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EN_10_29
|
Gravitational waves are detected using a Michelson interferometer with a laser light source. In 2020 there were three Michelson interferometer gravitational wave detectors operational, and a fourth under construction. These Michelson interferometers have arms 4 kilometers in length, set at 90 degree angles to each other, with the light passing through 1 m diameter vacuum tubes running their entire length. A passing gravitational wave will slightly stretch one arm as it shortens the other. This is precisely the motion to which these Michelson interferometers are most sensitive. As of 2020 fifteen gravitational wave events had been observed using these Michelson interferometers.
|
600.0
|
Albert Abraham Michelson (December 19, 1852 – May 9, 1931) was an American experimental physicist known for his work on measuring the speed of light and especially for the Michelson–Morley experiment. In 1907, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics, becoming the first American to win the Nobel Prize in a science. He was the founder and the first head of the physics departments of the Case School of Applied Science and the University of Chicago.
|
EN
|
Albert A. Michelson
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson
| 600
| null |
gravitational_wave detect michelson_interferometer laser light source michelson_interferometer gravitational_wave detector operational fourth construction michelson_interferometer arm kilometer length set degree angle light pass m_diameter vacuum tube run entire_length pass gravitational_wave stretch arm information_technology shorten motion michelson_interferometer sensitive gravitational_wave event observe michelson_interferometer
|
gravitationswelle michelson_interferometer laserlichtquelle detektieren michelson_interferometer gravitationswellendetektor betrieb bau michelson_interferometer arm kilometer grad winkel setzen licht durchmesser vakuumrohre laufen gesamt_länge vorbeiziehend gravitationswell arm dehnen verkürzen bewegung michelson_interferometer empfindlichster gravitationswellenereignis beobachten
|
EN_10_29
|
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EN_10_30
|
In the 1890s Michelson built a mechanical device called the harmonic analyzer, for computing coefficients of Fourier series and drawing graphs of their partial sums. He and S. W. Stratton published a paper about this machine in the American Journal of Science in 1898.
|
601.0
|
Albert Abraham Michelson (December 19, 1852 – May 9, 1931) was an American experimental physicist known for his work on measuring the speed of light and especially for the Michelson–Morley experiment. In 1907, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics, becoming the first American to win the Nobel Prize in a science. He was the founder and the first head of the physics departments of the Case School of Applied Science and the University of Chicago.
|
EN
|
Albert A. Michelson
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson
| 601
| null |
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|
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|
EN_10_30
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EN_10_31
|
In 1877, Michelson married Margaret Hemingway, daughter of a wealthy New York stockbroker and lawyer and the niece of his commander William T. Sampson. They had two sons and a daughter.
|
602.0
|
Albert Abraham Michelson (December 19, 1852 – May 9, 1931) was an American experimental physicist known for his work on measuring the speed of light and especially for the Michelson–Morley experiment. In 1907, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics, becoming the first American to win the Nobel Prize in a science. He was the founder and the first head of the physics departments of the Case School of Applied Science and the University of Chicago.
|
EN
|
Albert A. Michelson
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson
| 602
| null |
michelson marry_margaret hemingway daughter wealthy new_york stockbroker lawyer niece commander william sampson son_daughter
|
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|
EN_10_31
|
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|
EN_10_32
|
In Season 3 Episode 26 of the television series Bonanza ("Look to the Stars", broadcast March 18, 1962), Ben Cartwright (Lorne Greene) helps the 16-year-old Michelson (portrayed by 25-year-old Douglas Lambert (1936–1986)) obtain an appointment to the U.S. Naval Academy, despite the opposition of the bigoted town schoolteacher (played by William Schallert). Bonanza was set in and around Virginia City, Nevada, where Michelson lived with his parents prior to leaving for the Naval Academy. In a voice-over at the end of the episode, Greene mentions Michelson's 1907 Nobel Prize.
|
603.0
|
Albert Abraham Michelson (December 19, 1852 – May 9, 1931) was an American experimental physicist known for his work on measuring the speed of light and especially for the Michelson–Morley experiment. In 1907, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics, becoming the first American to win the Nobel Prize in a science. He was the founder and the first head of the physics departments of the Case School of Applied Science and the University of Chicago.
|
EN
|
Albert A. Michelson
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson
| 603
| null |
season_episode television_series bonanza look star broadcast march ben cartwright lorne greene help year_old michelson portray year_old douglas lambert obtain appointment naval_academy opposition bigote town schoolteacher play william schallert bonanza set virginia city nevada michelson live parent leave naval_academy voice end episode greene mention michelson nobel_prize
|
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|
EN_10_32
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EN_10_33
|
The home in which Michelson lived as a child in Murphys Camp, California, was in the store of his father, first on Main Street, across from the Sperry & Perry Hotel, and after the 1859 fire in a store next to the hotel. His aunt Bertha Meyers owned a house on Main Street toward the east end of town and Michelson probably visited her family there frequently.
|
604.0
|
Albert Abraham Michelson (December 19, 1852 – May 9, 1931) was an American experimental physicist known for his work on measuring the speed of light and especially for the Michelson–Morley experiment. In 1907, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics, becoming the first American to win the Nobel Prize in a science. He was the founder and the first head of the physics departments of the Case School of Applied Science and the University of Chicago.
|
EN
|
Albert A. Michelson
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson
| 604
| null |
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|
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|
EN_10_33
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EN_10_34
|
New Beast Theater Works in collaboration with High Concept Laboratories produced a 'semi-opera' about Michelson, his obsessive working style and its effect on his family life. The production ran from February 11 to February 26, 2011, in Chicago at The Building Stage. Michelson was portrayed by Jon Stutzman. The play was directed by David Maral with music composed by Joshua Dumas.
|
605.0
|
Albert Abraham Michelson (December 19, 1852 – May 9, 1931) was an American experimental physicist known for his work on measuring the speed of light and especially for the Michelson–Morley experiment. In 1907, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics, becoming the first American to win the Nobel Prize in a science. He was the founder and the first head of the physics departments of the Case School of Applied Science and the University of Chicago.
|
EN
|
Albert A. Michelson
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson
| 605
| null |
new beast theater works collaboration high concept laboratories produce semi opera michelson obsessive working style effect family life production run february february chicago building stage michelson portray jon stutzman play direct david maral music compose joshua dumas
|
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EN_10_34
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EN_10_35
|
Norman Fitzroy Maclean wrote an essay "Billiards Is a Good Game"; published in The Norman Maclean Reader (ed. O. Alan Weltzien, 2008), it is an appreciation of Michelson from Maclean's vantage point as a graduate student regularly watching him play billiards.
|
606.0
|
Albert Abraham Michelson (December 19, 1852 – May 9, 1931) was an American experimental physicist known for his work on measuring the speed of light and especially for the Michelson–Morley experiment. In 1907, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics, becoming the first American to win the Nobel Prize in a science. He was the founder and the first head of the physics departments of the Case School of Applied Science and the University of Chicago.
|
EN
|
Albert A. Michelson
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson
| 606
| null |
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|
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|
EN_10_35
|
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EN_10_36
|
1922 – Prix Jules Janssen, the highest award of the Société astronomique de France, the French astronomical society.
|
607.0
|
Albert Abraham Michelson (December 19, 1852 – May 9, 1931) was an American experimental physicist known for his work on measuring the speed of light and especially for the Michelson–Morley experiment. In 1907, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics, becoming the first American to win the Nobel Prize in a science. He was the founder and the first head of the physics departments of the Case School of Applied Science and the University of Chicago.
|
EN
|
Albert A. Michelson
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson
| 607
| null |
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|
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|
EN_10_36
|
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EN_10_37
|
Michelson was a member of the Royal Society, the National Academy of Sciences, the American Physical Society, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
|
608.0
|
Albert Abraham Michelson (December 19, 1852 – May 9, 1931) was an American experimental physicist known for his work on measuring the speed of light and especially for the Michelson–Morley experiment. In 1907, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics, becoming the first American to win the Nobel Prize in a science. He was the founder and the first head of the physics departments of the Case School of Applied Science and the University of Chicago.
|
EN
|
Albert A. Michelson
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson
| 608
| null |
michelson member royal society national academy_sciences american physical society american association_advancement science
|
EN_10_37
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EN_10_38
|
Livingston, D. M. (1973). The Master of Light: A Biography of Albert A. Michelson. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-48711-3.
|
609.0
|
Albert Abraham Michelson (December 19, 1852 – May 9, 1931) was an American experimental physicist known for his work on measuring the speed of light and especially for the Michelson–Morley experiment. In 1907, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics, becoming the first American to win the Nobel Prize in a science. He was the founder and the first head of the physics departments of the Case School of Applied Science and the University of Chicago.
|
EN
|
Albert A. Michelson
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson
| 609
| null |
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|
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|
EN_10_38
|
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|
EN_10_40
|
Three Glimpses of Albert Abraham Michelson at the Peak of His Career This video includes audio of Michelson speaking.
|
611.0
|
Albert Abraham Michelson (December 19, 1852 – May 9, 1931) was an American experimental physicist known for his work on measuring the speed of light and especially for the Michelson–Morley experiment. In 1907, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics, becoming the first American to win the Nobel Prize in a science. He was the founder and the first head of the physics departments of the Case School of Applied Science and the University of Chicago.
|
EN
|
Albert A. Michelson
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson
| 611
| null |
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|
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|
EN_10_40
|
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EN_10_41
|
Michelson's Life and Works from the American Institute of Physics Archived July 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
|
612.0
|
Albert Abraham Michelson (December 19, 1852 – May 9, 1931) was an American experimental physicist known for his work on measuring the speed of light and especially for the Michelson–Morley experiment. In 1907, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics, becoming the first American to win the Nobel Prize in a science. He was the founder and the first head of the physics departments of the Case School of Applied Science and the University of Chicago.
|
EN
|
Albert A. Michelson
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson
| 612
| null |
michelson life works american institute physics archived_july wayback_machine
|
leben werk american_institute of physics archiviert juli wayback_machine
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EN_10_41
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EN_10_42
|
Albert A. Michelson on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1907 Recent Advances in Spectroscopy
|
613.0
|
Albert Abraham Michelson (December 19, 1852 – May 9, 1931) was an American experimental physicist known for his work on measuring the speed of light and especially for the Michelson–Morley experiment. In 1907, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics, becoming the first American to win the Nobel Prize in a science. He was the founder and the first head of the physics departments of the Case School of Applied Science and the University of Chicago.
|
EN
|
Albert A. Michelson
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson
| 613
| null |
albert_michelson include nobel lecture december recent advances spectroscopy
|
l michelson nobelvorlesung dezember jüngst fortschritt spektroskopie
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EN_10_42
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EN_10_43
|
Norman Maclean: "Billiards Is a Good Game": Gamesmanship and America's First Nobel Prize Scientist; reprinted in Lapham's Quarterly
|
614.0
|
Albert Abraham Michelson (December 19, 1852 – May 9, 1931) was an American experimental physicist known for his work on measuring the speed of light and especially for the Michelson–Morley experiment. In 1907, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics, becoming the first American to win the Nobel Prize in a science. He was the founder and the first head of the physics departments of the Case School of Applied Science and the University of Chicago.
|
EN
|
Albert A. Michelson
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson
| 614
| null |
norman maclean billiard good game gamesmanship america nobel_prize scientist reprint lapham quarterly
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EN_10_43
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EN_10_44
|
Guide to the Albert A. Michelson Papers 1891–1969 Archived September 7, 2019, at the Wayback Machine at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center
|
615.0
|
Albert Abraham Michelson (December 19, 1852 – May 9, 1931) was an American experimental physicist known for his work on measuring the speed of light and especially for the Michelson–Morley experiment. In 1907, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics, becoming the first American to win the Nobel Prize in a science. He was the founder and the first head of the physics departments of the Case School of Applied Science and the University of Chicago.
|
EN
|
Albert A. Michelson
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson
| 615
| null |
guide albert_michelson papers archive september_wayback machine university_chicago special_collections research_center
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EN_10_44
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EN_10_45
|
William Polk Jesse student notebooks, 1919–1921, Niels Bohr Library & Archives (contains notes on the lectures of Albert A. Michelson, including courses taught by Michelson: Mechanics and Wave Motion, Electricity and Magnetism, and Physical Optics)
|
616.0
|
Albert Abraham Michelson (December 19, 1852 – May 9, 1931) was an American experimental physicist known for his work on measuring the speed of light and especially for the Michelson–Morley experiment. In 1907, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics, becoming the first American to win the Nobel Prize in a science. He was the founder and the first head of the physics departments of the Case School of Applied Science and the University of Chicago.
|
EN
|
Albert A. Michelson
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson
| 616
| null |
william polk jesse student notebook niels bohr library_archives contain note lecture albert_michelson include course teach michelson mechanics wave motion electricity magnetism physical optics
|
william polk jesse student notizbücher niel bohr library enthalten notiz vorträg albert_michelson kurs michelson unterrichten mechanik wave motion elektrizität magnetismus physikalisch optik
|
EN_10_45
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EN_11_0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
|
617.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 617
| null |
alexander_graham bell bear alexander bell march august scottish bear canadian american inventor scientist engineer world_health organization credit patent practical telephone co american telephone_telegraph company
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EN_11_0
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|
EN_11_1
|
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
|
618.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 618
| null |
bell father_grandfather brother associate work elocution speech mother wife deaf influence bell life work research hearing speech lead experiment hearing device culminate award patent telephone march bell consider intrusion real work scientist refuse telephone study
|
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EN_11_2
|
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
|
619.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 619
| null |
mark bell later life include ground break work optical telecommunication hydrofoil aeronautic bell strong influence national_geographic society magazine serve second president
|
erfindung kennzeichnet bell spät leben bahnbrechend_arbeit optisch telekommunikation hydrofoil luftfahrt bell stark einfluss national_geographic society zeitschrift präsident
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EN_11_2
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EN_11_3
|
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
620.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 620
| null |
work engineering bell deep interest emerge science heredity work area call sound useful study human heredity propose nineteenth_century america bell notable_contribution basic science distinct
|
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EN_11_3
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EN_11_4
|
Bell was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on March 3, 1847, to Alexander Melville Bell, a phonetician, and Eliza Grace Bell (née Symonds). The family home was on South Charlotte Street in Edinburgh, where a stone inscription marks it as Bell's birthplace. He had two brothers: Melville James Bell (1845–1870) and Edward Charles Bell (1848–1867), who both died of tuberculosis. He was born as just "Alexander Bell". At age 10, however, he made a plea to his father to have a middle name like his two brothers. For his 11th birthday, his father acquiesced and allowed him to adopt the name "Graham", chosen out of respect for Alexander Graham, a Canadian being treated by his father who was also a family friend. To close relatives and friends he remained "Aleck". Bell and his siblings attended a Presbyterian Church in their youth.
