at Shandur Top in Chitral District is an international event attended by enthusiasts from all over the world. The Shandur polo ground at Shandur Pass is the world's highest, at approximately . The governing body of polo in Pakistan is the Pakistan Polo Association. There are more than twenty-one polo clubs in Pakistan and over forty polo championships held all over the country every year. Pakistan has qualified for the preliminary rounds of the World Polo Championship three times. Pakistan's Hissam Ali Haider is the highest capped played in the Asian circuit. He has played for Cartier in the St. Moritz Snow Polo World Cup and the Commonwealth team in the Royal Salute Coronation Cup, both of which were won by his team.
Tent pegging
Tent pegging is a popular sport in Pakistan. It is also locally named as neza bazi. The Equestrian & Tent Pegging Federation of Pakistan, formed in 2014, is the highest governing body who organises the sport in Pakistan. There are various clubs across the country who also organise an event as well. The sport is the major event of National Horse & Cattle Show held at Fortress Stadium Lahore. Pakistanis compete in various international events notably the World Cup which commenced in 2014.
Malik Ata Muhammad Khan is one of the founders of International Tent Pegging Federation to address the Fédération Equestre Internationale (FEI), where he also served as Vice President.
Racquet sports
Badminton
The Pakistan national badminton team represents Pakistan in international badminton team competitions. It is controlled by the Pakistan Badminton Federation, the governing body for badminton in Pakistan. The national team was established in 1953.
In 1979, Pakistan participated in the World Championships organised by the WBF, which was a rival body of the Badminton World Federation that would later ceased its operation on May 26, 1981, and merged with the International Badminton Federation (now known as Badminton World Federation or BWF). They won a bronze and a silver at the event, in men's team and men's singles.
Pakistan had only appeared in the international stage three times as they were eliminated in the group stage in the 1993, 1995 and 1997 edition of the Sudirman Cup.
The nation would make its first badminton debut in the Olympics when national player Mahoor Shahzad represented the country in the women's singles discipline.
The team would later participate in the 2022 Commonwealth Games mixed team event through a bipartite invitation.
Pakistan earned its first Olympic Badminton Qualification after receiving a tripartite invitation for the 2020 Tokyo Summer Olympics. Thus, Mahoor Shahzad became the first Pakistani badminton player to compete at the Olympic Games.
Squash
Squash is a popular sport that has a large following in Pakistan, with Pakistan dominating the sport for a period of time. The World Open professional championship was inaugurated in 1976 and serves as the main competition today.
Jansher Khan won the World Open eight times, and the British Open six times. From 1990 until 1996, he remained unbeaten in 81 matches for consecutive six years. This longest-winning matches streak in Squash history was recorded by Guinness World Records. Jahangir Khan won the World Open title six times, and the British Open title ten times (1982–1991), and is widely regarded as the greatest squash player of all time, and one of the greatest sportsmen in Pakistan history. From 1981 to 1986, Khan was unbeaten and during that time won 555 consecutive matches – the longest winning streak by any athlete in top-level professional sport as recorded by Guinness World Records.
Combined they have won 14 world opens, making Pakistan the most decorated Squash nation in the world. Pakistani players have won the Squash World Open 17 times, and British Open 12 times, the highest by any nation.
Carla Khan, one of Pakistan's most successful sportswomen, is one of a number of men and women who represent Pakistan. The Pakistan Squash Federation is the governing body in the country. The Pakistan Open tournament is one of the premier events of the sport in the country. Every province of the country holds its own men's and women's championships. Some other notable players from Pakistan include Hashim Khan, Torsam Khan, Mobillah Khan, and Qamar Zaman.
Table tennis
The Pakistan Table Tennis Federation runs the sport in the country. Farjad Saif is the first player in Pakistan Table Tennis history to represent the country in the olympics, participating in the 1988 Seoul Games. He did exceedingly well eventually ending the Olympic games with a ranking of 25th in the world. He also holds a record 13 national titles also being the only individual to win the title 7 times in a row.
The Pakistan women's national table tennis team in 1972, it competed in the inaugural ATTU Asian Table Tennis Championships held in Beijing, China.
Tennis
Tennis is a very popular sport and Pakistanis compete in various international events. The Pakistan Tennis Federation (PTF) organise the game in the country. Khawaja Saeed Hai was the first Pakistani to reach a Grand Slam tournament, playing at Wimbledon, the US Open, and the French Open where he made it to the third round. Haroon Rahim was a very successful player, he was the winner of a number of ATP Singles and Doubles titles. Lately, Aisam-ul-Haq created history in Pakistani tennis, as he reached the finals of 2010 US Open – Men's Doubles and 2010 US Open – Mixed Doubles.
The Pakistan Davis Cup team have previously reached the world group play-offs, with the help of Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi, currently Pakistan's number one, and Aqeel Khan, the number two. Tennis events are very rare in Pakistan and there is hardly an international tennis event, apart from ATP tournaments.
Individual sports
Athletics
The Athletics Federation of Pakistan (AFP) organises athletic tournaments in Pakistan. Pakistani athletes compete in various athletic events. Some Pakistani athletes have excelled in various events in the distant past including Abdul Khaliq, Ghulam Raziq, Mubarak Shah, John Permal, Muhammad Talib, Ahmed Sajjad Cheema, Abid Hussain, Arshad Saleem, Arshad Nadeem, Ali Kamani and Nawaz, Mohammad Alam, and Muhammad Younis are some of the athletes who got prominence at either Asian or International levels, or both, winning gold medals for Pakistan. In the early decades, Pakistanis held many Asian records including the Asian 100 m and 200 m record held by Abdul Khaliq. Pakistani female athletes have also represented Pakistan at international level, such as Shabana Akhtar, who was the first Pakistani female athlete to participate at the Olympics. International events such as the Lahore Marathon take place in the country.
Arshad Nadeem, a Pakistani javelin thrower created a new national and Commonwealth Games record with a throw of 90.18 m and became the first ever athlete from South Asia to breach the 90m mark.
Billiards and snooker
Snooker is one of the rising sports in Pakistan, and it has been taken up by many people. There has been success at the international level; Mohammed Yousuf was the 1994 IBSF World Snooker Champion and the 2006 IBSF World Masters Champion; and Shokat Ali is the Pakistan number one player and an Asian Games Gold medalist. The Pakistan Billiards Snooker Association (PBSA) was formed in 1958.
Bowling
Pakistan Tenpin Bowling Federation is affiliated with Asian Bowling Federation and World Bowling. The Federation is affiliated with Pakistan Sports Board.
Chess
In Pakistan, chess is played throughout the country, mostly in Mughal style which is slightly different from the international style, but the Chess Federation of Pakistan (CFP) organises its tournaments in international style and according to the established rules. The FIDE has awarded the International Master title to Shahzad Mirza and Mahmood Lodhi. Ironically being 5th most populated country, Pakistan so far has 0 grandmasters.
Cycling
The Pakistan Cycling Federation is the governing body of cycling in Pakistan. The Tour de Pakistan International Cycling Race starts from Karachi and ends in Peshawar, with about 150 domestic and international cyclists taking part every year. This race is among the largest of such events in Asia, covering a distance of 1,648 km in eleven stages with four days of rest en route. Teams from WAPDA, Pakistan Army, Pakistan Railways, and Sui Southern Gas Company, along with teams of the four provinces regularly take part in domestic and international cycling tournaments. Women's cycling also takes place in the country. Other events are the Tour of Islamabad and the MTB Tour of the Himalayas.
Gymnastics
The Pakistan Gymnastic Federation has been affiliated with the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG) since 1958. Pakistan sends individuals and teams to international events such as the Olympic Games.
Golf
Pakistan has qualified for the Golf World Cup a total of 4 times, in 1975, 1977, 1982, and recently in 2009, when they finished joint 22nd out of the 28 qualifying teams. The Pakistan Golf Federation (PGF) run golf in Pakistan. Karachi Golf Club is one of the oldest in the country and it is where the Pakistan Open takes place. The Pakistan Open was founded in 1967 and became an Asian Tour event in 2006. Chris Rodgers won the Pakistan Open in 2006. The 2007 event was held in January and had an increased prize money purse of $330,000 US. Taimur Hussain has been Pakistan's most successful golfer, as he won the 1998 Myanmar Open, becoming the first Pakistani to win on the Asian Tour.
Roller skating
The Pakistan Federation of Roller Skating (PFRS) is the national governing body of roller sports in Pakistan. The Federation started about 25 years ago in Lahore, Pakistan, founded by Khalid Saeed and his team.
Shooting
Shooting in Pakistan governed by National Rifle Association of Pakistan. Irshad Ali with one silver and two bronzes in the Commonwealth Games being one of the most successful at international level. Ghulam Mustafa Bashir, a 35-year-old shooting master won the bronze medal back at the 2022 International Shooting Sports Federation World Championships in Cairo, Egypt and also earnt direct qualification to Paris 2024 Olympics.
Kishmala Talat won Pakistan's first Asian Games medal in shooting at the 2022 Asian Games, being the first woman to do so.
Skiing
The Ski Federation of Pakistan, created in December 1990, run the sport. Despite being a country with many mountains, the sport has never taken off until the late 1990s. Up until then, it was only done by the Pakistan Army. Now there have been facilities put in place so that the sport can be played, and the Ski Federation of Pakistan now sends out teams to international tournaments.
Muhammad Abbas and Muhammad Karim represented Pakistan at 2010 Winter Olympics and 2014 Winter Olympics respectively.
Motorsport
The Motorsport Association of Pakistan (MAP) is a member of the Federation Internationale de L'Automobile FIA. The Pakistan National Karting Championship was the first motor racing curcit competition in Pakistan, and is used to develop rookie drivers. The Freedom Rally is a yearly off-road race which takes place during the Independence celebrations.
Nur B. Ali was the first Pakistani Racing driver and Co-founded the MAP. He drives in the ARCA RE/MAX Series and is a former two-time Southwest Formula Mazda Regional Series champion. Ali was also the driver of the A1GP Team Pakistan in 2006. Syed Ovais Naqvi is the first local and homegrown professional Pakistani Racecar Driver and he is also the first Pakistani to acquire the International B Racing license, he also co-founded the MAP and is the General Secretary of the body. Ovais was also responsible for putting together the Pakistan National Karting Championship. Omer Younas is currently racing in the Formula BMW Pacific and Adnan Sarwar races in Formula Rolon. In 2005, the A1 Team Pakistan was run by Adam Langley-Khan, Khan remained the Team Pakistan driver until 2008. He also drives in the Euroseries 3000.
Mountaineering
With the greatest concentration of the highest peaks of the world many of them very challenging climbs, Pakistan is a prime location for skilled mountain climbers. Five peaks are over 8,000 meters. The Alpine Club of Pakistan (ACP) founded in 1974, is the national mountaineering and climbing federation. Chiltan Adventurers Association Balochistan is the major affiliated unit of ACP founded in 1984. Nazir Sabir, Ashraf Aman, Hayatullah Khan Durrani Lt.Col Abdul Jabbar Bhatti, Col Sher Khan and Meherban Karim are Pakistan's most experienced mountaineers.
Pakistan Alpine Institute is the pioneer of "big wall climbing" in Pakistan. Pakistan's First Big Wall Climbing Expedition has been successfully completed by Imran Junaidi and Usman Tariq in September, 2013.
Samina Baig is the first Pakistani woman and the third Pakistani to climb Mount Everest. She is also the youngest Muslim woman to climb Everest, having done so at the age of 21. Samina is also the first Pakistani woman and the first Muslim to climb the seven summits.
Weightlifting
The Pakistan Weightlifting Federation was formed in 1953. Pakistan has picked up a number of medals over the years in weightlifting. Shuja-Ud-Din Malik won gold in the Men's 85 kg. Combined at the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
Shujauddin Malik won the first gold medal at the 2006 Commonwealth Games, followed by Nooh Dastgir Butt, who won the gold medal at the 2022 Commonwealth Games.
Combat sports
Boxing
The Pakistan Boxing Federation (PBF) organises boxing matches in Pakistan. The Pakistan Amateur Boxing Federation (PABF) organises amateur matches. Pakistan has seen success at amateur level boxing, despite lack of necessary equipment and facilities. The Shaheed Benazir Bhutto International Boxing Tournament took place in the KPT Benazir Sports Complex in Karachi, Pakistan from 1–8 January 2010. Amir Khan, the professional British boxing world champion of Pakistani descent was the guest in the final rounds of tournament.
Pakistan have won medals at the Olympic and Commonwealth Games. Quetta born Haider Ali won gold at the 2002 Commonwealth Games as a Featherweight and went on to become a professional boxer. Asghar Ali Shah is a two-time Olympian with 13 gold and 10 silver medals at international level.
Kabaddi
Kabaddi is a famous sport in Pakistan. The governing body for Kabaddi in Pakistan is Pakistan Kabaddi Federation. Pakistan won the 2020 Kabaddi World Cup (Circle style) at the National Stadium in Lahore, after a close contest against India by 43–41.
Karate
Karate is the regular event of National Games, the federation also organizes National karate championship. The Pakistan Karate Federation is the national governing body to develop and promote the sport of Karate in the Pakistan. Ghulam Ali and Saadi Abbas have won gold medals at the SAF Games.
At the Asian Games held in Jakarta, Indonesia in 2018, Nargis Hameedullah became the first Pakistani woman to win an individual medal (a bronze) at the Asian Games.