|
621.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 621
| null |
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|
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|
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EN_11_5
|
As a child, Bell displayed a curiosity about his world; he gathered botanical specimens and ran experiments at an early age. His best friend was Ben Herdman, a neighbour whose family operated a flour mill. At the age of 12, Bell built a homemade device that combined rotating paddles with sets of nail brushes, creating a simple dehusking machine that was put into operation at the mill and used steadily for a number of years. In return, Ben's father John Herdman gave both boys the run of a small workshop in which to "invent".
|
622.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 622
| null |
child bell display curiosity world gather botanical_specimen run experiment early age good friend ben herdman neighbour family operate flour mill age bell build homemade device combine rotate paddle set nail brush create simple dehusking machine operation mill number year return ben father john herdman boy run small workshop invent
|
kind zeigen bell neugierde welt sammeln botanisch_exemplar führen experiment freund ben herdman nachbar familie mehlmühle betreiben alter bauen bell selbstgebaut gerät rotierend paddel nagelbürste kombiniern einfach enthuskungsmaschine schaffen mühle betrieb_nehmen einsetzen gegenzug ben vater john herdman junge betrieb werkstatt erfinden
|
EN_11_5
|
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|
EN_11_6
|
From his early years, Bell showed a sensitive nature and a talent for art, poetry, and music that his mother encouraged. With no formal training, he mastered the piano and became the family's pianist. Though normally quiet and introspective, he revelled in mimicry and "voice tricks" akin to ventriloquism that entertained family guests. Bell was also deeply affected by his mother's gradual deafness (she began to lose her hearing when he was 12), and learned a manual finger language so he could sit at her side and tap out silently the conversations swirling around the family parlour. He also developed a technique of speaking in clear, modulated tones directly into his mother's forehead, whereby she would hear him with reasonable clarity. Bell's preoccupation with his mother's deafness led him to study acoustics.
|
623.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 623
| null |
early year bell sensitive nature talent art poetry music mother encourage formal training master piano family pianist quiet introspective revel mimicry voice trick akin ventriloquism entertain family guest bell affect mother gradual deafness begin lose hearing learn manual finger language sit tap conversation swirl family parlour develop technique speak clear modulate tone mother forehead hear reasonable clarity bell preoccupation mother deafness lead study acoustic
|
früh bell zeigen sensibel natur talent kunst poesie musik mutter ermutigen formal_ausbildung beherrschen klavier pianist familie schwelgen mimikry stimme trick bauchredner familiengäste unterhalt bell allmählich taubheit mutter betreffen beginnen gehör verlieren lernen manuell fingersprache seite sitzen zapfen gespräch wirbeln familie salon entwickeln technik sprechen klar moduliert tön stirn mutter vernünftig klarheit hören bell beschäftigung taubheit mutter führen studium akustik
|
EN_11_6
|
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|
EN_11_7
|
His family was long associated with the teaching of elocution: his grandfather, Alexander Bell, in London, his uncle in Dublin, and his father, in Edinburgh, were all elocutionists. His father published a variety of works on the subject, several of which are still well known, especially The Standard Elocutionist (1860), which appeared in Edinburgh in 1868. The Standard Elocutionist appeared in 168 British editions and sold over 250,000 copies in the United States alone. It explains methods to instruct deaf-mutes (as they were then known) to articulate words and read other people's lip movements to decipher meaning. Bell's father taught him and his brothers not only to write Visible Speech but to identify any symbol and its accompanying sound. Bell became so proficient that he became a part of his father's public demonstrations and astounded audiences with his abilities. He could decipher Visible Speech representing virtually every language, including Latin, Scottish Gaelic, and even Sanskrit, accurately reciting written tracts without any prior knowledge of their pronunciation.
|
624.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 624
| null |
family associate teaching elocution grandfather alexander bell london uncle dublin father edinburgh elocutionist father publish variety work subject know standard elocutionist appear edinburgh standard elocutionist appear british edition sell_copy united_states information_technology explain method instruct deaf_mute know articulate word read people lip movement decipher meaning bell father teach brother write visible_speech identify symbol accompany sound bell proficient father public_demonstration astounded audience ability decipher visible_speech represent language include latin scottish gaelic sanskrit recite write tract prior knowledge pronunciation
|
familie unterricht elocution verbinden großvater_alexander bell london onkel dublin vater edinburgh elocutionist vater veröffentlichen vielzahl werk thema the standard elocutionist edinburgh erscheinen standard elocutionist erscheinen britisch ausgabe verkaufen vereinigt_staat exemplar erklären methode taubmuten belehren wort artikulieren lippenbewegung leute lesen bedeutung entschlüsseln bell vater lehren bruder visible_speech schreiben symbol begleitend klang identifizieren bell öffentlich_demonstration vater erstaunt publikum fähigkeit visible_speech entziffern sprache latein gälisch sanskrit reziti schriftlich traktat vorherig kenntnis aussprache
|
EN_11_7
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|
EN_11_8
|
As a young child, Bell, like his brothers, was schooled at home by his father. At an early age, he was enrolled at the Royal High School in Edinburgh. But he left at age 15, having completed only the first four forms. His school record was undistinguished, marked by absenteeism and lacklustre grades. His main interest remained in the sciences, especially biology, while he treated other school subjects with indifference, to his father's dismay. Upon leaving school, Bell travelled to London to live with his grandfather, Alexander Bell, on Harrington Square. During the year he spent with his grandfather, a love of learning was born, with long hours spent in serious discussion and study. The elder Bell took great efforts to have his young pupil learn to speak clearly and with conviction, attributes he would need to become a teacher himself. At age 16, Bell secured a position as a "pupil-teacher" of elocution and music at Weston House Academy in Elgin, Moray, Scotland. Although enrolled as a student in Latin and Greek, he instructed classes himself in return for board and £10 per session. The next year, he attended the University of Edinburgh, joining his brother Melville, who had enrolled there the previous year. In 1868, Bell completed his matriculation exams and was accepted for admission to University College London, though he did not complete his studies, as his family emigrated to Canada in 1870 following the deaths of his brothers Edward and Melville from tuberculosis.
|
625.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 625
| null |
young child bell brother school home father early age enrol royal high_school edinburgh leave age complete form school record undistinguished mark absenteeism lacklustre grade main interest remain science biology treat school subject indifference father dismay leave school bell travel london live grandfather alexander bell harrington square year spend grandfather love learn bear long hour spend discussion study eld bell great effort young pupil_learn speak conviction attribute need teacher age bell secure position pupil teacher elocution music weston_house academy elgin moray scotland enrol_student latin_greek instruct class return board session year attend university_edinburgh join brother melville world_health organization enrol previous_year bell complete matriculation exam accept admission university college london complete_study family emigrate canada follow death brother_edward melville tuberculosis
|
kind bell bruder vater haus unterrichten royal high_school edinburgh immatrikulieren verlassen alter formular abschließen schulbilanz prägen absentismus mangelnd note hauptinteresse bleiben wissenschaft biologie behandeln schulfächer gleichgültigkeit vater bestürzung schulabgang reisen bell london großvater_alexander bell harrington square leben lauf_jahr verbrachn großvater liebe lernen gebären stunde ernsthaft diskussion studium alt bell unternehmen_anstrengung jung schüler_lernen sprechen überzeugung attribute brauchen lehrer alter sichern bell stelle pupillenlehrer weston_house academy elgin moray schottland student latein_griechisch einschreiben unterrichten kurs gegenzug vorstand sitzung nächster besuchen university_of edinburgh treten bruder melvill vorjahr einschreiben schloss bell immatrikulationsprüfung university college london zulassen studium beenden familie tod bruder_edward melville tuberkulose kanada auswanderen
|
EN_11_8
|
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|
EN_11_9
|
Bell's father encouraged his interest in speech and, in 1863, took his sons to see a unique automaton developed by Sir Charles Wheatstone based on the earlier work of Baron Wolfgang von Kempelen. The rudimentary "mechanical man" simulated a human voice. Bell was fascinated by the machine, and after he obtained a copy of von Kempelen's book, published in German, and had laboriously translated it, he and Melville built their own automaton head. Their father, highly interested in their project, offered to pay for any supplies and spurred the boys on with the enticement of a "big prize" if they were successful. While his brother constructed the throat and larynx, Bell tackled the more difficult task of recreating a realistic skull. His efforts resulted in a remarkably lifelike head that could "speak", albeit only a few words. The boys would carefully adjust the "lips" and when a bellows forced air through the windpipe, a very recognizable Mama ensued, to the delight of neighbours who came to see the invention.
|
626.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 626
| null |
bell father encourage interest speech son unique automaton develop sir charles wheatstone base early work baron wolfgang_von kempelen rudimentary mechanical man simulate human_voice bell fascinate machine obtain copy von_kempelen book publish german translate information_technology melville build automaton head father interested project offer pay supply spur boy enticement big prize successful brother construct throat larynx bell tackle difficult_task recreate realistic skull effort result lifelike head speak word boy adjust lip bellow force air windpipe recognizable mama ensue delight neighbours world_health organization
|
vater ermutigen interesse rede sohn einzigartig automat sir_charles wheatstone grundlage früh arbeit baron wolfgang_kempele entwickeln sehen rudimentär mechanisch mensch simulieren menschlich stimme bell maschine kopie buch veröffentlichen deutsch übersetzen melvill bauen automat kopf vater projekt bieten vorrat zahlen spornen junge verlockung preis bruder hals kehlkopf konstruieren greifen bell schwierig_aufgabe realistisch schädel erschaffen bemühung führen bemerkenswert lebensecht kopf sprechen wort junge lippe anpassen balg luft luftröhr erzwingen folgen erkennbar mama freude nachbar erfindung sehen
|
EN_11_9
|
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|
EN_11_10
|
Intrigued by the results of the automaton, Bell continued to experiment with a live subject, the family's Skye Terrier, Trouve. After he taught it to growl continuously, Bell would reach into its mouth and manipulate the dog's lips and vocal cords to produce a crude-sounding "Ow ah oo ga ma ma". With little convincing, visitors believed his dog could articulate "How are you, grandmama?" Indicative of his playful nature, his experiments convinced onlookers that they saw a "talking dog". These initial forays into experimentation with sound led Bell to undertake his first serious work on the transmission of sound, using tuning forks to explore resonance.
|
627.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 627
| null |
intrigue result automaton bell continue_experiment live subject family skye terrier trouve teach information_technology growl bell reach mouth manipulate dog lip vocal_cord produce crude sound ga ma ma little convincing visitor believe dog articulate grandmama indicative playful nature experiment convince onlooker see talk dog initial foray experimentation sound lead bell undertake work transmission_sound tuning fork explore resonance
|
ergebnis automat experimentieren bell skye terrier familie trouve lehren knurren greifen bell mund manipulieren lippe stimmbänd hund oo ga ma ma produzieren überzeugung glauben besucher hund artikulieren oma spielerisch natur überzeugen experiment zuschauer sprechend hund sehen vorstöße experimentieren sound führen bell ernsthaft arbeit übertragung sound stimmgabel resonanz erforschen
|
EN_11_10
|
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|
EN_11_11
|
At age 19, Bell wrote a report on his work and sent it to philologist Alexander Ellis, a colleague of his father. Ellis immediately wrote back indicating that the experiments were similar to existing work in Germany, and also lent Bell a copy of Hermann von Helmholtz's work, The Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music.
|
628.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 628
| null |
age bell write report work send information_technology philologist alexander ellis colleague father ellis write indicate experiment similar exist work germany lend bell copy hermann_von helmholtz work sensations tone physiological basis theory music
|
schreiben bell bericht arbeit schicken philolog alexander ellis kollege vater ellis schreiben experiment bestehend arbeit deutschland verlieh bell kopie hermann helmholtz werk the sensations of tone physiologisch basis theorie musik
|
EN_11_11
|
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|
EN_11_12
|
Dismayed to find that groundbreaking work had already been undertaken by Helmholtz, who had conveyed vowel sounds by means of a similar tuning fork "contraption", Bell pored over the book. Working from his own erroneous mistranslation of a French edition, Bell fortuitously then made a deduction that would underpin all his future work on transmitting sound, reporting: "Without knowing much about the subject, it seemed to me that if vowel sounds could be produced by electrical means, so could consonants, so could articulate speech." He also later remarked: "I thought that Helmholtz had done it ... and that my failure was due only to my ignorance of electricity. It was a valuable blunder ... If I had been able to read German in those days, I might never have commenced my experiments!"