Mixed Martial Arts
Mixed Martial Arts Pakistan is the premiere mixed martial arts (MMA) and martial arts promotion based in Pakistan that was created in December 2007 by Bashir Ahmad to promote martial arts (and martial sports such as boxing and wrestling) styles in Pakistan with a particular focus on mixed martial arts competition.
Anita Karim is the first international female Mixed Martial Arts fighter from Pakistan to win multiple national and international-level bouts.
Taekwondo
The Pakistan Taekwondo Federation is the national governing body to develop and promote the sport of Taekwondo in the Pakistan. Taekwondo was introduced in Pakistan by Korean Consulate in Karachi in 1962. The federation was established in 1977 and granted affiliation by World Taekwondo. In 1982, the federation was affiliated with the Pakistan Olympic Association (POA) and Pakistan Sports Board (PSB).
It is regular part of biannual National Games. The federation organize annual National Taekwondo Championship.
Wrestling
Wrestling has always been an important sport in Pakistan, with regular tournaments played locally. Gama Pahalwan was an undefeated World Wrestling Champion from Pakistan. Gama Pahalwan's nephew Bholu Pahalwan also represented Pakistan in wrestling.
The Pakistan Wrestling Federation (PWF) is the national governing body of sport of Wrestling in the Pakistan.
Mohammad Bashir won the bronze medal in freestyle wrestling in the welterweight class (73 kg) at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. becoming Pakistan first wrestling Olympic medalist. Pakistan's most successful event in the Commonwealth Games has been Wrestling, where it has won 42 medals, 21 of which have been Gold. It ranks 3rd overall in Wrestling at the Commonwealth Games.
Aquatic and paddle sports
Canoe Kayak
The Pakistan Canoe and Kayak Federation is the only official governing body of canoe and kayak sports in Pakistan. The headquarters of PCKF is based in the Hayat Durrani Water Sports Academy at Hanna Lake Quetta, one of the major canoe / kayak paddling and Rowing center in Pakistan. PCKF is affiliated on international level with International Canoe Federation International Canoe Federation (ICF) and on Asian level with Asian Canoe Confederation (ACC), and on National level recognised with Pakistan Sports Board. The Kayaking National Champions Mohammad Abubakar Durrani, Mohammad Shoaib Khilji and Farhanullah Kakar belongs to HDWSA and Pakistan Customs Canoe & Kayak team Quetta.
Rowing
Karachi and Quetta are the major centers of rowing in Pakistan. The National Rowing Championship is the major national event of rowing in the country. The Pakistan Rowing Federation was a founding member of the Asian Rowing Federation. Although Pakistani rowers take part in events, it is considered a minority sport. Rowers like Ali Hassan, Maqbool Ali, Zohaib Zia Hashmi, and Muhammad Asad Khan have won medals at international events and in International School Rowing events. Junior Rowers from Balochistan, such as Mehardil Khan Baabai and Mirwaise Khan Baabai won many medals.
Sailing
The Pakistan Sailing Federation is the national body, with Karachi and Balochistan Sailing/Yachting Association's as its major units. Byram Dinshawji Avari represented Pakistan at the 1978 Asian Games in Bangkok, and again at the 1982 Asian Games in New Delhi. He also won a silver medal at the Enterprise World Championship held in Canada in 1978. In 2004, Mohammad Tanveer of Pakistan won silver medal in Mistral Asian Championship held in Bombay. Shazli Tahir won silver and Junaid Ahmed won bronze medal in first CAS International Sailing Championship in April 2008.
Swimming
Up until recently, swimming struggled as a sport in Pakistan. But there has been a surge in interest, particularly with Rubab Raza. She was the youngest Olympic Pakistani competitor in Pakistan's history, aged 13 at the 2004 Summer Olympics. Kiran Khan known as "Golden Girl" also came to attention when she won 7 gold medals, 3 silver medals and 3 bronze medals at 28 National Games in 2001.
Pakistan Swimming Federation is the governing body of swimming in the Pakistan
List of sports leagues
Cricket
Pakistan Super League
Pakistan Junior League
Kashmir Premier League
The Women's League
Football
Pakistan Premier League
National Women Football Championship
Hockey
Pakistan Hockey Super League
Golf
Pakistan Open
Boxing
Super Boxing League
Kabaddi
Super Kabaddi League
National Games
International Participation
Pakistan at the Olympics
Pakistan at the Paralympics
Pakistan at the Commonwealth Games
Pakistan at the World Games
Pakistan at the World Athletics Championships
Pakistan at the Asian Games
Pakistan at the Asian Beach Games
Pakistan at the South Asian Games
Pakistan at the Islamic Solidarity Games
Pakistan at the Military World Games
Pakistan at the Cricket World Cup
Pakistan at the World Beach Games
Pakistan at the Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games
See also
Culture of Pakistan
List of stadiums in Pakistan
Pakistan Olympic Association
National Games of Pakistan
Larkana Bulls
Health in Pakistan
List of sports governing bodies in Pakistan
References
External links
Sports Board Punjab
Pakistan Sports Board
Pakistan's track and field history
Official website of the 31st National Games, Peshawar Pakistan
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport%20in%20Pakistan",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Sport in Pakistan is a significant part of Pakistani culture. Cricket is the most popular sport in Pakistan, while field hockey, polo, and squash are also popular. Traditional sports like kabaddi and other well-known games are also played. \n\nThe Pakistan Sports Board was created in 1962 by the Ministry of Education as a corporate body for the purposes of promoting and developing uniform standards of competition in sports in Pakistan comparable to the standards prevailing internationally, and regulating and controlling sports in Pakistan on a national basis. The Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism, now has control over the Pakistan Sports Board. The PSB controls all 39 sporting federations. The Pakistan Sports Board is supported by the Pakistan Sports Trust, which assists hard up players and associations so they can continue participating in sports.\n\nOver recent years there has been an increase in sporting activity in Pakistan, with Pakistani sportsmen and women participating at many national and international events. Also, more international tournaments now take place in Pakistan. The size of the teams Pakistan sends, and the number of events they participate in, such as the Olympic Games, Asian Games, World Games, and Commonwealth Games has increased since the turn of the century.\n\nNational participation\nMuhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, had a great love for sport and fully realised the vital role it played in the development of nations and inculcation of discipline among the masses. In a meeting with the Organizing Committee of the First Pakistan Olympic Games held at Karachi, Jinnah told the first President of the Pakistan Olympic Association, Ahmed E.H.:\n\nThe first National Games were held at Polo Ground, Karachi from 23 to 25 April 1948. Sportsmen and officials from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and all the integrated Provincial units of West Pakistan took part in these games. The total number of athletes was 140. No competitors were, however, invited from any foreign country. Competitions were held in basketball, boxing, cycling, track and field, volleyball, weightlifting, and wrestling.\n\nOver the years, Pakistan has been held back due to the lack of funds placed in sports. Many facilities are substandard, causing Pakistan to fall behind other nations. In its early years the young state had been able to compete with much success, but during the late 1970s, with the government no longer investing in athletics, the country could no longer compete.\n\nHowever, since the late 1990s, this trend has changed. Money is now being placed into sports, and many of the federations are now managed by people who are trying to push Pakistani sportsmen and -women forward. International tournaments are now hosted in the country, and the nation sends athletes to compete abroad. There has also been restructuring of national tournaments, and new facilities and equipment are being provided. This has seen overall results improve.\n\nOn March 3, 2009, 12 militants with guns, grenades, and rocket launchers attacked a bus carrying the Sri Lanka national cricket team to a match at Lahore's Gaddafi Stadium in Pakistan. Six Pakistani policemen escorting the team and two civilians were killed while seven Sri Lankan players and an assistant coach were injured. Since the terrorist attacks, no foreign cricket teams toured Pakistan until 2015 when Zimbabwe toured for an away series. A month after the attack on the Sri Lankan team, the International Cricket Council relieved Pakistan of co-hosting duty for any 2011 Cricket World Cup games. Pakistan has tried to make the best of the situation by offering to host its \"home\" matches on neutral territory in the United Arab Emirates. However, due to a decrease in terrorism in Pakistan over the past few years, as well as an increase in security, many teams have toured Pakistan since 2015. These teams include Zimbabwe, Sri Lanka, West Indies, Bangladesh, South Africa, Australia and an ICC World XI team. In addition, the Pakistan Super League has seen games hosted in Pakistan.\n\nThe Pakistan Sports Board is a government institution whereas the Pakistan Olympic Association is working under the shelter of the International Olympic Committee. Due to government interference, the Pakistan Olympic Association is very close to getting a ban from participation in Olympic Games. Due to cold war, Pakistani sport is also suffering but, there is no hope to resolve this problem due to government level dictatorship.\n\nTeam sports\n\nCricket \n\nCricket is the most popular sport in Pakistan. Almost all districts and neighbourhoods in Pakistan have a cricket team and people start playing from a young age. Pakistan has won international cricket events, which include the 1992 Cricket World Cup, the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 and the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy besides finishing as runner-up in the 1999 Cricket World Cup, 2007 ICC World Twenty20 and the 2022 T20 World Cup. Pakistan also won the ACC Asia cup in 2000 and 2012 and all three versions of the Austral-Asia Cup. \n\nPakistan's cricket teams take part in domestic competitions such as the Quaid-e-Azam Trophy, the Patron's Trophy, ABN-AMRO Twenty-20 Cup, and the ABN-AMRO Champions Trophy. Pakistan Cricket Board also organize a franchise based T20 cricket league known as the Pakistan Super League. \n\nInternational Test and one-day matches are played between the Pakistan national cricket team and foreign opponents regularly. Women's cricket is also very popular, with Kiran Baluch holding the current record of the highest score in a women's test match with her innings of 242. The Pakistan Cricket Board controls both the men's and women's games. The 2020 Pakistan Super League events was hosted entirely by Pakistan.\n\nNotable cricketers from Pakistan include Aaqib Javed, Ramiz Raja, Shoaib Akhtar, Younis Khan, Saqlain Mushtaq, Mushtaq Ahmed, Abdul Qadir, Wasim Akram, Zaheer Abbas, Javed Miandad, Saeed Anwar, Muhammad Yousaf, Inzamam-ul-Haq, Waqar Younis, Shahid Afridi, the Mohammad brothers (Hanif, Mushtaq, Sadiq and Wazir) and Imran Khan. Hanif Mohammad, Imran Khan, Javed Miandad, Wasim Akram, Waqar Younis, Zaheer Abbas and Abdul Qadir have been named in the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame. Saeed Anwar's 194 runs against India in 1997 remained the record for most runs by a batsman in an ODI for 13 years which was equalled by Zimbabwe's Charles Coventry against Bangladesh in 2009 and then broken by India's Sachin Tendulkar who hit 200* against South Africa in 2010. Shoaib Akhtar holds the record of delivering the fastest delivery in the history of cricket, bowling at a speed of 163km/h (100.2mph) to Nick Knight agianst England at the 2003 World Cup. Shahid Afridi holds numerous records i.e. the 3rd fastest century in ODIs, the highest number of sixes in international cricket. Wasim Akram at the time of his retirement had taken the most wickets in ODIs. Muhammad Yousuf has scored the most Test runs in a calendar year.\n\nField hockey \n\nThe Pakistan Hockey Federation (PHF) is the national governing body of field hockey in Pakistan. The Pakistan Hockey Federation Women Wing (PHFWW) is the official organisation of women's field hockey in Pakistan. \n\nThe Pakistan national field hockey team has won 3 gold medals at the Olympic Games, and lifted the Hockey World Cup 4 times, being the country with most World Cups till the present. It has also won the most Asian gold medals, and is the only Asian team to have won the prestigious Champions Trophy with 3 titles. It used to be consistently ranked among the top teams in the world. However, lately there has been a decline in results, with the national team failing to qualify for both the 2016 and 2020 Olympics. The hockey team also failed to qualify for 2023 World cup. Also, because of the PHF's poor economy, there was a span of two years without any international matches netween 2019 and 2021. PHF secretary lamented over lack of funding could even ban Pakistan hockey team. As of December 2022 the team is ranked 16th in the world. Notable players include World-Record holder Waseem Ahmad, Mohammed Saqlain, and Sohail Abbas.\n\nFootball \n\nPakistan is known as the manufacturer of the official FIFA World Cup ball. Yet, as in most parts of South Asia, football is not especially popular in Pakistan. As on 31 March 2023 Pakistan Men's team is ranked 195 as per FIFA ranking. The Pakistan Football Federation (PFF) is the governing body in Pakistan. \n\nThe origin of football in Pakistan can be traced back to mid-nineteenth century when the game was introduced during the British Raj. Initially, games were played between army teams. However, clubs were soon set up around the country. One of the regional federations to organise football on what is now Pakistan Territory was the North-West India Football Association, in which clubs from the city of Lahore and the surrounding region were active. Kohat FC was the first club to be established in 1930, it became the first outstation team to win the North-West India Football Championship 1937 in 1937 defeating Government College Lahore 1–0 in the finals. The first female club to be established was Diya W.F.C. in 2002.\n\nShortly after the creation of Pakistan in 1947, the Pakistan Football Federation (PFF) was created, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah became its first Patron-in-Chief. PFF received recognition from FIFA in early 1948. The annual National Championship was organized shortly after. In 1950, the national team gained their first international experience in Iran and Iraq.