|
629.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 629
| null |
dismayed groundbreaking work undertake helmholtz world_health organization convey vowel_sound mean similar tuning fork contraption bell pore book work erroneous mistranslation french edition bell deduction underpin future work transmit sound report know subject information_technology vowel_sound produce electrical mean consonant articulate_speech remark think helmholtz information_technology failure ignorance electricity information_technology valuable blunder able read german day commence experiment
|
feststellen bahnbrechend_arbeit helmholtz durchführen vokalkläng ähnlich stimmgabel kontraption vermitteln pored bell buch fehlerhaft übersetzung französisch ausgabe bell abzug zukünftig arbeit übertragung ton untermauern berichterstattung thema scheinen vokalton elektrisch mittel produzieren konsonant sprache artikulieren bemerken denken helmholtz versagen ignoranz elektrizität zurückführen wertvoll fehler deutsch lesen experiment beginnen
|
EN_11_12
|
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|
EN_11_13
|
In 1865, when the Bell family moved to London, Bell returned to Weston House as an assistant master and, in his spare hours, continued experiments on sound using a minimum of laboratory equipment. Bell concentrated on experimenting with electricity to convey sound and later installed a telegraph wire from his room in Somerset College to that of a friend. Throughout late 1867, his health faltered mainly through exhaustion. His brother Edward was similarly affected by tuberculosis. While Bell recovered (by then referring to himself in correspondence as "A. G. Bell") and served the next year as an instructor at Somerset College, Bath, England, his brother's condition deteriorated. Edward never recovered. Upon his brother's death, Bell returned home in 1867. Melville had married and moved out. With aspirations to obtain a degree at University College London, Bell considered his next years preparation for the degree examinations, devoting his spare time to studying.
|
630.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 630
| null |
bell family_move london bell return weston_house assistant master spare hour continue_experiment sound minimum laboratory equipment bell concentrate experiment_electricity convey sound instal telegraph_wire room somerset college friend late health falter exhaustion brother_edward affect tuberculosis bell recover refer correspondence bell serve year instructor somerset college bath england brother condition_deteriorate edward recover brother death bell return melville marry move aspiration obtain degree university college london bell consider year preparation degree examination devote spare time study
|
familie bell london ziehen kehren bell assistentenmeister weston_house setzen freizeit versuch laborgerät bell konzentrieren experimentieren strom ton vermitteln installieren telegrafendraht zimmer somerset college freund lauf spät gesundheit stagnieren erschöpfung bruder_edward tuberkulose betreffen bell erholen beziehen korrespondenz bell dienen nächster lehrer somerset college bath england verschlechtern_zustand bruder_edward erholt tod bruder kehren bell haus melville heiraten ziehen bestreben abschluss university college london bell betrachten nächster vorbereitung abschlussprüfung widmen freizeit studieren
|
EN_11_13
|
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|
EN_11_14
|
Helping his father in Visible Speech demonstrations and lectures brought Bell to Susanna E. Hull's private school for the deaf in South Kensington, London. His first two pupils were deaf-mute girls who made remarkable progress under his tutelage. While Melville seemed to achieve success on many fronts, including opening his own elocution school, applying for a patent on an invention, and starting a family, Bell continued as a teacher. In May 1870, Melville died from complications of tuberculosis, causing a family crisis. His father had also experienced a debilitating illness earlier in life and been restored to health by convalescence in Newfoundland. Bell's parents embarked upon a long-planned move when they realized that their remaining son was also sickly. Acting decisively, Alexander Melville Bell asked Bell to arrange for the sale of all the family property, conclude all his brother's affairs (Bell took on his last student, curing a pronounced lisp), and join his father and mother in setting out for Canada. Reluctantly, Bell also had to conclude a relationship with Marie Eccleston, who, as he had surmised, was not prepared to leave England with him.
|
631.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 631
| null |
help father visible_speech demonstration lecture bring bell susanna hull private school_deaf south kensington london pupil deaf_mute girl world_health organization remarkable progress tutelage melville achieve success front include open elocution school patent start family bell continue teacher melville die complication tuberculosis cause family crisis father experience debilitate illness life restore health convalescence newfoundland bell parent embark plan realize remain son sickly act alexander_melville bell ask bell arrange sale family property conclude brother affair bell student cure pronounce lisp join father mother set canada bell conclude relationship marie eccleston world_health organization surmise prepared leave england
|
helfen vater sichtbar sprachvorführung vorträg bringen bell susanna e privat_schule gehörlose south kensington london schüler taubstumm mädchen bemerkenswert fortschritt anleitung melvill front scheinen -- eröffnung schule beantragung patent_erfindung gründung familie setzen bell lehrer mai sterben melvill tuberkulose familienkrise führen vater schwächend krankheit leben erleben genesung neufundland bell eltern beginnen geplant umzug merken verbleibend sohn alexander_melville bell bitten bell entscheiden verkauf gesamt familieneigentum arrangieren angelegenheit bruder abschließen bell letzter schüler heilen ausgesprochen lisp schloss vater mutter kanada reisen bell beziehung marie eccleston schließen vermuten england verlassen
|
EN_11_14
|
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|
EN_11_15
|
In 1870, 23-year-old Bell travelled with his parents and his brother's widow, Caroline Margaret Ottaway, to Paris, Ontario, to stay with Thomas Henderson, a Baptist minister and family friend. The Bells soon purchased a farm of 10.5 acres (4.2 ha) at Tutelo Heights (now called Tutela Heights), near Brantford, Ontario. The property consisted of an orchard, large farmhouse, stable, pigsty, hen-house, and a carriage house, which bordered the Grand River.
|
632.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 632
| null |
year_old bell travel parent brother widow caroline margaret ottaway paris ontario stay thomas henderson baptist minister family friend bell purchase farm acre tutelo heights call tutela heights brantford_ontario property consist orchard large farmhouse stable pigsty hen house carriage house border grand river
|
reisen bell eltern witwe bruder caroline margaret ottaway paris ontario thomas henderson baptistenminister familienfreund bleiben bell erwerben farm tutelo heights tutela heights nähe brantford_ontario anwesen bestehen obstgart bauernhaus stall schweinestall hühnerstall kutschenhaus grand river grenzen
|
EN_11_15
|
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|
EN_11_16
|
At the homestead, Bell set up a workshop in the converted carriage house near what he called his "dreaming place", a large hollow nestled in trees at the back of the property above the river. Despite his frail condition upon arriving in Canada, Bell found the climate and environs to his liking and rapidly improved. He continued his interest in the study of the human voice, and when he discovered the Six Nations Reserve across the river at Onondaga, learned the Mohawk language and translated its unwritten vocabulary into Visible Speech symbols. For his work, Bell was awarded the title of Honorary Chief and participated in a ceremony where he donned a Mohawk headdress and danced traditional dances.
|
633.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 633
| null |
homestead bell set_workshop converted carriage house call dream place large hollow nestle tree property river frail condition arrive canada bell climate environ liking improve continue interest study human_voice nations reserve river onondaga learn mohawk language translate unwritten vocabulary visible_speech symbol work bell award title honorary chief participate ceremony don mohawk headdress dance traditional dance
|
gehöft errichten bell werkstatt umgebaut kutschenhau nähe traumplatz nennen baum eingebettet höhle rückseite grundstück fluss schwach zustand ankunft kanada bell finden klima umgebung geschmack verbessert setzen interesse studium menschlich stimme six nation reserve onondaga entdecken lernen mohawk sprache_übersetzen ungeschrieben vokabular sichtbar sprachsymbole arbeit erhalten bell titel ehrenhäuptling zeremonie mohawk kopfschmuck tragen traditionell tänze tanzen
|
EN_11_16
|
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|
EN_11_17
|
After setting up his workshop, Bell continued experiments based on Helmholtz's work with electricity and sound. He also modified a melodeon (a type of pump organ) to transmit its music electrically over a distance. Once the family was settled, Bell and his father made plans to establish a teaching practice and in 1871, he accompanied his father to Montreal, where Melville was offered a position to teach his System of Visible Speech.
|
634.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 634
| null |
set_workshop bell continue_experiment base helmholtz work electricity sound modify melodeon pump organ transmit music distance family settle bell father plan establish teaching practice accompany father montreal melville offer position teach system visible_speech
|
einrichtung workshop setzen bell_experiment grundlage strom ton modifizieren melodeon art pumporgel musik abstand übertragen begleiten vater montreal melvill möglichkeit erhalten system sichtbar rede lehren
|
EN_11_17
|
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EN_11_18
|
Bell's father was invited by Sarah Fuller, principal of the Boston School for Deaf Mutes (later to become the public Horace Mann School for the Deaf) to introduce the Visible Speech System by providing training for Fuller's instructors, but he declined the post in favour of his son. Travelling to Boston in April 1871, Bell proved successful in training the school's instructors. He was asked to repeat the programme at the American Asylum for Deaf-mutes in Hartford, Connecticut, and the Clarke School for the Deaf in Northampton, Massachusetts.
|
635.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 635
| null |
bell father invite sarah fuller principal boston school_deaf mutes public horace_mann school_deaf introduce visible_speech system training fuller instructor decline post favour son travel boston april bell prove successful train school instructor ask repeat programme american asylum deaf_mute hartford_connecticut clarke_school deaf northampton_massachusetts
|
vater sarah fuller direktorin boston school_for deaf mut öffentlich horace mann school_for the_deaf einladen visible_speech system einführen ausbildung ausbilder lehnen_posten sohn reise boston april bell erweisen ausbildung lehrer schule bitten programm amerikanisch asylum gehörlose hartford_connecticut clarke_school for_the deaf northampton_massachusett wiederholen
|
EN_11_18
|
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8,
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]
] | 11
|
EN_11_19
|
Returning home to Brantford after six months abroad, Bell continued his experiments with his "harmonic telegraph". The basic concept behind his device was that messages could be sent through a single wire if each was transmitted at a different pitch, but work on both the transmitter and receiver was needed.
|
636.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 636
| null |
return brantford month bell continue_experiment harmonic_telegraph basic concept device message send single wire transmit different pitch work transmitter receiver need
|
monat ausland kehren bell brantford setzen experiment harmonisch telegraphe grundkonzept gerät nachricht einzig draht senden tonhöhe übertragen sender empfänger arbeiten
|
EN_11_19
|
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13,
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] | 21
|
EN_11_20
|
Unsure of his future, he contemplated returning to London to complete his studies, but decided to return to Boston as a teacher. His father helped him set up his private practice by contacting Gardiner Greene Hubbard, the president of the Clarke School for the Deaf for a recommendation. Teaching his father's system, in October 1872, Alexander Bell opened his "School of Vocal Physiology and Mechanics of Speech" in Boston, which attracted a large number of deaf pupils, with his first class numbering 30 students. While he was working as a private tutor, one of his pupils was Helen Keller, who came to him as a young child unable to see, hear, or speak. She later said that Bell dedicated his life to the penetration of that "inhuman silence which separates and estranges". In 1893, Keller performed the sod-breaking ceremony for the construction of Bell's new Volta Bureau, dedicated to "the increase and diffusion of knowledge relating to the deaf".
|
637.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 637
| null |
unsure future contemplate return london complete_study decide return boston teacher father help set private practice contact gardiner_greene hubbard president clarke_school deaf recommendation teach father system october alexander bell open school vocal physiology mechanics speech boston attract large_number deaf pupil class number student work private_tutor pupil helen keller world_health organization young child unable hear speak say bell dedicate life penetration inhuman silence separate estrange keller perform sod break ceremony construction bell new volta_bureau dedicate increase diffusion_knowledge deaf
|
zukunft überlegen london zurückkehren studium abschließen entscheiden lehrer boston zurückkehren vater helfen privatpraxis aufbauen gardiner_greene hubbard präsident clarke_school for_the deaf empfehlung kontaktieren oktober eröffnen alexander bell boston school vocal_physiology and mechanics of speech school_of vocal_physiology and mechanics of speech privatlehrer arbeiten schüler helen keller kind lage sehen hören sprechen bell leben eindring unmenschlich schweigen trennen entfremden widmen führen keller bau bell vermehrung verbreitung gehörlose widmen
|
EN_11_20
|
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|
EN_11_21
|
Throughout his life, Bell sought to assimilate the deaf and hard of hearing with the hearing world. He encouraged speech therapy and lip-reading over sign language. He outlined this in an 1898 paper detailing his belief that, with resources and effort, the deaf could be taught to read lips and speak (known as oralism), enabling their integration with wider society. Members of the Deaf community have criticized Bell for supporting ideas that could cause the closure of dozens of deaf schools, and what some consider eugenicist ideas. Bell did not support a ban on deaf people marrying each other, an idea articulated by the National Association of the Deaf (United States), but in his memoir Memoir upon the Formation of a Deaf Variety of the Human Race, he observed that if deaf people tended to marry other deaf people, this could result in the emergence of a "deaf race". Ultimately, in 1880, the Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf passed a resolution mandating the teaching of oral communication and banning signing in schools.
|
638.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 638
| null |
life bell seek assimilate deaf hear hearing world encourage speech therapy lip read sign language outline paper detail belief resource effort deaf teach read_lip speak know oralism enable integration wide society member deaf community criticize bell support idea cause closure dozen deaf school consider eugenicist idea bell support ban deaf_people marry idea articulate national association_deaf united_states memoir memoir_formation deaf_variety human_race observe deaf_people tend marry deaf_people result_emergence deaf race second international congress education deaf pass_resolution mandate teaching oral communication ban signing school
|
leben versuchen bell taube schwerhörige hörwelt assimilieren ermutigen sprachtherapie lippenlesen gebärdensprache skizzieren papier überzeugung darlegen taube ressource mühe beibringen lippe lesen sprechen sogenannter oralismus integration breit gesellschaft ermöglichen mitglied bell kritisieren idee unterstützen schließung dutzender tauber schule verursachen eugenizistisch idee betrachten bell unterstützen verbot taube heiraten idee national_association of_the deaf united_states memoir memoir_bildung taubensort menschlich_ras beobachten taub_mensch neigen taub_mensch heiraten entstehung tot rasse führen verabschieden international kongress bildung gehörlose resolution unterricht mündlich kommunikation verbot unterzeichnung schule
|
EN_11_21
|
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|
EN_11_22
|
In 1872, Bell became professor of Vocal Physiology and Elocution at the Boston University School of Oratory. During this period, he alternated between Boston and Brantford, spending summers in his Canadian home. At Boston University, Bell was "swept up" by the excitement engendered by the many scientists and inventors living in the city. He continued his research in sound and endeavoured to find a way to transmit musical notes and articulate speech, but although absorbed by his experiments, he found it difficult to devote enough time to experimentation. With days and evenings occupied by his teaching and private classes, Bell began to stay awake late into the night, running experiment after experiment in rented facilities at his boarding house. Keeping "night owl" hours, he worried that his work would be discovered and took great pains to lock up his notebooks and laboratory equipment. Bell had a specially made table where he could place his notes and equipment inside a locking cover. His health deteriorated as he had severe headaches. Returning to Boston in autumn 1873, Bell made a far-reaching decision to concentrate on his experiments in sound.