\n\nThe Pakistan Football Federation Women Organizing Committee (PFFWOC) is responsible for women's football in Pakistan. In 2004, the Pakistan Premier League was established; it is the first division of Pakistani football. The Pakistan National Football Challenge Cup is the national \"knockout\" cup competition in Pakistani football, run by the Pakistan Football Federation. The Pakistan National Women's Football Championship is the annual women's championship.\n\nAustralian Rules Football \n\nAustralian rules football was established in Pakistan in 2014 with support from the Australian High Commission. The governing body is the Australian Rules Football Federation of Pakistan. \n\nTeams were established in Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Multan and Gujranwala. It is currently strongest in the Swat Valley, where a large competition operates and draws large enthusiastic crowds. A women's team was formed in 2017. A major national tournament was organised in 2018. Australia sent a coach to assist Pakistan in 2019 however the sport's rapid growth in popularity was greatly outpacing local officials ability to support it. 10 of Pakistan's more than 15 clubs contested the 2021 AFL Pakistan National Championships in Islamabad. \n\nPakistan sent a team to the Asian Championship in 2022, however met some roadblocks to participation due to funding. Despite challenges sending a team, it won the Division 3 title. In 2022 AFL Asia reported that Pakistan was the largest and fastest growing nation for the sport in Asia with over 5,000 players with a 45% annual increase in participation. The Pakistan national side are known as the Dragoons.\n\nBall hockey \nThe Pakistan national ball hockey team is primarily composed of Canadian Pakistanis, born in Canada or with links to that nation. The sport is growing in the South Asian community there. Pakistan competed for the first time at the World Championships in 2009. They finished 3rd out of 4 in Group B behind only Bermuda and ice hockey giants Finland, and ahead of Cayman Islands. In the next world championships, they also participated and were champions of their group after defeating France in extra time. The Pakistan national ball hockey team is developing and improving, and in 2013 were awarded Pool A status, competing for gold in St. John's, Newfoundland.\n\nBaseball \nIn 2006, Pakistan Federation Baseball hosted the 7th Asian Baseball Championship, and again from 2010 through 2017, with the national team winning the tournament from 2010 through 2015.\n\nBasketball \n\nBasketball was introduced to Pakistan around 1900 and is especially popular in Lahore and Karachi. The Pakistan Basketball Federation has been part of FIBA since 1958. Six teams play in the Pakistan first division. The National Women Basketball Championship is the Women's Basketball tournament.\n\nHandball \nHandball was first played in 1984 in an exhibition event, and was taken up by the Pakistan Olympic Association. The Pakistan Handball Federation is a member of the Asia Handball Federation. In beach handball, Pakistan is ranked first in Asia.3rd World Beach Handball Championship held from 9 to 13 July 2008 in Cadiz, Spain. Pakistan obtained 5th position and qualified for the World Games. Pakistan Handball team won one Gold medal in the 11th South Asian Games 2010, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Pakistan obtained one silver medal during IHF Challenge Trophy 2010 held in Dhaka. Pakistan also participated in the Beach Handball World Cup in 2008. Pakistan won the gold medal at the first Beach Asian Games in Bali, Indonesia.\n\nIce hockey \nPakistan has an ice hockey team but it is not part of the IIHF. Pakistan applied for a membership but the congress postponed it until it had a better structure. However, Pakistan has deep roots in ice hockey in the northern parts of Gilgit-Baltistan province.\n\nThe first hockey game in Pakistan took place in December 2018 in Naltar between the Pakistan Air Force and Gilgit Scouts. Baltistan Ice Hockey Championship 2022 was held in Skardu on January 25-26, with teams named after glaciers, to raise awareness about climate change.\n\nRugby union \n\nThe Pakistan Rugby Union was formally established in 2000 and gained memberships with the Asian Rugby Football Union in 2000. In 2003, Pakistan fielded a national team for the first time, participating in the Provincial Tournament in Sri Lanka. In November 2004, it participated in the 19th Asian championship in Hong Kong. The Pakistan Rugby Union then became an associate member of the International Rugby Board (IRB).\n\nThere are three major clubs in Pakistan, which include Islamabad Rugby Football Club (IRFC) also known as the \"JINNS\", Lahore Rugby Football Club (LRFC), and Karachi Rugby Football Club (KRFC).\n\nThe latest landmark for Pakistan rugby is that universities like Lahore University of Management and Sciences (LUMS) and Bahria University Islamabad have formed teams as well.\n\nVolleyball \nVolleyball is a popular sport in the Pakistan Armed Forces. Inter-services games are played regularly, and most players of the Pakistani volleyball team are from the armed forces. This game is also gaining popularity among private school students in Karachi and Islamabad.\nPakistan Volleyball Federation is the governing body of Volleyball in Pakistan.\n\nEquestrian sports \n Equestrianism had traditionally been limited to the upper-echelon of Pakistani society up until the end of the 20th century. This resulted in private sponsorship and government funding (PST) for the sport. Pakistan Eventing was launched in July 2005 in partnership with The Equestrian & Tent Pegging Federation of Pakistan with an attempt to qualify Pakistan to its first Olympic equestrian qualification.\n\nPolo \n\nPolo is believed to have originated in Persia, and continues to be an important sport within the country with several large annual competitions. \n\nThe annual Shandur Polo Festival at Shandur Top in Chitral District is an international event attended by enthusiasts from all over the world. The Shandur polo ground at Shandur Pass is the world's highest, at approximately . The governing body of polo in Pakistan is the Pakistan Polo Association. There are more than twenty-one polo clubs in Pakistan and over forty polo championships held all over the country every year. Pakistan has qualified for the preliminary rounds of the World Polo Championship three times. Pakistan's Hissam Ali Haider is the highest capped played in the Asian circuit. He has played for Cartier in the St. Moritz Snow Polo World Cup and the Commonwealth team in the Royal Salute Coronation Cup, both of which were won by his team.\n\nTent pegging \n\nTent pegging is a popular sport in Pakistan. It is also locally named as neza bazi. The Equestrian & Tent Pegging Federation of Pakistan, formed in 2014, is the highest governing body who organises the sport in Pakistan. There are various clubs across the country who also organise an event as well. The sport is the major event of National Horse & Cattle Show held at Fortress Stadium Lahore. Pakistanis compete in various international events notably the World Cup which commenced in 2014.\n\nMalik Ata Muhammad Khan is one of the founders of International Tent Pegging Federation to address the Fédération Equestre Internationale (FEI), where he also served as Vice President.