|
639.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 639
| null |
bell professor vocal physiology elocution boston university school oratory period alternate boston brantford spend_summer canadian home boston university bell sweep excitement engender scientist_inventor live city continue research sound endeavour way transmit musical note articulate_speech absorb experiment information_technology difficult devote_time experimentation day evening occupy teaching private class bell begin stay night run experiment_experiment rent facility boarding_house keep night owl hour worry work great pain lock notebook laboratory equipment bell table place note equipment locking cover health_deteriorate severe_headache return boston autumn bell reach decision concentrate experiment sound
|
bell professor vocal_physiology and elocution boston university school_of oratorium wechseln boston brantford verbracht sommer kanadisch heimat boston university bell aufregung wissenschaftler_erfinder stadt leben schmieden setzen klangforschung bemühen weg finden musikalisch note artikuliert sprache übertragen experiment absorbieren finden experiment widmen abende beschäftigen unterricht privatunterricht bell beginnen bleiben nacht laufend experiment experiment gemietet einrichtung pension stunde halten sorgen arbeit entdecken mühe notizbücher laborgerat sperr bell angefertigt tisch notiz ausrüstung verschlussdeckel legen gesundheit_verschlechtern schwer kopfschmerz herbst kehren bell boston treffen weitreichend entscheidung klangexperimente konzentrieren
|
EN_11_22
|
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|
EN_11_23
|
Giving up his lucrative private Boston practice, Bell retained only two students, six-year-old "Georgie" Sanders, deaf from birth, and 15-year-old Mabel Hubbard. Each played an important role in the next developments. Georgie's father, Thomas Sanders, a wealthy businessman, offered Bell a place to stay in nearby Salem with Georgie's grandmother, complete with a room to "experiment". Although the offer was made by Georgie's mother and followed the year-long arrangement in 1872 where her son and his nurse had moved to quarters next to Bell's boarding house, it was clear that Mr. Sanders backed the proposal. The arrangement was for teacher and student to continue their work together, with free room and board thrown in. Mabel was a bright, attractive girl ten years Bell's junior who became the object of his affection. Having lost her hearing after a near-fatal bout of scarlet fever close to her fifth birthday, she had learned to read lips but her father, Gardiner Greene Hubbard, Bell's benefactor and personal friend, wanted her to work directly with her teacher.
|
640.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 640
| null |
lucrative private boston practice bell retain student year_old georgie sanders deaf birth year_old mabel hubbard play_important role development georgie father thomas_sanders wealthy businessman offer bell place stay nearby salem georgie grandmother complete room experiment offer georgie mother follow year long arrangement son nurse move quarter bell boarding_house information_technology clear sanders back proposal arrangement teacher student continue work free room board throw mabel bright attractive girl year bell junior world_health organization object affection lose hearing near fatal bout scarlet_fever fifth birthday learn_read lip father gardiner_greene hubbard_bell benefactor personal friend want work teacher
|
bell lukrativ privat behalten student sechsjährig georgie sander taub geburt mabel hubbard spielen_wichtig rolle nächster entwicklung georgie vater thomas sanders wohlhabend geschäftsmann bieten bell unterkunft nähe salem georgie großmutter raum experiment angebot mutter einjährig arrangement folgen sohn krankenschwester quartier pension ziehen herr sander unterstützen vorschlag vereinbarung lehrer schüler arbeit fortsetzen frei raum brett werfen mabel hell attraktiv mädchen bell junior objekt zuneigung gehör verlieren geburtstag tödlich scharlachfieber erleiden lernen lippe lesen vater gardiner_greene hubbard bells wohltäterin persönlich freundin lehrerin zusammenarbeiten
|
EN_11_23
|
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|
EN_11_24
|
By 1874, Bell's initial work on the harmonic telegraph had entered a formative stage, with progress made both at his new Boston "laboratory" (a rented facility) and at his family home in Canada a big success. While working that summer in Brantford, Bell experimented with a "phonautograph", a pen-like machine that could draw shapes of sound waves on smoked glass by tracing their vibrations. Bell thought it might be possible to generate undulating electrical currents that corresponded to sound waves. He also thought that multiple metal reeds tuned to different frequencies like a harp would be able to convert the undulating currents back into sound. But he had no working model to demonstrate the feasibility of these ideas.
|
641.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 641
| null |
bell initial work harmonic_telegraph enter formative stage progress new boston laboratory rented facility family home canada big success work summer brantford_bell experiment phonautograph pen machine draw shape sound_wave smoke glass trace vibration bell think information_technology possible generate undulate electrical current correspond sound_wave think multiple metal reed tune different frequency harp able convert undulate current sound work model demonstrate feasibility idea
|
bell arbeit harmonisch telegraph formativ bühne betreten fortschritt boston labor gemietet einrichtung familie haus kanada erfolg arbeit sommer brantford bell experimentieren phonautograph maschine form schallwelle geräuchert glas zeichnen vibration bell denken hügelig elektrisch strom erzeugen schallwelle entsprechen denken metallrohr verschieden frequenz harfe abstimmen lage wellenförmig strom klang umwandeln arbeitsmodell machbarkeit idee demonstrieren
|
EN_11_24
|
[
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[
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1,
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|
EN_11_25
|
In 1874, telegraph message traffic was rapidly expanding and, in the words of Western Union President William Orton, had become "the nervous system of commerce". Orton had contracted with inventors Thomas Edison and Elisha Gray to find a way to send multiple telegraph messages on each telegraph line to avoid the great cost of constructing new lines. When Bell mentioned to Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders that he was working on a method of sending multiple tones on a telegraph wire using a multi-reed device, the two began to financially support Bell's experiments. Patent matters were handled by Hubbard's patent attorney, Anthony Pollok.
|
642.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 642
| null |
telegraph message traffic expand word western union president william_orton nervous_system commerce orton contract inventor thomas_edison elisha_gray way send multiple telegraph message telegraph_line avoid great cost construct new line bell mention gardiner hubbard thomas_sanders work method send multiple tone telegraph_wire multi reed device begin support bell_experiment patent matter handle hubbard patent attorney anthony pollok
|
telegraph nachrichtenverkehr expandieren wort western_union präsident william_orton nervensystem handel orton erfinder thomas_edison elisa gray beauftragen weg finden telegrafennachricht telegrafenleitung senden kosten bau_neu linie vermeiden bell gardiner hubbard thomas_sander erwähnen methode arbeiten ton telegraphendraht senden beginnen bells experiment unterstützen patentangelegenheit hubbard patentanwalt anthony pollok behandeln
|
EN_11_25
|
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|
EN_11_26
|
In March 1875, Bell and Pollok visited the scientist Joseph Henry, then the director of the Smithsonian Institution, to ask his advice on the electrical multi-reed apparatus that Bell hoped would transmit the human voice by telegraph. Henry said Bell had "the germ of a great invention". When Bell said that he lacked the necessary knowledge, Henry replied, "Get it!" That declaration greatly encouraged Bell to keep trying, even though he had neither the equipment needed to continue his experiments nor the ability to create a working model of his ideas. But a chance meeting in 1874 between Bell and Thomas A. Watson, an experienced electrical designer and mechanic at the electrical machine shop of Charles Williams, changed that.
|
643.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 643
| null |
march bell pollok visit scientist joseph henry director smithsonian_institution ask advice electrical multi reed apparatus bell hope transmit human_voice telegraph henry say bell germ great bell say lack necessary knowledge henry reply information_technology declaration encourage bell equipment need continue_experiment ability create work model idea chance meeting bell thomas_watson experienced electrical designer mechanic electrical machine shop charles williams change
|
märz besuchen bell pollok wissenschaftler joseph henry damalig direktor smithsonian_institution rat elektrisch fragen bell hoffen menschlich stimme telegraph übertragen henry bell keim erfindung bell nötig wissen fehlen antworten henry erklärung ermutigen bell versuchen notwendig ausrüstung experiment fortsetzen fähigkeit funktionierend modell idee schaffen zufallstreffen bell thomas_watson erfahren elektrodesigner mechaniker elektromaschinenwerkstatt charles williams ändern
|
EN_11_26
|
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17,
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|
EN_11_27
|
With financial support from Sanders and Hubbard, Bell hired Watson as his assistant, and the two experimented with acoustic telegraphy. On June 2, 1875, Watson accidentally plucked one of the reeds and Bell, at the receiving end of the wire, heard the reed's overtones that would be necessary for transmitting speech. That demonstrated to Bell that only one reed or armature was necessary, not multiple reeds. This led to the "gallows" sound-powered telephone, which could transmit indistinct, voice-like sounds, but not clear speech.
|
644.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 644
| null |
financial support sanders hubbard_bell hire watson assistant experiment acoustic telegraphy june watson pluck reed bell receiving end wire hear reed overtone necessary transmit speech demonstrate bell reed armature necessary multiple reed lead gallow sound power telephone transmit indistinct voice sound clear speech
|
finanziell_unterstützung sander hubbard engagieren bell watson assistent experimentiern akustisch telegrafie juni pflückt watson schilfrohr bell hören empfangend draht obertöne schilfrohr übertragung rede zeigen bell schilf armatur schilf führen unauffällig stimmhaft geräusch übertragen klar sprache
|
EN_11_27
|
[
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[
7,
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] | 21
|
EN_11_28
|
In 1875, Bell developed an acoustic telegraph and drew up a patent application for it. Since he had agreed to share U.S. profits with his investors Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders, Bell requested that an associate in Ontario, George Brown, attempt to patent it in Britain, instructing his lawyers to apply for a patent in the U.S. only after they received word from Britain (Britain issued patents only for discoveries not previously patented elsewhere).
|
645.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 645
| null |
bell develop acoustic telegraph draw patent_application information_technology agree share_profit investor gardiner hubbard thomas_sanders bell request associate ontario george brown attempt patent information_technology britain instruct lawyer patent receive word britain britain issue patent discovery patent
|
entwickeln bell akustisch telegraphe stellen patentanmeldung erklären gewinn investor gardiner hubbard thomas_sander bell beantragen mitarbeiter ontario george brown versuchen großbritannien patentieren instruieren anwalt patent usa beantragen großbritannien nachricht erhalten britain erteilen patent entdeckung stelle patentieren
|
EN_11_28
|
[
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[
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] | 21
|
EN_11_29
|
Meanwhile, Elisha Gray was also experimenting with acoustic telegraphy and thought of a way to transmit speech using a water transmitter. On February 14, 1876, Gray filed a caveat with the U.S. Patent Office for a telephone design that used a water transmitter. That same morning, Bell's lawyer filed Bell's application with the patent office. There is considerable debate about who arrived first and Gray later challenged the primacy of Bell's patent. Bell was in Boston on February 14 and did not arrive in Washington until February 26.
|
646.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 646
| null |
elisha_gray experiment acoustic telegraphy think way transmit speech water_transmitter february gray file caveat patent_office telephone design water_transmitter morning bell lawyer file bell application patent_office considerable_debate world_health organization arrive gray challenge primacy bell_patent bell boston february arrive washington february
|
experimentiert elisa gray akustisch telegraphie denken möglichkeit sprache wassersender übertragen februar reichen gray_vorbehalt patentamt telefonkonstruktion wassertransmitter verwenden selber reichen bell anwalt bell antrag patentamt erheblich debatte ankommen gray primat bells patent angefochten bell februar boston februar washington
|
EN_11_29
|
[
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[
22,
0.012345679104328156
]
] | 21
|
EN_11_30
|
On March 7, 1876, the U.S. Patent Office issued Bell patent 174,465. It covered "the method of, and apparatus for, transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically ... by causing electrical undulations, similar in form to the vibrations of the air accompanying the said vocal or other sound" Bell returned to Boston that day and the next day resumed work, drawing in his notebook a diagram similar to that in Gray's patent caveat.
|
647.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 647
| null |
march patent_office issue bell_patent information_technology cover method apparatus transmit vocal sound cause electrical undulation similar form vibration air accompany say vocal sound bell return boston day day resume work draw notebook diagram similar gray patent caveat
|
märz vereinigt_staat amerika patentamt erteilen bell_patent umfas methode apparat übertragung gesang kläng elektrisch welle schwingung luft besagt gesang klang begleiten bell kehren boston nächster arbeit zeichnung notizbuch diagramm gray patent vorbehalt
|
EN_11_30
|
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11,
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6,
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] | 21
|
EN_11_31
|
On March 10, Bell succeeded in getting his telephone to work, using a liquid transmitter similar to Gray's design. Vibration of the diaphragm caused a needle to vibrate in the water, varying the electrical resistance in the circuit. When Bell spoke the sentence "Mr. Watson—Come here—I want to see you" into the liquid transmitter, Watson, listening at the receiving end in an adjoining room, heard the words clearly.
|
648.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 648
| null |
march bell succeed telephone work liquid_transmitter similar gray design vibration diaphragm cause needle vibrate water vary electrical resistance circuit bell speak sentence watson_want liquid_transmitter watson listen receiving end adjoining room hear word
|
märz gelingen bell_telefon arbeit bekommen flüssig_sender grays design vibration membrane bewirken nadel wasser vibriern elektrisch widerstand kreislauf variieren bell sprechen satz herr watson komm sehen flüssig_sender watson empfangsend angrenzend raum zuhören hören wort
|
EN_11_31
|
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|
EN_11_32
|
Although Bell was, and still is, accused of stealing the telephone from Gray, Bell used Gray's water transmitter design only after Bell's patent had been granted, and only as a proof of concept scientific experiment, to prove to his own satisfaction that intelligible "articulate speech" (Bell's words) could be electrically transmitted. After March 1876, Bell focused on improving the electromagnetic telephone and never used Gray's liquid transmitter in public demonstrations or commercial use.