\n\nRacquet sports\n\nBadminton \nThe Pakistan national badminton team represents Pakistan in international badminton team competitions. It is controlled by the Pakistan Badminton Federation, the governing body for badminton in Pakistan. The national team was established in 1953.\n\nIn 1979, Pakistan participated in the World Championships organised by the WBF, which was a rival body of the Badminton World Federation that would later ceased its operation on May 26, 1981, and merged with the International Badminton Federation (now known as Badminton World Federation or BWF). They won a bronze and a silver at the event, in men's team and men's singles.\n\nPakistan had only appeared in the international stage three times as they were eliminated in the group stage in the 1993, 1995 and 1997 edition of the Sudirman Cup.\n\nThe nation would make its first badminton debut in the Olympics when national player Mahoor Shahzad represented the country in the women's singles discipline.\n\nThe team would later participate in the 2022 Commonwealth Games mixed team event through a bipartite invitation.\n\nPakistan earned its first Olympic Badminton Qualification after receiving a tripartite invitation for the 2020 Tokyo Summer Olympics. Thus, Mahoor Shahzad became the first Pakistani badminton player to compete at the Olympic Games.\n\nSquash \n\nSquash is a popular sport that has a large following in Pakistan, with Pakistan dominating the sport for a period of time. The World Open professional championship was inaugurated in 1976 and serves as the main competition today. \n\nJansher Khan won the World Open eight times, and the British Open six times. From 1990 until 1996, he remained unbeaten in 81 matches for consecutive six years. This longest-winning matches streak in Squash history was recorded by Guinness World Records. Jahangir Khan won the World Open title six times, and the British Open title ten times (1982–1991), and is widely regarded as the greatest squash player of all time, and one of the greatest sportsmen in Pakistan history. From 1981 to 1986, Khan was unbeaten and during that time won 555 consecutive matches – the longest winning streak by any athlete in top-level professional sport as recorded by Guinness World Records.\n\nCombined they have won 14 world opens, making Pakistan the most decorated Squash nation in the world. Pakistani players have won the Squash World Open 17 times, and British Open 12 times, the highest by any nation. \n\nCarla Khan, one of Pakistan's most successful sportswomen, is one of a number of men and women who represent Pakistan. The Pakistan Squash Federation is the governing body in the country. The Pakistan Open tournament is one of the premier events of the sport in the country. Every province of the country holds its own men's and women's championships. Some other notable players from Pakistan include Hashim Khan, Torsam Khan, Mobillah Khan, and Qamar Zaman.\n\nTable tennis \nThe Pakistan Table Tennis Federation runs the sport in the country. Farjad Saif is the first player in Pakistan Table Tennis history to represent the country in the olympics, participating in the 1988 Seoul Games. He did exceedingly well eventually ending the Olympic games with a ranking of 25th in the world. He also holds a record 13 national titles also being the only individual to win the title 7 times in a row.\n\nThe Pakistan women's national table tennis team in 1972, it competed in the inaugural ATTU Asian Table Tennis Championships held in Beijing, China.\n\nTennis \n\nTennis is a very popular sport and Pakistanis compete in various international events. The Pakistan Tennis Federation (PTF) organise the game in the country. Khawaja Saeed Hai was the first Pakistani to reach a Grand Slam tournament, playing at Wimbledon, the US Open, and the French Open where he made it to the third round. Haroon Rahim was a very successful player, he was the winner of a number of ATP Singles and Doubles titles. Lately, Aisam-ul-Haq created history in Pakistani tennis, as he reached the finals of 2010 US Open – Men's Doubles and 2010 US Open – Mixed Doubles.\n\nThe Pakistan Davis Cup team have previously reached the world group play-offs, with the help of Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi, currently Pakistan's number one, and Aqeel Khan, the number two. Tennis events are very rare in Pakistan and there is hardly an international tennis event, apart from ATP tournaments.\n\nIndividual sports\n\nAthletics \n\nThe Athletics Federation of Pakistan (AFP) organises athletic tournaments in Pakistan. Pakistani athletes compete in various athletic events. Some Pakistani athletes have excelled in various events in the distant past including Abdul Khaliq, Ghulam Raziq, Mubarak Shah, John Permal, Muhammad Talib, Ahmed Sajjad Cheema, Abid Hussain, Arshad Saleem, Arshad Nadeem, Ali Kamani and Nawaz, Mohammad Alam, and Muhammad Younis are some of the athletes who got prominence at either Asian or International levels, or both, winning gold medals for Pakistan. In the early decades, Pakistanis held many Asian records including the Asian 100 m and 200 m record held by Abdul Khaliq. Pakistani female athletes have also represented Pakistan at international level, such as Shabana Akhtar, who was the first Pakistani female athlete to participate at the Olympics. International events such as the Lahore Marathon take place in the country.\n\nArshad Nadeem, a Pakistani javelin thrower created a new national and Commonwealth Games record with a throw of 90.18 m and became the first ever athlete from South Asia to breach the 90m mark.\n\nBilliards and snooker \n\nSnooker is one of the rising sports in Pakistan, and it has been taken up by many people. There has been success at the international level; Mohammed Yousuf was the 1994 IBSF World Snooker Champion and the 2006 IBSF World Masters Champion; and Shokat Ali is the Pakistan number one player and an Asian Games Gold medalist. The Pakistan Billiards Snooker Association (PBSA) was formed in 1958.\n\nBowling \n\nPakistan Tenpin Bowling Federation is affiliated with Asian Bowling Federation and World Bowling. The Federation is affiliated with Pakistan Sports Board.\n\nChess \nIn Pakistan, chess is played throughout the country, mostly in Mughal style which is slightly different from the international style, but the Chess Federation of Pakistan (CFP) organises its tournaments in international style and according to the established rules. The FIDE has awarded the International Master title to Shahzad Mirza and Mahmood Lodhi. Ironically being 5th most populated country, Pakistan so far has 0 grandmasters.\n\nCycling \n\nThe Pakistan Cycling Federation is the governing body of cycling in Pakistan. The Tour de Pakistan International Cycling Race starts from Karachi and ends in Peshawar, with about 150 domestic and international cyclists taking part every year. This race is among the largest of such events in Asia, covering a distance of 1,648 km in eleven stages with four days of rest en route. Teams from WAPDA, Pakistan Army, Pakistan Railways, and Sui Southern Gas Company, along with teams of the four provinces regularly take part in domestic and international cycling tournaments. Women's cycling also takes place in the country. Other events are the Tour of Islamabad and the MTB Tour of the Himalayas.\n\nGymnastics \nThe Pakistan Gymnastic Federation has been affiliated with the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG) since 1958. Pakistan sends individuals and teams to international events such as the Olympic Games.