|
649.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 649
| null |
bell accuse steal telephone gray bell gray water_transmitter design bell_patent grant proof_concept scientific experiment prove satisfaction intelligible articulate_speech bell word transmit march bell focus improve electromagnetic telephone gray liquid_transmitter public_demonstration commercial
|
bell beschuldigen telefon gray stehlen benutzen bell grays wassertransmitterdesign bell_patent erteilen beweis konzeptwissenschaftlich experiment zufriedenheit beweisen verständlich sprechwort bell wort übertragen märz konzentrieren bell verbesserung elektromagnetisch telefon benutzen gray flüssig_sender öffentlich_demonstration kommerziell gebrauch
|
EN_11_32
|
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|
EN_11_33
|
The examiner raised the question of priority for the variable resistance feature of the telephone before approving Bell's patent application. He told Bell that his claim for the variable resistance feature was also described in Gray's caveat. Bell pointed to a variable resistance device in his previous application in which he described a cup of mercury, not water. He had filed the mercury application at the patent office on February 25, 1875, long before Gray described the water device. In addition, Gray abandoned his caveat, and because he did not contest Bell's priority, the examiner approved Bell's patent on March 3, 1876. Gray had reinvented the variable resistance telephone, but Bell was the first to write down the idea and test it in a telephone.
|
650.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 650
| null |
examiner raise_question priority variable_resistance feature telephone approve bell_patent application bell variable_resistance feature describe gray caveat bell point variable_resistance device previous application describe cup mercury water file mercury application patent_office february gray describe water device addition gray abandon caveat contest bell priority examiner approve bell_patent march gray reinvent variable_resistance telephone bell write idea test information_technology telephone
|
prüfer stellen frage priorität variabl widerstandsmerkmal telefon patentanmeldung bell genehmigen bell behauptung variabl widerstand feature gray_vorbehalt beschreiben bell weisen variabel widerstandsvorrichtung früh anwendung tasse quecksilber wasser beschreiben quecksilberanmeldung patentamt februar einreichen gray wassergerät beschreiben gray_vorbehalt bell priorität bestreiten genehmigen prüfer bells patent märz gray variabl widerstandstelefon erfinden bell idee aufschreiben telefon testen
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EN_11_33
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|
EN_11_34
|
The patent examiner, Zenas Fisk Wilber, later stated in an affidavit that he was an alcoholic who was much in debt to Bell's lawyer, Marcellus Bailey, with whom he had served in the Civil War. He said he had shown Bailey Gray's patent caveat. Wilber also said (after Bell arrived in Washington D.C. from Boston) that he showed Bell Gray's caveat and that Bell paid him $100 (equivalent to $2,900 in 2024). Bell said they discussed the patent only in general terms, although in a letter to Gray, Bell admitted that he learned some of the technical details. Bell denied in an affidavit that he ever gave Wilber any money.
|
651.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 651
| null |
patent examiner zenas fisk wilber state affidavit alcoholic world_health organization debt bell lawyer marcellus bailey serve civil_war say bailey gray patent caveat wilber say bell arrive washington boston bell gray caveat bell pay_equivalent bell say discuss patent general term gray bell admit learn technical_detail bell deny affidavit wilber money
|
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EN_11_34
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|
EN_11_35
|
On March 10, 1876, Bell used "the instrument" in Boston to call Thomas Watson who was in another room but out of earshot. He said, "Mr. Watson, come here – I want to see you" and Watson soon appeared at his side.
|
652.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 652
| null |
march bell instrument boston thomas_watson world_health organization room earshot say watson_want watson appear
|
märz benutzen bell instrument boston thomas_watson nennen raum ohrschuss herr watson sehen watson erscheinen seite
|
EN_11_35
|
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|
EN_11_36
|
Continuing his experiments in Brantford, Bell brought home a working model of his telephone. On August 3, 1876, from the telegraph office in Brantford, Bell sent a telegram to the village of Mount Pleasant four miles (six kilometres) away, indicating that he was ready. He made a telephone call via telegraph wires and faint voices were heard replying. The following night, he amazed guests as well as his family with a call between the Bell Homestead and the office of the Dominion Telegraph Company in Brantford along an improvised wire strung up along telegraph lines and fences, and laid through a tunnel. This time, guests at the household distinctly heard people in Brantford reading and singing. The third test, on August 10, 1876, was made via the telegraph line between Brantford and Paris, Ontario, eight miles (thirteen kilometres) away. This test is said by many sources to be the "world's first long-distance call". It proved that the telephone could work over long distances, at least as a one-way call.
|
653.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 653
| null |
continue_experiment brantford_bell bring work model telephone august telegraph office brantford_bell send telegram village mount_pleasant mile_kilometre indicate ready telephone_telegraph wire faint voice hear reply follow night amaze guest family bell_homestead office dominion telegraph_company brantford improvise wire string telegraph_line fence lay tunnel time guest household hear people brantford reading singing test august telegraph_line brantford paris ontario mile_kilometre test say source world long_distance information_technology prove telephone work long_distance way
|
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|
EN_11_36
|
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|
EN_11_37
|
The first two-way (reciprocal) conversation over a line occurred between Cambridge and Boston (roughly 2.5 miles) on October 9, 1876. During that conversation, Bell was on Kilby Street in Boston and Watson was at the offices of the Walworth Manufacturing Company.
|
654.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 654
| null |
way reciprocal conversation line occur cambridge boston mile october conversation bell kilby street boston watson office walworth manufacturing_company
|
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|
EN_11_37
|
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|
EN_11_38
|
Bell and his partners, Hubbard and Sanders, offered to sell the patent outright to Western Union for $100,000, equal to $2,952,813 today, but it did not work (according to an apocryphal story, the president of Western Union balked, countering that the telephone was nothing but a toy). Two years later, he told colleagues that if he could get the patent for $25 million (equal to $814,568,966 today), he would consider it a bargain. By then, the Bell company no longer wanted to sell the patent. Bell's investors became millionaires while he fared well from residuals and at one point had assets of nearly $1 million.
|
655.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 655
| null |
bell partner hubbard sanders offer sell patent western union equal today information_technology work accord apocryphal story president western union balk counter telephone toy year colleague patent equal today consider information_technology bargain bell company want sell patent bell investor millionaire fare residual point asset
|
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|
EN_11_38
|
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|
EN_11_39
|
Bell began a series of public demonstrations and lectures to introduce the new invention to the scientific community as well as the general public. A short time later, his demonstration of an early telephone prototype at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia brought the telephone to international attention. Influential visitors to the exhibition included Emperor Pedro II of Brazil. One of the judges at the Exhibition, Sir William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin), a renowned Scottish scientist, described the telephone as "the greatest by far of all the marvels of the electric telegraph".
|
656.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 656
| null |
bell begin series public_demonstration lecture introduce new scientific_community general public short_time demonstration early telephone prototype centennial_exposition philadelphia bring telephone international attention influential visitor_exhibition include emperor pedro_ii brazil judge exhibition sir_william thomson lord_kelvin renowned scottish scientist describe telephone great marvel electric telegraph
|
bell beginnen reihe öffentlich_demonstration vorträg erfindung wissenschaftlich_gemeinschaft breit_öffentlichkeit vorzustell bringen demonstration früh philadelphia international aufmerksamkeit telefon einflussreich besucher_ausstellung zählen kaiser pedro_brasilien richter ausstellung sir_william thomson lord_kelvin renommiert schottisch wissenschaftler beschreiben telefon wunder elektrisch telegraphe
|
EN_11_39
|
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|
EN_11_40
|
On January 14, 1878, at Osborne House, on the Isle of Wight, Bell demonstrated the device to Queen Victoria, placing calls to Cowes, Southampton, and London. These were the first publicly witnessed long-distance telephone calls in the UK. The queen found the process "quite extraordinary" although the sound was "rather faint". She later asked to buy the equipment that was used, but Bell offered to make "a set of telephones" specifically for her.
|
657.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 657
| null |
january osborne house isle_wight bell demonstrate device queen_victoria place call cowes southampton london witness long_distance telephone call uk queen process extraordinary sound faint ask buy equipment bell offer set telephone
|
januar osborne house isle_of wight demonstrieren bell gerät queen victoria cowes southampton london telefonieren öffentlich ferngespräche vereinigt_königreich königin finden prozess klang bitten gebraucht ausrüstung kaufen bell bieten reihe telefon
|
EN_11_40
|
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|
EN_11_41
|
The Bell Telephone Company was created in 1877, and by 1886, more than 150,000 people in the U.S. owned telephones. Bell Company engineers made numerous other improvements to the telephone, which emerged as one of the most successful products ever. In 1879, the company acquired Edison's patents for the carbon microphone from Western Union. This made the telephone practical for longer distances, and it was no longer necessary to shout to be heard at the receiving telephone.
|
658.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 658
| null |
bell_telephone company create people telephone bell company engineer numerous improvement telephone emerge successful product company acquire edison_patent carbon microphone western union telephone practical long_distance information_technology necessary shout hear receive telephone
|
bell_telephone company_gründen mensch usa besitz telefon bell company ingenieur zahlreich verbesserung telefon erfolgreich produkt entstehen erwerben unternehmen edison patent western_union telefon entfernung schreien empfangstelefon gehören
|
EN_11_41
|
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|
EN_11_42
|
Pedro II of Brazil was the first person to buy stock in the Bell Telephone Company. One of the first telephones in a private residence was installed in his palace in Petrópolis, his summer retreat forty miles (sixty-four kilometres) from Rio de Janeiro.
|
659.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 659
| null |
pedro_ii brazil person buy stock bell_telephone company telephone private_residence instal palace petrópolis summer retreat mile_kilometre rio_janeiro
|
pedro_brasilien person aktie bell_telephone company kaufen telefon privat residenz palast petrópolis installieren sommer rückzug meile_kilometer rio_de janeiro
|
EN_11_42
|
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|
EN_11_43
|
In January 1915, Bell made the first ceremonial transcontinental telephone call. Calling from the AT&T head office at 15 Dey Street in New York City, Bell was heard by Thomas Watson at 333 Grant Avenue in San Francisco. The New York Times reported:
|
660.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 660
| null |
january bell ceremonial transcontinental telephone call head office dey street new_york city bell hear thomas_watson grant avenue san_francisco new_york times_report
|
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|
EN_11_43
|
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|
EN_11_44
|
On October 9, 1876, Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas A. Watson talked by telephone to each other over a two-mile wire stretched between Cambridge and Boston. It was the first wire conversation ever held. Yesterday afternoon [on January 25, 1915], the same two men talked by telephone to each other over a 3,400-mile wire between New York and San Francisco. Dr. Bell, the veteran inventor of the telephone, was in New York, and Mr. Watson, his former associate, was on the other side of the continent.
|
661.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 661
| null |
october alexander_graham bell thomas_watson talk telephone mile_wire stretch cambridge boston information_technology wire conversation hold yesterday afternoon january man talk telephone mile_wire new_york san_francisco bell veteran inventor telephone new_york watson associate continent
|
EN_11_44
|
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|
|
EN_11_45
|
As is sometimes common in scientific discoveries, simultaneous developments occurred, as evidenced by a number of inventors who were at work on the telephone. Over 18 years, the Bell Telephone Company faced 587 court challenges to its patents, including five that went to the U.S. Supreme Court, but none was successful in establishing priority over Bell's original patent, and the Bell Telephone Company never lost a case that had proceeded to a final trial stage. Bell's laboratory notes and family letters were the key to establishing a long lineage to his experiments. The Bell company lawyers successfully fought off myriad lawsuits generated initially around the challenges by Elisha Gray and Amos Dolbear. In personal correspondence to Bell, both Gray and Dolbear had acknowledged his prior work, which considerably weakened their later claims.
|
662.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 662
| null |
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|
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|
EN_11_45
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|
EN_11_46
|
On January 13, 1887, the U.S. government moved to annul the patent issued to Bell on the grounds of fraud and misrepresentation. After a series of decisions and reversals, the Bell company won a decision in the Supreme Court, though a couple of the original claims from the lower court cases were left undecided. By the time the trial had wound its way through nine years of legal battles, the U.S. prosecuting attorney had died and the two Bell patents (No. 174,465, dated March 7, 1876, and No. 186,787, dated January 30, 1877) were no longer in effect, although the presiding judges agreed to continue the proceedings due to the case's importance as a precedent. With a change in administration and charges of conflict of interest (on both sides) arising from the original trial, the U.S. attorney general dropped the lawsuit on November 30, 1897, leaving several issues undecided on the merits.
|
663.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 663
| null |
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|
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EN_11_46
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EN_11_47
|
During a deposition filed for the 1887 trial, Italian inventor Antonio Meucci also claimed to have created the first working model of a telephone in Italy in 1834. In 1886, in the first of three cases in which he was involved, Meucci took the stand as a witness in hope of establishing his invention's priority. Meucci's testimony was disputed due to lack of material evidence for his inventions, as his working models were purportedly lost at the laboratory of American District Telegraph (ADT) of New York, which was incorporated as a subsidiary of Western Union in 1901. Meucci's work, like that of many other inventors of the period, was based on earlier acoustic principles and, despite evidence of earlier experiments, the final case involving Meucci was eventually dropped upon Meucci's death. But due to the efforts of Congressman Vito Fossella, on June 11, 2002, the U.S. House of Representatives stated that Meucci's "work in the invention of the telephone should be acknowledged". This did not put an end to the still contentious issue. Some modern scholars do not agree that Bell's work on the telephone was influenced by Meucci's inventions.
|
664.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 664
| null |
deposition file trial italian inventor antonio_meucci create work model telephone italy case_involve meucci stand witness hope establish priority meucci testimony dispute lack material evidence working model lose laboratory american district telegraph adt new_york incorporate subsidiary western union meucci work inventor period base early acoustic principle evidence early experiment final case_involve meucci drop meucci death effort congressman vito fossella june house_representatives state meucci work telephone acknowledge end contentious_issue modern_scholar agree bell work telephone influence meucci
|
verfahren eingereicht aussage behaupten italienisch erfinder antonio_meucci modell telefon italien schaffen fall beteiligen meucci standpunkt zeuge hoffnung erfindung priorität meuccis aussage fehlend materiell beweis erfindung bestreiten arbeitsmodelle labor american district_telegraph adt new_york verlieren tochtergesellschaft western_union gründen arbeit erfinder basiern früh akustisch prinzip beweis früh experiment letzter fall meucci tod fallen bemühung kongressabgeordnet vito fossella juni usa repräsentantenhaus erklären meuccis arbeit erfindung_telefon anerkennen umstritten_thema setzen modern_gelehrter bell arbeit telefon meuccis erfindung beeinflussen
|
EN_11_47
|
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|
EN_11_48
|
The value of Bell's patent was acknowledged throughout the world, and patent applications were made in most major countries. When Bell delayed the German patent application, the electrical firm Siemens & Halske set up a rival manufacturer of Bell telephones under its own patent. Siemens produced near-identical copies of the Bell telephone without having to pay royalties. The establishment of the International Bell Telephone Company in Brussels, Belgium, in 1880, as well as a series of agreements in other countries eventually consolidated a global telephone operation. The strain put on Bell by his constant appearances in court, necessitated by the legal battles, eventually resulted in his resignation from the company.
|
665.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 665
| null |
value bell_patent acknowledge world patent_application major country bell delay german patent_application electrical firm siemens halske set rival manufacturer bell_telephone patent siemens produce near identical copy bell_telephone pay royalty establishment international bell_telephone company brussels belgium series agreement country consolidate global telephone operation strain bell constant appearance court necessitate legal battle result resignation company
|
wert anerkennen wichtig land patentanmeldung einreichen bell deutsch patentanmeldung verzögeren gründen elektrofirma siemens halske rivalisierend hersteller patent siemens produzieren identisch kopie lizenzgebühr zahlen gründung international bell_telephone company brüssel belgien reihe vereinbarung land konsolidieren global telefonbetrieb belastung bell ständig auftritt gericht rechtlich schlacht führen rücktritt firma
|
EN_11_48
|
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EN_11_49
|
On July 11, 1877, a few days after the Bell Telephone Company was established, Bell married Mabel Hubbard (1857–1923) at the Hubbard estate in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His wedding present to his bride was to turn over 1,487 of his 1,497 shares in the newly formed Bell Telephone Company. Shortly thereafter, the newly-weds embarked on a year-long honeymoon in Europe. During that excursion, Bell took a handmade model of his telephone with him, making it a "working holiday". The courtship had begun years earlier; however, Bell waited until he was more financially secure before marrying. Although the telephone appeared to be an "instant" success, it was not initially a profitable venture and Bell's main sources of income were from lectures until after 1897. One unusual request exacted by his fiancée was that he use "Alec" rather than the family's earlier familiar name of "Aleck". From 1876, he would sign his name "Alec Bell". They had four children:
|
666.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 666
| null |
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|
juli gründung bell_telephone company heiraten bell mabel hubbard hubbard anwesen cambridge_massachusett hochzeitsgeschenk braut anteil gegründet bell_telephone company abgeben beginnen neuvermählt einjährig flitterwoche europa exkursion bell handgemacht modell telefon arbeitsurlaub freundschaft beginnen bell warten heiraten telefon scheinen erfolg profitabl unternehmen bell wichtig_einnahmequelle vorlesung ungewöhnlich wunsch verlobter alec familie name aleck unterschreiben name alec bell kind
|
EN_11_49
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|
EN_11_50
|
The Bell family home was in Cambridge, Massachusetts, until 1880 when Bell's father-in-law bought a house in Washington, D.C.; in 1882 he bought a home in the same city for Bell's family, so they could be with him while he attended to the numerous court cases involving patent disputes.
|
667.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 667
| null |
bell family home cambridge_massachusetts bell father law buy house washington buy home city bell family attend numerous court case_involve patent dispute
|
haus familie bell cambridge_massachusett bell schwiegervater kaufen haus washington kaufen haus stadt bell familie zahlreich gerichtsverfahren patentstreitigkeit
|
EN_11_50
|
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|
EN_11_51
|
Bell was a British subject throughout his early life in Scotland and later in Canada until 1882 when he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. In 1915, he characterized his status as: "I am not one of those hyphenated Americans who claim allegiance to two countries." Despite this declaration, Bell has been proudly claimed as a "native son" by all three countries he resided in: the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom.
|
668.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 668
| null |
bell british subject early life scotland canada naturalized citizen united_states characterize status hyphenate americans world_health organization allegiance country declaration bell native son country reside united_states canada united_kingdom
|
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EN_11_51
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|
EN_11_52
|
By 1885, a new summer retreat was contemplated. That summer, the Bells had a vacation on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, Canada, spending time at the small village of Baddeck. Returning in 1886, Bell started building an estate on a point across from Baddeck, overlooking Bras d'Or Lake. By 1889, a large house, christened The Lodge was completed and two years later, a larger complex of buildings, including a new laboratory, were begun that the Bells would name Beinn Bhreagh (Gaelic: Beautiful Mountain) after Bell's ancestral Scottish highlands. Bell also built the Bell Boatyard on the estate, employing up to 40 people building experimental craft as well as wartime lifeboats and workboats for the Royal Canadian Navy and pleasure craft for the Bell family. He was an enthusiastic boater, and Bell and his family sailed or rowed a long series of vessels on Bras d'Or Lake, ordering additional vessels from the H.W. Embree and Sons boatyard in Port Hawkesbury, Nova Scotia. In his final, and some of his most productive years, Bell split his residency between Washington, D.C., where he and his family initially resided for most of the year, and Beinn Bhreagh, where they spent increasing amounts of time.
|
669.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 669
| null |
new summer retreat contemplate summer bells vacation cape_breton island_nova scotia canada spend time small village baddeck return bell start build estate point baddeck overlook bras_lake large house christen lodge complete year large complex building include new laboratory begin bells beinn_bhreagh gaelic beautiful mountain bell ancestral scottish_highland bell build bell boatyard estate employ people build experimental craft wartime lifeboat workboat royal canadian navy pleasure craft bell family enthusiastic boater bell family sail row long series vessel bras_lake order additional vessel embree sons port hawkesbury nova_scotia final productive year bell split residency washington family_reside year beinn_bhreagh spend increase amount time
|
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|
EN_11_52
|
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EN_11_53
|
Until the end of his life, Bell and his family would alternate between the two homes, but Beinn Bhreagh would, over the next 30 years, become more than a summer home as Bell became so absorbed in his experiments that his annual stays lengthened. Both Mabel and Bell became immersed in the Baddeck community and were accepted by the villagers as "their own". The Bells were still in residence at Beinn Bhreagh when the Halifax Explosion occurred on December 6, 1917. Mabel and Bell mobilized the community to help victims in Halifax.
|
670.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 670
| null |
end life bell family alternate home beinn_bhreagh year summer home bell absorbed experiment annual stay lengthen mabel bell immerse baddeck community accept villager bells residence beinn_bhreagh halifax explosion occur december mabel bell mobilize community help_victim halifax
|
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|
EN_11_53
|
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|
EN_11_54
|
Although Alexander Graham Bell is most often associated with the invention of the telephone, his interests were extremely varied. According to one of his biographers, Charlotte Gray, Bell's work ranged "unfettered across the scientific landscape" and he often went to bed voraciously reading the Encyclopædia Britannica, scouring it for new areas of interest. The range of Bell's inventive genius is represented only in part by the 18 patents granted in his name alone and the 12 he shared with his collaborators. These included 14 for the telephone and telegraph, four for the photophone, one for the phonograph, five for aerial vehicles, four for "hydroairplanes", and two for selenium cells. Bell's inventions spanned a wide range of interests and included a metal jacket to assist in breathing, the audiometer to detect minor hearing problems, a device to locate icebergs, investigations on how to separate salt from seawater, and work on finding alternative fuels.
|
671.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 671
| null |
alexander_graham bell associate telephone interest varied accord_biographer charlotte gray bell work range unfettered scientific landscape bed read encyclopædia_britannica scour information_technology new area interest range bell inventive genius represent patent grant share collaborator include telephone_telegraph photophone phonograph aerial vehicle hydroairplane selenium cell bell span wide_range interest include metal jacket assist breathing audiometer detect minor hearing problem device locate iceberg investigation separate salt seawater work alternative fuel
|
alexander_graham bell erfindung_telefon verbinden interesse biograph charlotte gray reichen bell arbeit wissenschaftlich landschaft bett lesen encyclopædia_britannica for new areas of interest bereich bell erfinderisch genie patent vertreten name erteilen mitarbeiter teilen gehören telefon telegraf fotophon phonographa luftfahrzeug füar wasserflugzeug selenzelle bell erfindung umfassen breit_palette interesse beinhalten metalljack atmen helfen audiometer erkennung klein hörproblem gerät lokalisierung eisberg untersuchung salz meerwasser trennen suche alternativ kraftstoff
|
EN_11_54
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|
EN_11_55
|
Bell worked extensively in medical research and invented techniques for teaching speech to the deaf. During his Volta Laboratory period, Bell and his associates considered impressing a magnetic field on a record as a means of reproducing sound. Although the trio briefly experimented with the concept, they could not develop a workable prototype. They abandoned the idea, never realizing they had glimpsed a basic principle which would one day find its application in the tape recorder, the hard disc and floppy disc drive, and other magnetic media.
|
672.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 672
| null |
bell work medical_research invent technique teach speech deaf volta_laboratory period bell associate consider impress magnetic field record reproduce sound trio experiment concept_develop workable prototype abandon idea realize glimpse basic_principle day application tape recorder hard disc floppy disc drive magnetic medium
|
bell arbeiten medizinisch_forschung erfinden technik lehre rede gehörloser volta laboratorium betrachten bell mitarbeiter magnetfeld schallplatte beeindrucken tonwiedergabe trio konzept experimentieren praktikabl prototyp entwickeln verlassen idee merken grundprinzip erblickten tag anwendung tonbandgerät diskettenlaufwerk magnetisch medium finden
|
EN_11_55
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|
EN_11_56
|
Bell's own home used a primitive form of air conditioning, in which fans blew currents of air across great blocks of ice. He also anticipated modern concerns with fuel shortages and industrial pollution. Methane gas, he reasoned, could be produced from the waste of farms and factories. At his Canadian estate in Nova Scotia, he experimented with composting toilets and devices to capture water from the atmosphere. In a magazine article published in 1917, he reflected on the possibility of using solar energy to heat houses.
|
673.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 673
| null |
bell home primitive form air_conditioning fan blow current air great block ice anticipate modern concern fuel shortage industrial pollution methane gas reason produce waste farm factory canadian estate nova_scotia experiment compost toilet device capture water atmosphere magazine article publish reflect possibility solar energy heat house
|
haus verwenden primitiv form klimaanlage ventilator strömung luft block eis rechnen modern bedenken kraftstoffknappheit industriell verschmutzung methangas verschwendung landwirtschaftlich_betrieb fabrik herstellen kanadisch anwesen nova_scotia experimentieren kompostierungstoilett gerät wasser atmosphäre fangen veröffentlicht magazinartikel denken möglichkeit sonnenenergie heizen haus einsetzen
|
EN_11_56
|
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|
EN_11_57
|
Bell and his assistant Charles Sumner Tainter jointly invented a wireless telephone, named a photophone, which allowed for the transmission of both sounds and normal human conversations on a beam of light. Both men later became full associates in the Volta Laboratory Association.
|
674.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 674
| null |
bell assistant charles_sumner tainter invent wireless telephone name photophone allow transmission_sound normal human conversation beam light man associate volta_laboratory association
|
bell_assistent charles_sumner tainter erfanden drahtloser telefon name photophone übertragung kläng normal menschlich gespräch lichtstrahl ermöglichen mann assoziieren volta_laboratory association
|
EN_11_57
|
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|
EN_11_58
|
On June 21, 1880, Bell's assistant transmitted a wireless voice telephone message a considerable distance, from the roof of the Franklin School in Washington, D.C., to Bell at the window of his laboratory, some 700 feet (213 m) away, 19 years before the first voice radio transmissions.
|
675.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 675
| null |
june bell assistant transmit wireless voice telephone message considerable distance roof franklin school washington bell window laboratory foot year voice radio_transmission
|
juni übermittelt bell_assistent drahtlos beträchtlich entfernung dach franklin school washington bell fenster labor meter sprachfunkübertragung
|
EN_11_58
|
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|
EN_11_59
|
Bell believed the photophone's principles were his life's "greatest achievement", telling a reporter shortly before his death that the photophone was "the greatest invention [I have] ever made, greater than the telephone". The photophone was a precursor to the fiber-optic communication systems which achieved popular worldwide usage in the 1980s. Its master patent was issued in December 1880, many decades before the photophone's principles came into popular use.