\n\nGolf \nPakistan has qualified for the Golf World Cup a total of 4 times, in 1975, 1977, 1982, and recently in 2009, when they finished joint 22nd out of the 28 qualifying teams. The Pakistan Golf Federation (PGF) run golf in Pakistan. Karachi Golf Club is one of the oldest in the country and it is where the Pakistan Open takes place. The Pakistan Open was founded in 1967 and became an Asian Tour event in 2006. Chris Rodgers won the Pakistan Open in 2006. The 2007 event was held in January and had an increased prize money purse of $330,000 US. Taimur Hussain has been Pakistan's most successful golfer, as he won the 1998 Myanmar Open, becoming the first Pakistani to win on the Asian Tour.\n\nRoller skating \n\nThe Pakistan Federation of Roller Skating (PFRS) is the national governing body of roller sports in Pakistan. The Federation started about 25 years ago in Lahore, Pakistan, founded by Khalid Saeed and his team.\n\nShooting \nShooting in Pakistan governed by National Rifle Association of Pakistan. Irshad Ali with one silver and two bronzes in the Commonwealth Games being one of the most successful at international level. Ghulam Mustafa Bashir, a 35-year-old shooting master won the bronze medal back at the 2022 International Shooting Sports Federation World Championships in Cairo, Egypt and also earnt direct qualification to Paris 2024 Olympics.\n\nKishmala Talat won Pakistan's first Asian Games medal in shooting at the 2022 Asian Games, being the first woman to do so.\n\nSkiing \n\nThe Ski Federation of Pakistan, created in December 1990, run the sport. Despite being a country with many mountains, the sport has never taken off until the late 1990s. Up until then, it was only done by the Pakistan Army. Now there have been facilities put in place so that the sport can be played, and the Ski Federation of Pakistan now sends out teams to international tournaments.\n\nMuhammad Abbas and Muhammad Karim represented Pakistan at 2010 Winter Olympics and 2014 Winter Olympics respectively.\n\nMotorsport\n\nThe Motorsport Association of Pakistan (MAP) is a member of the Federation Internationale de L'Automobile FIA. The Pakistan National Karting Championship was the first motor racing curcit competition in Pakistan, and is used to develop rookie drivers. The Freedom Rally is a yearly off-road race which takes place during the Independence celebrations.\n\nNur B. Ali was the first Pakistani Racing driver and Co-founded the MAP. He drives in the ARCA RE/MAX Series and is a former two-time Southwest Formula Mazda Regional Series champion. Ali was also the driver of the A1GP Team Pakistan in 2006. Syed Ovais Naqvi is the first local and homegrown professional Pakistani Racecar Driver and he is also the first Pakistani to acquire the International B Racing license, he also co-founded the MAP and is the General Secretary of the body. Ovais was also responsible for putting together the Pakistan National Karting Championship. Omer Younas is currently racing in the Formula BMW Pacific and Adnan Sarwar races in Formula Rolon. In 2005, the A1 Team Pakistan was run by Adam Langley-Khan, Khan remained the Team Pakistan driver until 2008. He also drives in the Euroseries 3000.\n\nMountaineering\n\nWith the greatest concentration of the highest peaks of the world many of them very challenging climbs, Pakistan is a prime location for skilled mountain climbers. Five peaks are over 8,000 meters. The Alpine Club of Pakistan (ACP) founded in 1974, is the national mountaineering and climbing federation. Chiltan Adventurers Association Balochistan is the major affiliated unit of ACP founded in 1984. Nazir Sabir, Ashraf Aman, Hayatullah Khan Durrani Lt.Col Abdul Jabbar Bhatti, Col Sher Khan and Meherban Karim are Pakistan's most experienced mountaineers.\n\nPakistan Alpine Institute is the pioneer of \"big wall climbing\" in Pakistan. Pakistan's First Big Wall Climbing Expedition has been successfully completed by Imran Junaidi and Usman Tariq in September, 2013.\n\nSamina Baig is the first Pakistani woman and the third Pakistani to climb Mount Everest. She is also the youngest Muslim woman to climb Everest, having done so at the age of 21. Samina is also the first Pakistani woman and the first Muslim to climb the seven summits.\n\nWeightlifting\n\nThe Pakistan Weightlifting Federation was formed in 1953. Pakistan has picked up a number of medals over the years in weightlifting. Shuja-Ud-Din Malik won gold in the Men's 85 kg. Combined at the 2006 Commonwealth Games.\n\nShujauddin Malik won the first gold medal at the 2006 Commonwealth Games, followed by Nooh Dastgir Butt, who won the gold medal at the 2022 Commonwealth Games.\n\nCombat sports\n\nBoxing \nThe Pakistan Boxing Federation (PBF) organises boxing matches in Pakistan. The Pakistan Amateur Boxing Federation (PABF) organises amateur matches. Pakistan has seen success at amateur level boxing, despite lack of necessary equipment and facilities. The Shaheed Benazir Bhutto International Boxing Tournament took place in the KPT Benazir Sports Complex in Karachi, Pakistan from 1–8 January 2010. Amir Khan, the professional British boxing world champion of Pakistani descent was the guest in the final rounds of tournament.\n\nPakistan have won medals at the Olympic and Commonwealth Games. Quetta born Haider Ali won gold at the 2002 Commonwealth Games as a Featherweight and went on to become a professional boxer. Asghar Ali Shah is a two-time Olympian with 13 gold and 10 silver medals at international level.\n\nKabaddi \nKabaddi is a famous sport in Pakistan. The governing body for Kabaddi in Pakistan is Pakistan Kabaddi Federation. Pakistan won the 2020 Kabaddi World Cup (Circle style) at the National Stadium in Lahore, after a close contest against India by 43–41.\n\nKarate \nKarate is the regular event of National Games, the federation also organizes National karate championship. The Pakistan Karate Federation is the national governing body to develop and promote the sport of Karate in the Pakistan. Ghulam Ali and Saadi Abbas have won gold medals at the SAF Games.\n\nAt the Asian Games held in Jakarta, Indonesia in 2018, Nargis Hameedullah became the first Pakistani woman to win an individual medal (a bronze) at the Asian Games.\n\nMixed Martial Arts \n\nMixed Martial Arts Pakistan is the premiere mixed martial arts (MMA) and martial arts promotion based in Pakistan that was created in December 2007 by Bashir Ahmad to promote martial arts (and martial sports such as boxing and wrestling) styles in Pakistan with a particular focus on mixed martial arts competition.\n\nAnita Karim is the first international female Mixed Martial Arts fighter from Pakistan to win multiple national and international-level bouts.\n\nTaekwondo \nThe Pakistan Taekwondo Federation is the national governing body to develop and promote the sport of Taekwondo in the Pakistan. Taekwondo was introduced in Pakistan by Korean Consulate in Karachi in 1962. The federation was established in 1977 and granted affiliation by World Taekwondo. In 1982, the federation was affiliated with the Pakistan Olympic Association (POA) and Pakistan Sports Board (PSB).\n\nIt is regular part of biannual National Games. The federation organize annual National Taekwondo Championship.\n\nWrestling\n\nWrestling has always been an important sport in Pakistan, with regular tournaments played locally. Gama Pahalwan was an undefeated World Wrestling Champion from Pakistan. Gama Pahalwan's nephew Bholu Pahalwan also represented Pakistan in wrestling.