|
676.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 676
| null |
bell believe photophone principle life great achievement reporter death photophone great great telephone photophone precursor fiber optic communication system achieve popular worldwide usage master patent issue december decade photophone principle popular
|
bell glauben prinzip fotophon errungenschaft leben erzählen reporter tod fotophone erfindung_telefon photophone vorläufer faseroptisch kommunikationssystem dezember jahrzehnt prinzip photophon populär gebrauch ausstellen
|
EN_11_59
|
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EN_11_60
|
Bell is also credited with developing one of the early versions of a metal detector through the use of an induction balance, after the shooting of U.S. President James A. Garfield in 1881. According to some accounts, the metal detector worked flawlessly in tests but did not find Guiteau's bullet, partly because the metal bed frame on which the President was lying disturbed the instrument, resulting in static. Garfield's surgeons, led by self-appointed chief physician Doctor Willard Bliss, were sceptical of the device, and ignored Bell's requests to move the President to a bed not fitted with metal springs. Alternatively, although Bell had detected a slight sound on his first test, the bullet may have been lodged too deeply to be detected by the crude apparatus.
|
677.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 677
| null |
bell credit develop early version metal_detector induction balance shooting president james_garfield accord account metal_detector work test guiteau bullet metal bed frame president lie disturb instrument result static garfield surgeon lead self appoint chief physician doctor willard bliss sceptical device ignore bell request president bed fit metal spring bell detect slight sound test bullet lodge detect crude apparatus
|
bell entwicklung früh version metalldetektor verwendung induktionsbilanz gutgeschrieben schießen us präsident james_garfield bericht arbeiten metalldetektor test finden guiteau kugel metallbettrahm präsident liegen instrument stören statisch garfield chirurgen anführen ernannt chefarzt willard bliss gerät ignoriert bell bitt präsident bett verlegen metallfeder ausstatten bell test geräusch entdecken kugel einschleusen rohapparat entdecken
|
EN_11_60
|
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|
EN_11_61
|
Bell's own detailed account, presented to the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1882, differs in several particulars from most of the many and varied versions now in circulation, by concluding that extraneous metal was not to blame for failure to locate the bullet. Perplexed by the peculiar results he had obtained during an examination of Garfield, Bell "proceeded to the Executive Mansion the next morning ... to ascertain from the surgeons whether they were perfectly sure that all metal had been removed from the neighborhood of the bed. It was then recollected that underneath the horse-hair mattress on which the President lay was another mattress composed of steel wires. Upon obtaining a duplicate, the mattress was found to consist of a sort of net of woven steel wires, with large meshes. The extent of the [area that produced a response from the detector] having been so small, as compared with the area of the bed, it seemed reasonable to conclude that the steel mattress had produced no detrimental effect." In a footnote, Bell adds, "The death of President Garfield and the subsequent post-mortem examination, however, proved that the bullet was at too great a distance from the surface to have affected our apparatus."
|
678.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 678
| null |
bell detailed_account american association_advancement science differ particular varied version circulation conclude extraneous metal blame_failure locate bullet perplex peculiar result obtain examination garfield bell proceed executive_mansion morning ascertain surgeon sure metal remove neighborhood bed information_technology recollect horse hair mattress president lie mattress compose steel wire obtain duplicate mattress consist sort net weave steel wire large mesh extent area produce response detector small area bed information_technology reasonable conclude steel mattress produce detrimental effect footnote bell add death president garfield subsequent post mortem examination prove bullet great distance surface affect apparatus
|
ausführlich_bericht american_association for_the advancement_of science vorstellen unterscheiden detail vielfältig version umlauf schlussfolgerung extern metall schuld versagen kugel lokalisier verblüfft seltsam ergebnis untersuchung garfield erhalten bell mansion nächster chirurg feststellen gesamt metall nachbarschaft bett entfernen erinnern pferdehaarmatratze präsident liegen matratze stahldräht herstellung duplikat feststellen matratze art netz gewebt stahldräht masch bestehen ausmaß bereich reaktion detektor verursacht vergleich bereich bett scheinen folgern stahlmatratze nachteilig wirkung bewirken fußnote fügen bell tod präsident garfield anschließend untersuchung tod beweisen kugel oberfläche gerät beeinflussen
|
EN_11_61
|
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EN_11_62
|
The March 1906 Scientific American article by American pioneer William E. Meacham explained the basic principle of hydrofoils and hydroplanes. Bell considered the invention of the hydroplane as a very significant achievement. Based on information gained from that article, he began to sketch concepts of what is now called a hydrofoil boat. Bell and assistant Frederick W. "Casey" Baldwin began hydrofoil experimentation in the summer of 1908 as a possible aid to airplane takeoff from water. Baldwin studied the work of the Italian inventor Enrico Forlanini and began testing models. This led him and Bell to the development of practical hydrofoil watercraft.
|
679.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 679
| null |
march scientific american article american pioneer william meacham explain basic_principle hydrofoil hydroplane bell consider hydroplane significant achievement base information gain article begin sketch concept call hydrofoil boat bell assistant frederick casey_baldwin begin hydrofoil experimentation summer possible aid airplane takeoff water baldwin study work italian inventor enrico forlanini begin testing model lead bell development practical hydrofoil watercraft
|
artikel amerikanisch pionier william meacham erklären grundprinzip hydrofoil wasserflugzeugen bell betrachten erfindung wasserflugzeug bedeutend_errungenschaft grundlage information artikel beginnen skizzieren konzept hydrofoil boot bell_assistent frederick casey_baldwin beginnen sommer hilfe flugzeugstart wasser baldwin studieren arbeit italienisch erfinder enrico forlanini beginnen modell testen führen bell entwicklung praktisch hydrofoil wasserfahrzeug
|
EN_11_62
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|
EN_11_63
|
During his world tour of 1910–11, Bell and Baldwin met with Forlanini in France. They had rides in the Forlanini hydrofoil boat over Lake Maggiore. Baldwin described it as being as smooth as flying. On returning to Baddeck, a number of initial concepts were built as experimental models, including the Dhonnas Beag (Scottish Gaelic for 'little devil'), the first self-propelled Bell-Baldwin hydrofoil. The experimental boats were essentially proof-of-concept prototypes that culminated in the more substantial HD-4, powered by Renault engines. A top speed of 54 miles per hour (87 km/h) was achieved, with the hydrofoil exhibiting rapid acceleration, good stability, and steering, along with the ability to take waves without difficulty.
|
680.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 680
| null |
world tour bell baldwin meet forlanini france ride forlanini hydrofoil boat lake maggiore baldwin describe information_technology smooth fly return baddeck number initial concept build experimental model include dhonnas beag scottish gaelic little devil self propel bell baldwin hydrofoil experimental boat proof_concept prototype culminate substantial power renault engine speed mile hour_h achieve hydrofoil exhibit rapid acceleration good stability steering ability wave difficulty
|
welttournee treffen bell baldwin forlanini frankreich fahrt forlanini hydrofoil boot lago maggiore baldwin beschreiben rückkehr baddeck konzept experimentell modell bauen dhonnas beag füar teufel selbstfahrend versuchsboot wesentlich gipfeln antreiben höchstgeschwindigkeit meile stunde erreichen hydrofoil schnell beschleunigung stabilität lenkung fähigkeit welle schwierigkeit nehmen aufweisen
|
EN_11_63
|
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|
EN_11_64
|
In 1913, Dr. Bell hired Walter Pinaud, a Sydney yacht designer and builder as well as the proprietor of Pinaud's Yacht Yard in Westmount, Nova Scotia, to work on the pontoons of the HD-4. Pinaud soon took over the boatyard at Bell Laboratories on Beinn Bhreagh, Bell's estate near Baddeck, Nova Scotia. Pinaud's experience in boatbuilding enabled him to make useful design changes to the HD-4. After the First World War, work began again on the HD-4. Bell's report to the U.S. Navy permitted him to obtain two 350-horsepower (260-kilowatt) engines in July 1919. On September 9, 1919, the HD-4 set a world marine speed record of 70.86 miles per hour (114.04 kilometres per hour), a record which stood for ten years.
|
681.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 681
| null |
bell hire walter pinaud sydney yacht designer builder proprietor pinaud yacht yard westmount nova_scotia work pontoon pinaud boatyard bell laboratories beinn_bhreagh bell estate baddeck_nova scotia pinaud experience boatbuilding enable useful design change world war work begin bell report navy permit obtain horsepower kilowatt engine july september set world marine speed record mile hour kilometre hour record stand year
|
bell engagiert walter pinaud sydneyer yachtdesigner eigentümer yacht yard westmount nova_scotia ponton arbeiten pinaud übernehmen bootswerft bell laboratories beinn_bhreagh bells anwesen baddeck_nova scotia pinauds erfahrung bootsbau ermöglichen nützlich vornehmen weltkrieg beginnen arbeit bell bericht usa marine erlauben juli erhalten september setzen weltrekord meile stunde kilometer stunde rekord stehen
|
EN_11_64
|
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|
EN_11_65
|
In 1891, Bell had begun experiments to develop motor-powered heavier-than-air aircraft. The AEA was first formed as Bell shared the vision to fly with his wife, who advised him to seek "young" help as Bell was at the age of 60.
|
682.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 682
| null |
bell begin experiment develop motor power heavy air aircraft aea form bell share vision fly wife world_health organization advise seek young help bell age
|
bell_experiment beginnen motorbetrieben schwerer flugzeug luft entwickeln aea bilden bell vision teilen frau fliegen raten jung hilfe suchen bell alter
|
EN_11_65
|
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|
EN_11_66
|
In 1898, Bell experimented with tetrahedral box kites and wings constructed of multiple compound tetrahedral kites covered in maroon silk. The tetrahedral wings were named Cygnet I, II, and III, and were flown both unmanned and manned (Cygnet I crashed during a flight carrying Selfridge) in the period from 1907 to 1912. Some of Bell's kites are on display at the Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site.
|
683.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 683
| null |
bell_experiment tetrahedral box kites wing construct multiple compound tetrahedral kite cover maroon silk tetrahedral wing name cygnet ii iii fly unmanned manned cygnet crash flight carry selfridge period bell kite display alexander_graham bell national_historic site
|
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|
EN_11_66
|
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|
EN_11_67
|
Bell was a supporter of aerospace engineering research through the Aerial Experiment Association (AEA), officially formed at Baddeck, Nova Scotia, in October 1907 at the suggestion of his wife Mabel and with her financial support after the sale of some of her real estate. The AEA was headed by Bell and the founding members were four young men: American Glenn H. Curtiss, a motorcycle manufacturer at the time and who held the title "world's fastest man", having ridden his self-constructed motor bicycle around in the shortest time, and who was later awarded the Scientific American Trophy for the first official one-kilometre flight in the Western hemisphere, and who later became a world-renowned airplane manufacturer; Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge, an official observer from the U.S. Federal government and one of the few people in the army who believed that aviation was the future; Frederick W. Baldwin, the first Canadian and first British subject to pilot a public flight in Hammondsport, New York; and J. A. D. McCurdy–Baldwin and McCurdy being new engineering graduates from the University of Toronto.
|
684.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 684
| null |
bell supporter aerospace engineering research aerial_experiment association aea form baddeck_nova scotia october suggestion wife mabel financial support sale real_estate aea head bell member young_man american glenn curtiss motorcycle manufacturer time world_health organization hold title world fast man ride self construct motor bicycle short_time world_health organization award scientific american trophy official kilometre flight western_hemisphere world_health organization world_renowne airplane manufacturer lieutenant thomas selfridge official observer federal_government people army world_health organization believe aviation future frederick baldwin canadian british subject pilot public flight hammondsport new_york mccurdy baldwin mccurdy new engineering graduate university_toronto
|
bell förderer raumfahrttechnikforschung aerial experiment association aea gründen baddeck_nova scotia oktober vorschlag frau mabel finanziell_unterstützung verkauf immobilie aea bell leiten gründungsmitglieder jung_mann american glenn h motorradhersteller damalig titel schnell mann welt tragen selbstgebaut motorrad kürzester herumgefahren scientific_american trophy offiziell kilometer flug westlich_hemisphäre auszeichnen weltbekannt flugzeughersteller lieutenant thomas selfridge offiziell beobachter usa bundesregierung leute armee glauben luftfahrt zukunft frederick baldwin kanadisch brite öffentlich flug hammondsport new_york pilotieren j mccurdy university_of toronto
|
EN_11_67
|
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|
EN_11_68
|
The AEA's work progressed to heavier-than-air machines, applying their knowledge of kites to gliders. Moving to Hammondsport, the group then designed and built the Red Wing, framed in bamboo and covered in red silk and powered by a small air-cooled engine. On March 12, 1908, over Keuka Lake, the biplane lifted off on the first public flight in North America. The innovations that were incorporated into this design included a cockpit enclosure and tail rudder (later variations on the original design would add ailerons as a means of control). One of the AEA's inventions, a practical wingtip form of the aileron, was to become a standard component on all aircraft. The White Wing and June Bug were to follow and by the end of 1908, over 150 flights without mishap had been accomplished. However, the AEA had depleted its initial reserves and only a $15,000 grant from Mrs. Bell allowed it to continue with experiments. Lt. Selfridge had also become the first person killed in a powered heavier-than-air flight in a crash of the Wright Flyer at Fort Myer, Virginia, on September 17, 1908.
|
685.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 685
| null |
aea work progress heavy air machine knowledge kite glider move hammondsport group design build red wing frame bamboo cover red silk power small air cool engine march keuka lake biplane lift public flight north_america innovation incorporate design include cockpit enclosure tail rudder later variation original design add aileron control aea practical wingtip form aileron standard component aircraft white wing june bug follow end flight mishap accomplish aea deplete initial reserve grant bell allow information_technology continue_experiment lt selfridge person kill powered heavy air_flight crash wright flyer fort_myer virginia september
|
arbeit aea schwer maschine luft wissen drache segelflugzeug anwenden umzug hammondsport gruppe entwerfen bauen red wing bambus rahmen rot seide antreiben luftgekühlt motor märz öffentlich flug nordamerika abhoben innovation konstruktion integrieren beinhalten cockpitgehäuse heckruder spät variation ursprünglich designs querrud kontrollmittel hinzufügen erfindung aea praktisch flügelspitze aileron standardkomponente flugzeug white wing june bug folgen flug missgeschick durchführen aea ursprünglich reserve erschöpfen zuschuss frau bell erlauben experiment fortzusetzen september absturz wright flyer fort_myer virginia töten
|
EN_11_68
|
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|
EN_11_69
|
Their final aircraft design, the Silver Dart, embodied all of the advancements found in the earlier machines. On February 23, 1909, Bell was present as the Silver Dart flown by J. A. D. McCurdy from the frozen ice of Bras d'Or made the first aircraft flight in Canada. Bell had worried that the flight was too dangerous and had arranged for a doctor to be on hand. With the successful flight, the AEA disbanded and the Silver Dart would revert to Baldwin and McCurdy, who began the Canadian Aerodrome Company and would later demonstrate the aircraft to the Canadian Army.