\nThe Pakistan Wrestling Federation (PWF) is the national governing body of sport of Wrestling in the Pakistan.\n\nMohammad Bashir won the bronze medal in freestyle wrestling in the welterweight class (73 kg) at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. becoming Pakistan first wrestling Olympic medalist. Pakistan's most successful event in the Commonwealth Games has been Wrestling, where it has won 42 medals, 21 of which have been Gold. It ranks 3rd overall in Wrestling at the Commonwealth Games.\n\nAquatic and paddle sports\n\nCanoe Kayak \n\nThe Pakistan Canoe and Kayak Federation is the only official governing body of canoe and kayak sports in Pakistan. The headquarters of PCKF is based in the Hayat Durrani Water Sports Academy at Hanna Lake Quetta, one of the major canoe / kayak paddling and Rowing center in Pakistan. PCKF is affiliated on international level with International Canoe Federation International Canoe Federation (ICF) and on Asian level with Asian Canoe Confederation (ACC), and on National level recognised with Pakistan Sports Board. The Kayaking National Champions Mohammad Abubakar Durrani, Mohammad Shoaib Khilji and Farhanullah Kakar belongs to HDWSA and Pakistan Customs Canoe & Kayak team Quetta.\n\nRowing \nKarachi and Quetta are the major centers of rowing in Pakistan. The National Rowing Championship is the major national event of rowing in the country. The Pakistan Rowing Federation was a founding member of the Asian Rowing Federation. Although Pakistani rowers take part in events, it is considered a minority sport. Rowers like Ali Hassan, Maqbool Ali, Zohaib Zia Hashmi, and Muhammad Asad Khan have won medals at international events and in International School Rowing events. Junior Rowers from Balochistan, such as Mehardil Khan Baabai and Mirwaise Khan Baabai won many medals.\n\nSailing \nThe Pakistan Sailing Federation is the national body, with Karachi and Balochistan Sailing/Yachting Association's as its major units. Byram Dinshawji Avari represented Pakistan at the 1978 Asian Games in Bangkok, and again at the 1982 Asian Games in New Delhi. He also won a silver medal at the Enterprise World Championship held in Canada in 1978. In 2004, Mohammad Tanveer of Pakistan won silver medal in Mistral Asian Championship held in Bombay. Shazli Tahir won silver and Junaid Ahmed won bronze medal in first CAS International Sailing Championship in April 2008.\n\nSwimming \n\nUp until recently, swimming struggled as a sport in Pakistan. But there has been a surge in interest, particularly with Rubab Raza. She was the youngest Olympic Pakistani competitor in Pakistan's history, aged 13 at the 2004 Summer Olympics. Kiran Khan known as \"Golden Girl\" also came to attention when she won 7 gold medals, 3 silver medals and 3 bronze medals at 28 National Games in 2001.\nPakistan Swimming Federation is the governing body of swimming in the Pakistan\n\nList of sports leagues\n\nCricket\n Pakistan Super League\n Pakistan Junior League\n Kashmir Premier League\n The Women's League\n\nFootball\n Pakistan Premier League\n National Women Football Championship\n\nHockey\n Pakistan Hockey Super League\n\nGolf\n Pakistan Open\n\nBoxing\n Super Boxing League\n\nKabaddi\n Super Kabaddi League\n\nNational Games\n\nInternational Participation\n Pakistan at the Olympics\n Pakistan at the Paralympics\n Pakistan at the Commonwealth Games\n Pakistan at the World Games\n Pakistan at the World Athletics Championships\n Pakistan at the Asian Games\n Pakistan at the Asian Beach Games\n Pakistan at the South Asian Games\n Pakistan at the Islamic Solidarity Games\n Pakistan at the Military World Games\n Pakistan at the Cricket World Cup\n Pakistan at the World Beach Games\n Pakistan at the Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games\n\nSee also\n\n Culture of Pakistan\n List of stadiums in Pakistan\n Pakistan Olympic Association\n National Games of Pakistan\n Larkana Bulls\n Health in Pakistan\n List of sports governing bodies in Pakistan\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Sports Board Punjab\n Pakistan Sports Board\n Pakistan's track and field history\n Official website of the 31st National Games, Peshawar Pakistan",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat%20%28manga%29
|
is a Japanese manga series written by Buronson and illustrated by Ryoichi Ikegami. It was serialized in Shogakukan's seinen manga magazine Big Comic Superior from 1998 to 2004. It was adapted into a two live-action films which premiered in 2004.
In 2002, Heat won the 47th Shogakukan Manga Award for the general manga category.
Plot
The story follows a young man named , who suddenly rises in the criminal world of Shinjuku, Tokyo, and becomes the leader of a group of amateurs who show no reluctance to face police and gangs alike. His successes in the Tokyo underground cause a chief and a yakuza boss to create a conspiracy to eliminate him.
Media
Manga
Written by Buronson and illustrated by Ryoichi Ikegami, Heat was serialized in Shogakukan's seinen manga magazine Big Comic Superior from 1998 to 2004. Shogakukan collected its chapters in seventeen tankōbon volumes, released from March 30, 1999, to May 28, 2004.
Films
Two live action films distributed by KSS, Heat and Heat 2, premiered on February 14, 2004. The films, directed by , star as Tatsumi Karasawa. Heat and Heat 2 were released on home video on April 9 and May 14, 2004, respectively.
Reception
Heat won the 47th Shogakukan Manga Award for the general manga category in 2002.
References
External links
Ryoichi Ikegami
Action anime and manga
Seinen manga
Shogakukan manga
Thriller anime and manga
Winners of the Shogakukan Manga Award for general manga
Yakuza in anime and manga
Yoshiyuki Okamura
|
[
{
"content": "Given this input , return the associated information ie: the wiipedia entry : \n",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat%20%28manga%29",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "is a Japanese manga series written by Buronson and illustrated by Ryoichi Ikegami. It was serialized in Shogakukan's seinen manga magazine Big Comic Superior from 1998 to 2004. It was adapted into a two live-action films which premiered in 2004.\n\nIn 2002, Heat won the 47th Shogakukan Manga Award for the general manga category.\n\nPlot\nThe story follows a young man named , who suddenly rises in the criminal world of Shinjuku, Tokyo, and becomes the leader of a group of amateurs who show no reluctance to face police and gangs alike. His successes in the Tokyo underground cause a chief and a yakuza boss to create a conspiracy to eliminate him.\n\nMedia\n\nManga\nWritten by Buronson and illustrated by Ryoichi Ikegami, Heat was serialized in Shogakukan's seinen manga magazine Big Comic Superior from 1998 to 2004. Shogakukan collected its chapters in seventeen tankōbon volumes, released from March 30, 1999, to May 28, 2004.\n\nFilms\nTwo live action films distributed by KSS, Heat and Heat 2, premiered on February 14, 2004. The films, directed by , star as Tatsumi Karasawa. Heat and Heat 2 were released on home video on April 9 and May 14, 2004, respectively.\n\nReception\nHeat won the 47th Shogakukan Manga Award for the general manga category in 2002.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nRyoichi Ikegami\nAction anime and manga\nSeinen manga\nShogakukan manga\nThriller anime and manga\nWinners of the Shogakukan Manga Award for general manga\nYakuza in anime and manga\nYoshiyuki Okamura",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.