|
686.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 686
| null |
final aircraft design silver_dart embody advancement early machine february bell silver_dart fly mccurdy frozen ice bras aircraft flight canada bell worry flight dangerous arrange doctor hand successful flight aea disband silver_dart revert baldwin mccurdy world_health organization begin canadian aerodrome company demonstrate aircraft canadian army
|
endgültig flugzeugdesign silver_dart verkörpern fortschritt früh maschine finden februar bell silver_dart j fliegen mccurdy gefroren eis bras flug kanada bell sorge flug arzt hand erfolgreich flug lösen aea silver_dart kehren baldwin mccurdy canadian aerodrome company_gründen flugzeug kanadischen armee vorstellen
|
EN_11_69
|
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|
EN_11_70
|
Bell, along with many members of the scientific community at the time, took an interest in the popular science of heredity which grew out of the publication of Charles Darwin's book On the Origin of Species in 1859. On his estate in Nova Scotia, Bell conducted meticulously recorded breeding experiments with rams and ewes. Over the course of more than 30 years, Bell sought to produce a breed of sheep with multiple nipples that would bear twins. He specifically wanted to see if selective breeding could produce sheep with four functional nipples with enough milk for twin lambs. This interest in animal breeding caught the attention of scientists focused on the study of heredity and genetics in humans.
|
687.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 687
| null |
bell member scientific_community time interest popular science heredity grow publication charles_darwin book origin_species estate nova_scotia bell conduct record breeding experiment ram ewe course year bell seek produce breed sheep multiple nipple bear twin want selective breeding produce sheep functional nipple milk twin lamb interest animal breeding catch attention scientist focus study heredity genetic human
|
bell mitglied damalig wissenschaftlich_gemeinschaft interesse populär wissenschaft vererbung veröffentlichung charles_darwin buch ursprung_art wachsen anwesen nova_scotia führen bell aufgezeichnet zuchtversuche widder mutterschaf lauf versuchen bell rasse schaf brustwarze produzieren zwilling tragen sehen selektiv zucht schaf funktionell brustwarze milch zwillingslämmer produzieren interesse tierzucht erregen_aufmerksamkeit wissenschaftler erforschung vererbung genetik mensch konzentrierten
|
EN_11_70
|
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|
EN_11_71
|
In November 1883, Bell presented a paper at a meeting of the National Academy of Sciences titled Upon the Formation of a Deaf Variety of the Human Race. The paper is a compilation of data on the hereditary aspects of deafness. Bell's research indicated that a hereditary tendency toward deafness, as indicated by the possession of deaf relatives, was an important element in determining the production of deaf offspring. He noted that the proportion of deaf children born to deaf parents was many times greater than the proportion of deaf children born to the general population. In the paper, Bell delved into social commentary and discussed hypothetical public policies to bring an end to deafness. He also criticized educational practices that segregated deaf children rather than integrating them fully into mainstream classrooms. The paper did not propose sterilization of deaf people or prohibition on intermarriage, noting that "We cannot dictate to men and women whom they should marry and natural selection no longer influences mankind to any great extent."
|
688.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 688
| null |
november bell paper meeting national academy_sciences title formation_deaf variety_human race paper compilation datum hereditary aspect deafness bell research indicate hereditary tendency deafness indicate possession deaf relative important element determine production deaf offspring note proportion deaf_child bear deaf parent time great proportion deaf_child bear general population paper bell delve social commentary discuss hypothetical public policy bring end deafness criticize educational practice segregate deaf_child integrate mainstream classroom paper propose sterilization deaf_people prohibition intermarriage note dictate man_woman marry natural_selection influence mankind great_extent
|
november präsentieren bell papier treffen national akademie_wissenschaft titel bildung taub vielfalt menschlich_ras papier zusammenstellung datum erblich aspekt taubheit forschung_zeigen erblich tendenz taubheit besitz gehörlos verwandte wichtig element bestimmung produktion gehörlos nachkomme weisen anteil gehörlos_kind gehörlos eltern gebären vielfache anteil gehörlos_kind bevölkerung gebären papier bell vertiefen sozial kommentar diskutieren hypothetisch öffentlich politik taubheit bringen kritisieren bildungspraktike gehörlos_kind trennen klassenraum mainstream integrieren papier schlagen sterilisation taub_mensch verbot interehe hinweisen mann frau heiraten diktieren ausles menschheit maß beeinflussen
|
EN_11_71
|
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|
EN_11_72
|
A review of Bell's Memoir upon the Formation of a Deaf Variety of the Human Race appearing in an 1885 issue of the American Annals of the Deaf and Dumb states that "Dr. Bell does not advocate legislative interference with the marriages of the deaf for several reasons one of which is that the results of such marriages have not yet been sufficiently investigated." The article goes on to say that "the editorial remarks based thereon did injustice to the author." The paper's author concludes by saying "A wiser way to prevent the extension of hereditary deafness, it seems to us, would be to continue the investigations which Dr. Bell has so admirable begun until the laws of the transmission of the tendency to deafness are fully understood, and then by explaining those laws to the pupils of our schools to lead them to choose their partners in marriage in such a way that deaf-mute offspring will not be the result."
|
689.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 689
| null |
review bell memoir_formation deaf_variety human_race appear issue american annals deaf dumb state bell advocate legislative interference marriage deaf reason result marriage article editorial remark base injustice author paper author conclude say wise way prevent extension hereditary deafness information_technology ultrasound continue investigation bell admirable begin law transmission tendency deafness understand explain law pupil school lead choose partner marriage way deaf_mute offspring result
|
rückblick memoir_bildung taubensort menschlich_ras erscheinen ausgabe amerikanisch annals taube dumb bell befürworten gesetzgeberisch einmischung ehe gehörlose grund ergebnis ehen untersuchen artikel sagen redaktionell bemerkung ungerechtigkeit autor autor papier schließen wort weis weg ausweitung erblich taubheit verhindern scheinen untersuchung bell beginnen gesetz übertragung tendenz taubheit verstehen gesetz schüler_schule erklären führen partner ehe wählen nachkomme ergebnis
|
EN_11_72
|
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] | 11
|
EN_11_73
|
Historians have noted that Bell explicitly opposed laws regulating marriage, and never mentioned sterilization in any of his writings. Even after Bell agreed to engage with scientists conducting eugenic research, he consistently refused to support public policy that limited the rights or privileges of the deaf.
|
690.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 690
| null |
historian note bell oppose law regulate marriage mention sterilization writing bell agree engage scientist conduct eugenic research refuse support public policy limit right_privilege deaf
|
historiker feststellen bell gesetz regulierung ehe erwähnen sterilisation schrift bell zustimmen wissenschaftler beschäftigen eugenisch forschung_betreiben weigern öffentlich politik unterstützen privileg gehörlose einschränken
|
EN_11_73
|
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|
EN_11_74
|
Bell's interest and research on heredity attracted the interest of Charles Davenport, a Harvard professor and head of the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. In 1906, Davenport, who was also the founder of the American Breeder's Association, approached Bell about joining a new committee on eugenics chaired by David Starr Jordan. In 1910, Davenport opened the Eugenics Records office at Cold Spring Harbor. To give the organization scientific credibility, Davenport set up a Board of Scientific Directors naming Bell as chairman. Other members of the board included Luther Burbank, Roswell H. Johnson, Vernon L. Kellogg, and William E. Castle.
|
691.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 691
| null |
bell interest research heredity attract interest charles davenport harvard professor head cold_spring harbor laboratory davenport world_health organization founder american breeder association approach bell join new committee eugenic chair david starr jordan davenport open eugenics records office cold_spring harbor organization scientific credibility davenport set board scientific directors name bell chairman member board include luther burbank roswell johnson vernon kellogg william castle
|
interesse forschung vererbung ziehen interesse charles davenport leiter cold_spring harbor laboratory davenport gründer american_association wenden bell beitritt ausschuss eugenik vorsitz david starr jordan eröffnet davenport büro eugenic record cold_spring harbor organisation wissenschaftlich glaubwürdigkeit verleihen gründen davenport board_of scientific director bell vorsitzend ernennen vorstandsmitglied luther burbank roswell johnson vernon l kellogg william_e schloss
|
EN_11_74
|
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22,
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] | 11
|
EN_11_75
|
In 1921, a Second International Congress of Eugenics was held in New York at the Museum of Natural History and chaired by Davenport. Although Bell did not present any research or speak as part of the proceedings, he was named as honorary president as a means to attract other scientists to attend the event. A summary of the event notes that Bell was a "pioneering investigator in the field of human heredity".
|
692.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 692
| null |
second international congress eugenics hold new_york museum_natural history chair davenport bell research speak proceeding name honorary president attract scientist attend event summary event note bell pioneer investigator field human heredity
|
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|
EN_11_75
|
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|
EN_11_76
|
Bell died of complications arising from diabetes on August 2, 1922, at his private estate in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, at age 75. Bell had also been affected by pernicious anemia. His last view of the land he had inhabited was by moonlight on his mountain estate at 2:00 a.m. While tending to him after his long illness, Mabel, his wife, whispered, "Don't leave me." By way of reply, Bell signed "no...", lost consciousness, and died shortly after.
|
693.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 693
| null |
bell die complication arise diabete august private estate cape_breton nova_scotia age bell affect pernicious anemia view land inhabit moonlight mountain estate tend long illness mabel wife whisper leave way reply bell sign lose consciousness die
|
august privatbesitz cape_breton nova_scotia alter bell verderblich anämie betreffen letzter blick land bewohnen mondschein berggrundstück krankheit kümmern flüstern mabel frau verlass antwort unterschreiben bell verlieren bewusstsein_sterben
|
EN_11_76
|
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|
EN_11_77
|
My colleagues in the Government join with me in expressing to you our sense of the world's loss in the death of your distinguished husband. It will ever be a source of pride to our country that the great invention, with which his name is immortally associated, is a part of its history. On the behalf of the citizens of Canada, may I extend to you an expression of our combined gratitude and sympathy.
|
694.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 694
| null |
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|
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|
EN_11_77
|
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|
EN_11_78
|
Bell's coffin was constructed of Beinn Bhreagh pine by his laboratory staff, lined with the same red silk fabric used in his tetrahedral kite experiments. To help celebrate his life, his wife asked guests not to wear black (the traditional funeral colour) while attending his service, during which soloist Jean MacDonald sang a verse of Robert Louis Stevenson's "Requiem":
|
695.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 695
| null |
bell coffin construct beinn_bhreagh pine laboratory staff line red silk fabric tetrahedral kite experiment help celebrate life wife ask guest wear black traditional funeral colour attend service soloist jean macdonald sing verse robert louis_stevenson requiem
|
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|
EN_11_78
|
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|
EN_11_79
|
Upon the conclusion of Bell's funeral, for one minute at 6:25 p.m. Eastern Time, "every phone on the continent of North America was silenced in honor of the man who had given to mankind the means for direct communication at a distance".
|
696.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 696
| null |
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|
abschluss bell beerdigung minute telefon nordamerikanisch_kontinent ehre mann schweigen_bringen menschheit direkt kommunikation ferne geben
|
EN_11_79
|
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|
EN_11_80
|
Alexander Graham Bell was buried atop Beinn Bhreagh mountain, on his estate where he had resided increasingly for the last 35 years of his life, overlooking Bras d'Or Lake. He was survived by his wife Mabel, his two daughters, Elsie May and Marian, and nine of his grandchildren.
|
697.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 697
| null |
alexander_graham bell bury beinn_bhreagh mountain estate reside year life overlook bras_lake survive wife mabel daughter elsie marian grandchild
|
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|
EN_11_80
|
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|
EN_11_81
|
Honours and tributes flowed to Bell in increasing numbers as his invention became ubiquitous and his personal fame grew. Bell received numerous honorary degrees from colleges and universities to the point that the requests almost became burdensome. During his life, he also received dozens of major awards, medals, and other tributes. These included statuary monuments to both him and the new form of communication his telephone created, including the Bell Telephone Memorial erected in his honour in Alexander Graham Bell Gardens in Brantford, Ontario, in 1917.
|
698.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 698
| null |
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|
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|
EN_11_81
|
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|
EN_11_82
|
A large number of Bell's writings, personal correspondence, notebooks, papers, and other documents reside in both the United States Library of Congress Manuscript Division (as the Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers), and at the Alexander Graham Bell Institute, Cape Breton University, Nova Scotia; major portions of which are available for online viewing.
|
699.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
|
EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 699
| null |
large_number bell writing personal_correspondence notebook paper document reside united_states library_congress manuscript division alexander_graham bell family papers alexander_graham bell institute cape_breton university nova_scotia major portion available_online viewing
|
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|
EN_11_82
|
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|
EN_11_83
|
A number of historic sites and other marks commemorate Bell in North America and Europe, including the first telephone companies in the United States and Canada. Among the major sites are:
|
700.0
|
Alexander Graham Bell ( ; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including ground-breaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society and its magazine while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903.
Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of heredity. His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America ... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."
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EN
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
| 700
| null |
number historic_site mark commemorate bell north_america europe include telephone_company united_states canada major site
|
reihe historisch_stätte marke erinnern bell nordamerika europa telefongesellschaft vereinigt_staat kanada wichtig sehenswürdigkeit gehören
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EN_11_83
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